0935e Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia. Geirfa
o'r Rhondda. Rhyw
bedwar ugain o eiriau o restr a gyhoeddwyd gyntaf yn 1914. Wordlist from the
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TEITL: MORGANNWG - CWM RHONDDA YN BENNAF
TITLE: GLAMORGAN – MAINLY THE VALLEY RHONDDA
AWDUR: di-enw
AUTHOR: anonymous
FFYNHONELL: “Cymru” - Rhif 46. Blwyddyn: 1914. Tudalen 23
SOURCE: From “Cymru” magazine,
Number 46. Year: 1914. Page 23
(Mae gennym ni ddwy fersiwn
– yn gyntaf yn y blwch isod y fersiwn wreiddiol â phedwar ugain a dau o eiriau
(hefyd â rhifau o’u blaen - er nad oes rhifau yn y rhestr wreiddiol). Ar ei hôl
un ceir y rhestr â'n sylwadau ninnau mewn llythrennau gleision.
(We have two versions - the
first one in the box below is is the
original list of 82 words from the magazine “Cymru” (though in the original
version the words aren't numbered). Following this is the list annotated with
our comments in blue text.
|
01 acha [ucha?] top acha pen ty = on
the top of a house |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YR UN RHESTR A’R UN FLAENOROL, Â’N SYLWADAU
WEDI EU HYCHWANEGU ATI
01 acha [ucha?] top acha pen ty = on
the top of a house
A contraction of ar uchaf - on (the) topmost
(part) of
02 ala to spend “Lle ti'n ala d'amser?” = where do you spend your time?
In fact, hala - but in the south-east the
'h' is usually dropped in most words
03 bendith y mama fairies
Bendith y mamau - Literally (the) blessing (of) the mothers. The -a instead
of -au is typical of the south-east
04 bider clever “Llaw fider iw e draw”
= he over there is a clever one
“Llaw fudur yw e draw”. In fact, budr, which in the North means 'dirty'. In
words of this type there is an epenthetic vowel - in Welsh, between the last
two consonants the vowel is repeated - budur. In the South 'u' and 'i' are
pronounced identically, so the spelling bidir is also seen. Why this
should be bider I'm not sure. There are historical examples of final u
> e (Latin dîes Mercuri > dydd Mercher = Wednesday), and of y >
e (Tredegyr - the trev of Tegyr - > Tredeger, and because the final e
in the south-east becomes a, Tredegar). And if the form is bider,
why hasn't it become bidar as one would expect? The usual form is budur
/ bidir.
In the sentence llaw is 'hand', but can also mean workman, and friend,
fellow, both in the south and in the north.
05 blac-pats cockroaches
06 bopa modryb (gair plant)
(gair plant = children's word) A childish form of modryb - probably reduced to mob, with a diminutive
-a; (moba). In Welsh initial b and m can interchange (boba). In the south-east,
a b- at the beginning of a penultimate syllable is devoiced to p-
(bopa).
07 brachga to ride “brachga acha cefan ceffyl”
In fact from 'marchogaeth' = to ride on
horseback - march = horse, marchog = horseman, knight; -aeth = suffix for
forming a verb. The sentence is marchogaeth ar uchaf cefn ceffyl -
literally 'to ride on top of the back of a horse'. The m has been
replaced by b - this interchangeability is a feature of Welsh. Cefn becomes
cefen, with an epenthetic vowel; this is typical of the south, though in
the north this doesn't happen with -fn. In the south-east final e
> a. The
08 bratu to waste needlessly
From afradu = to waste; af- =
negative prefix, rhad = grace, -u = suffix to form verbs. Afradu
> 'fradu. Because f [v] is often a soft-mutated form of b in some
words there is a temptation to 'restore' this b, even where it is
unjustified. Hence 'fradu < bradu. In the south-east, a d- at
the beginning of a penultimate syllable is devoiced to t- (bratu).
09 can (blawd)
Can is the
southern word for flour, standard blawd. Connected with the word cannaid
= white, gleaming white. By Merthyrtudful there is a stream name Cannaid,
and a village Abercannaid. Latin 'candidus' has the same root - as in
English 'candid' = frank, 'candidate' (in Latin, someone dressed in a white
gown). Blawd is related to blodeuyn / blodyn = flower, just as in
English flour and flower are in fact one and the same word, albeit with
different spellings. In Catalan, 'the best part of the flour, top-quality
flour' is la flor de la farina, and in French fleur de farine,
which probably explains the use of blawd in Welsh / flower in English coming to
mean the poder of milled grain in general. In the south-west of
10 can bara (blawd at
wneud bara)
'flour (of) bread' (flour for making bread)
11 carc (gofal) carc
care, caution. The standard word is gofal.
From an old English word cark, = care, from Norman, from Latin CARCÂRE
< CARRICÂRE = load, take charge of
12 celfi house furniture rhif unig, celficyn
The usual word in the south for furniture - in the
North dodrefn. The singular form is celficyn.
13 cernola a queer place
??
14 cetyn a good while “Ma fa wedi mynd ys cetyn.”
“He's been gone for a while”. From cat =
piece, + diminutive suffix -yn. The
vowel y has affected the previous a, causing it to open out to e.
The word cat is from Middle English = piece
15 citsho to catch “Citsha yn'o fa.” [Cydio, di-dj-tsh]
Also 'get hold of'. “Catch it, get hold of it”. Yn'o
is ynddo, in it. Fa is south-eastern for fe = he, it
16 conach to grumble
17 conyn a grumbler
18 crofen rind “Crofen cig moch, crofen caws.”
“Bacon rind, cheese rind”. Form of crawen,
also in Cornish as krevenn = crust, scab, and Breton as kreun =
crust of bread.
19 crwbyn a lump “Fa gwnnws crwbyn ar i ben a.”
“A lump rose on his head”. Crwb =lump (also
found in the North), and -yn = diminutive suffix.
20 cwato to hide “Ma fa'n cwato.”
“He's hiding”. From dialect English quat =
to hide
21 cwdi-hw owl
Usually gwdi-hw. Imititaion of an owl's
call. In the North tylluan / dylluan
22 cwlffyn a chunk “Cwlffyn o fara.”
“A lump of bread.” Cwlff = lump, chunk, and
-yn = diminutive suffix.
23 cwmws straight “Mor gwmws a sâth.”
Mor gymwys â saeth. “As straight as an arrow”. Final -wy is usually
reduced to w (Afon Ebwy > Afon Ebw). This has
influenced the y in the first syllable. In the South ae > aa
in monosyllables, hence saeth > saath.
24 cwnïaeth
(cwmnïaeth)
company, companionship. mn reduced to n
25 cwnni to rise “Cwnn lan.”
Get up. Cwnnu (often spelt cwnni,
since in the south u and i are pronounced the same), is from an
original cychwynnu, a variant of cychwyn = to begin. Standard
Welsh uses codi = to rise, get up
26 cwpla finish
A form of cwblháu = to finish - cwbl =
the whole, -háu = suffix for making verbs, usually from adjectives
27 cwt a tail “Cwt y
“the tail of the cat; the tail of the dog”. Cwt
is also 'queue' in
28 damshal to tread upon “Damshal ar i drâd a.”
One of many forms of damsang = tread upon. Damsang
ar ei draed e - step on his foot
29 derwan any kind of tree “Derwan fala; derwan gnou; derwan
eirin.”
Derwen is
usually oak tree. In the south-east it has become a generic name for tree.
“derwen afalau” = apple tree, “derwen gnau” = hazel tree, 'tee of nuts, hazel
nuts'; “derwen eirin” = plum tree.
30 dino (deunaw)
Deunaw =
eighteen. Final -aw generally in Welsh becomes o (croesaw > croeso
= welcome). In deunaw however the naw is preserved in most of
31 dishgwl to look
From disgwyl, which in modern Welsh is 'to
wait'. The old sense has been retained in the south. In various parts of
32 drwg hurt “Gas a lawar o ddrwg?”
'A gafodd e lawer o ddrwg?' 'Was he badly hurt?' (did he get a lot of hurt?)
33 dwetydd
(diwetydd) afternoon
A compound of diwedd + dydd = end + day,
day's end.
34 dyshefo (yn yr ymadrodd “Duw dyshefo ni!”)
35 enad sense, intellect “Yr hurtyn di-enad.”
“The dull fool.” enaid = literally, soul. The
change of final ai > e is usual in colloquial spoken Welsh, and in
the south-east e > a.
36 erfyn to await “Ma fa'n d'erfyn di.”
“He's awaiting you, he's waiting for you.” In
standard Welsh, erfyn = implore, beg
37 gwanu to run away “Gwân i odd'ma!”
Gwân hi oddi yma. “Foot it from here!”. From gwadn = sole of the foot,
which is the south is gwaddan. The 'dd'
has been lost to give gwân, the root of the verb gwanu = foot it,
run off. Odd' 'ma is from oddi yma = from here.
38 ifancach
(ieuengach)
This is the usual form in spoken Welsh throughout
39 isht similar “Ma fa'n gwmws isht a'i frawd.”
Mae ef yn gymwys yr un sut â'i frawd. He's the same likeness as his brother. From French 'suite'
= continuation. In modern Welsh pa sut 'what likeness' has come to mean
'how' (colloquially sut inn the North, shwd in the South)
40 ishta (eistedd)
To sit. The loss of the final -dd occurs in many
words in Welsh. Eiste-. In the South the penult ei is reduced to ii -
(before a sinle consonant) or i- (before a consonant cluster), hence iste.
In the South, too, i+s
gives ish. And the sinal -e becomes -a in the South-east. In this wasy
we end up with ishta.
41 Jawch Yn y llw “Jawch ariôd!”
Diawl erioed.
In the oath 'Devil from the beginning'. Jawch is an altered form of Jawl, from
diawl , with palatalisation di > j. In the South oe > oo, hence oed
= age, ood. Erioed = in all the past; never until now, from er
(since) + ei (his, its) + oed (age). In the south, er has
become ar in this expression, as if it were the preposition ar =
on.
42 jawl (diawl) “Jawl a myto i.”
Y Diawl a'm bwyto i. May the Devil eat me. Standard bwyto is byta in
spoken Welsh.
43 lan up “Lan a lawr.”
Glan =
bank, hill. I lan is literally 'to hill, uphill'. Llawr is
'floor, valley bottom'. I lawr is 'to floor, bottom'. In such adverbials
in spoken Welsh, the preposition i = to is dropped. Hence lan a lawr
= up and down.
44 llutw ashes
From lludw = ash. Also lliti in the
south-east
45 llwytyn sparrow
From llwyd = grey + diminutive -yn.
The d at the head of a penultimate syllable is generally unvoiced to t
in the south east. Llwydyn > llwytyn. The
literal meaning is '(the) little grey (bird)'
46 llychetan lightning
In the South, flashes of lightining is lluched.
The root is a Celtic element *LEUK- = bright, related to Latin 'lux' = light,
lûcêo = shine. In Cornish the corresponding word is luc'hez, and in
Breton luch'ed. The singular of lluched is formed by adding -en :
llucheden. The d at the head of a penultimate syllable is
generally unvoiced to t in the south east, and final e becomes a
in the south-east.
47 llyfanu to grind “Llyfanu bwall”
Llyfan bwyell. From llyfn? = smooth. In bwyell the penult wy becomes w (as in gwybod
> gwpod, to know) and final e becomes a.
48 loshin lozenges, sweets
The general southern word for sweet or sweets.
From English lozenge.
49 mashgal shell “Mashgal wy, cnou, &c.”
'Eggshell, nuthell, etc'. Standard masgl. With
epenthetic vowel masgl > masgal. Inexplicable palatisation s > sh.
50 meiddu to excel “Pwy feiddws?”
A southern word. Standard spelling maeddu.
Probably related to Irish maidhm = break, burst.
51 mwlwg rubbish
In Ceredigion, the word mwl = chaff,
rubbish, from an obsolete English word 'mull' = dust, ashes, rubbish. This
seems to be mwl with an unusual ending -wg.
52 mwstwr noise
In the north mwstwr is a crowd. From this
would come the sense of noise. In origin it is from English, from French
'moustre' (no longer in modern French) = soldiers, from Latin mônstrum, from
monêre = to advise.
53 nishiad kerchief “Nishiad boc.”
Handkerchief. From an older English word nycette =
handkerchief.
54 owa uncle (gair plant)
(gair plant = children's word). From ewythr
= uncle. The first syllable, eith a change of vowel e > o, and a suffix
–a
55 pewin peacock
In standard Welsh, paun
56 pia magpie
From English, (now Margaret + pie > magpie), in
turn originally from French pie, from Latin pîca = magpie, related to Latin
pîcus = woodpecker. In modern French the word is still 'pie'.
57 pili-pala (gloyn
byw)
Butterfly. The other name in use in Welsh is
literally 'live ember', but the second elelment at least is probably a
deformation of another form - byw is very likely an altered form of Duw
= God, since the Cornish and Breton names also contain 'Duw'.
58 pinna côd clothes pegs
Pinnau coed -
'pins (of) wood'. The final -au is -a in Gwentian, and oe > oo.
59 piwr (pur) “Bachan piwr yw a.”
'He's a splendid fellow'. Piwr is literally 'pure',
but in the south-east is fine, generous, nice, splendid, excellent, etc
60 pornownso to pronounce
A form of English 'pronounce'. There is a tendency
for some words in pr + vowel to become p + vowel + r (prynu = to buy, pyrnu;
paratói = to prepare, pyrtói)
61 potsh mushed potatoes
Probably from some English word
62 pwdi (digio)
Pwdu is the
usual spelling. To get angry, to sulk. Apparently from an earlier form of
English 'pout'.
63 scitsha
(esgidiau) (di-dj-tsh)
Shoes. Loss of the first syllable e- (the
loss of a first syllable a common phenomenon in spoken Welsh) > sgidiau.
In the south the plural suffix -iau becomes -e, and in the south
east -a. However, this is not exactly the case here - the -i is
present, and causes the palatisation of the preceding -d.
64 scwto to push
Also 'to shake'. Apparently from ysgwyd = to shake
(adition of a verbal suffix -o, loss of the first syllable y-,
reduction of penult wy > w, devoicing of d > t)
65 sha towards “Mynd sha Merthyr.”
Mynd tua Merthyr. A palatalised form of tua (origin: tu = side, â = with).
66 shang-di-fang topsy-turvy “Ma popath yn shang-di-fang yno.”
“Everything is upside down there”. Popeth = everything, with the usual final e > a.
67 shaw show
A word borrowed from English. In the North sioe
(as if English shoy). In the South, as if English show(er), shou(t).
68 sponar sweetheart (male)
From English 'spooner'.
69 swrn the ankle
A word confined to the South-east.
70 tampo to rebound
Also - to be enraged. From an English dialect word
'tamp'.
71 ticyn a little
72 tocins money
From English 'tokens'.
73 tost sick, ill
Apparently from a Latin word tostus = ??
74 tre home
In Old Welsh, tref was a farmstead or small village.
Rather as Enlgish tuun = farm has become town, tref in Welsh now means
town. In the south-east, though, it has retained something its old meaning.
75 twmpyn much, a lot “dw i ddim yn hito 'run dwmpyn.”
Literally mound, molehill, ant hill. “! don't care
one bit” - 'I don't heed the one molehill'. From English dialect tump = mound.
76 tyrnpyn lump “Cwnnws tyrnpyn mowr ar i ben a.”
'A big lump rose (i.e. grew) on his head'
77 twrw thunder lluosog, tyrfa
From Welsh twrf, from Latin turbô whirlwind,
turbâre = throw into confusion. Rf > rw is not unusual in Welsh.
(cwrw (= beer) was historically cwrf > cwryf > cwrwf > cwrw)
78 tyla a steep acclivity
Further west, tyle. Apparently related to Irish tulach
= hill
79 yffarn (uffern)
In oaths, = hell
80 yfflin a bit, particle “Do's gita fi ddim yfflin.”
'I don't have even a particle, I've none at all'
81 wedjan sweetheart (female)
Or spelt wejan. From English wench, with the
feminine diminutive suffix -en, which is -an in the south-east.
82 wilïa
(chwedleua) talk
Chwedl is Welsh is legend, tale. Chwedlau
is the plural form; chwedleua would be 'to relate tales'. The meaning was
widened in the south to 'to talk'. The southern form of chwedl was chweddl /
chweddel. So the base form is in fact chweddleua. The dd dropped away -
chwe'leua. The penult eu is generally pronounced as ii. - chwe'liia. Chw- is
reduced to w- : we'liia. The first e closed to give i, probably influenced by
the following i - wiliia.
DIWEDD / END
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