kimkat3694e Kérnow ha’y Thávaz. Cernyw a’i hiaith. Cornualla i la seva llengua. Cornwall and its Language.

25-03-2024

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya NÊBEZ NÔTENNOW WÀR-DRÔ’N KERNEWEK – HENWYN TYLLERYOW Ambell Nodyn ar y Gernyweg – ENWAU LLEOEDD APUNTS SOBRE EL CÒRNIC – NOMS DE LLOCS Some notes on Cornish – PLACE NAMES (delwedd 0617b)

(delwedd 4702c)

Note: diacritics are not used in Modern Cornish but are included here to aid pronunciation.

1/ Thus “än” is “an” (a diaresis indicates that the vowel is in fact a schwa, thus /ən/ instead of /an/).

2/ A circumflex indicates a long vowel in monosyllables (glâz = green; blue), and a half long vowel as a penult syllable (Pŷran = Saint Piran)

BOSVEAN ROAD > Fordh Bozvŷghan

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Boz-vrân /bɔz ˡvra:n/ SW4028 Brane (“dwelling of Brân”). Nearby is Kêr Brân (“Caer Brân”) SW40763 29020, a hillfort.

Before the stressed final syllable the long /o:/ becomes short /ɔ/.

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BRANE > Boz-vrân

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CAER BRÂN > Kêr Brân

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Dewgoez /ˡdɛu̯gos/ (this Modern Cornish name is a recent translation of the English name Doublebois (as if “Doubleboys”) /ˡdʌbəlbɔɪz/. The English name is French in origin (= two woods; in modern French /ˡdublbwɑ/, but in Old French bois was /ˈboi̯s/).

Dewgoez is (dew = two) + (soft mutation K > G) + (kôêz = wood). The numeral dew in Cornish causes soft mutation of the first cononsonant of a following noun if the consonant is mutable. The singular form is used after numerals in Cornish so literally = “two wood”.

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Doublebois (as if “Doubleboys”) (/ˡdʌbəlbɔɪz/) is in Modern Cornish Dewgoez.

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EGLOS ROAD > Fordh än Eglos

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Fordh än Eglos /fɔrð ən ˡɛglɔs/ (“(the) road (of) the church”, church road). Cornish form of the name of a road in Pennänvownder (Shortlanesend) – in English as “Eglos Road”.

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Fordh Bozvŷghan /fɔrð bɔzˡvɪ·xan/ (“(the) road (of) Bozvŷghan”, “Bozvŷghan Road”) Cornish form of the name of a road in Pennänvownder /pɛn:ənˡvɔʊndɛr/ (Shortlanesend) – in English as “Bosvean Road”.

(bôz /bo:z/ = house) + (soft mutation B > V) + bŷghan = little) i.e. “little house”. In compound forms, where “bôz” is a prepenult syllable, the vowel becomes short > /bɔz/.

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Hyns Pŷran /hɪns ˡpɪ·ran/ (“the) way (of) (Saint) Piran”, Saint Piran’s Way). A road in Pŷran yn Trêth / Perranzabuloe. The street sign has the Modern Cornish name below it – “Hyns Peran” (i.e. with a circumflex this would be “Hyns Pêran”). Pêran /ˡpɛ·ran/ is a late form of Pŷran in Traditional Cornish. With native saints, “Saint” is not used in Cornish / Welsh / Breton.

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Kêr Brân (“Caer Brân”) SW40763 29020, a hillfort by Brane. O. J. Padel (Cornish Place-Names. 1988.) notes “Caer Brân” in 1754. It seems to be an antiquarian form since it uses the Welsh word “caer”; perhaps influenced by Caer Caradoc in Shropshire (correctly, in Welsh, Caer Caradog /kai̯r kaˡra·dɔg/ “fortress (of) Caradog”). Caer Brân seems to be “fort (of) Brân”, possibly a reinterpretation of the English form “Brane” as simply “Brân”, though it is in fact a coalesced form of Boz-vrân. (The second element though is indeed the name “Brân”).

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Lezant /lɛˡzant/ > Lann-sant.

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Lannergh /ˡlan:ˡsant/. In

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Lann-sant /lan:ˡsant/. In English Lezant /lɛˡzant/. The Modern Cornish name according to the Akademi Kernewek is Lannsans/lan:ˡsans/, though the final “t” never became “s” as in western Cornwall. Cornish was lost here (?1200) before the change t > s occurred in the language. So Lannsans / Lann-sans is less preferable than Lann-sant.

“Lann” = enclosure, church site; “sant” = sacred, holy. Hence “sacred enclosure”. Cf Penn-sans /pɛn:ˡsanz/ (English: Penzance /pɛn:ˡzans/) “sacred headland, holy headland”.

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Mousehole. Pronounced as if written Mowzle /ˡmaʊzəl/. See Modern Cornish Porthŷnys /pɔrθ ˡɪ·nɪs/ .

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Perranzabuloe /pɛrənˈzabjəloʊ/ > Pŷran yn Trêth /ˈpɪ·ran ɪn ˈtre:θ/.

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PORTISAAC > Porthŷzek

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Porthŷzek /pɔrθ ˡɪ·zɛk/ In English as Port Isaac /po:t ˡaɪzək/ The meaning is unclear, as earlier forms are few.

In 1337 it was “Portusek” and this might suggest that the name is “corn port”:

(porth = cove) + (y^zek = of corn; abounding in corn < y^z = corn)

But this is improbable; for one thing it is a strange combination and secondly it is not a name known elsewhere in Cornwall or in Welsh or Breton.

Possibly it was Por’ Tûzek (Porth Tûzek, with “porth” reduced to “por’”. Tûzek is a presumed personal name - “Tudek” in earlier Cornish, “Tuzek” in later Cornish.)

Cf Cadog, a fond form of some name with "cad" (= battle) as its first element + hypochoristic suffix – og). In the case of the Celtic saint Cadog the real name was probably Cadfael. Other names with “cad” as a first element are Cadwaladr and Cadwallon).

Tûzek would be the equivalent of Welsh Tudog (although not known historically in Wales; the only occurrence seems to be as a pseudonym – In Y Gwladgarwr 08-10-1870 there is on page 6 a report from Caer-sws submitted by a correspondent with the pseudonym “Tudog”).

“Tudog” could have been a fond form of names such as Tudwal, Tudri, etc. (Tud- (= people) + suffix – og).

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Porthnâvaz /pɔrθ ˡna:vaz/ In English this is Porth Navas. This seems to be “porth än nâvaz” ((the) cove (of) the sheep) (here meaning a single sheep, not a flock of sheep). This is (än = definite article) + (dâvaz = sheep). One would expect the soft mutation of /d/ here after the definite article (“än dhâvaz”) (the definite article soft mutates the initial consonant of a following feminine noun). However, this initial /d/ became nasalised in Cornish, hence “nâvaz”. S in Welsh and Breton, the linking definite article often drops aawy in place names – porth än nâvas > porth nâvas)

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Porthŷnys /pɔrθ ˡɪ·nɪs/ English this is Mousehole (pronounced as if written “Mowzle” i.e. /ˡmaʊzəl/. Porthŷnys is a historical Cornish name from an underlying porth än ŷnys “(the) harbour (of) the island”, referring to St. Clement’s Isle (in Modern Cornish ŷnys Klemens), an small island about 350 metres from the harbour entrance. There was a chapel on the island from around 600AD until at least 1540AD dedicated to St Clement at some time. (An alternative form is Porthênys, with “ê” /pɔrθˡɛ·nɪs/ – ênys is a later form of ŷnys). There is a house with this name in Porthŷnys - Porthenys House (on Raginnis Hill) (In Modern Cornish, Chî Porthŷnys, Mênydh Ragŷnys /ˡmɛ·nɪð ragˡɪ·nɪs/).

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Pŷran yn Trêth /ˈpɪ·ran ɪnˈtre:θ/. English name Perranzabuloe /pɛrənˈzabjəloʊ/.

Pŷran – the Cornish Saint Piran. The preposition yn = at. Trêth = beach, strand, sand, seashore, coast. Corresponds to “traeth” /trai̯θ/ in Welsh (= beach), south-western /trai:θ/, south-eastern /trɛ:θ/, Breton traezh /tʁɛs/ (= beach”), from Proto-Brythonic *traɨθ, from Proto-Celtic *traxtus. From Proto-Celtic Irish has “trácht” /t̪ˠɾˠɑːxt̪ˠ/ (= beach, strand (a literary word in modern Irish).

The English name has the Latin tag “in sabulō” /ɪn ˈsabuloː/ (= in (the) sand), < Latin sabulum /ˈsabulum/ (= sand), with an Englished pronunciation of the Latin phrase, thus /sabuloː/ > /ˈzabjəloʊ/.

“Perran in sabulo” at some stage seems lost the preposition > “Perran sabulo”

The final /o;/ becomes a diphthong /oʊ/ as is usual in words taken into English with a final “o” (Lido, Fido, Beppo, Aleppo, depot, lotto, etc). The “u” becomes the diphthong /ju/ and subsequently the vowel becomes obscure /jə/ as the syllable is not stressed (cf fabulous, nebulous, ambulance, etc, where although the usual pronunciation has /jə/ the pronunciation /ju/ is also current). The initial “s” becomes “z” after “n” (either when “in sabulo”, or after losing the preposition when it follows the “n” of “Perran” (Perran sabulo). This seems to be a characteristic of West-Country English and is noticable in other Cornish names with “n + s”, “m + s” – Penzance (Penn-sans), Thomasina > Tamzin. (Cornish words other than names with this change may be the result of English influence – kerenza (= love), earlier karensa).

It seems that this is the simple preposition and not “y’n” (contraction of “yn + än” = in the), as in the phrases yn tîr = on land, yn môr = at sea, on the sea, yn chî = at home, (and thus similar to English phrases without an article – at home, at sea, on land, in time, etc, and Welsh phrases with “ar” (= on) – ar draed (“on feet”) = afoot, in progess).

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RAGINNIS /ragˈɪnɪs/ > Ragŷnys

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Ragŷnys /rag ˡɪ·nɪs/. In Porthŷnys /pɔrθ ˡɪ·nɪs/ (Mousehole /ˡmaʊzəl/) there is a street called Raginnis Hill (In Modern Cornish this would be Mênydh Ragŷnys /ˡmɛ·nɪð ragˡɪ·nɪs/) “(the place) facing (an) island”). (ràg = (prefix) = in front of, facing) + (ŷnys = island).

Welsh has "rhagynys". Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (The University of Wales Dictionary) references Cornish “Raginnis”, and Old Breton "Rachenes", and defines Welsh “rhagynys” as "adjacent island".

Welsh (rhag /r̥aɡ/ = in front of, facing) + (ynys /ˈənɪs/ = island). The Welsh meaning refers to the island itself; the Cornish name seems to refer to the land in front of the island, in this case ŷnys Klemens / St. Clement’s Isle.

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Saint Piran’s Way > Hyns Pŷran

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Trewoon Pronounced /trʊən/ (as if “Truan”). The Cornish surname Truan is probably from the place name Trewoon.

There is also a spelling pronunciation /trəˡwu:n/. See the Cornish form Tre-wôên.

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Tre-wôên /trɛˡwo:n/. Englished as Trewoon, which is pronounced /trʊən/ (as if “Truan”).

The elements of the name are trêv (generally as trê in place names) (= farmstead; village; town; one’s home) and gôên (= upland, moorland).

It is a feminine noun and so undergoes soft mutation (G > zero) after the definite article (än).

The word gôên has an underlying older form gwôên with an unassimilated “w” which re-emerges when there is soft mutation and so we have gôên (gwôên) > wôên.

Thus trê än wôên /tre: ən ˡwo:n/ “farmstead (of) the moorland; moor farm”), and with the dropping of the definite article which is common in place names trê wôên. Before the stressed final syllable the long /e:/ becomes short /ɛ/, hence Tre-wôên /trɛˡwo:n/.

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