2601e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia (Wales-Catalonia Website). Welsh Course.

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya Wales-Catalonia Website cÿn HOW TO SAY before going; before I go; before I went

(It is probably easier to cut and paste this text, and print it out)

HOW TO SAY

before doing something, and before you do something / before you did something

The conjunction cÿn means before

cÿn mÿnd before going

cÿn siarad before speaking

______________________________

The phrase can be made more specific by adding the person or thing who does the action

cÿn i ti ºfÿnd “before + to you + going”.

______________________________

This can refer both to the past and the future, so it is equivalent to ‘before you went’ and ‘before you go’.

The use of this prepositional segment causes the soft mutation of the following verbnoun.

cÿn

i mi / i ºfi i ti iddo / iddo fe iddi / iddi hi i ni i chi iddyn nhw i Siôn i Mair i’r aelodau (“eilode”)

ºfarw ºgyrraedd ºwneud hynnÿ agor y drws ºgerdded i mewn ºddod nôl symud o’r ardal ºddiflannu ºorffen ºfynd i’r neuadd ºddechrau bwyta (“ºddachre bita”)

GEIRFA / vocabulary

Some of these words have colloquial forms which differ from the ones used in standard spoken Welsh. Some colloquial forms (but not all) are shown.

aelod, aelodau (“eilode”) Siôn cyrraedd (“cyrredd”) Mair gwneud (“neud”) agor symud mynd dod ardal, ardaloedd (“ardalo’dd”) (f) bwyta (“bita”) neuadd, neuaddau (f) drws, drysau (“dryse”) (m) yn ôl (“nôl”) hynnÿ (“nÿ”) marw dechrau (“dachre”) i mewn (“miwn”) diflannu cerdded gorffen i mi i ºfi iddo fo iddo fe

member John arrive Mary do open move go come district eat hall door back (= direction) that die begin inside disappear walk finish to me (mainly northern) to me (southern) to him (north)ç to him (south)

EXERCISE ONE

Make sentences with the substitution table -

Roedd y cwbl (“cwbwl”) drosodd cÿn... (everything was over, had finished before...)

Rho’r arian i ºfi cÿn... (give me the money before...)

EXERCISE TWO

Translate intoWelsh without looking at the substitution table:

1 before Siôn went to the hall / before Siôn goes to the hall

2 before I moved from the area / before I move from the area

3 before we did that / before we do that

4 before you (chi) came back / before you come back

5 before she opened the door / before she opens the door

6 before you (ti) finished / before you finish

7 before he walked in / before he walks in

8 before the members arrived / before the members arrive

9 before they died / before they die

10 before you (chi) began eating / before you begin eating

ANSWERS:

1 cÿn i Siôn ºfÿnd i’r neuadd

2 cÿn i ºfi symud o’r ardal

3 cÿn i ni ºwneud hynnÿ

4 cÿn i chi ºddod nôl

5 cÿn iddi agor y drws / cÿn iddi hi agor y drws

6 cÿn i ti ºorffen

7 cÿn iddo ºgerdded i mewn / cÿn iddo fe ºgerdded i mewn

8 cÿn i’r aelodau ºgyrraedd

9 cÿn iddÿn nhw ºfarw

10 cÿn i chi ºddechrau bwÿta

EXERCISE THREE

Translate the answers back into English

Look at the vocabulary:

cael eich cosbi (“get / receive your punishing”) cael eich dal (“get / receive your catching”) cael eich anfon nôl (“get / receive your sending back”) cael eich rhyddháu (“get / receive your releasing”) cael eich canmol (“get / receive your praising”) cael eich lladd (“get / receive your killing”) cael eich taro’n wael (“get / receive your striking ill”) cael eich holi (“get / receive your interrogating”) cael eich anafu (“get / receive your injuring”) cael eich sarháu (“get / receive your insulting”) cael eich insyltio (North) / insylto (South) (“get / receive your insulting”) cael eich gwerthu (“get / receive your selling”)

be punished be caught be sent back be released be praised be killed be taken ill be questioned, be interrogated be hurt, be injured be insulted be insulted (Englishism) be sold

EXERCISE FOUR

Look at the vocabulary, and then make sentences with the possessive determiners in the substitution table below.

Roedd (“O’dd”) popeth yn ºberffaith (“ºberffeth”) cÿn... (everything was perfect before...)

Bÿdd rhaid i ti ºwneud rhÿwbeth cÿn... (“you’ll haveto do something before...”)

In the upper row are the usual standard colloquial written forms

In the lower row are the usual colloquial spoken forms. - y is [ø], and ’i and ’u are [i]

º soft mutation

ºº nasal mutation

ººº aspirate mutation

ºººº prefixed h

			my	your	his	her	our	your	their
			FY	DY	EI	EI	EIN	EICH	EU
			’Y, ’YN	DY	’I	’I	YN	YCH	’U
cÿn	i mi / i ºfi i ti iddo iddi i ni i chi iddyn nhw i Siôn i Mair i’r cw^n	ºgael ºga’l	fy ººnal	dy ºddal	ei ºddal	ei dal	ein dal	eich dal	eu dal
			’y ººnal	dy ºddal	’i ºddal	’i dal	yn dal	ych dal	’u dal
			f’anfon yn ôl	d’anfon yn ôl	ei anfon yn ôl	ei ººººhanfon yn ôl	ein ººººhanfon yn ôl	eich anfon yn ôl	eu ººººhanfon yn ôl
			’yn anfon nôl	d’ anfon nôl	’i anfon nôl	’i ººººhanfon nôl	yn ººººhanfon nôl	ych anfon nôl	’u ººººhanfon nôl
			fy ººnghosbi	dy ºgosbi	ei ºgosbi	ei ºººchosbi	ein cosbi	eich cosbi	eu cosbi
			’y ººnghosbi	dy ºgosbi	’i ºgosbi	’i ºººchosbi	yn cosbi	ych cosbi	’u cosbi

EXERCISE FIVE

Translate intoWelsh:

1 before you (chi) were sent back

2 before I was released

3 before he was insulted

4 before you (ti) were taken ill

5 before the dogs are caught

6 before they were killed

7 before she was injured

8 before we were punished

9 before Siôn was interrogated

10 before it (feminine noun) is sold

Translate intoWelsh:

1 cÿn i chi ºgael eich anfon nôl

2 cÿn i ºfi ºgael fy rhyddháu

3 cÿn iddo (fe) ºgael ei sarháu / ei insylto

4 cÿn i ti ºgael dy ºdaro’n ºwael

5 cÿn i’r cw^n ºgael eu dal

6 cÿn iddyn nhw ºgael eu lladd

7 cÿn iddi (hi) ºgael ei ººººhanafu

8 cÿn i ni ºgael ein cosbi

9 cÿn i Siôn ºgael ei holi

10 cÿn iddi (hi) ºgael ei gwerthu

EXERCISE SIX

Translate the answers back into English

NOTE: The same construction can be used with other conjunctions -

ar ôl = after, wedi = after, er = although, erbÿn = on (arriving), by the time (he arrived), wrth = while, whilst, nes = until, hÿd = until

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