kimkat0273e. Mapiau – y Wenhwyseg. maps – the Gwentian dialect of Welsh. .
11-08-2017
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The main
purpose of this dictionary is to give an approximation of ‘Gwentian’ Welsh (the
Welsh of the former counties of Sir Forgannwg / Glamorganshire and Sir Fynwy /
Monmouthshire) which might serve to read texts written in the dialect.
Prif amcan y
geiriadur hwn yw rhoi fraslun neu amlinelliad o’r Wenhwyseg (Cymraeg hen
siroedd Morgannwg and Mynwy) a all
fod o fudd wrth ddarllen ysgrifau yn y dafodiaith honno.
Follow this link to see a list of material in
Gwentian, or about Gwentian, in this website.
Dilynwch y ddolen-gyswllt hon i weld
rhestr o ddeunydd yn nafodiaith Gwent, neu yn ymwneud â’r dafodiaith, sydd yn y
wefan hon.
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/gwenhwyseg_deunydd_mynegai_1048e.htm
(delwedd 5781)
LETTERS A-D
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-saesneg_A_0231e.htm
LETTERS E-M
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-saesneg_E_0237e.htm
LETTERS N-R
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-saesneg_N_0240e.htm
LETTERS S-Z
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-saesneg_S_0241e.htm
There is (or was) of course no uniform dialect called ‘Gwentian’.
In the east the Welsh-speaking area ended abruptly in present-day England (in
Herefordshire) where it met the English-speaking regions of England; and in the
west there exists a continuum where the further one goes to the Morgannwg
(Glamorgan) border and into the county of Caerfyrddin (Carmarthenshire)
defining features of Gwentian became fewer and cease. They are above all
phonological.
1/ the ‘slender a’: the a* of south-western Welsh is A-E in Gwentian (ba*ch
> bA-Ech) (= little, small)
2/ ‘calediad’ or hardening of certain initial consonants [k, p, t] of the tonic
syllable (ca*dair > ca*tar) (= chair), (tri*go > tri*co) (= die), (dwbwl
> dwpwl) (= double)
3/ final-syllable [a] instead of the [e] found in south-western Welsh (cefen
> cefan) (= back),
4/ Loss of initial [h] is also a notable feature
5/ Also in some areas there was (5) palatalisation of initial [k] cefan >
ciefan, etc (< cefn = back).
Ni fu, wrth gwrs, tafodiaith unffurf o
dan yr enw ‘Gwenhwyseg’. Yn y dwyrain daeth tiriogaeth y Gymraeg i ben yn swta
yn nhiroedd Lloegr (Swydd Henffordd) wrth gwrdd ag ardaloedd Lloegr Saesneg eu
hiaith; yn y gorllewin y mae continwwm lle yr â nodweddion diffiniol y
Wenhwyswg yn llai ac yn pallu mwyaf yn y byd yr eir tuag at ffin Morgannwg ac i
mewn i Sir Gaerfyrddin. Maent yn anad dim nodweddion ffonolegol (1) yr ‘s’
fain, (2) calediad, sef caledu cytsain gyntaf [k, p, t] y goben, i (3) [a]
yn y sillaf olaf yn lle yr [e] a geir
yng Nghymraeg y de-orllewin. (4) mae colli’r [h] gychwynnol hefyd yn nodwedd nodedig. (5) Bu hefyd yn rhai ardaloedd
dafladoli y [k] gychwynnol: cefan
> ciefan, etc (< cefn).
Other features which differentiate it from standard or literary Welsh are
common to the Welsh language in South Wales as a whole.
Mae’r nodweddion eraill sydd yn ei
gwhanaethu o Gymraeg llenyddol neu safonol yn gyffredin i Gymraeg y De fel ei
gilydd.
As we have stated, within the ‘Gwentian’ area there were many local variations.
In the nineteenth century the original language of the people of Sir Forgannwg
and Sir Fynwy (Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire) became confined to the hill
farms and the sparsely-inhabited areas. The industrial settlements saw the
immigration of Welsh people from other parts of Wales, and this influenced to a
degree the Gwentian Welsh spoken there.
Fel yr ydym wedi sylwi, o flaen ardal y
Wenhwyseg yr oedd llawer o amrywiadau neu fathau lleol. Yn y ddeunawfed ganfrif
cyfyngwyd iaith frodorol trigolion Sir Forgannwg a Sir Fynwy i’r ffermydd
mynydd a’r lleoedd llai eu poblogaeth. Gwelwyd yn y pentrefi diwydiannol
fewnlifiad o Gymru o barthau eraill o Gymru, ac i ryw raddau dylanwadodd hyn ar
y Gymraeg Wenhwyseg a siaredid yno.
The
headwords are Gwentian, in a regularised spelling (initial h is omitted (heol
> ewl), long vowels are marked with a macron (glō = glo, cōd = coed), as are half-long vowels (ffēnast = ffenestr). In polysyllables, in the
tonic syllable oe > oi (coedydd > coidydd), ae > ei (blaenau > bleina).
The long ‘a’ in this part of South Wales becomes the ‘a fain’ [a: ˡvaɪn] (Welsh
for ‘slender a’) characteristic of the dialect (tǣn = tân, cæː= cae).
Yn Wenhwyseg y mae’r prifeiriau, wedi eu
sillafu yn ôl orgraff safonedig (hepgorir yr h gychwynnol (heol > ewl), dangosir y llafariaid hir â
macron (glō = glo, cōd
= coed), ac yn ur un modd y llafariaid hanner-hir (ffēnast = ffenestr). Mewn lluosillau, yn y goben,
oe > oi (coedydd > coidydd), ae > ei (blaenau > bleina). Yr ‘a
fain’ yw’r ‘a’ hir yn y rhan hon o’r wlad (tǣn = tân, cæː= cae).
Many features of Gwentian are found throughout South Wales – that is, they are
not unusual and specific to this dialect, although some commentators on the
dialect (in writings on local history, genealogy, etc) who perhaps do not speak
Welsh fail to realise this.
Mae llawer o nodweddion y Wenhwyseg i’w
gweld yn Ne Cymru benbaladr – hynny yw, nid ydynt yn anerferol ac yn rhan o’r
dafodiaith hon yn unig, er bod rhai sy’n trin y dafodiaith (mewn ysgrifau ar
hanes lleol, achyddaeth, ayyb) ac nad ydynt o bosibl yn medru’r Gymraeg, yn
methu â gweld hyn.
The standard Welsh word is indicated.
For simplicity, devoiced [b, d, g] are indicated as [p, t, k], though they are
not the same as original [p,t,k] which have, as in English, post-aspiration.
Thre is a tendency for pretonic vowels to become neutral – ffenestri >
ffynestri, crefyddol > cryfeddol, etc. This is found in varying degrees in
spoken Welsh generally throughout the country.
The forms in this dictionary are those to be found generally in the
representations of the dialect in various writings from the late nineteenth and
early twentieth centuries.
Words with spellings which diverge from the ones used in this dictionary might
be found in a list appended at the end of this page
e.g. bech is sometimes found written
(standard bach = small, little) (the
spelling with ‘e’ is to suggest the Gwentian ‘slender a’), and represents what
we spell as bǣch
In the alphabetical ordering of the words the ‘long ash’ or the
grapheme æːis
listed as if a + e.
wý in a tonic syllable indicates [wɪ]
where traditionally [wә]
or [ui] were used (though these pronunciations are maintained in standard
Welsh)
In a final syllable, wy [ui] which colloquially has
become [wɪ] is spelt ‘wi’
annwyl [ˡanuil]
> annwl [ˡanʊl] , but also anwil [ˡanwɪl]
Gwynfi [ˡgwәnvi] > Gwýnfi [ˡgwɪnvɪ]
Gwynedd [ˡgwәnɛð]
> Gwýnedd [ˡgwɪneð] (would be Gwýnadd [ˡgwɪnað] in
Gwentian)
gwyddoch > gwýddoch
# =
postulated form – no example found, but the
local form would be this
....
In traditional dialect spelling i
often replaces u. For example cwnnu is found spelt a cwnni (or cwni),
since in the south u and i are pronounced the
same.
In Northern dialect writing, y is often replace by ‘i’
to show that in certain cases the orthographic ‘y’ does not represent the
northern pronunciation of ‘y’, but rather ‘i’.
In the South,
this is not necessary since ‘y’ and ‘i’ are pronounced the same – the ‘y’ has
lost the peculaiarity conserved in northern Welsh.
.......................................
Divergent
spellings:
(1) uncodified dialect spelling > Gwentian Dictionary spelling
eetha > ītha
(= eithaf)
enill > ennill (= ennill)
enith > ennill
eth > ǣth
(= aeth)
jobin > jōbyn (= jobyn)
lla’th > llāth / llǣth
Llundan > Llindan
Monpridd > Pom-prīdd (= Pont-y-pridd)
nhw > nw (= nhw, hwy)
neeshad bock > nīshad boc (= neisiad)
ngwraig (= fy ngwraig) > gwraig
nyttwdd > nytwdd (= nodwydd)
otti > otī (= ydy, ydyw)
peeto > pīto
(= peidio)
rotin > (yr) ōtyn (= yr odyn)
sa’r > sār / sǣr
sa’th > sāth / sǣth
’sbonio > sbonio
scupor > sgipor (= ysgubor)
scitsha > esgidiau (= shoes). See esgid(=
shoe)
sgupor > sgipor (= ysgubor)
shony hoi > shōni-oi
sgitche > sgitsha (= esgidiau / shoes). See esgid
(= shoe)
skitsha > sgitsha (= esgidiau /
shoes). See esgid (=
shoe)
slimin > slimyn
sopin > sopyn (= llawer iawn)
spel > sbel (= sbel)
spio > sbio (= edrych TO LOOK)
spo > sbō (=
stim > sdim (nid oes dim = there is not)
ticcyn > ticyn (= tipyn)
treelo > treilo (= treulio TO SPEND)
tu > ti (= tu)
urtiff / urto > irto (= hurtio / hurto)
Wbre > *Wbra (Aubrey)
weetha > wītha
(= weithiau SOMETIMES)
wetin > wētyn
(= wedyn)
yscetin > yscetyn (= ers cetyn)
(2) Standard
spellings > Gwentian Dictionary spelling
cau > ceiad
cadair > ca*tar
campus > campis
coetgae > coica
crecyn > crēcyn
cuddio > cīddo
darren > darran (see tarran)
esbonio > sbonio
esgidiau > sgitsha
geiriau > gi*ra
glanháu > cnai
Llundain > Llindan, Llyndan
hurtio / hurto > irto
hyn > ’yn
prysur > prysir
tarren > tarran
wythnos > wthnos
Sumbolau:
Ǣ A-E ǣ Ā Ē Ī Ō Ū æː ǣ ā ē ī ō ū W̄ w̄ ȳ/ ˡ ɑ æ Æ ɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ə ɑˑ eˑ iˑ oˑ uˑ ɑː æː eː iː oː uː / ɥ / ˡ ð ɬ ŋ N-G ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ
uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ [ә gæ:r]
Æːæːā ē ī ō ū W̄ w̄
ȳ/ ˡ ɑ æ æːɛ ɪ ɔ ʊ ə ɑˑ eˑ
iˑ oˑ uˑ ɑː æː eː iː oː uː / ɥ / ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ
əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / ә
ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ
ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ [ә
gæ:r]
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