kimkat0237e Geiriadur Cymraeg (Gwenhwyseg) - Saesneg / Welsh (Gwentian dialect) – English Dictionary.

01-09-2020

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Catalunya i Gal·les Geiriadur Cymraeg (Gwenhwyseg) - Saesneg Welsh (Gwentian dialect) - English Dictionary E - M AR Y GWEILL GENNYM – Y MAE GWALLAU HEB EU CYWIRO UNDER CONSTRUCTION – THERE ARE UNCORRECTED ERRORS Y Llyfr Ymwelwyr / El Llibre de Visitants / The Guestbook: http://pub5.bravenet.com/guestbook/391211408/ Beth sy’n newydd yn y wefan hon? What’s new in this website? Què hi ha de nou en aquesta web?

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The main purpose of this dictionary is to give an approximation of ‘Gwentian’ Welsh (the Welsh of the former counties of Sir Forgannwg / Glamorganshire and Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire) which might serve to read texts written in the dialect.
Prif amcan y geiriadur hwn yw rhoi fraslun neu amlinelliad o’r Wenhwyseg (Cymraeg hen siroedd Morgannwg and Mynwy) a all fod o fudd wrth ddarllen ysgrifau yn y dafodiaith honno.

Here is a list of material in Gwentian or about Gwentian on this website : Dyma restr o ddeunydd yn y dafodiaith neu sydd yn ymwneud â hi:
kimkat1094e www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/gwenhwyseg_llyfrau-yn-y-wefan-hon_mynegai_0194e.htm

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eclan# [ˡɛklan] (v) 1/ haggle (over a price) 2/ wrangle, bargain (= dadlau [ˡdadlaɪ])

From English HAGGLE / HEGGLE.

(Joseph Wright, English Dialect Dictionary 1903: HEGGLE (Somerset), HEIGLE (West Somerset).

HEGGLE > (HEGL-) + -(AN verbal suffix) > HEGLAN > ??Gwentian ECLAN (this is the presumed Gwentian form – we have found no example as yet in dialect texts)

eclws [ˡɛklʊs] (nf) church (= eglwys [ˡɛgluɪs])

Eclwshīlan [ɛklʊʃi·lan] (nf) village and parish (= Eglwysilan [ɛgluɪsi·lan])

Y Darian. 5 Mehefin 1919. Wēti dōd lawr ō Eclwshīlan (Weti dod lawr o Eclwshilan) having come down from Eglwysilan...

(delwedd 5964)

ecsgíws [ɛkˡskjɪʊs] (nm) excuse (= esgus [ˡɛsgɪs])
ecsgíwsiz [ɛkˡskjɪʊsɪz] (pl) (= esgusion [ɛˡsgɪsjɔn])
gnīthir ecsgíwsiz make excuses

ēddi [ˡe:ðɪ] (adv) today (= heddiw [ˡhe:ðɪʊ])

ēfill [ˡe·vɪɬ] (soft-mutated form) > gēfill

eidīa [əɪˡdi·a] (nf) idea (= syniad [ˡsənjad])
eidīaz [əɪˡdi·az] (pl) ideas (= syniadau [sənˡjadaɪ])

From English IDEA

eithis [ˡəɪθɪs] (adj) terrible, dreadful, terrible (= aethus [ˡəɪθɪs])

yn grȳf eithis terribly strongly

elcyd [ˡɛlkɪd] (v) 1/ hunt (= hela [ˡhɛla]); 2/ gather, collect (= casglu [ˡkasglɪ])

’elp [ɛlp] (nm) See help

Emwnt [ˡɛmʊnt] (nm) 1/ (forename) Edmund (= Emwnt [ˡɛmʊnt]) 2/ (patronymic) son of Edmund (= ab Emwnt [ab ˡɛmʊnt]) 3/ (surname) Edmund, Edmunds (= Emwnt [ˡɛmʊnt])

ēn [e:n] (adj) old (= hen [he:n])

Cf. A Glossary Of Berkshire Words And Phrases. Major B. Lowsley, Royal Engineers. London. Published For The English Dialecl' Society. 1888. (‘All [words and expressions] as now submitted I have heard spoken in Mid-Berkshire.’) AWLD. — Awld is specially used as a term of familiarity, or even endearment. Thus a man would say of his wife, “My awld ’ooman ’ooll hev dinner jus' ready vor us.” [= My old woman will have dinner just ready for us]

ēnad [ˡe:nad] (nm) soul (= enaid [ˡe:naɪd])
gwītho’ch ēnad mǣs ī... work heart and soul in order to...
galli fentro d’ēnad you can bet your life on it (e.g. in threatening an action of reprisal)

Yr Endra [ər ˡɛndra]) (nf) place name (= yr Hendre [ər ˡhɛndrɛ])

Endraforgan [ɛndraˡvɔrgan]) (nf) place name (= Hendreforgan [hɛndrɛˡvɔrgan]) (The Diary of William Herbert, 1886-87)

énfilop [ˡɛnvɪlɔp] (nm) envelope (= amlen [ˡamlɛn])

énfilops [ˡɛnvɪlɔps] (pl) (= amlenni [amˡlɛnɪ])

ennill [ˡɛnɪɬ] win (= ennill [ˡɛnɪɬ] )
nillws [ˡnɪɬʊs] (= enillws) he / she / it won
Also: ennith [ˡɛnɪθ]

enwētig [ɛnˡwe·tɪg] especial (= enwedig [ɛnˡwe·dɪg])
yn enwētig / nenwētig especially
(Other forms and spellings: enwetig, enwetic)

ēno [ˡe·nɔ] (adv) tonight (= heno [ˡhe·nɔ])

esgid [ˡɛsgɪd] (nf) shoe (= esgid [ˡɛsgɪd])
sgitsha [ˡsgɪʧa] (pl) shoes (= esgidiau [əˡsgɪdjaɪ])
For the development of the plural form, see the separate entry sgitsha.

esmwth [ˡɛsmʊθ] (adj) smooth (= esmwyth [ˡɛsmuiθ])

shincyn esmwth [ˡʃɪŋkɪn ˡɛsmʊθ]) (west Glamorgan ) bread or toast in a bowl onto which hot water ot tea is poured, and to which butter is then added, and sugar or salt or pepper or nutmeg; ‘shincyn’.

estar [ˡɛstar] (nf) row (= rhestr [ˡrhɛstɛr])
estar fǣch ō dai a small row of houses
y rhestr > y rhester (epenthetic vowel) > y rester (loss of h) > y restar (Gwentian ‘a’) > yr estar (an example of ‘camraniad’ or false splitting)
(yr) Estar Fawr (the) High Street, Rhymni

Y Pētar Estar (the four rows / terraces / ranks) These were early nineteenth century (c1810?) ironworkers' houses in Tredegar, called "The Four Rows" in English. The "Ystrad Deri" housing estate was built on the site of Y Pētar Estar.

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Tarian y Gweithiwr 11 Ebrill 1895

NODION O RYMNI.

Bendith ar ben Cymry America am roddi cofgolofn anrhydeddus ar fedd un o blant Rhymni, sef y diweddar gerddor Gwilym Gwent. Nid yw pawb o ddarllenwyr y DARIAN yn gwybod mai yma y magwyd ef, y mae yn bosibl. Beth bynag, yr ydym am roddi gwybod iddynt, ac hefyd yn dymuno adgofio y rhai hyny sydd wedi anghofio fod yma rai o hyd yn ei gofio yn hogyn bychan gyda’i dad a'i lysfam, yn un o dai y ‘Rhestr Fawr,’ ac yn el gofio tua deg oed, a’i gam byr, a'i fox bwyd ar ei gefn yn myned i’r pwll glo, fel y rhelyw o blant Rhymni. Yn y talcen glo drachefn, gwelid ar y rhaw a'r pyst coed ôl traed brain (ys dywed yr hen bobl am notes y cerddorion). Wedi dychwelyd o'r gwaith, byddai yn gwneud gwahanol offerynau cerdd o goed, a hyny gyda’r gyllell boced yn unig, ac yn arwain plant y gymydogaeth o gwmpas yr heolydd yn eu marching order, i chwareu yr offerynau hyny. Y mae y gofgolofn yn werth rhyw ddau cant o bunnau, ac nid ydym yn gwybod am neb o blant y gân sydd yn fwy teilwng.

Tarian y Gweithiwr (The Worker’s Shield) 11 April 1895

NOTES FROM RHYMNI.

A blessing for the American Welsh for placing an honouring memorial on the tomb of one of Rhymney's sons, namely the late musician Gwilym Gwent. Possibly not all DARIAN readers know that he was brought up here. Be that as it may, we are making this known to them, and also we wish to remind those who have forgotten that there are still some people here who remember him as a little lad with his father and his stepmother, in one of the houses of the ‘Rhestr Fawr’ (= 'Great Row / Terrace’), and remember him at the age of about ten

with his short step, and his food box on his back, going to the colliery, like the rest of the children of Rhymney. Then at the coal face, on the shovel and the wooden props one could see the footprints of crows (as the old people would call the notes of musicians). After returning from work, he would make different musical instruments out of wood, (and that) with just a pocket knife, and lead the children of the neighborhood around the streets in a march (‘in their their marching order’) to play these instruments. The monument is worth about two hundred pounds, and we do not know about any of the devotees of music (‘children of song’) who are more deserving.

etfan [ˡɛtvan]) (v) fly (= hedfan [ˡhɛdvan])
etfan drw’r ywyr fly through the air

Etwart [ˡɛtwart]) (nm) Edward (= Edward [ˡɛdward])
Edward was considered to be an equivalent of the native name Iorwerth because of its vague resemblance; it was used early on as a substitute for Iorwerth, and is found as a surname in the form Edward, Edwards, Bedward (= ab Edward).

In the nineteenth century, in writers’ pseudonyms, an Edward might style himself Iorwerth. See Iōrath, the Gwentian form of Iorwerth.

ewl [ɛʊl] (f) street (= heol [ˡhe·ɔl])
ewlydd [ˡɛʊlɪð] (pl) streets (= heolydd [heˡo·lɪð])

ar yr ewl in the street, on the street

Pen-rewl [pɛnˡrɛʊl] (place name) (= Pen-yr-heol [pɛn ər ˡhe·ɔl]) (= top end of the road”)
Tyn-rewl [tɪnˡrɛʊl] (place name) (cf 1891 Census: ‘Tyn Rhewl’ (Cilybebyll) (= Tyn-yr-heol [tɪn ər ˡhe·ɔl]) (= smallholding by the road”)

ewl lǣs green way, green lane (North Wales: fford las) ?a track bounded by trees and bushes or hedgerows.

Name of various places (e.g. 1] Llwynfedw / Birchgrove, Abertawe; 2] farm near in Llan-gan, Y Bont-faen / Cowbridge; 3] farm in Creunant).

Yr Ewl-ddī [ər ɛʊl ˡði:] (f) street (= Yr Heol-ddu [ər he·ɔl ˡ ði:])

(delwedd 5950)

falla [ˡvaɬa] (adv) perhaps, maybe (= efallai [ɛˡvaɬaɪ], = hwyrach [ˡhuɪrax])

Also walla [ˡwaɬa], with [f] > [w]

falla bō chī’n ffīli diall blē... maybe you are wondering where... (‘failing to understand’)

FALLA < EFALLAI < EF A ALLAI (EF = it) + (A = which) + soft mutation + (GALLAI = might be)

Y Fartag [ə ˡvartag] village name (= Y Farteg [ə ˡvartɛg])

(delwedd 5819)

Y Feinor [ə ˡvəɪnɔr] village name (= Y Faenor [ə ˡvəɪnɔr])
Spelt in English as Vaynor which more or less indicates the Welsh pronunciation

fer [vɛr] (nf) fir tree (= ffynidwydden [fənɪdwəðɛn])

pren fer fir tree

cōd fer fir trees

Other words in Welsh are: ffir [fir] (from modern English fir), fyr / pren fyr [fɪr, prɛn fɪr] (from Middle English vyrre = fir tree, or modern south-western-English dialects).

GPC notes (translated from Welsh) “ferren – diminutive form. The forms in general use in Morgannwg / Glamorgan and Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire are ‘y fer, pren fer, coed fer’ (with a short ‘e’). There is a place in Llansadwrn, Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire called Pant-y-fer (= hollow of the fire tree).”

Note: VEER. sb. Fir tree. [Kingscote.] (A Glossary Of Dialect And Archaic Words Used In The County Of Gloucester. 1890. John Drummond Robertson. Born Cuileann Ros, Siorrachd Pheairt, Alba (= Culross, Perthshire, Scotland) 02-02-1857. Died (77) 10-10-1934, Torbay, England. Edited By Lord Moreton (Henry Haughton Reynolds-Moreton) Born London 04-03-1857. Died (63) London 28-02-1920.)

ffact [fakt] (nf) fact (= ffaith [faɪθ])

dyna bēth ffact ī chi and that’s a fact (‘there is + a thing of a fact + to you’)

ffamws [ˡfamʊs] (adj) splendid, fine, wonderful (= gwych [gwi:x]; ardderchog [arˡðɛrxɔg])

ffecto [ˡfɛktɔ] (v) effect (= effeithio ar [ɛˡfəɪθjɔ ar])

ffeilētig [fəɪˡle·tɪg] (adj) (especially by old age) feeble, incapacitated, disabled, handicapped (= methedig [mɛˡθe·dɪg], ffaeledig [fəɪˡle·dɪg])

Also: ffilētig [fɪˡle·tɪg]

(delwedd 5905)

Y Gwladgarwr. 15 Hydref 1859. I’R CLAF NEU FFAELEDIG! Y MAE MR. J. L. PRICHARD, PROFESSWR Y REMEDIAL FLUID, Llysieuydd Meddygol, Medical Galvanist, Chemist, Druggist, Dentist, &c.,

GOGYFER Y BUSH INN, HEOL FAWR, DOWLAIS, Yn dymuno tynu sylw y cyhoedd ei fod yn barhaus yn

gwneuthur canoedd o cures, a' r ddynion [sic; = ar ddynion] o pob [sic; = bob] cwr o’r wlad pan y mae y Doctoriaid yr Infirmaries a'r Hospitals blaenaf yn y deyrnas yn methu gwneud dim lles, daw unrhyw berson attaf, caiff berffaith foddlonrwydd o’r canoedd gwelliadau hynod ac sydd wedi cael ei gwneuthur, ac yn cael eu gwneud ar bob math o afiechyd a doluriau, trwy effeithiau Prichard's Patent Restorative Apparatuses, ynghyd a thriniaeth meddygol arall. Cynghor yn ddigost. Am dystiolaethau, gwel handbills. PILLS LLYSIEUOL PRICHARD...

The Gwladgarwr (= the patriot). October 15, 1859. For the sick and incapacitated. MR. J. L. PRICHARD, The Remedial Fluid Professor, Medical Herbalist, Medical Galvanist, Chemist, Druggist, Dentist, etc.,

opposite the Bush Inn, High Street, Dowlais, wishes to draw the attention of the public [to the fact that] that he is continually making hundreds of cures, and that people from all parts of the country for people when the Doctors of the leading infirmaries and hospitals in the kingdom are unable to give relief (= failing to make any benefit’); any person [who] comes to me will get perfect satisfaction from the hundreds of remarkable cures that have been effected (‘hundreds of magnificent improvements which have been made’) and are eing effected (‘made’) qith all types of illness and pain (‘on all kinds of illness and pains’), through the effects of Prichard's Patent RestorativeApparatuses, along with other medical treatment. Advice free of charge. For testimonials, see handbills. PRICHARD’S HERBAL PILLS...

ffeili [ˡfəɪlɪ] (v) fail (= methu [ˡme·θɪ])
Also ffīli [fi·lɪ]

ffein [fəɪn] (adj) (person) fine, splendid (= hynaws [ˡhənaus], = hawddgar [ˡhauðgar])
dȳn ffein yw à he’s a fine man

From English FINE [fain]

ffēnast [ˡfe·nast] (f) window (= fenestr [ˡfe·nɛst, ˡfe·nɛstr])
ffenestri (pl) [fɛˡnɛstrɪ] windows (= ffenestri [fɛˡnɛstrɪ]).

Also ffēnas (cf final st > s in Gwentian in brecwast / brecwas [ˡbrɛkwast / ˡbrɛkwas] = breakfast)
Also ffynestri (pl) [fəˡnɛstrɪ]

NOTES:

(1) The loss of a the final ‘r’ (after t, d, th) in polysyllabic words is a common colloquial Welsh feature.

Thus ffenestr > ffenest.

Other examples (here using standard forms) are:
cebystr (= halter for a horse) > cebyst
aradr (= plough) > arad

(2) In the south-east, a final e > a. Thus ffenest > ffenast.

ffêr [fe:r] (adj) complete, absolute (= cwbl [ˡku”bʊl])

iolyn ffêr complete idiot (iolyn = little Iorwerth) (GPC)

wilbar ffêr complete idiot (wilbar = wheelbarrow) (GPC)

ffīli [fi·lɪ], See ffeili [fəɪlɪ]

ffit [fɪt] (adj) fitting (= addas [ˡa·ðas])

fē fysa'n ffitach fōd... it’d be more fitting if...

fflachdar [ˡflaxdar] (adv) topsy-turvy, sprawling (= pendramwnwgl [pɛndraˡmu·nʊg])
cwmpo’n fflachdar fall in a heap
(From English dialect FLAUGHTER; this same word is noted by Joseph Wright as being used in Scotland (FLAUGHTER = a heavy fall (1838))

ffleio [fləɪɔ] (v) fly (= hedfan [ˡhɛdfan])

Also fflio [fli·ɔ]

ffliw [fliu] (v) flue = duct, passage for air, smoke, gas, etc (= ffliw [fliu])

Ffliw’r Mynydd; Ffliw’r Helyg (in Abercannaid Pit formerly) (“Flue y Mynydd”, “Flue yr Helyg”; 15-11-1888 Tarian y Gweithiwr)

ffliwchan [ˡfliuxan] (v) (of light snow or rain falling) (= bwrw eira ysgafn, bwrw glaw ysgafn [ˡbu·rʊ i·ra / glau ˡesgavn])

ffliwchan īra be snowing with light snowflakes

ffliwchan glaw be raining with fine drops

(Other forms and spellimngs: ffluwchan)

ffop [fɔp] (nm) fop, dandy, coxcomb, swell; vain person with exaggerated concern for clothes and appearance, and who affects elegant manners (= coegyn [ˡkɔɪgɪn])
ffops [fɔp] (pl) (= coegynnau [kɔɪˡgənaɪ])

‘Lewis y Ffop’ / Llysenwau Pontardawe a'r Cylch (= nicknames of Pontardawe and the neighbouring area) http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cwmgors/Llysenwauponty.html

From English FOP, probably related to modern German FOPPEN (= tease, pull the leg of, fool, make fun of, kid)

ffor [fɔr] (adv) how (= sit [sɪt])

Ffor ddāth ā ī w̄pod am... how did he find out about.... how did he get to know about...
PA FFORDD (= which way) > ’FFORDD (loss of pretonic syllable PA) > ’FFOR (= loss of final DD)

(The construction shows the influence of the direct question A DDAETH...? did he come...?

After an adverb the partice is Y, which does nor cause soft mutation: PA FFORDD Y DAETH... Such particles are usually dropped in spoken Welsh, though any mutation caused remains)

ffôt [fo:t] (nf) fault = (geology) crack (= toriad [ˡtɔrjad])

ffôts [fo:ts] (pl) (= toriadau [tɔrˡja·daɪ])

ffowntan [ˡfɔuntan] (nf) ornamental fountain, drinking fountain (= ffownten [ˡfɔuntɛn])
ffowntanz [fɔuntanz] (pl) (= ffowntenni [fɔunˡtɛnɪ])

ffresh [frɛʃ] (adj) fresh (= ffres [frɛʃ])

ffritwn [ˡfrɪtʊn] (nf) fritter (= ffriter [ˡfrɪtɛr])
ffritwnz [ˡfrɪtʊnz] (pl) (= ffriteri [ˡfrɪte·rɪ])
NOTE: adapted from Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru

ffrwmp [frʊm] (nm) pride, swagger (= balchder, rhwysg [ˡbalxdɛr, hruisg])

ffw̄rwm īshta [ˡfu·rʊm ˡɪʃta] (nm) bench (= the bench (of) sitting, the sitting bench) (= ffwrm eistedd [fu·rm ˡəɪstɛð])
At Machen there is a former inn (now a restaurant 21-07-2017) called Y Ffw̄rwm Īshta, so called from an ancient bench outside the house.
Cf. ZETTLE — A long wooden bench to accommodate several persons ; it is found at way-side public houses and in outer

kitchens or brew.houses of farm houses. A Glossary Of Berkshire Words And Phrases. Major B. Lowsley, Royal Engineers. London. Published For The English Dialecl' Society. 1888. (‘All [words and expressions] as now submitted I have heard spoken in Mid-Berkshire.’)

(Other spellings: ffwrwm, ffwrm, ishta)

fī [vi:] (pronoun) I, me (= fi [vi:])

fyswn ī bỳth yn... [ˡvəsʊn i: bɪθ ən..])] (phrase) I’d never... (= ni fuaswn byth yn.... [ni: vɪˡa·sʊn bɪθ ən..])

Also: swn ī bỳth yn... (i.e. first syllable – the pretonic syllable - dropped)

Y Gǣr [ә gɛ:r] (v) Location in Casnewydd. (= Y Gaer [ә gaɪr]).

(Other spellings: Gaer, Gær, Gare)

gàffar [ˡgafar] (v) gaffer, boss (= pennaeth [ˡpɛnaɪθ])

(other spellings: gaffar, gaffer, gaffars, gaffers)

gāfal [ˡga·vaɬ] (nf) hold, grip, grasp (= gafael [ˡga·vaɪɬ])
cǣl gāfal yn... get hold of...

(Other spellings: gafal, gafel, gafael, afal, afel, afael, nhgafal, ngafel, ngafael)

galifanto [galɪˡvantɔ] wander about (seeking enjoyment or pleasure)

English GALLIVANT, from 1800+, perhaps some variant of GALLANT.

GALLIVANT 1/ wander around looking for fun 2/ go about with someone of the opposite sex

Gallivant. To be gadding about on a spree with a companion of the opposite sex (S.): to run after the girls, or 'chaps,' as the case may be.--N. & S.W.

A Glossary Of Words Used In The County Of Wiltshire. George Edward Dartnell And The Rev. Edward Hungerford Goddard, M.A. The English Dialect Society. 1893.

(English GALLIVANT > GALIFANT) + (-IO verbal suffix) > GALIFANTIO (= Gwentian GALIFANTO)

gallu [ˡgaɬɪ] (v) be able to (= gallu [ˡgaɬɪ])
alla ī ddim mynd I can’t go > (rapid speech) alla i’m mynd, ’lla i’m mynd

gālw [ˡga·lʊ] (v) 1/ call (= summon) 2/ call (= give a name to) (= galw [ˡga·lʊ])

gālw rw̄un ar bōb ēnw drw̄g call somebody every name under the sun (‘call somebody on every bad name’)

Y Gār [ə ˡga:r]. See Y Gǣr [ə ˡgɛ:r] (= place name; the fortress, camp, earthwork)

gātal [ˡga·tal] (v) leave (= gadael [ˡga·daɪl])

(other forms and spellings: giatal)

gēfill [ˡge·vɪɬ] (nm) twin (= gefaill [ˡge·vaɪɬ])
dou ēfill yw Wil ā Dai Wil and Dai are twins (‘(it is) two twins that-are Wil and Dai’)

geino [gəɪnɔ] (v) 1/ convalesce (= ymadfer [əˡmadvɛr]) 2/ make gains (= symud ymlaen [ˡsəmɪd əˡmlaɪn])

From English GAIN = to win, acquire

(GEIN) + (-IO verbal suffix) > GEINIO (> Gwentian GEINO)

Gelli-gǣr [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡgɛ:r] (f) village name (= Gelli-gaer [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡgaɪr]).

The name ought to be (in standard Welsh) Celli’r-gaer / Celli-gaer

‘the grove by the [Roman] fort’ (CELLI = grove) + (YR definite article) + soft mutation + (CAER = fort), but the soft-mutated form (possibly because of its frequency as such after prepositions – o Gelli-gaer (= from), i Gelli-gaer (= to) , yn Gelli-gaer (standard yng Nghelli-gaer) (= in)) has come to be regarded as the radical form.

(Other spellings; Gellygare)

(delwedd 5949)

geso [gɛsɔ] (v) guess (= dyfalu [dəˡva·lr])

English GUESS; (GES) + (verbal suffix -IO) > GESIO (> Gwentian GESO)

Y Gilfach-gōch [ə ˡgɪlvax ˡgo:x]) (nf) name of village (= Y Gilfach-goch [ə ˡgɪlvax ˡgo:x]) (‘the red nook, the red corner’)

Gilfāchyn [gɪlˡva·xɪn]) (nm) inhabitant of Y Gilfach-goch (Y Darian 20-04-1916) (strictly speaking, GILFACH + -YN would give GILFECHYN, through vowel affection A > E from the influence of the following Y, but in recent Welsh (1800+?) the feature seems to have fallen into disuse.

girfa# [ˡgɪrva] (nf) vocabulary (= geirfa [ˡgəɪrva])
girfa·on# [gɪrˡva·ɔn] (pl) (= geirfaon [gəɪrˡva·ɔn])
(first example of the word GEIRFA occurs in 1858, according to GPC. Included here in Gwentian guise (GIRFA) as we have used it in the title for our Gwentian vocabulary section!)

gita [ˡgɪta] (prep) with (= â [a:], gyda [ˡgəda])

gita cryndod yn ī laish in a shaky voice

glǣn [glɛ:n] (adj) clean; beautiful (= glân [gla:n] = clean)

glǣs [glɛ:s] (adj) (1) blue; (2) (vegetation) green; (3) (coin) silver; (= glas [gla:s])
glīshon [ˡgli·ʃɔn] (pl) ] (= gleision [ˡgləɪsjɔn])
arian glīshon silver = silver coins

See: Beili-glǣs (= green farmyard)

In place names with an Englished spelling, glǣs is spelt as ‘glace’, which is (very) approximately the local Gwentian pronunciation: “...though the Welsh language has died out, the people have retained the old Gwentian pronunciation of the county's place-names, for example: Maceglace (Maesglas), Brynglace (Brynglas)...” Some Thoughts and Notes on the English of South Wales / D. Parry-Jones / National Library of Wales Journal. / 1974, Winter. Volume XVIII/4.

Cǣ Gleishon / Cǣ Glīshon /
Examples are

1/ Llangasty Tal-y-llyn, Brycheiniog (noted as Cae Gleishon);

2/ (outside the Gwentian area) a document dated 27 October 1770 held at the Shropshire Records Office (SRO 2847/9/3) mentions the Cae glision in Melverley, Shropshire, England just across the border between England and Wales;

3/ a field name in Rhondda (Cae Glishon; Rhondda Place Names, Rhondda Leader 2 September 1909).

The name would appear to be in full ‘cae’r gleision’, where ‘glas’ is possibly a plant name (e.g. Isatis tinctoria, dyer’s woad) (‘(the) field (of) the woad-plants’)

Tyla-glǣs, farm by Gelli-gaer (c.1782: Tylla Glase) (= green hill)

Y Pant-glǣs [ə pant ˡglɛ:s] (nm) place name (= the green hollow) (= Y Pant-glas [ə pant ˡgla:s])

Y Glaish [ə ˡglaɪʃ] (nm) village name (= Y Glais [ə ˡglaɪs]) (glais = stream; nowadays only in place names)

glan [glan] (nf) river bank (= glan [glan])
glanna [glana] (= glannau [ˡglanaɪ])

byw ar lan yr āfon live next to the river (‘on the river bank’)

glān [gla:n], See glǣn [glɛ:n] (= clean; fair, pretty)

glanwadd [ˡglanwað] (nm) pretty (= glanwedd [ˡglanwɛð])

menyw lanwadd digynnig an extremely attractive woman

glās [gla:s]. See glǣs [glɛ:s] (= blue; green)

glaw [glau] rain (= glaw [glau])

There existed an alternative (but erroneous) spelling gwlaw, which GPC notes as first appearing
in 1681, and it ascribes this to the influence of the words gwlyb (= wet) and gwlych (= liquid, fluid)

glō [glo:] (m) coal (= glo [glo:])
pwll glō (m) coal mine, coal pit, colliery (= pwll glo)
torri glō hew coal

Y Glōran [ə ˡglɔ·ran] a nickname for the cwmwd (commote) of Glynrhondda. See cloran.

gnīthir [ˡgni·θɪr] (v) make (= gwneud [gwnəɪd, gwneuthur [ˡgwnəɪθɪr])

golycu [gɔˡləkɪ] (v) mean (= golygu [gɔˡləgɪ])

Gomorrah [gɔˡmɔra] (-) 1/ (Bible) (Genesis 19:24, 19:25) (= Gomorrah [gɔˡmɔra])

One of two cities near the Dead Sea (Sodom was the other) destroyed by God because of the wicked behaviour of their inhabitants. 2/ Sodom and Gomorrah – a district of two streets so called in Pontlotyn - Chapel Street was Gomorrah and Bute Terrace was Sodom.

http://www.rootschat.com/forum/index.php?topic=535430.0

gōla [ˡgo·la] (nm) 1/ light; 2/ light (= electric light, etc) (= golau [ˡgo·laɪ])

roi’r gōla m**s turn off the light

gōlwg [ˡgo·lʊg] (nm) 1/ look, appearance (= golwg [ˡgo·lʊg])

wi’m līco gōlwg y bachān ’na I don’t like the look of that man over there

2/ great number

gōlwg ō bōpol very many people

Cf Devon dialect (‘Sight: great quantity or number’. Rustic Sketches; being poems on angling ... in the dialect of East Devon ... George Philip Rigney Pulman 1842)

gomrod [ˡgɔmrɔd] (nm) excess; (adv) too much (= gormod [ˡgɔmrɔd])

See gormodd

gōnast [ˡgo·nast] (adj) honest (= gonest [ˡgo·nɛst])

fǣ wētas yn ōnast... I said honestly...

English ONEST (i.e. HONEST); an initial ‘g’ added since it was supposed that ‘onest’ was a soft-mutated form of ‘gonest’.

Cf the word in northern Welsh and standard Welsh ALLT (= hill) which is South Wales is GALLT (= wooded hill).

gōpath [ˡgo·paθ] (nm) hope (= gobaith [ˡgo·baɪθ])
gobeithion [gɔˡbəɪθjɔn] (pl) hopes (= gobeithion [gɔˡbəɪθjɔn])
Also: gopith [ˡgo·pɪθ]

gōra [ˡgo·ra] (adj) best (= gorau [ˡgo·raɪ])

gormodd [ˡgɔrmɔð] (nm) excess; (adv) too much (= gormod [ˡgɔrmɔd])

Also gomrod [ˡgɔmrɔd]

yn ormodd lawar (adv) far too much

grondo [ˡgrɔndɔ] (v) to listen (= gwrando [ˡgwrandɔ])

rw̄ ī wēti grondo arno fà lawar ō wītha I’ve listened to him many times

falla grindiff à arno chī nawr maybe he’ll listen to you now

Y Grōs-fǣn [ə gro:s ˡvɛ:n] (nf) village name; between Pen-tyrch and Llantrisant (= Y Groes-faen [ə grɔɪs ˡvaɪn])

Other forms and spellings: Englished as Crossvane. Groesfan.

grūdd [gri:ð] (eb) cheek (= grudd [gri:ð])

gruddia [ˡgrɪðja] (pl) (= gruddiau [ˡgrɪðjaɪ]

Grùff [grɪf] (nm) short form of the forename Griffidd

(other forms and spellings: Gruff, Griff)

Grūffudd [ˡgri·fɪð] (nm) forename (= Gruffudd [ˡgri·fɪð])

(Other spellings: Griffydd, Gruffydd)

grūg [gri:g] (mass noun ) heather (= grug [gri:g])

Also: gwrūg [gwri:g] (See GPC under grug)

grūcos [ˡgri·kɔs] small heather clumps (= grugos [ˡgri·gɔs])

Hence Y Rūcos (place name). officially (though incorrectly) as Y Rhigos

gwād [gwa:d]. See gwǣd [gwɛ:d] (= blood)

gwǣd [gwɛ:d] (nm) blood (= gwaed [gwaɪd])

gwǣs [gwɛ:s] (nm) farm labourer (= gwas [gwa:s])
gwīshon [gwi·ˡʃɔn] (pl) (= gweision [gwəɪˡʃɔn] )

gwǣth [gwɛ:θ] (adj) worse (= gwaeth [gwaɪθ])

gwāth [gwa:θ]. See gwǣth [gwɛ:θ] (= worse)

gwaith [gwaɪθ] (nm) (= standard Welsh gwaith [gwaɪθ])
PLURAL: gweitha [ˡgwəɪθa]. Also gwītha [ˡgwi:θa]. (= standard Welsh gweithiau [ˡgwəɪθjaɪ].

1/ work;

2/ works; ironworks, coal mine

gwaith brics [gwaɪθ ˡbrɪks] brickworks

gwaith glō [gwaɪθ ˡglo:] coal mine

gwaith arn [gwaɪθ ˡarn] ironworks (= standard Welsh gwaith haearn [gwaɪθ ˡhəɪarn])

gwaith copor [gwaɪθ ˡkɔpɔr] copperworks

See Y Gweitha

gwās [gwa:s]. See gwǣs [gwɛ:s] (= farmhand, servant)

gwashgōti [gwaʃˡgo·tɪ] (v) (1) to shelter, (2) to shade, to put in shadow (= gwasgodi [gwasˡgo·dɪ])
Also gwishgōti [gwɪʃˡgo·tɪ]
NOTE: (1) In the South d at the beginning of the final syllable becomes t, 
(2) s becomes sh in the vicinity of ‘i’ but sometimes in other environments
Source: Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, page 1596

gw̄ddoch [ˡgu·ðɔx] (v) you know See gw̄pod [ˡgu·pɔd] = to know

gwddw̄ca [gʊˡðu·ka] (pl) necks, throats. See gwddf [gʊðv] = neck, throat

gw̄ddwg [ˡgu·ðʊg] (nm) neck, throat (= gwddf [gʊðv])
gwddw̄ca [gʊˡðu·ka] (= gyddfau [ˡgəðvaɪ])

Also: gyddyca [gəˡðəka]

gweirwr [ˡgwəɪrʊr] (nm) haymaker (= gweiriiwr [ˡgwəɪrjʊr])
gweirwrz# [ˡgwəɪθʊrz] (pl) (= gweirwyr [ˡgwəɪrwɪr])

Also gwīrwr# [ˡgwi·rʊr], gwīrwrz# [ˡgwi·θʊrz]

Y Gweitha [ə ˡgwəɪθa] (pl) ‘The Works’, the ironworks and coal mines of south-east Wales (= y Gweithiau [ə ˡgwəɪθjaɪ])
Also Y Gwītha [ə ˡgwi·θa].

gweitha [ˡgwəɪθa] (adj) worst (= gwaethaf [ˡgwəɪθav])
y pēth gweitha the worst thing

gweitho [ˡgwəɪθɔ] (v) to work (= gweithio [ˡgwəɪθjɔ])
Also gwītho [ˡgwi·θɔ].
NOTES: In the South 
(1) ei in the penult > ī [i·], 
(2) initial [j] in a final syllable is lost

gweithwr [ˡgwəɪθʊr] (nm) worker (= gweithiwr [ˡgwəɪθjʊr])
gweithwrs [ˡgwəɪθʊrs] (pl) (= gweithwyr [ˡgwəɪθwɪr])

Also gwīthwr [ˡgwi·θʊr], gwīthwrs [ˡgwi·θʊrs]

gwēll [gwe:ɬ] (adj) better (= gwell [gwe:ɬ])

mà rai yn wēll nā’i gīddyl some are better than others

gwella [ˡgwɛɬa] (v) get better, improve (= gwella [ˡgwɛɬa])

gwēly [ˡgwe·lɪ] (nm) bed (= gwely [ˡgwe·lɪ])

gwelȳa [gwɛˡɬi·a] (pl) (= gwelyai [gwɛˡɬi·aɪ])

Gwēnar [ˡgwe·nar] (nm) Friday (= Gwener [ˡgwe·nɛr])
dȳ Gwēnar Friday
nōs Wēnar Friday night

Gwent [gwɛnt] (nf) Gwent, (archaic) Gwentland; = region of south-east Wales of which part was incorporated into England (= Gwent [gwɛnt])

(delwedd 2290e)
Cas-gwent town on the border with England (Chepstow) (= castell Gwent; the castle (at the entrance to) Gwent’)
Caer-went town in Gwent (‘[Roman] fortification at the place called ‘Uenta’)

ORIGIN: The town of Uenta (called by the Romans Uenta Silurum, that is, the Brittonic name Uenta and the Latin genitive plural Silurum (= of the Silurian people, of the Silurians) became, in early Welsh, Uent and later Gwent, and was applied to the territory administered from Uenta. The name of the town itself in Welsh became Caer-went.

(delwedd 7383)

(delwedd 2300c)

Gwent Is Coed (the cantref was divided into six ‘cymydau’ (commotes) – Brynbuga, Llebennydd, Tre-grug, Is Coed, Edeligion, Tryleg.

Gwent Uwch Coed

Dwywent (in poetry c.1400 onwards, ‘the two Gwents’ i.e. Is Coed and Uwch Coed

Gwenwisag# [gwɛnˡwɪsag] (nf) Gwentian = the Welsh dialect of Gwent and Morgannwg; (adj) pertaining to Gwentian (= Gwenhwyseg [gwɛnˡhuɪsɛg])

Although this is the name of the dialect it is more than anything a literary word. The dialect was seen more as a part of ‘iaith y Sowth’ (Southern Welsh), and in the nineteenth century to speakers of south-western Welsh it was ‘iaith y gweithe’ (the language / dialect of the ‘works’ – i.e. the ironworks and coal mines) (locally this name was ‘iaith y gwitha’).

ORIGIN: From GWENNWYS (= the people of Gwent) (GWENT) + (plural suffix indicating inhabitants -WYS).
(GWENNWYS = Gwentians) + (-EG sufiix to denote a language or dialect) > GWENHWYSEG (> Gwentian Gwenwisag)

Doubtless it was pronounced as such if used by dialect speakers, but no evidence of its use with this pronunciation has been noted by us as yet.
However, this is the form we have used as the title of the dictionary.

gwerthi [ˡgwɛruɪsag] (nf) Gwentian = the Welsh dialect of Gwent and Morgannwg; (adj) pertaining to Gwentian (= Gwenhwyseg [gwɛnˡhuɪsɛg])

gwētas [ˡgwe·tas] (v) I said (= dywedais [dəˡwe·daɪs]). See gweid [gwəɪd] = to say

gwētws [ˡgwe·tʊs] (v) he / she / it said (= dywedodd [dəˡwe·dɔð]). See gweid [gwəɪd] = to say

gweud [gwəɪd] (v) say (= dweud [gwəɪd], dywedyd [dəˡwe·dɪd])
Compare North Wales DEUD.

gwētoch chī fynnoch chi (= dywedoch chi a fynnoch chi) – say what you like (“you may say that which you may wish”)
gwētws a (= dywedodd e) he said

nà fi'n gweud wrthoch chi nawr I’m telling you; honestly I will (‘there’s me telling you now’)

gweulod [ˡgwəɪlɔd] (nm) bottom (= gwaelod [ˡgwəɪlɔd])
gweuloton# [gwəɪˡlo·tɔn] (pl) (= gweilodion [gwəɪˡlɔdjɔn])

Also gwīlod [ˡgwi·lɔd]

mandral gwīlod [ˡgwi·lɔd] large heavy pick (= mandrel gwaelod [ˡmandrɛl ˡgwəɪlɔd])

Y Gwīla [ə ˡgwi·la] (nf pl) Christmastime (= Nadolig [naˡdo·lɪg], Y Gwyliau [ə ˡguilja])
NOTES: (1) The diphthong wy [ui] has become consonant + vowel [wi-] 
(compare the southern form of wy [ui] = egg, which is wi [wi:]). 
(2) The i- at the beginning of the final syllable is dropped (a usual feature of the south). 
(3) The plural ending -au is -a (a typical south-eastern feature). 
In Catalan, this concept of Christmastime is the same. The Christmas period is called ‘Les Festes’ (the feast-days, the twelve days of Christmas, the twelve days after Christmas Day - December 26 27 28 29 30 31; January 1 2 3 4 5 6).

gwīr [gwi:r] (nm) truth (= gwir [gwi:r])
ī chī'n gweyd càlon y gwīr you’re quite right (‘you’re saying the heart of the truth’)

gwīr [gwi:r] (adj) true (= gwir [gwi:r])

ītha gwīr quite true

gwishgo [ˡgwɪʃgɔ] (v) to wear (= gwisgo [ˡgwɪsgɔ])

gwishgōti [gwɪʃˡgo·tɪ] (v) to shelter > gwashgōti [gwaʃˡgo·tɪ]

gwītho [gwi·θɔ] (v) to work > gweitho [gwəɪθɔ]

gwītw [ˡgwi·tʊ] (nf) widow (= gweddw [ˡgwe·ðʊ])

y wītw the widow

gwlād [gwla:d]. See gwlǣd [gwlɛ:d]

gwlǣd [gwlɛ:d] (nf) 1/ country 2/ a great quantity (= gwlad [gwla:d])
gwlēdydd [ˡgwle·dɪð] (= gwledydd [ˡgwle·dɪð])

mà nò wlǣd ō lō there’s an immense amount of coal there

Gwlǣd Myrddin [gwlɛ:d ˡmərðɪn] (nf) 1/ poetical name for Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire

(= Gwlad Myrddin [gwla:d ˡmərðɪn]

gw̄pod [ˡgu·pɔd] (v) know (= gwybod [ˡguɪbɔd])
dim trw̄ w̄pod ī fī not as far as I know (‘not through knowing to me’)

ǣb yn gw̄pod ī fī without my knowing; unintentionally (‘without a-knowing to me’)

fel gw̄ddoch chī as you know
Note 100: www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_geiriaduron/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-nodiadau_100_wy-cwympo-cwmpo_0195e.htm

gwybōtath [guiˡbo·taθ] (nf) knowledge (= gwybodaeth [guiˡbo·daɪθ])
gwybōtath gwybētyn (‘(the) knowledge (of a) midge’)
(expression noted by Gilbert Ruddock in Merthyrtudful) https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=welsh-termau-cymraeg;49b0e6c.0306

gwraig [gwraig] (nf) 1/ woman 2/ wife (= gwraig [gwraig])
gwrācadd [ˡgwra·kað] (= gwragedd [ˡgwra·gɛð])
Māri ngwraig my wife Mary (= Mari fy ngwraig)

gwrīg [gwri:g] (mass noun) heather (= grug [gri:g])

See grīg [gri:g]

gwýllti [ˡgwiɬtɪ]) (v) rush (= brysio [ˡbrəʃɔ]; in standard Welsh gwylltu [ˡgwiɬtɪ]) usually means ‘to become angry’ )
gwētwch wrthi nāg ōs dim īsha īddi wylltu ī ddōd nôl
tell her there’s no need for her to rush to get back

Gwýnfi [ˡgwɪnvɪ]) (nf) river name (= Gwynfi [ˡgwənvɪ])
Also a male forename, from the river name (also slightly Englished in spelling and spelt with a ‘v’, Gwynvi, )

gwýnt [gwɪnt] (m) wind (= gwynt [gwɪnt])
gwyntodd [ˡgwɪntɔð] (pl) winds (= gwyntoedd [ˡgwɪntɔɪð])

gyddyca [gəˡðəka] (pl) see gwddf [gʊðv] = neck, throat

gyta with

gytag a with him

Also gita

h [aɪʧ] (nf) aitch, name of the letter (= h [aɪʧ])
1 In the south-east of Wales the ‘h’ is usually absent. This characterisitic was carried over into the English of south-east Wales.

The existence of this trait in the Welsh of this region is probably the result of the influence of neighbouring Engñsh dialects where the ‘h’ was also absent. It is not a feature of other Welsh dialects.

2 In general, the existence of the ‘h’ is ‘remembered’, and it reappears in cases of emphasis in the colloquial register, or when a speaker uses a more formal register of Welsh (though for some speakers there is a tendency to hypercorrect, and place an ‘h’ where it is not required - a trait also of the English of some speakers in the south-east of Wales - “an ’eavy piece of hiron” Loss of ‘h’ is not usuual in other varieties of Welsh. It is probably a feature of pronunciation copied from south-western English dialects.

In this dictionary, we exclude the ‘h’ [h] in Gwentian words.

NOTE: In the Forest of Dean, just over the Welsh border in England and contiguous with the Gwentian-speaking area of Wales, a commentator on the dialect of the forest has remarked: The letter 'H' be zeldom uzed in Vorest - 'cept wer it zhouldn't be. The letter 'H' can be added to a werd - zpecialy wen a 'ooman da wun a zound 'posh': Er 'ad a neck az ong az a hostrich. Garge's dahter uzed ta zing in the Hopera. (Keith Morgan / BBC Where I Live – Gloucestershire / http://www.bbc.co.uk/gloucestershire/voices2005/glossary.shtml ) (= The letter H is seldom used in the Forest [of Dean] – except where it shouldn’t be. The letter H can be added to a word – especially when a woman wants to sound posh. She had a neck as long as a ‘hostrich’. George’s daughter used to sing in the ‘hopera’.

In The Linguistic Atlas of England / Harold Orton, Stewart Sanderson, John Widdowson / 2013, it is stated that “the initial aspirate [is] typically lost in English regional speech... [it] is retained in three well-defined areas: the extreme North [of England], an area from East Anglia to north Sussex, and a smaller enclave in the South West.” That is, h-loss is a typical feature of English in England, apart from that part of the country bordering on Scotland, a zone in East Anglia, and one in Somerset.

Examples of ‘h’ restored erroneously:

ffor ddes i’r Mowntan Hash (...how I came to Mountain Ash). Y Darian. 1 Mehefin 1916.

haf (= summer) > ǣf,

halier (= haulier, mineworker in charge of horses and drams) > aliar,

hanes (= story, history) > ānas,

help > elp

Hendref (= place name; winter farm) > Endra,

heol (= street) > ewl,

hiraeth (= longing) > īrath

hōlo (make a hole) > ōlo

Examples of hypercorrection with ‘h’:

heidïa (= eidïa – English: idea)

Mowntan Hash (= Mountain Ash)

i [ɪ] in Gwentian in a final syllable for ai [aɪ] in standard Welsh: e.g. defaid > dēfid, llygaid > llycid, ychain > ychin

ī Disambiguation (1) preposition = to (standard Welsh i); (2) personal pronoun = she (standard Welsh hi); (3) this same personal pronoun used as a preverbal particle (standard Welsh fe); (4) from the verb bod ‘to be’ – i chi = you are (standard Welsh yr ych chi, yr ydych chi), i chi? = are you? (standard Welsh a ych (chi)?, a ydych (chi)?), i chi ddim (standard Welsh nid ych (chi), nid ydych (chi)).

hala [ˡhala] (v) See the aitchless form ala [ˡala] (= send; spend)

hōcan [ˡho·kan] See the aitchless form ōcan [ˡo·kan] (v) haggle over a price

1/ ī [i:] (preposition) to (followed by soft mutation of p c t; bg b d; m ll (rh)

2/ ī [i:] (personal pronoun) she
As an empty pronoun (= one that has no apparent meaning but is a necessary part of a phrase)
bagla ī ō mà! get away from here!, be off with you!, run away! (baglu = run away, dash off)

gwân i odd' mà! get away from here!, away with you!, clear off! (gwanu = stab, prick, penetrate; rush, dash)

3/ ī [i:] (preverbal particle) (= fe [ve:] southern, mi [mi] northern.) These were originally the personal pronoun before a verb. Mi a welais (= ‘(it is) I who saw) became mi welais i (empty particle + I saw + I), and in the north was used for all persons (mi welodd o, instead of fe welodd o). In the south generally, ‘fe’ (= he) became the empty particle. In Gwentian, the use of ī (= I) was common (a variant form of fi, with the loss of the initiall [v], also used with a first-person singular meaning in other contexts).

ī gwnson they got up (= fe godasant; the Gwentian form is actually equivalent to fe gychwynasant in standard Welsh which means ‘they began, they set out’)

The Welsh Personal Pronoun / T. Arwyn Watkins / (1977) Word 28:1-2
Speaking of the use of preverbal particles in Llansamlet, Watkins states about the southern particles FE [ve:] and I [i:]

“Both are generalized preverbal particles, and they seem to be in free variation. The preverbal particle is in fact only found in the spontaneous speech of the oldest generation, and then only very infrequently. It seems to indicate emphatic verbal amffirmation: i we-les i e "I DID see him"; ve na·θ e ve "He DID do it".... The i could be either a first singular (vi - i) or a third person singular feminine Since the first singular form mi does occur in many dialects as a generalized preverbal particle, whereas the third pcrson singular feminine form hi, as far as is known, does not, it has taken for granted that the first equation is the right one.”

4/ ī [i:] (verb)

5/ ī [i:] (preposition + personal pronoun adjective)

Corresponding to standard i’w = to him, to her, to their – in Gwentian the two elements merge

as one)

Also in Gwentian as ī-ddi (dd separates the two elements)

dōd ī ddiwadd o dan gwmp (= dod i’w diwedd) die in a rockfall (‘come to his end under a fall’)

ïā [ˡi·a] (adv) yes (= ïe [ˡi·ɛ])

iāch [ja:x] > iǣch [jɛ:x]

ī chī [i: ˡxi] (v) 1/ you are, that-you-are (=yr ych chi [ər i:x ˡxi:])
ī chī’n gweld (yr ych chi’n gweld) = you see (depending on style and context, etc, the verb BOD may be dropped leaving only chī’n gweld.

ī-ddi [ˡi·ðɪ] (prep + possessive determiner) 1/ to his (+ soft mutation) 2/ to her (+ aspirate mutation) 3/ to their (no mutation follows) (= i’w [iu])
ī-ddi blant to his children (= i’w blant)
ī-ddi phlant to her children (= i’w phlant)
ī-ddi plant to their children (= i’w plant)

ī-ddi dàla nw (= i’w dal hwy) to catch them

See also ī (5)

idiöt [ˡidjət] (nm) idiot (= ynfytyn [ənˡvətɪn])

paid ācor d’ēna, yr idiot don’t open your mouth, you idiot; don’t say a word, you idiot

iǣch [jɛ:x] (adj) healthy (= iach [ja:x])

iēchyd [ˡje·xɪd] (nm) health (= iechyd [ˡje·xɪd])

iēchyd dǣ cheers! (a toast = ‘(your) good health’)

colli’ch iēchyd lose your health

Iēfan [ˡje·van] (nm) John (= Ifan [ˡi·van])

Also: Ēfan [ˡe·van]

(Other spellings: Iefan, Jefan)

īfa [ˡi·va] (sentence substitute) 1/ isn’t that right? isn’t that so? (= ai ef [ˡaɪ e:v]); 2/ (interrogative particle) isn’t it (x) (which is / was, etc) (= ai [aɪ]);

Also iāfa

(Other spellings: ifa)

īfad [ˡi·vad] (v) drink (= yfed [ˡəvɛd])

(Other spellings: ifad)

Iforiad

Eisteddfod Iforiaid Aber-dâr (probably in Gwentian ’Steddfod Ifori-id Aber-dǣr’) Held in 1876

ígnörans [ˡɪgnərans] (nm) ignorance (= anwybodaeth [anˡuibo·daɪθ)

(Other spellings: ignorans)

ī gȳd [i: ˡgi:d] (adv) all (= i gyd [i: ˡgi:d])

An example of its use in a nickname (equivalent to Ddwywaith = twice) is when a forename and surname are the same.

Thus Jenkin Jenkins, or Siencyn Siencyn as his name would have been in Welsh, a well-known nineteenth-century minister, was known as Siencyn i Gyd (= all Siencyn).

“Mae arnaf fi dri enw, Syr; yr un a fynoch ai Jenkin Jenkins, Siencyn i Gyd, neu Siencyn Ddwywaith.”

(= I have three names (‘there are on me three names’), whichever you want – Jenkin Jenkins, All Siencyn or Siencyn Twice)

(1803 (Llangyfelach) – 1886) Hanes Unwaith Am Siencyn Ddwywaith; Sef Y Pethau Mwyaf Hynod Yn Ei Fywyd, Yn Nghyda Rhai Traethodau, A Thalfyriadau O’i Bregethau, &c., &c.; Hefyd Ychydig Awgrymiadau Am Minnesota, A’r Cymry A Wladychant Yno. (= a one-time history of Siencyn Twice; namely the most remarkable things in his life, and abridged versions of his sermons, etc etc; also descriptions of Minnesota, and the Welsh people dwelling there). Jenkin Jenkins. 1873. Remsen, Efrog Newydd. (= New York) www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_testunau/sion_prys_087_Siencyn Ddwywaith_1872_090106_2667k.htm)

(Other spellings: i gyd, i_gyd)

īlod [ˡi·lɔd] (nm) 1/ member 2/ member of a chapel (= aelod [ˡi·xɛl])

īn [i:n] (num) one (= un [i:n])

int [ɪnt] (nf) hint (= awgrym [ˡaugrɪm])
ints [ɪnts] (pl) hints (= awgrymiadau [augrəɪmˡja·daɪ])
From English HINT

insylto [ˡɪnsəltɔ] (v) insult (= sarhau [sarˡhaɪ])

English TO INSÚLT. (INSÝLT) + (-IO verbal suffix) > INSYLTIO > INSYLTO

into [ˡɪntɔ] (v) hint (= awgrymu [auˡgrəmɪ])
(HINT = hint, suggestion) + (-O verb suffix) > HINTO > INTO

Iou [jɔɪ] (nm) Thursday; Jupiter (= Iau [jaɪ])
dȳdd Iou Thursday

(Other forms and spellings: Iou)

ionc [jɔŋk] (nm) fool, idiot (= ffŵl [fu:l])
Short form of ioncyn = fool, idiot.
From a forename Ioncyn (= little John).

Cf iolyn = fool, idiot, = a diminutive form of the forename Iorwerth (IOLO > IOL- + diminutive suffix -YN).

Iōrath [ˡjo·raθ] (nm) forename. See Iorwarth [ˡjɔrwɛrθ])

Iorwarth [ˡjɔrwarθ] (nm) forename (= Iorwerth [ˡjɔrwɛrθ])
Anglicised as Edward, although there is no real connection – only an apparent similarity in form.

As a surname it is found as Iōrath [ˡjo·raθ] (spelt Yorath in English)

(IÔR = lord) + soft mutation + (GWERTH = value, worth)

īpo [ˡi·pɔ] (adv) past (= heibio [ˡhəɪbjɔ])

īrath [ˡi·raθ] (nm) longing, nostlagia (= hiraeth [ˡhi·raɪθ])
cǣl pwl ō īrath feel a bout of nostalgia

HĪRATH > ĪRATH


isha [ˡɪʃa] (adj) 1/ (comparison between three or more) lowest 2/ (comparison between two) lower (= isaf [ˡɪsav])

īsha [ˡi·ʃa] 1/ (nm) need, necessity 2/ (v) want (= eisiau [ˡəɪʃaɪ])
NOTE: (1) In the South, a penult diphthong ‘ei’ becomes half-long vowel ‘i’ [i·] 
(2) In the South, an ‘s’ in before ‘i’ becomes ‘sh’. Hence South-western īshe [ˡi·ʃɛ]
(3) A final au [ai] is colloquially e [ɛ]. Along a broad south-west to north-east axis, it remains as e, but in the south-east, a final e > a.

Ishlaw’r-cōd [ˡɪʃlaur ˡko:d] (-) place name (= Islaw’r-coed [ˡɪslaur ˡkɔɪd])

(‘below the wood: (islaw = below) + (yr = the) + (coed = wood))

"BEDWELLTY, a parish in the lower division of the hundred of Wentllooge, in the county of Monmouth, 7 miles to the W. of Pont-y-pool. Newport is its post town. It is situated in a hilly district between the river Rumney, on the W., and the Sirhowey on the E., and contains the chapelries of Rhymney and Tredegar, the latter being now a market town, and the hamlets of Ishlawrcoed, Mamhole, and Uwchlawrcoed. The district is rich in iron and coal, and is the seat of an extensive iron manufacture, giving employment to above 1,300 hands. Between 3,000 and 4,000 persons are engaged in the great ironworks and collieries in the vicinity." The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868).

itshwr [ˡɪʧʊr] (nm) mineworker who couples or uncouples coal trams (= hitsiwr [ˡhɪʧʊr])
Dic yr Itshwr (Tarian y Gweithiwr. 2 Tachwedd 1905) Dic (= Dick, Richard) the Hitcher – name of a mineworker
From English HITCHER, with Welsh agent suffix -WR replacing English agent suffix -ER; HITSHWR > ITSHWR, if not HITSH- (stem of the verb HITSHO) + (-WR agent suffix)

ishta [ˡɪʃta] (v) sit (= eistedd [ˡəɪstɛð])
ffwrwm ishta bench, bench seat, settle (‘bench [for] sitting’)

ishta [ˡɪʃta] (prep) like (= fel [vɛl])

Before a vowel: ishtag [ˡɪʃtag]

mà fa'n gwmws ishta'i frawd he’s just like his brother

ishtag wyt tī such as you are

’r ǣn declyn balch ishtag wyt tī you cheeky old thing (‘the old proud instrument / derogatory term for a person’)

ORIGIN: contraction of yr īn shẁd â (= the same form as) (= standard Welsh: yr un sut â)

Other spellings: isht a, ishta

iss [ɪs] 1/ (sentence substitute) (in speaking English, ‘yes’ was pronounced in this way by speakers with a poor command of the language) (in fact, this is a form of ‘yes’ found in the West Country of England e.g. Devon) 2/ (verb) the pronunciation of ‘is’ fomerly by Welsh-speakers with a poor command of English

ītha [ˡi·θa] (adv) quite (= eithaf [ˡəɪθav])

(eithaf does no cause soft mutation; i.e. adjectives in the superlative degree – generally with -AF, and in this case as an adverb, before an adjective or noun do not trigger any mutation)

ītha dǣ quite good

ītha gwīr quite true

Iwco [ˡiukɔ] (nm) Hugh (= Huwco [ˡhiukɔ])

(HUW = Hugh) + (-CO diminutive suffix) > HUWCO (Gwentian UWCO (loss of initial H) > IWCO = respelling with ‘i’ )

īto [ˡi·tɔ] (v) heed, worry (= hidio [ˡhɪdjɔ])

ond pīdwch īto but don’t worry
(other forms and spellings: ito)

jac [ʤak] (nm) small tin bottle (= jac [ʤak])
jacs [ʤaks] (pl) (= jacs [ʤaks]

jac [ʤak] (nm) 1/ person

bōb jac every one

bōb jac ō nhw̄ every single one of them

2/ (in nicknames for inhabitants of certain places) (= jac [ʤak])
a/ Abi Jacs = inhabitants of Mynachlog-nedd
From English ‘Abbey Jacks’ - Mynachlog-nedd is called ‘Neath Abbey’ by the English.
Yr Abi Jacs a’r Mera brīd 
Dōs dim ō’u bǣth nw̄ yn y bȳd
”The Abbey Jacks and the Mera breed (people from a part of Castell-nedd), 
There’s nobody like them (there’s nothing of their sort) in the world" 
Source: Tafodieithoedd Morgannwg / T. Jones, Ysgol y Cyngor, Dunraven, Treherbert / Y Grail, Volume 4, No. 13 (1911)

b/ Jacs Byrtwa Swansea Jacks, inhabitants of Abertawe

From English JACK, possibly here in the sense of ‘knave, rogue, rascal’, a meaning first noted in English around 1200.

jèlws [ˡjɛlʊs] (nm) jealous (= cenfigennus [kɛnvɪˡgɛnɪs]

mà fà’n jèlws ẁtho chī he’s jealous of you

(Other spellings: jelws)

jist [jɪst] (adv) almost (= bron [brɔn]

mà fà jist â mynd yn ry* ddiwiol ī sgrifennu ī’r “Darian” he’s almost become too godly to write for the “Darain” newspaper

jòbyn [ˡjɔbɪn] (nm) job (= gwaith [gwaɪθ])
gnīthir jòbyn teidi ī (blanni’r pytatws) do a fine job of (planting the potatoes)

(Other spellings: jobyn)

joino [ˡjoɪnɔ] (v) join (= ymuno â [əˡmi·nɔ a:])

l In standard Welsh there is no symbol for a former ‘long l’ as doubling the ‘l’ gives ‘ll’ which serves for another sound. In Catalan, a similar problem occurs – a gemiknated ‘l’ cannot be represented by ‘ll’ as the symbol ‘ll’ serves for another sound. In Catalan the symbol ‘l·l’ is used to overcome this. In Welsh, however, no symbol was devised as it only presents a probelm in southern Welsh, where there exist half-long vowels in a penultimate syllable. In the North such vowels are short.

Here we mark a vowel with a grave accent to show that the vowel is not half-long as the ‘l’ was originally long. This: càlon (= heart).

Such words might be native Welsh words, or borrowings from English.

Native words: càlon (= heart).

From English: jèlws [ˡjɛlʊs]

lando [ˡlandɔ] (v) to land (= glanio [ˡglanjɔ], tirio [ˡtɪrjɔ])

lanlord [ˡlanlɔrd] (nm) landlord = tavern-keeper (= tafarnwr [taˡvarnʊr])
lanlordz [ˡlanlɔrdz] (pl) landlords = tavern-keepers (= tafarnwyr [taˡvarnwɪr])

From English LAN’LORD < LANDLORD

làf [lav] (nm) lavatory, toilet (= toiled [ˡtɔɪlɛd])
làfz [lavz] (pl) (= toiledau [tɔɪˡle·daɪ])

Tsharli Cnai Lavz (nickname) Charlie (of he) cleaning of toilets, Charlie who cleans toilets

‘Charlie C’nau Lavs’ Llysenwau Pontardawe a'r Cylch (= nicknames of Pontardawe and the neighbouring area) http://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cwmgors/Llysenwauponty.html

ORIGIN: English LAV, a shortening of LAVATORY

(Other spellings: laf)

lēdo [ˡle·dɔ] (v) lead (= arwain [ˡarwaɪn])

(Other spellings: ledo)

leflan [ˡlevlan] (nf) coal level (= lefel [ˡle·fɛl])

lefēlydd# [lɛˡve·lɪð] (= lefelydd [lɛˡve·lɪð])

(Other spellings: leflen)

lico [ˡlɪcɔ] (v) like (= hoffi [ˡho·fɪ], leicio [ˡləɪkjɔ])

llādd [ɬaːð]. See llǣdd [ɬɛ:ð]

(Other spellings: lladd)

llaish [ɬaɪʃ] (nm) voice (= llais [ɬaɪs])

PLURAL: lleisha / llisha [ˡɬəɪʃa, ˡɬi·ʃa] (= lleisiau [ˡɬəɪsja])

gita cryndod yn ī laish in a shaky voice

llāth [ɬaːθ]. See llǣth [ɬɛ:θ]

(Other spellings: llath)

Llanfāchas [ɬanˡva·xas] (nf) place name (= Llanfaches [ɬanˡva·xɛs])

(in a a parish-register entry for a marriage: 5 Nov 1745 Edward Morgan of ye parish of Lanvachas [and] Elizth Morgan of ye parish of Lanishen) [though Llanishan with [a] might be expected]

Llanfapla# [ɬanˡvapla] (nf) place name (= Llanfable [ɬanˡvablɛ]) kimkat2187k
NOTES: This village is in Llan-arth Fawr parish, Sir Fynwy. The local form would be Llanfapla (confirmation needed)

(1) the final e becomes a; 
(2) and the [b] at the beginning of the final syllable becomes devoiced to [p]. 
The ‘English’ form of the name is Llanvapley which shows the b / p dialect feature in Welsh. 
(The ‘English’ form is in fact the Welsh name showing the influence of a local pronunciation and interference from English spelling conventions)

Llanfāpon [ɬanˡva·pɔn]

Llanfīgan [ɬanˡvi·gan] (nf) place name (= Llanfeugan [ɬanˡvəɪgan])
LLANVIGAN, or LLANVEUGAN (LLAN-FEIGAN), a parish, comprising the Upper and Lower divisions, in the hundred of Pencelly, union and county of Brecknock, South Wales, 4 miles (S. E. by S.) from Brecknock. This place derives its name from the dedication of its church to St. Veugan, or Meugan. Lewis, Samuel A., A Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1849)

(Other spellings: Llanfigan)

Llangātwg [ɬanˡga·tʊg] (f) Llangatwg; Gwentian form of Llangadog [ɬanˡga·dɔg]

(Other spellings: Llangatwg)

Llangātwg Lingod [ɬanˡga·tʊg ˡlɪŋgɔd] (f) (= Llangatwg Lingoed [ɬanˡga·tʊg ˡliŋgɔɪd])
(Grosmont Parish Register mentions Walter, son of James Preece alias Pritchard of Langattocke Lingod, baptised 4 November 1638.)

Llanishan [ɬanˡɪʃan] (f) (= Llanisan [ɬanˡɪsan]). Name of two villages; 1/ one now a suburb of Caer-dydd / Cardiff, and 2/ the other in Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire, seven miles south-west of Trefynwy / Monmouth.

The English form is ‘Llanishen’, a variant in Welsh from a partial standardisation of the name, retaining the ‘sh’ instead of using the standard ‘s’; and assuming that the final ‘a’ is the Gwentian final ‘a’, which takes the place of final ‘e’ in words in standard Welsh. However, in this case, it would seem that the ‘a’ is original and not a substitution of ‘e’. Isan was the name of a Welsh saint who lived in the 500s. The saint’s name is seen in the pseudonym of the poet Dewi Isan, who lived in Llys-faen (Gwentian: Llȳs-fǣn), author of the poem ‘Ceuffordd y Cefn Onn’ (= The Cefn On Tunnel) which was victorious in the 1873 Llys-faen eisteddfod.

(delwedd G3804)

Llanōfar [ɬanˡo·far] (f) Gwentian form of Llanfyfyr [ɬanˡvəvɪr]

(Other spellings: Llanover, Llanovar, Llanofer)

Llansamlat [ɬanˡsamlat] (f) Gwentian form of Llansamlet [ɬanˡsamlɛt]
(Other spellings: Llansamlad, Llansamled)

Llanshāwal [ɬanˡʃawal] (f) (= Llansawel [ɬanˡsawɛl]); called by the English ‘Briton Ferry’.

(Other spellings: Llanshawal)

Llansteffan [ɬanˡste·fan] (f) (= Llansteffan [ɬanˡste·fan]); village in Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire.
Also: Llanstyffan [ɬanˡstəfan]

Llantrisant [ɬanˡtrɪsant] (f) (= Llantrisant [ɬanˡtrɪsant); 1/ town in former Sir Forgannwg / Glamorganshire. Short name: Y Llan. 2/ village in former Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire.

(delwedd G3806)

llaw [ɬau] (nf) hand (= llaw [ɬau])

dīlo [ˡdi·lɔ] (pl) (= dwylo [ˡduilɔ])

The plural is literally ‘two hand’, i.e. two hands.

(DWY = feminine form of DAU = two) + soft mutation + (LLAW = hand) > DWYLAW > standard Welsh DWYLO.

llawas [ˡɬauwas] (nf) sleeve (= llawes [ˡɬauɛs])

llewys [ˡɬɛuɪs] (pl) (= llewys [ˡɬɛuɪs])

a’i lewys weti torchi with his sleeves rolled up (= wedi i torchi / standard: wedi eu torchi – after their rolling)

llechwan [ˡɬɛxwan] (nm) bakestone, griddle; broad flat stone (= llechfaen [ˡɬɛxvan])

llechfeini# [ɬɛxˡvəɪnɪ] (pl) (= llechfeini [ɬɛxˡvəɪnɪ])

bāra llechwan [ˡba·ra ˡɬɛxwan] griddle bread; bread baked on a griddle or bakestone (either with yeast or unleavened)

(LLECH = stone slab; bakestone; slte; writing-slate) + soft mutation + (MAEN = stone) > LLECHFAEN > (Gwentian) LLECHFAN > LLECHWAN (showing the not unusual change of v > w)

llēd [ɬe:d] (adv) fairly, quite (= lled [ˡɬe:d])

bōd yn llēd ddǣ be fairly good, be quite good

llǣdd [ɬɛ:ð] (v) kill (= lladd [ɬaːð])
cǣl ī llǣdd be killed (`get his killing’)

llǣth [ɬɛ:θ] (nm) milk (= llaeth [ɬaɪθ])

llēti [ˡɬe·tɪ] (v) spread (= lledu [ˡɬe·dɪ])
llēti’ch ūnan ō flǣn... (GPC) (1) spread out in front of (the fire, etc) (2) show off in front of...
mi lētws ī bapir ā dechreuws darllin he opened out his newspaper and began to read

llētar [ˡɬe·tar] (m) leather (= lledr [ˡɬe·dɛr])

llicad [ˡɬɪkad] > llycad [ˡɬəkad]

Llīn [ˡɬi:n] (nm) Monday (= Llun [ˡɬi:n])
dȳ Llīn Monday (= dydd Llun [di:ð ˡɬi:n])

Llindan [ˡɬəndan] > (f) London (= Llundain [ˡɬɪndaɪn])
Also: Llyndan [ˡɬəndan]

llīti [ˡɬi·tɪ] (nm) ash (= lludw [ˡɬi·dʊ])

(Other forms and spellings: llutu, lludu)

Lloegar [ˡɬɔɪgar] (f) England (= Lloegr [ˡɬɔɪgɛr])

(Other spellings: Lloegar, Loegar, Loigar, Lloeger, Loeger, Lloiger, Loiger)

llon llāfur [ˡɬɔn ˡɬa·vɪr] (nm) poppy (Papaver rhoeas) (= llygad y cythraul [ˡɬəgad ə ˡkərθaɪl])
llonna llafur# [ˡɬɔna ˡɬa·vɪr] (pl) (= blodau llygad y cythraul [ˡblo·daɪ ˡɬəgad ə ˡkərθaɪl])
MEANING: (“(the) merry (flower) (of the) corn”) 
SOURCE: GPC

llycad [ˡɬəkad] (nm) eye (= llygad [ˡɬəgad])
llycid [ˡɬəkɪd] (pl) eyes (= llygaid [ˡɬəgaɪd]
Also: llicad [ˡɬɪkad] (pl) llicid [ˡɬɪkɪd]
dou licad two eyes
llycad trō cross eye
llycad cam cross eye
bāchan â chanto dou lycad trō a cross-eyed fellow (‘ a fellow with two cross eyes’)

llygōtan [ɬəˡgo·tan] (nf) mouse(= llygoden [ɬəˡgo·dɛn]

llycod [ˡɬəkad] (m) (= llygod [ˡɬəgɔd])

fel cǣth yn watsho llygōtan like a cat watching a mouse

Llyndan [ˡɬəndan]. See Llindan [ˡɬɪndan])

lojo [ˡlɔjɔ] (v) lodge (= lletya [ɬɛˡti·a])

From English LODGE

lòlach [ˡlɔlax] (v) 1/ lounge around, loll about (= gorweddian [gɔrˡwɛðjan]) 2/ lòlach shà bother with, bother about 3/ (m) nonsense

a rw lòlach felna a nonsense like that (a rhyw lolach fel yna. The Cambrian 17-08-1900)

From English LOLL (LOL) + (verbal suffix -ACH)

lowt [lout] (nm) lout (= dihiryn [dɪˡhi·rɪn])

lowts [louts]) (pl) (= dihirod [dɪˡhi·rɔd]

From English LOUT

lwc [ˡlʊk] (nf) luck (= lwc [ˡlʊk])

English LUCK [ˡlʊk], an older pronunciation (and still current in Englih dialects), now [lʌk]

lwcis [ˡlʊkɪs] (adj) lucky (= lwcus [ˡlʊkɪs]).

(LWC = luck) + (-US = adjectival suffix) > LWCUS (> Gwentian LWCIS)

lwco [ˡlʊkɔ] (v) be lucky, be fortunate (= bod yn ffodus [bo:d ən ˡfo·dɪs]).
falla lwci dī ī... maybe you’ll be lucky enough to..
wī wēti lwco yn lled ddǣ bōb trō gyta'r pytatws I’ve always been fairly lucky with the potatoes

(LWC = luck) + (-IO = verbal suffix) > LWCIO (> Gwentian LWCO)

lwcowt [ˡlʊkout] (v) look-out (= gwyliaduriaeth [gwɪljaˡdʊrjaɪθ])
bōd ar y lwcowt am [ˡlʊkaut] (v) be on the look-out for (= cadw golwg am [ˡka·dʊ ˡgo·lʊg am])

From English LOOK-OUT

(Other spellings: lwc owt, lwc-owt, look-out)

mà [ma] (v) is, there is

emphatic: mǣ [mɛ:]

mà [ma] clipped form of dyma = here’s (literally: ‘here you see’)

(Other spellings and forms: ma, ’ma)

mà [ma] clipped form of yma = here

(Other spellings and forms: ma, ‘ma)

māci [ˡma·kɪ] (v) rear, raise, bring up, nurture (= magu [ˡma·gɪ])

main [maɪn] (adj) (1) slender, thin, slim (2) (sound) shrill (= main [maɪn])
yr iaith fain English (‘the shrill language’)

mālath [ˡma·laθ] (nm) chilblain (= malaith [ˡma·laɪθ])
malītha [maˡli·θa]) (pl) (= maleithiau [maˡləɪθjaɪ])

mân [ma:n] > mǣn [mɛ:n] = stone; standing stone, monolith

mandral [ˡmandral] (nm) miner’s pick (= mandrel [ˡmandrɛl])
mandrēli [ˡmandre·lɪ] (pl) (= mandreli [ˡmandre·lɪ])

mandral gwīlod [ˡgwi·lɔd] large heavy pick (= mandrel gwaelod [ˡmandrɛl ˡgwəɪlɔd])

Māpon [ˡma:pɔn] (nm) William Abraham (Cwmafan, 14 June 1842 – 14 May 1922), bardic name Gwilym Mabon or Mabon – by this latter name he was universally known. Trade unionist, Liberal/Labour politician, eisteddfodwr, tenor singer. Member of Parliament (MP) for 35 years from 1885 to 1920. (= Mabon [ˡma·bɔn])

dy’ Llun Māpon (‘Mabon’s Monday’). Between 1892 and 1898 mineworkers had a day off on the first Monday of each month in order to reduce productiona and to stabilise wages.

dy’ Mawrth wēti’r Māpon (‘the Tuesday after Mabon’s day’). (11 Ebrill 1895 / Tarian y Gweithiwr / ‘dydd Mawrth wedi’r ‘Mabon’)

(delwedd 5944)

(delwedd 5970)

Tarian y Weithiwr. 8 Awst 1918.

...cwnad prish. “Bachan, bachan, mynta Shoni, "ma'r hen goliars yna'n myn’d i gâl cwnad prish yto. Fuo i yn u mitin nhw dydd Satwn dwetha yn Merthyr, a ma wedi setlo fod dou swllt y bunt o gwnad i fod yto.” “A ma nhw'n siwr o'i gal a,” mynta Wil, “oblecid mae Mapon gyta nhw yn y Parlament.” “Beth ti’n wilia,” " medde Shoni, “beth sy gyta Mabon i neud yn y Parlament. Nid yno ma nhw'n setlo pethach fel hyn. Ond wyt ti dim yn meddwl, Wil, fod yn llawn bryd i ni gâl cwnad prish yn awr?" “Bryd! Oti'n....

Tarian y Weithiwr. (= The Worker's Shield). 8 August 1918

...pay rise. "My friend, my friend,” said Shoni, "those bloomin’ colliers are going to get another pay rise. I was in their meeting on Saturday in Merthyr, and they’ve settled that a pay rise of two shillings in the pound is due once more.” “And they're sure to get it,” said Will “because they have Mapon / Mabon with them in the parliament.” “What are you talking about?” said Shoni, "what's it got to do with Mabon in the Parlament?”That’s not where things like that are settled. But don’t you think, Will, that it’s high time for us to have a pay rise now?” “Time? yes...”

marc [mark] (nm) mark (= marc [mark])
marca [ˡmarka]) (pl) (= marciau [ˡmarkjaɪ])

shà marca (‘tua marcau’ = ‘towards the marks of’) 1/ (place) around 2/ (time) at around, at approximately
shà marca Cwm-bǣch around Cwm-bach
shà marca mīsh nesa sometime next month

marcad [ˡmarkad] (nm) marking (= marciad [ˡmarkjad])
shà’r marcad pimp around five o’ clock

Marcad [ˡmarkad] (nf) Margaret (= Marged [ˡmargɛd])

Māri [ˡMa·rɪ] (nf) Mary (= Mair [maɪr])
plant Māri Irish people (‘(the) children (of) (the Virgin) Mary’)

mās [ma:s] > mǣs [mɛ:s]

mashgal [ˡmaʃgal] (nm) pod, shell (= masgl [ˡmasgal])

mashgla# [ˡmaʃgla] (pl) (= masglau [ˡmasglaɪ])

mashgal wī eggshell

matryd [ˡmatrɪd] (v) get undressed (= dadwisgo [dadˡwɪsgɔ], ymddihatru [əmðɪˡhatrɪ])

From YMDDIHATRYD > (YM’HATRYD) > YM’ATRYD > MATRYD. The standard form has the verbal suffix -U; here the verbal suffix -YD is used. (YM- reflexive prefix = self) + soft mtuation + (DIHATRYD = undress). DIHATRYD is (DI- privative prefix) + (HATRYD = to clothe, to attire). (HATR-) + (verbal suffix -YD). HATER is from Middle English ATER (e.g. 1330 ‘with fair ater’ with fine clothing), equivalent to modern English ATTIRE. From Norman French ATIRIER (= put in order; prepare, equip; adorn, dress in fine clothes) (A- = Latin AD, preposition and prefix = to) + (TIRE = order, row). TIRE in modern English is TIER (= rank, level), probably from Old French TIRER (= draw, pull).

GPC notes MATRYD as a south-western-Welsh form.

matshan [ˡmaʧan] (nf) match (phosphorous, etc) (= matsien [ˡmaʧɛn])
matshiz [ˡmaʧɪz] (pl) (= matsis [ˡmaʧɪs])
rō fatshan ī fī give me a match

mǣ [mɛ:] (verb) is (= mae [maɪ])

(Other forms and spellings: mæ, mê)

mǣb [mɛ:b] (nm) son (= mab [mab])

meibon [ˡməɪbɔn] (pl) sons (= meibion [ˡməɪbɔn])

Also mībon [ˡmi·bɔn] = sons

Llangātwg Fībon Āfal [ɬanˡga·tʊg ˡvi·bɔn ˡa·val] village name (qv)

(other spellings: meb, mêb, mibon, feibon, fibon, vibon, veibon)

mǣn [mɛ:n] (adj) fine, small (= mân [ma:n])
gwair mǣn short-stalked hay

Gwair Man ar Werth. AMRYW dynellau am bris rhesymol. Ymofyner yn 36, High-St., Hirwain.
(delwedd 5783)

mǣn [mɛ:n] (nm) 1/ stone 2/ standing stone (= maen [maɪn])

Rȳd-y-mǣn [ˡri:d ə ˡmain] (nf) place name (= Rhyd-y-maen [ˡhri:d ə ˡmain])

mǣn [mɛ:n] (adj) dine (0 in small particles) (= mân [ma:n])

torri’n fǣn cut into small peices, break into small pieces

mǣs [mɛ:s] (nm) field (= maes [maɪs])

mǣs [mɛ:s] (adv) 1/ outside (location) = on the outside; 2/ outside (movement) = to the outside (= i maes [ɪ maɪs]; allan [ˡaɬan])

roi’r gōla m**s turn off the light

NOTES: In south-west Wales in monosyllables “ae”[ai] becomes ā [a:]. 
Ī maes becomes mās. (The preposition ī is dropped) 
In the south-east ā [a:] > ǣ [ɛ :]. So maes > mās > mǣs. 

mēddw [ˡme·ðʊ] (adj) drunk (= meddw [ˡme·ðʊ])

mēddw fawr steaming drunk, stinking drunk, as drunk as a lord.

(delwedd 5791)

David Edwards (Feddw Mawr) was charged by P. C. Melhuish with being drunk and riotous at Ynysgau. Fined 5s. and 2s. 6d. costs, and allowed a week to pay. Daniel Murphy, charged with similar offences by P. C. Cole, at Bute Terrace, Pontlottyn, Rhymney, was fined in a similar amount and costs.

meddwi [ˡmɛðwɪ] (v) (1) get drunk (= meddwi [ˡmɛðwɪ]); (2) get dizzy (Y Darian 20-04-1916) (= penfeddwi [pɛnˡvɛðwɪ])

mēddwl [ˡme·ðʊl] (v) think (= meddwl [ˡme·ðʊl])
mēddwl dī nawr... just imagine (that...)
feddylas ī ariōd... I never thought (that)...

meddw*lwch [mɛˡðu·lʊx], fechgyn, am... think, lads / my friends, about... (= meddwliwch [mɛˡðəljʊx])

meibon [ˡməɪbɔn] (pl) sons (= meibion [ˡməɪbɔn]). See mA-Eb [mɛ:b] = son

(other spellings: mibon, feibon, fibon, vibon, veibon)

Y Meundy [ə ˡməɪndɪ] (nm) place name (= Y Maendy [ə ˡməɪndɪ])

mēlin [ˡme·lɪn] (nf) mill (= melin [ˡme·lɪn])

melīna [mɛˡli·na] (pl) (= melinoedd [mɛˡli·nɔɪð])

membar [ˡmɛmbar] (nm) member (= aelod [ˡəɪlɔd])
membra [ˡmɛmbra] (pl) (= aelōdau [əɪˡlo·daɪ])

This Englishism is not found in modern standard Welsh, though sporadic examples of it are found in earlier periods: membr, membrau [ˡmɛmbɛr, ˡmɛmbraɪ]
ETYMOLOGY: English MEMBER
See kimkat0928k / Ni’n Doi / page 99 

menta-nw [ˡmɛnta nʊ] they say (= meddant hwy [ˡme·ðant huɪ])

menyw [ˡmɛniu] (nf) woman (= gwraig [gwraɪg])

menywod [mɛˡniuɔd] (pl) (= gwragedd [ˡgwra·gɛð]))

Also myniwod [məˡnɪwɔd]

merch [mɛrx] (m) girl: daughter (= merch [mɛrx])
merchad [ˡmɛrxad] (pl) girls; daughters (= merched [ˡmɛrxɛd])
Also merchid [ˡmɛrxɪd]

Merthyrtydfil [ˡmɛrθɪrˡtədvɪl] (m) (= Merthyrtudful [ˡmɛrθɪrˡtɪdvɪl] [mɛrx]). The ‘English’ form is in fact the name of the town in Gwentian; standard Welsh uses the standard literary name for place names wherever possible.

Méthadus (pn) Methodist (= Methodist)

mībon [ˡmi·bɔn] (pl) sons (= meibion [ˡməɪbɔn]). See mA-Eb [mɛ:b] = son

(other spellings: mibon, feibon, fibon, vibon, veibon)

mīl [mi:l] (nm) thousand (= mil [mi:l])
mīlodd [ˡmi·lɔð] (pl) (= misledd [ˡmi·lɔɪð])

mīlodd ar fīlodd ō.... thousands and thousands of..., thousands upon thousands of...

mintan [ˡmɪntan] (v) argue (= ymrafaelio [əmraˡvəɪljɔ], cweryla [kwɛˡrəla])
Pwy fintan â’ch gīlydd ī chī? What are you arguing about? (“What arguing with your fellow are you?”) 
ETYMOLOGY: probably from English MAINTAIN.

mīsh [mi:ʃ] (nm) month (= mis [mi:s])
mishodd [ˡmɪʃɔð] (pl) (= misoedd [ˡmɪsɔɪð])
mōr ’īr â mīsh pump (South Wales) said of a long wait “as long as a month of five (Saturdays)” – The last Saturday of the month was a payday, when the month’s wages were paid; but some months have five Saturdays if the first Saturday falls on the first, second or third day of the month 
(mor = as) + (hir = long) + (â = as) + (mish, southern form of mis = month) + (pump = five)

mishtir [ˡmɪʃtɪr] (nm) mister; employer, factory or mine owner (= meistr [ˡməɪstɪr])

mistêc [mɪˡstəɪk] (nm) mistake (= camgymeriad [kamgəˡmɛrjad])
mistêcs [mɪˡstəɪks] (pl) (=camgymeriadau [kamgəmɛrˡja·daɪ])
mistêc cǣs a bad mistake
From English MISTAKE

miwn [mɪʊn] (prep) in (= mewn [ˡmɛʊn])

Also mwn [m ]

mlǣn [mlɛ:n] (adv) forward (= ymlaen [əˡmlaɪn]). See YMLAEN.

mlān [mla:n] (adv) forward (= ymlaen [əˡmlaɪn]). See YMLAEN.

mōb [mo:b] (determiner) every (form of POB after the preposition YN) (= mhob [ˡmho:b])

ym mōb tw̄ll à chornal in every nook and cranny, everywhere (‘in every hole and corner’)

mocan [ˡmɔkan] (v) 1 mock (= gwawdio [ˡgwaudjɔ]); 2 mimic, imitate (= dynwared [dənˡwa·rɛd])

(MOC, i.e. English MOCK) + (verb suffix -AN, often indicating continuous activity)

(delwedd 5876)

A Glossary of Words and Phrases used in S. E. Worcestershire / Jesse Salisbury / 1893

Mock, v. to imitate; to mimic

mōdd [mo:ð] (m) bald (= modd [mo:ð])

fel mā’r gwītha’r mōdd unfortunately (‘as is (the) worst (of) the manner / way / mode’)

mōl [mo:l] (m) bald (= moel [mɔɪl])

montish [ˡmɔntɪʃ] (nm) advantage (= mantais [ˡmantaɪs])

cymryd montish ar take advantage of

môr [mo:r] (nm) sea (= môr [mo:r])
mōrodd [ˡmo·rɔð] (pl) seas (= moroedd [ˡmo·rɔɪð])
dŵr y môr the seaside (‘(the) water (of) the sea’)
yn nŵr y môr at the seaside

mōrwn [ˡmo·rʊn]) (nf) maid (= morwyn [ˡmo·rʊin])
mōrynion [mɔˡrənjɔn] (pl) maids (= morwynion [mɔˡruinjɔn]

mosod [ˡmɔsɔd] (v) attack (= ymosod [əˡmɔsɔd])

YMOSOD (literally: ‘put oneself’) < (YM- reflexive prefix) + soft mutation + (GOSOD = to put, place)

mostwng [ˡmɔstʊŋ] (v) submit (= ymostwng [əˡmɔstʊŋ])

YMOSTWNG (literally: ‘lower oneself’) < (YM- reflexive prefix) + soft mutation + (GOSTWNG = to lower)

moyn [mɔɪl] (v) want (= dymuno [dəˡmi·nɔ], ymofyn [əˡmo·vɪn])
Also mōfyn [ˡmo·vɪn]
wī’n moyn ī chī sgryfennu llythyr at Māri ngwraig I want you to write a letter to my wife Margaret

(Other spellings: moin, foin, foyn, mofyn, fofyn, mofin, fofin)

YMOFYN (literally: ‘ask oneself’) < (YM- reflexive prefix) + soft mutation + (GOFYN = to ask). YMOFYN > MOFYN > MOYN (loss of medial [v])

mūnad [ˡmi·nad] (nf) minute. See MUNUD. (= munud [ˡmi·nɪd] (nf in the South, nm in North Wales)
minēti (GPC) [miˡne·tɪ] (pl) minutes (= munudau [miˡne·daɪ]
bōb mūnad every moment, constantly

miwn bothtu fīnad a minute later (‘in about (a) minute’)

(Other spellings or forms: munad, muned, muneti, funad, funed, funeti, minad, finad, mineti, fineti)

mūnan [ˡmi·nan] (pronoun) myself (= [fi] fy hun [ˡvi: və hi:n])

ī chī fel mīna’n lico mynd i-lan ī’r Star you like me are fond of going up to the Star (Inn)

mẁd [mʊd] (nm) mud (= llaid [ɬaɪd])

From English MUD

mwstro [ˡmʊstrɔ] (v) 1/ get a move on, bestir oneself (= ymysgwyd [əˡməsgʊɪd])

Mwstrwch dīcyn! Get a move on! Get a bit of a move on!

(MWSTR) + (-IO verbal sufix) > MWSTRIO > MWSTRO

mwstwr [ˡmʊstʊr] (nm) 1/ noise; (= sŵn [su:n]) 2/ commotion, uproar (= cynnwrf [ˡkənʊrv])

Dewch ÿch mwstwr, boiz stop your chatter, lads (‘leave your noise’)

MWSTWR < MWSTR< rom Middle English MUSTER, if not directly from Old French MOUSTRE (= troop of soldiers < show of strength, exhibition) < the verb MOSTRER (= to show) < Latin MŌNSTRĀRE (= to show), derived from the noun MŌNSTRUM (= a portent; also the origin of the word MONSTER in English). In the sense of ‘something shown, something exhibited’ the word has passed into Dutch (MOUSIER) and German (MUSTER) meaning ‘sample, pattern’.

mwyalch [ˡmuɪalx] (nf) blackbird (Turdus merula) (= mwyalch [ˡmuɪalx], mwyalchen [muɪˡalxɛn])

mwyalchod [muɪˡalxɔd] (pl) (= mwyalchod [muɪˡalxɔd])

Llwynyfwyalch place name, Llanilltud Faerdre ‘(the) grove (of) the blackbird’, blackbird grove

GPC notes a variant molchan [ˡmɔlxan] (< mwyalchen) formerly in Morgannwg

mydda-nw [ˡməða nʊ] they say (= meddant hwy [ˡme·ðant huɪ])

mynnu [ˡmənɪ] want, wish; demand, insist (= mynnu [ˡmənɪ])
gwētwch chī fynnoch chī say what you will (= dywedwch a fynnoch = say + that which + you might say)

.....
Sumbolau:


a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ / i I / o O / u U / w W / y Y /
MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ǟ Ǟ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /

MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ǟ Ǟ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /
MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ǟ Ǟ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /

gwell
MACRON + ACEN DDYRCHAFEDIG: Ā̀ ā̀ , Ḗ ḗ, Ī́ ī́ , Ṓ ṓ , Ū́ ū́, (w), Ȳ́ ȳ́
MACRON + ACEN DDISGYNEDIG: Ǟ ǟ , Ḕ ḕ, Ī̀ ī̀, Ṑ ṑ, Ū̀ ū̀, (w), Ȳ̀ ȳ̀
MACRON ISOD: A̱ a̱ , E̱ e̱ , I̱ i̱ , O̱ o̱, U̱ u̱, (w), Y̱ y̱

MACRON + DIDOLNOD Ǟ ǟ Ǟ ǟ yn lle Æ æ : y glymlythyren Ladin AE chafu
BREF: ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ Ĭ / ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ / B5236: B5237:
BREF GWRTHDRO ISOD: i̯, u̯
CROMFACHAU: ⟨ ⟩ deiamwnt

ˡ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ a: / æ æ: / e eˑe: / ɛ ɛ: / ɪ iˑ i: / ɔ oˑ o: / ʊ uˑ u: / ə / ʌ /
ẅ Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ / ŵ Ŵ /
ŷ Ŷ / ỳ Ỳ / ý Ý / ɥ
ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / £
ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ
Hungarumlaut: A̋ a̋

U+1EA0 Ạ  U+1EA1 ạ
U+1EB8 Ē  U+1EB9 ē
U+1ECA Ị  U+1ECB ị
U+1ECC Ọ  U+1ECD ọ
U+1EE4 Ụ  U+1EE5 ụ
U+1E88 Ẉ  U+1E89 ẉ
U+1EF4 Ỵ  U+1EF5 ỵ

ẹ ē

gyn aith δ δ
wikipedia, scriptsource. org
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