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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
100
100 (i) 1. The substantival demonstratives are used
exactly like definite nouns, except as mentioned in 3
below ; as hwn yw'r dyn ' this is the man ' ; qwél hwn ' see
this '
edrych ar hwn ' look at this '.
2. A substantival demonstrative may depend in the
genitive upon another noun, and can be distinguished
from an adjectival demonstrative by the fact that a noun
with a dependent genitive cannot take the article, S 13 (i) ;
thus t!) hwn ' this man's house ', y ty hwn ' this house '
3. A substantival demonstrative, however, cannot have
a qualifying adjective or dependent genitive.l But hwn,
hon, and hyn are often followed by yma, yna, and hwn, hon
by acw, Med. racko, used adjectivally ; the demonstrative
loses its own accent, and hence the combination is usually
written as one word: hwnyma ' this here ', Fr. ' ceci '
hwnyna ' that '
' cela ', hwnacw ' that yonder '.
Vy arglwybes i yw honn racko.—R.M. 175.
An-amt yw i hwn yma
Naq ystör nag eisiau da.—I.D. TR. 149.
Guttun Y wain a ysgr;vennodd hwnnyma.—1L. 28/33 R.
[See w.c. 295, S 164, i (2)].
(ii) 1. Hwn and hon mean ' this one ', i. e. ' this person '
or ' this thing '. The feminine form is used when a female
or a thing whose name is feminine is meant ; thus ' this '
denoting a chair (cadair) is hon. If a male is meant or a
thing with a masc. name or with no name, hwn is used.
So with hwnnw and honno.
2. Hwnnw and honno mean ' that one ', namely ' that
1 For an exception in the case of yr hwn, yr hyn with qualifying
adj. see 85 (i), Notes 2 and 3. There is no exception in the case of
a dependent genitive. Zeuss (G.C.2 395) quotes a ossodassant eu
hemendyth ar hon Kemry holt, A.L. i. 2, and accepts Owen's trans-
lation ' and that of all the Cymry'. But ar is the prep. and hon
here is a noun, the base of the verb honnaf ' I publish '.
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§ 100 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 127 person' or ' that thing'—not the one we see,
but the one we have in mind'.
3. Hwn, hon and hwnnw, honno are employed in speaking of persons, where in
English we can only use personal pronouns uttered with a more or less
emphatic inflection of the voice.
O'wi treffad y caniadwn I hyd o'r ddaear i hwn.—D.G. Ixxxix. Am guddio hon
mae gwaedd hir, A't chywyddau ni chuddir.—G.Gl. v 99/237. A'r amherodres a
ovynnawb Jcynghor y wr doefh a oeb yn y chynghor. A hwnnw a bywawt
wrthi.—B.M. 230. ' And the empress sought counsel of a wise man who was of
her council and he said to her . . .'
lesu Grist a hwnnw wedi ei groeshoelio.—1 Cor. ii. 2.
4. In poetry hwn and hon are freely used instead of personal pronouns to
vary the phrase.
Wylo'r wyf lower afon Drosti hi, mor drist yw hon.—Gut.O. A 14967/119.
(iii) Hyn and hynny do not refer to concrete objects, but always to
abstractions, such as 1. a circumstance, incident, thought, statement,
precept, question, reason. Hence they often stand for a sentence or a verbal
noun clause.
'Envoi angor dan goryn
Tn Nudd ffoe?—w weddai hyn.—H.D. p 92/182. ' To name a bald-headed miser
" Nudd the Generous "—this is not seemly.'
Dalied sylw, diedus yw hyn, A dilyned i linyn.—E.P. 229.
Pater noster . . . Sef yw pwyll hynny, yn tat ni^-rSL.K. 147. Arglwyb, heb ef,
mi a wnaf hynny yn llawen.—B.M. 10. A wnelo hyn, nid ysgogir yn
dragywydd.—Ps. xv. 5. Beth a ddealli di heb fod hynny gennym ninnau ?—Job xv.
9. Am hyn, am hynny, gan hyn, gan hynny, o herwydd hyn, o herwydd hynny, o
blegid hyn, o blegid hynny 'therefore',
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128 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS § 100
wrth hyn, wrth hynny ' accordingly, therefore ', heblaw hynny ' besides ', er
hynny ' nevertheless '.
2. A certain quantity or number of anything; as dyro i mi hyn ' give me this
much '; mwy na hyn ' more than this '; cymaint a hyn ' as much as this ', '
this much '.
Ple'r wyt ti ond hyn ? Nid oes mewn man (read yman) dy hanner.—D.G. cexviii.
Yr hynn a oeb ar y ben o wallt.—W.M. 32, ' What there was of hair on his
head.'
Nid wylais gyda'r delyn
Am 'y nhad gymain a hynn.—I.D. TB. 151.
Shown swyddwyr—hyn sy heddyw—
Am un o'ifath yman fyw.—R.C. c.o. 339.
0 rhennir yn yr hoywnef
I Rys had hyn a roes ef.—G.G1. M 146/171, see § 85 (i).
3. A certain quality of anything, when it follows fal, tebyg or an equative ;
as cystal a hyn ' as good as this'.
4. A point or period of time :
Och f 'Arglwydd ! cyd a biwyddyn Y rhoed pob dwyawr o hyn.—D.G. ci. Ni
chamf, nid af o dy Eto unnos hyd hynny.—D.G. ci.
In the first couplet, hyn
refers to Lent, hynny in the second, to Easter Monday. So we have cyn hyn,
cyn hynny, § 51, ex. 5. Med. tcynn no hynn, kynn no hynny ' before this,
that'; wedy hyn ' after this '; ar hynny W.M. 4, ' thereupon ';
o hynny allan, do. 8 ' from that time forth'; gyda hynny 'thereupon'; gyda
hyn 'just now, immediately'; yn hynny B.M. 34' during that time'; yn ysfod
hynny ' during that time';
ond hynny, byth ond hynny ' ever more '. Nid a'i garu byth ond hynny A
chydymaith gyda myfy.—Hen Bennill. Ni cheir byw mo'r diwrnod hwnnw trosto
byth ond hynny.— E.W. B.B.S. i. 26 ' one shall never live that day over
'again.'
(iv) Hyn and hynny may be followed by o and an explanatory noun:
Hynn o weithret gwaharbedio.—IL.A. 132.
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§ 101 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 129
Nyt oes arnaf i ovyn kael Jcymriw neu archolleu ym plith hynn o niver.—B.M. 8
' in the midst of such a host as this '.
A chany wbost 'pa byb pa nos y del
chwedleu da attatt, hynny o obeith a'th geidw.—B.M. 86 ' that hope will
sustain thee '.
Mor odidawg ei ymadroddiad, na ellir damuno dim perjfaith-iach yn hynny o
beth.—M.K. [ix] ' more perfect in that matter'.
Yn hyn o wyl.—L.G.C. 19 'on this fea&t'.
Hyn o geidd.—T.A. G. 227. Ar hyn o amser, ar hyn o bryd ' at this time', ar
hyn o dro ' on this occasion', hyn o eiriau ' these words', hyn o arian '
this amount of money', hyn o lyfrau ' this number of books', hyn o dal ' this
amount of payment'. ;
The preposition generally introduces an explanatory equivalent, § 129 (iv):
thus in hynny o beth, heth^ hynny, in hynn o nifer, nifer = hynn. But when
the demonstrative denotes quantity or number the construction is usually that
indicated in § 57 (i).
(v) Hyn and hynny when they denote quantity or time may follow yn introducing
a complement, ac ni wyddwn i bod yn hyn o'r dydd ' I did not know that it was
this time of day'.
Nac adnabot o un ar y gilyb y vot yn hynny o amser.—W.M. 57, B.M. 42, 'Nor
[did] any of them perceive from [the appearance of] the others that it was
&o long a time.'
(vi) The neuter hyn or hynny i& treated as masculine in construction, e.
g. a pronoun referring to it, or an adjective in the predicate is maso. Thus
trwm yw hynny.
Ef a geijf hynny . . . y gymryt a wnaf.—B.M. 16. yismasc. as shown by the
mutation following it.
(vii) Hyn and hynny are pi. when they mean ' this number ' as in hyn o wyr :
they occur rarely as pi. in the simple sense of ' these '. [With the whole
section cf. w.G. ,294-6.]
101 (1). The demonstrative adjectives are placed after their nouns -which the
article or its equivalent must always precede; they agree with their nouns in
gender and number; thus y gwr hwn, y wraig hon, y guyr hyn, y gwragedd hyn.
K
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130 - DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS §§ 103,103 Ac wylaw hallt fu'r glow hwn Ar 61 gwr
hael a garwn.—S.V. 0.0. 366. In the expression weithion, for y waith hon, the
y was lost
early, leaving no trace except the soft mutation of the radical
of gwaith.
(ii) The compulsory use of the article renders a dependent genitive
impossible, § 13 (iv).
(iii) The use of an equivalent (§ 4 (i)) for the article is rare: fy ngeiriau
hyn, Matt. vii. 24, 26; eich bre.nhinol ddymuniant hwn B.C. 73 ' this your
royal desire'.
(iv) [See W.G, 297, § 164, iii.]
(v) As there are no neuter nouns, the neuter singular hyn and hynny are not
required as adjectives; but examples of their adjectival use occur, probably
as survivals ;
they are found with pryd ' time ', peth ' matter', and some other words. [See
w.o. 296, § 164, ii. (1).]
102. Many adverbial expressions are used as demon--strative adjectives ; such
as yma, yna, acw, draw, fry, isod, uchod. [See w.e. 295, § 164, i. (2).]
SUBSTANTIVAL AND ADJECTIVAL PRONOUNS
103. As in other languages the ' alternative ' pronouns occur in successive
sentences ; as y naill a gymerir a'r Hall a adewir, Matt. xxiv. 40: or in the
same sentence connected by a conjunction, as dyro i'r naill a'r Hall ' give
to the one and the other ', or in any relation except that of dependence, in
which two nouns may stand to one another in the sentence, as .yofynnodd y
naill i'r Hall' the one asked the other'.
The use in late Welsh of y naill y Hall for ' each other' is probably
artificial. In the spoken language it is y will a'r llall; as I garu 'r naill
a'r Hall yn well.—T. ii. 123 'to love each other better'.
The definite pronouns represent two alternatives; but the indefinite may
represent any number, and the second term may be repeated without limit; as
Rei ohonunt yn wylaw,
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§ 104 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 131 ereill yn udaw, ereill yn cwynaw.—TL.A.
162: i un . . . ao
i wall. . . ao i arall, 1 COT. xii. 8-10. [w.o. 300.]
104 (i). The adjectival naill is always put before ita noun, and forms a cpd.
with it, the initial of the noun being always softened, though the soft b, d,
g are frequently re-hardened into p, t, c after the voiceless II. [w.Gr. 300,
§ 165, i.]
Pwy bynnac ae kaffei yn y neill law, a vynnei o eur a gaffei yn y Haw
arall.—B.M. 222.
Ac o'r neillparth ibaw Betwin esgob, ao o'r parth arall Gwarthegyt vab
Kaw.—B.M. 148.
The two,elements are accented separately, § 18 (ii) if the noun is a
polysyllable; and sometimes in Med.W., generally in Mod.W., when it is a
monosyllable.
A'r neill banner a oeb ibaw yn llosci . . . a'r hanner arall a deil ir
arnaw.—B.M. 226.
O'r neill tu y Ereint yb eistebaicb y iarll ieuano . . . o'r tu arall
y Ereint yb oeb y uorwyn.—B.M. 267.
The Med. lleill is also used
adjectivally like naill; as o'r lleillparth ... o'r parth arall.—B.M. 273.
(ii) Un adjectival is used like the numeral, softening feminine nouns only, §
53.
It does not form proper compounds like un ' same' § 6-3. [W.G. 301.]
(iii) A noun following r1iai has always the radical initial1 (§ 57
(ii)); thus, rhai dynion ' some men'; rhai cannot have the article when
followed by a noun.
(iv) The adjectival arall is always placed after its noun like an ordinary
adjective.
Arall forms a few cpds., mostly adjectives, ay arallwlad D.G. 267 ' foreign';
but its use before its noun irt ordinary construction as arall fedd M.S. i.
27 is artificial and recent.
1 lolo Morganwg (or his son and editor) mutates after rhai as rhai
fannau.—Cyfrinach, 189. There is no literary authority for it, and it is as
foreign to the dialect of Glamorgan (J. Ifano Jones) as to any other.
K2
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132 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS §§ 105,106
105 (i). The substantival y naiV is a full expression of the first
alternative. It cannot be used if an adjective or its equivalent (such as a
relatival clause) is required to complete the expression; in that case yr un,
pi. y rhai is used instead.
A'r un y bybei borth ef ibi a gollei, y gware, a'r Hall a bodei awr.—B.M.
240.
(ii) But y naill may be followed by o and a noun which includes both
alternatives (cf. § 57 (i)).
Ac yn gyflym y llabawb y neill o'r gweisson, ac yn y lie y
llabawb y Hall.—B.M. 191.
(iii) In negative sentences
yr un is sometimes used instead of y naill.
Ny mynhei yr un onnyt a vynnei y Hall.—IL.A. 68. ' Neither desired but what
the other desired.'
(iv) Instead of substantival arall or eraill we often find un or rhai with
adjectival arall or eraill, especially when it depends in the genitive upon
another noun.
Nafrath dy ben i fatterion rhai eraill.—B.B.S. 96.
' Do not poke thy head into the concern? of others.' Here i faterion eraill
would naturally mean ' into other matters', and hence rhai eraill is
necessary to make the meaning clear.
Os pawr un faes ... a gyrru ei am fail i bori maes un arall.— Ex. xxii. 5.
106 (i). An adjectival alternative pronoun is frequently followed by a
substantival, the repetition of the noun being unnecessary; as in the common
expressions y naill beth a'r Hall' one thing and another ', y naill dro ar 61
y Uall ' time after time', y naill ddydd ar 61 y Hall ' day after day'.
Dyrcha{if) y naill dywarchen A dwyn y Hall dan y llen.—H-.D. p 99/424.
' He (God) rears one clod of earth (i. e. one man) and brings the other under
the sod.'
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§ 106 SUB8T. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 133
Talet seith punt, e neill banner y'r efeyryat a'r Hall ifr person.—A.r.. 80.
Ffordd rhai dynion yw bwrw bai ar eu gweithedoedd eu hunain . . . eraill a
ddechreuant son am y peth wmifwiadwy.— B.B.S. 87.
(ii) The indefinite un is often followed by the definite y Hall, or more
commonly yr ail. Un oedd ni fynnai addysg, Yr ail ni all deall dysg.—E.P.
259.
' One was he who would not receive knowledge, the other he who cannot
understand it.'
Dwedai un pie nad yaoedd, A'r ail ym mha Ie y^oe.dd.—Gr.O. 34.
Mae, un yn fwy dyscedic na thi, y llall yn synhwyrolach.— E.B.S. 88.
(iii) The antecedent of a second ' alternative' may be a personal or
demonstrative pronoun, as ti ac arall ' thou and another', i. e. ' you and
such as you', hyn a'r llall ' this and that'; or a noun as o wyl Fair i'r
llall, IL. T.E. 129, ' from Lady day to Lady day'.
The antecedent need not be expressed. It may be the implied subject of a
verb: it may be understood: or it may be anticipated, as y mae'r llall yn well
na hwn ' the other is better than this '.
Canmoled arall dydi ac nid dy enau dy hun.—Diar. xxvii. 2.
[See w.G. 301, ii. (1), (2).]
(iv) Alternatives are also expressed 1. by a repetition of un or rhai:
Rhai'n lew gyda'r ffydd newydd;
Rhai ynffest gyda'r hen ffydd.—S.B. M L88/468 E.
Rhai a chlod i ddewr a chledd, Rhai yna Vr rhianedd.—H.Ma. c 83/119 E.
2. by repeating the noun :
Y mae rhagor rhwng seren a seren mevm gogoniant.—1 Cor. xv. 41.
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134 SUBST. AND ACJECT. PRONOUNS §§ 107,108
Y mae yn rhaid gwneuthur mawr wdhan rhwng prydydd a phrydydd, a rhwng awdur
ac awdur. J.D.B. p. [xviii].
or 3. by the use of such antithetic demonstratives as hwn . . . hwnnw, yma .
. . acw.
Ymroi i chwilio am y bai yrna a'r bai accw.—J.D.R. p. [xx],
107 (i). T naill sometimes denotes one of two or more alternatives expressed
by ai . . . ai . . .
Owna y neillpeth . . . ae diot dy arveu y am danat ae titheu
a robo arveu ereill y minneu.—E.M. 222.
Mae y neillpeth ae tydi yn wr o bell ae titheu yn ynvyt.— do. 229.
Ownaed y naill. . .
Ai dwyn f'enaid wan1 feinwr
Ai meddylio gado 'i gwr.—D.G. 149.
Aed i'w noflo'r dyn afiach.
Ef a'r naill ai'n/arw ai'w iaah.—T.A. c. i. 343.
' Let the sick man go to bathe in it; he will return [or become] either dead
or whole.'
Later naill came to be regarded as a mere emphatic adjunct of the conjunction
ai.
Canys naill ai efe a gasa y naill ac a gar y llall, ai efe a ymlyn wrth y
naill ac a esceulusa'r llall.—Matt. vi. 24.
(ii) Naill is used without a sequel in certain expressions, such as y naill
banner, generally used" to mean ' about a half'; y naill du, y neill
law. [See w.G. 301, § 165, iii. (1).]
108 (i) 1. Un, pi. rhai, does not necessarily express an alternative, but may
be used without a sequel, meaning ' some one ', ' some '.
2. Except as mentioned in (ii) below, un substantival is seldom used of
persons as an indefinite pronoun, being generally replaced by rhywun, rhyw
ddyn, etc. m positive sentences, and in sentences of negation or doubt by
neb, or
1 Omitting dyn before wwn as it makes the line too long and spoils
the construction.
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§ 108 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 136
more rarely, wndyn; but see (iii) 3. Un generally means ' one' when it
denotes a person: Aet un, heb ynteu, yn y herbyn.—B.M. 9.
3. Un adjectival is replaced by rhyw in positive sentences;
see § 110 (i). In negative sentences it is used as the adjective
corresponding to the substantival dim and neb § 118 (vi).
4. Un and rhai are followed by o; § 56 (i), § 57 (i). 6. Rhai is used freely
both of persons and things in the sense of ' some', ' a few ' and both
substantively and adjec-tively. It is also used in the ablative of measure;
yr wyf yma we misoedd, rai, ' I have been here for some months '.
(ii) 1. Un with its plural rhai, when substantival, is used with. a
qualifying adjective or adjective-equivalent;
as un da ' a good one ', un heb ddim ' a penniless one', rhai a welir '
visible ones '.
Ni chredir, yn wir, i neb Ond i un a dau wyneb ;
Sy ddrwg sy heddiw ar wir, Ar un da ni wrandewir.—T.A. A 14971/78.
Rhai caled, rhag rhoi, ciliant— Gfwragedd a gwyr—i gudd, gant.—T.A. c. ii.
79.
Oblegid braidd y bydd neb farw dros un cyfiawn.—Rhuf. v. 7.
2. The definite yr un, y
rhai are similarly used; as yr un drwg ' the evil one'.
A darllain ohonoch chwithau yr un o Laodicea.—Col. iv. 16. A phawb o'r
rei kyfyawn.—IL.A. 22.
Tna y llewyrcha y rhai cyflawn fel yr haul.—Matt. xiii. 43. See y rhai da, y rhai drwg, do. 48 ; y
rhai cyflawn, do. 49, ' xxv. 37, 46.
Hence y rhai hyn, y rhain. Hence also the use of yr un, y rhai before a
relative, §.85,'§ 105 (i). The relative clause is, in fact, the equivalent of
an adj. qualifying the definite pronoun, § 79 (ii); thus y rhai a welir is
equivalent to y rhai gweledig.
3. The determinant may be a dependent genitive; in
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136 STTBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS § 108 that case the article of the definite
yr un is omitted;
§ 13 (i).
y bwy nos a arwybockant beu ryw angeu yssyb, un y wrff, ao un yr
eneit.—•SL.A. 19.
A'th garyat yssyb hoffach gennyf i y gaffael woe un neb.— s.G. 431.
(iii) 1. Un and yr un are used indifferently in the sense of ' any'. They
appear chiefly in negative sentences, but they may appear in any sentence in
which dim or neb may be used, § 118 (v); e.g. yn vwy no'r un in 2. below, of.
118 (v) 4.
Ny bylyir gwarandaw yr un o'r teyr haul (== hawl).—A.L. i. 174, MS. a. In
MSS. D and K, yr is omitted.
A damwein y gadei yr un y bwyn.—E.M. 20.
See further examples of yr un below. This form is common in the •spoken
language, especially in N.W. The use of the article is somewhat peculiar: ni
welais yr un means not ' I did not see the one', but ' I did not see any '.
2. Used of things un or yr un, when adjectival, replaces dim which is not
used adjectively, 118 (vi); when substantival, it means ' any' of the things
mentioned, as distinguished from dim which means ' anything' generally, or '
any quantity '.
Ny bywawt ef un geir.—B.M. 4.
Na bywet ti un geir.—B.M. 271.
Dayar y tywyllwch ... He nat oes un urbas.—TL.A. 63.
Ac ny bichawn nep vyw un voment hwy no hynny.—do. 45.
Ac nat (nyt) oes unfforb y galler mynet ibaw.—B.B.B. 178. Nid oes yr un
dywysen Yn grin o had Oronwy hen,—I.D. TB. 160.
Pa obeith yssyb y'r gler. Nyt oes yr un.—IL.A. 40.
A chyt bei lower o geyryb . . . ibaw, honn a garei ef yn vwy no'r un.—B.M.
93.
heb gajfel yr un o honunt.—W.M. 31.
3. Used of persons, when adjectival it takes the place
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§ 109 STTBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 137 of neb which is rarely used
adjectively, § 118 (vii) 1 ;
when substantival it means ' any one ' of those named or understood, while
neb means ' any one' at all. But in conditional clauses un is used for ' any
one' generally.
Nyt oes un wreic ynteu a ymrobo e hun y alltud a bylyo y meybyon vamwys.—A.L.
i. 176 ' There is no woman, then, who gives herself up to a foreigner, whose
sons ean have a right by maternity.'
Ni aned un awenydd
Well ar dant er llawer dydd.—G.G1. P 83/68.
Ni bu lesq yr un o'i blaid,
Na'i hyn ef, na'i hynafiaid.—L.G.C. 392. 'None of hia stock has ever been
weak, or his elders or ancestors.'
Oaeaf, od af dan i do,
Ni'm cnis un o'w, cas yno.—B.Br. IE..H:. ii. 98.
Ni bydd un blin nn thmmgwyddedic yn eu pUth; ni huna^r un ac ni
chwsc.—Es. v. 27.
Os lladratta un ych ... Os pawr un faes ... Os rhydd un V.w gymydog arian ...
Os rhydd un asyn nev,
etdion.—Ex. xxii. 1, 6, 7, 10. See also § 106 (iii), § 113 (ii).
Un adjectival may form an improper cpd. with its noun ; as, ni bum yn unman.
See uncam, § 50.
Ny weleis i eirmoet undyn a vei gyflawn garedic gan bawp.—S.G. 295.
The cpd. may become adjectival, undydd, unnos, etc. (iv) Un adjectival
following yn or standing predicatively before the verb ' to be ' is used in
the sense of ' veritable '. Ai wn a'i bais yn un berth.—D.G. 8. Drwy'r byd un
dihareb oedd.—D.G. 14. ^ Y mae o'w un hen ffwi.—Bangor.
Golloquially un followed by o is also used to mean ' covered with', '
infested with ', yn un o lav, ' alive with lice'.
109 (i). Un, yr un mean 'same', 'the same', and are followed if necessary by
a ' as '.
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138 8TJBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS § 109
(ii) When un forms a proper cpd. with its noun (the latter having its initial
softened irrespective of gender or number, § 16 (i), the cpd. is an
adjective.
Pyt ungryt yw'r byt a'r bat ar donnyar.-—Tra. B.r. 1221. ' The world is a
peril of like commotion to the boat on waves.'
Un dyn yw a dynn dan iau,
Un gweryl a'r now gorau.—D.N. a. 169.
' Equal in contention to the
best nine.'
Ni bu, & chwi, neb o'ch iaith
Un ddaioni, 'n ddiweniaith.—T.A. A 14971/126.
' No one of your nation has been of like goodness to you— without flattery (I
say it).'
Un waith wyd a'r gwenithyn;
Bydd un frig a'r caprig gwyn.—H.D. P 100/4:1. ' Thou art fashioned like a
grain of corn: (live to) be crowned (with hair) like white cambric.'
Un ffunud yw tywyllwch a goleuni i ti.—Salm cxxxix. 12. It may follow yn
introducing a complement. Duw ni wnaeth mob dyn yn 61 Einion Yrth yn un
warthol.—H.D. r 99/402. ' God never made a son of man after Einion Yrth of
like stirrup.' See un fodd; un wallt ag § 18 (ii), chwaer undad, D.G. 279.
LI and rh remain unmutated after the n of un. Y lleian ddoeth a'i lliw'n dda,
Unlliw a Non a llun Anna.—D,G. 17.
These cpds. are also used with the definite article in the predicate, more
especially in the later language, though the construction is probably old : y
mae'r ddau yr un faint ' the two are of the same size' ; y mae Dafydd yr un
ben a'i dad, ' David has the same type of head as his father '.
(iii) When un-compounded (a masculine noun retaining its radical initial) the
expression is substantival; as yr un peth ' the same thing', yr un ffunud '
the same manner '. The noun may be plural; yr un pethau ' the same things'.
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§ 110 STJBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 139
A'r un mebwl a boeth yndaw ef ao a booth yndi hitheu.— B.M. 74.
Yr un peth a ddamwain i bawb fel i gilydd . . . Sef bod yr un diben i
bawb.—Preg. ix. 2, 3. Yr aflan a'r gl&n a'i bwytty yn yr un ffunud.—Deut.
xii. 22, see Preg. xi. 6.
Many of these expressions are used in the ablative case, that is adverbially;
thus yr un modd, yr un ffunud, yr un wedd ' in the same manner', '
similarly', yr un pryd ' at the same time ', yr unffordd ' in the same way '.
Ny buant hayach o enkyt yny welynt y varchoges yn dyvot yr un fforto.—B.M.
11.
Yr un ffunud y derfydd am ffol ac ynfyd.—Balm xlix. 10. See Marc iv. 16, Luc
vi. 23?, Rhuf. viii. 26. Of. also yr un, sud.
(iv) Tr un ' the same, the like', is also used without a noun.
A phe cymysgai fir a mor,
Yr un yw'm Duw o hyd.—W. 399.
Nid un sir dan y seren
Yr un a fhi, 'r eneth wen.—T.A. A 14866/108.
' There is no delight under
the star(s) the like of thee, fair maid.'
For yr un ' each', see § 5 (v) 1.
110 (i). Ehyve has almost lost its literal sense of 'a kind of ', and is used
as an indefinite adjective meaning, ' a ', ' a certain'. It is placed before
its noun forming a cpd. with it and softening its initial; the noun may be
singular or plural.
The cpd. is in many cases accented as a single word; as rhywun ' some one ',
rhywbeth ' something', rhywfodd, rhywsut 'somehow', rhywbryd ' some time',
rhywddydd º' some day', rhywddyn § 101 (iv) ex. 1. But generally the two
elements are accented separately.
Bhai'nfeirw ar hyn a fivriwyd;
Rhiw ddiliw noeth, Khuddlan, wyd—T.A. A 14875/127.
' Rhuddlan, thou art a veritable deluge.'
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140 SUBST. AND ADffECT. PRONOUNS § 111
Anrhegwn win a rhyw gnau
Saig felys ac afalau.—D.W. 249. ' I would give wine and nuts, a sweet dish
and apples.' Tr oedd gan ryw wr ddaufab.—Luo xv. 'll,'Av9pain6sTis efye
Svo viovs.
Eithr am ryw air angenrheidiol. . . e ddarfu i mi gymryd y
cyfryw air o'r Groeg neu o'r Lladin . . . Hawdd yw gwybod am
ryw eiriau Seisnig nod oes . . . eiriau Cymreig.—M.K. [vi.
vii.]
NOTE. It is seen from the last example that the pi. of rhyw air is rhyw
eiriau, not rhai geiriau, which is pi. of un gair, of. rhywim, pi. rhywrai,
which shows that rhai is the pi. of un. Rhai geiriau means ' a certain number
of words', rhyw eiriau means ' certain words', without reference to number.
(ii) T rhyw is used in Med.W. with (1) a demonstrative adjective, or (2) a
relative clause, in the sense of ' such a'. [See W.G. 303-4, § 165 (10).]
0 Fair wychdeg fawr, echdoe;
A fydd y rhyw ddydd oedd ddoe ?—D.G. 160.
(iii) Khyw is also u&ed as a noun meaning ' kind',' kin', its gender is
masc. as seen in y rhyw hwn. Marc ix. 29, in spite of the peculiarly
inelegant neologism y rhyw deg ' the fair sex'.
Khyw is an adj. in the phrase rhyw i 'it is natural to' [vv.a. 304].
Mor oeb ryw y'rn Hew llywyaw 'r dengwiat.—G.D.A. B.P. 1226.
' How natural it was to my lion to govern the ten lands.'
Merch Wiliam, ar uchdwyl,—
Rhyw iddi roi rhodd yr wyl.—T.A. A &817/179.
Nid rhwydd and yn harglwydd ni;
Nid rhyw iddaw ond rhoddi.—G.G1. p 103/102. See § 136 (ii) and rhyw yt § 80
(iv) where also a superlative rhywiaf occurs: pob rhyw § 112 (iv) 1: neb rhyw
[W.G. 303].
Ill (i).
Unrhyw, cyfryw and amryw are either adjectival or substantival. When used
adjectively they precede their nouns, and like rhyw soften their initials,
thus form-
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§ 111 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 141 ing cpds. with them; but the noun is
always accented separately [w.G. 303].
(ii) Vnrhyw and yr unrhyw mean ' the same', the latter only being used
substantively [W.G. 304, § 165, (11)].
Eithr Duwdod y Tad, y Mab a'r Tsbryd Ol&n sydd unrhyw.—Credo St.
Athanasius.
Nid oedd unrhyw ddwy anrheg T dydd echdoe a doe deg.—D.G. 160.
(iii) 1. T cyfryw 'such' used substantively, generally refers to a number of
objects; when it is desired to be more precise, y cyfryw un or y cyfryw rai
is used.
Doethineb, crefydd, cyfiawnder . . . a'r cyfryw.—E. 41.
Tn erbyn y cyfryw nid oes ddeddf.—Gal. v. 23.
Y cyfryw un meddylied hyn.—2 Cor. x. 11.
Canys eiddo y cyfryw rai.—Matt. xix. 14.
2. Cyfryw adjectival is usually preceded by the article. When attributive, it
generally precedes its noun, forming a cpd. with it; the gender of the cpd.
is masc. because rhyw, which is masc. is really the substantival element;
hence the initial c is not softened after the article, though cyfryw be
followed by a feminine noun. Thus y cyfryw wraig ' such a woman ', is really
' that kind of woman';
hence it differs from y garedig imaig where the initial is softened because
the cpd. is feminine, § 23. [W.G. 303, § 165 (10].]
3. Its use without the article or its equivalent is comparatively rare
except when it is predicative.
In W.M. 123 we have A galw y kyfryw byn a hwn, but lower down in the same
column, a galw kyfryw toyn a hwn. In the second passage the B.M. has y kyfryw
'byn hwnn;
see 4.
Owaefi (oer im gyfryw och!) Na bawn dyn a'i ben danoch.—S.T. B. 30.
Ac am hynny, kyfryw nawb a'r kyfryw drugaredd (cf. 2, above) oc a vu gennyt
ti . . . a geffy ditheu.—s.G. 316.
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142 STJBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS § 111
Oni ddial fy enaid cm gyfryw genedl » hon ?—Jer. v. 9.
Duw, yr hwn a roesai gyfryw awdurdod i ddynion.—Matt. ix. 8.
Bu rai o honynt gyfryw ag a adawsant eww ar eu hoi.— Eccl. xliv. 8.
Fod . . . pawb . . . yn gyfryw ag wyffi.—Act. xxvi. 29.
Teimlaw pryf kyvryw a hwnnw.—B.M. 66.
4. It is seen from several of the above examples that cyfryw is followed by a
' as' and a noun or noun-clause •where necessary, that is, where that with
which it is compared is not already expressed. But a demonstrative adj. or
rel. clause may qualify the cy/ryw-compound directly, thus taking the place
of a ' as ' and a demonstr. pron. or substantival clause, cf. § 110 (ii).
Bot vlwybyn yn vut yn Ilys Arthur, a galw y kyfryw toyn hwnn yn y mob y
gelweist.—B.M. 198. Or kyfryw win hwnn.—H.M. ii. 252. Y kyfryw toyn a dywedy
di.—B.M. 105. Y kyfryw varchawc yto oeto ef yn y geissyaw.—B.M. 209.
5. Cyfryw is used like an equal noun [equative] with a dependent prefixed
pronoun; § 33 (i).
A thir agarw . . . ny welsei eiroet y gyfryw.—•W.M. 180. Ac eu kyfryw wy.—s.o.
211.
Since cyfryw with its noun forms one cpd. noun, this may take a dependent
genitive; as dy gyfryw wr di.—s.G. 11.
Ni welaf ym byw y gyfryw gar.—G.M.D. B.P. 1207. 'I shall not see in my life
such a friend as him'; lit. ' his such friend'. ' The like' would be y
kyfryw, see 2. above.'
See pa gyfryw § 99 (iv), pob cyfryw § 112 (iv) 2, neb cyfryw § 118 (vii) 4.
(iv) 1. A mryw ' divers' is not preceded by the article. It is followed by a
singular or plural noun as amryw bwys, amryw fesur, Deut. xxv. 13, 14; amryw
bwysau ac amryw fesurau, Diar. xx. 10. (See w.G. 303, § 165 (9).
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§ 112 STJBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 143
2. Its use predicatively is rare, and perhaps artificial:
Yr ydoedd efe yn amryw oddiwrth y bwystfilod oil.—Dan. vii. 7.
It is also rare as an adj. following its noun:
Athrawiaethau amryw a dieithr.—Heb. xiii. 9.
3. Used substantively, it is plural in meaning:
Amryw vyb lie beynt vrodorion.—P.M. M.A. i. 283. ' There will be strangers
where there were natives.'
4. A few cpds. of amryw and its noun are accented as single words, amryw becoming
amry-. These are adjective cpds., as amryliw 'particoloured', as well as noun
opds. as amrysm 'dispute, contention';. [w.G. 303.]
5. In the later language, 'amryw tends more and more to be used with
reference to number only (cf. divers and several in English), and to be
compounded with pi. nouns.
Except where a noun has no pi. form, as colon.
Er gweled amryw Galan Gofal yn lie cynnal can.—Ur.O. 40.
It is also used substantively: yr oedd yno amryw ' there were several'. On
amrai see Silvan Evans. •
112 (i). Pawb is used like a definite masc. sing. noun, though sometimes
treated as a plural. [See W.G. 307, § 168, i. (1).]
Pan aeth pawb allan y chware.—B.M. 116.
Ar i waered y rhedant;
Llwybr pawb yw y lie Wr 'pant.—E.P. T. iv. 344.
Pawb a'i cenfydd, o bydd bai,
A bawddyn er na byddai.—Gr.O. 27.
(ii) Fob precedes its noun, which always retains its radical initial; thus
pob dyn ' every man'. The noun is usually singular; but it may be. plural, in
which case it generally denotes ' all varieties of', as pob ffrwythydd ' all
kinds of fruit'.
Pob cyffelyb a ymgais,—Prov.
Ym mhob rhith y daw angau.—do.
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144 STJBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS § 112 Ym mhob pen y mae piniwn.—S.B.
Siwglaeth a phob castieu hug.—B.C. 23. ' Jugglery and all sorts of conjuring
tricks.' Pob diodydd, ffrwythydd, danteithion.—do. 27.
The combination is often in the ablative of time, pob having its initial
.softened ; as 606 dydd ' every day', bob nos ' every night'.
Fy serch ar ferch a rofi
Bob dydd heb wybod iddi.—B.Br. -SL. 133/260. Hi a baw yma bop duw
Sadwrn.—B.M. 117. Pob makes a noun definite, and may be regarded aa an
equivalent of the article; hence a noun qualified by it cannot have a
dependent genitive, § 13 (iv). Thus we say pob dalen o'r Hi/fr.
It is, however, freely put before a. combination of a noun and a dependent genitive,
regarded as a unit; as pob mob mam; a phob powdr yr Apothecari.—Can. iii. 6:
a phob uniondeb gwaith dyn.—Preg. iv. 4. Tynnaisf attat awenydd A phob
dirgelwch y ffydd.—S.Ph. E.P. 275.
(iii) Pob forms improper opds. with a few words, the uncompounded forms being
also used; popeth, etc. [See W.G. 307-8, § 168 (2).]
(iv) The following common combinations are to be noted:
1. Pob rhyw, followed by a noun, sing. or pi., which forms a cpd. with rhyw §
110 (i). In this expression, rhyw is unaccented. [See w.G. 302-3, § 165
(7).]
2. Pob cyfryw ' all such'. [See w.G. 308, § 168 (2).]
3. Pob un 'every one'. [See w.G. 302, § 165 iv. (2)], pi. pob rhai.
Bun dolef bob un dilys— Bu bob rhal, Phylib ap Khys.—L.G.C. 401. ' Truly,
each one has been wailing—all have been, Philip ap Rhys.'
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§ 112 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 145
4. Pob math < every kind'. It is usually followed by o, see (v) below, but
T.A. has pob bath fwa A 31102/125, of. pafath fwa § 99 (iv).
(v) Pawb and pob with its noun are commonly followed by o with a definite
object, § 57 (i), or by o'r a, Mod. a'r a, § 85 (iii). But the object is
generally indefinite after pob math and expressions of similar meaning.
A segur y digawn pawb o honawch vot.—B.M. 5, ' And all of you may be idle',
see pawb o'r m'fer.
Ae biwallu o bop peth o'r a vo reit ibaw wrthaw.—Y.C.M. 33. Pob math o
chwareuon.—B.C. 27. [See W.G. 302-3, 308.]
(vi) Pob (1) is used with aº numeral in the ablative of measure; see § 125
(ii). The initial of pob is softened, § 126 (ii) and, contrary to the general
rule (see ii above), that of the numeral is softened also ; thus 606 ddau '
two by two'. For emphasis, the expression is extended thus, 606 ddau a dau.
[See w.G. 260, § 154, iv.]
A'i blant a ddeuant bob ddau,— Nythaid teg o benaethau.—lo.G. 180. Adar
dewrion drwy daraw,
Adar y drin, bob dri, draw.—L.G.C. 148, cf. 381, 436. Ac yno'r oedd, bob
gannwr, Ofllwyr gynt,fil Vr gwr— L.G.C. 383.
(In the first line of this couplet, aa is to be pronounced ag.) Rolant
a gerbwys yn eu plith dan eu trychu bob un ac un ar bob dyrnawt a
dwryndal.—Y.O.M. 49.
We also find 606 un a dau,
and 606 un bob ddau. Yno dowch, bob un a dau, Oil Vr fan lle'r wyf
innau.—T.A. v. 26. Gwascaru a oruc llu Arthur bob un bob oeu.—B.'M. 132.
Similarly constructed are 606 ail (Bret. peb-eil) ' every other', 606 eUddydd
'every other day', 606 eilwers 'alternately '; 606 sawl' every single one '
A.G. 2 ; 606 ychydig D.G. 28, bob ychydig ac ychydig.
2. In the later language yn is introduced between 606 and L
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146 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS § 113
the numeral; as 606 yn ddau [see w.Gt. 260]. Similarly with nouns of quantity
; 606 yn ronyn W. 277, 606 yn dipyn.
The expressions 606 yn awr B.C. 18 'time after time', 606 yr awr W. 805 '
constantly', possibly stand in a different category; as we have something
similar in Irish : cachranuair ' every other hour', for each iar n-uair
(Windisch) == Welsh pob ar awr. The colloquial expression bod ag un ' one and
all' is evidently old, as it preserves an obsolete form. of 606. [Rather heb
ado hun, 'bado un I.W.]
(vii) .806 un in the ablative of measure generally means ' every one ';
aethant bob un ' they went every one'. Hence •we find 606 un ac un, bob un a
dau, etc. to denote the special meaning described in (vi). Pawb by itself is
also similarly used; as troisom bawb i'wjfordd ei hun.—Es. liii. 6.
113 (i). Pawb or pob un is followed by i gilydd 'his fellow' to express '
each other '. The combination is used in two ways.
1. The two parts form primary elements in the sentence and are generally,
though not necessarily, separated by other words.
Pawb a gymerth Tcennat y gan y gilyb onabunt.—S.G. 251. • Each of them took
leave of the other.' A phan weles pob un ohonunt y gilyb . . . amovyn a oruc
pob un ohonunt am gyflwr y gilyb.—do. 126. Noethed bawb, nithied, heb wir,
Vai i gilydd,— ef a goelir.—T.A. A 14971/71.
2. After a plural verb or a verbal noun the two parts come together; i gilydd
is the object of the verb or verbal noun, and bawb or 606 un is the ablative
of measure limiting the unexpressed agent, § 112 (vii). [See W.G. 305, § 166,
2.]
Yn iach weithian dan y dydd , T gwelom bawb i gilydd.—S.T. o.o. 186. 0 alar
dwys lower dydd Yn galw bob un i gilydd.—D.IL. TE. 227. ' (The ychen bannog)
in deep grief many a day calling on one another.'
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§ 114 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 147 (ii) In a negative sentence pob un is
replaced by yr un, § 108 (iii). [Of. W.G. 306, § 166, ii. (1).]
Ac nyt attebei yr un mwy woe gilyb.—B.M. 211-2.
(iii) 1. Instead of pawb or pob un we may have a singular noun. The noun
should be, and generally is, masculine, for it is the antecedent of the masc.
prefixed pronoun i in i gilydd.
2. The noun is accompanied by rhyw, and followed by neu, neu i being
generally contracted into one syllable, written ne'i or neu. [W.G. 306, §
166, (2).]
J
Mewn rhyw ystyr neu gilydd.—B.B.S. 88. ' In one sense or another.'
3. But more usually the noun, definite or indefinite, is joined to i gilydd
by a preposition. The commonest formula has o before the noun and i or pw
before i gilydd. When i is used we have in Med.W. y gilyb for y y gilyb, § 70
(ii) 4. But instead of i. the otherwise obsolete preposition pw is more
usual, giving pivy gilydd =• 'pw y gilydd (i. e. 'pw i gilydd}. [See W.G.
306, § 166, ii. (3).]
Elisfab Elis
afydd Ac o Elis
bwy gilydd.—T.A. A 14978/108.
' Ellis son of Ellis will be, and from Ellis to Ellis (for ever).'
(iv) In the fifteenth century pawb or pob un came to be omitted [W.G. 305-6],
and i gilydd alone thus came to mean 'each other'.
114 (i). Holl forms a cpd. with its noun, and is preceded by the article or
its equivalent; as yr 'hollfyd ' all the world'. But the two elements are
almost always accented separately; as yr holl fyd, yr Jwll bethau hyn Matt.
vi. 33. [W.G. 308, § 168, ii. (1).]
Yno Owen a gaijf benyd Ar 61 llef oer yr holl fyd.—B.Br. IL 133/83. L2
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148 SUBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS § 115
(ii) The article is omitted if the noun is definite without it, as holl
Gymry B.B.B. 340 ' all Wales
'. Ffrwyno cyfoeth F frame hefyd, A phrynu holl Gyrnru i gyd.—H.D. IL.H. ii.
11. J gyd is sometimes added after the noun for emphasis as in the above
example.
It is also omitted if the noun has a dependent genitive;
§ 13 (iv) 2.
Holl lysoeb y baear.—B.M. 4. Holl grybyon y dref.—do. 52. Holl wyr ymlab
Iwerbon.—do. 36. Holl gampm da yr hoU vyt.—s.Q. 289.
(iii) Holl is also compounded with a few adjectives; as fioll-gyfoethog
'almighty'.
(iv) Holl has a derivative adjective hollol (Med. hollami) wed sometimes to
qualify an indefinite noun; but chiefly to form the adverbial expression yn
hollol ' entirely'.
A hynny yn hollawl.—IL.A. 162.
0 na adfi'n hollol.—Salm. cxix. 8, see Qen. xviii. 21,2 Sam. xxiii. 5 ; Preg.
v. 16; Luc iv. 23, etc,
115. 011 is a noun in the ablative of measure. It limits
(i) a definite noun, which it follows : as y byd oil Q. 294;
ypethau hyn oil Luc xii. 30. [W.G. 309, § 168, ii (2).]
A menegi val y paryssei yr arveu ibaw oil.—B.M. 73.
It sometimes limits an abstract noun without the article, § 4 (iii) note, as
dewrder oil, G. 235 ' all courage';
similarly a verbal noun ; as, gwadu oil y dadyl A.L. i. 396, ' to deny wholly
the plea'.
Gwaith blin ac annoethineb Ymryson oil am ras neb.—T.A. r. 11. ' It is weary work and
unwise to strive at all for any one's favour.'
(ii) a pronoun, personal or demonstrative or a pronominal ending:
Paham nat yn uffern y byrit wynt oil ?—IL.A. 7.
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§ 115 8UBST. AND ADJEOT. PRONOUNS 149 Nyni oil a grzuydrasom, fel defaid.—Es.
liii. 6. A llyma y gy franc val y bu, ne datJcawu oil o Bwyll udunt.—
B.M. 7.
A Duw ae gwnaefh oil.—IL.A. 10.
Elen deg o lun digoll
Duw a'i gwnaeth yn deg iaivn oil.—D.W. 257.
Y rhain oil, digoll y d6n'
I diodi a dyledion.—T.A. A 14971/157. Hyn oil o garn lladron.—B.C. 19. Aroabunt oil.—B.M. 113. A mynheu
lleiaf wyf ohonom oil.—IL.A. 79. Pa belw y gallei paradwys gynnal hynny
oil.—do. 12. It also limits pronominalia, such as pawb, dim.
Owae a gred uwch caledawr I ddim. oil ond i Dduw maw.—lo.G. r. 11.
(iii) an adjectival or adverbial expression.
It is sometimes difficult to decide whether oil limits the determinant or the
determinate, as in ystavell haearn oil.— B.M. 32 ' a room all of iron';
gwinau d'ael oil, T.A. ' all auburn is thy brow'. Possibly it would be right
to say that it limits neither apart from the other, but defines the relation
between the two; it shows how far the determinant is applicable to the
determinate.
Rhydeg oil y rhoed i gwedd
I boeni mab o Wynedd.—B.'Qr. IL 133/83.
Llawn beiau oil yw'n bywyd;
Llawn bai yw fob lle'n y byd.—S.T. T. 36. Doreu y neuab a tebygei eu
hot yn eur oil.—B.M. 84.
It frequently limits a
superlative adjective, as gora/a oil;
§45(i).
When it limits an adverbial expression it may either follow or precede it, as
i lazvr oil, or oil i lawr. See oil ar y glyn, § 56 (i), trwy lid oil, § 118
(i) 3.
Poenais Vw giSydd ws biwyddyn,
Heb wybod oil i bob dyn.—Sir 0. P 76/92.
' wholly unknown to every man ^.
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150 SUBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS • § 115 Tn nal ydd wy' 'n 61 y ddau, Oil o
fewn kynIlyfanau.—T.A. A 14979/143.
' I am in captivity after the two (named), wholly (bound) in leashes.'
With an expression of ' motion to ' oil means ' all the way'.
Ef &Vr afr, wrth i ffafriaw, Oil o'r drws i'r allor draw.—L. M6n. r. 6.
' The goat, if encouraged, would go all the way from the door to the altar.'
Merthyr gwyn, Maw aeth a'r giSr Oil at Duw a'i filety-w.—T.A. A 14975/36.
' Holy martyr, Mary has taken him even unto God and her Host.' {at Duw by
provection from at Dduw.)
After dyma, llyma, llyna, etc. it limits the implied object of the verb.
Llyma oil, heb y Teirnon,, a menegi y badyl oil.—w.M. 32. ' Behold [it] all,
said T. and he told the whole story.'
(iv) OH is one of the expressions which are used only in the ablative of
measure ; § 125 (ii).
1. It cannot be used in other cases [see w.G. 309]; while we may say aeth
pawb, where pawb is the subject, we cannot say aeth oil, but aethant oil. The
biblical expression oil yn oil is not a Welsh idiom; an older and more idiomatic
rendering is pob peth ym pob peth, TL.A. 64.
2. Oil is not an adjective; for, after a noun (a) it is separable, as in yr
arveu ibaw oil in (i) above; (6) it is placed after a demonstrative as in y
pethau hyn oil. An adj. cannot be put in these positions.
The neologism yr oil is apparently due to the idea that oil is an adj. which
may be made substantival by prefixing the article. But oil with the article
is yr holl, which is only used as described in § 114 [see W.G. 309].
3. That oil is ablative is shown by the fact that it can always be replaced
by one of the adverbial expressions
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§ 116 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 151 i gyd, yn gwbl, o gwbl. [See w.G.
309-310 § 168, iii. 2.] In Mod. W. oil has tended to be replaced by i gyd in
positive, and o gwbl in negative sentences.
Oweais iddi dy gwiail Owedi i doi i gyd & dail.—D.G. 162.
'I have woven for her a house of twiga, all roofed with leaves.'
Awn nl ag ef yno i gyd Arfraich elm frycheidyd.—T.A. A 13756/448.
In Med.W. i gyd (written y gyt) is used for ynghyd ' together'. The latter
form (written ygkyt) is rare in Med.W. • ,
(v) In other cases than the ablative, cwbl is used
[W.G. 309].
Cwbyl a geveis i o'm amherodraeth.—B.M. 91.
ffwae'r neb, w cwbl o'i febyd, Byth. a'mddirieto i'r byd.—Jo.G. 526, F. 29.
Meddwl am gwbl o'r moddau Drafo hawdd edifarhau.—T.A. A 14&66/229.
In the late modern period the article came to be used before cwbl; as
J wybod y cwbl ag oedd yn ei galon ef.—2 Cron. xxxii. 31.
Of. Gen. xiv. 20 ; Ex. xxiii. 22.
It is seen in the above examples that cwbl is followed by o •which before the
relative becomes ag, § 44 (iii).
116 (i). Y sawl ' so many' forms cpds. with nouns and is followed by a
relative clause or a demonstrative adjective ; cf. § 110 (ii). [See W.G.
310, § 169, i (1), (2).]
Ac ny ellit dwyn bwyt y'r sawl vilioeb yssyb yma: ae o achaws hynny y mae y
sawl velineu hynn.—B.M. 229.
(ii) Sometimes it is followed by ag before the relative clause. Y sawl
ryvetoawt ac yssyd yn y wlat honn.—S.G. 18.
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152 SUB8T. AND ADJEOT. PRONOUNS § 117
(iii) It is seen from the above examples that the noun is usually plural but
may be singular.
(iv) F sawl without a noun is followed by the relative, § 85 (i), and is
usually singular. [w.G. § 169, i (1).]
117 (i). Llawer used substantively means 'many' or ' much ', and either
stands alone, or is followed by o and a noun-equivalent; as llawer o aur,
Uawer ohono. [w.G. 310, § 169. ii (1).]
Er bod, yn eu gwybodaeth, Llawer yn well a rhai 'n waeth.—E.P. 21,7.
(ii) Llawer adjectival always means ' many a' and qualifies a sing. noun,
which follows it and has its radical initial; as llaioer dyn. [w.o. 311, §
169, ii (2).]
(iii) Pefh ' a certain quantity' either stands alone or is followed by an
indefinite noun in the partitive genitive, as peth gwin ' some wine', or by a
definite noun or its equivalent after o, as peth o'r gwin ' some of the wine
'. [W.G. 311, § 169, iv (1).]
(iv) Both llawer and peth are used in the ablative of measure, the initial of
each being softened, 1. to limit a noun, see § 59 ; 2. to limit a verb or
verbal noun :
Ar y Kreawdr y kriaf, Wylo'r nos lawer a wnaf.—G.G1. o 7/56. Dir yw in dario
ennyd,
Ac aros beth gwrs y byd.—D.IL. IL 120/258 B. 3. to limit a comparative
adjective:
Trymvryt a goveileint a gymerth Math ynbaw, a mwy Wydyon me ynteu lawer.—W.M.
106. [W.G. 310, § 169 ii (1).] A challach ystwythach dyn 0 beth ydoedd byth
wedyn.—Gw.H. M.B.
' And he was a wiser and more pliant man, somewhat, ever after.''
(v) Ychydig ' a little ', ' a few', used substantively, either stands alone
or is followed by o and a noun definite or indefinite. [w.G. 311-12, §
169, v. (1).]
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§ 118 SUB8T. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 163
NOTE.—ychydig •lawn,, Es. i. 9; ychydig bach, Es. xvi. 14;
ychydig bachigyn, Heb. x. 37.
(vi) 'Ychydig adjectival forms a opd. with its noun, which therefore has its
soft initial. With a plural or collective noun it means ' a few', with a
singular ' a little'. [w.G. 312, § 169, v. (2).]
(vii) Ambell and ami are adjectives, and form cpds. with the nouns that
follow them, as ambell dro ' some times ', ami ddyn 'many a man', § 19 (v).
[W.G. 312, § 169, vi. (1).]
118 (i), 1. Dim 'anything', neb 'anybody ' are chiefly used with negative
words, 'such as the negative particles ni, nid, na, the prepositions heb and
rhag, the conjunctions oni, onid; verbal nouns like peidio, ffaelu, and the
corresponding verbs. They may stand in any position which a noun may occupy
in the sentence. [See w.G. 312-15.]
Duw sy'n ben, nid oes neb uwch, Daw i'm cof, na dim cyfuwch.—S.V. IL 133/198.
Nyt yttoebwn i yn holi dim ytti.—B.M. 5. „ Hwnnw nyt adawaf i y robi y neb.—do. 14. Rac
gossot o'r lleycyon bym a vey yn erbyn w escrythur lan.— A.L. i. 2; Gen. xl.
15; loan ix. 33; Luc v. 5; Job xxxv. 10, etc. Ac eres yw gennyf i ony wbost
ti bim y wrth hynny.—
B.M. 31.
2. The pronoun may have a qualifying adjective.
Nyt oes dim annwybot ubunt.—IL.A. 9; dim amgen 27;
dim mwy 73 ; dim arall 100; Nyt oeb him ryvebach gan Lub.— B.M. 98 ; dim
gassach, W.M. 416 ; Es. i. 6 ; Jer. xxxii. 17.
3. It may accompany nid or nod with an implied verb ' to be'.
Ef a bywedir am hrwo nat dim.—IL.A. 26. ' It is said of evil that (it is)
nothing.'
Nid dim gan y to yma Trzvy lid oil, ond treulio da.—T.A. W. ii. 78.
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154 StTBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS § 118
Nid dim dim, diddiin od aeth;
Nid byd byd heb wybodaefh.—W.IL. G.
' Nothing [is] anything, if it has become a nullity; a world [is] not a world
without knowledge.
4. The pronoun sometimes precedes the negative sentence.
Eissoes dim am y vot ef yn vdb i Lawnslot nys attebawb.—
S.G. 12.
A neb ny bihengis odyno namyn ef ae wreic.—B.M. 33. Dim ynfy nghaJon nid
6.—D.G. 26.
(ii) Dim is sometimes quantitative, and may take a dependent partitive
genitive. Silvan Evans s. v. wrongly took it as an adjective in this
construction. But it can only be followed by such nouns as may stand in the
partitive genitive, such as abstract nouns and nouns of mass. We can no more
say dim dyn than we can say pe,th dyn: § 117 (iii).
heb him llywenyb, IL.A. 147, cf. dim da, 155, M.A. i. 524, dim lies, s.Q. 37;
dim daioni, Salm. xxxiv. 10; na wna ynddo ddim gwaith, Ex. xx. 10.
Minnau ni wn myn [? ym\ Anna, Gwneuthur dim gweniaith er da.—H.D. r 99/182.
In the spoken language this construction ie sometimes extended to nouns which
cannot properly stand in the partitive genitive, as heb glywed dim gair. The
correct pronoun here is un or yr un. In w.M. 420 the scribe first wrote na
bywet ti bim; he then added geir and tried to change bim into un by deleting
the d. In B.M. 271, the reading is na bywet ti un geir, § 108 (iii) 2.
(iii) 1. But a definite noun or its equivalent is governed by o after dim; §
57 (i). In this construction dvm, o came to lose its exact significance, and
to be used merely to emphasize the negative; thus ni welais ddim ohono ''I
have seen nothing of him' means little more than nis gwelais ef ' I have not seen him'. It
has, in fact, entirely sup-
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§ 118 SUBST. AND ADJECT. PRONOUNS 155 planted the latter construction in the
spoken language. [w.G. 314, § 170, v. (2).]
Mi a wnn na wrthyt ef bim ohonat tL—S.G. 43. ny elly di wybot dim ohonaw.—do.
18: 'ny weles bim o'e net i/no.—262.
An abstract noun need not have the article, cf. Ac nyt oeb dim amgen o
bechawt onnyt na wnder y gorchymyn.—IL.A. 27. ' And there is no other sin than
not keeping the commandment.'
2. Hence dim is followed by o'r a, modern a'r a, § 85 (iii). Yscrivennedic yw
na chassa(a)wb Duw him o'r a wnaeth.— TL.A. Cf. Doeth. xi. 24, Ex. x^. 17.
3. Dim o, where dim had no special significance, was worn down to mo, and dim
ohono (or rather, dim ono) became mono, and so for the other persons. Nid yw
anair and ennyd;
Ni sym twyll mo bwyll y byd.—E.P. 271. ' Calumny is but for a while; deceit
will not cheat the good sense of the world.'
Cowlaid ni fyn mo'wi coeliaw ;
Coelied y grudd prudd a'» praw.—S.T. IL 133/170. Cf. Diar. xxii. 22, 28; Job
xxxvii. 23, B.o. 17-8. Na dlw monof ft ger bron I roddi union gyfrif.—R.V.
4. Neb also
may be followed by o and a definite object, though yr un is more usual except
before o'r a.
Ny bichawn nep onabunt mynet yngkyfvyrgoll.—TL.A. 34. A neb o'r a'e gwelei ny
wydyat na beynt ew.—B.M. 62.
(iv) Dim sometimes stands in the ablative of measure, its initial being
softened, § 126 (ii). It means ' at all', ' in any degree', and serves merely
to emphasize the negative.
Ae argyweb y\r) rei da y llab ? Nao ef, bim.—IL.A. 48. ' Is it a misfortune to the good
to be killed ! Not at all.'
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156 SUBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS § 118
Ni bu farw twrw antwiaeth;
Nafu ddim: i nef ydd aeth.—I.A. A 9817/174. Of. 1 Cor. xv. 29 ; 1 Thes. v. 3.
Thig adverbial ddim occurs in the spoken language like the French pas, in
almost every negative sentence. The chief exceptions are sentences which
contain dim substantival, neb, yr un, byth, eirioed [w.Q. 314].
(v) Dim and neb are used positively in positive sentences as follows:
.1. In questions direct or indirect.
A byweby di ymi him o'th negesseu ?—B.M. 11. A vynny di... ae diawt ae dim
?—do. 277. A wbost ti toim y wrth Vabon ?— do. 129. Ac gwell y gwna neb vy
neges ... wo mim vy hun ?— do. 61. Y edrych a dyvei dim w y beb.—do. 101.
Govyn . . . idaw a wybyat oim y wrth Twrch Trwyth.—do. 139. Beth fydd i neb
o'z febyd ? Ffoledd a gwagedd i gyd.—E.P.222, cf. Gt.249; Galar.iii.37.
2. In conditional clauses.
0 cheyf yn y maes nep ay cymero.—A.I. i. 262; ehyll dim. —do. 192; of amheu
e/oim.—B.M. 118; ossit arnwet ti eisseu dim o betheti a berthynont ar
lywenyb.—IL.A. 164. Os barn neu wys a bair neb Parotaf y pair ateb.—L.G.O.
204. Afae'r geiriau hyn ym mrig rhod, Be caid neb i'w cydnabod.—T.A. F. 38 ;
o ii. 78.
Also in relative sentences which imply a hypothesis.
3. In dependent clauses after words expressing doubt, surprise, sorrow
(that), fear (le&t), etc. ; as rhyfedd fod neb yn myned ' strange that
anybody is going '; yr oedd arno ofn i neb wybod ' he was afraid of anybody
knowing'.
Qo athrist yw gennyf gwelet neb yn lie Bendigeitvran vy mrawt.—B.M. 44.
4. After a following an equative, no (Mod. %(i),following a comparative, and
o following a superlative. A chyn vlaenllymet a'r dim blaenllymaf.—W.M. 176.
Tegau iesin ddoethineb Tegaoh yw honno no neb.—D.G. 440.
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§ 118 SUBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS 157
Ofni hir drinjfolineb, Ofni 'Nuw yn fwy na neb.—do. 495.
Or in the genitive after uwch ben, is law, goruwch. Also after cyn; as cyn
dim, ' before anything ', cyn i neb fyned ' before anyone goes '.
Dim is also used with a qualifying superlative, as gorau dim; see § 45 (ii).
Breuola'—braw i'w elyn—
Dim ar y baear yw dyn.—lo.G. 524, F. 16.
5. After yn anad, o flaen, ymlaen, cf. yn anad dim M.K. (vi. 21).
Elen wen o lan wyneb Twf'eilun i o flaen neb.—E.W.
6. In pob dim, neb un, neb rhai, y neb, § 85 (i). [See W.G. 313, § 170, iii
(1) (2) (3).]
(vi) Dim is not used adjectively; see § 108 (iii) 2, for un 'any'.
dim quantitative is not adjectival, § 118 (ii).
(vii) 1. Neb
adjectival is followed by its noun, which has its radical initial, as neb
dyn, see § 57, Note. The noun need not denote a person : neb amarch, y. 14.
[w.G. 313, § 170, iv. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5).]
2. Nehun, neb un, pi. neb rhai.
3. Neb
rhyw, neb rhyw ddim.
4. Neb
cyfryw.
5. Neb dim,
cf. IL.A. 73.
6. Nepell.
7. Nemawr, nemor. Fawr is similarly used.
8. di-neb-mdn, adj. ' not any place', lie di-neb-mdn ' a place which is no
place'. Silvan Evans, s.v. dineb, explains it as adj. di-neb ' solitary', and
man ' place'. In that case man would have a soft initial, as in tawel fan.
The true analysis appears to be di- 'negative', and neb man 'any place'. [Cf.
dinab-mdn, dinad-mdn, Fynes-Clinton, Welsh Vocab., 89.]
(viii) 1. In all the examples in the above sub-sections (i-vii), dim and neb
are in themselves positive ; where the
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158 SUBST. AND ABJECT. PRONOUNS § 118 preposition is negative, the negation
is conveyed by some other word, ni, heb, etc. Indeed, any indefinite noun may
be used in exactly the same manner, § 104 (ix): thus, heb ymddangos i ddyn =
heb ymddangos i neb. But the constant use of dim and neb in negative
sentences has led to the association in the popular mind of the negative idea
with the pronouns, as has happened to their French equivalents rien ' thing
', and personne ' person '. But in literary Welsh the use of the pronouns in
a negative sense without a qualifying negative is severely restricted.
2. Even in new&paper Welsh we do not very often meet with &uch
solecisms as gyda dim for heb ddim, or a chanddo ddim for 1ieb ganddo ddim. .
. '. As a rule there is no difficulty in supplying the negative [see w.Gt.
313, § 170, ii]. Even in the spoken language, where the negative particle is
slurred over, it retains its final consonant ('rf oe& for nid oes), or
the mutation which it causes ('cheijf for ni cheijf) to negative the verb
before dim. In dependent sentences, na or nad is heard in full.
3. [W.G. § 170 (ii). But the verbal idea . . .]
Y neb a wybu wneuthur pob peth o toim.—m.4.. 60.
Ar toim i/ troir a chyt a diva y kollir. Sef yw dim, absenn a
gwrfliwyneb y bop ryw beth.—do. 89.
Dijfeithaw yr holl wlat, ae dwyn hyt ar him.—B.B.B. 273.
Dim may be positive and negative in the same sentence :
Ni ddaw dim o ddim = 'Bien ne vient derien'. 'Nothing comes from nothing.'
Neb i&
seldom used thus as an absolute negative ; and there seem to be no early
examples. Such expressions as rhyw neb ' a nobody' are heard in the spoken
language, and occur in late written Welsh.
4. In the late period dim and neb are used, like their French equivalents,
with implied negatives in answers to questions ;
thus Beth a welaist ti ? Dim, where dim stands elliptically for ni welwis
ddim.
Fy nenu i lyfn wyneb T pwll yn 61, pwy all ?
Neb.-D.H.
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§§ 119, 120 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 159
Colloquially byth ' ever' in future, wioed ' ever' in the past, are like the
French jamais, similarly used. Pa bryd yr ei di ? Byth. ' When wilt thou go ?
[NJever.'
USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES
THE GENITIVE CASE
119 (i). A noun in the genitive case must always follow immediately the noun
upon which it depends, with the exceptions named in § ^10 (ii). It cannot
depend upon (ir)^ an implied noun.
(ii) But it may be joined by a conjunction to another noun in the genitive ;
as cyn Deborah a Barac; or to an affixed pronoun in the genitive, see § 76,
i. Or it may depend upon two nouns joined by a conjunction ; as iaith a gwaed
y BrytJion Gv 0. 124.
(iii) Instead of repeating the governing noun the pronoun un is used to
support the genitive ; as un y corff ' the one of the body', § 108 (ii), 3 :
un lesu ' the one of Jesus ', v. below.
(iv) The objective genitive after a verbal noun may be separated from it by
any adverbial expression.
(v) In poetry the genitive is sometimes separated from its noun by a
parenthetical expression such as a vocative; but the separation is felt to be
somewhat violent;
Newidio can (enaid cu!)
Monwysion am un lesu.—Gr. 0. 53.
A lies fief yd Ilys J/br.—D.G. 158.
Gwaith wyd Morfudd Llwyd a'i Haw.—D.G. 176.
120. In primitive Aryan,' the genitive could be employed for the expression
of any given relation between two substantives '.1 In Welsh,
though many relations must be expressed by prepositions, the original wide
use of the genitive is less restricted than in most modern European
languages.
1 Paul, Principles, p. 150.
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160 USES OF THE -OBLIQUE CASES § 121
A noun depending upon an adjective may also be said to be in the genitive in
Welsh, though other cases may have been used in the inflected Brythonic.
121 (i). The uses of the determinative genitive, § 12, may be roughly
classified as follows :
1. The possessive genitive denoting the owner or proprietor of the
determined noun; as meirch Matholwch B.M. ' Matholwch's horses ', hoedyl
Pwyll, do. 25, ' Pwyll's life ', fy ngardd ' my garden ', pen dyn ' a man's
head ', fy mhen ' my head ', olwyn men. Under this head may be included the
genitive depending upon an abstract noun of quality, as duJiet y man a
gwynder yr eira a chochter y gwaet, W.M. 140.
2. The inclusive genitive, which denotes the whole of which the determined
noun is a part, as daear Mon, dwr y mm, pridd y bedd, geiriau'r iaith, banner
cant, eithafoedd byd. The two categories are not absolutely distinct, as pen
dyn, etc. may belong to one or the other.
3. The genitive of the author, as salmau Dafydd ' the psalms of David', llyma
gerb Sefnyn B.P. 1259, ' this is the verse of Sefnyn', odiau'r gog § 13 (i).
4. The genitive of the cause, as swn y gwynt, 61 y tan.
5. The genitive of origin, as jfnvytJiau'r ddaear, Lewis Mon, mab y tyddyn.
Origin may be taken to include place of residence, as Dafydd y Garreg Wen,
llanciau Eryri, gwr y ty.
6. The genitive of title, which denotes 'that the governing substantive is
what it is in virtue of that which depends upon it;'1 as braird
Dafydd, mam Gwenltwn, brenin Lloegr, arglwydd y wlad, gwas y gog '•
hedge-sparrow', smydd yr offeiriad, mawrhydi'r brenin, glan y mm.
7. The genitive of the thing possessed, achieved, suffered, etc. ; gwyr yr
aur B.C. 79, Bhys y glun bren, leuan Du'r Bilwg, Einion y March, bardd y
gadair, Brenin y gogoniant Salm xxiv. 7, brenhin y diobeiveint, § 13
(i). Any 1 Paul, loc. cit.
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§ 122 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 161 definite noun which represents what a
person does or sells or has said, or which distinguishes him in any way, may
be used thus in the genitive after his name. But the genitive in this sense
may also be attributive; see § 122 (i) 1.
8. Genitive of the thing held, contained, etc. dydd brawd, dydd y farn, maes
y gad, gwely'r afon.
9. The subjective genitive, as dinistr Duw Es. xiii. 19;
cariad mam, fy ngorfoledd, addewidion Duw 2 Cor. i. 20, dioddefiadaii C'rlst.
10. The objective genitive, as dinistr Sodoma Deut. xxix. 23, ofn yr Arglwydd
Diar. i. ;7, diwedd y byd, molawd Mon, manvnnd Dafydd. The verfcal noun
governs a noun or pronoun in the objective genitive, but it may take a
subjective genitive if intransitive.
(ii) The above categories are intended to indicate generally the kinds of
relation which the determinative genitive expresses. Some of the categories
overlap, e. g. 3 and 9, while there are gaps between the others. But in
reality the relation implied is much vaguer than any such classification
suggests; thus the speaker who says gwr y ty does not for a moment stop to
consider whether the genitive is 5 or 7.
(iii) When a prepositional construction is required § 13 (iii), (iv) the
preposition used for each category is as follows : (1) i, as mob Vr brenin,
gardd i mi ' a garden of mine'; (2) o, as dalen o'r llyfr, dydd o haf, y rhan
hon o'r gerdd; (3) i as Salm i Asaph Ps. Ixxx; or gan ' by'; (5) o as merch o
Lyn ; proper names are also sometimes followed by o, as Twm o'r Nant;
(6) i, as brawd i mi; (7) a, as y gwyr &'r aur, y dyn &'r baich
drain.
^»
In some other cases the first noun may be made definite by ? , putting the
second in the attributive genitive. ^
122 (i). While the determinative genitive points out which of a class of
objects or ideas a noun denotes, by naming an object or idea outside itself
to which it is
M
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162 USES OF THE 'OBLIQUE OASES § 122 related, the attributive genitive points
out what kind of object or idea it denotes, by naming an attribute of itself.
The attributes of the object which are most commonly so named are—
1. A characteristic feature or main constituent part, as berfa olwyn, cadair
freichiau, gardd flodau, ysgol blawt. The attribute is itself frequently a
noun with a dependent genitive, as ty to gwellt ' straw-thatched house', haul
daradr haf § 18 (iv) 1; eneth liw ser Gr.O. 29, Si6n lygad y geiniog B.C. 19.
2. The number of such features or parts as neidr gantroed, car pedair olwyn,
stol drithroed, rhaff dair cainc.
3. The instrument of its production or use (which produces or works it), as
cerdd dafod, cerdd dant, melin wynt, melin ddwr, melin law, elor veirch s.Q.
285.
4. Use, purpose, function, medium, etc. as adain bobi, llawr dyrnu, llwy
fwrdd, Ihvy halen, carreg-filltir, gwastrawd afivyn, melin flawd, saer maen,
saer coed, gof copy.
5. Time, when characteristic, as ysgol nos, seren ddydd, ffair Fai, awel aeaf
D.G. 140, 329.
6. Place or position which gives the object its character, as seren for '
star fish', catfi for, cath goed, twrch daear, ceffyi blaen, cerdd ben G.G.
D.G. 248.
7. Material, as cadair dderw, pibell glai, het wellt, gwal gerrig.
8. Measure, as bwrdd modfedd, gwal ddwy droedfedd.
9. Weight, as gwydr un-ar-hugain' 21 oz. glass'.
10. Price, as forth geiniog, forth dair, llyfr swilt.
11. Age, as bachgen dengmlwydd.
No hard and fast line can be drawn between a noun in the attributive genitive
and a noun used as an adjective, the form and construction of the two being
the same. But in.Brythonic before the loss of inflexional endings, their
forms could doubtless be distinguished § 14, note (i). In one respect, at
least, the distinction survives. Attributes 7-11 can, as a rule, stand alone
in the predicate, as derw yw'r gadair, ceiniog yw'r
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§ 122 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 163 dorth, and must in these phrases be
regarded as nouns used as adjectives; but we cannot say olwyn yw'r ferfa,
gwynt yw'r felln, maen yw'r saer. In these the attribute is a genitive, and a
genitive must depend upon an expressed noun, 119 (i);
berfa olwyn yw'r ferfa, etc.
(ii) A partitive genitive after a noun is attributive, and ' • is perhaps to
be regarded as a genitive of material, (i) 7, above ; thus y dunnell lo ' the
ton of coal', y pwys caws, y fasgedaid flodau.
This construction is used only when the combination is definite. When it is
indefinite the preposition o connects the two nouns, as tunnell o lo '.a ton
of coal', pwys o gaws, basgedaid o'flodau. f
(iii) When a noun denoting an object is followed by another name of the same
object which defines it more closely, the latter is in the attributive
genitive. This may be called the appositive genitive. Thus coed derw, pen
gwastrawd ' chief groom', tref Lundain, ynys Fon, sir Ddinbych, awdl farwnad.
When the genitive is a common noun the expression may be preceded by the
article as in other combinations of a noun and attributive genitive, S 14 (i)
1; thus y pen gwastrawd. But if the genitive is a proper name it make&
the expression definite, thus tref Lundain (not y dref Lundain), ' London town'; see (iv)
2 below. Hence in the expressions y brenin Dafydd, y wyry Fair, the proper
noun is probably not a genitive, but stands in apposition to the common noun,
and in the same case. Similarly y gair ' byd', etc.
(iv) 1. A genitive normally determinative becomes attributive when it unites
with its noun to form a single name or title, cf. § 14 (ii) ; thus Tlys in
gof Ilys is a possessive which has become attributive : if it had remained
possessive, the expression made definite would be gof y Ilys ' the smith of
the court', but the title is y gof Ilys A.L. 72 ' the court smith '.
Similarly teulu in y pen teulu is a genitive of title, § 121 (i) 6, become
attributive; canu in y dechreuwr M 2
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164 USES OF THE. OBLIQUE CASES § 122 canu of the present day is an objective
genitive become attributive. Other examples are y bardd tenlu, yr ynad Ilys,
y gwas ysfafel], y fonvyn gegin, y tad bedydd, y jam fedydd, mercfi fedydd
D.G. 46, y porthmon gwartfieg.
2. Hence in names of places, days, etc. a proper name in the genitive is
attributive in construction, and its initial is mutated after a feminine
singular noun ; as, Llan Dudno, Caer Gybi, Tre' Garon, Gwyl Fair, Nos Lun,
Eglwys Loegr. In these names the genitive i& necessarily definite, and
makes the expression definite without the article as in the determinative
construction ; cf. (iii) above.
In such a name as Pout Ruffudd the genitive is a possessive genitive or a
genitive of the author which has become attributive to form the name. In the
Mabinogion we find Llech Gronwy W.M. Ill, Llech Gronw B.M. 81, because the
story requires the possessive meaning; but the name is now Lleah Konw, the
possessive having become attributive.
3. Any genitive which does not require the article may be made attributive if
the noun upon which it depends has to be qualified by a definite adjective or
prefixed pronoun ; thus brenin y gogoniant Ps. xxiv. 7 becomes y brenin
gogoniant hwn in verse 8, since brenin y gogoniant Jiwn would mean ' the king
of this glory '. So we may have y mab brenin hwn ' this son of a king'. The
construction frequently occurs in descriptions, as yfudrog . . . a'r coesau
hydd D.G. 94.
Myned adref i'r Nefoedd At i frawd Glyn Teifi 'r oedd.—H.R. (m. D.N.) M
146/338.
The principle here as in 1 and 2 above, is that the attributive genitive
unites with its noun to form the equivalent of a compound, and the adjective
or pronoun qualifies the resultant combination. Even a genitive with the
article sometimes combines with its noun to form a unit which may take before
it such an adjective as pob, see § 112 (ii), or rhyw, as rhyw Ben y Bont' a certain
Pen y Bont'.
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§ 123 USES OE THE OBLIQUE CASES 166
123. A noun in the genitive depends upon an adjective as follows:
(i) The genitive of the thing compared is used after hafal, tebyg, etc. § 28
(iii), after the equative, § 33, and after comparatives, § 39 (i). The adjective
in each case is used substantively.
(ii) A noun in the partitive genitive may follow the adjective llavm, which
remains an adj.; see § 29. It appears to be the only adj. so used, all others
being followed by o in this sense; as gwag o fwyd, cyflawn o gyfiawnder,
cyfoethog o drugaredd, yn gyflawn o boeneu IL.A. 53, ci Thurneysen, Gr^ 166.
Llawn followed by the genitive is used to signify ' abounding with', see exx.
§ 29. In the ordinary sense of ' full of' it is followed by o, as, A flyvot a
orac ef y mywn i/'r dref, yr honn oeb wac o bynyon, a'r mynwennoeb yn llawn o
vetoeu S.G. 259.
(iii) 1. A noun in the genitive of respect limits the meaning of the adj. by
showing in respect of what it applies ; thus gwyr mawr en, dawn ' men great
(as to) their gift'; the adj. mawr qualifies gwyr, and the genitive dawn
denotes in what respect it is applicable. As in this example the genitive of
respect is always preceded by a prefixed pronoun depending upon it, and
referring to the noun which the adj. qualifies. The noun may be expressed or
implied; the adj. may be epithetic or predicative ; and it may be of any
degree of comparison—in fact, a compared adj. is frequently used in this construction.
•
The genitive of respect is not merely a poetic construction, but is in common
colloquial use.
Nyt hoff honno y glanet W.M. 72 ; B.M. 52. ' That craft is
not seemly as regards its cleanliness.' Nyt oes yn y byt byn vwy y
galar no Jii W.M. 36; E.M. 24. 'There is not in the world a woman whose grief is greater than hers',
lit. ' who is greater as tohergrief than she.' Na welsei eiryoed wreic
bigonaoh
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166 USES OF THE OBLIQUE OASES § 123 y thecket 'a woman endowed with more
beauty'. Yr oeb Baredur yn bigawn y toikyet wrthaw ' P. was angry enough with
him'. Ny weleis i eirmoet y vr whines yn gymeint y thervysc do. 283, 'I have
never seen the queen so greatly disturbed.'
Hardd Ifor, hoywryw ddefod,
Hir dy gledd, hew dy glod.—D.G. 2.
Ni roddaf—dygaf yn, deg—
Rodd Ifor rwydd i ofeg.—D.G. 7.
' I will not give away, but will handsomely wear the gift of Ifor of generous
mind.'
Owr ffyrt iawn i gorff ar farch D.G. 4 ; yn wragedd teg eu begin do. 8 ; Dy
fragod du i friger. Ni enir un yn yr iwth Well i win na llai i weniaith.—T.A.
J 12/266.
' No one will be born in the nation whose wine will be better or his flattery
less.'
Seithwyr da eu gair Act. vi. 3; Eryr mawr, mawr ei adenydd, hir ei asgell
Esec. xvii. 3. Owelwn glamp o bendefig ieuanc . . . yn deg ei wen a llaes ei
foes B.C. 15, ' smiling graciously and bowing low'. Yr wyt ti'n bur drwm dy
glyw ' thou art very hard of hearing'.
2. When the adj. qualifies an implied noun, it generally has the article, §
28 (ii) ; as, 7 glan ei ddwylo a'r pur ei galon Ps. xxiv. 4 ; but when it
denotes a particular person it is frequently used without the article, like a
proper name :
0 lluniais mewn lie anial
Oanwaith oed & gwen i thai.—D.G.821.
Lie daethai dan gangau gwydd,
Aur i munud i'r manwydd.—do. 94.
Duw a ranno o'r diwedd
Barn iawn rhof & gwawn i gwedd.—do. 139.
' May God in the end deliver just judgement between me and her of the
gossamer face.' gwawn used adjeotively.
3. When the prefixed pronoun refers to a noun in the
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§ 123 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 167 predicate, it is put in the third person,
though the subject be first or second person:
Owr oerias wyd, garw i sain, Drud byd, heb droed heb adain.—D.G. 132.
' Thou art a cold creatureof hoarse voice', etc.—To the Wind. Erioed i
charu'r ydwyf ;
Ofera' dyn i fryd wyf.—B.'Br. TL 133/83.
'I am a man of most vain purpose.' The reason is that the noun in the
predicate is in the third person ; thus ' I am the man that . . .' is
equivalent to ' I am he that ...'
Hence when there is no noun in the predicate, the person of the prefixed
pronoun agrees with that of the subject; as Ydwyf lanach dy lygaid nag y
gelli edrych ar ddrwg.—Hab. i. 13. Examples like Dawnus wyt, (lien ei sail, §
118, vii. (3) are rare;
and are probably influenced by the construction mentioned below.
4. The prefixed pronoun stands in the third person when the expression is
vocative, even in close proximity to ti; as Ti, du ei drem GT.O. 73, ' thou
of the black
look'.
Edn eiddig, wyd anaddwyn, Adref i drwg i llef o'r \\wyn.—D.G. 165. Teg i ben,
ti a gai bwyth.—do. 379. Dwg hediad, deg i hadain, DOS eilwaith
atf'anrhaithfain.—do. 421. The reason for this construction is that the adj.
agrees with an implied noun or pronoun, which must be regarded as being in
the third person, the whole expression being a degraded predicate ; thus teg
i ben may be rendered ' fair-headed one'. When the prefixed pron. refers to
an expressed noun in the vocative it is naturally in the second person, as in
Hir dy gledd in 1. above.
5. The adjectives hawdd and anhawdd, anodd, are followed by verbal nouns in
the genitive of respect:
Cymmorth hawdd ei gael mewn cyfyngder.—Ps. xlvi. 1.
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168 USES OP THE OBLIQUE CASES § 124
Beichiau trymion ac anhawdd eu dwyn.—Matt. xxiii. 4, cf. 2 Pet. iii. 16.
Dyna di'n . . . ddihiryn anhawdd dy ddlrnad.—B.C. 38. Other adjectives are
followed by a preposition, generally i, as pefh da i'w fwyta ; dynion hebfod
yn rhowiog o'i trin.— G.E. p. [xiii] 'men who are not easy to manage'; o'i =
i'w. See also Tobit xii. 7.
6. In the Bible the prefixed pron. is replaced by the article before golwg;
as, gwraig lan yr olwg.—Gen. xii. 11; yr ydoedd hi yn deg yr olwg.—do. xxvi.
7, cf. 1 Sam. xvii. 42. The construction is peculiar; it is possibly a
survival, but of this there is no sufficient evidence. Of. D.G.G. 114, yn
dda'r oed ac yn ddewr wyc}i.
7. A noun with a prefixed pron. following an adj. is not necessarily in the
genitive of respect, but may be the subject of which the adj. is the
predicate, the copula being implied;
as, Gwyn ac addwyn i hwyneb, D.G. 73, ' Fair and gentle (is) her face'.
Gwiwddesti i fardd y gwyddallt
I llafar ar warr yr allt.—D.G. 135.
' Graceful to the bard of the forest (is) its song on .the brow of the hill.'
In this construction the adj. agrees with the subject: gwyn i hwyneb ' fair
(is) her face '; the construction with the genitive of respect would be—gwen
i hwyneb yw hi, ' fair of face is she'. The former construction is generally
preferred, even when the copula is expressed, as. Pan oedd ffyrfaf fy
ngafael, D.G. 113. The construction with the genitive of respect would be—pan
oeddwn ffyrfaf fy ngafael.
8. Instead of standing in the genitive of respect a noun limiting an adj. may
follow the preposition o.
Seirff a dreigeu aruthyr o olwc.—IL.A. 53. Pwy sydd lan o bryd a gwedd ?—L.M.
D.T. 220.
THE DATIVE CASE
124 (i). The dative case survives in the following constructions :
I
I
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§ 125 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 169
1. An infixed pronoun may stand in the dative in med. and early mod. verse,
see § 71 (ii). = ^ { ^an ii C^}-
2. The relative pronoun y is sometimes dative, meaning ' to whom ', ' to
which ' ; see § 80 (iv).
3. The adjectives mal, faJ, fel, and megis have dependent nouns, as y ddyn
fegis Given o'r Ddol; see § 85, note i. When the noun is replaced by a
personal pronoun the latter has an independent form, myfi, mi, etc. as dyn
fel myfi. This pronoun cannot be genitive; and it must therefore be regarded
as dative.
4. A personal pronoun after an interjection must similarly be taken as a
dative; as gwaefi ' vae mihi'. Similarly a noun after givae, as Gwae Wilym Q.
126.
(ii) In all other cases the dative relation is expressed by means of the
preposition i 'to'.
THE ABLATIVE CASE
125. A noun or pronoun may stand in the ablative case without a preposition
as follows :
(i) Ablative of time. Any noun of time definite or indefinite may stand in
the abl. to express either point of time or duration of time.
Yr eos fain adeinllwyd, Llatai ddechreu Mai im wyd.—D.G. 164. Cethlydd
lasddydd ar Iwysddail.—do. 162. ' Songstress at dawn of day on lovely
leaves.'
Yr un cnawd ddyddbrawd a ddaw. Yn dudded enaid iddaw.—G.G1. c 7/45. Ni chafyr
haf yr hoywferch.—D.G. 56. Ni byddai fyw o'm bodd fis.—do. 174. Liw dydd,
D.G. 86 ' in the daytime '; bob dydd, do. 185 ; yr
ail dydd, T.A. G. 234. Y nos, see § 1 (ii); further exx. in
§ 126 (i).
(ii) Ablative of measure. See §§ 59, 61, 108 (i) 5, 112 (vi), vii),
115, 117 (iv), 118 (iv).
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170 USES OF THE'OBLIQUE CASES §125
The expressions fy hun, dy hun, ill dau, etc. § 71, and the pron. oil § 115,
are used only in the abl. of measure.
Do, arglwyb, dalym.—B.M. 170.
(iii) Ablative of manner. 1. A noun compounded with itself stands in the abl.
of manner; see § 17 (iv), 2. So also a noun followed by a preposition and a
repetition of itself (the accent falling on the preposition) as olynol,
lawynllaw, etc.; and the first noun in a few expressions like ben dm mwnwgl.
2. In such expressions as rywfodd, rywsut, lower modd, yr un modd, hob dull,
bob modd, un modd, etc. the noun is in the abl. of manner. •
Dal un modd dy law'n y mwng.—O.G. a. 267. Modd hawdd y'm hatebawdd hi.—D.G.
201.
A'r -Ma6 yn eiste, wr mwyn, Ef a'i ddeuddeg fodd addwyn.—S.C. c 7/76.
(iv) Ablative of place. The
noun in yr ochr draw ' (on) the other side ', tu yma i ' this side of ', tu
draw i ' the other side of, yr un fforb B.M. 11, ' along the same road',
ffordd arall loan x. 1 stands in the abl. of place.
Ai('n) Harddlech rain hyrddwiych inor, Och wyr, mae'r ddau garcharor ?—G.I.H.
G. 145.
(v) Ablative of cause.. 1. The words achbs, eisiau, gwaith, herwydd (or
gerfydd) used as prepositions, are really nouns in the abl. of cause.
2. The verbal noun is sometimes in the abl. of cause :
Marw leuan, aeth fy mron i Mm oer a thrum Eryri.—H.D. m I.H.S.
' By the death of leuan, my breast has become as cold as the ridge of Eryri.'
Velly frig Ceredigiaum. A friw(w)yd oil fwrw i dawn.—G.G1. p 99/224.
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§ 126 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 171
Oweddw fu'r allt a gwydd yfron,
Gwarchae ustus gorchestion.—T.A. G. 249.
Cnai wyr cau or i wen.—S.Ph. c.o. 1. (vi) Pryd, modd, lie, man, etc. before
the relative y, are in the ablative; see § 85 (ii).
(vii) A noun with pa before the relative y is in the ablative, as pa bryd, pa
fodd, pa Ie, pa ddelw, etc. ; see § 94 (ii).
126 (i). The initial consonant of an expression in the abl. has it;s radical
form if it comes at the head of the sentence, but undergoes the soft mutation
in any other position ;, thus Dydd L1un y dof ' it is on Monday that I shall
come', but Mi dd'of ddydd L1un ' I will come on Monday '.
Doe Dd»/?cw, cyn dechrau dydd,
Lawned fum o lawe'nydd.—D.G. 103.
-Da/it Dduw & Dafydd ddoe.—do. 160.
' Good was God to David yesterday.' Uiw dydd y cyfarfyddant & thywyllwch.—Job
v. 14. Yr wyf jTn sefyll liw dydd.—Es. xxi. 8, cf. Job xxiv. 16. Uiw nos ynfy
ngwely y ceisiais.—Can.
iii. 1. A'i ganfydd gyda mi liw nos.—Ps. xlii. 8, cf. Barn. vi. 27 ; 2 Bren.
vii. 12.
(ii) Hence many ablative expressions which naturally follow the words which
they modify are rarely, if ever, found without a softened initial ; these are
expressions in the abl. of measure ; see §§ 59, 108 (i) 5, 112 (vi), 117
(iv), 118 (iv) ; and in the abl. of manner, §§ 17 (iv) 2, 125 (iii).
(iii) There are, however, many exceptions to the rule that the initial
consonant is softened when the expression occurs medially:
1. Pryd, modd, lie, man, etc. § 125 (vi), always retain their radical
initials; ' also pa bryd, etc. § 125 (vii) in dependent questions.
The reason ia perhaps that these words were regarded as introducing the
dependent sentence rather than as forming part of the principal sentence.
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172 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES § 127
2. Nouns with dependent genitives forming the equivalents of prepositions;
also tu a, etc. See cylch, mm, § 125 (iv), deuiu, § 129 (ii) 2.
3. Exceptions occur occasionally in cynghanedd,especially when the expression
comes at the beginning of a line, as in § 125 (v) 2, ex. 3, and
Difeth irgyrs a dyfai
DMW calan mis mwynlan Mat.—D.G. 286.
-Doe gwelais ddyn lednais l&n
Deg o liw dy 'gwyl leuan.—do. 48.
Ar i deurudd, wawr dirion,
Dilir y sydd daearu Sion.—M.Ber. o.o. 443.
THE VOCATIVE CASE
127 (i). A noun in the voc. case in any position in the sentence is often
preceded by—
1. An interjection:
A unben, heb ef B.M. 2. Ha wreic, heb ef do. 20. Oia vab Duw, heb hi do. 40.
Ha was, heb ef do. 59. Ha wyrda, heb y vorwyn do. 87. 0 Dduw Gu.O. G.
212, 217. Och ferch do. 213.
Och Feu-no T.A. G. 226. Och Fair W.IL. G. 293. Och wyr D.G. 52. 0 Dduw Luc
xviii. 11, 13. Ha wyr doethion Job xxxiv. 2. Ha wraig loan viii. 10. Ha wyr
frodyr Act. i. 16. 0 frenin Dan. iii. 17.
It is seen from the exx. that the initial consonant of the noun invariably
undergoes the soft mutation. In late Welsh personal names are not mutated.
2. An independent personal pronoun of the second person:
Tydi Ifor, tad yfed D.G. 6. Tydi dylluan do. 364. Chwi welthredwyr anwiredd
Matt. vii. 23. Tydi mab rfw/ofAct.xiii. 10. Chwitheu Asmodai . . . Titheu
Belphegor B.C. 144.
The pronoun may be preceded by an interjection :
0 dydy glotvwusaaf athro TL.A. 3. 0 dydi bireitaf wr E.B.B. 212.
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§ 127 USES OF THE OBLIQUE CASES 173 The noun has usually perhaps its soft
form ; but the radical is also common.
3. A prefixed pronoun of_the first person:
Vy(n)g(n)gwyrda kywir, heb yr Hafgan B.M. 5. Vy main, heb y Peredw, bcfh yw y
rei racoo f E[n)gylyon ynt, vy mab B.M. 194. Yn tat ni yr hwnn yssyb yny
wfoeb IL.A. 147. F'enaid, cyfod i fyny, Agor y ddaearddor ddu.—IL.G. B. ii.
170. F'enaidfain D.G. 22. F'annwyl do. 31. F'athro Gruff udd W.IL. G. 295.
The combination may be preceded by an interjection or independent pronoun or
bdth :
0 f'awen deg, fwyned wyt'Gr.O. 2. 0 dydi vy eneit i IL.A. 39.
4. The definite article, see § 4 (iv).
Y dyn fydol afolwyd,
Edrych, y dyn, dryched wyd.—W.IL. C.IL. 129. 'Mortal man, who hast been
praised, behold, man, how frail thou art.'
Preceded by an independent pronoun:
Tydi'r carwiwrch D.G. 29. Tydi'r galon do. 45.
(ii) When a noun in the vocative is not so prefaced, its initial consonant
follows the same rule of mutation as that of a noun in the ablative, § 126
(i), being radical at the beginning of a sentence, and soft elsewhere. But in
late Welsh a new basis of mutation has been evolved.
A proper name at the head of a sentence has its radical initial always,
without exception:
Gwalchmei, heb ef, hyspys yw gennyf i B.M. 212. Kei, heb ef do. 115. Dafydd,
pam nad edifar.—G.Gr. D.». 246.
But in other positions it is generally softened in Med. and early Mod.W. :
Y rof a Duw, Walchmei B.M. 179. T rof i a Duw, Gei do. 219, of. 164.
Trafferth blin yw it, Ruffudd D.G. 251.
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174 USES OF THE QBLIQTJE CASES § 127 There are, however, exceptions to the
softening in this position:
Na wir, Kei wynn B.M. 105. Oraessaw Duw wrthyt, Pere-dur W.M. 123. Gfwybydd,
Gruffudd, yn graffach S.B. B. iv. 259.
In Late Welsh the exception became the rule, owing to the tendency to leave
personal names unmutated.
There is no reason why the mutation of common nouns should differ originally
from that of proper names, and so we find that the same rule applies :
Tadeu enrydebus . . . kojfewch B.B.B. 222. Karw Sedynvre, yma y doetham ni
B.M. 129. Gwrda doeth, agor dy dy D.G. 463. Gwedd ewyn, cyd gweddiwyf D.G.
17. Merched Jerusalem, tynghedcif cfiwi Can. ii. 7, iii. 5.
Owisgwch awch arveu, wyr B.B.B. 189. DOS, vorwyn B.M. 248. A gwir, ferch, y
gair a fu D.G. 17. Ni ddanfonaist, ddyn feinael do. 22. Edrych a welych,
wylan do. 52. Tyng-hedaf cfiwi, ferched Jerusalem
Can.
viii. 4.
Here also the consonant was not invariably softened:
Na'th gefais imwaith, gwiwfun D.G. 21. Dy ras, Duw dros y dial T.A. a. 236.
Ewch allan, merched Sion Can.
iii. 11.
But, in spite of these exceptions, the rule prevailed ; and the soft
consonant came to be regarded as the natural form in this position. At the
same time, a common noun without a prefatory word in the initial was
comparatively rare even in Med.W. except when the word begins with a vowel,
as Arglwyb E.M. 218, Eneit do. 14, etc., and later there seems to have been a
tendency to avoid the construction ; thus in the Bible Ha is inserted before
wyr frodyr in every case (Act. i. 16; ii. 29, 37 ; iii. 15, 26, etc.);
and 0 before frodyr (Rhuf. x. 1 ; 1 Thes. v. 25); and in the Prayer Book '
Brethren' is rendered T Brodyr, and ' Dearly Beloved ' Y Caredigion. Thus the
unprefaced vocative was usually medial, and the soft mutation which it
underwent came to be regarded as a sign of the vocative. When the voc. was
now brought forward it retained this
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§ 128 APPOSITION 175
softening; the greeting in letters was Oyfaill anwyl Gr.O. 179, or Oaredig
Syr, do. 189, and every speech opens with Foneddigesan a Boneddigion.
In the late period, therefore, a noun in the vocative has its radical initial
if it is a proper, and its soft if it is a common noun.
APPOSITION
128 (i). A noun may stand in apposition to 1. a noun, 2. a pronoun, or 3. a
pronominal ending:
1. Mwyalch, morwyn falch D.G. 27. Fy ner, fy Nudd do. 9. Gruffudd, y gwr a
hojfym Gr.H; (?). I serch a roes merch t mi, Seren cylch Nant y Seri.—D.G.
31. Pwl fydd Jcerdd pob oferddyn, Pan sorro Duw, pensaer dyn.—D.I.D. o
7/184.
See also §§ 24, 26.
2. Yntau, Hywel, sy'n tewi T.A. Efo, Grist, a ofwy gret B.P. 1298. Ynteu, yr
wyr B.M. 79. Nid af o'i lys, diful i6r D.G. 4.
Aflonydd yw fo 'fom,
Y mab a fegais i mi.—D.G. 69.
Teg yw i phen, Ddwynwen ddoeth,
0 bai unawr yn bennoeth.—do. 65.
3. Atad, i gariad D.G. 42. See § 76 (ii).
(ii) In poetry it often precedes the word or ending to which it is in
apposition :
Ac nid af, berjfeithiaf b6r,
O'i serch ef, os eirch Ifor.—D.G. 3.
Ni bu, dref sorth dan orthrech,
Fy nhrem am Gaersalem such.—Gr.O. <•º •
Ni wyddiad, bryd lleuad bro,
I dynion i bod yno.—D.G. 160.
Ni bydd modfedd . . .
Rhwyfwyr, merinwyr annoeth,
Rhyngthun' a'r anoddun noeth.—do. 28.
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176 APPOSITION § 128 (iii) 1. In many cases, especially in verse, a noun in
the middle, or at the end, of a sentence, stands in apposition to the
sentence (Paul, P.H.L. 143):
Ni bu heb fynd—helynt dall—
Mown gweryd mwy nag arall.—W.IL. o 8/86.
Fob mesvr, gur rhagoriaeth,
I asio gwcilvd ysy gaeth.—E.P. 217.
Cwit'dd wyf, gwaith hynwyf gwyllt,
Enefh ddisenil, nifh JSsyllf.—D.G. 129.
Modd y givnaeth—saerniaeth serch—
Myrddin dy gwydr am ordderch.—do. 87.
The appositive noun is a reflection on the sentence. It is often difficult as
in the last ex. to distinguish it from a noun in the abl. of manner. In
prose, the construction chiefly occurs when a noun like peth, followed by a
relative clause, conies at the end of a sentence : yr oedd y Ue'n llaicn,
peth a welais a'm llygaid ' the place was full, a thing which I saw with my
own eyes '. A particular case is the use of chzoedl with a dependent genitive
in apposition to a saying:
Bhai manwl, neu, chwedl yr Apostol, y rhodreswyr E.W. B.B.S. 97. Tra bum a'm
Haw yn rhydd, chwedl pobi Mon Gr.0.162, 'While I had my hand free, as the
people of Anglesey say.' «<U' o^,
TO TOT? '^f^fo^i o-</v- T^ i'o'o^o^t^ ^-cpo a tsv.
In the first ex. chwedl
stands in apposition to the single word rhodreswyr, in the second to the
sentence. I have not discovered an old ex. of thia idiom, which, however,
seems scarcely of modern origin. It ii frequently used in the speech of
Gwynedd. When a personal pronoun takes the place of the noun after chwedl, it
is always a conjunctive pronoun, e. g. chwedl chwithau Gr.0. 282, as if
chwedl were a verb like ebr.
2.. Similarly a sentence may stand in apposition to a noun:
Adameg y byd yma— Nid drwg a ddwg a fo'n dda.—IL. B. i. 60.
'A proverb of this world.—It is not evil that produces what is good.'
-<>sM' ' < ' •V
"u ' • -^
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§ 129 APPOSITION 177 (iv) A sentence is often interjected thus into the
middle of another sentence, forming a comment on it.
Llawn wyf o ddig na thrigai
(Beth yw i mi ?) byth y Mai.—D.G. 287.
Gwaefi (gwn boeni beunydd)
Weled erioed liw dy riidd.—do. 108.
Os Daw a rydd (f'ystor aeth)
Yn y tir i nafuriaeth.—Gu.O.
The above constructions are frequently resorted to by writers of cynghanedd
in order to get the necessary correspondence of consonants; and, when
pointless, are called geiriau llanw 'filling words', i.te. padding.
(v) A noun in apposition' to another has usually its radical consonant if it
immediately follows it; if it pre-' cedes it or is separated from it, or if
it is in apposition to the sentence, it usually has a soft initial, but the
radical is also freely used in cynghanedd ; see the above oxx.
129 (i). By a curious idiom, a proper or specific name instead of being put
in apposition to a definite descriptive noun is joined to it by the
preposition gan.
Yr anudonawl gan Vedrawt B.B.B. 230, ' the perjurer Medrawd'. Y bradwr gan
Iddawc J.D.R. 117, 'the traitor Iddawc'. Y gelyn gan anffortun B.C. 284, 'the
enemy misfortune'. Yr athro gan Sion y Cent I.MSS. 288, 'the teacher Sion y
Cent'. Yr enllibiwr atgas gan Lauder Gr.0. 165.
Instead of a noun object the preposition may have a personal ending, with or
without an affixed pronoun; as y lleidr gennyt or y lleidr gennyt ti ' thou
thief '. The above construction is still in colloquial use in Gwynedd.
(ii) When both words are indefinite, o is used; as cawr o ddyn ' a giant of a
man'.
Pechadur o byn IL.A. 15, ' peccatorem hominem'. Nid yr haul uchelfelen,
Haul yw o ddyn hylwydd wen.—B.A. IL 133/260. Am aur o ddyn marw yddwyf.—D.G.
126.
Of. in English, a rogue of a lawyer, etc. (/H^\-» 'i^ (iv] , f>-
''"' £! •
N
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178 APPOSITION § 129
(iii) The first or descriptive word may be an adjective. In this case the
prep. is a in Med.W. but o in Mod.W. (a and o having the same origin). These
expressions are generally used predicatively, and jiither 1. stand at the
beginning of the sentence with or without ys, in the predicative (a)
nominative or (6) ablative :
(a) Ys anhebic a gyflavan ^ wnaf i W.M. 55. Ys mawr a alwyssen a wnaethost ti
s.Q. 303. Ys lawn a beth J^ ychwi biolwch y'r gwr B.M. 7. Ys dyheto a beth
gadu dan wynt a glaw y kyfryw byn W.M. 458.
0 Dduw, ys da o ddeuwr
Sy'n aneddu, deutu'r dwr.—L.G.C. 185.
0 Fair, ys teg o forwyn:
Afu ar fraich faicfi morfwyn?—D.G. 219.
Siaradus o wr ydwyf, Son am hen ddynion ydd wyf.—G.G1. r 100/411.
Mawr a dal, am aw o'i dy
A gaiff Rhys o goffr lesu.—do. p 99/224.
Ts truan o ddyn wwf i.—Rhuf. vii. 24.
(6) Ys glut a beth yb ymbibanyssam ni B.M. 7. Ffest a beth w wyl y mab IL.A.
123.
j)r 2. following the verb ' to be':
0 Dduw, bum uchel o ddyn
Ifloedd yng Nghelli Fleddyn.—D.G. 122.
In this ex. the adj. has also a noun in the genitive of respect depending on
it: uchel i floedd ' loud (as to) his voice';
cf. rut i par o pennaeth B.B. 92.
5. They may, however, appear elsewhere in the sentence:
e. g. as subject:
Lie ni ddaeth llawen o ddyn.—D.G. 72.. or in apposition to a noun or pron. or
to the sentence :
A'r olwg, ddzwg ddeall, Truan o ddyn, yn troffn ddall.—S.C. r. 18.
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§ 130 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE EQUIVALENTS 179
(iv) The preposition o is also used, when the general term comes first, to
introduce the descriptive noun; as bachgen o Oymro ' a Welsh boy', hen wr o
deiliwr ' an old tailor'.
Pryfet annvarwawl o seirff a dreigeu IL.A. 53. Llanneroh o vaes gwastat B.M.
1. DynoSais L.G.C. 85 ' an Englishman'. dyn o berchen ty Matt. xiii. 52.
gwraig o Sere/ten yspryd dewiniaeth 1 Sam. xxviii. 7. gwr o Iddew Act. x. 28.
Oau broffwyd o Iddew xiii. 6. Mab ieuanc o Hebread Gen. xli. 12.
The first noun, though generally indefinite, is not necessarily so ; thus we
may say y bachgen o Gymro.
A particular case of this construction, when hyn or hymvy is the first term,
is describe, in § 100 (iv). hh ^f'f6!
NOUN AND ADJECTIVE EQUIVALENTS
130. It has been seen that an adj. may be used as a noun, § 28, a noun as an
adj., § 122 (i) note, and adverbs as adjectives, § 100 (i) 3, 102 (i). But a
word of normally any part of speech, or a phrase, or a sentence, may be used
as a noun or adjective.
The commonest case is when a saying is quoted, and becomes the obj. or subj.
of the verb. Thus, an interjection from being a cry may become the name. of
the cry, and form part of the sentence :
Anodd im gysgu unun
Pe canai Dduw ' huw' i hun.—D.G, MS. L.M. 316.
Dolurus am weddusferch,
Dwyn ' och ft ' am danoch, fwch.—D.E. p 76/212. The interjection gwae (L.
vae} has Come to be regarded as normally a noun in Welsh, like woe in
English,^
An adverb or conjunction may become an abstract noun denoting the idea common
to sentences in which it occurs ;
thus nac is used as a noun meaning ' refusal' (in this sense written nag in
Mod.W. and pronounced nag); and ond may be used to mean a ' qualification '
etc. N 2
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180 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE EQUIVALENTS § 131 A dyvot o gennat Arthur a nac genthi
o Iwerbon.—E.M. 135. Nith iarll a isyr wneufhur lies Nifyn nag ar fy neges.—IL.
TB. 131.
Any phrase may become a name of the person who makes use of it; as
Dyma letty'r Gwae fi na baswn!—B.C. 92.
or an adj. qualifying the name of a person of whom it may be predicated:
Dyn gwyn ei fyd o'i eni
Fydd y dyn a'thfeddo di.—B.A.
These and similar constructions are common to all languages ; and do not
need particular notice in Welsh.
THE SENTENCE
131 (i). In a simple sentence in Welsh the verb comes first, next the
subject, if expressed, followed by the object and other extensions, if any.
The following are exx. from the oldest texts.
Dicones pater harimed presen Juv. A.B. i. Oorgolches e greu y seirch B.A.
A.B. 70, ' His blood stained the harness'. Meccid Iluwyr llauer Jcyghor B.B.
90, ' the coward conceives many a shift'. Dyrcheuid bran y hasgell do. 82.
Digones Dovyb digued arnaf a.P. 577. Qovynnwys y gwyr y Arthur B.M. 137.
Dywaivt y wrach W.M. 453.
With- a pronominal subject implied in the person of the verb or expressed as
an afiixed pronoun : Asswynaf naut Duw B.B. 78,' I invoke the protection of
God'. Oweleis treis B.T. 33. Tyghaf fyghet it W.M. 454. Eveis y win a meb
B.A. A.B. 70. Oossodes ef glebyf do. 98. Molaw-e douit B.B. 39 ' I will
praise the Lord.' Arduireau-e tri do. 36, ' I will extol Three'. In the
la&t two exx. the affixed pron. was added by the scribe, the metre not
admitting of it.
Except in sentences of command, etc. or in answering questions, the verb
without a proclitic of some kind is comparatively rare in Med. prose; but the
construction
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§ 131 THE SENTENCE 181
occurs very frequently in the poetry of all periods, and is in common use in
latter-day prose.
Oeilw ar y nefoedd . . . Adwaen holl adar y mynyddoedd . . . Oollyngaist dy
safn i ddrygioni . . . Eisteddaist a dywedaiat Ps. 1. 4, 11, 19, 20. Cf. Ps.
lii. 3, 8, 9.
(ii) When the sentence is negative or interrogative, the verb is preceded by
a negative or interrogative particle. An infixed pronoun may come between the
particle and the verb.
1. Negative particle.—Ni guardam Juv. A.B. 2, 'I laugh not'. Ny lluit reuuet
y direid B.B. 8, ' Riches avail not to the wicked'. Ny chwsc Duw .pan ryb
gwaret B.P. 1034. Nyt atwna Duw ar a wnel do. 1035. Nis guibit ar nuy gelho B.B. 7. Nys plawb
heint a heneint a vo yndi B.I. 34. (Plawdd, third sing. of a defective verb
ºploddaf from L. plaudo.) Nyt af i yn erbyn hynny W.M. 33. Ny'm daw e Jcingid
B.B. 62, ' No thought comes to me'. Ny'm gwnaho Dotlit diiy poen do. 70, 'May
the Lord not inflict on me a double punishment'. Ny phery stad na phwrs dyn
Na'i gywaeth mwy nag ewyn.—G.Gft. M 148/43.
2. Interrogative particle.—A wbost di pwy a byweit? B.P. 1026. A vyn ef byvot
y'r tir ? W.M. 39. A welewch chwi him namyn hynny ? do. 50. A wybyb Icylhreui
pop peth ? IL.A. 8. A wnaeth Duw byn ae bwy law e, hun ? do. 10.
An infixed pron. is not used after the interrog. particle in Mod.W. but it
occurs inMed.W.; Ae hatwaenost di ef? B.M. 133, ' Dost thou know liim ?' A'm
dywedyb ? IL.A. 134, ' Wilt thou tell me ?' But this construction was already
archaic, and we find the later construction in IL.A. 65, a dywedy titheu y mi
?
(iii) In Old and Med.W. in a positive statement the vb. is sometimes preceded
by neu or neud, as Neu cheing (read cheint} e ododln., B.A. A.B. 76, 'I have
sung Gododin', Neut eryveis y veb, do. 102. In most cases the affirmative
particle is accompanied by the tense-particle ry, thus neu ry, neur, or by an
infixed pronoun. It appears to be used when the statement is emphatic.
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182 THE SENTENCE § 131 Neu ry geveist ffwbyl o'r a nodeist W.M. 80, ' Thou
hast had all that thou hast specified'. New gafas ef enw do. 97, of. 100. New
golles y mob B.M. 18. New bijfetheeist dy hun dy vdb do. 19. Ne'ur bigereis a
garaf B.P. 1036, ' I have hated
•what I love'. Neus robes velly B.M. 13. Neu'm due i Elffin B.B. 67, ' Elffin
has brought me'.
(iv) The tense particle ry is used before the vb. either .alone or in
conjunction with a negative or affirmative particle, or -with an infixed
pronoun. It occurs in sentences both of assertion and of wish.
By rewinds y mab ae merch B.B. 50, ' I have ruined her son and daughter'. Ry
phrinom-ne di gerenhit do. 88, 'May we
•win thy favour !' Ky'm dyuueid huimleian chwetyl enryued do. 5.5, ' A witch
has told me a strange tale '. Ny ri treithir y reuit do. 7. Ky chedwis det'yf
do. 14. Ac ny ry uelssud do. 20.
(v) In Old and early Med.W. the vb. was sometimes preceded by an accusative
or dative prefixed pron., am, ath, as or ys, etc.
Ath kiuarchaw B.B. 98. Ath vendiguis-te Awraham do. 35. Ath iolaf wiedic B.T.
4. As eirolei Kei B.B. 95. As attebwys Dofyb B.T. 24. As kynnull gwenyn do.
40, 'Bees gather it'. Ts atebwys Owein do. 60. As dywedaf y Wenbyb B.P. 582,
' I will tell it to Gwenddydd'.
It is used in sentences expressing a wish, the verb being in the subjunctive
mood:
Am bo forth B.B. 34, ' Let there be a way for me'. An eirolve ne mihagel B.B.
32, 'May Michael intercede for us'. Ath vendicco di egluis a chagell do 35.
Ys robho Duw ymi ac ys gwnel yrof TL.A. 121.
That the initial syllable is a prefixed pron. am, ate. and not a particle
with an infixed pron. a'm, etc. seems to be proved by the fact that simple a
is not used in this sense. If am were a particle and a pronoun, we should
expect to find the particle a without a pronoun.
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§ 131 THE SENTENCE 183
(vi) 1. The vb. may be preceded by a subjective prefixed pron. mi, ti, ef,
etc.
Ti dicones Juv. A.B. i. A mi bisgoganav-e B.B. 48, 49, 52, 53. Ac ew dybit B.B. 61, 'And he will
come'. Ef llabei Saesson B.A. A.B. 66. Ef diodes gormes, ef dodes ffln do.
74. Ef geiwi ef llebi do. 90. Pan esgynnei bawb, ti disgynnut do. 100. Wy
gwenint do. 106.
The pronouns of the third pers. ef, wy are usually followed by the radical
though the soft is also found; ef ladhei A.B. 106 ; ef enir R.P. 1056. The
radical may be a survival of O.W. spelling ; but if the sound wag radical it
followed later the analogy of mi and took the soft, see mi brytwn, mi ganwn
below.
The above examples are taken from Old and Early Med.W. At that time the
preverbal pronoun might be preceded by the negative particle nid, and by neu,
pei, kyt,
etc., which later were followed immediately by the vb. with only a possible
infixed pron. intervening.
Nyt ef eistebei yn tal lleithic A.B. 74, ' he did not sit at the end of a
bench'. Nyt mi wyf kerb vut B.T. 31-2. Nezt vi erthycheis do. 62. Pei mi brytwn, pei mi ganwn A.B. 94.
In the exx. quoted above the pron. is a prefixed subject. Towards the end of
the period it came to be used with an expressed subject; as Ef dyfu d'reic
llu yn llassar billat P.M. B.P. 1419, ' the dragon of the host came in blue
attire'. Here it has become a preverbal particle, like the
German es.
2. The pronoun ef is found in the same period before other persons of the vb.
than the third. Originally it was objective; as Ef kuynhiw B.B. 100, 'I
lament it', kyt ef mynasswn B.T. 65, ' though I had wished it '.º But it was
used when the object was expressed, as Nyt ef caraf amryssonyat B.T. 8, ' I
love not contention'; and even where it did not formally agree with it, as Ef
gwneif beird byt yn llawen B.T. 63, ' I will make the bards of the world
merry'. Thus it came to be regarded as a particle.
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184 THE SENTENCE § 131
It is frequently found before the impersonal, as Ef molir pawb wrtJi y weith
B.P. 1056; ef gwenit A.B. 89, Nid ew rotir new ir neb nvy keis B.B. 86, '
Heaven will not be given to him who seeks it not'. Nyt ef enir pawb yn booth
K.P. 1056.
3. In Mod.W. nid, etc. being no longer admissible before it, it becomes the
affirmative particle e (by loss of /), or fe; as e lawenychai fy nghalon i
yno G.B. 4; e fydd caledi mawr do. 7, ' there will be great difficulty'; ve
gollid yr hen fyfrezi Y.IL.H. [8]. It is generally found before the third person,
whether the expressed subject be masc. or fern., and before the impersonal,
the prefixed pronouns mi, fi, ni, chwi being prefixed before other persons.
Oni bai wyneb ewyn,
Efuasai'n hwy foes na hyn.—D.G. 295.
Os edifarfy ngharzi,
Fe honnir, feinir, a fu.—do. 314. fe wna hon D.G. 516; e fu amser 425; e
gaeodd Mai 442;
fe'm helpai hon 442 ; efu ddeg o feddygon 442; ef aeth 374; fe'n clywfy mam
306.
The form fo is also used: fo ddaw D:G. 175; fo'm cafodd 177. Fo'm lleddir
Diar.
NOTE.—In S.W. dialects, fe is used to introduce every positive statement not
an answer to a question (unless the verb is wyf, etc., &ee 4 below). N.W.
dialects use mi for the same purpose before verbs of all persons.
4. The pronoun yd, followed by the soft mutation, or ydd, y followed by the
radical, is found before verbs of all persons.
Yd we1e(i)s-e Ouendolev B.B. 53. Ac y dyvu Olewlwyt y'r neuab W.M. 457. Y
r(h)obet y march y'r mab, ac y deuth hi at y givasirodyon W.M. 33. Y dodeis
ynneu m gynghor vyg gwlat B.M. 32. Ac y dyweit Iwl Kesar Y.IL.H. [8].
The pronoun in the above exx. has become a mere affirmative particle. It has
survived as such before the first present and first impf. of the vb. •
to be', where it
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§ 131 THE SENTENCE 185 became indispensable. Thus, while in Old and Med.W. a
sentence often begins with wyf and oeddwn, in Mod.W. such a construction is
only a poetical survival, and in every ordinary sentence initial wyf and
oeddwn, and all other persons of these tenses, must be preceded by ydd or its
variant yr.
The form yd came to be attached to the above tenses of the verb 'to be'
before the shifting of the accent, which, after the shifting, fell upon it,
thus ydwyf. This had now come to be regarded as the verb, i. e. as merely
another form of wyf; and could be preceded in turn by the aff. particle ydd
or yr; so yr ydwyf.
In Mod.W. the aff. partible yr is the only prefixed pron. permissible before
wyf and oeddwn; but in early Med.W. we find mi ydwyf G. M.A. i. 193 a. Mi wyf
B.T. 41 ; Midwyf do. 71. This survives in N.W. dialects as mi 'dw' i.
(vii) 1. In a Welsh sentence the predicate generally comes first; the
prefixing to the vb. of particles and pronouns is not inconsistent with this
principle. For (o) a negation belongs invariably to the predicate (Paul,
315);
hence the prefixing of the neg. particle is no departure from the principle
stated. The same may be said of aff. and interrog. particles. (6) Prefixed
pronouns, though written separately, are to be regarded as belonging to the
vb. in the same way as the pronominal inflexions. Indeed, at one time the
prefixed subjective pronoun appears to have threatened to supplant the
personal ending, for in aome early exx. we find the stem or third person of
the vb. after the first or second person prefixed pronoun;
e. g. Ti dicones, Juv. A.B. 1 (see (vi) 1 above); wy dyweit B.T. 36 (see
below).
The difference between a verb and a noun of action is that the verb makes a
statement. It is a cpd. sentence, and includes in itself the idea of a
subject, as shown by the personal endings of verbs in inflectional languages.
In W. the prefixed and affixed pronouns supplement the Aryan
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186 THE SENTENCE § 131 endings, and have tended to supplant them; fe-ddaw
Dafydd == David come-s, more literally David he-come. In Welsh fe-ddaw and
English dialect he-come are sentence-verbs or verbs formed anew from sentences.
In Basque the verb incorporates the object and remoter object as well as the
subject, so that the verb forms a generalized equivalent of the whole
sentence, the particulars being expressed by nouns, just as in the above exx.
Dafydd and Daoid explain fe- and -s. In
•Welsh the objective and dative dependent pronouns may be regarded as
belonging in the same way to the verb in a larger sense (or the sentence
verb), though they are not used when nouns are required to express the ideas.
Hence we find the affixed objective or dative pron. attached to the verb and
preceding the noun-subject; as Neu'm due i Elffin in (iii) above, Ath
vendiguis te Awraham, An, eirolve ne Mihangel in (v), Ny'm daw e kingid in
(ii) 1. Nu ny'm car i Owentit B.B. 50, 'Now Gwenddydd loves me not'.
Sometimes a noun-object, as completing the predicate, precedes the noun-subject
; as Nyt wy dyweit geu llyfreu Beda B.T. 36, ' The books of Bede tell no lie
'.
2. In Med. and later W. the prefixed subjective pronouns mi, ti, ef, etc.
came to be written mi a, ti a, ef a, etc. In the Bible ef a becomes efe a
except where it is clearly a particle, when it is written fe or fe a, as fe
allei, Gen. xvi. 2; fe a allei, 1 Bren. xviii. 27, orfo as/o'm lleddir, Diar.
Mi a glotvoraf B.P. 1376. Mi a gysJeeia W.M. 32. Ti a wely do. 42. Ti a allut
do. 142. Wynt a glywssont do. 33. Ef a aeth do. 44. Ef a dely A.ii. i. 14, hi
a dely do. 56. Ef a dyivefpwyt ibaw W.M. 96. Ni a gyrchivn do. 86, ef a
bywedir
•SL.A. 3. Ef a r' allei vot s.a. 267. Mi a euraf bob morwyn D.G. 281.
With expressed subject: Ef a allei llawer mob colli y emit W.M. 100; Ef a
gyhyrbawb ac ef gwr gwineu do. 161. Ef a doeth petwar marchawc ar hugeint
W.M. 141. Ef a gerbawb Peredw ymdeith do. 145. Ac ef a aeth un onabunt do.
388. Ef a borthes yr lesu D.N. M 136/154 (a 148), 'Jesus fed'. Ef a wnai'r
Llwyd fwy na'r lleill T.A. G. 238 (printed 'Fe a}.
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§ 132 THE SENTENCE 187
With infixed pronouns: Mi a'e dywedaf yt IL.A. 4. Hi ay gwelei ef W.M. 251.
Ni ay provwn do. 66.
NOTE.—The a does not occur in the Juvenous fragment or in the Book of Aneirin.
It occurs in the latter part of the Black Book, and is usual in the Laws. It
seems to be due to a confusion of two forms of sentence ; mi wn ' I know ',
and mi a wyr ' (it is) I who know '. In the latter the pron. is emphatic, and
the vb. is non-pronominal because the relative is its subject, so in Breton
and Cornish: Br.
me a oar, not me a ouzonn. See ti a haw K.P. 1215; ti a wnaeth do. 1303. In
B.T. 71, where we have neu vl a amuc . . . neu vi a rannwys . . . Mil vi a
torreis, possibly torreis is for torres, for the pron. is emphatic in each
case. But the emphatic form might easily come to be used for the unemphatic;
we seem to have an ex. of this in mi a wyr B.P. 1227. When mi a wyr came to
be used for mi wn, it easily became mi a wn. With the first pers. pi. the a
obviates the danger of ni ' we' being taken for •ni' not'. The a is also
useful to support the infixed pronouns.
In sentences where nid precedes ef and a relative, such as Nyt ef a geijf
pawb a vynn, B.P. 1028, ' Everybody shall not have that which he desires ',
the pron. seems to be a conscious anticipation of what follows. This is seen
clearly in sentences where the relative is ydd, as Nyt ef yb eir nef o north
llonder B.P. 1182, ' it is not so that one will go to heaven (namely) by the
power of merriment'.
3. The history of the prefixed personal pronouns is, as seen above, involved
and obscure: but they offer no practical difficulty in Mod.W. Unemphatic mi,
ti, ef, etc. before a vb. without a noun subject are prefixed subjective
pronouns; and if the degraded relative a follows them, it must be regarded as
a mere connecting particle. Ef, fe, ef a, fe a, fo before vbs. with noun
subjects, or before the impersonal, are affirmative particles. Indeed fe may
well be taken as a particle in all cases.
132 (i). An adverbial expression may come between the vb. and its subject or
object; as fe ddaw yma ddyn ' a man will come here '; mi welais yno laiver '
I saw many there'; y mae yma dri ' there are three liere '.
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188 THE SENTENCE § 132 Ef a ellir rac hynny bianc yn hawb W.M. 104. Nyt oes
it gynghor do. 53. Mi a wnaf o agclot itt gwerth can carw B.M. 2. A hi a
robes ioaw 'march W.M. 173. Mi a robaf it vym merch do. 174. Mae yno wr du
do. 175.
(ii) The following special cases may be mentioned:
1. (</) mae gennyf ' there is with me ', i. e. 'I have', yr oedd gennyf 'I
had', etc., {y) mae arnaf 'there is on me', i.e. ,' I have ' (= am troubled
with).
Mas genhym ni chwedleu ryfeb w.M. 50. Nid oes gennyf deisen 1 Bren. xvii. 12.
Y mae gennyt ti gythraul loan vii. 20. T mae gan y llwynogod ffauau Luc ix.
58. Yr oedd arnynt ofn pobi y wlad Esra iii. 3. Ni bu arnat eisiau dim Deut.
ii. 7. Y mae. arnaf hiraeth (am) ' I long (for)'; Y mae arnaf angen ' I
want'; Y mae arnaf awydd. neu flys ' I am inclined to ';
Y mae arnaf annwyd ' I feel cold '.
The prep. i is similarly used : nid oes iddi fab 2 Bren. iv. 14. Nafydded iti
ddiiwiau eraill Ex. xx. 3.
The use of gan for ar (as y mae gennyf ofn for y mae' arnaf ofn) seems to
have become common in some dialects. The confusion is not made in the
literary language or by good speakers. A worse solecism is the use of y mae
gennyf i as & translation of the English 'I have to'. The prep. i is impossible
in such a position; the word following gennyf is the subject of mae ; y mae,
gennyf lyfr == est mihi liber. There are ' numerous W. equivalents of I have
to : rhaid i mi, dir yw i mi, gweddus i mi, etc.
2. Wel' di yma, dyma, llyma, weV d' yna, etc. The word which follows is the
object of the verb wel' seest', or gwel ' see ', contained in these
expressions.
Lymma y cymreith :L.:L. 120. Ac wely dy yna dy vab w.M. 36. Llyma ymodwrb yn
Iwerbon do. 48. A llyma efo do. 160.
In narration: llyma, dyma, dyna, etc. followed by an object and participial
expression frequently replace a simple statement, thus dyma'r dyn yn mynd
for fe aeth y dyn. Lyma gennadeu Mafholwch yn dyvot attaw ef W.M. 52. The
construction is extremely common in the spoken language.
These forms were stereotyped, the person and number of
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§ 132 THE SENTENCE 189
the vb. were forgotten, and the expressions were treated as if meaning ' this
is, here is, here are', etc. This is first clearly seen in s.G.: 0 chwychwi
varchogyon . . . weldy yma bwyjforb s.G. 26. Their origin was so far obscured
that they could already be used in oratio obliqua preceded by mae (mod. mat)
which never precedes a vb. : A gwybyb di yn lie gwir mae weldy yma y daryan
honno, S.G. 22. In Mod.W. mai dyma ' that this is', mai dyna ' that that is',
etc. They could be followed by iti, ichzvi: A llyna iti paham yw hynny S.G.
9, Mod.W. dyma iti, dyna iti, in colloquial use. The d of dyna had already
come to be regarded as the initial mutation of (, and was made into th after
a, as A thyna ytti s.G. 25 (unless this
is a misreading for A llyna.) ' »
(iii) The subject or object following an adverbial expression is generally
indefinite : we say/e ddaw yma ddyn, y mae, (fenny f lyfr, mi welais yno
ddyn, but not fe ddaw yma Ddafydd, y mae gennyf y llyfr, mi welais yno
Ddafydd. In the latter case the subject or object follows the vb.; thus fe
ddaw Dafydd yma, y maer llyfr gennyf, mi welais Ddafydd yno. (Of course this
order may be used when the subj. or obj. is indefinite also: Nid oes fab
gennyf, 2 Sam. xviii. 18; cf. Rhuf. xiv. 22, etc.) The rule, however, is
comparatively late, and does not always apply. In Med.W. we have Mae ymma
Matholwch, W.M. 39 ' M. is here'. After imi, iti, etc. the obj. may be
definite; dyro imi 'r llyfr ' give me the book'; also after llyma, dyma, etc.
see above.
A definite subj. or obj. with a dependent clause of any kind may be put after
the adv.; as gwelais yno y dyn a welaist tithau ' I saw there the man that
thou sawest'.
(iv) The subject or object following an adverbial expression has its soft
initial; see Nyt oes it gynghor; Mae yno wr du in (i). The rule is always
observed in Mod.W. prose; but in Med.W. the radical is as common; e. g. a
robes ibaw march in (i) above, mi a robaf yt peir w.M. 44;
mae yna carw do. 91. We also find non-mutation in
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190 THE SENTENCE
the bards, especially after a caesura or at the beginning
of a line.
A thrawaf, heb athrowyn,
A min fij nghledd, dannedd dyn.—G.G. D.G. 248.
Tn hen, dda awen ddiell,
Canai i Dduw can oedd well.—E.P. in. S.Ph.
133. In any sentence, direct or dependent^ in which an | expressed subject
other than a personal pron. follows the] vb. the vb. is put in the third
pers. sing. 'º
A robes breenhineb, L.L. 120, ' which kings gave'. Ny deliis meirch neb
Marchlew A.B. 71, •No one's horses caught March-lew'. Dyrllybei vebgyrn eillt
mynybawc do. 74: Jcef bei cann wr en vn ty do. 76. Nyt wy dyweit geu llyfreu
Beda B.T. 36. .Myn y mae meillon . . . myn y mae kertorion . , . myn y mae,
ebestil B.B. 26. Ban eistetho Saesson do. 58. Kint y sirthei kadoet do. 99.
Beth yw y wet a welat w.M. 51. Ac ystryw a wnaefh y GwydyJ do. 63. Ac y doeth
gwyr ynys Iwerbon do. 54. Y mae, y gwyr hynn yn mynnu yn divetha do. 67. Sef
a wnaeth rei 06 cwn do. 68.
Lle'r ydoedd ym mhob gobant Ellyllon mingeimwn gant.—D.G. 72. Gwedi del
llygaid y dydd Meillion gwynion a gwinwydd.—do. 321.
Pan gyd-ganodd ser y bore., ac y ^.orfoleddoddholl/eibion Duw Job xxxviii. 7,
cf. Preg. xi. 3 ; Es. v. 25.
The personal forms of the W. vb. are pronominal forms, that is, the personal
ending is the pronominal subject of the verb, and may be supplemented by an
affixed pron. of the same person, but by no other word. Thus canaf or canaf
fi is ' I sing '; canani is ' they sing ', The termination -ant (with or
without an added hwy) meang ' they';
so when the vb. has a noun subj. it is not required, and ' the men sing' is
can y dynion, not canant y dynion. The subj. y dynion takes the place of the
pronominal subj. -ant. The 3rd pers. sing. form is therefore a non-pro-
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§ 134 THE SENTENCE 191 nominal form also; its termination, if any, denoting
the tense and mood, but not the number or person.
The rule is not only observed in the oldest recorded Welsh, but goes back far
beyond all existing records, for it is the rule in Breton also : Ka vezo
goulaouennou . . . ha ra vezint d'arwesiou (= bydded goleuadau ... a, byddant
yn arwyddion), Gen. i. 14. Thus the rule is older than the separation of
Breton and Welsh. In the mod. spoken language any exception to the rule is
unthinkable; even artificial exceptions in the written language are of
extreme rarity, and do not occur, e.g. in the Bible.
It is not quite certain hqw the exceptions that seem to occur in Med.W. are
to be accounted for. It is difficult to believe that in natural speech Aryan
concord could have survived for six or eight centuries side by side with a
principle totally opposed to it; and such exx. as ban ganhont cogeu, B.B. 33,
are perhaps to be regarded as artificial, duo to the influence of Latin
grammar. In most cases, however, the noun is probably to bo taken as an
explanatory word standing in apposition to the pronominal subject, § 128 (i),
as lean ethint uy kereint B.B. 33 ' since they have gone, my kinsmen '; ac' y
kychwynnasant yr yniverob hynny W.M. 40, ' and they started, those hosts'.
This interpretation is strongly corroborated by the line diuryssintvy keduir
y cad B.B. 89, in which the scribe has added to the vb. the affixed pron. vy
= wy == hwy, where the metre does not admit of it § 131 (i), showing that the
line which should be dyvryssynt kedwyr y cad was taken by him to mean ' they
hasten, (the) warriors, to battle'. In many cases what appears to be a subj.
may well be a word in its ablative of measure, as kyvodi a orugant, pawb o
yniver y Ilys w.M. 41, ' they rose, all the host of the court'; see § 112
(vii).
134 (i) 1. The rule in Mod.W. for the initial mutation of a noun subject or
object immediately following a vb. is that the subject has its radical
consonant and the object undergoes the soft mutation.
Yn y deohreuad y creawdd Duw y nefoedd a'r ddaear Gen. i. 1;
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192 THE SENTENCE § 134 of. do. i. 3, 31; A Duw a wnaeth ddau oleuad do. 16,
cf. 25;
iii. 8.
2. But the initial of the subject is generally softened after (a) the
imperfect or pluperfect tense, and after (6) bu and oes, though in all these
cases the radical is also used, more especially in the late period. In the
early period we /ci also find the soft consonant after the 3rd sing.
imperative :
Soft (a):
I liw a welai luoeb.—D.G. 14.
Fe ddoi go/ am Ddafydd Oam Wrth weled dy neith, Wiliam.—D.N. P 99/598.
Fel pe bwriai ddyn 1iad Vr ddaear Marc iv. 26. Pe rhoddai wr Can. viii. 7.
Rhald oedd lawenychu Luc xv. 32. Y medre ddyn ynfyd M.K. [23]. Nid oedd
Gtistion do. [39]. Mynnei 'Loegr y Dwysoges Pleser B.C. 17. Ychydig a dalei
Falchder do. 144. Pa heth a wnai drwetan? Gr.O. 163 ; cf. D.G. 91.
(6) Nid oes gerdd ond i was gwych.—W.IL. C.IL. 91. E fu ddydd na feiddiai 'i
ddwyn.—I.F. p 99/177. Efu ddeg o j'eddygon.—(G.I.S.} TB. 85. D.G. 443. Ni bu
fyd i neb o Fon.—R.K.. § 36 (i). Cf. Es. lix. 8, 2 Sam. xviii. 18, Gen. xi.
6, Job xxxviii. 28.
(c) Cariad a dyf, eroded Wen
Vm ais fal prennav, Moesen.—D.G. 100.
Ofned wyr afon a dau.—Gut.O. Q 216.
' Let men fear a river that is silent.'
Aed •wyr dy dad or dy du.—V.A.. A 24980/166.
Pryned ddyn, prin oed ei ddydd A'i dda, nef iddo'n ufydd.—M.R. r. 6.
There is no sufficient authority for the soft mutation used by Gronwy after
the pros. ind., as in E rydd Grist arwydd ei grog, 88, though S.T. has once
Tra gweler y sw treigia air Sion, A. 14874.
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§ 134 THE SENTENCE 193 Radical (a):
Pam ym clywai dust. Job xxix. 11; cf. Act. xi. Hwyn-gyntag y derfydde
cyssegru M.K. [39]. (6) Nid oes ^air ond i was gwych.—S.T. o.M. 22/171. Tra
fzi Gras drwy urddas draw Ni bu gwan heb i giniaw.—8.T. A. 14879. 'While
Grace lived in honour there, no weak one went without his dinner'; y bu
fyvaedd Matt. xxv. 6.
3. In the early Modern period the object of a vb. in the 3rd pers. sing. has
usually its radical consonant:
Cwiodd anwadal galon
Cariad a wnaeth bradi'm bron.—D.G. 447. Di-ymgel yw'r tri gelyn A wna twyll i
enaid dyn.—
R.G.E. ? B.B. iv. 308 (? M.R.). Gwent Alarch a gan telyn.—G.Gl. M 146/265. Y
ddraig goch1 ddyry cychwyn.—D.I.D. G. 177. Heddychu heddyw uchod
A wna parhau 'n nhop y rhod.—T.A. o. ii. 78, r. 38. Llaw'r bardd a wnaeth
Uawer bai.—S.T. G.B. [371]. See p. 32 ; 33, 35, 37 ; D.G. 50.
More rarely it has the soft:
Nid adwaeniad odineb.—D.G. 58. Oair teg a wna ^ariad Mr.—Gut.O. a. 213. Cameu
a beieu, lie bon, A yrr ddinistr w ddynion.—W.IL. P. 32. See r. 36, 43, etc.
After other persons of the vb. the softened initial of
the object is practically universal in Mod.W.
After the impersonal the object has the radical always. (ii) The mutation
after the vb. in Med.W. is similar to
that in use in the early Mod. period, but more uncertain
in some respects:
1 Printed coch. 0
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194
THE SENTENCE
134
1. The subject'of a vb. in the pros. or aorist tense retains its radical :
Doeth mackwyeit B.M. 4; digawn pawb 5 ; gyvodes Pwyll 17 ;
wnaeth Teirnon 20 ; ymyrrwys §,wyrda W.M. 37 ; peris 'Bendi-geitvran 57 ;
sorres K.ei 142, etc.
After the old perfect kigleu we sometimes find the soft, gigleu Gei W.M. 144,
but generally the radical, see s.o. 10, 12.
The subject of a vb. in the imperfect or pluperfect tense has either the soft
or the radical, almost indifferently :
Soft: Llathrei wynnet B.M. 2 ; debygei hop un 8; delei bob WA 15.
Radical: Llathrei cochet B.M. 2; welei Peredur •af-M. 167 ;
clywei pawb 171.
The form oedd seems always to be followed by the radical, yb oeb cassec B.M.
20; yb oeb Ilyn, Ilys, gwr 127, gweic 139, yttoeb •pawb 167. Hence the
softening we find in the bards and in early printed books is due to false
analogy with other imperfects, and the radical now used after oedd may be a
true survival of Med. usage.
The subject following oes and bu is softened:
Nyt oes vrenhin E.M. 5 ; a oes borthawr ? do. 103, 126. (In a oes porthawr
W.M. 456, we have re-hardening after s.) die vu wreic y melinyb W.M. 162.
2. The object of a vb. in the 3rd pers. sing. has oftenest its radical
initial; sometimes the soft:
Radical: A bigawn bot B.M. 18; a wyr pob peth, 19 bis; a dywot gew W.M. 36; a
geif march 43 ; a droes lien 93; welei carw, welsei cwn B.M. 1.
Soft: cafas 'Vendigeitvran W.M. 39; gwnel gawew 61; a gwff Vferth 96 ; welei
lannerch B.M. 1 ; ny allei ^ylchu W.M. 82.
In the Four Branches (B.M. 1-20, W.M. 31-111) there are 15 rad. 5 soft after
3rd pres. and aor.; 6 rad. 5 soft after 3rd sing. impf. and pipf., and 1 rad.
after gwybat. In Peredur (W.M. 117-78) there are 12 rad. 2 soft after 3rd
sing. pres. and aor., 19 rad. 9 soft after 3rd sing. impf. and pipf. In the
Four Branches, therefore, radical to soft are 3 to 1 after pres. and aor. and
about equal after impf. and pipf. In the later
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§ 133 THE SENTENCE 195
Peredur
we find a hardening of the usage in favour of the radical; which becomes the
rule in early Mod. W.
The impersonal is always followed by the radical:
Owarywyt broch B.M. 16 ; ducpwyt ^wrageb 18.
After other persons the soft is more usual:
Soft: atawaf vryrda B.M. 16 ; wn ^yghor 18 ; adndby dyvoes 3; gymerwn ^ynghor
w.M. 44; gwnaethawch gow 92; welynt goer 69.
Radical: welwn gwr w.M. 45 ; wdost kynnebyf 52 ; gyrchwn kedernit 86 ; yrrwch
f^eu B.M. 19 ; welynt gwrezc 8.
The numbers of soft and radical initials after the different persons in the
Four Branches are respectively as follows:
1st. sing. 15, 5; 2nd sing. 7, 2 ; 1st pi. 5, 2; 2nd pi. 4, 1 ; 3rd pi. 4, 7.
Thus the ratio of soft to rad. excluding 3rd pi. is 3:1, including 3rd pi. is
2 : 1. The soft, therefore, predominates largely, and became the rule in
Mod.W.
3. Originally, of course, the case of the noun had nothing to do with its
initial mutation; for mutation depends not upon the old ending of the word
mutated, but on the general character in Brythonic of the ending of the
preceding word. Thus the mutation of the noun depended wholly upon the form
of the vb. The development of the modern rule is in outline as follows:
The 3rd pers. sing. was differentiated from the other persons by the fact
that it could be followed by subjects and objects, while the others could be
followed by objects only § 133. Now, it appears that the 3rd sing. generally
ended in a consonant in Brythonic as in Latin, except in the impf. tense ;
hence in Med.W. both subject and object after the 3rd sing. has the rad. with
a large proportion of soft after impf. The other persons mostly ended in
vowels, thus caraf represents ºcarami; hence the soft came to be associated
with the object. Thus a new basis of mutation was unconsciously evolved ;
exceptions were gradually done away with, and the radical became, the sign of
the subject, the soft of the object.
135. In Mod.W. the object following the subject has o2
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196 SENTENCE WITH ABJECTIVE OR § 136 invariably a soft initial; gwelodd ef
ddyn ' he saw a man', gwelodd Dafydd ddyn ' David saw a man'.
In Med.W. the soft and radical are used indifferently, of. 132 (iv).
Soft: A gaffaf i lefyfw.M. 161. T kynhelis Bendigeidvran 'Vranwen 56.
Rad.: Ny due neb Isyrch waeth W.M. 42; dechrewis y gwybyl kynneu tan 58.
SENTENCE WITH ADJECTIVE OR NOUN PREDICATE
136 (i). The most primitive form of sentence with adj. or noun predicate is
that in which the mere juxtaposition of subject and predicate indicates the
relation between them, as Ars longa; vita brevis. Such sentences survive in
all languages in proverbial sayings. The form is common in Welsh.
In Welsh the predicate generally comes first:
Llym awel; Hum brin ; anhaut caffael did B.B. 89, ' The wind (is) keen; the
hill (is) bare; to find shelter (is) difficult.' Hir ms ; Hum roe do. 90.
Dolit vy iscubaur do. 62. Owell bet no buhet pop yghenazw do. 55. Trydyb
troet y hen y ffonn B.P. 1029. Bas dwfyr myn yt leveir do.; kyveillt bleid
bugeil diawc do. 1030. Pwy wynt wy, pwy y neges? B.B. 66. Gwann Ilys a llann
; gwann Owyneb Gwann Mon am yor gwin a meb.—G.M.D. E.P. 1210.
Cos gwr ni chard'r wlad a'i maw. Anhael pob cybydd. Owell pwyll nag aw.
The predicate may be preceded in Med.W. by the affirmative particle neud; as
neud glas minit B.B. 59 ' the hill is green'. The subject is often a noun
clause, da jod, da nad, etc.
Note that the subject immediately following the predicate has its radical
initial. We can thus distinguish llwm bryn ' bare is the hill', from Uu'm
fryn ' a bare hill'.
(ii) Particular cases in common use of the construction are sentences with
the following predicates: da gennyf
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§ 137 NOUN PREDICATE 197
' (it is) good to me', i. e.' I like'; hoff gennyf ' I like'; drwg gennyf ' I
am sorry '; hyfryd gennyf ' 1 am glad'; gwell gennyf ' I prefer ', etc.; da
imi ' it is good for me'; gwell imi ' it is better for me '; madws ' it is
time', madws imi ' it is time for me '; odid ' it is scarce, there is
scarcely';
rhyw imi 'it is natural to me', 110 (iii); rhyfedd 'it is strange'; rhyfedd
gennyf ' I am surprised'; rhaid ' it is necessary'; rhaid imi ' I must';
gnawd ' it is customary ';
gnawd imi ' it is customary for me'; hawdd 'it is easy';
haws ' it is easier' etc.
Madws im dewi a s6n
Am danad, em y dyy,ion.—D.IL. TB. 248.
Odid archoll heb waed.—Prov.
' Rarely is there a wound without blood.'
Odid fod o fychodedd Rhodil dreulfawr ; rhai maw a'i medd.—Gr.O. 3.
Rhyfedd nad gwr bonheddig A roir fry am ar i frig.—G .Gl. M 148/43.
Gnawd i deyrn arlwy gwledd ;
Gnawd gwedy llynn lledvrydedd.—M.A. i. 129.
As the exx. show, the subj. may be and often is a verbal noun or a noun
phrase.
137 (i) The vb. 'to be' is sometimes inserted before the predicate, the form
in the present tense being ys; in the impf. oedd, in the aorist bu.
Es CM? y bet B.B. 65 ; Ys whegach no'r gwin y Ilyn yndi B.T. 34. Ys odidawc
zvyneb cu K.P. 1029. Ys da pwyll gyt a nerth do. 1034. Oeb llachar kyvlavar
Jcyvlavan B.B. 1. See § 129/(d), Ys dyheb.
Sometimes we find in the old poetry ef representing a predicate expressed
later : oeb ef vyn defawt . . . llebyfdawt B.T. 43.
(ii) In the later language y mae yn, yr oedd yn, etc., are used before the
predicate.
Mae'n icuanc o'r min awen, Er bodfy nhafod yn hen.—B-.D. P 99/407.
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198 SENTENCE WITH ADJECTIVE OR § 137
This chiefly occurs in the phrases mentioned in § 136 (ii), as y mae'n dda
gennyf glywed ' I am glad to hear'.
(iii) The vb. 'to be' is more commonly inserted after the predicate, the form
in the present tense being yw or ydyw, in the impf. oedd or ydoedd, in the
aorist fu, irrespective of the number of subj. or predicate.
Ef yw'r Naf mwyaf B.P. 1375. Mi yw y benkerb do. 1376. Ay veirych yw y rei
hynn W.M. 41. T beu lygat ef yw y bwy lynn
do. 15. Beth oeb y mynyb ? Bendigeitvran vy mrawt oeb hwnnw do. do.
Gwyllt yw byd; gwell ydyw bodd Yr ynfyd na'i Iwyf an/odd.—E.P. Trist fu'r
gler tros dy fawr glwyf.—G.G1. Annhirion fu lion.—D.G. 137.
In the phrases mentioned in § 136 (ii) the vb. precedes the prep.; as da yw
gennyf glywed.
Dir yw im gerdet y forb y Jcyrbo ynteu.—W.M. 439. Mwy yw gan Vendigeitvran no chenyt ti.—do.
43.
When the subject is pronominal the personal form of the vb. is used, either
with or without an affixed pronoun:
Negessawl wyfa.M. 15. Direit wreic wyt W.M. 95. Owasda oeb W.M. 38. r lie
tecJcaf yw IL.A. 11. Kadarn vybant do. 29. Mwo yilt, yn tywyllu y tan do. 39.
Dyn didol dinod ydwyf,
Ac i dir Mon estron wyf.—Gr.O. 58.
Adyn i'th newydd ydwyt;
Annefod yw ; ynfyd wyt. —D.G. 137. Hynaf oil heno wyf i.—G.Gl.
Sometimes only one word of the predicate precedes the vb., the remainder,
generally the more essential part, being relegated to the end after the vb.
and subject:
Duw nef a wyr, dyn wyf i Dirymiant.—Duw'n dwr invi.—Gr.O. 68.
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§ 138 NOUN PREDICATE 199
138 (i). When the sentence is negative the predicate is preceded by nid, Med.
nyt; when interrogative by ai, Med. ay, ae; when conditional by os or pe,
Med. pei. Thus nid gwir hyn ' this is not true'; ai gwir hyn ? ' is this
true?' os gwir hyn, 'if this is true'; pe gwir hyn 'if this
were true'.
Nyd mawr vy id B.B. 62. Nid byd byd heb wybodaefh W.IL.
Nid diboen nci'm atebud, Nid hawdd ymadrawdd & mud.—D.G. 460.
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201 INDEX
[Representative words only are given. The reference is to pages.]
a (relative) 89, 94-6
a (degraded rel.) 187
Aberft'raw 9
Abermaw 9
Aber Menai 40
ac eu 79
acw 134
achos 170
Afon Dyfi 40
Affrica 9
ag, after equative 48
ag, aft or superl. 58
ag a !)6
angau 7
ai (intorrog.) 199
ai .. . ai 134
a'i (rcl. and infix, pro.) 92
ail 45, 75-6
am (dat. prof. pro.) 182
ambcll 71, 153
ami 71, 153
amry- 143
amryliw 143
amry&on 143
amryw 140—3
Amwythig 9
am y c-yntaf 60
anad 157
ar, 'r (dem. pro.) 101-2
a'r a 102
arall 21, 131-2
arglwydd 36
ar i drydydd 77
as, ys 80, 98, 182
ath 182
aur 5
bach 19, 42 bachigyn 153 ban (pan) 111 bardd teulu 164 Bedo 12 bellach 57
bendith Dduw 24, 38
ben dra mwnwgl 170
beth bynnag 105-7
biwydd 64-6
biynedd 62, 65-6
biynyddoedd 62
bob ail 145
bob dwy flynedd 8
bob dydd 169
bob ddau 145
bob eilwers 145
bob sawl 145
bob un, bob dau 145
bob yfhydig 145
bob yn (yr) awr 146
bob yn ddau 146
bod ag un 146
brouddwyd 38
bro40
bun 8
bwystfil 28
bychan ' too little' 71
byd8
bynnag 105, -6, -8
byth 159
cadair dderw 162 cadair freichiau 162 cadben, capten 35 calon 7
can ' hundred ' 64 canmwy 55 can wynned 51 cath for 162 ,» cerdd 5
cerdd dafod 162 cilydd 146-7 clod 5 Crist 42 cromlech 18 cwbl, o gwbl 151
cyfryw 140-2 cymaint arall 53
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202 INDEX
eymaint gwell 56 cymaint tra chymaint 63—4 cyniaint un, cymain hun 54 Cymro
11 cynifer 105 cyntaf 75 cyntaf ag 58
chwe 64-, -6, -9 chwedl 176
da gennyf196
da imi 197
dau gwell 56
deg, deng 67
deucant 65
deuddyn bresennol 67 ,
deunaw 3
deuoedd, deuwedd 73
deuparth, deupen 65
deutu 65
deuwell 56
dim 59, 71, 136, 183-8
dinabman, dinadman, dinebman
157
dir yw 188, 198 doctor 36 Duw 42-3 dwy ddwylaw 62 dwylaw 3, 68 dydd Llun 10
Dyfrdwy 10 dyma 86, 188 dyn, dynion 4, 5 dyna 188-9
Ebrill 10
ef, e, fe 183-4
ef 197
ef a, fe a 186
efe 83
efo 82-3
Eglwys Loegr 41, 164
eiddi, eiddo 86-7
ei gilydd 146
ei hun, e hun 74
einioes 7
einwch, einym 86-8
eisiau 170
enaid 7
erioed 159
Europa 9
fal, fel 100-1, 169 fe 184, -6, -7 felly 113 fo 82-3
gan (with prop. name in apposition) 177
gan (with do, hoff, gwell, etc.) 187 gan dywylled 50 -gar 32
ger bron, ger Haw 37 gerfydd 170 gnawd 197 gof Ilys 163 golygon (dual) 67-8
gorau 47, 60 Guto 12 gwae 179 gwae fi 169 gwaith 170 gwarthrudd 33 gwawrddydd
33 gwedy ydd (yr) 97 Gwenllian 31 gwyl Dewi 37 gyd ag y 97 gynt 57
h- (after pum, can, ugain) 64 haf 11 hafal 165
banner cystal 64 haul 8 hawdd 167 ha wyr 174 hen Hew 34 henwr 33 herwydd 170
hiniog 2
boll, hollol 147-8 hun, un. 73, -4 hunain 73
hwn, hon, hwnyina 126—30 hwnnw, honno 126—9 hyd pan 109 hyd y 97
hyn, hynny 127-9, 130 hynafgwr 4:7 Hywel Dda 42
i(prep.) 168-9
INDEX
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203
i (with da, gwell, rhyw, rhaid,
hawdd) 197 -i (= ni, chwi) 83 iaith 2 idd eu 79 lesu 12 lesu wyn 42 i gyd
148, 151 11173
lorddonen 9 Iwerddon 9
lawlaw 28 lawynllaw 170 liw dydd 169
Hall 132-3 »
Llan Carfan 38
Llan Dudno 164
Haw Dduw 38
llawer 152
llawer gwell 56
llawn 45 (i, 165
llawn cysl.il 54
llawn gwcll 56
lie 100,]71
Iley 10], 104
Lloch Gronwy, Ronw 164
lloillparth 131
Lleisioniaid 11
llonaid, llond 46
llu 17
Llwyd 42
llwy halen 162
llyma 86, 188
madws 197
mao ar, mae gan 188
mae yn, y mae yn 197-8
Mai 10
mai dyma 189
maint 105
mal, fal 169
man, myn 8, 100, 171
mau 86-8
mawr, -ion 16—17
mawrddrwg 29
megis 169
meistr 36
melonwallt 31
melynwallt 29, 31
Menai 9, 10
mi (particle) 184
mi a 186
midwyf 185
mil 3, 4, 67, -9
mo, mono 155
modd 170-1
mor (with adj. and nouns) 53
mwy, -ach 57
mwy na mwy 55
mwy no meint 56
myn (oath) 78
na, nad (neg. rel.) 113-16, 122 nac, nag ' refusal' 179, 180 nag, na ' than'
54 naill 132-4 namyn 62
naw 66-7
neb 59, 136-7, 153-8
neb rhyw 140
npbun 157
nefoedd 7, 8
ncidr gantroed 162
ncmawr, nemor 157
nepell 157
neu, neud, npur 181-2
neud 196
ni, nid, na, nad 122
nid 199
nis 112
nis, nas 80
Nos Difiau, Nos Lull 43, -4, 164
nyw 80
o 58, 68-71, 128-9, 146, 151-5,
163-5, -8, 177-9. 0 ba rai 109 oc ou 79 odid 197 oed 64 o gwbl 151
oherwydd paham J09 olynol 170 oil 59,148-50 oil yn oil 150 o'r a 58, 101,
145, 166 o'r gorau 60 os 80, 85, 199
pa, py, ba, 116-17, 126, 171 pa, py before vbs. 121
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204
INDEX
pa faint, hyd, waeth 123 pa fath, gyfryw, ryw, sawl, rai,
un 124-5 paham, pam 119 pam ( = beth) 125 pan 80, -5, 109-11 pan 'whence'
111, 122 pan yw 111 pawb 143-6 pe 199
pei with superl. 61 pellbell
29
pen, ym mhen, cyn pen 6, 7 pen in cpds. 34—5 pen teulu 163 peth 113, 130, 152
peth ' some' 71 „ piau 116
po with superl. 60 pob 143-5 pob math 146 pob rhyw 140, —4 pob un 144, -6
pobi, y bobloedd 3, 17 Font Kuffudd 164 prif 47
pryd 8, 100, -30, ~71 pryd y 104 pum 64-5 pwy 116-23
pwy with noun subj. 119 pwy = beth 119 pwy (pa) bynnag 105—9 pwy gilydd 147
pythefnos 63, -8
'r (article) 1
rhai130-40
rhai . . . eraill 130-1
rhain 135
rhiniog 2
Rhodri Mawr 42
ry 115-16, 182
rhy71
rhyw 135, 139-^tO, -7
rywfodd, rywsut 139-40, 170
rhywbeth 139
rhywrai 140
saith 66 sawl 151-2 seithwyr 62
sir Ddinbyoh 163
SullO
sydd, sy 116
tair 68
tan un 77
tau 86-8
tebyg, -ig 45, 165
to 17, -8
torth dair 162
tref Lundain 163
Tre Meirchion 38
trueni 6
trychant, trywyr 63
tu 22
tu draw. yma 170
Ty Ddewi 39
ty to gwellt 162
'u79
ugain hannerch 64
un 59, 65, -9, 70, 73, -7, 131-8
unben 65
undydd 137
undyn 137
un fodd 65
unlliw 138
unman 137
unnos137
un o ' covered with' 137
unrhyw 140-1
wedi'r 97 weithion 130 wel' di yma 188 well-well 57 wrth 77 wylo 2 wyth 66
wythnos 68
y (for a rel.) 93
ychydig 71, 152-3
yd, ydd, y before vbs. 184-5
yd, ydd 93
y drwg 44-5
ydwyf 185
ynghyd 151
yma 134
ym (oath) 78
ym mhen 6
yn (adverbial) 52
INDEX
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(delwedd 6905)) (tudalen
205)
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SGANIAD AMRWD: TESTUN HEB EI GYWIRO ETO
ESCANEJAT SENSE CORREGIR
RAW SCAN: TEXT NOT YET CORRECTED
206
y naill . . . arall 21, 131 y naill . . . a'r Hall 130 y neb 98-100 yn gyntaf
59 yn un 137 yn y byd 59 ' Ynyd10 Ynys 8
ynys F6n 40, 163 Ynys Prydain, Brydain 40 y, yr (article) 1 y, yr (relative)
89, 96 yr (affirmative) 185 yr ail 133 yr holl 21 yr hwn (as relative) 103,
-5
yr hwn (in apposition to antecedent) 102-3 yr hwn, hon, hyn 98-100, 104
yr hyn 99
y rhyw 105
yr oil 150
yr un 7,132, -5, -6, -9,147,155
yr un faint, ffordd, ffunud, modd,
peth, pryd, wedd 138-9 ys, es(vb.to bo) 197 y's 80
y sawl (adjectival) 105 y sawl 151 ysgol nos 162 ysydd, ysy 116 yth 78-9
INITIAL MUTATIONS
Mutation after article 3
of adjectives and genitives 16, (" 18, -9, 22-3 the first element in a
compound 35
the second clement in a compound 24—5 nouns after positive adj. 33 personal
name after common
noun 36, -8, -9 proper name after adj. 37 genitive after fem. sg. noun
37,-8, 40 genitive of title 40 attributive genitive of place
41 noun or adj. after proper
name 42
after Jesu, Dnw 42-3 names of days, months after
fern. sg. 43 after <fi!'yl 44 after Haiun 46 comparative adj. in neg. or
in-
torroK. sentence 46 after yorau, prif, superlatives
47
aspirate after a ' as' 48 oquativo not preceded by cyn
51
with prefix gogy- after yn 52 positive adj. after mor 53 aspirate after na '
than ' 54 comparative adj. 66 superlative adj. 60, —1 after numerals 65-7
adj. after dual noun 67—8 abl. of measure, manner 72,
171-2
adj. after un (fern.) 72 ordinals 75-6 pers. pronouns (soft and aspirate) 78
nouns and vbs. after prefixed
and infixed pron. 81 possessive adj. inau, tau 86 vb. after relatives a, y 92
vb. after pan, and pan after
o, na 110
of pan in poetry 110-1 noun after pa, py; of pwy, pa
116-17 adj. after sydd (expressed or
implied) 120 after pa ryw, pa gyfryw, pa
fath 124-5 noun after naill. un', rhai
131, -8 noun after rhyw, unrhyw, cyf-
ryw 139-141
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(delwedd 6906)) (tudalen
206)
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(delwedd 6907)) (tudalen
207)
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xxxx Y tudalen
hwn yn Gymraeg (nid oes fersiwn Gymraeg o’r llyfr hwn)
xxxx Aquesta pàgina en català (no és disponible)
yn 
aith
δ δ