kimkat3936k The Folk-Speech of South Cheshire. Thomas Darlington. 1887. Tudalennau 200-399 (GAULISH-TOOKEN)

20-10-2023

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The Folk-Speech of South Cheshire.
Thomas Darlington. 1887.

Tudalennau 200-399 (GAULISH-TOOKEN)

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(delwedd C4514) (tudalen 200)	200 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. but aliy shaa)nii gy'ai-t im on urn tin)th mes-tur kumz worn]. "Nai yo'm gated, an' there's noo stoppin' y5" [Naay yoa-)m gy'ai-tid, un dhur)z noo stop-in yu] is said to a child who has been encouraged to hope for something which it consequently persists in asking for. (2) to rouse, incite, persuade. "Hey's gated o' gooin' church nai ; hey'd ha' thowt nowt at it if th' parson hadna gated him on it” [Ey)z gy'ai'tid u goo-in chuurch naay ; ey)d u thuwt nuwt aat- it if )th paa-rsn aad-)nu gy'ai-tid im on it]. Compare AGATE; and see also Mr. Holland's examples, which are good. Gaulish [gau-lish], adj. heavy, clownish. “Hey's nowt bur a greet gaulisli lad ; what can yo expect of a pig bur a grunt?" [Ey)z nuwt bur u greei gau-lish laad- ; wot kun)yu ekspek-t uv u pig- bur u grunt ?] IGaut [gau't], s. a female pig that has been cut or spayed. Also called Gaut pig 1 . Gawby [gau-bi], s. f(l) a simpleton, gaby. (2) folly, idiocy. A person who is behaving in a foolish manner is said to be “turnin' his gawby ait” [tmrrnin iz gau-bi aayt] ; and I have heard such a person requested to " cheen (chain) his gawby up." Gawby [gau-bi], adj. foolish, idiotic. “Come, let's ha' none o* yur gawby tricks" [Kum, let)s aa non u yur gau-bi trik-s]. Gawky [gau-ki], s. a clownish, awkward person. "Tha't as big a gawky as ever ah had abait this bonk ; tha never does nowt as tha't towd, an' when tha does do it, tha does it wrang ; I mid as well keep a dog an' bark mysel” [Dhaa)t uz big u gau-ki uz evur ah aad- ubaayt dliis bongk ; dhu nevur duz nuwt uz dhu)t tuwd, un wen dhu duz doo it, dhu duz it raangg- ; ahy mid uz wel ky'ee-p u dog un baa-rk misel-]. t Gawky [gau-ki], adj. clownish, awkward. "Ah never did sey sich a gawky yowth; hey's aw legs an' wings" [Ah nevur did sey sich u gau-ki yuwth ; ey)z au legz un wingz].

(delwedd C4515) (tudalen 201)	GLOSSARY. 201 tGawm [gau-m], v.a. to grasp, comprehend, literally and figuratively. (1) to grasp, hold in the arms. "As much as one can gawm" is an armful. But the word is often used of the mouth. “Hey was puttin' th' meat awee, crommin' it in as much as hey could gawm" [Ey woz put-in)th mee-t uwee-, krom-in it in uz much uz ey kud gaum]. Here I suspect the influence of gormandize, a not unfrequent word with Cheshire people. (2) to understand, "Dost gawm?" "Well, na' gradely well" [Dust gau-m? Wei, nu grardli wel]. Crawmin [gau-min], adj. foolish, awkward, rash. The word is rather difficult to explain fully ; it generally contains the idea of attempting what one cannot perform. Thus “he's a gawmiri 1 beggar" conveys the ideas that the person spoken of is wanting in intelligence ; that he is awkward in manner and action, and constantly getting in other people's way ; and that he is over-officious, and has not the sense to see what he can perform and what he can not. tGawmless [gau-mlus], adj. dull, lacking understanding. “Well, if I ever did see annyb'dy so gaivmless ! Sems as if yo'd noo notion o' nowt" [Wel, iv ahy evur did se"e aan-ibdi su gau-m-lus ! Semz uz iv yu)d noo noa-shun u nuwt]. 'Gawny [gau-ni], s. an idiot, stupid fool. =Gawp [gau-p], s. a shout, cry. "I'll slat my clog at thee if tha dunna howd thy gawp" [Ahy)l slaat- mi klog aat- dhi iv dhaa du)nu uwd dhi gau-p]. Gawp [gau-p], v.n. (I) to gape, stand open. Shoes which are too wide are said to gawp. (2) to shout. “What at tha gawpin at ? Dost think ah conna hear thee bait aw that willabaloo?" [Wot ut dim gau'pin aat'? Dust thingk' ah kon-)u ee-ur dhi baayt au-dhaat' wil-ubul6o-?] Cawpsheet [gau-psheyt], s. a blockhead, numskull. Cp. APESHEET.

(delwedd C4516) (tudalen 202)	202 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Gears [geyurz], s. pi. harness. “Thrillers" are the harness of the horse that works in the shafts or thrills. Get [gy'et], v.n. to gain, of a clock. “Is this clock wi' the dee ? “ “Well, it gets a bit, an' I dossee it mid bey a bit fast” [Iz dhis klok wi)dhu dee-? Wei, it gy'ets u bit, un ah dosee- it mid bey u bit faas-t]. Get [gy'et], s. earnings. “What's yur get ?” [Wot)s yur gy'et ?] iGetherin [gy'edh-urin], s. a collection. “The friends 'un ga raind, an' tak up the getherin" [Dhu frendz un goa- raaynd, un taak- up dhu gy'edh-urin]. The word is becoming obsolete. iGift [gy'if't], s. a white spot 011 the finger nail: a “lucky sign,"' betokening coming gifts. A gift on the thumb Is sure to come, A gift on the finger Is sure to linger. At Cholmondeley this word is, at least by children, confined to a spot on the thumb nail, one on the finger nail being called a, friend, q.v. IGillyvor [jilivur], s. a gillyflower. Cp. Winter's Tale, IV. iv. 82: “Carnations and streaked gillyvors." f Gilt [gy'il't], s. a young sow that has not yet had a litter. Gird [guurd], s. only in the phrase “by fits an' girds “= by fits and starts. Gird [guurd], v.n. to push, hurry about. “Ealy, Nan, hai tha does gird abowt ! do sit thee dam an' be quaiet a bit” [Kae-li, Naan-, aay dhu duz guurd ubuwt ! doo sit dhi daayn un bi kwai-ut u bit]. The word is common in the phrase “runnin' an' girdin." Wilbraham has the word in the sense of “pushing as a bull does." iGis [gy'is*], s. guise, sort: only used in the phrase “an other gis" meaning "a different" (person or thing). But the phrase is so pronounced that the speaker believes he is using an ordinary

(delwedd C4517) (tudalen 203)	GLOSSARY. 203 adjective "nothergis:" the pronunciation of other [oa-dhur], which is peculiar to this phrase, and may be a survival of an older pronunciation, completely conceals the derivation from him. Thus a Cheshire man will say: “He's a nothergis moil to yo" [ey)z u noa-dhur)gy'is mon tu yoa-], meaning “He's a better man than you." Wilbraham writes Guest, influenced presumably by the pronunciation of the phrase in literary English two centuries ago. Gizzum [gy'iz-um], s. the mouth. "Shut yur gizzum" [Shut yur gy'iz-um]. ' ' Hast greased thy gizzum ?" = Have you had a good breakfast ? Gl. Words beginning with these letters are marked with the pronunciation [gl]. They may, however, take the pronunciation Glab [glaab-], s. foolish, idle talk. “Wun yo howd yur fil [Wun)yu uwd yur glaab* ?] GlabbeP [glaab'iir], s. the same as GLAB, above. Compare Scotch claver. Glabber [glaab-ur], f(l) v.a. to coax, wheedle, pet. “Yo mun glabber the missis o'er to let yo go Faddiley wakes" [Yoa* mun glaab-ur dhu mis-is oa-r tu le<t yu goa* Faad-li wai'ks]. To glabber a cat is to caress it and talk coaxingly to it. Bailey and Ray give glaffer and ylaver as Cheshire words, and Wilbraham presumably follows them. (2) v.n. to jabber, gabble. Glassey [glaasi], s. a marble or “taw" made of glass of various colours. Glaster [glaas-tur], s. a mixture of buttermilk and water. Miss Jackson has the word with the meaning of "milk and water." W. glasdwr. Gleeamy [gleyumi], adj. Of the weather, hot and sultry, with alternating showers. IGleeds [gleydz], s.pl. the red hot embers of a wood fire. “Tak

(delwedd C4518) (tudalen 204)	204 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. th' mauldn an' sweep th' gleeds ait” [Taak')th mau'kin un sweep)th gleedz aayt]. It is especially, and commonly, used of the glowing embers left at the bottom of a brick oven. Gleg; [gleg], v.n. to look furtively or askance. "Look a'it! th' owd woman's gleggiri at yo" [Look aayt! dh)uwd wunvun)z gleg-in aat- yu]. Compare the Northern adjective gleg, keen. f Glent [glent], s. a glimpse. See GLINT. tGlide [glahyd], v.n. to squint. Ray has "gly, glee, to look asquint. LINCOLNSHIKE." Cp. GLEG, above. tGlint [gliirt], s. a glimpse. "I just cetched a glint on her i'th' market” [Ahy just ky'echt u dlint on ur i)th maa-rkit]. Also Glent, equally common. -Gloekent [glok-nt], adj. astounded, startled. "Eh! mon, aw was glockent when aw seyd thee; aw thowt tha was a buggart" [Ae'l mon, au- woz glok-nt wen au- seyd dhi ; au- thuwfc dhaa wuz u bug-urt]. It is only used in the broadest form of the dialect. Also pronounced gloppent. Bailey has gloten as a Cheshire word. t Gloppent [glop-nt], adj. See GLOCKENT. Glore [gloa-r], s. a glow. 'Glory [gloa-ri], adj. glowing. Glur [gluur], s. fat. "Here hey's brought this Christmas beif worn ; an' it's aw of a glur” [Eyur ey)z brau-t dhis Kris-mus beyf worn; un it)s au- uv u dluur]. "A glur o' fat" is a mass of fat. Gnarly [naa-rli], adj. gnarled, cross-grained, of timber. Cfnatter [naat-ur], v.a. t(l) to gnaw. “Th' meice han \smgnatterirf at theise cheises" [Th)meys un bin naat-urin ut dheyz cheyziz]. (2) to annoy, irritate. "Hoo gnatters me terribly" [60 naat-urz mi ter-ubli]. In this sense the word is most common

(delwedd C4519) (tudalen 205)	GLOSSAKY. 205- in the p.p. gnattered [naat-urd], irritable, peevish, e.g., “a gnattered temper." Gob [gob], s. (1) a heap, lump. “Lyin' i' rucks an' gobs" [Lahyin i ruks un gobz] is a common phrase. O.F. gob, a mouthful, lump. (2) noise, talk; a variant of -gab. Gobba-gaw [gob-u-gau-], s. a gaby. Gobbaz [gob-uz], v.n. (1) to gape, yawn. (2) Loose stones are said to lie "gobbazin" about the road. I think this use is derived from gob (above), and refers to the “lumpy" appearance of the road. Gobbinshire [gob-inshur], s. This word (for which see Mr. Holland s.v.) only survives in S. Cheshire in the following rhyme : " Gobbinshire, Gobbinshire, from Gobbinshire Green, The ronkest owd beggar as ever was seen." [Gob'inshur, Gob'inslmr, frum Gob'inshur Greyn, Dim rongk'ist uwd beg'ur uz evur wuz seyn]. Goblin [gob-lin], s. a gooseberry. Go-ella [goa-el-u], s. bed. BICKLEY. “Wey mun bog to the go-ella" [Wey mun bog tu dhu goa"elu]. W. gwely. This word is only used by a limited number of persons, and I suspect that its origin may be quite recent, though I cannot ascertain this. If so, it will serve as an example of the way in which dialect words sometimes become current. The first person who used go-ella would probably do so with the full consciousness of its Welsh origin ; but it would soon be caught up and repeated by others who were quite unconscious of this, and would eventually be a recognised term in the folk- speech of a certain district. Goggaz [gog-uz], v.n. to stare. "What a't tha goggazin at, nai? Tha's noo moor manners abait thee till if tha'd bin born in a wood" [Wot ut dim gog-uzin aat, naay? Dhu)z noo m6our

(delwedd C4520) (tudalen 206)	206 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. maairurz ubaayt dhi til iv dhu)d bin bau-rn in u wild]. The word is formed from goggle, on the analogy of fummaz, scnnn-maz, dongaz, &c. See under FUMMAZ. tGollup [gol'iip], v.a. to gulp, gobble. "Na'i, then, dunna gollup it dain thee as if tha'd had noo meat for a wik" [Naay, dhen, du)nu gol-up it daayn dhi uz iv dhu)d aad- noo mee't fur u wik-]. [gonruril], s. a foolish or awkward person. Gonder [gon-dur], v.n. (1) to stretch the neck like a gander, to stand at gaze. "What a't gonderiri theer fur?" [Wot ut gon-durin dheyur fuur?] t(2) to ramble, walk heedlessly. “Wheer't tha gonderiri off to ?" [We~eur)t dhu gon-durin of t6o ?]. Gonderpate [gon-durpaii], s. a goose, a silly person. Good Cathy [gud ky'aath'i], inter j. an exclamation of surprise, probably = “Good, quoth I." Good luck [gudluk], s. an euphemistical term for mischief, only so used in the phrase to “play the good luck with “anything. Good luck is pronounced as one word, with the accent resting strongly on the first syllable. "Goose [goos], s. “Cutting the goose's neck" is the name of a harvest custom now almost obsolete. When the reapers are about finishing a field of corn, they leave a small piece standing. The heads of this are tied together with a piece of ribbon, and the reapers then throw their sickles at the bunch of heads. The one who severs the heads from the stalks receives a prize. For further information see Mr. Holland, s.v. Cutting the Neck. GoosegOg [goo-sgog], s. a gooseberry. tGorse-COte [gau-rs-koa-t], s. a rough shed, the sides of which are made of gorse wound about upright stakes. tGorst [gau-rst], s. gorse. A.S. gorst. IGoster [gos-tur], v.n. to brag, boast. "I heerd him i'th' Hoss

(delwedd C4521) (tudalen 207)	GLOSSARY. 207 an' Jockey, swaggerin an' gosterirt theer ; there was noob'dy's cheese like his'n” [Ahy ee-urd im i)dh Os-)n Jok-i, swaag-urm un gos'turin dheyur ; dhur wuz n6o'bdiz chee-z lahyk iz-n]. CrOWf [guwf], s. t(l) a silly person, a simpleton. “Tha grat goivf" [Dhaa grae-t guwf]. Leigh has Goufe or Gaufe. (2) a grimace. "Hey pulled a pratty gowf" [Ey puld (or) poo-d u praat'i guwf]. Cp. GOWFIN and MAGOWFIN. Gowfin [guwfin], s. a grimace. Gozzaekin [goz-ukin], adj. voluble, gossiping, talebearing. "Hoo gos an' tells everythin' ; I never seid sich a gozzackin bitch “ [Oo goz un telz evrithin ; ahy nevur seyd sich- u goz'ukin bich-]. tGradely [grai-dli], adj. General sense: orderly, normal, well-appointed, with nothing lacking. Its meanings may be thus classed : (1) handsome, comely ; e.g., “a gradely wench." (2) In full possession of one's mental and bodily powers. “There's summat abowt that lad as inna gradely” [Dhur)z surn'ut ubuwt dhaat laad* uz i)n e u grai'dli]. (3) according to the known operations of nature. A haunted house would be said to have "summat no,' gradely" about it. Icel. greffiligr, greiftr, ready. The g is a prefix ; m'6Y = E. ready. t Graft [graaf-t], s. a spade's depth. “Turn it o'er a good graft deep" [Tuurn it oa-r u gud graaf-t deep], Graft [graaf-t], v.a. to dig about the surface. Graftin'-shovel [graaf-tin-shuvil]. s. a spade used in "grafting." t Grains [grai-nz, gree-nz], s.pl. (1) the prongs of a pitchfork. “Young Lewis has gotten tumblet off a looad o' hee, an' th 7 pikel-greens han gone into his yed, an' they dunna know whether hey '11 live" [Yungg Luwis uz got'n turn-bit of u

(delwedd C4522) (tudalen 208)	208 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. 16oud u ee f , un)th pahykil-gree-nz un gon in-tu iz yed, un dhi dun)u noa* wedlrur ey)l liv]. Grain, correct pronunciation of the mod. E. groin, the fork of the leg ; Icel. grein, a branch. See groin in Professor Skeat's Dictionary. (2) spent malt, used for feeding cows. Granny [graan-i], s. a simpleton: used of both sexes. Compare NINNY. Granny-reared [graan-i-reeurd], adj. of a child, over-indulged, spoilt. tGraped [grai-pt], part. adj. tuberculated, of the lungs of cattle, “Hoo's an owd graped 'un ; I wunna buy her ; her 11 tak as much sellin' as an acre of fistle-seids" [6o)z un uwd grai-pt un; ahy wu)nu bahy ur; ur)l taak- uz much sel-in uz un ai-kur u fis-1-seydz]. tGrash [graash-], s. unripe fruit. “They'n made 'emsels bad wi* eatin' aw that grash" [Dhai)n maid umsel-z baad' wi ee-tin au- dhaat- graash-]. Grater [grai-tur], v.a. f(l) to grate: “Go an' grater some nutmeg." f (2) to grind : as “to grater the teeth." (3) to crack, of the joints : “My neck graters every time I turn it” [Mahy nek grai-turz evri tahym ahy tuurn it]. Grauneh [grau-nsh], f(l) v.a. to craunch, crunch between the teeth. (2) v.n. to crack, of the joints : "I conna turn my neck bu' what it graunches” [Ahy kon-)u tuurn mi nek bu wot it grau-nshiz]. Grein [greyn], s. a common (not confined to the sense of village green). Very common in place names, as within this century great portions of this part of the county were unenclosed common land. f Grein-fade [greyn-fai-d], s. green mould in cheese. tGrein linnet [greyn lin-it], s. the greenfinch. tGrein-sauce [greyn-sau-s], s. the sorrel; also called SOUR-DOCK.

(delwedd C4523) (tudalen 209)	GLOSSARY. 209 tGrein side [greyn sahyd], s. the green surface of grass-land Land laid down to grass is said to be "grein side upparts" [up-urts]. tGrein whey [greyn wee-], s. the clear whey which separates from the curd in the cheese-tub. I Grein winter [greyn win-tur], s. a warm winter, without much frost or snow. tGreit [greyt], s. grit, sandstone pounded small to form a substitute for Bath-brick. tGress-hook [gres--6ok], s. the short iron rod which subtends the angle made by the blade of a scythe with the scythe-pole. Grew [gr6o], v.a. and n. to stick to the saucepan. Thus milk may be spoken of as grewin 1 , or as being grewed or grewn [gr6od, groon], to the bottom of the saucepan. Mr. Holland gives the word in the past participle greitfd only. tGrey-bob [gree--bob], s. the lesser redpole. tGrid [grid-], s. a grating. "Ah've on'y just black-leaded my grid" [Ah)v oa-ni just blaak-led-id mi grid]. Here the grid over the "ess-hole" is meant: hence the latter is also called a "grid-hole." Compare E. gridiron. Grig [grig-], s. f(l) heather. W. grug. (2) meadow grass, which has been left too long before mowing and thus has gone rotten. Griggy [grig-i], s. a louse. W. grugiad, an ant. Griggy [grig-i], adj. of meadow-grass, rotten. Grim [grim-], adj. grimy, dirty. “Lawmanees, lad, hai grim tha at ! Go an' wesh some o'th' grue off" [Lau-mune'ez, laad-, aay grim dhu aat ! Goa- un wesh sum u)th gr6o of]. Grimmy [grim-i], adj. the same as GEIM. GrinagOg [grin-ugog] s. a stupid, grinning person. Cp. STAKEAGOG. tGrindlestone [grin-dlstun], s. a grindstone. " It's a gruntin', grindin' grindlestone, As somebody's rowlt away." The Three Jovial Huntsmen. O

(delwedd C4524) (tudalen 210)	210 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tGrinsel [griirsil], s. groundsel. Grittly [grit-li], adj. gritty. Groats [grau-ts], s.pl. the inside kernel of oats. These are used to make black-puddings. Hence the common expression used in depreciation of good birth without money “What's blood without groats?" A very good instance of a double-entendre. IGroOp [groop], s. the passage in the shippons behind the cows. Du. groep. Groopin [gr6o-pin], s. the same as GROOP. “The groopins wanten mendin'“ [Dhu gr6o'pinz waan'tn men'din]. Grouze [graawz], v.a. to munch, e.g. walnuts or anything else of which the crunching sound can be heard during the process. Thus we might speak of pigs grouzing raw potatoes. Grub [grub], s. any kind of worm except the largest. f Grubbed [grubd], part. adj. envious, jealous. I Grub-heave [grub--ee-v], s. a worm-hillock. “Th' country abowt Cholmondeley's very much gen to grub-heaves" [Th) kmrtri ubuwt Chunrli)z veri much gy'en tu grub--ee-vz]. See HEAVE. Grue [gr6o], s. grime. For an example of its use see GRIM. tGrue [gr6o], v.a. to begrime. A housewife speaking of the dirty state of a room will declare it is “grued up” (or even that she is so) ; a dirty person may be said to be "grued" or “gruen up to the ears." Gruffins [gruf'inz], 5. pi. I only know this word as used of a cow, who, when she lifts her back, is said to “hump her gruffins." Grump [grump], v.a. to crunch. “When I was young, I did like grump pencil" [Wen ahy wuz yungg, ahy did' lahyk grump pen*sil], Grunt [grunt], v.n. to grumble. “There's bin a dell o' gruntirf o'er what the Duke's done” [Dhur)z bin u del u gran-tin oa-r wot dhu Dy6o-k)s dun].

(delwedd C4525) (tudalen 211)	GLOSSARY. 211 Guardful [gy'aa-rdful], adj. careful. Gudgeon [guj-un, guj-in], s. the piece of iron driven through the axle of a wheelbarrow, on which the wheel turns. Guggle [gug'l], v.a. to swallow. “Sithee, ha'i that yowth guggles the beer dain him" [Si)dhi, aay dhaat* yuwth gug-lz dhu beeur daayn im]. This is probably the same word as Guttle, which Mr. Holland gets from Macclesfield. Guide [geyd], s. guidance. “That mon dunna sem to have much guide on his hoss" [Dhaat' mon du)nu sem tu aav much geyd un iz os], i Guttler [gy'il-ur], s. that part of a fishing-line, made of twisted horse-hair, to which the hook is attached. Gulch [gulsh], v.n. to bulge out, burst out. “There's one stack with a big, broad bally, as has bin sweetin, and gotten terribly gulclied ait at one end" [Dhur)z won staak- widh u big', broa'd baal-i, uz uz bin swee-tin, un got-n terubli gulsht aayt ut won end]. So one hears of cheeses "gukhin' ait at the side" [gill-shin aayt ut dhu sahyd]. Gulf [gulf], v.a. to swallow greedily. "Hai tha does gul/ th' meat up ; tha mit be hafe-clemt to jeth” [Aay dhaa duz gulf )th meet up ; dhaa mit bey arf-klemt tu jeth]. Gullantine [gul-untahyn], v.a. to kill, destroy. “Owd Billy says 'at hai hey seyd a sneel gullantiniri a grub" [Uwd BiH sez ut aay ey seyd u snee-l gul'untahynin u grub]. Evidently from guillotine. IGullet [gul-it], s. (1) a long, narrow piece of land. (2) a narrow street or alley. Gully [gul'i], s. a gosling, generally a very young one. The name in use for older goslings is [gy'ez-lin], Wilbraham gives gull for “all nestling birds in an unfledged state." Guts [guts], v.n. to eat gluttonously. "He's for everlastin' after his keg; I hate to sey sich gutsiri folks" [Ee)z fur evur-laas-tin aaf'tur iz ky'eg ; ahy art tu sey sich gutsin foa-ks].

(delwedd C4526) (tudalen 212)	212 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tGuttit [gut-it], s. Shrovetide ; lit. Good tide. Guttit Tuesday is the name for Shrove Tuesday. tGyur [gy'uur], s. diarrhoea in calves. tGyur [gy'uur], v.n. of calves, to be afflicted with diarrhoea. H. Ha' [aa, u], v.a. and aux. to have. "Yo'n ha' gooa" [Yu)n aa g6ou]. This form is chiefly used before consonants in preference to [aav]. From it are formed the preterite [aad-], and the second and third persons singular, and all persons plural of the present [aaz-, aan-]. tHaek [aak-], s. (1) the heart, liver, and lights of a pig, undivided. "Go to Longley's an' ask 'em for a pig's hack" [Goa- tu Longg-liz un aas-k urn fur u pig-z aak']. (2) a kind of mattock used to “stock “or pull up gorse. Bailey has the word in this sense. Hack [aak-], v.n. to snap at with the mouth. “Th' owd sai's gotten pigs, bur ah do dait hoo inna gooin' tak to 'em reightly, fur hoo hacks at 'em whenever they com'n cloose up to her" [Dh)uwd saay)z got-n pigz, bur ah doo daayt 60 i)nu g6o-in taak- t6o um reytli, fur 60 aak-s aat- um wenevur dhi kumn kloos up t6o ur]. Cp. A.S. to-haccian, to hack at; Ger. hacken, to peck. Hacker [aak-ur], v.n. to stammer. The person who used the following expression evidently considered it a weaker term than stammer. “So and So's a good speaker, on'y he hackers a bit, nat to caw it stammerin'“ [Soa- un Soa*)z u gud spee-kur, oani ey aak-urz u bit, naat- tu kau- it staam-urin]. Hafe-baked [ai-f-bai-kt or ee-f-bee-kt], adj. silly, half-witted. “Oh, hey's on'y liafe-baked, hey inna ; hey went in wi' the loaves, an' come ait wi' the cakes” [Oa', ey)z oa-ni arf-bai-kt, ey i)nu; ey went in wi)dhu loa-vz un kum aayt wi)dhu ky'ai-ks]. Hafe-char [ai-f-chaa-r], adj. and adv. doing things by halves.

(delwedd C4527) (tudalen 213)	GLOSSARY. 213 "It's terrible ha/e-char work to ha' two outs at gettin' a job like that done" [It)s terubl ai-f-chaa-r wuurk tu aa too aawts ut gy'et-in u job lahyk dhaat* dun]. Hafe-reaeher [ai-f-ree-chur], s. a pitchfork of more than ordinary length, used to hand up hay to the top of a stack which is approaching completion. Hafers [ai-furz, ee-furz], inter j. halves! the ordinary word which is used to claim half of any treasure -trove. Hafe-SOaked [arf-soa-kt], adj. half-silly, without one's full measure of intellect. Hafe-Strained [ai-f-strai-nd, ee-f-stree-nd], adj. silly, lacking in wit. Hafe-thiek [ai-f-thik], s. a simpleton. tHag [aag-], s. a task. "They'dn a lung hag on it" [Dhar)dn u lungg aag* on it]. "Hoo'd a pratty hag to do it" [6o)d u praat'i aag- tu d6o it]. So, to work by hag by task, by the piece, instead of by the day or the week. tHaggle [aag-1], v.a. to hack unevenly. "Ye munna haggle the cheise ; tak it streight afore ye” [Yi mun)u aag-1 dhu cheyz ; taak- it streyt ufoar yi]. Compare : And York, all haggled o'er, Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteeped, And takes him by the beard. Shak., Henry V. iv. 6. Haggly [aag-li], adj. hacked uneven. tHag-mester [aag'-mestur], s. the overseer who apportions out the "hag- work." Hair-shorn-lip [ae-r-shoa'rn-lip], s. a cleft lip ; a hare-lip. tHaise [aays], s. house; frequently used in the sense of HASE-PLEECE, below. tHaise-keeper [aays-ky'ee-pur], s. an heirloom, an old piece of family furniture. Such a piece of furniture is often spoken of as a “good owd haise-keeper."

(delwedd C4528) (tudalen 214)	214 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tHai'se-pleece [aays-plee-s], s. houseplace, living-room in a farm-house. Hammil [aam-il], v.a. to illtreat. abuse, overwork. An over-worked servant maid was called “a poor, hammilled thing” [u p6our aamild thingg-]. A henpecked husband was said to be “liammiled with his weife” [aamild widh iz weyf]. Cf. A.S, hamelian, to maim. tHanch [aan-sh], v.n. to snap with the teeth. "I dunna like th' looks o' that dog; he hanshed at me very savage jus' then" [Ahy du)nu lahyk)th 16oks u dhaat* dog ; ey aan-sht aat- mi veri saavich jus dhen]. Hand [aan-d, more anciently ond, ont], s. a hand. Two phrases deserve notice under this head. (1) “To make a hand of" = to impose upon. "I mun know abowt th' markets afore I sell ; I dunna want be made a hand on” [Ahy mun noa- ubuwt)th maa-rkits ufoaT ahy sel ; ahy du)nu waan-t bi mard u aan-d on]. f(2) “To buy by hand “is to buy by mere guess instead of weighing the article. IHand-bOOard [aan-d-b6ourd], s. a tea-tray. I Hand-Staff [aan-d-staaf], s. the handle of a flail. tHandy-Bandy [aairdi-baan-di], s. the name of a game. A person conceals an object in one of his two closed hands, and invites his companion to tell which hand contains the object in the following words : Handy-Bandy ', sugar-candy, Which hand wun yo have ? [Aan-di-Baan-di, shug*ur-ky'aan-di, wiclr aan'd wun yu aav?] Handy-pungy [aan-di-pungg-i], s. a fight with the fists. "We s'n sey a bit o' liandy-pungy nai” [Wi)sn sey u bit u aan-di-pungg-i naay]. t Hang's [aang-z], s.pl. snares for ground-game. Hankitch [aangk-ich], s. a handkerchief. Also HENKITCH.

(delwedd C4529) (tudalen 215)	GLOSSARY. 215 t Hansel [aairsl], s. the first sale that one effects after opening a shop or market-stall for the day. “Gie me a hansel, an' it'll gie me good luck” [Gy'i)mi u aan-sl, un. it)l gy'i)mi gud luk]. tHantle [aan-tl], s. a handful. “They sen hey mays a hantle o' money every fair-dee” [Dhi sen ey mai-z u aan-tl u mun-i evri fae-r-dee-]. Happen upon [aap-n upon-], v.n. to light on. "If yo happen'n upon ahr Geo'ge, tell him th' mester's bin wantin him" [Ivyu aap-n-n upun aa-r Joa-j, tel im th)mes-tur)z bin waan-tin im]. tHarbOUration [aa-rburai-shun], s. a collection of anything unpleasant. “My sakes alive ! what a harbouration o' rubbitch there is i' the liaise” [Mahy sai'ks ulahyv ! wot u aa-rburai--shun u rub-ich dhur iz i dhu aays]. Hard [aa-rd], adj. (1) hardy; esp. not sensitive to pain. "Ahr young Ben's as hard as neels ; yo may run a pin into him an' hey wunna showt” [Aa-r yung Ben)z uz aa-rd uz neeiz; yu mi run u pin iivtu im un ey wu)n-u shuwt]. 1(2) of beer, sour. Hard-faced [aa-rd-fai-st], adj. impudent, brazen-faced. “A terr'ble hard-faced wench” [U tae-rbl aa-rd-farst wensh]. Cp. colloquial Welsh givynebgaled, which may be an imitation of the Cheshire word. Hard-melehed [aa-rd-melsht], adj. of a cow, difficult to milk. Cp. EASY-MELCHED. tHard-yed [aa-rd-yed], s. a hard-head; the plant Centaurea nigra. Harl [aa-rl], s. a small portion of straw or hay. “Tak the hoss-reek ( = horse-rake) into th' fur hee-feild, an' mind ye reeken every harl on it up” [Taak- dhu os--ree-k urtu)th fuur ee--feyld, un mahynd yi ree-kn evri aa-rl on it up]. tHarry-lung'-leg'S [aar-i-lungg--legz], s. a daddy-long-legs. Harsh [aa-rsh], adj. (1) vigorous, energetic. “Yo wudna think as Ben 'ud get so excited; but he's harsh when he gets agate" [Yoa wud')nu thingk- uz Ben ud gy'et su eksahytid; but ey)z aa-rsh wen ey gy'ets ugy'ai-t].

(delwedd C4530) (tudalen 216)	216 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. t(2) of the wind, piercing. "It's a harsh weind blowin' to-dee mays the air snaitch” [lt)s u aa-rsh weynd bloain tudee- mai-z dhu ae-r snarch]. Has-bin [aaz--bin], s. said of persons or animals now past their prime. “Her's a good owd has-Mn" [Ur)z u gud uwd aaz'bin] of a cow. Hask [aask], s. a hoarse dry cough. “If hoo was makin' that hask, hoo'd have a hoose on her;" of a cow. [Iv 60 wuz mar kin dhaat' aas'k, 6o)d aav u 6os on ur], “That cai's gotten a nasty hash” [Dhaat- ky'aay)z got-n u naas-ti aas-k]. Hasky [aas-ki], adj. dry; of grass, sunburnt, parched. So we say, when a person has heard something unpleasant, "It went dain very hasky with him” [It went daayn ver-i aas-ki widh im]. An east wind would be called “a hasky weind” [u aas-ki weynd]. Hassock [aas-uk], s. less frequent form of HUZZOCK, which see. I Hatch [aach-], s. a garden-gate. “The folks i' Sollop dunna talk reight English; they cawn a hatch a wicket" [Dhu foa-ks i Sol-up dun)u tau-k reyt Ingg-lish ; dhai kau-n u aach* u wik-it]. See WICKET. Hattle [aat-1], adj. uncertain in temper. "Hoo's gotten a hattle temper." Often of cattle, "Yo mun mind that ca'i; hoo's a hattle beggar" [Yoa- mun mahynd dhaat- ky'aay; 6o)z u aat-1 beg'iir]. Bailey, Bay, and Wilbraham give the meaning as “wild, skittish ;" this hardly gives the sense of the word as I have heard it used. flattie-tempered [aat-1- tem-purd], adj. quick-tempered, touchy. “Yo hardly darn (= dare) speak to th' mon hey's so hattle-tempered” [Yu aa*rdli daa-rn spee-k tu)th mon ey)z su aat-1-tem-purd]. Cp. Leigh's heckle-tempered. tflattOCk [aat'uk], s. a cluster of eight, or more, standing sheaves. Haulm [au-m], s. a potato wurzel; the stalk of peas or beans. Curiously enough, it is not used of the stalk of any kind of corn.

(delwedd C4531) (tudalen 217)	GLOSSARY. 217 Haunge [au-nj], s. a hunch or large piece of meat, bread, or other eatable. “Yo'n gen me sich a haunge o' rappit-pie ; I shanna be fit for noo puddin' at after” [Yoa-)n gy'en mi sich-u au-nj u raap-it-pahy; ahy shaa)nu bi fit fur n6o pud-in ut aaftur]. Haunt [au-nt], s. a habit. “I shall have wane (= wean) 'em off expectin' things brought 'em from market every Setterday, else they'n get a haunt on it" [Ahy)shl aav warn urn of ekspek'tin thing-z brau-t urn frum maaTkit evri Set'urdi, els dhi)n gy'et u au-nt on it]. Cp. Chaucer, Prol. to Cant. Tales, 11 of cloth-making she hadde swich a haunt.'" Haunted [au-ntid], p. part, importuned, pestered by the recurrence of something. A person is haunted with a subject when he has it continually brought before his notice. Hauter [au-tur], s. a halter. The expression “What the liauter" is equivalent to the ordinary "What the deuce" or "What the hangman." Havin* [aavin], adj. acquisitive, greedy. Cp. German habgierig. tHaviOUP [arvyur], s. behaviour. “Nai, then, ye mun bey upon yur haviour whel the mester's abowt" [Naay, dhen, yi mun bey upon- yur ai-vyur wel dhu mes-tur)z ubuwt]. Hawk [au'k], v.n. to seek or wish for in vain. If a person asks another for something, which the latter is not disposed to give, he tells the former he “mun hawk for it." This seems to be a special use of the ordinary verb “to hawk," and literally to mean “clamour for it in vain." Hearken [aa-rkn], v.a. sometimes takes a direct object. "Ah went hearken th' Salveetion Army" [Ah went aa-rkn)th Saalvee-shun Aa'rmi], Hearken-ait [aa-rkn-aayt], s. a listening. “Keep a Jwarken-aU for it” [Ky'ee-p u aa-rkn aayt for-)it]. t Hearken up [aa-rkn up], v.n. to call in, pay a call. Heave [ee-v], s. a heap. "Put the tatoes i' heaves" [Put dhu tai-tuz i ee-vz].

(delwedd C4532) (tudalen 218)	218 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. I Heavy on [evi on], adj. is the term used to describe a vehicle which is not properly balanced, but the load of which presses too heavily on the horse's back. Heck [ek], interj. (1) an exclamation of surprise. Cp. Scotch liecli. (2) almost equivalent to "the deuce." "What the fack are yo up to ?" [Wot dhu ek u yu up too ?]. t Hedge-back [ej-baak-], s. a hedge-bank. Heel-rake [eyl-rai-k or -ree-k], s. See ELL-KAKE. t Heel-tree [eyl-trey], s. a raised piece of wood or stone forming the edge of the groop behind the cows in a cowhouse. Heft [eft], s. strength, heaving. I give this definition exactly as it appears in an entry in my note-book, made about 1878. I regret that I cannot remember the way in which it was used, and I have lately been unable to find any dialect-speaking person who knows the word. I think I heard it at Burland. Miss Jackson has the word with the meaning of “a heavy weight." I suspect that the meaning of the Cheshire word is rather akin to that of Shakspere, viz., heaving, or strength exerted in heaving “he cracks his gorge, his sides, with violent hefts “ (Winters Tale, II. i. 45). Heir [ae-r], v.a. to inherit. “There's a pratty shovelful o' money, an' hey heirs it aw” [Dhur)z u praat'i shuvlful u mun-i, un ey ae-rz it au-]. tHeirable [ae-rubl], adj. heritable, entailed. Heit Off [eyt of], interj. a word used to horses = “Go from me," "Turn off to the right." Used by Chaucer, Cant. Tales, 7143. IHen-CUrn [en--kuurn], s. the inferior corn which is used for feeding the fowls. Heng [eng], v.n. to hang. Two usages may be noted under this head. 1(1) A couple are said to "fang i'th' bell-ropes" from the time that the banns of their marriage have been published in church for the last time to the time they are married.

(delwedd C4533) (tudalen 219)	GLOSSARY. 219 (2) "To heng to “is to have an inclination or affection for. "Hoo was with us for a many 'ear, an' it's like as if hoo's auvays hungn to us” [60 wuz widh uz fur u men'i eVur, un it)s lahyk uz iv 6o)z au-viz ungn too uz]. tHeng-eheiee [eng-oheys], s. hang-choice ; Hobson's choice. "We han but a poor dinner, so it's heng-cheice wi' yo” [Wi aan 1 but u poour durur, soa* it)s eng-cheys wi)yu]. tHen-hurdle [en--uurdl], s. a hen-roost over a pig-sty. Henkiteh [engk-ich], s. a handkerchief. Also HANKITCH. tHen-seratS [en--skraats], s.pl. long, straggly clouds, portending rain ; lit. hen-scratchings. tHep [ep], s. a hip; the berry of the dog-rose. “I dunna care a hep” [Ahy du)nu ky'ae'r u ep] is a common expression. Compare M.E. “not worth a Jwtwe." Fie upon heps (quoth the fox), because he could not reach them. Ray's Proverbs, p. 110 (quoted by Miss Jackson). t Hep-gun [ep'-gun], s. a pop-gun, from which heps are fired. Hess [es], s. a hearse. Better [et-ur], v.n. to increase in intensity. I have only once heard this word; it was used at Norbury “hetteriri an' hetterin' “evidently in the above sense. Eay gives “hetter, eager, earnest, keen," as a North Country word. Cp. Icel. heitr, hot. t Hide-bun [ahyd-bun], adj. of a cow, hide-bound, with tight-clipping hide ; a supposed mark of inferiority. ^iHiggle [ig'l], v.n. to perform the functions of a higgler (q.v.) tHig'g'ledy-pig'gledy, Maupas shot [igldi-pig-ldi, mau-pus shot 1 ], adverbial phrase, serving all alike, making no difference. Mr. Holland has explained this phrase so fully that I content myself with referring the reader to his account. [ig-lur], s. a market man (or woman); a person who buys butter, eggs, and other produce from country farms and

(delwedd C4534) (tudalen 220)	220 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIEE. cottages to sell again in the markets of the towns. Bailey gives "A Higler, one who buys poultry, &c., in the country, and brings it to town to sell." High-kept [ahy-ky'ept], adj. well kept, highly fed. High-larnt [ahy-laa-rnt], adj. well educated. tHike [ahyk], v.a. to toss or goad with the horns. "Yo mun mind yander bull; hey's a nasty beggar for Jii~kin\ if hey gets chance" [Yoa- mun mahynd yaan-dur bul; ey)z u naas-ti beg-ur fur ahykin, iv ey gy'ets chaan-s]. tHill [il 1 ], v.a. to cover. “Nai, then, get into bed an' I'll hill yo" up" [Naay, dhen, gy'et in-tu bed un ahy)l il- yu up]. “Put the tatoes i' rucks an' hill the soil atop 'n 'em" [Put dhu tai-tuz i ruks un il- dhu sahyl utop)n urn]. A common saying runs “Agen he's hilled an' filled ( = clothed and fed), it's aw he's woth" [Ugy'en- ee)z il-d un fil-d, it)s au- ee)z woth]. Icel. hylja, to hide, a secondary weak verb, closely allied to the primary strong verb A.S. helan. Hineh on to [in-sh on t6o], v.a. to make answerable for. “That'll never be hinched on to yo” [Dhaat)l nevur bi hrsht on tu yoa-] = You will never be held responsible for that. t Hinge [inzh], adj. nimble, active. “He's hinge on his legs for an owd mon” [Ey)z in-zh on iz legz fur un uwd mon]. Hip [ip'j, v.a. to miss, pass over. Almost exclusively used of passing over a word in reading which one cannot pronounce or understand. M.E. hippen, to hop ; ouer-hipper, one who passes over words in a sentence. Note to Piers Plowman, c. xiv. 123. Hipped [ip-t], adj. disordered in intellect; not a strong term. From hypochondriacal. tHippineh [ipinch], s. a cloth used to wrap a baby in. Histle [is-1], (1) v.a. to move gradually, most frequently of heavy bodies moved along the ground. (2) v.n. to shuffle, sidle off.

(delwedd C4535) (tudalen 221)	GLOSSARY. 221 tHitch [iclr], v.n. to depend. See Mr. Holland's example. The word is not common in S. dies. tHob [ob], s. a male ferret. Hobble [ob-1], s. (1) a fetter, used to bind together the hind legs of horses (e.g., in castrating them). (2) a scrape, mess. "Yo'm in a hobble, nai" [Yoa-)m in u ob'l, naay]. Hobble [ob-1], v.a. to fasten the hind legs of a horse with hobbles. Mr. Holland gives a somewhat different meaning to the word, and says that the hobbles are placed on the fore-legs ; in S. Ches., however, the term hobbles is confined to the hind-legs, fetters being the word used in the sense of a "fastening on the fore-legs." Bailey says "To Hopple an Horse, to tie his Feet with a Eope." Hob-nob [ob'-nob-], adv. off-hand, at a venture. “We'n go at it hob-nob at a venture" [Wi)n goa aat 1 it' ob'-nob' ut u ven'chur]. Bailey has "Hab-nab, rashly, at a venture." t Hodge [oj], s. the paunch of a pig. See EOGEE. Hof [of], s. a foot, lit. hoof; the word carries the notion of clumsiness with it. It is a common saying that during the honeymoon the language of a newly-married couple is “Lee yur little pettitoes to mine" [Lee* yur HH pet'itoa*z tu mahyn], but that after an interval “Tak yur greet hofs awee “becomes good enough [Taak- yur gree-t ofs uwee-]. It is interesting to find the word used in exactly the same sense in Yankee English: e.g., in the following quotation from 0. W. Holmes, Elsie Venner, c. vii., “Aigh ! what the d' d' didoes are y'abaout with them great huff's o' yourn ? “ Hof-band [of --bund], s. a hair-rope used to tie the legs of a kicking cow. Less used than formerly, the strap having superseded it. tHog [og], s. a heap of potatoes covered with straw and soil to keep out the frost. tHog [og], v.a. to place potatoes in a hog. Hogget [og'it], s. a year-old sheep.

(delwedd C4536) (tudalen 222)	222 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. HogS'-WOOl [og-z-wul], s. wool taken from hoggets or year-old sheep. The simple word hog is not, I think, used in S. Ches. in the sense of hogget. tHollin [ol-in], s. holly. So Hollin-bush. Hollin Lane is the name of a lane in the extreme south of the county, about two miles from Whitchurch, Shropshire. A.S. holegn, whence it appears that hollin is more correct than holly. tHoluns-boluns [oa-luns-boa-luns], adv. recklessly, without consideration. "Hoo wunna stop to be towd, hoo gos at it holuns-boluns" [Go wu)nu stop tu bi tuwd, 60 goz aat' it oa-luns-boa-luns]. Mr. Holland writes Holus-Bolus. Fr. nolens-volens. Horn [om], s. the part of the leg immediately behind the knee. C/. E. ham. tHommag'ed [om-ijd], adj. harassed, over- worked. “Hoo's despert hommaged wheer hoo is ; if I was her I wouldna stop again for nowt as they could gie me” [6o)z des-purt om-ijd wee-ur 60 iz ; iv ahy wuz uur ahy wud-)nu stop ugy'en* fur nuwt uz dhai kud gy'i)mi]. HommeP [om-ur], v.a. to hammer, to beat. “I'll hommer y5 if I con get howt o' y5” [Ahy)l om-ur yu iv ahy)kn gy'et uwt u yu]. Hommock [onruk], s. the whole leg, or more particularly the foot ; with connotation of clumsiness. “Treed off wi' them hommocks" [Tree-d of wi dhem onruks] would be said to a person who had trodden on another's toes. "To shift one's hommocks" is to show a clean pair of heels. Hommoek [om-uk], v.n. to walk with a clumsy, shambling gait. "Hai they hommocken on their feit" [Aay dhai onrukn on dhur feyt]. Hommocky [onruki], adj. with a clumsy gait. Homnithom [om-nithom], Hopmithom [op-mithom], s. a hop-o'-my-thumb, dwarf. "A regilar little homnithom of a fellow; what can hey do wi' a grat barge of a woman like that for a weife ?” [U reg-ilur lit-1 om-nithom uv u fel-u ; wot kun ey doo wi u grae-t baa-rj uv u wunrun lahyk dhaat- fur u weyf ?]

(delwedd C4537) (tudalen 223)	GLOSSARY. 223 Homper [cm-pur], to hobble, limp. "To sey him komperin' off th' bonk, yo'd think hey mid ha' hurt himsel very badly" [Tu sey im onrpurin of)th bongk, yu)d thingk- ey mid- u uurt imsel- veri baad-li]. Bailey has “To Himple, to halt, or go lame. N.C. ," which form points to A.S. hamelian, to make lame. f Honey-fa W [un-ifau-], s. (1) honey-dew. (2) a windfall, a piece of good fortune. "It'll be a rare honey -f aw for 'em, when th'owd mon deys" [It)l bey u rae*r un-ifau- for)um, wen dh)uwd mon deyz]. Honkazin [ongk-uzin], pres. part, idling, lounging. "I may noo accaint of a mon like that; hey does nowt bu' go Iwnkazin abowt" [Ahy mai- n6o uky'aaynt uv u mon lahyk dhaat-; ey duz nuwt bu goa- ongk-uzin ubuwtj. Cp. E. hanker, "to hang about “= to lounge. f HOO [60], pers. pron. she. HOO [60], v.a. to hoot. "There was a mon i' the haw as wanted may a speich; bu' they hoo'd him dam" [Dhur wuz u mon i)dhu au- uz waan-tid mar u speych ; bu dliai ood im daayn]. O.F. huer, to hoot. HOO in [60 in-], v. imper. an exhortation to zeal or energy in any kind of work, = Go in ! work with a will ! Cp. Hoov AT below. tHooder [ud-ur], v.a. to cover the "hattocks" with "hoods," which see. Hoods [udz], s. pi. sheaves of corn inverted over the “hattock" to protect it from wet. The two end sheaves of the hattock are used as hoods for the remaining six. Hoorip [60- -rip-], adv. at a great rate or speed. Commonly used of boiling water "beilin' hoorip" [beylin <5o--rip']. The phrases “at the hoorip," "with a hoorip," are also frequent. "Owd 's hoss coom tearin' alung at th' hoorip." Or, as adj., "at th' hoorip gallop" [Uwd z os k6o-m tae-rin ulimgg ut)dh oo-rip' gy'aal'up]. Hooroo [6o-r6o], s. f(l) a fete, public rejoicings of any kind. "Hast

(delwedd C4538) (tudalen 224)	224 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. heeard o' this hooroo as is gooin bey (take place) at Acton?' [Aas't eyiird u dhis* 6or6o uz iz goo'in bey ut Aak'n?] (2) a kind of cake baked in a pan. “We'm gooin' in for a regilar junkettin', an' for bavin' a hooroo baked i' the pon, an' I knowna what else" [Wi)m goo-in in fur u reg'ilur jungk'itin, un fur aavin u OOTOO bai'kt i dim pon, un ahy noa')nu wot els]. Hoose [oos], s. a cough; of cattle only. Cp. HASK. Hoo-shoo [6o-sh6o-], interj. and v. the same as SHOO (q.v.). Hoot [6ot], v.n. to peep; only used in the phrase "hootin' an tootin'." See TOOT. IHooteP [ooiiir], s. the ordinary name for an owl. Eay gives Gill-houter (under H) as a Chesh. word. Bailey has Hill-houter, also assigned to Cheshire. HOOV at [oov aat'], v.n. to throw oneself with energy into. “It's a big job, lads; but we'n hoov at it” [It)s u big- job, laad'z ; but wi)n 6ov aat* it]. The imperative Hoov at ye is used as an exclamation of surprise, or any pleasurable emotion ; sometimes as a mere greeting = Hallo. The position of the pronoun in the imperative seems to indicate that hoov at is a single word, but it is always pronounced as two. Altogether it is a puzzling expression, and it is the more difficult to arrive at any conclusion about it as it is becoming rare, and belongs to a generation which is fast disappearing. Hoozy [60 zi], adj. (1) lazy. “Yaps upon yo for a hoozy tallackin brivit" [Yaap'S upon 1 yu fur u h6ozi taal'ukin brivit]. (2) of hay, light and poor; for an example, see FANTOME. Hoozy-poozy [6o-zi-p6o-zi], adj. wasting time. "Has Dick gone after that missin' heifer ? Whey, one o' the little lads mit ha' fatcht her. It is so hoozy-poozy to be doin' a-that-ns, when hey mit ha' bin gettin on wi' the milkin'“ [Aaz- Dik- gon aaf-tur dhaat- mis 'in ef-ur ? Wey, won u dhu lit'l laad-z mit u faach't ur. It iz su 6ozi-p6o'zi tu bi d6oin u)dhaat'nz r wen ey mit)u bin gy'et'in on wi)dhu mil'kin].

(delwedd C4539) (tudalen 225)	GLOSSARY. 225 Hoppety-cleneh [op-uti-klen-sh], adv. the same as HOPPETY-CLINK, which see below. Hoppety-clink [op-uti-klingk-], adv. used to describe the up and down walk of a lame person ; with a hop and a jump. tHoppit [op -it], s. (I) a hopper (of a machine). (2) a basket, from which corn is sown by hand. Bailey gives “Hoppit, a Fruit-basket. Lincolnsh." Cp. M..IZ.Jioper, a seed-basket (Piers Plowman, c. ix. 60). tHoss-wesh [os--wesh], s. a horse-pond. “Go an' tell Jim hey mun tak an' watter th' key at th' hoss-ivesh” [Goa* un tel Jimey mun taak- un waat-ur)th ky'ey ut)dh os'-wesh]. Hot [ot], s. (1) heat. “Hai red yur arms bin, Emma! Is it wi' cowd?" "Well, it inna wi' hot" [Aay red yur aa-rmz bin r Enru! Iz it wi kuwd? Wei, it i)n-u wi-ot]. t(2) a glove-finger used to draw over a hurt. tHot [ot], v.a. to heat; e.g., "to Jiot the oon (oven)" [tu ot dhu oon]; "to hot cowd tatoes up agen" [tu ot kuwd tai'tuz up ugy'en-]. f Hot-pot [ot'-pot], s. Irish stew or “lobscouse." t Hovel [ovil], s. the compartment of a smithy where the horses stand to be shod, as distinguished from the forge. tHoven [ovn], p.part.. swollen. Said of cattle which have eaten too much. Howd howt [uwd uwt], v. imper. keep hold! I notice this expression mainly in order to point out that hold (v.) makes [uwd] with a d, while hold (subs.) makes [uwt] with a t. "There's noo liowt o' that mon" [Dhur)z n6o uwt u dhaat' mon] = There's no hold upon him; he is not to be trusted. The latter word is also frequently pronounced ha'it [aayt] as in “Tak Jiait on it” [Taak- aayt)n it] = Take hold of it. Howler [uwlur], v.n. to howl. Cp. YOWLER. Howt [uwt], s. hold. See above, under HOWD HOWT. The expression "hmvt o'" = a hold upon, is curiously constructed with p

(delwedd C4540) (tudalen 226)	226 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. the verb "to be." We say indifferently, "I had hoivt on it" or “I was hoivt on it “for “I had hold of it." Howup [uw-up], s. a cow. Used only in the language of children or in a playful sense. See following article. t Howup [uwup-], inter j. a word used to call the cows home at milking time. Huckermueker [uk-urmuk-ur], s. confusion, disorder. “My pleeces bin aw i sich a huckermucker I'm raly asheemed o' annybody gooin' in 'em” [Mi plee-siz bin au- i sich- u uk-ur-muk-ur ahy)m rae-li ushee-md u aan-ibodi goo-in in urn. Huckermueker [uk-urmuk-ur], Huekermuekerin' [uk-ur- muk-urin], adj. (1) in confusion, disorderly. (2) inconvenient. “I wudna go live i' sich a liucker-muckerin' hole" [Ahy wud-)nu goa- liv i sich- u uk-urmukurin oa-1]. So it is huckermuckerin' to work without proper tools, &c. Huckle off [uk-1 of], v.n. to go away with a slow and halting pace. “Th' owd mon was sneeped, an' begun huckle o/f as soft as my pocket” [Dh)uwd mon wuz snee-pt, un bigun- uk-1 of viz soft uz mi pok-it]. Huck up [uk up], v.a. to hoist the shoulders and back. “Howd thysel straight, lad; if tha hucks thy back up a-that-n tha'll be raind-shoothered aw thy dees” [Uwd dhisel- streyt, laad-; iv dhaa uks dhi baak- up u)dhaat-n dhaa)l bi raayxid-shoo'dhurd au* dhi dee-z]. The word perhaps originally = hook up. IHudlanee [ud-luns], s. concealment. “They'm tryin 7 keep it i' hudlance, bu' folks known moor t'n they thinken they dun" [Dhi)m trahyin ky'ee-p it i ud-luns, bu foa-ks noa-n rn6our)tii dhi thingk-n dhi dun]. W. calls it hidlands, evidently thinking of the derivation hide-lands; but I am more inclined to connect it with the verb “to huddle." Hufted [uf-tid], p. part, offended. “Hey's very soon hufted” [Ey)z ver-i soon uf-tid], Mr. Holland gives the meaning ''sullen." Cp. E. liuff. Hulch [ulsh], s. (I) “By hulch or by stulch "=by hook or by crook.

(delwedd C4541) (tudalen 227)	GLOSSARY. 227 " Hey's for leein' howt (i.e. laying hold, filling his pockets) by hulch or by stulcli” [Ey)z fur lee-in uwt bi ulsh ur bi stulsh]. (2) "Hulch an' stulch “= pell-mell, confusedly. A man who was stacking a load of hay complained to the one who was handing it up, “Yo thrown it up hulch an' stulch] conna yS tak notice wheer yS bin chuckin it ?” [Yoa- throa-n it up ulsh un stulsh ; kon)u yu taak- noa-tis weeur yu bin chuk-in it ?] Hum [urn], v.n. to low softly from pleasure, as a cow does. “Hearken at her hummin'-, hoo's pleeased at havin' her cauf with her" [Aa-rkn aat- ur unrin; 6o)z pleyuzd ut aavin ur kau-f widh ur]. Mr. Holland has Hummer. Humble [um-bl], adj. crumbly, of soil. “This gra'ind's very humble after the frost" [Dhis- graaynd)z veri unrbl aaf-tur dhu frost]. Mr. Holland gives a verb humble, meaning “to crumble." Hummock [um-uk], v.a. to humbug, pester, harass. A man talked to me of "kummockin the folks abowt their votes" [unrukin dhu foa*ks ubuwt dhur voa'ts] in the sense of using undue influence. I Humpy [urn-pi], adj. offended. IHunt [unt], v.a. to search for. "I've been huntin' my weife all o'er the tain" [Ahy)v bin un-tin mi weyf au-1 oa-r dhu taayn]. Hups [ups, ^uu'ps], interj. fie ! See YAPS. Husht [usht], interj. hush ! Cp. Scotch ivhisht. Huzz [uz], v.n. to buzz. IHuzz-buzz [uz'-buz], s. a cockchafer. Huzzieky [uz-iki], adj. of hay, matted together and mouldy ; the result of its being got together in bad condition. Cp. HUZZOCK below. Huzzif [uz-if], s. a needle case ; lit. a housewife. The irregular [u] representing A.S. u is noteworthy. Huzzoek [uz-uk], s. rotted sward, such as appears when a field is reploughed, and the grass of last year is again exposed to view.

(delwedd C4542) (tudalen 228)	228 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. I. Idle-back [ahydl-baak-], s. a "lazy-bones," idle person. tiffins an' buttins [if-inz un but-inz], s.pl. i& and buts. “Nai, wun yo tell me streight, bait anny iffins an' buttins?" [Naay, wun yu tel mi streyt, baayt aan-i if-inz un but-inz ?] fill-contrived [il--kuntrahyvd], adj. cross-grained, bad-tempered. “Hai ill-contrived yo bin! Nothin's reight for yo" [Aay !!-kuntrahy vd yu bin ! Nuthin)z reyt fo)yu]. Ill-doed [il-'-doa-d], adj. lean, ill-fed, not thriving; opp. of DOSOM. See Do (v.). Imitate [imitai-t], v.n. to attempt. "Ah shanna imitate fur go" [Ah shaa)n-u imitai-t fur goa-]. “It's noo use imitatin' at it “ [It)s n6o yoos imitartin aat' it]. (Common also in Norfolk. W. W. S.) Imitation [imitarshun], s. an attempt; e.g., “a very good imitation “= a very fair attempt at performing any given task. tlnchmeal [nrshmee'l], adv. by inches; e.g., we speak of killing an animal “by inchmeal." The word is formed on the model of "piece-meal." tlncle [ingk'l], s. tape. Only used in the common expression, “as thick (= intimate) as incle- weavers." In Shak. inkle. Infell [iirfel], v.a. to hem down the inside of a seam. "Run th' seam alung, an' then in/ell it" [Bun)th see-m ulungg-, un dhen iirfel it]. Cp. INSEAM, FELL. In-kindle [in'-ky'indl], adj. with young; used of rabbits and other small animals (except cats, v. IN-KITTLE). In-kittle [hr-ky'itl], adj. with young (of cats). fin nai [in naay], adv. e'en now, presently. "I'll gooa an' do it in nai" [Ahy)l goou un doo it in naay]. Inseam [in-see-m], v.a. to hem down the inside of a seam. f Insense [insen-s] v.a. to inform, instruct. “My Pally's gooin' be vessel-cleeaner at th' Barrel ; hoo's never done vessel noowheer

(delwedd C4543) (tudalen 229)	GLOSSARY. 229 afore ; bur I insensed her well into what hoo'd ha' to expect, an' hoo said hoo'd do her best ; an' when folks dun their best, if they'm blamed, they conna be shamed" [Mahy PaaH)z goo-in bi ves'il-klee-unur ut)th Baaril; 6o)z nevur dun ves-il noo'weeur ufoa'r; bur ahy insen'st ur wel in'tu wot 6o)d aa)tu ekspek't, un 60 sed 6o)d d6o ur best ; un wen foa'ks dun dhur best, iv dhi)m blarmd, dhi kon)u bi shai-md]. flntak [in-taak], s. an "in-take," or enclosed piece of common or waste land. Iron [ahyurn], s. a steel implement used for boring a cheese. tlron [ahyurn], v.a. to bore a cheese with an iron. Item [ahy -turn], s. a hint. “He'd ha' known nowt at aw abowt it to this dee, if I hadna gen him the item" [Ee)d u noan nuwt ut au ubuwt it tu dhis dee, iv ahy aad)nu gy'en im dhii ahytum]. "Hoo gen me the item to see ( = say) nothin'" [60 gy'en mi dhu ahytum tu see- nuth-in]. Izles [ahyzlz], s. (1) smuts or flakes of soot, such as float about a room when the chimney is out of order. A. S. ysle, an ash, ember. (2) vapoury spots which float before the eyes when they are weak or when the general health is deranged. An old man suffering from cataract told me "one eye was clean gone, an' there was izles afore t'other" [won ahy wuz klee'n gon, un dhur wuz ahyzlz ufoar tudh'ur]. J. Jack [jaak-], tJack up [ jaak- up], (1) v.a.the same as JIG UP (q.v.). (2) v.a. to throw up, abandon. "I think it's abowt time I jacked this job up" [Ahy thingk- it)s ubuwt tahym ahy jaak't dhis job up]. Or v.n. “to jack up to a job." (3) v.n. to become bankrupt. "It's a terrible push upon 'em theise hard times ; they'n be gettin' to th' world's end very soon; ah do dait they'n ha' jack up" [It)s u ter-ubl push upon- urn dheyz aa-rd tahymz; dhai)n bi gy'et-in tu)th wuurldz end veri soon; ah doo daayt dhai)n aa jaak- up].

(delwedd C4544) (tudalen 230)	230 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Jack Nicker [jaak'-nikur], s. a kind of finch. tJaek-plane [jaak-plai-n or -plee-n], s. a coarse plane used to take off the roughest points from timber. t Jack-sharp [jaak'-shaa'rp], s. a stickleback. Jaeksonin' [jaak-snin], s. a knocking up. TUSHINGHAM. “That coal-pit journey gen my hosses a regilar Jacksonin" [Dhaat' koa-1-pit jmrrni gy'en many os'iz u reg'ilur Jaak'snin], Jackstones [jaak-stoa-nz], s.pl. (1) the name of a game played by children. The game consists in throwing up white stones usually five in number and catching them again. (2) the white pebbles used in the above game. tJag" [J aa g'l s - a load - "Fatch a jag o' coal" [Faach- u jaag- u koa-1]. Jag [J aa g']> v.a. to cart. See JAGGEK. Uagger [jaag'ur], s. a carter, esp. a man who makes his living by carting for other people, e.g., fetching their coal. "For the horse in best condition owned by huxters or coal-joggers residing at Threapwood, Worthenbury, or Shocklach." Advt. of Flower Show, &c., 1886. Cp. Jogger in Sir W. Scott's Pirate. Jangle [jaangg-1], s. "0' the jangle" [u dhu jaanggl] is an adverbial phrase exactly equivalent to the slang expression "on the loose." Jangle [jaangg-1], v.a. and n. to trifle; e.g., "to jangle one's time awee" [tu jaangg-1 wunz tahym uwee]. Used intransitively it conveys the idea of "gossiping, idle talking," which sense is given by Mr. Holland. iJannoek [jaan-uk], adj. fair, straightforward. “I like everybody to be jannock as has deealin's wi' mey" [Ahy lahyk evribod-i tu bi jaan-uk uz aaz- dee-ulinz wi mey]. Also JONNACK. Janus [jai'nus], s. a contemptuous term used of a man or woman. "Well, hoo's a pratty janus" [Wei, 6o)z u praati jai-nus]. Probably = genius; compare the depreciatory use of Genie in German.

(delwedd C4545) (tudalen 231)	GLOSSARY. 231 Jarg" [jaa-rg], s. a jolt, jar. "I ketched my elbow agen the wheil, an' it gen my arm sich a jarg” [Ahy ky'echt mi el-bu ugy'en-dhu weyl, un. it gy'en mi aa'rm siclr u jaarg]. The word seems to be connected with jar rather than jerk. tJarg [jaa-rg], (1) v.a. to jar. See Mr. Holland's examples, which exactly explain the use of the word. (2) v.n. to fall out, quarrel. “Dwm&jarg so, for goodness' sake; there's noo peace i' th' ha'ise for ye" [Du)nu jaa-rg su, fur gud-nis see-k; dhur)z n6o pees i)dh aays fo)yi]. Jarsey [jaa-rzi], s. any coarse woollen fabric. “Oh, it's nowt bu' some o' this rough jarsey stuff" [Oa-, it)s nuwt bu sum u dhis ruf jaa-rzi stuf]. tJawm [jau-m, jom], s. the cross-beam over an old-fashioned kitchen fireplace. E. jamb. Jef [jef], adj. deaf; of ears of corn, empty; of nuts, without kernel. "He looks as if he didna crack many jef nuts “= he looks prosperous. Ueint evil [jeynt ee-vl], s. a disease of the joints affecting cows and calves. Jell [jel], s. a deal. Note the phrase "a, jell o' "=nearly. “He's a, jell o' 20 'ear owd” [6e)z u jel u twen-ti eeur jiwd]. t Jelly [jel-i], v.n., to congeal. Jerum [jee-rum], s. order, condition. "Ait o' jerum" [Aayt u jee-rum] = out of gear, repair. “We won to ha' had a bit of a out at cuttin' stree ; bu' th' cutter's a bit ait o' jerum, an' we s'n ha' tak it Whitchurch for be put i' fettle” [Wi won tu u aad- u bit uv u aawt ut kut'in stree- ; bu)th kut'ur)z u bit aayt u jee-rum, un wi)sn aa taak- it Wich-urch fur bi put i fet'l]. Jew [Joo], s. “To wander like a lost Jew" [Tu waan-dur lahyk u lost Joo] is a proverbial saying, obviously connected with the story of the Wandering Jew. t Jew's eye [Jooz ahy], s. “Worth a Jew's eye “is a phrase which is used of anything very valuable. “Hoo mays a rare

(delwedd C4546) (tudalen 232)	232 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. weife ; hoo's woth a Jew's eye" [60 mai-z u rae-r weyf ; 6o)z woth u J6oz ahy]. Cp. pun in Merchant of Venice, II. v. 43, There will come a Christian by, Will be worth a Jewess' eye, where the quartos and the two first folios have Jewes, and the two later folios Jew's The expression ''worth a Jew's eye" dates from the middle ages, when large sums of money were extorted from the wealthy Jews. Jiblets [jib-lits], s.pl. shreds, fragments. "Her clooas wun aw hengin' i jiblets" [Or kloouz wun au- engg-in i jib-lits]. Jig [jig], or more commonly Jig up [jig up], v.a. (1) to wear out “Yo'n BOOH jig yursel up at that rate" [Yoa-)n soon jig- yursel-up ut dhaat* reet]. Jig and jack are chiefly used in the p.p. "This machine's gettin' jigged" [Dhis- misheyn)z gy'et-in jig-d]. (2) Jigged up, or more frequently jacked up, also means bankrupt. See JACK UP. (8) To jig, of horses, has the special sense of "to hurt the back or spine;" e.g., "This mare's jigged her back." "That hoss is jigged." JiggeFOO [jig-ur6o-], s. a kind of rot which affects potatoes, showing itself in brown marks upon the surface. JiggerOO'd [jigur6o > d], part. adj. affected withjiggeroo. Jill [jil], s. a female ferret. JimragS [jinrraagz], s.pl. fragments, pieces. "They maden a foot-baw o' my hat, an' knocked it aw to jimrags" [Dhai mai'dn u fut'-bau' u mi aat, un nokt it au- tu jinrraagz]. See JIMBIG, below. Jimrig [jinrrig], v.a. to knock up, render useless. "When folks borrow'n other folks'es things they should tay care on 'em ; I lent owd Stokes my barrow, an' ah declare if they hanna jim-rigged it among 'em, as it'll never be good nowt agen” [Wen foa'ks borun udlrur foa'ksiz thing'z dhi shud tar ky'ae'r on iim ; ahy lent uwd Stoarks mahy baaru, un ah diklae'r iv dhi aan*)u jim-rigd it umungg- um, uz it)l nevur bi gud nuwt ugy'en-].

(delwedd C4547) (tudalen 233)	GLOSSAEY. 233 I Jinny Green-Teeth [Jin-i Greyn-Teyth], prop. name, a ghost or hobgoblin supposed to haunt wells or ponds. Children are often deterred from approaching such places by the threat that “Jinny Green- Teeth will have them." Jinny-ring [jin-i-ring], s. a name given to the horse-power machinery, by which the churn, straw-cutter, &c., is worked; so called because the horse moves in a ring or circle. Jinny- wren [jin-i-ren], s. a wren. JiSSOp [jis-up], s. juice, gravy. tJitty [jit'i], v.n. to agree, tally, be consistent. "Yo an' rney shanna jitty” [Yoa un mey shaan-)u jit'i]. “Wearin' th' blue an' brandy-drinkin' dunna jitty” [Wae'rin)th b!6o un braaivdi-dringk'in dun-)u jit'i]. JlZZOCk [jiz-uk], s. a donkey. tJob [job], s. a stab with a pointed instrument. IJob [job], v.a. to stab. “I've jobbed a pin into my finger" [Ahy)v jobd u pin in til mi fingg'ur]. t Jockey [jok-i], s. a slang term, like bloke, cove, &c., applied to any person: e.g., “a rum jockey, 1 ' “a nowty little jockey. 1 ' Jockey-bar [jok-i-baa-r], s. the broad, flat top bar of a kitchen grate. John Dod [jon dod], conceit, self-importance. An arrogant person is said to "have a jell o' John Dod abowt him" [Aav a jel u Jon Dod ubuwt im]. Dod is a well-known Cheshire name. John-Go-tO-Bed-at-Noon [Jon-goa--tu-bed-ut-n6on], s. the pim-pernel. * Johnny Raw [jon-i rau-], s. an ignorant, uncouth person. "Yo bin a pratty Johnny Raw, to be turnt ait by yursel, an' dunna know a B from a bull's foot" [Yoa' bin u praat'i Joni Eau, tu bi tuurnt aayt bi yursel, un duii)u noa u Bey frum u bulz fut], Jolly-robins [joH-robinz], s.pl. "Yur yed 's runnin' upo' Jolly-robins 11 [Yur yed)z run-in upu Jol-i-rob'inz], is the equivalent of "Your wits have gone wool-gathering."

(delwedd C4548) (tudalen 234)	234 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tJonnack [jon-uk], adj. honest, fair dealing, true, "comme il faut." “Dost know owd Harry Mumford ? What's hey thowt on i' yay'r country?" "Oh, hey's very jonnack 1100 mon fairer to deeal with" [Dus noa- uwd Aari Mum-fut? Wot)s ey thuwt on i yai-r kun-tri? Oa-, ey)z ver-i jon-uk n6o mon fae-rur tu deeul widh]. t Jorum [joa-rum], s. a large quantity. "A prattyjonm o' stuff" [U praati joa-rum u stuf]. Journey [juu-rni], s. (1) has the ordinary sense of "space traversed." Here we must notice the phrase "to make one's journey shorter at one end “= depart. It is often a circumlocutory way of bidding a person begone; and may best be c explained mathematically. Let A B be the journey or space traversed ; C is bidden to make his journey shorter at one end; starting from A, he is always making his journey shorter at the other end B, which is the "one end" referred to. For an example, see COUNTRY- SQUAEE. (2) an indefinite space of time, almost equivalent to "season." “I hanna seen yo this journey. What han yo bin doin' wi yursel?" [Ahy aa)nu seyn yu dhis- juu-rni. Wot)n yu bin doo-in wi yursel-?] JOW [juw], s. (1) dew, slight rain. "There's bin a bit of a jow comin' dam aw dee ; it was jowin' when we gotten up this mornin', bur ah thowt it was on'y the pride o' the mornin' ; ha'ver, it's like as if it's never fairly gen o'er aw dee" [Dhur)z bin u bit uv u juw kunriii daayn au- dee' ; it wuz juwin wen wi got MI up dhus mau-rnin, bur ah thuwt it wuz oa-ni dhu prahyd u dhu mau-rnin; aa-vur, it)s lahyk uz iv it)s nevur fae-rli gy'en oa-r au- dee*]. (2) a jolt, or knock on the head. JOW [juw]. (1) v.n. to rain slightly. "It 'sjotvin' a bit; ah da'it we shan have a shower" [It)s juwin u bit; ah daayt wi shun aav u shaawur]. 1(2) v.a. to jolt or knock (generally of the head). "I'll jow thy yed agen the waw" [Ahy)l juw dhi yed ugy'en dhu wau-].

(delwedd C4549) (tudalen 235)	GLOSSAKY. 235 A method of punishing quarrelsome children, much in vogue with former generations, and still used with considerable effect, is "to joiv" their heads together. (3) v.n. to knock against. “Yo munna joiv agen th' table, or else yo'n knock the candle off" [Yoa* mun)u juw ugy'en')th tai'bl, ur els yoa f n nok dhu ky'aan-dl of]. Jowk [juwk], v.a. to throw underhand. “Hai far cost ( = canst thou) jowk . ?” [Aay faar kust juwk ?] Cp. E. chuck. Jowmug" [juwmug], s. t(l) a large, earthenware mug; see Mr. Holland's description. (2) a pot-de-chambre. Jowter [juwtur], v.n. to jolt. “Theer we went'n jowterin' alung, an' the road full o' chocks aw the wee” [Dheeur wi wen'tn juw-turin ulungg-, un dhu roa-d ful u choks au- dhu wee-]. Jowy [juwi], adj. rainy, drizzling. “It's ajoivy mornin'" [It)s u juwi mau'rnin]. Juff [juf], v.a. (1) to stuff, ram, cram. “Juffo rag into that hole “ [Juf u raag f in'tu dhaat' oal]. (2) to jam; as to "juff one's yed agen a waw" [tu juf wunz yed ugy'en- u wau-]. Juke [jook], v.a. to jew, to cheat. “Hey'ajuked me fair up. Ay, by leddy ! hey's gotten the best on me this time” [Ey)z j6okt mi faer up. Aay, bi led'i ! Ey)z got'n dhu best on mi dhis tahym]. Mr. Holland gives the word in the p. part. only. Jumps [jumps], s.pl. clothes. Chiefly used in the phrase “Sunday jumps “= Sunday best. JunneP [juirur], v.n. (1) to grumble (aloud. The word cannot be used of silent murmuring). “There was a tramp here just nai ; bur ah towd him I'd nowt for him, an' he went junnerirf off" [Dhur wuz u traanrp eyur jus naay; bur ah tuwd im ahy)d nuwt fuur im, un ey went jun-urin of]. (2) to talk in a low tone, murmur. A man complained I that some persons in a meeting disturbed him by “junnerin' “ all the time.

(delwedd C4550) (tudalen 236)	236 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. UUP [juur], s. a knock or push. tJur [juur], v.n. to knock or push against. “Hoo jurred up agen me, an' knocked th' tatoe-dish ait o' my hont” [60 juurd up ugy'en* mi, un nokt)th tartu-dish aayt u mi ont], Jurdin [juirrdin], s. a dry stick used for firewood. “Cut them owd jurdins up; they'n do for fire-kindm'“ [Kut dhem uwd jrnrrdinz up; dhi)n d6o fur fahyur-ky'nrdin]. tJust-a-meet [jus-tumeyt], adv. just. “It's just-a-meet ten o'clock" [It)s jus-tumeyt ten u)klok-], “Hoo's just-a-meet gone ait nai" [Oo)z jus-tumeyt gon aayt naay]. K. KagfgfOW [ky'aag-u], v.a. to harrow, especially to harrow over a rough fallow. “They wanten yo go Button's for leead the fost hoss ; they bin gooin kaggow i' the Chequer feyld” [Dhar waan-tn yu goa- Dut-nz fur leeud dhu fost os ; dhi bin g6o-in ky'aag'u ijdhu Chek'ur feyld]. Keck [ky'ek], s. a rubbishy or seedling mangold, turnip, &c. Hence the expression “as dry as a keck." Cf. W. cecys, hemlock, hollow stalks ; E. hex, and "kecksies" (Henry V. v. ii. 52). Kecksy [ky'ek-si], adj. dry, without juice or moisture ; of an apple, orange, or any kind of fruit. Even bacon which has been broiled too much is called kecksy. See above. tKedloek [ky'ed-luk], s. an umbelliferous plant. t Keep [ky'ee-p], s. maintenance. It is commonly said of one whose head is turned by prosperity, or who has been made dainty by enjoyment of the good things of life, "He wunna stond keep ; he's gotten bally-praid" [e wu)nu stond ky'ee-p; ee)z got'n baaH-praayd]. Keik [ky'eyk], f(l) v.a. to raise up one end of anything. Thus we keik a vessel when we want the contents to run out, keik a table, a cart, &c. Mr. Holland writes Keck. (2) v.n. to stick or “cock “up at one end. “Dunna sit too

(delwedd C4551) (tudalen 237)	GLOSSARY. 237 eeam the end o' th' bench, else it'll keik up” [Du)nu sit t6o e"eum dhu end u)th bensh, els it)l ky'eyk up]. A farmer was complaining that the bottom of his large cheese-making vat did not slant sufficiently to allow the moisture to run off, or rather that it slanted in the opposite direction to what was required. This he expressed by saying that “it keiked wrang road" [it ky'eykt raangg' roa*d]. Keive [ky'eyv], 1(1) v.a. to lift or throw up one end of a vessel so as to empty out the contents (like KEIK). f(2) v.n. to topple over, as a load of hay. So of a person who fell asleep in chapel, “He helved o'er asleep." This had reference to his nodding head alone. (3) v.n. metapli. to be sick, to vomit. (4) v.n. to feel sick, be disgusted. “The meat's s5 badly done it mays me keive at th' seight on't" [Dhu mee-t)s su baad'li dun it marz mi ky'eyv ut)th seyt on)t]. I Keif [ky'elf ], s. a narrow bit of timber left uncut by tree-fellers, so as to serve as a support whilst they are cutting round the tree on the other side. “Ye hanna left much of a keif, men; ah da'it it wunna bey enough” [Yi aan')u left much uv u ky'elf, men; ah daayt it wu)nu bey unuf-]. Kell [ky'el], s. the membraneous fat attached to the entrails of cows and sheep. Mr. Holland gives Cole. Cp. M.E. kelle t a caul. Kelter [ky'el-tur], s. wealth. “Young Button's gooin' marry Griffit's dowter." “Ay, has hoo army kelter ?” [Yung Diit'n)z goo-in maari Grif-its duwtur. Aay, aaz- 60 aan-i ky'eKur ?]. See also Book u Booth, ii. 1. Keneh [ky'ensh], s. f(l) a bend in a piece of iron. “Put a bit of a kench in it” [Put u bit uv u ky'ensh in it]. Cf. E. kink. t(2) a strain or slight injury, especially to the neck. (3) a slice cut out of a haystack. “A whole kench “is cut across the whole breadth of the stack; “half a kench" across half its breadth. The kench is of varying length and depth. In Shropshire a kench is a slice of bread.

(delwedd C4552) (tudalen 238)	FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Kench [ky'ensh], v.a. t(l) to bend (a rod of iron). (2) to strain. “Ah've kenched my neck o'er puttin' a bag o' meal upo' my yed” [Ah)v ky'ensht mi nek oa-r put in u baag* u mee'l upu mi yed], tKerry [ky'eri], s. a loud noise, din, generally of voices. “The childern meithern me \vi' their kerry so, than I'm fit go off my chump" [Dhu chil'durn meydhurn mi wi dhur ky'eri su, dhun ahy)m fit' goa* of mi chump]. Key [ky'ee-], . a wrench (tool). tKeyb [ky'eyb], v.n. to sulk, pout. “Ah tell y5 yo conna go, an' yo neidna begin %>-keyUri” [Ah tel yu yoa kon)u goa', un yoa* neyd)nu bigy'in- u)ky'eybin]. Leigh writes Cuyp. Key-paw [ky'ee '-pau-J, s. the left hand. "Hey browt that key-paw o his'n dam upon him with a pratty force" [Ey bruwt dhaat* ky'ee '-pau' u iz'n daayn upon* im widh u praat'i foas]. Key-pawed [ky'ee--pau-d], adj. left-handed. Cp. Mr. Holland's Kay-fisted. Kibble [ky'ib-1], (1) v.a. to crush or grind coarsely, of oats, barley, &c. . “Gie th' hosses a fyow kibbled wuts” [Gy'i)dh os-iz u fyuw ky'ib'ld wuts]. (2) v.n. to stand insecurely. "Rom th' kettle dain upo' th' fire; dunna leeave it kibbliri at the top" [Eom)th ky'et-1 daayn upu)th fahyur ; du)nu leeuv it ky'iblin ut dhu top]. Cp. KIGGLE, of which this word seems to be a variant. Kibblin' [ky'ib-lin], adj. narrow, straitened. "The rowms bin sich little kibblm' pleeces as I never seid" [Dhu ruwmz bin sich lit-1 ky'ib-lin plee-siz uz ahy nevur seyd]. Kibosh [kahybosh-], s. polish, finish. A servant who has polished a pair of boots more than usually well will express the fact by saying that she has "put the kibosh on 'em." Compare Dickens' Sketches by Boz, ch. 4. "Hooroar," ejaculates a pot-boy in parenthesis, "put the kye-bosk on her, Mary." I Kid [ky'id], s. a faggot, a bundle of sticks for firewood. "Nowt's reckont six score to th' hundert, bur owd women an' gorse

(delwedd C4553) (tudalen 239)	GLOSSARY. 239 kids" [Nuwt)s rek'nt siks skoaT tu)dh uirdurt, bur uwd winrin un gau'rs ky'id-z]. “It. ffyve wayne loads of Coles, some Eamell, Kids, pooles, and a stone trough" (From Inventory of Property belonging to Margery Glutton of Nantwich, 1611. Local Gleanings, Feb., 1880, p. 297). tKid [ky'id-], v.a. to make up bundles of sticks for firewood. Kig'g'le [ky'igl], v.n. to be unstable, stand insecurely. We speak of a table, &c., “kiggliri o'er;" but the word is generally used exactly like KIBBLE (2). tKiggly [ky'ig-li], adj. in unstable equilibrium. “I wouldna put the milk-pon dam upo' that kiggly stoo' ; I should be feared on it wautin'“ [Ahy wud)nu put dhu imTk-pon daayn upu dhaat-ky'ig-li stoo ; ahy shud bi feeurd un it wau'tin.] tKind [ky'in-d], v.a. to kindle. Often used with cognate accusative, “hind a leight” [ky'in-d u leyt], = strike a light. tKindin' [ky'urdin], s. firewood. For an example, see JUKDIN. tKhldle [ky'in-dl], v.a. to bring forth, bear. Used of all small animals except cats, which are said to kittle. Kindly [ky'eyndli], adj. natural, healthy. “My plants binna very kindly' 1 [Mi plaan-ts bin-)u ver-i ky'eyndli]. So a gathering or a sore is said to "tak kindly wees" [taak- ky'eyndli wee-z]. Kindly [ky'eyndli], adv. (I) naturally, healthily; see preceding article. t(2) cordially. "Ah thenk yo very kindly" [Ah thengk yu ver-i ky'eyndli] ; but in this phrase the word is now generally ironical. Kings an' Queens [ky'ing-z un kweynz], s. pi. the finest portions of any growing crop; e.g., the largest roots in a field of potatoes, the primest stalks in a crop of oats, &c. Mr. Holland's explanation seems to be somewhat different. Kink [ky'ingk-], s. a crease or inequality in a carpet when laid down. Cp. E. kink, a twist in a rope. tKlSSin'-bush [ky'is-m-bush], s. a Christmas bush; generally of holly and mistletoe, and hung with ribbons, oranges, apples, &c.

(delwedd C4554) (tudalen 240)	FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tKiSSin'-erust [ky'is-in-krust], s. the crust at the two ends of a loaf, properly the part where the loaves join or kiss in the baking. See KRISSIN-KKUST. Kitlin' [ky'it-lin], s. t(l) a kitten. (2) a soft, effeminate person ; e.g., “a marred kitlin'," “a poor" or “a nesh Jcitlin 1 “ (8) the lower part of the roof of a stack, where it projects over the sides of the stack. Also called EEZIN-SHOF. t Kittle [ky'it'l], v.n. to bring forth kittens. Knab [naab-], v.a. to bite, of a horse. "Yo'd better keep far enough off his mowth ; I rather think hey knobs a bit” [Yoa-)d bet-ur ky'ee-p faa-r unuf- of iz muwth ; ahy rae-dhur thingk- ey naab'z ii bit]. Knack [naak], v.n. to click. "There's summat brokken i' the macheinery; I heerd it knack" [Dhur)z sunrut brok*n i dhu misheynuri; ahy eyiird it naak']. Bailey has “To Knack, to snap with one's Fingers." W. cnec, cnoc. tKnaeker [naak-ur], s. an old, worn-out drudge-horse. "An owd knackery her's fit for nowt bur a boat-hoss" [Un uwd naak-ur ; ur)z fit fur nuwt bur u boa-t-os]. Knackety [naak-uti], adj. knacky, ingenious. "Turn's a knacketty yaith ; he con turn his hond to ommost owt” [Tum)z u iiaak-uti yaayth ; ee)kn tuurn iz ond tu omnist uwt]. Knee-sill [ney-sil], s. the raised board which separates the part of a cow's boozy where her food is placed from the part where she stands. tKnieky-knaeky [nilri-naak-i], adj. clever, handy. "He's as knicky -knacky a young fellow as ever handlet a tool" [Ee)z uz iiik'i-naak'i ii yung fel'ii uz evur aan'dlt u tool]. Knock in to [nok in- too], v.n. to give up (an engagement). "I was to ha' gone Sposta ( = Spurstow) to-neight ; bur it's reenin' cats an' dogs, an' I think I shall knock in to it" [Ahy woz tu u gon Spos-tu tiineyt; bur it)s ree-nin ky'aat-s un dogz, un ahy thingk- ahy)shl nok in too it]. Knoek-SOftly [nok'-softli], s. a silly, or stupid person. Cp.

(delwedd C4555) (tudalen 241)	GLOSSARY. 241 SHEOP. Johnny Knock- softly. The word is often used as an adj. "Key's a knock-softly auf" [Ey)z u nok--softli au-f]. Knock up to [nok up t6o], v.n. to give in to; the same as the common knock under to. Knockle up [nok-1 up], v.n. of a horse, to go weak on his legs. Know to [noa- t6o], v.n. to know the position of, know where a thing is. "I know to a tumnowp's neist; bur ah'll nur tell thee to it” [Ahy noa* tu ii tunrnuwps neyst ; bur ah)l nuur tel dhey too it]. Cp. TELL TO. Knowp [nuwp], s. a blow about the face or head. “I fatcht him a knowp aside o' the yed” [Ahy faach-t im u nuwp usahyd u dhu yed]. “I dausna see much to him, feared lest he'd ketch me a knowp” [Ahy daus-)nu see- much t6o im, fe"eurd lest ee)d ky'ech mi u nuwp]. Kogg"le [kog-1], v.n. to be unsteady. See KIGGLE. Koggly [kog-li], adj. unsteady, toppling over. “Ye'n put this looad on very koggly” [Yi)n put dhis 16oud on veri kog-li]. Krissin-CPUSt [kris-in-krust], s. the end-crust of a loaf. Also and perhaps more frequently called KISSIN-CRUST. Labe [lai'b], v.a. to heap on, place upon in great quantities. “An' I'm sure, hai they laben the butter on, it's shameful to behowld “ [Un ahy)m sh6our, aay dhi lai-bn dhu but-ur on, it)s shai-mful tu bi-uwld]. Compare E. lavish. tLaee [lai-s], v.a. to beat. Lacin' [lai-sin], s. a beating. “I'll give him a regilar good laciri, an' see if that'll sharpen him up army" [Ahy)l gy'iv im u reg-ilur gud lai-sin, un see iv dhaat')! shaa-rpn im up aan-i]. [lai-d, lee-d], v.a. to bale out. “We'n bin ladin' the waiter ait o' th' hoss-wesh i' bucketles” [Wi)n bin lai'din dhu waiiur aayt u)dh os--wesh i buk-itlz]. A.S. hladan, whence the subs, ladle is derived. Q

(delwedd C4556) (tudalen 242)	242 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIEE. tLady-eai [lai-di- or lee-di-ky'aay], s. the ladybird. tLag [laag-], s. a stave or upright plank in a tub. “Dunna rowl that cheise-tub alung th' pa'ment; yo'n wriggle it aw to lags" [Du)n-u ruwl dhaat' cheyz-tub ulung-)th parmunt ; yoa-)n rig-1 it au- tu laag'z]. Icel. logg (gen. case lagg-ar), the rim at the bottom of a cask ; also the inside of a cask ; allied to E. ledge. Cp. LEDGEN in this Glossary. Lag [laag-], adj. last; a schoolboy's word. "Barley me lag' 1 [Baa-rli me"e laag-]. tLag [laag'], interj. a word repeated in driving geese. “Lag, lag, lag, lag." Lag-last [laag--laast], s. a slow, dilatory person. "Come alung wi' yo, wun yd ? I wish yo'd look a bit slippy. Yo bin auvays owd Lag-last” [Kum ulungg- wi yu, wun yu ? Ahy wish' yu)d look u bit slip'i. Yoa' bin au'viz uwd Laag'-laast]. Laise [laayz], v.a. to search for lice in a person's head; with ace. of person. Lam-an-sally [laam--un-saal-i], s. a beating. "If my dog dunna do as he's towd, I shall ha' to give him lam-an-sally" [Iv mahy dog du)nu doo uz ee)z tuwd, ahy)shl aa)tu gy'iv im laam--un-saal'i]. Lammockin' [laam-ukin], adj. lanky, tall, and clumsy. Compare LOMMOCKIN'. Lamp [laam-p], v.a. to beat soundly. “Hoo's auvays lampin' the children” [6o)z au-viz laanrpin dhu chil-durn]. Cf. ordinary slang lam ; Icel. lama, to bruise. Lankin' [laangk-in], adj. lanky. “A grat big lankin' yowth” [0 grae-t big- langk'in yuwth]. tLanky [laangk-i], adj. Lancashire. As explained by Mr. Holland, the word is especially used of the up-and-down Lancashire method of fighting. “They fowten up an' dain, Lanky fashion" [Dhai fuwtn up un daayn, Laangk-i faaslrin]. Lanniky [laan-uki], adj. lanky. “Them lads o' Dobson's bin

(delwedd C4557) (tudalen 243)	GLOSSAKY. 243 growin' up despert tall an' lanniky ; they seemn to tak after the fayther's side mooistly” [Dhem laad-z u Dob-snz bin groain up des'purt tau'l un laanuki ; dhi seemn tu taak aaf-tur dhu fardhurz sahyd moo-isli]. Lant [laan't], s. (1) urine. Icel. Hand. (2) it seems to mean sweat in the phrase "aw lant an' puff" = in hot, breathless haste. tLap [laap-], v.a. to wrap. "Oh, hey's a streight-for'ut mon, is Turn ; whatever comes in his yed hey ait with it, an' dunna mind noob'dy; hey dunna lap it up none, neither" [Oa, ey)z u streyt-forut mon, iz Turn ; wotevur kumz in iz yed ey aayt widh it, un du)nu mahynd noo'bdi ; ey du)nu laap it lip non, nee'dhur]. Larp [laarp], s. a wasp. NORBUEY. tLat [laat-], s. a lath. Lat [laat'], adj. f(l) late, slow, sluggish. "Didst ever know a hoozy mon lot at comin' to his dinner?" "Well, I dunna know; some folks bin lot at evrythin'“ [Didst evur noa- u 6o-zi mon laat 1 ut kumin tu iz dhrur? Wei, ahy du)nu noa - ; sum foa'ks bin laat' ut evrithin]. I take the following quotation from Miss Jackson's Shropshire Word-Book : ferine com ]?e king Eualac and fullouht askes ; in J>e nome of ]?e fader Joseph him folwede, Called him Mordreyns “a lat mon “in troujpe. Joseph of Arimathea, 1. 695. On this Dr. Skeat's note is as follows : “Mordreyns is explained to mean ' tardieus en creanche,' slow of belief. A lat mon = a slow or sluggish man ; lit. a late man." t(2) backward, late. “My wuts bin very lat this 'ear; bu' then it was gettin' on when they wun sowed" [Mahy wuts bin ver-i laat- dhis eeur ; bu dhen it wuz gy'et-in on wen dhi wun soa-d]. (3) loth. “Ah'm none lat “= I'm nothing loth. (4) tedious. "A lat job “is a piece of work that takes time to perform. Bailey's definition of the word is "slow, tedious."

(delwedd C4558) (tudalen 244)	244 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Late-Wheiles [lart- or lee-t-weylz], adv. of late. “Hars yur dowter, as was married, gettin on?" "Oh, hoo's reight enough, as far as I know on ; bur I hanna seyn nowt on her late-wJwiles" [Aay)z yur duwtiir, uz wuz maarid, gy'et'in on? Oa-, 6o)z reyt unuf , uz faa-r uz ahy noa- on ; bur ahy aa)nu seyn nuwt on ur lee-t-weylz]. Latn'ss [laat-ns], s. delay, slowness. "I know'd we should be cast ; it aw comes on her latriss” [Ahy noa'd wi shud bi ky'aas't ; it au' kumz un ur laat'ns]. For ending n'ss, cp. Badri'ss, Sadn'ss, Witness, Business, Sickn'ss, &c. Law [lau-], s. start in a race. "I'll gie thee fifty yards law, an' o'erketch thee afore tha gets the bridge” [Ahy)l gy'i dhi fif'ti yaardz lau, un oa"rkyech' dhi ufoa-r dhu gy'ets dhu brij-]. Lawmanees [lau-muneyz], interj. an exclamation of astonishment. tLawp [lau-p], v.a. to eat clumsily or greedily, with a spoon or like instrument. “I raly was ashamed to sey hai he lawped the spoon-meat into him" [Ahy raeli wuz ushee-md tu sey aay ^e lau-pt dhu sp6on-mee't in-tu im]. Lawrence [loruns], s. idleness personified, the genius of idleness. “Yo'n gotten Lawrence on yur back" [Yoa')n got'n Lor'uns on yur baak 1 ] = you are afflicted with idleness. Laws-a-dees [lau-z-u-dee-z], interj. alack-a-day. Laws-a-dees, What times be these [Lau-z-u-dee-z, wot tahymz bi dhe'ez]. tLawyers [lau-yurz], 5. pi. a humorous name for briars or brambles; so called from the difficulty people often find in extricating themselves from their clutches. Lays [lai-z, lee-z], s.pl. rates. “We peen lees an' tax^s like other folks” [Wi pee-n lee-z un taak'siz lahyk udh-ur foa-ks]. tLeather [ledh-ur], s. to beat. Ledden [led-n], s. a din. "Do howd yur noise, wun ye; ye fair

(delwedd C4559) (tudalen 245)	GLOSSAKY. 245 crazen me wi' yur ledden" [Doo uwd yiir nahyz, wun yi; yee-fae-r krarzn mi wi yur led-n]. Cf. A.S. lyden, a noise. tLedgen [lej-n], v.a. to close the seams of wooden vessels, which have opened from being kept too dry, by putting them into water. See LAG (sb.) above. Lee [lee-], s. a grass-field newly ploughed. Hence fLee WUts, oats sown on newly ploughed grass-land. tLee into [lee- in-t6o], v.a. (1) to set to energetically. “Come, lee into th' work" [Kum, lee- hrtu)th wuurk]. (2) to beat. tLeead [leyud], v.a. to lead; used in the northern portion of my district in the sense of “to carry “corn or hay. tLeeaf [leyuf, leeuf], s. the fat which lies upon the sides of a pig or a goose. "It's gotten a rare leeaf on it" [It)s got'n u rae-r leeuf on it]. Leean ait [leeun aayt], v.a. to level out, make fit for use, of an unused road. MACEFEN. tLee dain [lee- daayn], v. to lay down. (1) v.a. to turn arable into grass land. (2) v.n. to set to, work energetically. "Noob'dy never gets nowt abait 'em if they wunna lee dain to work" [N6o-bdi nevur gy'ets nuwt ubaayt urn iv dhi wun)u lee'daayn tu wuurk]. tLee-0'erS for Meddlers [lee--oa-rz fur med-lurz], phrase, a frequent answer to a meddlesome or impertinent inquiry. If a child asks its mother, "What han yo gotten theer?" [Wot)n yu got-n dheeur?] and the mother does not feel inclined to satisfy its curiosity, she will often reply, "Oh, lee-o'ers for meddlers" The expression contains a threat of corporal punishment something to be "laid o'er" or applied to the questioner's back in return for his curiosity. Mr. Holland spells Laoze. iLeeth [lee-th], s. leisure. "Annyb'dy mun have a bit o' leeth sometimes" [Aan-ibdi mun aav u bit u lee-th sumtahymz]. Bailey gives "Lathe, Ease or Rest."

(delwedd C4560) (tudalen 246)	246 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. ILeeze pee-z], v.a. to glean. TUSHINGHAM. "The wenches bin gone a-leezin i' the top Kiddins" [DM wen f shiz bin gon u)lee-zin i dhu top rid-inz]. I am glad to be able to bear my testimony to the existence of this word in Cheshire, which Mr. Holland had already inferred from its occurrence in Eandle Holme. It is, of course, very common in Shropshire and other Midland counties. [leg], s. f(l) the stem of a shrub. (2) the body of a stack, the part which is formed before the roof is begun. Leigh t peyt], v.n. to happen. “Hai leighfs it y5 didna go ?” [Aay leyt)s it yu did)nu goa?] Cp. Leigh's How leeched. Leight-bowt [leyt-buwt], s. a thunder bolt. Leight On [leyt on], adj. the opposite of HEAVY ON, which see. The expression describes a load whose centre of gravity is thrown too far back, so that the weight does not press sufficiently on the horse's back. tLember pern-bur], adj. soft, pliant, supple. There is a superstition that if a corpse is Umber it portends further disaster to his family. tLey pey, lee], s. hard water softened by adding wood ashes to it. "If we getten noo reen within a dee or two, we s'n raly ha' to may lee" [Iv wi gy'et'n n6o ree'n widhhr u dee' ur too, wi)sn rae'li aa tu mar lee]. Bailey has "Lye, a Composition of Ashes and Water to wash and scour withal." ILickin' [lik-in], s. anything tasty (artificial food, &c.) put before a cow. “Give her a bit o' lickin'“ [Gy'iv ur u bit u lik-in]. Liekination [likinarshun], s. I have only once heard this word. My informant, who was a Spurstow man, defined it as "a wee (way) o' curin' black waiter in a cai” [u wee- u ky'oo-rin blaak-wai-tur in u ky'aay] ; but what the “wee o' curin' “consisted in I could not learn more precisely. f Lieksome [lik-sum], adj. neat. “I've bin fettlin' up the walk i' th' garden, an' tryin' make it look a bit licksome” [Ahy)v bin

(delwedd C4561) (tudalen 247)	GLOSSARY. 247 fet'lin up dhu wairk i)th gy'aa'rdin, un trahyin mark it 16ok u bit lik'sum]. I agree with Wilbraham, as against Mr. Holland, that the word is chiefly applied to places or situations. tLie ait [lahy aayt], v.n. of cows, to sleep in the fields at nights. t Lie-by [lahy-bahy], s. a bed fellow. Lie-by [lahy-bahy], adj. stored up for future use, e.g., "lie-by stockings." tLie to [lahy t6o], v.a. to give special attention to an animal. "I've leyn to that cai a dell; bu' somehai hoo dunna sem to thrive none” [Ahy)v leyn tu dhaat- ky'aay u del ; bu sunraay 60 du)nu sem tu thrahyv non]. tLie up [lahy upj, v.n. of cows, to sleep at nights in the cow-houses. Lifter pif'tur] , s. a heavy blow. “He gen her sich a lifter." tLiftin [lif'tin], s. an Easter custom now nearly obsolete. Mr. Holland has described this custom so fully that I need do no more than refer to his account, s.v. Lift-legged [lif't-legd or lift-leg-d], adj. left-legged; used in the general sense of wrong or abnormal. E.g., a man, who knew I was collecting words, asked me one day if I had the word numskull, which is in very common use with Cheshire people. When I replied that I thought it was used in standard English, he said “he didna know, but it sounded like a lift-legged 'un." tLig pig], s. a fib. tLig [lig], v.n. to fib. tLiggaty-lag [lig-uti-laag-], inter j. =the deuce take the hindmost. When a party of boys have been caught in mischief, they often make off with the cry Liggaty-lag. tLiggeP [lig'iir], s. a fibber. I have avoided the word lie in rendering lig and its derivatives, as lig is not so strong a term. It is much less insulting to call a man a ligger than a liar; and a common saying is that it takes twenty ligs to make a lie. Lig-OWn [lig-oa-n], adj. very own; sometimes Liggy-OWn. "My daddy's gen my a bit o' gra'ind i' th' corner o' th' garden

(delwedd C4562) (tudalen 248)	248 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. for my very lig-own" [Mahy daacH)z gy'en mi u bit u graaynd i)th kau-rnur u)th gy'aa-rdin fur mi veri lig-oa-n], tLike [lahyk], adj. (1) obliged. “I shall be like sey th' mester afore I can tell ye what job go to" [Ahy)shl bi lahyk sey)th mes-tur ufoa-r ahy)kn tel yi wot job goa- too]. (2) all but, nearly. "I'd like to ha' ketcht my jeth o'er it” [Ahy)d lahyk tu u ky'echt mi jeth oavr it], tLimb pim'], v.a. to tear limb from limb. tLinin' [lahynin], s. the cord of which a workman's line is made. f Lin-pin [lur-pin], s. a linch-pin. "Lin-pin coom ait, an' wheel fawd off" [Lnr-pin k6om aayt, un weel fau'd of]. tLint [lin-t], s. flue, soft down. Lintiness [lin-tines], s. idleness. “Hey's none bad ; it's nowt bu' lintiness” [Ey)z non baad- ; it's nuwt bu lin'tines]. tLinty [lin-ti], adj. idle. Lithermon's looad [lidh-urmunz 16oud], s. a lazy man's load ; a load piled up to save the trouble of a double journey. “An' naii, ye can go an' fatch the rest o' th' hee ; there'll be rather moor t'n a jag left ; bu' dunna bring lithermon's looad, else ye 'n meebe have a waut” [Un naay, yi)kn goa- un faaclr dhu rest u)dh ee' ; dhur)l bi m6o-ur)tn u jaag- left ; bu du)nu bringg-lidh-urmunz looud, els yi)n mee-bi aav u waui]. Eay and Bailey give lither, lazy, as a N. country word ; and Eay gives as a Cheshire proverb, “If he were as long as he is lither, he might thatch a house without a ladder." A.S. lyfter, bad. tLiverd [livurd], adj. of land, cold and wet. “This land turns up very liverd ; it's bin ploo'd when it's bin wet” [Dhis- laan'd tuurnz up ver-i livurd ; it)s bin plood wen it)s bin wet]. LobSCOUSe [lobskaaws], s. Irish stew. Lobspound [lobspuwnd], s. difficulty; equivalent to lumber, q.v. “Mind yo dunna get into lobspound o'er that job” [Mahynd yoa dmr)u gy'et in-tu lobspuwnd oa-r dhaat- job]. I think it should be written LoWs pound ; but no account of the original Mr. Lobb has survived.

(delwedd C4563) (tudalen 249)	GLOSSARY. 249 {Lodged [lojd], p. part, of growing corn, laid, beaten down by the storm. Mr. Holland doubts this word, which is given by Col. Leigh, and is of frequent occurrence in S. Ches. Loggy [log'i], adj. short and heavy-bodied. “Yo bin too logyy to run” [Yoa bin t6o log-i tu run]. Mr. Holland has Cloggy in the same sense. Lollack [lol'iik], v.n. to loll or lounge lazily. “That cat's auvays lollackin' o' yur kney” [Dhaat- ky'aat-)s au-viz lol-ukin u yur ney]. Op. E. slang lollup. Lommer [lom-ur], (1) v.n. to clamber. “Theise bin okkart steeles to lommer o'er" [Dheyz bin ok-urt steylz tu lonrur oa-r]. (2) v.n. to get along with difficulty. “Ah wunder hai hoo lommers alung them feilds to chapel," of a lame woman [Ah wun'dur aay 60 lonrurz ulung dhem feyldz tu chaap'il]. (3) v.a. to carry or drag a cumbrous burden. “Ah eonna lommer theise buckets o' tatoes worn” [Ah kon*)u lonrur dheyz buk'its u tai'tuz worn]. (4) v.a. to burden. “Ah da'it they'n be lommer ed with it," of a heavy load [Ah daayt dhai)n bi'lonrurd widh it]. Cf. E. lumber. Lommerin' [lonrurin], adj. clumsy. "A serein's a lommerin' thing fur have in a kitchen” [U skreyn)z u lonrurin thing- fur aav in u ky'ich-in]. Lommock [lonruk], s. a lump. “A lommock o' bre'n' cheise “is a piece of bread and cheese. Dim. of lump ; cf. hommock fr. hump. Lommock [lonruk], (1) v.a. to deal out in large quantities. Used of solids or of substances as consistent as treacle. A generous host was said to “lommock the meat upo' folks'es pleets “ [lonruk dhu mee-t upu foa-ksiz plee'ts]. (2) v.a. to loiter about; probably by confusion with “loz- zack." Lommoekin' [lonrukin], adj. clumsy. "A big, lommockiri wench “ [U big, lonrukin wensh]. Formed from lommock, as lumpin' from lump. Compare LAMMOCKIN.

(delwedd C4564) (tudalen 250)	250 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Lompun Hole [lorn-pun oa-1], s. the hole or pond whither all the refuse of a farm-yard runs. Compare Leigh's LOMPOND or LOM POND. Loo'd [16od], p. part, disappointed, nonplussed, left in the lurch (from the card-game called loo). "Go to the smithy, an' tell 'em they mun send the hoss-rake back afore this afternoon ; tell 'em we wanten rake with it, an' if we conna have it, we s'n be loo'd” [Goa- tu dhu smidh-i, un tel urn dhai mun send dhu os--rark baak' ufoa-r dims aaf-turn6o'n ; tell um wi waan-tn rai-k widh it, un if wi kon-)u aav it wi)sn bi 16od]. Loomy [loo-mi], adj. loamy, of soil. Loose [loos], v.a. to let fly, throw. “If tha a'tna off this bonk an' smartish, I'll loose a stone at thee” [Iv dhu aat-)nu of dhis bongk un smaa*rtish, ahy)l loos u stoa-n aat' dhi]. ILord Ralph [Lau-rd Rai'f or Ree-f], s. a currant cake. The thing and the word are now becoming obsolete. See MERRY MEAL. Lossy [los-i], adj. uneconomical, entailing loss or waste; e.g., potatoes which have very deep “eye-holes" are said to be lossy because so much must be cut away in paring them. Lothe [loa-dh], v.a. to part with at a lower price than that originally asked. BRINDLEY. The following will explain more exactly the use of the word as I have heard it. A offers to B an article at a certain price; B names a lower price, which is the most he is willing to give for the article. If A resolves to accept B's terms, he is said to lothe the article to B at the lower price. I agree with Mr. Holland that the word is not used without a price being mentioned or implied ; but I differ from both him and Mr. Halliwell when they assign as the meaning “to offer for sale" or “to offer at a price." ? formed from low within the dialect, quasi to lowthe. tLow [loa-], adj. short of stature. “He's a little low fellow" [Ee)z u lit-1 loa- fel-u]. Lowery [laaw-uri], adj. of weather, lowering.

(delwedd C4565) (tudalen 251)	GLOSSARY. 251 Lozzack [loz'uk], v.n. to lounge, loll lazily. “Ah may noo accaint of a mon as is auvays lozzackin' i' th' arm-cheir" [Ah mai-n6o uky'aaynt uv u mon uz iz au-viz loz-ukin i)dh aa-rm-cheyiir]. Lug [lug], v.a. t(l) to pull; as a rule only used of the head and ears. “He's gotten his ears lugged “was said of one who had come off second best in a newspaper contest. (2) to carry the harvest home. “Hai bin yd on wi' yur harvest?" "Oh, we'n gotten mooist o' the wheeat lugged together" [Aay bin yu on wi yur aa-rvist? Oa- wi)n got-n mooist u dhu weeut lugd tugy'edh-ur]. tLullies [luHz], s.pl. kidneys. Halliwell gives the word, which none of the other writers on the dialect seem to have heard. Lumber [lunrbur], s. (1) a burden. "Yo mid bring me six-penn'orth o' borm, if yo thinken it wudna bey a lumber to yo “ [Yoa* mid- bring- mi siks-pen-urth u bau'rm iv yoa* thingk-nhV wud-)nu bey u lunrbur too)yu]. t(2) a difficulty, awkward plight. “Yo'n get into lumber, if yo dunner auter, mon" [Yoa i )n gy'et nrtu lunrbur, iv yoa -dun)ur au'tur, mon]. Lump [lump], v.a. the same as LAMP. For change of vowel cf. buz and baz, but and bat. Lumpin' [lunrpin], adj. big. "What a grat, big, lumpin' yowth tha't gone into aw of a sudden" [Wot u grae-t, big, lunrpin yuwth dhaa)t gon hrt6o au- uv u sud-in !] Hence a tLumpin' Penn'orth means a big pennyworth, "a good deal for the money." Lung-dog [lung-dog], s. a greyhound. "To run like a lung-dog" is an expression once in common use, but now little heard. Lit. "long dog;" and so used in Sussex. Lunge [lunzh], v.a. (1) to maltreat, abuse. "Ah'll tak good care my lad never gos near that schoo' noo moor; the big lads lungen the little 'uns a-that-n" [Ah)l taak- gud ky'ae-r many laad- nevur goz neeur dhaat- sk6o n6o m6our ; dhu big- laad-z

(delwedd C4566) (tudalen 252)	252 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. lurrzhn dhu lit'l unz u)dhaat'n]. A farmer's wife complained that the servants lunged the bread, meaning that they cut it unevenly. 1(2) to thieve. "They'n lunge annythin' as they can lee howt on" [Dhi)n lunzh aan'ithin uz dhijkn lee* uwtjn]. Lungeous [lun-jus], adj. (I) heavy-handed, violent. "Let that chap alooan; hey's very lungeous wi' his fisses" [Let dhaat chaap' u!6oun; ey)z veri hnrjus wi iz fis'iz]. t(2) thievish. "Hoo's a lungeous beggar ; yo conna leeave th' milk-haise door open for a minute together bu' what hoo's in" [6o)z u lunjus beg-ur; yu kon-)u leeuv)th mil-k-aays doour oa-pn fur u mhrit tugy'edh-ur bu wot 6o)z in]. Here, as often, the word is used of a cat. tLung 1 Hundert [lungg und-urt], s. the hundredweight of 120 (or in practice 121) Ibs., which is used in weighing cheese. Lung meadow flung med-u \| s. the pasture of the road-tLung' pasture(lung paas-chur) sides. Lurch [luurch], v.n. to lurk. Leigh gives the word only in the pres. part. ; but it is simply a duplicate form of lurk, and conjugated regularly throughout. Hence the Irish lurcher, a kind of dog. tLurkey-dish [luu-rki-dish-], s. the herb pennyroyal. Lush [lush], v.n. to drink heavily. Cp. Shropshire loach. M. Maffle [maaf-1], v.a. to spend recklessly, to squander. "Th' owd mon had a jell o' money wunst, bur hey mafflet it aw awee “ [Dh)uwd mon aad u jel u mun-i wunst, bur ey maaf-lt it au- uwee*]. Maggoty-pate [maag-uti-pai-t] , s. an opprobrious term of indefinite meaning. I have heard schoolboys call after a red-headed companion, “Ked-yed and maggoty -pate." This is not equivalent to the Scotch maggoty-pow, a whimsical person. I have in

(delwedd C4567) (tudalen 253)	GLOSSARY. 253 my possession an old school book, in use some two hundred years ago, in which among other legends scribbled by the owner to the disadvantage of his master occurs the following, " Mr. is an old maggoty -pate." N.B. maggot is generally pronounced [mar gut] in S. Ches. MagOWfin [muguw-fin], s. a grimace. ? for Mug-gowfin; cp. MUG and GOWFIN. Maid [mai-d, mee-d], s. a clothes-horse. Cf. Kentish tamsin (Pegge). Mail [maayl], s. mould (in bread, cheese, &c.). Maily [maayli], adj. mouldy. Farm servants, when about to leave a place they are dissatisfied with, repeat the following lines : Maily bread, an' ma'ily pies, Skim-Dick full o' eyes ; Buttermilk astid o' beer, I'm sartin I shanna stop here. [Maayli bred, un maayli pahyz, sky'im-Dik- ful u ahyz; but'urmilk ustid- u beeiir, ahy)m saa-rtin ahy shaa)nu stop eeur] . Mammifled [maam-ifahyd], p. part, spoiled, of children. "A mammified little brivit ! I'd soon shown her what fur if hoo was mine" [U maam-ifahyd lit-1 brivit! Ahy)d soon shoa-n ur wot fuur iv 60 wuz mahyn]. Cp. GRANNY-REABED. Maneh [maan-sh], Maunch [mau-nsh], v.a. to mince. “Go an' get some meal ait o' th' coffer, an' put theise toothry tatoes to it, an manch 'em aw up together for th' hens” [Goa* un gy'et sum meel aayt u)th kof'ur, un put dheyz too'thri tai'tuz too it, un maan-sh um au- up tugy'edh-ur fur)dh enz]. Manifowlds [maan-ifuwldz], s. pi. the third stomach of a cow. "I've gotten a ca'i badly steeked i' the manifowlds" [Ahy)v got-n u ky'aay baad'li stee-kt i dhu maan-ifuwldz]. Manoeuvre [nrnnyoo-vur], s. (I) a gesture. “Hoo made a manoeuvre at him” [Oo mai-d u muny6o - vur aat- im].

(delwedd C4568) (tudalen 254)	254 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) a movement of the body, a frisking motion. “Do behowld that cat's manoeuvres" [Doo bi-uwld dhaat* ky'aat's munyoo'vurz]. Manoeuvre [munyoo-vur], v.n. to beckon, gesticulate. "I manoeuvred to her for come an' sit aside o' me, bur hoo kept her feece turnt tother road, an' wudna look to'at me" [Ahy munyoo'vurd t6o ur fur kum un sit usahyd u mi, bur 60 ky'ept ur fee's tuurnt tudh'iir roa'd, un wud)nu look toat mi]. tMar [maa-r], v.a. to spoil by petting. "Ay, hoo's a despert marred kitlin'; bu' then y5 seyn it's wi' bein' a onelin'" [Aay, 6o)z u des-purt maa-rd ky'iHin ; bu dhen yu seyn it)s wi beVin u won-linj. A common expression, more forcible than elegant, is "Hoo's marred than ( = till) hoo stinks" [6o)z maard dhun 60 stingk's]. tMare [mae-r], s. a mere, lake. A.S. mere. Mare [mae-r], s. I take the opportunity of giving under this head an account of an old harvest custom, formerly in vogue in S. Ches., but now quite obsolete. When the last field of corn on a farm had been cut, the labourers employed upon the farm collected together upon a piece of elevated ground, and proceeded to recite the following "nominy:" "What hast thou gotten theer?" “A mare." “Wheer wilt thou send her to?" "To So and So's" mentioning a neighbouring farmer, who had not been fortunate enough to get his harvest over so soon, and who might therefore be supposed to need the loan of the mare. Compare Mr. Holland's account of a similar custom, s.v. Shutting; and see Bailey, s.v. To cry the Mare. tMare'S teels [mae-rz tee-lz], s.pl. long light clouds, which indicate approaching rain. See HENSCKATS. tMarket-peeart [maa-rkit-pe"eurt], adj. market-fresh, slightly intoxicated on returning from market. “Did yd hear th' owd higgler-fellow as comes from Bozley ( = Burwardsley) gawpin i' th' road?" “Ay, ah think he's mooistly a bit market-peeart of a Setterday" [Did yu eeur dh)uwd ig-lur-fel'u uz kumz

(delwedd C4569) (tudalen 255)	GLOSSAKY. 255 frum Bozli gau-pin i)dh roa'd? Aay, ah thingk- ee)z mooisli u bit maa-rkit-peeurt uv u Set-urdi]. Marly [maa'rli], s. a marble. CHOLMONDELEY. t Marrow [maaru], s. (1) a mate. “That's one o' yur marrows." But in this sense the word is not common except in compounds, as plee-marrow, a play-mate ; schoo' -marrow, a school-mate. O stay at hame, my noble lord ; stay at hame, my marrow. My cruel brother will you betray On the dowie houms o' Yarrow. Border Minstrelsy, The Dowie Dens o' Yarrow. (2) a fellow ; one of a pair. “Wheer's the marrow stockin' to this?" [Weeur)z dhu maaru stok-in tu dhis?] So shirts made of the same piece of stuff are marrow to each other ; and a piece of new cloth of the same pattern used to mend a shirt might be said to be “marrow to it." Masker [maas-kur], v.a. and n. to choke. (1) v.a. “I'm welly maskert wi' flem” [Ahy)m weH maas-kurt wi flem]. (2) v.n. “My feether's gotten sich a bad cough ; he coughs sometimes like as if he'd masher" [Mi fee'dhur)z got'n sich' u baad- kof ; ee kofs sumtahymz lahyk uz iv ee)d maas-kur]. I have always taken this as a specialized form of "massacre." (Cp. Scotch scomfish from discomfit) ; and I am confirmed in my supposition by Mr. Holland's example, given under MASSACREE, about young lambs floundering into the soft mud, and being “massacreed." The form massacree, evidently used in the sense of "to smother, choke," supplies the needed link. Maukin [mau-kin], s. (1) a ragged or slovenly-dressed female. "Whey, Polly, yo looken a regilar maukin, that yo dun, wi' yur fithers an' yur fol-the-rol ; if I was a young wench like yo, I should bey ashamed o' folks seyin' me go alung the road sich a trallock" [Wey, PoH, yoa- loo-kn u regilur niau-kin, dhaat- yoa- dun, wi yur fidh'urz un yur fol'-dhu-rol ; iv airy

(delwedd C4570) (tudalen 256)	256 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIEE. wuz u yungg wensh lahykyoa-, ahy shud bey usharmd u foa'ks seyin mi goa- ulung- dhu roa'd siclr u traal-uk]. E. Malkin, a diminutive of Hal or Mary. 1(2) metaph. the long, ragged, mop-like instrument used for sweeping the embers out of a baker's oven. “The Maukin is a foul and dirty Cloth hung at the end of a long Pole, which being wet, the Baker sweeps all the Ashes together therewith, which the Fire or Fuel, in the heating of the Oven, hath scattered all about within it." Eandle Holme (quoted by Miss Jackson). Maul [mau-1], t(l) v.a. to use roughly, to maltreat. (2) v.a. to "maul off or away" is to take away roughly; e.g., of a policeman dragging a culprit to prison. (3) v.n. to work hard. “When yo bin yowin' ( = hewing, here mowing) an' maulin' in a feyld, an' the sun pourin' dain his heeat upon yo, yo bin glad get summat drink” [Wen yu bin yuwin un mau'lin in u feyld, un dhu sun puwurin daayn iz eeut upon- yu, yoa bin dlaad- gy'et sunrut dringk-J. So “to be mauled" in the passive means to be over-worked. The word in this sense seems to be connected with E. moil. Maul-hauly [maui-auli], adj. heavy, troublesome, tedious, e.g., "maul-hauly work." Cp. MAUL (8). IMauly [mau-li], adj. of soil, sticky. “There's bin a bit of a slobber o' reen, just enough for may the graind mauly" [Dhur)z bin u bit uv u slob'ur u reen, just unuf 1 fur mar dhu graaynd mau'li]. Cp. MULL and MULLY, below. Maunch [maunsh, maun'sh], v.a. (1) to masticate, chew. “What's com'n to th' yew bridle ?" “Whey, Sam left it wheer th' tit could ger at it, an' hoo's maunched it in her maith till it's good nowt” [Wot)s kumn tu)dh yoo brahydl? Wey, Saam- left it weeur)th tit kud gy'er aat- it, un 6o)z maun-sht it in ur maayth til it)s giid nuwt]. (2) to mince. See MANCH. Maunder [mau-ndur], v.n. to wander in mind, talk foolishly.

(delwedd C4571) (tudalen 257)	GLOSSARY. 257 " Theer tha gos maunderin' on, an' noob'dy takkin' n6 moor notice on thee than nowt” [Dheeur dhu goz mau-ndurin on, un n6obdi taak'in nu m6our noa'tis on dhi dhun nuwt]. tMaw [man-], s. a mallet. O.F. mail. Mawks [mairks], s. a mess. “I dait they'n may a mawks on it “ [Ahy daayt dhai-)n mai- u mau'ks on it]. See Bailey s.v. Mawks [mau'ks], (1) v.a. to mess, dirty. “I've mawksed my hands wi' empyin' treacle" [Ahy)v mau'kst mi aan'z wi enrpi-in tree-kl]. (2) v.n. to mess. “The childern won mawksin' among the srubs i' the gardin” [Dhu chil'durn wun mauksin umungg' dhu srubz i dhu gy'aardin]. Mawyed [mauyed], s. a blockhead (lit. mallet-head). Mawzy [mauzi], adj. (1) confused, bewildered. "My yed's a bit mawzy" [Mi yed)z u bit mau'zi]. (2) out of sorts, uncomfortable, "stale." "This puthery weather mays me feil rather mawzy” [Dhis pudh'uri wedh'ur mai-z mi feyl rae'dhur mauzi]. tMay [mai'], v.a. (1) to make. (2) to lock. “Nai, I'm gooin' bed, an' I shall leeave yo to may th' doors when the lads comen in” [Naay, ahy)m gooin bed, un ahy shul l^euv yoa* tu mai')th doourz wen dhu laad'z kum'un in]. MaygTims [mai-grimz], s. pi. antics, tricks. "Nai, dunna be on wi' anny o' yur soft maygrims” [Naay, du)nu bi on wi aan-i u yur soft mai'grimz]. tMayhappen [mai"aap'n, mee'aapn], rfv. perhaps. "Mayhappen yo'n see the mester at market” [Mai"aapn yoa)n sey dhu mes-tur ut maa'rkit]. Mazed [mai-zd], part. adj. stupefied, stunned, confused. “My owd mon fawd off a looad o' hee a wik ago at Fenna's, an' he's bin like a bit mazed ever sin; bur it's a rare job it wonna woss, fur he mid as well ha' bin kilt" [Mahy uwd mon fau-d of u looud R

(delwedd C4572) (tudalen 258)	258 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. u ee* u wik* ugoa* ut Fen'uz, iin ee)z bin lahyk u bit marzd evur sin ; bur it)s u rae'r job it wo)nu wos, fur e"e mid uz wel u bin ky'il-t]. iMeal [meyl], s. the whole quantity of milk obtained from a herd of cows at one milking; also called "a meal's milk." Two meals of milk are, on an average-sized Cheshire farm, used to make one cheese in the summer. Later on in the year, when the quantity of milk falls off, more "meals" are required ; and the dairymaid is then said to be “makin' o' meals." The word is the same as E. meal, a repast. tMeaTs-meat [meylz-meet], s. food enough for one meal. There's noobry as'll give a poor moil a meal's-meat when he's hard up an' wants one” [Dhur)z n6o-bri uz)l gy'iv u poour mon u meylz-mee-t wen 6e)z aaTd up un waairts won]. I Meat [meei], s. food of any kind. "As full o' mischief as an egg's full o' meat” [Uz ful u mis'chuf uz un eg)z ml u mee f t]. "I get two shillin' a dee an' my meat" [Ahy gy'et t6o shil-in ii dee- un mi mee-t]. IMeath [mee-th], s. mead, a drink made from honey. Meean [meyun], v.a. to mean, often used redundantly in the phrase, “meean to see “=mean to say. “Some folks meeanen to see as th' Tories han gotten in” [Sum foa-ks meyunun tu see uz th) Toa-riz un got-n in]. Meeanins [meyunins, mee-unins], s. pi. intentions. “Hey's a lad wi' very good meeanins” [Ey)z u laad' wi veri gud meyunins]. Meedish [mee-dish], adj. maid-like, and so (1) of a man, effeminate. (2) of a woman, prudish. iMee-maw [mee-mau], v.a. to wheedle, coax. "It's noo use tha mee-mawin' me a-thatta road, tha'll get nowt ait o' mey” [It)s n6o y6os dhu mee*-mauin mi u)dhaat'u roa'd, dhu)l gy'et nuwt aayt u mey]. tMee-maws [mee--mau-z], s. pi. antics, e.g. of a lunatic. tMeg Harry [meg-aar-i], s. a tomboy.

(delwedd C4573) (tudalen 259)	GLOSSARY. 259 Meither [meydhur], s. (1) bother, fuss. “There's nowt to may a meither abait” [Dhur)z nuwt tu mar ii meydhur ubaayt]. (2) distracting or foolish talk. “Ah cudna stond his meither" [Ah kud)nu stond is meydhur]. (3) cajolery, blarney. "Hey's sich a lot o' meither with him, y5 never known when he's tellin y5 reight” [Ey)z sich u lot u meydhur widh im, yu nevur noa-n wen ey)z tel-in yu reyt]. Meither [meydhur], f(l) v.a. to bother, distract. “Ye meithern me wi' yur ledden” [Yi meydhurn mi wi yur led-n]. (2) v.n. to talk foolishly. "Hey begun meither abowt some owd mon" [Ey bigun- meydhur ubuwt sum uwd mon]. (3) v.n. to make a fuss. “I shanna meither wi' ye” [Ahy shaa)n-u meydhur wi)yu]. tMellot [mel'ut], s. the short-tailed field-mouse. Mergin-hole [muu-rjin-oa-1], s. a hole into which sewerage is drained. t Merry [mer-i], s. the wild cherry. Merryman [merimun], s. a circus-clown. “As th' owd merryman said" is an expression frequently heard when some witticism has been quoted. tMerry-meal [meri-meyl], s. a feasting in celebration of the birth of a child. Currant -cakes, of the kind called "Lord Kalph," are eaten, and spirits are drunk by all except the mother in honour of the occasion. This latter part of the ceremonies is called “wettin' th' chilt's yed" [wet-in)th chahylts yed]. MeSS [mes], s. a great quantity. “There was a terrible mess o' folks theer" [Dhur wuz u terubl mes u foa'ks dheeur]. Mester [mes-tur], v.n. to domineer. “Yo bin auvays comin' raind th' bonk, mesteriri \ bur ah'll sey if yo'n mester o'er mey" [Yoa* bin au'viz kum'in raaynd)th bongk, mesturin, bur ah)l sey iv yoa*)n mes'tur oa f r mey]. tMester-eai [mes-tur-ky'aay], s. the master-cow, the leader of the herd.

(delwedd C4574) (tudalen 260)	260 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Mestership [mes-turship], s. control. “We nrnn ha' some mestership o'er sich fellows, else they'n be gettin' mester o' us” [Wi mun aa sum mes-turship oa'r sich fel'uz, els dhi)n bi gy'et-in mes'tur u uz]. Mettly [met-li], adj. quick-tempered, irritable. "He was very sharp an' snappy, was th' owd un despert mettly, seem' as he was a doctor" [6e wuz veri shaa-rp un snaap-i, wuz dh) uwd un des'purt metli, s6e-in uz ee wuz u dok-tur] . Mexen [mek-sn] )s. f(l) a dunghill. A.S. meox, dung. Mixen [mik-sn] f (2) a term of reproach to a female. “Y5 little mixen” [Yu lit'l mik-sn] . It seems to have originated as a comic substitute for vixen. Mezzaeky [mez-uki], adj. boggy. See MIZZACKY. Mezzil [mez-il]) s. a spot, pimple. “Whey, what's matter wi y5 ? Mezzle [mez-l]J Yur face is aw o'er mezzils" [Wey wot)s maat-ur wi)yu ? Yur fais iz au' oar mez-ilz]. Cp. E. mmsles. Mezziled [mezild]^^'. marked with spots or pimples. “Yo bin IMezzled [mez-ld]J mezziled all o'er” [Yoa bin mez-ild aul oa-r]. We speak of pigs being mezzled when they are afflicted with a disease which shows itself in spots upon the skin. So also "mezzled pork." tMiekleS [mik-lz], s. size, height. “He's o' noo mickles” [6e)z u noo mik-lz], t Middle-band [mid-1-bunt], s. the thong by which the cappiliri of a flail is fastened to the swippo. Middle-leg-deep [mid-1-leg-deep], ad. knee deep. MACEFEN. " The sludge is middle-leg-deep” [Dhu sluj iz mid'1-leg-deep]. I have heard the same expression in Northumberland. Middlins [mid'linz], s. pi. mediocrities, middling persons or animals. Of a person who does not rise above the average of excellence, it is commonly said, "He's among the middlins." IMid-fitheP [mid'-fidhur] s. a narrow ridge of land separating two pits. See Holland or Wilbraham s.v. Mildy [mil'di], adj. of soil, fine and crumbly. FADDILEY. BBINDLEY.

(delwedd C4575) (tudalen 261)	GLOSSARY. 261 BURLAND. “Well, there's one good thing abait th' frost, it'll may th' graind mildy an' nice to work” [Wei, dhur)z won gud thingg- ubaayt)th frost, it)l mai-)th graaynd imTdi un nahys tu wuurk] . Miles -Endy- Wees [mahylz-end-i-wee-z], adv. to an indefinitely great distance. "Well, Bob, wheer'st bin this journey?" “Oh, up atop o' da'ln yonder, miles-endy-wees, at Bogs o' Mirollies, wheer cats kittlen magpies” [Wei, Bob, weeur)s bin dhis jrnrrni? Oa, up u)top u daayn yon'dur, mahylz-en-di-wee-z, ut Bogz u Miroliz, weeur ky'aat-s kit-In maag-pahyz]. Milken [mil-kn], v.a. to milk. Only used in the preterite and past participle milkent [mil-knt]. “They milkent the key i' good time" [Dhi imTknt dhu ky'ey i gud tahym]. Compare cauvent in this glossary and Mr. Holland's jarg'nt (s.v. jarg). These three forms milkent, cauvent, and jarg'nt are most anomalous. It is rather an arbitrary way of solving the difficulty to suppose present forms like milken, cauven, jargen, which are not heard in any case. Yet, on the other hand, we can hardly suppose ent to be a mere termination of the preterite and the p.p. It looks as though the t of the weak conjugation had been superadded to the strong participial en. I see that Miss Jackson has a similar form under Rawl. "They rawlened the poor chap about and abused 'im shameful." tMilk-warm [mil-k-waa-rm], adj. tepid. Milner [mil-nur], s. a miller. tMinshu* crab [mnrshu kraab'], s. a kind of apple, valuable for its keeping and cooking properties. Mipe [mahyp], v.n. to be squeamish, fastidious. “It was like as if what was good enough for other folks eat wonna good enough for her ; theer hoo miped an' minced till hoo welly made me keive at th' seight on her sauciness" [It wuz lahyk uz iv wot wuz gud unuf fur udh-ur foa-ks ee-t wo)nu gud unuf- fur uur ; dheeur 60 mahypt un min*st til 60 weH mai-d mi ky'eyv ut)th seyt un ur sau-sinus]. Mr. Holland gives the pres. part, of this verb.

(delwedd C4576) (tudalen 262)	262 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tMislest [misles-t], v.a. to molest. “Noob'dy '11 never mislest j6 o' th' road” [N6o-bdi)l nevur misles't yu u)dh roa-d]. Miss [mis-], s. a want. We often say, “Yo'n find a miss o' “such and such a person or thing, i.e. feel the want of. Missis [mis-is, mis-iz] , v.n. to play the mistress. “Oh, th' place was reight enough for mooist things, on'y th' daughter had sich missisiri wees, an' I conna stond two folks i' th' same haise missisw? o'er mey" [Oa-, th)plai-s wuz reyt unuf- fur m6o-is thing'z, oa-ni)th dau-tur aad- sich mis-isin wee-z, un ahy kon-)u stond t6o foa-ks i)th sai-m aays misisin oar mey] . Miss-WOrd [mis-wmrrd], s. an angry word. "Ah never knowd him see a missword to annybody” [Ah nevur noa'd im see 1 u mis-wuu-rd tu aan-ibodi]. Mitey [mahyti], adj. small, like a mite. “A mitey little thing." IMittins [mitinz], s. strong leathern gloves used for hedging. There are no separate fingers as in an ordinary glove, but there is a pouch for the thumb. tMixen [mik-sn], v.a. to clean out cow-houses, styes, &c. ; and so metaph. of cleaning other places, which are particularly dirty. tMizzaek [miz-uk], s. a bog. "When ahr mester come to this bonk fost, yander feild, luk y5, it was nowt bur a mizzack ; an' hey's pestered with it, an' dreened it, an' worked it till hey's never a better bit o' graind upo' th' farm” [Wen aa-r mes-tur kum tu dhis bongk fost, yaan-dur feyld, luk-)yu, it wuz nuwt bur u miz-uk ; un ey)z pes-turd widh it, un dree-nd it, un wuurkt it til ey)z nevur u bet-ur bit u graaynd upu)th faa-rm]. Mizzacky [miz-uki], adj. (1) soft and boggy, of land. Also MEZZACKY. (2) muddle-headed. * Mighty, on the contrary, is pronounced [meyti, m^e'ti]. Might (sb.) is pronounced with the same vowel-sounds. Wilbraham also gives "Meet, s. might ;" on which Holland remarks, “I have never heard it so pronounced. Met is common." But surely Met is the verb preterite from May.

(delwedd C4577) (tudalen 263)	GLOSSARY. 263 t Mizzle [miz-1], v.n. to rain in very fine drops. “There's a thick mizzlin' reen comin' da'in, an' them wenches 'un be as wet as claits if they conna get an' shade somewheer” [Dhur)z u thik-mizlin ree-n kunrin daayn, un dhem wen-shiz un bey uz wet uz klaayts iv dhi kon)u gy'et un shard sunrweeur]. Modge [nioj], v.n. to go ; less frequent form of Moa, below. Mog [mog], (I) v.n. to go. "Well, wey muii be moggiri off" [Wei, wey mun bi mog'in of]. (2) v.a. to make to go, remove. Speaking of some one who had honestly restored to her some belongings, a woman said, "Many a one 'ud ha' mogged 'em off" [Men'i ii won ud u mogd um of]. tMoggin [mog-in], s. a clog. t Moggy [mog-i], s. a young calf. MABBURY. The word, as I have heard it, is used rather as a name for a particular calf than as a generic name for calves as a whole. MollOCkin' [mol-ukm],^r. adj. untidy, messing. "A mawksin', mollockin' owd thing." Cp. MULLOCK. t Molly-COt [moH-kot], s. a man who busies himself in household matters. “Molly -cot or noo molly-cot! I like a mon as 'ull come i' the kitchen, an' tak a bit o' notice o' the cheese wheil it's bein' made” [MoH-kot ur n6o moH-kot ! Ahy lahyk u mon uz)l kum i dhu ky'ich'in un taak' u bit u noa'tis u dhu chee-z weyl it)s beyin mai-d]. Mommoek [mom-uk], v.a. (1) to reduce to "mommocks." “Dear heart alive ! ha'i yo dun mommock the good meat” [Deeur aa-rt ulahyT ! aay yoa dun monruk dhu gud meet]. Cp. mammock in Coriol. I. iii. 71. (2) to mess ; "to mommock “anything is to make it dirty. (3) to squander “Hey's mommocked aw his money awee “ [Ey)z monrukt au- iz mun-i uwee']. Mommocks [momuks], (1) s. pi. fragments, scraps. "Look at that bread cut all into mommocks” [Look ut dhaat* bred kut au'l in'tu mom'uks].

(delwedd C4578) (tudalen 264)	264 FOLK -SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) s. sing, a mess. “If I do start on y5, I shall make a mammocks o' yo” [Iv ahy doo staa-rt on yu, ahy)shl mai-k u monruks u yu]. Cp. mammocks in Sir W. Scott's Ivanhoe, p. 300 in Black's cheap edition. Money [mun-i], s. the scum that rises to the surface of any boiling or fermenting liquor. Monkey [mungk-i], s. a building which has a debt or mortgage upon it is said to have a "monkey on the chimney." The following refers to a mortgage : “It was a nice little place ; bu' they stuck'n a monkey upo' th' top ; an' the monkey got clemmed, an' wanted come dain ; so they had to sell a sale “ [It wuz ii nahys lit'l plai-s ; bu dhi stuk'n u mungk-i iipu)th top ; un dhu mungk'i got klemd, un waan-tid kum daayn ; soa- dhai aad- tu sel u saii]. Monkey-wrench [mungk-i-rensh], s. a large wrench. Monnish [mon-ish], adj. of a boy, man-like, aping manhood. Cf. womanish. Mood [mood], v.a. to mould. A baking term ; used of forming the dough into separate loaves. “Nai, wenches, lend me a hond, an' we'n tak th' doff ait o' thander ( = yonder) tub, un mood it up ; it's gettin time we wun settin' in" [Naay, wen-shiz, lend mi u ond, un wi)n taak')th dof aayt u dhaan-dur tub, un mood it up ; it)s gy'et-in tahym wi wun set-in in], Moppet [mop-it], s. a darling ; a pet term of endearment. IMOSS [mos], s. a tract of boggy land ; e.g., Bickley Moss, Marley Moss. Moss-land [mos--laand], s. boggy land. tMost an end [moa-st un end], adv. constantly, regularly. "Theer's owd Jabez Hoose ( = Hulse) gotten market-fresh agen." “Ay, I reckon he does it most an end” [Dheeur)z uwd Jai'bus 6os got-n maa-rkit-fresh ugy'en-. Aay, ahy rek-n ee duz it moa-st un end]. I Mot [mot], s. the line on which the dumps are placed in the game of marbles.

(delwedd C4579) (tudalen 265)	GLOSSARY. 265 tMote [moai], a moth. Mother [mudlrur], s. the scum that rises to the surface of stale beer, vinegar, &c. Also called PLANT, tMother O' Thai'sands [mudlrur ii thaayzundz], s. a common garden-plant. tMotty [mot-i], s. word. “The missis was a nice woman, bur ah couldna stond th' mester ; hey must auvays be puttin' his motty in, an' orderin' everythin', an' hooa'd be tooken by th' hair o' th' yed by him?" [DM misiz wuz u nahys wunrun, bur ah kud)nu stond) th mes'tur ; ey must auviz bi put 'in iz moti in, un au-rdrin evrithin, un 6ou)d bi t6o-kn bi)dh ae-r u)dh yed bi im ?] Mould-booard [muwld-b6ourd] , s. the part of a plough which turns the furrows ; the same as SHELL-BOARD. Mow [muw], s. a stack of corn. MOW [muw], v.a. to stack. NORBURY. “Wun yo mow, or pitch?" [Wun yu muw, ur pich ?] tMow-burnt [muw-buurnt], part. adj. of hay or corn, overheated in the stack. “He says yander bit o' hee's gotten mow-burnt i' the stack ; bur ah dunna perceive it mysel, an' it seems to do well for th' key" [Ee sez yaan'dur bit u ee)z got'n muw-buurnt i dhu staak ; bur ah du)nu purseev it misel, un it semz tu doo wel fur)th ky'ey] . Mownt [muwnt], v.a. of fowls, to moult. Mowter [muwtur], v.n. to rot, crumble to dust. SOUTH. This word is a genuine descendant of the A.S. molde, earth; the words for mould [muwl, maayl], m,ouldy [muwli, maayli] , and moulder [muwldur] are the result of a confusion with mole, a spot (A.S. mdl). Mowthle [muwthl], s. a mouthful. Move [m6ov], s. a bow, curtsey. Move [moov], v.n. to bow, curtsey. Moze [moa-z], v.n. to smoulder, burn slowly. “So yo bin brunnin'

(delwedd C4580) (tudalen 266)	266 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. squatch, mester." "Ay, it's bin mozin' awee theer for a tooathry dees nai” [Soa' yoa* bin brunin skwaaclr, mes'tur. Aay, it)s bin moa-zin uwee- dhe"eur fur u t6o-uthri dee-z naay]. Mr. Holland has the pres. part, in the form of mosing (in Cheshire, however, no present participle ends in -ing). Mozy [moa*zi] , adj. juiceless, tough, as apples, pears, turnips, &c., are when frostbitten. Leigh gives the meaning “over-ripe, as applied to fruit," but I can scarcely bring myself to believe that the word bears this sense in any part of Cheshire. Much [much] , indef. pron. We may notice two peculiar usages connected with this word. (1) an ironical use, which is found in Shakspere. “Much he did it" expresses the speaker's belief that the person spoken of did not do it. (2) the use of much in the meaning of “a wonder." “It's much if he does as he says" [It)s much iv ey duz uz ey sez] . Halliwell gives much in this sense as a substantive. This is incorrect ; much has its ordinary sense of “a great deal," e.g., the literal meaning of the sentence given above is “It's a great thing if he does it." MuckeP [muk'ur], s. confusion. "I'm in a terrible mucker, as th' owd mon said i' th' pilpit" [Ahy)m in u terubl niuk-ur, uz dh)uwd mon sed i)th pil'pit]. This refers to some Methodist local preacher, who was candid enough to confess to his flock that he was in a fog. Muekerin' [muk-urin], pres. part. (I) doing things in a confused way, and purposeless, without method. “Come, nai, what bin yo doin' theer, muckerin?' J [Kum, naay, wot bin yu doo'in dheeur, muk-urin]. (2) getting in the way. "These childern bin auvays muckerin i' the road” [Dheyz cmTdurn bin au'viz muk'urin i)dhu roa-d]. (3) acting in a slovenly, dirty manner. "I'll ha' none o' them wenches muckerin about my milk-pons” [Ahy)l aa noii u dhem wen-shiz muk'urin ubuwt mahy mil-k-ponz]. So

(delwedd C4581) (tudalen 267)	GLOSSARY. 267 often as adj., e.g., "muckerin wees" (ways). This word is all through confused more or less with muck, which is the more strange as the subs, mucker has preserved its original meaning intact. Cp. HUCKEB-MUCKEB. t Muck-fork [muk--fau-rk], s. a fork used for spreading manure on land or cleaning out cow-houses. tMuek-hOOk [muk-6ok], s. a hook with a long handle used for dragging manure out of a cart. tMuek-robin [muk- -robin], s. to boys who persist in whistling and annoying other people it is often said, “Howd yur noise ; it auvays reens ( = rains) when muck-robins whistlen” [Uwd yur nahyz ; it au-viz ree-nz wen muk'-robinz wis-ln]. Muck-robin is taken by Cheshire people to mean the ordinary robin, “acos," as was explained tome, "it's auvays hoppin' abowt the mexen an' whistlin'." Mucky [muk-i], v.a. to dirty. “Yo'n muckied the face o' my watch “ (i.e., by taking it in dirty hands) [Yoa)n muk'id dhu fai-s u mi waach-]. For this conversion of an adj. into a verb cp. E. dirty. tMudge-hole [muj'-oa-l], s. a soft, boggy place. “Th' buzzock got his hind-legs in a mudge-hole upo' Bickley Moss ; an' hey sunk an' sunk, an' it tayd us all ur time to ger im ait agen" [Th)buz'uk got iz ahynd-legz in u muj'-oa'l upu Bik-li Mos ; un ey sungk un sungk, un it tai'd uz au'l ur tahym tu gy'er im aayt ugy'en-]. tMuffled [muf-ld(t)], p. part, of a hen, having a top-knot or feathers protruding from under her throat. Mug [mug], s. (1) a face. “Thai ugly mug” [Dhaay ug-li mug]. (2) a grimace. “Ah'll tell th' schoo'-gaffer tha't pullin' mugs at mey” [Ah)l tel)th sk6o-gy'aaf-ur dhaa)t pul-in mugz ut mey]. Cp. Shaksp. mow, to make a grimace. [mugn], adj. of earthenware. "A muggen egg" is the name for a manufactured article used as a nest-egg.

(delwedd C4582) (tudalen 268)	268 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. [mug-li], adj. of the weather, close, damp, and unpleasant. Mull [mul], v.n. of a plough, to gather up the soil, instead of cutting clean through it. “Hai this ploo mulls" [Aay dhis p!6o mulz]. Cp. MULLY below. Mull [mul] , adj. mixed. “A mull lot," of a lot of dowdy people. Cp. the Eng. euphemism, "mixed society." tMulloek [rnul-uk] , s. (1) any kind of refuse ; e.g., “squitch “in land, &c. Bailey has "Mullock, dirt or rubbish. N.C." (2) a mess, confusion. Untidy places are said to be “aw of a mullock;" and a person who was throwing any place into confusion or disorder would be described as "makin' a mullock." Mullock [mul-uk] , v.a. to mess, do things in an untidy way. "I'll tak good care hey never gos i' my garden agen ; I sent him do hafe a dee's work theer one dee, an' theer he was, maulin' an' mawksin' an' mullockin' it till it looked aw of a mess” [Ahy)l taak- gud ky'aeT ey nevur goz i mahy gy'aa-rdm ugy'en ; ahy sent im d6o ai-f u dee-z wuurk dhe"eur won dee, un dheeur ee woz, mau'lin un mauksin un mul'ukin it til it lookt au* uv u mes] . Mullocky [mul'uki] , adj. of land, full of weeds and other rubbish. Mully [muH] , adj. of soil, sticky, cleaving to the sides of the plough-share. tMun [mun] , v. aux. must. Mun and must are both in use in the folk-speech, with a well-defined difference of meaning between them. Mun denotes physical, must moral, necessity. E.g., "Yo mun go" [Yoa' mun goa-] ; "Yo must be a foo'" [Yoa-mus bi u foo] . Thus must means "it is incredible that you should not, &c." tMundle [mun-dl] , s. a stick with a flat and broad piece of wood at the end, used for stirring whey, &c. Mundle [mund'l] , v.n. to bungle, be hampered or bothered in doing a thing. “The mester con get noo time for nowt ; this cazzardly weather keeps him mundliri i' the hee" [Dhu mes'tur

(delwedd C4583) (tudalen 269)	GLOSSARY. 269 kun gy'et noo tahym fur nuwt ; dhis ky'aaz'urdli wedh-iir ky'eeps im mundlin i)dhu ee'] . So to "mundle o'er a job." tMungeorn [mungk-urn] , s. mixed corn ; i.e. , wheat ground together with rye or barley. “My fayther used mix a peck o' rye wi' threy pecks o' wheeat; an' when y6 took it to th' mill, y6'd tell 'em it was mungcorn, an' then they'd know hai grind it. A bit o' rye i' the bread's very nice” [Mahy fardhur yoost mik-s u pek u rahy wi threy peks u weyut ; un wen yu took it tu)th mil, yu)d tel urn it wuz mungk'urn, un dhen dhai)d noa-aay grahynd it. U bit u rahy i)dhu bred)z ver-i nahys] . For the first syllable of the word cp. MUNGE. Munge [munzh] , v.a. (1) to mix. “Get it on a paper, an' munge it aw up together" [Gy'et it on u paipur, un munzh it au' up tugy'edh'iir] of mixing coffee with chicory. Cp. Wyclif's Version, Luke xiii. 1, “whose blood Pilat myngide with the sacrifices of hem." (2) to munch, chew. "Hoo manages to munge a bit o' rice-puddin'“ [60 maan'ijiz tu munzh u bit u rahys-pudin] . Cp. French manger. Munger [mun-zhur] , v.a. (1) to mix, perplex. “I'm that mungered, I skayce know whether I'm stondin' upo' my yed or my heils" [Ahy)m dhaat 4 mun'zhurd, ahy sky'ai's noa wedh'ur ahy)m ston-din upu mi yed ur mi eylz]. t(2) v.n. to act in a stupid, perplexed manner. “What are yo doin' theer, mungerin'?" [Wot u yu dooin dheeur, mun-zhurin?]. Mutter [nrnt-ur], v.n. to grow close and sultry. “Well, Tummas, shan we ha' reen?" "I knowna; bur ah think it's mutterin for yet (heat)" [Wei, Tunrus, shun wi aa reen ? Ahy noa')nu ; bur ah thingk it)s mut'urin fur yet]. Muttery [mut-uri], adj. dull. "The weather's very muttery this mornin'“ [Dhu wedh'ur)z veri mut'uri dhus mau*rnin]. MllZZOCk [muz'uk], s. the mouth. “Ah'll punch thy muzzock in" [Ah)l punsh dhi muz'uk in].

(delwedd C4584) (tudalen 270)	270 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. N. Naffle [naaf-1], v.n. to trifle, do small jobs, act in a trivial manner. “Hoo's i' th' kitchen aw th' mornin', naffliri abowt, bur hoo raly does nowt” [6o)z i)th ky'ich-in au)th mau'rnin, naaHin ubuwt, bur 60 rae'li duz nuwt]. So "to naffle one's time away" is common, in which phrase this word must not be confused with MAFFLE (q.v.). Nafflin' [naaHin], adj. that trifles away or wastes time ; and so, tedious. "A naffliri job" is one that takes a long time to accomplish. So, if a person has to work without proper tools, it is said that "it '11 be very naffliri for him" [it)l bi veri naaHin for im]. tNaggy [naag'i], adj. irritable, peevish. “There's noo peace i' the ha'ise wi' that woman, hoo is so naggy wi' everybody as gos near her" [Dhur)z n6o pee-s i dhu aays wi dhaat' wunrun, 60 iz su naagi wi ev v ribod-i uz goz ne"eur ur]. Cp. NIGGEDY- NAGGETY. Naiger [nai-gur], s. an auger. See Chapter on Pronunciation under N. Nailer [narliir, nee-lur], s. a hard, grasping person. Nail-parcel [nee-1-paa-rsil], s. a gimlet. A corruption of nail-piercer. Nank [naangk], prop. name. Nance. Nappatanzer [naap-utaan-zur], s. a comic term of depreciation applied to a person or animal. The meaning is very indefinite. Some times it is used as a personal nickname. I have heard it as used to a cow in a shippon, “Come o'er, owd nappatanzer" [Kum oa'r, uwd naap-utaan-zur]. ? = napper-dancer ; see NAPPEK, below. Napper [naap-ur], v.a. to patter, set the feet down. “Hoo nappers her feit dam" or “abowt “= she bustles about [60 naap-urz ur feyt daayn, ubuwt]. Napper-kneed [naap-ur-neyd], adj. knock-kneed.

(delwedd C4585) (tudalen 271)	GLOSSARY. 271 INapS [naap-s], s. pi. lavender. "Go an' get me some naps ait o'th' garden" [Goa- un gy'et mi sum naap-s aayt u)th gy'aa'rdin]. Leigh writes Knobs, and Mr. Holland Neps. Nast [naas-t], s. (1) filth, esp. such as strongly revolts or disgusts. (2) obscenity. "There's some folks con talk o' nowt bu' nast” [Dhur)z sum foa-ks kun tau-k u nuwt bu naasi]. Natch [naach-], s. a cog on a wheel. Native [nai-tiv], s. (1) a native place. “Chorley's my native." (2) native speech. “Yo'n auvays have a bit o' Cheshire i' yur talk, 'cos it's yur native” [Yoa)n au-viz aav u bit u Chesh-ur i yur tau-k, koz it)s yur nartiv]. INature [nai'chur, nee-chur], s. quality, strength. “This land sems to have noo nature in it" [Dhis laan-d semz tu aav 1160 nai'chur in it]. The word is of fairly general application. Naunt [naan-t], s. an aunt. See Chapter on Pronunciation under N. Nay-WOrd [nar-wuurd], 5. a by-word, a proverb. “Ay, owd Billy come to his work one dee wi' a yilve wi' o'ny one tang to it ; an' it's bin a sort of a nay-word with 'em ever sin : ' owd Billy One-Tang' they cawn him" [Aay, uwd Bil-i kum tu iz wuurk won dee' wi u yilv wi oa-ni won taangg* t6o it ; un it)s bin u sau-rt uv u nai'-wuurd widh um evur sin “uwd BiH Won--taangg" dhi kau-n im]. tNazzy [naaz-i], adj. cross-tempered, irritable, peevish. "Owd gos (=gets, becomes) a nazzy owd thing" [Uwd goz u naaz-i uwd thingg-] . E. nasty. Neck [nek], s. "To hop in a person's neck" is to have one's revenge on him. t Neck-hole [nek--oa-l] , s. the nape of the neck. “Theer he stood, as wet as thatch, lozzackin' agen the wall, wi' the waiter off th' eezins droppin' da'in his neck-hole" [Dhee'ur e"e stud, uz wett uz thaach, loz-ukin ugy'en- dhu wau-, wi)dhu wai-tur of dh)eezinz drop in daayn iz nek'-oal] .

(delwedd C4586) (tudalen 272)	272 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Neisenin' [neyznin], verb-noun. “To go a neiseniri 1 “= birds' nesting. Neisen is the plur. of neist [neyst] a nest. Neddy [nedi], s. the generic name for a donkey; hence, a stupid person, an ass. Halliwell writes Eddy (as though an eddy, instead of a Neddy) ; and other writers have gone out of their way to derive it from "idiot." On this I have only two things to remark : first, that Neddy is a recognised name for a donkey, and that every person who calls another "a Neddy “does it with the clear consciousness that he is calling him specifically an ass; and, secondly, that eddy (for idiot) with the indefinite article before it would in Cheshire be nineteen times out of twenty “a eddy," not "an eddy." INesh [nesh], adj. tender, delicate, the opposite of hardy ; “I've gotten nesh hands” [Ahy)v got-n nesh aan-z]. Especially used of sensitiveness to cold. "I do so" sweet at a neight, mays me nesh" [Ahy d6o su swee't ut ii neyt, mai'z mi nesh]. "Nesh kitlin' is a frequent word of contempt for a delicate person, or one unable to endure pain. The word is applied to plants in the sense of “sensitive." A.S. hnesc. Nesh it [nesh it], v.n. to act in a timid way, to "funk." "When it come to gettin' up at five o'clock of a cowd winter's mornin' hoo nesht it” [Wen it kum tu gy'et'in up ut fahyv uklok- uv u kuwd wnrturz mau-rnin, 60 nesht it]. Cp. E. lord it. Nib [nib-], s. a projecting piece in a piece of wood, such as is very often seen when the log from which it comes has been only partially sawn through, and the piece then broken off. "I had to weet for the nib to burn off, afore I could get it to lie flat upo' th' fire” [Ahy aad- tu wee-t fur dhu nib- tu buurn of, ufoa-r ahy kud gy'et it tu lahy flaat- upu)th fahyur]. Nick it [nik- it], v.a. When a person finds anything which he is disposed to appropriate, he repeats the following lines : Nick it, nack it; Find it, tak it. [Nik- it, naak- it ; fahynd it, taak' it].

(delwedd C4587) (tudalen 273)	GLOSSAKY. 273 Nig'g'edy-nag'g'ety [nig-udi-naag-uti], adj. irritable, nasty-tempered. “Hoo's terribly niggedy-naggety wi' th' children" [6o)z terubli nig-udi-naag-uti wi)th cmTdurn]. Niggle [iiig'l], s. a jog trot. "We wenten at a bit of a niggle" [Wi wentn ut u bit uv u nigi]. Niggle [nig'l] , v.n. to trot slowly. “Ye mun be guardful ha'i ye runnen the hoss fost part o' th' journey, case ye'n gotten a lung wee for go, ye mun remember ; just go nigglin' alung big'st part o' th' road" [Yi mun bi gy'aa-rdful aay yi run-mi dhu os fost paa-rt u)th juu-rni, ky'ai-s yi)n got'n u lungg wee-fur goa% yi mun rimenrbur ; just goa 1 nig-lin ulungg- big-s paart u)dh road] . Ninny [nin-i] , s. (1) grandmother, granny; a pet word. W. nain. (2) a simpleton (masc. as well as fern. ; cp. GRANNY). Ninny-neeno [nin-i-nee-noa] , s. a musical (?) instrument improvised by holding the leaves of certain plants against the teeth or a comb, and blowing through. An imitative word. Nip [nip-], s. "As cleean as nip" [Uz kleeun uz nip-] is a common proverbial expression. Nip [nip 1 ] , v.n. to go quickly. "This tit o' mine's a rum 'un to nip alung” [Dhis tit u mahyn)z ii rum)un tu nip ulungg-] . "Nip abowt” [Nip- ubuwt] . Nipper [nip-ur] , s. a youth, and specifically a waggoner's lad. Nit [nit-], s. the egg of a louse. Nobble [nobl], v.a. to beat. “Th' owd cat inna very rad at comin' to'at yo ; ah dait yo'n nobbled im" [Dh' uwd ky'aat-i)nu ver-i raad- ut kum-in toa-t yu; ah daayt yoa)n nob-Id im], Nobbut [nob-ut], adv. nothing but, only. Not common, except in the northern part of my district. Nobby [nob-i], adj. genteel, "swell." "That's a nobby stick yo'n gotten" [Dhaat)s u nob-i stik- yoa-)n got-n]. S f a( tf' blockheaded, stupid.

(delwedd C4588) (tudalen 274)	274 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Nog [nog], s. a child's word for a clog. “Come, tak thy nogs off, an' be startin' for th' wooden hills” [Kum taak- dhi nogz of, un bi staa-rtin fur)th wud-n il-z], Noger [noa-gur], v.n. to be stupid, bungle. Principally, but not exclusively, used in the pres. part. “Owd Bet Dodd wanted my weife shown her hai may cheise, bur hoo cudna may nowt on her; hoo'd a terr'ble nogerin' wee o' doin'" [Uwd Bet Dod waan-tid mahy weyf shoa-n ur aay mai- cheyz, bur 60 kud)nu mar nuwt on ur ; 6o)d u tae-rbl noa-gurin wee- u d6oin]. Noggen [nog-n] Noggen-yedded [nog-n-yedid] Noggin [nog-in], adj. pert, lively. t Noggin [nog-in], s. a piggin, a large wooden can. These nogyiiis were formerly much used to hold beer, e.g., the beer intended for the labourers working in the harvest-field. Noggin-haisen [nog-in-aayzn] , s.pl. black-and-white houses; the old timber and brick houses so common in the county. Noggintle [nog-intl], s. a pigginful. Noggy [nog-i], s. a clog. See NOG. INogS [nogz], s.pl. pieces of wood built into a brick wall. Cp. NOGGIN-HAISEN above. INoint [nahynt], v.a. to castigate, by word or act. Short for anoint; cp. DEESS O'ER. Nointer [nahyntur] , s. t(l) a mischievous lad. (2) used of an energetic, pushing person. TUSHINGHAM. “Key's a nointer, that mon" [Ey)z u nahyntur, dhaat-mon]. Nointin' [nahyntin] , s. a castigation. An old man told me he had “tacted" some women on some subject, but they had “gen him a pratty nointiri" [gy'en im u praat-i nahyntin] . tNominy [nonruni], s. a rigmarole. "He went off wi' sich a nominy" [Ey went of wi sich- u nom-uni] . The word is really

(delwedd C4589) (tudalen 275)	GLOSSARY. 275 " homily"; “an homily" became “a nominy" by the ordinary "prosthesis" of n. None [non] , adv. a short time, next to no time. “I hanna bin none awee" [Ahy aa)nu bin non uwee-] = I have only been a very short time away. Nongle [nongkl] , v.a. and n. to nod. Noodlin' [n6o-dlin] , adj. awkward, stupid. Nook [nook] , s. (1) the ingle, or chimney corner in old-fashioned open fireplaces. (2) a portion, quantity. “A good nook o' the money was gone" [U gud nook u dhu mun-i wuz gon] . Nookshotten [n6o-kshotn], adj. shot into a corner; generally used of cheese put aside from the rest as inferior. So Shakspere's “nookshotten isle of Albion. “W. gives a wrong meaning : "disappointed, mistaken, having overshotten the mark ;" and then adds a long note to explain how it comes to bear that meaning. Norry [nori] , adj. sturdy, muscular. "I never seid sich a norry yowth ; hey's as hard as neels” [Ahy nevur seyd sich- u nori yuwth ; ey)z uz aa-rd uz nee-lz] . Probably from Fr. nourri, well-nourished. Nose [noa'z] , s. the blossom on the ends of ripe gooseberries or currants. Nose [noa-z] , v.a. to take the blossoms off gooseberries or currants. “Hoo's gotten a grat baskettle o' corrans to nose afore hoo con stir ait o' th' haise” [6o)z got'n u grae't baas'kitl u korunz tu noa*z ufoaT 6o)kn stuur aayt u)dh aays]. Nose-hole [noa-z-oai] , s. the nostril. "Sithee at that cai bleidin' raind th' maith ; hoo must ha' bobbed summat in her nose-Jwle” [Si)dhi ut dhaat- ky'aay bleydin raaynd)th maayth ; 60 must u bobd surn-ut in ur noa-z-oa-1] . tNoss-chilt [nos'-chahylt] , s. a nurse-child; a child put out to nurse. tNossro [nos'roa-], s. a shrew-mouse. So called from its long nose.

(delwedd C4590) (tudalen 276)	276 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Nosstend [nos-tend] , v.a. to nurse. “What's that big, fai wench o' thine doin' nai, Bill?" “Oh, hoo's gone ait a>-nosstendin' “ [Wot)s dhaat- big- faay wensh u dhahyn d6oin naay, Bil? Oa-, 6o)z gon aayt u)nosiendm] . See also Book u Booth, iv. 16. A compound ofnoss (= nurse) and tend. Noss-weneh [nos- - wensh] , s. a "nurse- wench," nursery- maid, "Hoo's lived with 'em ever sin hoo fost went a'it sarvice ; hoo was noss-wencli for th' childern fost go off" [6o)z livd widh urn evur sin 60 fost went aayt saa-rvis ; 60 wuz nos - wensh fur)th chil-durn fost goa- of] . tNote [noa f t] , .9. the time at which a cow is expected to calve. If a cow calves at a convenient time for the cheese-making season, she is said to be in good note. "What note's hoo fur?" “Oh, hoo comes in i' pretty good note” [Wot noat)s 60 fuur ? Oa, 60 kumz in i prit'i gud noat] . See CROSS-NOTED. Nothergis [noa-dhurgis], adj. See Gis. INothin' [nuth-in], indef.pron. nothing. A "thing o' notJiin'" means "a trifle, almost nothing;" e.g., "I picked yander little tit o' mine up for a thing o' nothin'“ [Ahy pik't yaan'dur lit'l tit u mahyn up fur u thingg* u nuth'in]. The phrase is Shaksperean ; the locus classicus is in Hamlet, Act IV. sc. iL (quoted by Mr. Holland). INottimize [not'imahyz], s. an anatomy: a skeleton. "Eh, what a nottimize yo bin ; yo dun look badly" [Ar, wot u not-imahyz yoa- bin; yoa* dun 16o-k baad-li]. Nottimize is evidently anatomies, a plural subs, incorrectly used as singular, and misdivided as a natomies. Compare Shakspere's atomy (from anatomy, divided as an atomy) in 2 H. IV., V. iv. ad Jin. See Atomy in Murray's Diet. tNottins [not'inz], s. pi. wheat which refuses to be separated from the husks in threshing. iNowt [nuwt], s. a good-for-nothing, vicious, or disreputable person. A naughty child is often addressed as "Yo little noivt." A servant had just been speaking with a tramp at the

(delwedd C4591) (tudalen 277)	GLOSSAKY. 277 door, and when asked by her mistress who had been there, replied, "He's some nowt" [Ey)z sum nuwt]. I once saw two little boys playing a game of soldiers, in which the soldiers were represented by marbles. There was a big marble for Wellington, and another for Buonaparte, and the inferior officers were all appropriately represented; but the marbles which stood for the common soldiers were called “nowts." tNowt [nuwt], adj. vicious ; said chiefly of a savage bull. “Yo'd better nu' go through the Riddins, as yo gon worn; yander bull o' Mester Done's is noivt" [Yoa)d bet-ur nu goa* throo dhu Rid-inz, uz yoa gon worn; yaan-dur bul u Mes'tur Doa-nz iz nuwt] . Nud [mid], (1) v.n. to nod with the head. f(2) v.a. to butt with the head. "Ah shouldna like be nudded by that mon (viz., a bull) as wi han i' th' shippin “ [Ah shud)nu lahyk bi mid-id bi dhaat- mon uz wi aan- i)th ship-in]. The forward jerking motion with the head which calves make in sucking is called nuddin'. Nuddle off [nud-1 of], v.n. to go away. Nudge [nuj], s. a gnat. “The nudges beginnen to bite at neights “ [Dhu nuj-iz bigy'hrun tu bahyt ut neyts]. Nunele [nimgk-1], s. an uncle. See Chapter on Pronunciation under N. Nunkut [niingk-ut], adj. awkward, clumsy. BICKLEY. “Owd Mester used to say abowt annybody as was very clumsy, ' They bin very nunkut.' “This I had from an old woman of over 80, and I dare say the word will die with her. See Chapter on Pronunciation under N. A.S. unciift, uncouth. tNUF [nuur], s. a hard-working man. Hey's a reight-dain nur of a fellow ; slavin' from mornin' than neight, an' welly nigh workin' his fingers to the booan” [Ey)z u reyt-daayn nuur uv u fel-u ; slai-vin frum mau-rnin dhun neyt, un wel-i nahy wuu-rkin iz fingg-urz tu dhu booun]. tNut [nut], s. the head. “Ah'll crack thy nut fo' thee” [Ah)l

(delwedd C4592) (tudalen 278)	278 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. kraak* dhi nut fo)dhi]. "I mun work my nut" [Ahy mun wuurk mi nut] = I must think. Nuzzle [nuz-1], v.a. to poke the nose into. “Tak Mester Darli'ton's pony into th' back hoss-box, an' give him a bit o' curn to nuzzle” [Taak- Mes-tur Daa-rlitnz poa-ni hrtu)th baak-os f -boks, un gy'iv im u bit u kuurn tu nuz-1]. Nuzzler [nuz-lur], s. (1) a peg in a mole- or mouse-trap. This, when touched by the animal, releases a spring which ensnares him. (2) a mouse's nest caught up on the teeth of a mowing-machine is also called a nuzzler. 0. tOak-atehern [oa-k-aachurn] , s. an acorn. Oak-baw [oa-k-bau] , s. the oak-apple. t Gander [oa-ndur] , s. the afternoon. “Come i'th' oander, if yo conna get afore” [Kum i)dh oa-ndur iv yu kon-)u gy'et ufoar]. A.S. undern. Ray gives this word as aunder, but mentions its Ches. pronunciation, for which see Chapter on Pronunciation, p. 47. Ganders [oa-ndurz] , s. the afternoon meal, often sent out in harvest-time to the labourers in the fields. “Tak th' oander to th' feild” [Taak- dh)oa-ndurz tu)th feyld]. See Eay under Aandorn, Orndorn, Doundrins. Gather [oa-dhur], pron. either. This form is only used in the expression o/ oatlier, = of the two. “Well, Mrs. Glutton, how's your husband?" "Well, na' much different; I think he's of oather gettin' woss" [Wei, naa much dif-runt; ahy thingk-ee)z uv oa-dhur gy'et-in wos]. For the form oather compare M.E. owtJwr, outher, other; e.g., Chaucer, 1. 13078 : A pouder I-maad, outher of chalk, outher of glas, Or somewhat elles.

(delwedd C4593) (tudalen 279)	GLOSSARY. 279 I Occasionally [ukarjunuli] , adv. as a make-shift, for the occasion or present necessity. “It inna what yo may caw a extry gain tool, bur it'll do occasionally" [It i)nu wot yu mi kau- u ek'stri gy'ai-n t6ol, bur it)l d6o ukarjunuli]. For the pronunciation of occasion as [ukarjun] , see Chapter on Pronunciation, p. 21. It was noticed by Wilbraham. Mr. Holland, however, does not know it, and writes the adverb occasionally, as in literary English. Oddlin' [od-lin] , s. an odd or eccentric person. “One o' God's oddlin's “is a common expression for an eccentric person. tOddment [od-munt] , s. an odd article. A collection of nondescript articles, or “etceteras," would be called "a lot o' oddments" The word was recently (August, 1887) used about twenty times in one of the advertisement columns of the Manchester Guardian. Odds [odz] , s. (I) a difference. “Hoo'll find the odds when hoo gos awee throm worn” [6o)l fahynd dhu odz wen 60 goz uwee- thrum worn] . (2) the exact opposite. “Yo bin the odds o' mey, if yo liken stond up, when yo con rest yur legs an' back a bit" [Yoa-i bin dhu odz u mey, iv yoa lahykn stond up, wen yoa)kn rest yur legz un baak- u bit] . Odd-Strueken [od'-strukn] , adj. eccentric. "They'n some despert odd-strucken wees abowt 'em" [Dhai)n sum des-purt od'-strukn wee*z iibuwt urn] . 'Od rot it [od rot it] , interj. an imprecation. 'Od SCOSh (scotch) ye [od skosh (skoch) yi], interj. an imprecation. fO'er-anenst [oa-r-unen'st] , prep, opposite. "I sit just-a-meet o'er-anenst him, an' I could hear every word as he said" [Ahy sit jusi-u-meet oaT-unen'st im, un ahy kud 6eur evri wuurd uz ee sed] . tO'erface [oa-rfai-s, oa-'rfee-s] , v.a. to be too much for (originally,

(delwedd C4594) (tudalen 280)	280 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. to put out of countenance). If a person gets too large a plateful of food, he will declare it “o' erf aces “him ; or a housewife will say that "her work o' erf aces her." O'erget [oa"rgy'et'], v.a. (1) to get in front of, distance. (2) metaph. to surpass. “Ah'm na so good at tellin' my letters, bur ah con o'erget yo at summin" [Ah)m naa su gud ut tel'in mi let'urz, bur ah kun oa'Tgy'et- yu ut sum-in] . t(3) to escape from. "Howd him fast, ur he'll o'en/et thee” [Uwd im faas-t, ur ee)l oa-rgy'et- dhi] . O'ergO [oa-'rgoa-] , v.a. the exact equivalent of o'erget in all its meanings. O'erketeh [oa-rky'eclr] , v.a. to overtake. "If yo'n sharpen alung, yo'n o'erketch him afore he gets Wrixham bridge" [Iv yoa-)n shaa-rpn ulungg-, yoa-)n oa-rkyeclr im ufoa-r ee gy'ets Rik'-sum brij'] . For another example, see BUDGE. O'ermade [oa-Tmai-d], p. part, of hay, over-dried in the field before being carried. O'er-PUn [oa^r-run-] , v.a. (1) to outrun. “Dunna let yur jaws o'er -run yur claws” [Du)nu let yur jau - z oa'T-run 1 yur klau'z] is a proverbial saying equivalent to "Do not live beyond your means." 1(2) to get away from, escape from. "I'm gooin' o'er-run this country, sey if I conna may better ait i' Meriky” [Ahy)m goo-in oa-r-run- dhis* kun-tri, sey iv ahy kon)u mai- bet-ur aayt i Mer-iki]. O'erseen [oa-rsee-n] , p. part, blinded, deluded, mistaken. “Hoo was very much overseen in him, an' annyb'dy else could see he was noo good from the fost” [60 wuz ver-i much oa--rs6en in im, un aan-ibdi els kud see ee wuz noo gud frum dhu fost]. O'ersess [oa-rses 1 ] , v.a. to overdo, supply with too large a quantity. “Tell yur mester he munna send me noo moor wut-straw yet a wheil, ur else he'll o'ersess me" [Tel yur mes'tur ee mun)u send mi noo moour wut*-strau- yet u weyl, ur els ee)l oa^rses' mi]. Compare SESS.

(delwedd C4595) (tudalen 281)	GLOSSARY. 281 O'erstop [oa--rstop-] , v.a. and ref. to stay too long. “I've bin at sich an' sich a place, an' o'erstopped mysel," or “o'erstopped my time." Cp. E. oversleep oneself. O'er-topteels [oa--r-top-teelz], adv. head over heels; e.g., "to turn o'er-topteels." See TOPTEELS. O'erweest [oa-rwee-st] , v.a. to plunge anything into water, so that it is completely covered. “Tatoes an' peas should be well o'er-weest i' waiter afore they'n be done reight” [Tartuz un pee-z shud bi wel oa-rwee-st i wai-tur ufoa-r dhi)n bi dun reyt]. For the conjugation of the verb, see p. 82. Leigh has Over-waist as a p. part. Off [of] , adj. regretful, sorry. "Missis wull be off when hoo hears" [Mis-is will bey of wen 60 eyurz]. Off-hand [of-aan-d] , adv. lately. BADDILEY. An old man was asked, “Hai lung's yur weif bin jed ?" “Just nai, o/-hand “ [Aay lung)z yur weyf bin jed? Jus naay, of-aan-d] . Offil [of-il] , s, t(l) the inferior portions of anything. The offil of a pig includes everything except the bacon, even the pork. "I could do wi' th' bacon, bur I dunna know what do wi' th' offil" [Ahy kud doo wi)th bai'kn, bur ahy du)nu noa- wot doo wi)dh of'il] . Offil curn is the same as HENCURN (q.v.). (2) the non-essential portion of the stock, the etceteras, of a dairy-farm ; everything excluding the herd of milking-cows. "I made th' rent ait o' th' offil" [Ahy mard)th rent aayt u)dh of-il], i.e., from the pigs, "turn-off" cows, and the like. "Sale begins at noon, bu' yo neidna be theer than two; they'n sell the offil fost" [Sai-1 bigy'hrz ut noon, bu yu neyd)nu bi dh^eur dhun t6o ; dhi)n sel dhu of-il fost]. Offllin' [of-ilin] , adj. of the nature of “offil." "There's nowt left bu' some offilin' stuff, as is noo use to noobry" [Dhur)z nuwt left bu sum ofilin stuf, uz iz noo y6os tu noo'bri] . Offmag'andy [of-mugy'aan-di] , s. the very best and choicest of delicacies; e.g., rich, stiff, cream would be described as "real offmagandy" creme de la creme.

(delwedd C4596) (tudalen 282)	282 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Often [of-n], adj. frequent. Cp. 1 Tim. v. 23, "thine often infirmities." Once [wuns] , s. "A thing for the once" [U thing- fu dhu wuns] is an unusual or unprecedented thing. In this case once is never [wunst] ; when used in a purely adverbial sense by itself [wunst] is frequently heard. Onelin' [won-lin] , s. an only child. “Yo mun marry some one-lin'“ [Yoa- mun maari sum won-lin] . One-O'clock [won--uklok] , s. f(l) the downy head of a dandelion, also called a CLOCK. Children suppose they can ascertain the time by the number of puffs required to blow the down completely off. (2) "Like one-o'clock" is a phrase signifying "rapidly, readily, with ease." "I can do it like one-o'clock" [Ahy)kn doo it lahyk won'-uklok] because a clock strikes one with a single stroke. Only [oa-nli] , adv. very, with superlatives ; e.g., “The only best." "A bit afore hey deid, ah said to him, * Yo an' mey shanna last lung, William ; the only best thing for us to do is to be thinkin' abowt iir finish'" [U bit ufoa-r ey deyd, ah sed too im, “Yoa- un mey shaan)u laasi lungg, Wil-yum; dhu oa-nli best thing- fur uz tu doo iz tu bi thingk'in ubuwt ur finish "] . In this sense always [oa'nli] ; in all others frequently [oa-ni] . iOon [oon] , s. an oven. Oon-arse [6o*n-aa-rs] , s. the convex exterior of a brick-oven, generally covered with plaster or mortar. Oon-peel [oon-peyl] , s. a pole with a flat piece of wood at the end of it, used for putting loaves, pies, &c., into a brick-oven, or taking them out again. See PEEL. tOon-pikel [oon-pahykil] , s. a pikel or fork with a long handle and a long iron neck above the prongs, which is used to supply a brick- oven with fuel. Oozy [60 -zi], adj. soft and spongy; said of cheese, marshy land,

(delwedd C4597) (tudalen 283)	GLOSSAEY. 283 &c. “It's poor, oozy land is Bickley Moss" [It)s poo-ur, 6o-zi laaird iz Bikli Mos], Mr. Holland writes Hoozey ; but the word is evidently connected with the verb ooze (fr. A.S. was, sb.). The form Hoozy I reserve for two widely different meanings. Bailey has "Oaz, Oazy ground, soft, slimy, or muddy ground." Open [oa*pn] , s. a loud bellowing noise. “Hoo made sich a open" [60 mai-d sich- u oa-pn] . Open ait [oa-pn aayt] , v.n. to bawl out, cry aloud. “Hoo was quaiet enough tin they towd her abowt th' owd mon gettin' mauled an' mommocksed a-that-n ; and then hoo did open ait an' fatch up a bellack” [Oo wuz kwai'ut untif- tin dhi tuwdur ubuwt dh) uwd mon gy'et'in mau-ld un monrukst u)dhaat'n ; un dhen 60 did oa-pn aayt un faach- up u bel-uk] . Compare Shak. Merry Wives, IV. ii,, "If I cry out thus upon no trail, never believe me when I open again." Ormy-gormy [au-rmi-gauTmi or au-mi-gau-mi], s. a simpleton. t Orris [or is] , s. the angle at which a furrow is laid. When a furrow is made too flat, it is said “there's noo orris on it “ [dhur)z noo oris on it]. Mod. E. arris, a sharp edge (technical term; see Murray's Diet.); O.F. areste, Lat. arista. Also compare mod. F. arete (of a glacier). tOrtS [airrts] , s. leavings of victuals. “Ah'm nur gooin' eat yo're orts." “Tha wunna clem, lad, as lung as tha con get good orts eat” [Ahy)m nuur g6o-in ee-t yoa-r au'rts. Dhu wu)nu klem, laad', uz lungg uz dhu kun gy'et gud au'rts ee't]. Compare Troilus and Cressida, Act V. sc. ii., "Fractions of her faith, orts of her love." Also Timon of Athens, iv. 3, "some poor fragment, some slender ort of his remainder." Bailey has “Orts, Fragments, Leavings, Mammocks." OSS [os], 1(1) v.n. to attempt. "I never ossed at it" [Ahy nevur ost aat- it]. "When I'd bin at Sosebry havin' my eye ta'en ait, when I come back, he says to me, ' Nai, dunna yo oss to reid none, John" [Wen ahy)d bin ut Soa-sbri aavin mi ahy

(delwedd C4598) (tudalen 284)	284 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tai-ii aayt, wen ahy kum baak-, ee sez tu mi, "Nai, du)nu yoa-os tu reyd non, Jon]. t(2) v.n. to shape. “Yo binna ossirf to do that” [Yoa-bin)u os in tu d6o dhaat']. (8) v.a. to direct. "I'll oss yS to a good heifer" [Ahy)l os yu tu u gud ef'iir]. Bay gives the word in the first of these three senses, which seems to be the primary one. Cp. O.F. oser, to dare ; A. P. os, audacious. The Welsh osio is probably formed from the English oss. See Mr. Hallam's notes on Oss (E.D.S.). Out [aawt], s. (I) a turn, attempt. "We s'n ha' to ha' two or three outs at it, afore we dun it” [Wi)sn aa)tu aa too ur threy aawts aat' it ufoar wi dun it]. See example given under HAFE-CHAK. (2) result, success. "Ah didna think ye'dn (you would) ha' made sich poor out” [Ah did)nii think yi)dn u mai'd sich poour aawt]. But in this sense it becomes very much confused with the common idiom “to make out” (as in to make much or little out), and so we often say, “may poor or good ait" [mar p6our gud aayt]. Out-rider [aawt-rahydur], s. a commercial traveller. The Welsh language has borrowed this word under the form of “rider-out." I remember being amused by the odd way in which I heard it at Coedpoeth in the middle of a Welsh sentence, “Ydych'i yn rider-out 'rwan?" ( = Are you a commercial traveller now ?) Possibly rider -out* was an old form of the word in Cheshire. Overind [ovurahynd], adj. A loaf is said to be overind when it has so risen in the oven that there is a hollow space between the top crust or rind and the crumb of the loaf. Probably from lioven- ( = lifted) rind. Ovil [oa-vil], adj. pert, conceited. “Ha'i o-vil hoo looks in her new Sunday jumps; hoo dunna hardly know hooa's legs hoo stonds * The above was already written and sent to press before my eye caught the word 4f Ride-eawt, a commercial traveller" in Mr. Holland's Glossary. Mr. Holland seems to write eawt for [uuwt] or E. out. Thus his article confirms what I have said above.

(delwedd C4599) (tudalen 285)	GLOSSARY. 285 on, when hoo's thinkin' o' bein' wi' that lad a bit" [Aay oa'vil 60 looks in ur nyoo Smrdi jumps ; 60 du)nu aa-rdli noa- oouz legz 60 stondz on, wen 6o)z thingk-in u beyin wi dhaat- laad-u bit]. Owd [uwd], adj. old. It is used idiomatically in the sense of “great," like the colloquial E. fine. “It's a pratty owd wee to Maupas" [It)s u praat-i uwd wee- tu Mau-pus] means "It's a great distance to Malpas." “A pratty owd tap" means a great speed. A difficult job is called "an owd 'un" or "an mod mon." Compare the slang use of old in Shakspere, e.g., in Merry Wives of Windsor, I. iv. ad init., "Here will be an old abusing of God's patience and the king's English;" and Macbeth, II. iii. 2, "If a man were porter of hell-gate, he should have old turning the key." Owdmon [uwdmon], v.n. to age; lit. to "old-man." A person asked me of a common acquaintance, “Has he begun to owd-mon anny?" [Aaz-)i biguiv tu uwdmon- aan-i?] tOwler [uwlur], s. the alder-tree. A.S. air. Owleryedded [uw-luryed-id], adj. shallow-pated, foolish. I have heard gamblers called “owleryedded gawnies" [gau-niz]. I think it means literally “hollow-headed." t Ox-harrows [oks-aaruz], s. pi. strong, heavy harrows. P. Pad [paad-], (1) v.a. to tread hard beneath the feet. “We putten some gravel alung that road ; bur it was a lung wheil afore it got well padded" [Wi put-n sum graavil tilling- dhaat' roa-d ; bur it wuz u lungg- weyl ufoar it got wel paad id]. (2) v.n. to tread with a soft, dull sound, as a person does in slippers or stockings. “I put th' egg i' th' saucepan, when ah heerd yo paddiri da'in th' stairs” [Ahy put)dh eg i)th sau-spun, wen ah eyurd yu paad-in daayn)th staerz]. Bailey has “TQ Pad, to travel on Foot."

(delwedd C4600) (tudalen 286)	286 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Pad-road [paad-roa'd], s. a trodden path or stile-road across fields. “There's a pad-road across the feild, bu' ye can ploo o'er it, an' the folks mun pad it agen if they want'n” [Dhur)z u paad-roa-d ukros- dhu feyld, bu yi)kn p!6o oa-r it, un dhu foa-ks mun paad-it ugy'en- iv dhi waan-tn]. Bailey gives “Pad, the Highway, Cant." Compare Du. pad, a path. Pale [pai-1, pee-1], s. a barley-spike or awn. Pale [pai'l, pee-l], v.a. to remove the awns of barley with “paling-irons." Palin'-irons [paiiin- or pee-lin-ahyurnz], s. pi. an implement used to remove the “pales" of barley. IPane [pai-n, pee-n], s. one of the segments into which the exterior of the old black and white houses, so common in the county, is divided by the wooden framework. Compare Bailey, “Pannel, a Pane or square of wainscot." Papes [pai-ps], s. a sort of gruel made by boiling flour and water together. Pappy [paap-i], adj. soft, soaked with milk. When pieces of bread are put into hot milk and left to stand, they become soaked with the milk and fall asunder; the milk-and-bread is thus reduced to a sort of pulp, and is then called pappy. “This suppin's gone pappy" [Dhis sup-in)z gon paap'i]. Lit. resembling pap (infants' food) ; in fact, instead of pappy we might say “aw of & pap." tParkgate [Paa"rgy'art], prop. name. "Aw o' one side like Parkgate" [Air u won sahyd lahyk Paa'rgy'art] is a common expression applied to anything lobsided. As Mr Holland explains, Parkgate is a village on the estuary of the Dee, the houses of which are built on one side of the road only, the sea-wall being on the other side. Parl [paarl], s. an argument. BICKLEY. An old man who had heard me arguing with a Mr. Faulkner said to me a few days after, "Han yo had ever another parlwi' Fakener sin?" [Aair)yu aad- evur unudh-ur paa-rl wi Fai-knur sin?]. But I do not

(delwedd C4601) (tudalen 287)	GLOSSARY. 287 think it is common in this district, though I see Leigh has "Parle or Parley, along talk or conversation." Compare parle in Henry V., III. iii. 2 ; Two Gentlemen of Verona, I. ii. 5. t Partly [paa-rtli], adv. nearly. “Th' tatoes bin partly aw done “ [Th) tai'tuz bin paa'rtli air dun]. tPash [paaslr], s. (1) a sudden rush of water, a gush. "I knocked spigot ait o'th' reen-tub, an' th' waiter come ait sich a pash, than I could skayce ger it in again ; an' I've wet my sleive aw up my arm" [Ahy nokt spig-ut aayt u)th ree-n-tub, un)th waiiur kum aayt sich' u paaslr, dhun ahy kud skars gy'er it in ugy'en* ; un ahy)v wet mi sleyv au* up mi aarm]. (2) a sudden rain-fall, a thunder- shower. “It ; ud be noo wonder to mey if we'dn a pash o' wet afore lung, the sky looks s6 black an' lowery" [It ud bi n6o wmrdur tu mey iv wi)dn u paaslr u wet ufoaT lungg, dhu skahy looks su blaak' un laawuri]. Compare the veilo pash used by Shak., Troilus and Cressida, II. iii., “I'll pash him o'er the face." Patch an' dautch [paaclr un dau'ch], v.a. to mend (clothes). "I may wear my fingers to the bone patchin' ari dautchin' for them grat, big tearbags o' lads” [Ahy mi waeT mahy fingg-urz tu dhu boa-n paaclrin un dau-chin fur dhem grae-t, big tae-rbaags u laad'z]. Mr. Holland has the expression, but assigns, I am convinced, a wrong meaning. Yet in the example which he supplies, the sense is evidently that given above, viz., "to mend." Pather [paadh-ur], s. dirty footmarks. "Ah had bu' just gotten my bonk straight ; an' nai ah've a' this mess an' pather to cleean up” [Ah aad bu just got*n mi bongk streyt ; un naay ah)v au- dhis mes un paadh'ur tu kleeun up]. So in the phrase “aw of a pather." Pather [paadh-ur], v.n. (1) to walk, go. "Ah towd him ah'd shift him if he wonna patherin' off" [Ah tuwd im ah)d shift im iv ey wo)nu paadlrurin of].

(delwedd C4602) (tudalen 288)	288 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) to walk through the dirt, or with dirty boots over a clean floor ; very like trapes and trash. (8) to walk in stockings without boots. "Dunna go patherin' i' yur stockin' feet" [Du)nu goa- paadlrurin i yur stok-in feyt]. Pathery [paadh-uri], adj. dirty with footmarks. Paunch [pau-nsh], v.a. to punch; but only used of downward movement. We speak of "jumpin' an' paunchin'" on anything. Pautament [pau-timunt], s. a quantity of weeds, and the like. “There's a pratty pautament o' rubbitch to be wedden ait i' yander garden; yo never seid sich a auction" [Dhur)z u praat'i pauiimunt u rub'ich tu bi wed'n aayt i yaan'dur gy'aa-rdin ; yoa- nevur seyd sich u ok'shin]. iPeaSWad [pee'swaad], s. a pea-hull. There was a lad, An' he had noo dad, An' hey jumped into apeaswad; Peaswad was so full, Hey jumped into a roarin' bull ; Koarin' bull was so fat, Hey jumped into a gentleman's hat ; Gentleman's hat was so fine, Hey jumped into a bottle o 3 wine ; Bottle o' wine was so narrow, Hey jumped into a wheilbarrow ; "Wheilbarrow did so wheil, Hey jumped into a boss's heil ; Hoss's heil did so crack, Hey jumped into a mare's back ; Mare's back did so bend, Hey jumped into a tatchin'-end ; Tatchin'-end set a-fire, Blowed him up to Jeremiah ; Puff, puff, puff. Popular Rhyme. [Dhur woz u laad% un ee aad- noo daad, uii ey jumt intu u pee'swaad'; pee'swaad' woz su ful, ey jumt in'tu u roa*rin bul;

(delwedd C4603) (tudalen 289)	GLOSSARY. 280 roa'rin bul woz su faat', ey jumt urtu u jen'tlmunz aat* ; jen-tlmunz aat* woz su fahyn, ey jumt in-tu u boti u wahyn ; bot'l u wahyn woz su naaru, ey jumt iirtu u weylbaaru ; weylbaaru did su weyl, ey jumt iirtu u os'iz eyl ; os'iz eyl did su kraak, ey jumt iirtu u mae-rz baak' ; mae-rz baak did su bend, eyjiimt iirtu u taachin end; taach-in-end set u)fahyur, bloa'd im up tu Jerimahyu ; puf, puf, puf]. Bailey has "A Swad, a Peascod Shell, or Peascod, with a few or small Pease in it." tPeekle [pekl], s. a speckle. "I should know him again annywheer; he was sich a fai fellow, with a face all o'er pecUes" [Ahy shud noa- im ugy'en- aan-iweeur ; ee wuz sich u faay fel-u, widh u fai-s au-1 oa-r pek-lz]. Cp. FAWN-PECKAS. Pecklet [pek-lt], part. adj. speckled. “Wheer's that pecUet hen?" tPeeaPt [peeurt], adj. lively. "Hey's poor an peeart, like th' parson's pig” [Ey)z p6our un peeurt, lahyk)th paa-rsnz pig-]. tPeel [peyl], s. the same as OON-PEEL. We have two varieties of peels, viz., bread-peels and. pie -peels. Compare Bailey, "Peel, a sort of Shovel to set Bread in an Oven; a thin Board for carrying Pies, &c. ;" and see Peel (3) in Skeat's Dictionary. t Peewit [pee'wit], s. "Peewit graind" or "land" is poor, undrained land, such as is frequented by peewits. I do not know the saying given by Leigh as used of such land, “It would take an acre to keep a peewit" but have often heard a similar expression, viz., “It wouldna keep a goose to the acre." Peffll [pef'il], v.a. (1) to pick at, peck. “Yander's a Tum-nowp i' the gooseberry bushes ; ah daiit he's peffilirt” [Yaan-dur)z u Tunr-nuwp i dhu g6o-zbri bush-iz ; ah daayt e"e)z pef-ilin]. (2) to beat, generally about the head. See following article. Peffilin' [pef'ilin], s. a beating, knocking about the head. “Yd little nowt ! I hope yo're daddy '11 gie yo a regilar good peffilirt when yo getten worn" [Yu lit'l nuwt ! ahy oa*p yur daad f i)l gy'i)yu u regy'-ilur gud pef-ilin wen yu get-n worn]. T

(delwedd C4604) (tudalen 290)	290 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. t Peggy [peg'i], s. a dolly, the wooden instrument used to wash clothes in a dolly-tub. Peggy [peg'i], v.a. to wash in a dolly-tub. Peggy behind Margit [Peg-i bi-ahynd Maa-rgit], adverb phrase. “To ride Peggy behind Margit" is to ride one behind the other. t Peggy- Whitethroat [peg-i-weytthroat], s. the whitethroat. t Peg-leg [peg-leg], s. a wooden leg. A man with a wooden leg may count on having the soubriquet “Peg-leg" substituted for his Christian name, e.g., “owd Peg-leg Parry." Pegs [pegz], s. pi. An article which is obtained from the pawnshop is said to be “bought" or “gotten off the pegs." Peint [peynt] , s. point ; of a hill, the top including the upper portion of the slope, the brow. "I've just-a-meet metten yay'r Turn, wi' a cart-looad o' brick upo' th' peint o' th' hill yander" [Ahy)v jus'tumeyt met-n yai-r Turn, wi u ky'aa-rt-looud u brik' upu)th peynt u)dh il yaandur], Peint [peynt], v.n. to go away. "Come, peint, wun yo?" [Kum, peynt, wun yu ?]. “Hey peinted off for worn" [Ey peyntid of fur worn]. Pelf [pelf], s. a fleece of wool ; or anything resembling a fleece, e.g., a "mat" of hair, a close and tangled mass of growing hay laid by storms, &c. "What a^Z/o'hair yo'n gotten" [Wot u pelf u ae'r yoa')n got'n], "There's a pratty pelf o' hee o' that feild, wheir the floods won ; ah da'it the machine '11 never get through it" [Dhur)z u praat'i pelf u ee- u dhaat- feyld, weyur dhu fludz won ; ah daayt dhu misheyn)! nevur gy'et thr6o it]. If I am right in supposing that fleece is the central meaning, we may perhaps refer the word to O.F. pel, though this does not account for the /. (The common E. word pelf is of unknown origin.) Pelfer [pel-fur], v.a. the same as PELL, which see. Etymologically pelfer is an older form of pilfer. Compare O.F. pelfrer, and see Pilfer in Skeat's Dictionary.

(delwedd C4605) (tudalen 291)	GLOSSAEY. 291 Pell [pel]) v.a. to peck at, cut eatables in a squeamish way, pick and choose instead of taking them straight before one. “Nai, dunna pell the bread a-that-ns, else I shannar have a straight loaf to cut bre'n' butter for th' mester" [Naay, du)nu pel dhu bred u)dhaat')nz, els ahy shaa)niir aav u streyt loa-f tu kut bre)m) but'ur fur)th mes-tur] . "Pellin an' pelferin' “are sometimes used together. I detect no difference in the meaning of the two words. tPen [pen], s. a shoot for grafting. "I've bin puttin' a tooathry fresh pens i' yander owd pear-tree" [Ahy)v bin put in u t6o*-uthri fresh penz i yaan'dur uwd pae'r-trey]. Pen [pen], v.a. to pick the soft, rudimentary quills out of poultry intended for the market. "I dunna like sendin' fowl to market wi' their fithers on 'em ; bur it's like a thing for the once, I raly hanna had time pen 'em" [Ahy du)nu lahyk sen-din fuwl tu maa-rkit wi dhur ndh'urz on urn ; bur it)s lahyk u thingg- fu dhu wuns, ahy rae-li aa)nu aad- tahym pen um]. Penance [pen-uns], s. trouble; always used with a possessive pronoun, e.g., "I've my penance." “Hoo's had her penance wi' that nowty, drunken husband o' hers" [6o)z aad- ur pen-uns wi dhaat- nuwti, drungk-n uz-bund u uurz]. Pen-fithered [pen--fidhurd], adj. (1) having a large growth of pens, q.v. (2) metaphorically used of persons in the sense of untidy, dirty. “Yo looken despert pen-jitJwred," said to a man, would imply that he was dirty, unshaven, and sickly-looking ; used to a woman, it would signify that her hair was frowsy and untidy, &c. The metaphor, of course, refers to the untidy appearance of a fowl, which has not been properly penned. I Penny [penn-i], adj. the same as PEN-FITHEEED. IPens [penz], s. pi. the soft, rudimentary quills seen in fowls, ducks, &c., which have been plucked. Peramble [puraam-bl], s. a rigmarole, a long rambling statement.

(delwedd C4606) (tudalen 292)	292 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. " Hoo sed as hoo wanted yo come an' have a cup o' tea with her las' Sunday ; bu' yo went ait fost, an' hoo had stop an' talk wi' Mrs. Lewis, cos hoo was ait last, an' hoo cudna leeave her, an hoo was so sorry as yo wun gone ; an' theer her went off wi' sich a per amble” [Oo sed uz 60 waan-tid yu kum un aav u kup u tee- widh ur laas- Sun-di ; bu yu went aayt fost, un 60 aad- stop un tau-k wi Mis-iz Luwis, koz 60 wuz aayt laas-t, un 60 kud-)nu ley-uv ur, un 60 woz su sor-i uz yoa' wun gon ; un dhee-ur ur went of wi sich- u puraam-bl]. Pester [pes-tur], s. trouble. ''I've had sich a pester to hot yo the waiter ; an' nai yo dunna want it” [Ahy)v aad- sich u pes-tur tu ot yu dhu wai-tur ; un naay yoa- dun-)u waan-t it]. Pettitoes [pet-itoa-z], s. a pet name for the feet. See HOF. Bailey says "Pettitoe, Pigs' Feet, Liver, &c." t Petty [pet-i], s. a water-closet. This word is also used in colloquial Welsh. tPiannet [pahyaan-it], s. the common peony. tPick [pik'], v.a. (1) a cow which calves prematurely is said to pick her calf; and she herself is sometimes called a "picked cauver” [pik-t kau-vur]. (2) to vomit. The words "pickin' an' purgin' “are generally used together. Cp. mod. E. pitch (vb.), and Shak. Henry FIJI., V. iv., "I'll pick thee over the pales, else." Piekin' [pik-in], adj. of a road, difficult ; where man and horse must pick their way. TUSHINGHAM. Piddle [pidl], v.n. the same &s pittle. tPidie [pahy-di], s. a familiar abbreviation of PIEDFINCH. Pied [pahyd], adj. mottled. fPiedfineh [pahydfinsh], s. a chaffinch. I Pig-cote [pig--koa-t], s. a pig-sty. [pig'in-kau-f], s. a calf belonging to the mistress of

(delwedd C4607) (tudalen 293)	GLOSSAEY. 293 the house, which is consequently reared upon the drippings and the best of the fleetings. Lit., a calf fed from a piggin, that is, brought up by hand. See Mr. Holland, s.v. Pig in [pig in], v.n. to have rough or untidy sleeping accommodation, to lodge as a pig does. I remember hearing someone asked about a farmer's family, which ran into double figures, “Well, hai dun they aw sleip i' that bit of a haise ?" “Oh, they piggen in among th' cheise" [Wei, aayjdn dhi au- sleyp i)dliaat' bit uv u aays ? Oa, dhi pign in umung)th cheyz]. Pig-WOOd [pig'-wud], s. the smaller branches of the oak, when lopped off and pealed. tPikel [pahykil], s. a hay-fork. t Pikelet [pahyklit], s. a tea-crumpet. Bailey gives “Bara-Picklet [Welsh] Cakes made of fine Flour, kneaded with Yeast." Cotgrave has "popelins, soft cakes of fine flour, &c., fashioned like our Welsh barrapycleds" (quoted by Miss Jackson, who also points out that the word pikelet is used by George Eliot in Scenes from Clerical Life). The above quotations by no means prove that pikelet is a word of Welsh origin. I myself strongly suspect that it is a genuine English word, of which we can no longer trace the origin, and which was early adopted into Welsh as bam pikelet = pikelet-bread. Having communicated my doubts of the Welsh origin of the word to Professor Rhys, I received a letter from him on the subject, part of which I translate here : “The difficulty is that bara-peiclat" i.e., [baar'*aa-pa'yklaat] "is the pronunciation in Carnarvonshire, consequently I cannot at present see that it is Welsh as regards its root. If it regarded bara pyglyd” (i.e., pitchy or pitch-like bread], "I cannot see what reason there could be for the change of pronunciation ; . . . . nor do I see what appropriateness there would be in the name." Pillow-beard [pil-u-beeurd], s. a pillow-case. Chaucer h&spiUow- bere. t Pillow-slip [pil'u-slip], s. a pillow-case. Pimple-pamples [pim-pl-paam-plz], s.pl. See BILLY-GO-NIMBLES.

(delwedd C4608) (tudalen 294)	294 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. Pin [pin], s. the middle place in a team of three horses. “That young hoss munna be put nowheer else bur i'th' pin” [Dhaat yungg os mun)u bi put nooweeur els bur i)th pin-]. Pin-hoss [pin-os], s. the middle horse in a team of three. Pinglin' [pingg-lin], adj. narrow; always applied to a field. “Yander's a little, pingliri, narrow bit, as I conna do much with” [Yaandur)z u lit-1, pingg-lin, naaru bit, uz ahy kon)u du much widh]. Compare Wilbraham's Pingle, a small croft. Pinna [pin-u]]s. a pinafore. "An' nai, if that little brivit hanna Pinny [pin-i] j gone an' messed her cleean^Vw?// I declare it's one body's job to look after the childern” [Un naay, iv dhaat* lit'l brivit aa)nu gon un mest ur kleeun pin-i! Ahy diklae-r it)s won bodiz job tu look aaf-tur dhu chil-durn]. Pinsons [pin-snz], s. pi. t(l) pincers. “Whenever I want that mon o' mine, I have fatch him ait o' th' Hommer an' Pinsons" [Wenevur ahy waarrt dliaat' mon u mahyn, ahy aav faach' im aayt u)th Om 'ur un Pin'snz]. The "Hammer and Pincers" is the name of a public-house. (2) a dentist's forceps. “I was stait enough than he drawed th' pinsons ait” [Ahy wuz staayt unuf' dhun ee drau'd)th pin'snz aayt]. "Pynsone, to drawe owt tethe. Dentaria" (Prompt. Parv.). Pip [pip], s. (1) a pippin ; as, “an apple -pip," "an orange-^j9," &c. (2) the blossom of a cowslip. Pip [pip'L v ' a “to pick off the blossoms of cowslips. "We mun ha' theise ca'islops pipped afore neight" [We"e mun aa dheyz ky'aayslups pipt ufoa*r neyt], Pipe [pahyp], s. a branch or side-run in a rabbit-warren. PismyOUP [pi3-myaawur] ) PiSSymyoUP [pisimyaawur] ) Pitcher [pich-ur], adj. cross, short-tempered. “Yo'm despert pitcher this mornin' ; yo must ha' gotten th' owd lad upo' yur

(delwedd C4609) (tudalen 295)	GLOSSARY. 295 back, or yo wouldna be so nazzy wi folks” [Yoa)m des-purt pich-ur dhus mau-rnin ; yoa must u got-n dh)uwd laad- upu yur baak, ur yu wud)nu bey su naazi wi foaks]. Pitch-cord [pich'-koa-rd], s. a strong cord smeared with pitch, used for thatching. t Pitch-hole [piclr-oa-1], s. the aperture in a hay-loft through which the hay or straw is pitched or thrown in. Pittle [piH], v.n. mingere. Also used as subs. Plack [plaak-], s. a place, situation. ''He'll lose a good plack, if he gets sent awee throm Cholmondeley” [Ee)l 16oz u gud plaak-, iv ee gy'ets sent uwee- thrum Chum-li]. Placket-booard [plaak it-b6ourd], s. the hind-board of a four-wheeled waggon. Placket-hole [plaak-it-oa-1], s. the slit in the skirt of a woman's dress which allows it to be passed over the head. Compare Shak. Winter's Tale, IV. iii., “Will they wear the plackets where they should bear their faces?" Plague [plai-g], v.a. to tease. "They won plaguirt him abowt that wench as he's gooin' after ; an' at last he up an' said he wouldna stond it no lunger, an' he'd feight th' best mon among 'em ; bu' none on 'em daust see quack after that” [Dhi wun plai-gin im ubuwt dhaat- wensh uz ee)z goo'in aafiur; un ut laas-t ee up un sed ee wud)nu stond it nu lungg-ur, un 6e)d feyt)th best mon umungg- um; bu non on um daus- see-kwaak- aaf-tur dhaat']. t Plain [plai-n, plee-n], adj. exposed, not sheltered from the wind. “It's a plain bonk." Plant [plaan-t], s. the scum that rises to the surface of vinegar. Plantin' [plaan-tin], s. a coppice. tPlat [plaat-], v.a. to cross (the legs). Lit. to plait. "I think there's nowt suits him better than sit i' the nook, an' plat his legs, an' draw his pipe ait, an' kind it, an' smoke awee, an'

(delwedd C4610) (tudalen 296)	296 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. see nowt to noobody" [Ahy thingk- dhur)z nuwt soots im bet-ur dhun sit i dhu n6ok, un plaat* iz legz, un drau- iz pahyp aayt, un ky'nrd it, un smoa'k uwee, un see 4 nuwt tu noo-bodi]. Pleach [plee-ch], v.a. (1) to spread thickly over. “Yopleachen the butter on shameful, an me gettin' hafe-a-crain a dish" [Yoa-plee'chn dhu butur on sharmful, un mey gy'et'in ai-f u kraayn u dish]. (2) to rain blows on. “I'll yow me a rampion aiit'n the hedge, an' pleach upon yo" [Ahy)l yuw mi u raanrpiun aayt)n dhu ej, un plee-ch upon- yu]. (3) to remake a hedge by cutting out the old wood, and intertwining the young shoots about upright stakes. For an example see SNUFT. Compare even-pleached in Henry V., V. ii. 41 ; thick-pleached in Much Ado About Nothing, I. ii. 9, and Bailey's word "Plash, [among gardeners] to bend or spread the boughs of trees." IPleeasin' [pleyuzin, pleeuzin], s. choice, arbitrament. "Polly, ahr Jim says yo binna to go the wakes." “It inna hispleeasin' whether I mun go or no" [PoH, aa-r Jim- sez yoa- bin-)u tu goa- dhu wai-ks. It i)nu iz plee'uzin wedh-ur ahy mun goa-ur noa*]. tPlim [plim-], adj. perpendicular. When a person holds himself ridiculously straight, he is said to be “about two inches above plim," i.e., more than perpendicular. Cp. E. plumb-line; see below. tPlim-bob [plim'-bob], s. the line and plummet. Pluck [pluk], s. the heart, liver, and lights of a sheep. Bailey has the word in the same sense. [plug], v.a. to pluck the hair. "Ahr Ben wull plug me" [AaT Ben wul plug mi] complained a child to his mother. Plunder [phbrdur], s. a noise as of articles of furniture falling or being moved. Cp. Sussex blunder (v. and n.).

(delwedd C4611) (tudalen 297)	GLOSSARY. 297 Plunder [plun-dur], v.n. to make a noise, as above. “What'n y5 go plunderin' i'th' dark a'that'ns fur ? Whey cudna yo tak a leight ?" [Wot)n yu goa* plun'durin i)th daaTk u)dhaat'nz fuur ? Wey kud)nu yu taak* u leyt ?] Pobbies [pob-iz], s. pap, bread softened in milk, or even water, for infants. Op. E. pap; unless the word is rather to be connected with the Welsh pobu, to bake. tPobS [pobz], s.pl. bread and milk; the same as POBBIES. Pocket [pok'it], s. a kind of pouch in a cow's udder, which retains the milk and prevents it from flowing freely through the teats. A cow with such a pouch is said to pocket her milk. Pocket [pojrit], v.a. to secrete milk in a “pocket." See preceding article. Poeketle [pok-itl], . a pocketful. “He's gotten a pocketle o' brass" [6e)z got MI u pokitl u braas*]. tPolly [pol'i], adj. of cows, polled. “An owd^o% cai." Ponacks [poavnuks], s. a diminutive or pet term for a pony. "Come, get alung, ponacks" [Kum, gy'et ulung', poa'nuks], AISO PONNACK. Poneake [pon-ky'ai-k], s. pancake. This is the name of a girl's amusement, very well described by Mr. Holland under the title of Cheeses. “They turn round and round till their dresses fly out at the bottom then suddenly squatting down, the air confined under the dress causes the skirt to bulge out like a balloon. When skilfully done, the appearance is that of a girl's head and shoulders peeping out of an immense cushion." Ponder after [pon-dur aaf-tur], v.n. to hanker after. “I can sey hey's ponderin after some wench” [Ahy)kn sey ey)z pon-durin aaf-tur sum wensh], tPon-mug 1 [pon'-mug], s. a coarse black and red earthenware mug ; the same as JOWMUG (1).

(delwedd C4612) (tudalen 298)	FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Ponnack [pon-uk], s. a pony; a diminutive or pet term. See PONACKS. Ponshovel [pon-shuvil], s. a shovel slightly turned up at the sides. Pony [poa'ni], v.a. to pay. To "pony out" = “stump up;" a slang term. tPoot [p6ot], s. a pullet. tPoother [poo-dhur], s. dust or smoke, such as stifles. A person entering a room full of smoke or dust would say, “Whey ! what a pootJier ye'n gotten here” [Wey ! wot u p6o f dhur yi)n got'n eur]. A puff of tobacco smoke directed into a person's face would be a poother. Poother [poo-dhur], v.n. to bustle or fidget about; lit. to make a dust. "Hoo conna be quayt auvays brivitiii' an' pootherin abowt" [60 kon-u bi kwart au-viz brivitin un poo-dhurin ubuwt]. Poothery [poo-dhuri], adj. a variant ofputhery. tPoppet [popit], s. darling, pet; a term of endearment used to a child. tPoppy-shOW [pop'i-shoa], s. a peep-show; lit. a puppet-show. “A pin to see & poppy -show." See Mr. Holland, s.v. POSS [pos], v.a. to rinse in water, pass through the washing- tub. 11 Mary, wheil yo bin o,-possin\ yo mid as well poss my shacket through” [Mae-ri, weyl yoa- bin u)pos-in, yoa- mid uz wel pos mahy shaak-it thr6o]. Jamieson has “to pouss, to drive clothes hastily backwards and forwards in the water in the act of washing." Bailey gives "Passed, tossed, pushed." The word is really a specialized form of push (Fr. pousser). t Posset [posit], v.a. to throw up small quantities of food as a baby does. tPot-baw [pot'-bau], s. a yeast dumpling; Mi. pot-ball. tPote [poa-t], v.a. to push, kick. Used in the limited sense

(delwedd C4613) (tudalen 299)	GLOSSARY. 299 of "kicking in bed." "He's poted aw th' clooas off him a'ready" [Ee)z poa*tid au-)th k!6ouz of im ured-i]. Compare PUT. POW [puw] , s. the handle of a scythe ; a limited meaning of pole. IPOW [puw], v.a. to cut (the hair). See YURE. Bailey has “To Poll, to shave the head." t Power [paawur, puwur], s. a great quantity. “There'll be a power o' damsons this 'ear" [Dhur)l bey u paawur u daanr-zunz dhis e"eur]. tPoweration [puwurarshun], s. a great quantity. "It cosses a poweration o' money” [It kosiz u puwurarshun u mun-i]. tPowk [puwk], s. a pimple or small boil. We have pock and pox in the ordinary sense. tPowler [puwlur], v.n. to ramble, prowl, get about. We'n powlert up and down a bit, An' had a rattlin' day. The Three Jovial Huntsmen. So we say that a man “keeps powlerin abowt his busin'ss “ [ky'ee'ps puwlurin ubuwt iz biz'ns]. POWSG [puws], s. f(l) rubbish, refuse. “Sally, here's a baskettle o' apples the Missis has sent yo ; hoo says yo mun pick 'em o'er, an' pill the best on 'em for a pie, an' then yo con chuck the powse to th' pig" [Saal'i, eeur)z u baas'kitl u aap'lz dim Mis-is uz sent yu ; 60 sez yoa- mun pik' um oa-r, un pil- dhu best on um fur u pahy, un dhen yoa)kn chuk dhu puws tu)th Pig']- (2) the dregs of society, low people. “There come a lot o' powse from a'it'n the tain, an' stopped 'em from howdin' the meetin'“ [Dhur kum u lot u puws frum aayt)n dhu taayn, un stopt um Mm uwdin dhu mee-tin]. The original meaning of powse was probably chaff: compare Cotgrave, "pousse de bled, the chaff of corn." Powse [puws], v.n. to attack energetically. NANTWICH. “The

(delwedd C4614) (tudalen 300)	500 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. mare is powsin 1 into th' Indy-meal" [Dhu mae-r iz puwsin in'tu)dh Lrdi-mee'l]. Compare Fr. pousser, E. push; see Poss, above. Powsy [puwsi], adj. rubbishy, worthless. “They'm a powsy lot, them Brains ; yo never knowd noob'dy come to anny good as come o' that breid" [Dhi)m u puwsi lot, dhem Braaynz ; yu nevur noa'd n6o'bdi kum tu aan*i gud, uz kum u dhaat' breyd]. See POWSE (sb.), above. POX tak [poks taak-], inter j. plague take. “Pox tak sich frittent work" [Poks taak- sich frit-nt wuurk]. Cp. Shak. Two Gent, of Ver., III. i., “Pox of your love-letters." t Prate [prart], v.n. to make the noise a hen does before she begins to lay. "That black hen 'ull be leein' soon; I've heerd her pratin' for a fortnit" [Dhaat- blaak- en)l bi leein s6on; ahy)v eeurd ur prai'tin fur u fau-rtnit]. Pricker [prik-ur], s. a thorn, prickle. "I say, wench, cost tha tay me a, pricker a'it o' my fom?" [Ahy)si, wensh, kus dhu tar mi u prik-ur aayt u mi fom?] Priek-g'utter [prik--gutur], s. a small gutter; the same as TRIG (2). tPrison-bars [priz-n-baa-rz], s. pi. the game of "Prisoner's Base." tProdigal [prodigil], adj. proud, conceited. (The sense of lavish is quite strange.) “Eh, he's a prodigal yowth, an' despertly wants takkin dain a peg ; bu' meebe he'll get some o'th' nonsense ta'en ait'n him wheer he's gooin'“ [Ar, 6e)z u prod'igil yuwth, un des'purtli waan'ts taak'in daayn u peg ; bu mee'bi ee)l gy'et sum u)th non'suns tai'n aayt)n im weeur ee)z g6o-in]. Prog" [prog], v.a. to pilfer. "Hey's some nowt; ah dait hey's com'n 0,-proggiri" [Ey)z sum nuwt; ah daayt ey)z kumn u)prog-in] ; of a tramp prowling about. But it is not so strong a word as the (unrelated) E. prig, and sometimes means little

(delwedd C4615) (tudalen 301)	GLOSSARY. 301 more than to “cadge." Thus a kitten which had been lately weaned and was looking out for itself was said to be “on the proggin' order." Bailey has “To Prog, to u^e all Endeavours to get or gain. ' ' Nares gives ' Prague, to filch. ' ' Prog is one of the many cant words of Dutch origin. Cp. Du. pragcJien, to beg. Proke [proa-k], v.a. to poke. "Hoo probed me i' the ribs; ah thowt her meant summat" [60 proa'kt mi i)dhu ribz; ah thuwt ur ment sunrut]. Commonly derived from W. procio ; but it seems to me more probable that procio is derived from proke. tProker [proa-kiir], s. a poker. t Provable [proo-vubl], adj. of crops, answering the test of time well, turning out well. Puddin' [pud-in], s. leverage. E.g., if a see -saw be not perfectly balanced, the longer end is said to have too much puddin'. tPuddins [pud-inz], s. the entrails. (The original meaning of the word.) Puddin'-time [pud-in-tahym], s. the nick of time. “Yo bin just i' puddin' -time; we'm just gooin have ur tea" [Yoa- bin just i pud'in-tahym ; wi)m jus g6o'in aav ur tee 4 ]. It used to be, and among old-fashioned folks is still, the custom for the pudding to form the first course at dinner. Hence to be in puddiri-time meant originally to be in time .for the first course. Puff [puf], s. breath, life. “Ah never seid sich a thing in aw my puff" (or "born puff") [Ah nevur seyd sich u thingg' in au* mahy bau'rn puf]. Puffin' [puf -in], adj. blustering, boasting. Puke [pyook], s. an emetic. “I dunna wonder at him nur wantin' a puke; the very neem's enough make him bad" [Ahy du)nu wun-dur aat' im nuur waan-tin u py6ok; dhu ver-i nee-m)z unuf mark im baad']. Bailey gives "A Puke, a Vomit," and “To Puke, to be ready to vomit or spue." Pun [pun], s. a pound (money). “Twelve pun"

(delwedd C4616) (tudalen 302)	302 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Pun [pun], t(l) v.a. to pound, to beat small. “Go an' pun some greit" [Goa- un pun sum greyt]. A.S. punian, E. pound. Compare Troilus and Cressida, II. i., "He would pun thee into shivers." (2) v.n. to knock, beat, stamp; e.g., the stamping of feet in a public meeting by way of applause is called "punnin'." Punger [pun-jur], v.a. to perplex, make anxious. "I'm terribly pungered abowt it” [Ahy)m ter-ubli pun jurd ubuwt it]. W. has “A thrippowing pungowing life, is a hard laborious life." This is wrong as far as pungowin' [is concerned. (Of thrippow I have no knowledge, except that both Kay and Wilbraham say it means “to beat." ? cp. A.S. }>redpian, to reprove, afflict.) Pungled [pungg-ld], p. part, embarrassed, perplexed. “Th' mester's ait o' th' road, an' Polly's bad an' had go bed, an' Kitty is bur a poor tuttle, an' I am so pungled I dunna know what do" [Th)mes-tur)z aayt u)th roa-d, un PoH)z baad- un aad- goa-bed, un Ky'iti iz bur u poour tut'l, un ahy aam- su pungg-ld ahy du)nu noa- wot doo]. Cp. PUNGER. t Punish [pun-ish], v.a. to hurt, cause pain to. “I've punished my elbow a pratty bit, wi' ketchin' it agen th' pump-handle “ [Ahy)v pun-isht mahy el-bu u praati bit, wi ky'ech'in it ugy'en-)th pump-aan-dl]. t Punishment [punishmunt], s. pain. ' Ahr owd mon had summat growin' o'er his eye, an' he had for go Soosbry ( = Shrewsbury) for have it ta'en off ; ah 'xpect it's bin despert punishment for him" [Aa-r uwd mon aad- siim-ut groain oa-r iz ahy, un ee aad- fur goa- S6o-zbri fur aav it tai-n of; ah)kspekt it)s bin des-purt pun-ishmunt for him]. tPunner [pun-ur], s. a pavior's mallet. See PUN (vb.). Purg"y [puu-rgi], adj. conceited. “What a purgy little thing he is!" i Purled [puurld], p. part, emaciated by sickness or overwork; said chiefly of cattle.

(delwedd C4617) (tudalen 303)	GLOSSAKY. 303 Push [push], s. a difficulty, strait. “Th' owd chap's bin ait o' work a twel'munt ; it's bin rather a push upon him” [Dh)uwd chyaap)s bin aayt u wuurk ii twelmunt; it)s bin rae'dhur u push upon- im]. “Ah've had my son a-wom to help me wi' this job; it's bin rather a stiff push" [Ah)v aad' mi sun uwonr tu elp mi wi dhis job; it)s bin rae'dhur u stif-push]. f Push-ploo [push-ploo], a sort of plough with a single long handle like a spade, driven by the hand. Pussy wants a corner [pus'i waan-ts ii kau-rnur], s. the game of puss in the corner. Put [put], s. (1) a dash forward, lunge. "What shan yo do, if the bull mays a put at yo ?" [Wot)shn yu d6o, iv dhu bill mai-z u put aat- yu ?] (2) an effort; e.g., to make a put to do anything. "We mun may a put at gettin' the weshin' done afore noon" [Wi imm mai' u put ut gy'et'in dhu wesh-in dun ufoa-r noon]. W. pwtio, to push. iPut abait [put ubaayt], p. part, irritated, distressed. Puther [pudh'ur], v.a. to encumber, oppress ; to give one the feeling of heaviness as on a sultry day. iPuthery [pudh-uri], adj. close, sultry, heavy (of the atmosphere). Often used as an adverb, "puthery hot." (The above meaning does not square very well with the common derivation from "powdery;" and I should be inclined to connect it either with pother or the Welsh poetli; the allied puzzy and puzzicky make rather for the latter word.) Put-on [put'-on], s. a fabrication, deception. "Iwunna believe that ; it sa'inds too much like a put-on” [Ahy wu)nu bileyv dhaat ; it saayndz tu much lahyk u put' -on]. Puttered [put-urd], adj. decayed, rotten; of a pear, over-ripe, rotten-ripe. "His arm was red an' yallow an' blue an' aw colours, just like a puttered piece o' beef" [Iz aarm wuz red

(delwedd C4618) (tudalen 304)	304 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. un yaal-u un b!6o un air kul-urz, just lahyk u put-urd peys u beyf]. W. pwdr, rotten. Puzz-baw [puz-bau], s. a fuzz-ball, or spongy fungus. Puzzicky [puz-uki], adj. close, sultry ; like PUZZY and PUTHERY. Puzzy [puz-i], adj. (I) spongy (like o,puzz-baw). (2) close and thunderous; like PUZZICKY. “Meat wunna keep i' this puzzy weather” [Mee-t wu)nu ky'ee-p i dhis- puz-i wedlrur]. Q. Quack [kwaak-], s. “Not to say quack" means to be silent, keep quiet. “Nai, dunna yo see quack” [Naay, du)nu yoa- see-kwaak-] = keep the matter close. "If tother side hadner ha' begun-n on 'em, none o' the Liberals 'ud ha' said quack” [Iv tudh-ur sahyd aad-)nur u bigun-n on um, non u dhu Lib-urulz ud u sed kwaak-]. Quaver [kwai-vur], s. a flourish (as with a stick, whip, or the like). "Jack, dunna fluther that whip o' thine so much; here's Mester Done comin' behint in his trap, an' he'll think tha's some pratty quavers" [Jaak, du)nu fludh'ur dhaat wip' u dhahyn su much; eeur)z Mes'tur Doa'n kuni'in bi-in't in iz traap', un 6e)l thingk- dhu)z sum praat'i kwai'vurz]. Quaver [kwai-vur], v.a. to flourish (a stick, &c.). tQueece [kweys, kwees], s. a wood-pigeon. Eandle Holme calls it. Queese; Shrop. quiste [kwa'yst] ; Wilts, quist. Queer [kweyur, kweeur], adj. captious, ill-tempered. “They sen hoo's queer wi' th' owd mon" [Dhi sen 6o)z kweeur wi)dh uwd mon]. Compare COMICAL and FUNNY. tQueile [kweyl], s. a small hay-cock. The hay is raked into rows extending the whole length of the field, and then drawn up into queiles with the rake and the labourer's foot. The word is not equivalent to hay-cock. Etymologically, it is evi-

(delwedd C4619) (tudalen 305)	GLOSSARY. 305 dently the same as coil, which see in Prof. Skeat's Diet. Coil (vb.) = F. cueillir, Lat. colligere, E. cull. Compare Cotgrave, “CuiUement, a gathering, reaping, picking up; a culling, &c." Quick [kwik-], s. an Italian iron; an instrument formerly much in use for “getting up" frills. Also called TALLYIN'-IEON. Quiff [kwif'], s. a quirk, a verbal catch. “Thy talk saiinds reight enough; bu' there's a quiff in it" [Dhi tau'k saayndz reyt unuf' ; bu dhur)z u kwif' in it]. Compare W. chwif, E. whiff. tQuilt [kwili], s. to beat. “Quilt his hide for him" [KwiK iz ahyd for im]. See WELT. tQuiltin' [kwil'tin], s. a beating. “He wants a good quiltin', an' sendin' off straight to bed" [Ee waan-ts u gud kwil'tin, un sen-din of streyt tu bed]. t Quirk [kwuurk], s. the "clock" of a stocking an ornamental pattern knitted in at the ankle. See Miss Jackson, s.v. tQuist [kwis-t], v.a. to twist; but only used in a limited sense, as of twisting hay-ropes and the like. The change of tiv into qu is, as Mr. Holland remarks, fairly common. See Chapter on Pronunciation under T (4), where, however, no instance of [tw] passing into [kw] was given. Quizcuss [kwiz'kus], s. a meddlesome, inquisitive person. A tenant complained that his landlord's agent was a "regular quizcuss" R. Rabbit [raab-it], (1) v.n. to catch rabbits. “The lads bin gone a-rdbbitm'" [Dhu laad-z bin gon u)raab-itin]. The older form of the word is rappit [raap'it], still extensively used. (2) v.a. "I'll rabbit yo," or "I'll rabbit yo'r picter" [Ahy)l raabit yoa r pik'tur], is a vague threat in vogue with some persons. Hence the common imprecation “Babbit yo," or “Od rabbit yo." U

(delwedd C4620) (tudalen 306)	306 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIEE. Rabble [raab-1], s. a tangle. "Yo'n gotten this yorn all in rabble', I dait the kitlin's bin tousin' at it, or summat" [Yoa)n got-n dhis yairrn au-1 in u raab'l; ahy daayt dhu ky'itlinjz bin taawzin aat' it, iir sunrut]. Cp. E. ravel. Rabble O'er [raab-1 oa-r], v.a. to peruse rapidly. Rabblin' [raab-lin], adj. rowdy, noisy. See under EANDYBOW for an example of its use. Racapelt [raak-upelt], s. a good-for-nothing, disreputable fellow. "He used bey a terr'ble racapelt for drinkin'; bur I think he must ha' quaitent dain a bit leet-wheiles “p6e yoost bey u tae-rbl raak-upelt fur dringk-in; bur ahy thingk- ee must u kwai-tnt daayn u bit lee-t-weylz]. Compare EACKATAG below and E. rake. Race-ginger [rai-s-jhrjur], s. ginger in the root, as opposed to ground ginger. Bailey has "Race, . . . the root, as of Ginger." Compare Shak. Winter's Tale, IV. iii., "a race or two of ginger." IRaek [raak-], s. “By the rack o' the eye"=by mere inspection, without line or rule. "Yo'n gotten them garden-walks uncommon streight, Jabez, if yo'n done it aw by th' rack o' th' eye" [Yoa-)n got-n dhem gy'aa-rdin-wau-ks linkonrun streyt, Jai-bus, iv yoa-)n dun it au' bi)dh raak- u)dh ahy]. tRaek [raak-], v.a. to draw off liquor from one cask in order to empty it into another. Raekatag" [raak-utaag], s. a worthless, disreputable fellow. Also KATTATAG. Racket [raak-it], s. the brunt, consequences. "I'll stond the racket, if there's owt said” [Ahy)l stond dhu raak-it, iv dhur)z uwt sed]. Raeketty [raak-uti], adj. wild, reckless. “They sen the mester was very racketty in his young dees" [Dhi sen dhu mes-tur wuz ver-i raak-uti in iz yung dee-z], Rad [raad-], adj. quick, ready. “That's the rad wee o' doing the

(delwedd C4621) (tudalen 307)	GLOSSARY. 307 job" [Dhaat)s dhu raad- wee- u d6o-in dhu job]. To be "rod at" a thing is to be skilful at it. The central notion implied by the word is dexterity. Rag 1 [raag'], s. Two phrases require notice in connexion with this word. (1) “There'll be rags o' the hob" [Dhur)l bi raag-z u dhu ob] = There'll be a row. “Ye munna let that dog eat off same plate as th' cat, else there'll be rags o' the hob directly" [Yi nunr)u let dhaat- dog ee-t of sai-m plart uz th)ky'aat-, els dhur)l bi raag-z u dhu ob durek-li]. (2) "To get anyone's rag out" is to put him into a rage. See SHIKT. Rag [raag-], v.a. 1(1) to rifle (a bird's nest of its eggs). (2) to pull a nest to pieces. CHOLMONDELEY. “Here's a neist full o' bull-young- 'uns ; let's rag it" [Eyur)z u neyst ful u bul-yungg'-unz ; let)s raag- it]. Raggaz [raag-uz], v.n. to loiter, lounge about. “There's a despert gafty-lookin' chap bin raggazin' abowt; if I was yo, I'd turn the dog loose when I went bed to-neight" [Dhur)z u des-purt gy'aaf-ti-loo-kin chaap- binraag-uzm ubuwt; iv ahy wuz yoa-, ahy)d tuurn dhu dog loos wen ahy went bed tu-neyt], t Rag" -mannered [raag--maan-urd(t)], adj. rude - mannered. “They'm very rag-mannert keind o' folks, bur ah darsee they'm saind at th' bottom" [Dhi)m ver-i raag'-maan-urt ky'eynd u foa-ks, bur ah daa-rsee 1 dhi)m saaynd ut)th bot-um]. tRaind-hai'se [raaynd-aays], s. gaol; (lit. roundhouse). Rait [raayt], s. (1) a rut. “Th' cart was stawed in a rait" [Th)ky'aa'rt wuz stau'd in u raayt]. (2) a route. “What rait bin yo takkin'?" [Wot raayt bin yu taak'in?] The word in both meanings is derived from F. route. Another pronunciation is [ruwt]. Ralloek [raal-uk], s. a tattered garment, a rag. “Stick it i' the rag bag : it's nowt bur an owd rallock" [Stik it i dhu raag-baag : it)s nuwt bur un uwd raal-uk]. ? the same word as relic.

(delwedd C4622) (tudalen 308)	308 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Ram in [raam- in], v.n. to set vigorously to work. “He leed bait o' th' yilve, an' rammed in like a madman" pfee lee-d aayt u)dh yil'v, un raanrd in lahyk u maad-mun]. tRammel [raam-il], s. a hard, barren eartb, composed of "fox-bench," gravel, and the like. tRammelly [raam-ili], adj. partaking of the character oframmel. tRammy [raam-i], adj. noisome, stinking. Bailey has “Hamish, that smells rank like a Earn or Goat." Rampion [raanrpiun], s. a stick, cudgel. "Ah'll get a rampion ait o' th' hedge, an' pleach upon yo, if yo binna shiftin' yur hommocks" [Ah)l gy'et u raam-piun aayt u)dh ej, un plee-ch upon- yu, iv yoa bin)u shifiin yur onruks]. t Randan [raan-daan], s. a sort of very fine bran. Random-shot [raan-dum-shot-], s. a wild young fellow. “So Jack Done's bin up afore his nuncles again! Well, he was auvays a random-shot” [Soa- Jaak- Doa-n)z bin up ufoa-r iz niingk-lz ugy'en-! Wei, ee wuz au-viz u raan-dum-shot']. Randy [raan-di], s. (I) a noise. A yelping dog was said to be “kickin' up a randy." (2) a spree, generally a drunken one ; but the word is very often jocularly used, e.g., "We won o' the randy thisterdee" [Wee wun u dhu raan-di dhis'turdee-] expresses "We took a holiday yesterday." Randy [raan-di], v.n. to go “on the spree," enjoy oneself. On the day following a holiday, a woman said “It wouldna do for mey to go randyin* off to Maupas every dee; it knocks one up so “ [It wud)nu d6o fur mey tu goa- raan-di-in of tu Mau-pus ev-ri dee-; it noks wun up su]. Randy [raan-di], adj. unmanageable, irrepressible. "He's a terrible randy fellow; yo never known when yo ban him" [Ee)z u ter-ubl raan-di fel-u; yoa- nevur noa-n wen yoa- aan* im]. RandybOW [raan-dibuw], v.n. to create a disturbance. “Sich a rabblin' lot there was theer, randybomn', shoutin', an' noisin',

(delwedd C4623) (tudalen 309)	GLOSSARY. 309 an' wrostlin'; I never seid the like" [Siclr u raab-lin lot dhur woz dheeur, raairdibuwin, shuwtin, un nahyzin, unros-lin; ahy nevur seyd dhu lahyk]. Rant [raan-t], (1) v.a. to pull, wrench. “Mother, ah've torn my hat." "Ah thowt yo would, when ah seid y5 rantiri it off th' neel" [Mudlrur, ah)v toa-rn mi aat 1 . Ah thuwt yu wud, wen ah seyd yu raaniin it of)th nee-1]. (2) to burn fiercely. “Open the door o'th' beiler fire, Polly; there's noo use in it rantin' a-that'ns" [Oa-pn dhu d6our u)th beylur fahyur, PoH ; dhur)z n6o yoos in it raan-tin u)dhaatnz]. Ran-tan [raan--taan], s. an ill temper. “The mester come i' th' haise in a bit of a ran-tan, cos the dinner wonna just ready to a minute" [DM mes'tur kum i)dh aays in u bit uv u raan-taan, koz dhu din'ur wo)nu just redi tu u minit]. RantipOW [raan-tipuw], s. a rude, boisterous person. "Yander comes that rantipow gawby foo' o' mine from Eadmore Grein “ [Yaan-dur kumz dhaat- raan-tipuw gau-bi foo u mahyn Mm Baad'mur Greyn]. Such was the choice expression with which a girl at Burland announced the approach of her sweetheart. Rap [raap-], v.a. to exchange. "I made him the offer to rap yander owd black cai o' mine for his two-'ear-owd heifer, bur he wouldna treed ( = trade)” [Ahy mard im dhu of-ur tu raap- yaan'dur uwd blaak 1 ky'aay u mahyn fur iz too-eeur-uwd ef'ur, bur 6e wud)nu tree'd]. Rape an' scrape [rai-p (ree-p) un skrai-p (skree-p)], v.a. to rake and scrape together, to heap up possessions like a miser. "Eh, Tummas, I do wonder at yo, rapin' an' scrapin' as yo dun ; an' what is it aw when yo'n gotten it, to'ats as havin' a bit o' cowmfort wheil yo liven?" [Ai-, Tunrus, ahy d6o wmr-dur aat- yu, rai-pin un skrai-pin uz yoa- dun ; un wot iz it au* wen yoa-)n got-n it, toa-ts uz aavin u bit u kuwmfurt weyl yoa livn ?] Rape = rake ; see Chapter on Pronunciation under K, and cp. following article.

(delwedd C4624) (tudalen 310)	310 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. I Rape up [rai-p or ree-p tip], v.a. to rake up, harp upon, an old grievance. “Ye'd ha' thowt they'd ha' letten owd times be ; but they mun rape 'em up o' purpose for make a row” [Yi)d u thuwt dhi)d u let'n uwd tahymz bey; but dhai mun rai'p urn up u puu-rpus fur mark u ruw]. Raps [raap-s], s.pl. sport, fun. "Well, ban ye had good raps at the Wakes?" [Wei, un yi aad- gud raap-s ut dhu Wai-ks?] Rase-brained [rai-z-bree-nd, rarz-brai-nd], adj. hare-brained, wild, madcap. “What a rose-brained mon he must be, to ride sich weild hosses!" [Wot u rarz-brai-nd mon ee mus bee, tu rahyd sich weyld os'iz!] Wilbraham has the word, but his explanation, "violent, impetuous," hardly gives the sense. Rash [raash-], adj. eager, quick. We speak of a horse drawing too “rash'," and I once heard a Wesleyan local preacher say in his sermon that "the Egyptians were following rashly behind the Israelites" meaning, rapidly. Compare Shak. Winter's Tale, I. ii. 319, “with no rash potion, but with a lingering dram." Rathe [rai-dh], s. See CAKT. Rattatag [raat-utaag], s. a ne'er-do-weel. See RACKATAG. Rattle-skull [raati-skul], s. a talkative person; a chatter-box. "Hoo's a despert rattle-skull; her tongue gos like stones in a can" [Oo)z u des'purt raat'1-skul; ur tiing goz lahyk stoa-nz in u ky'aan-]. tRattle-trap [raat-1-traap], s. the mouth; a term only used in reference to foolish utterances. “Come, keep that rattle-trap o' thine shut" [Kum, ky'eep dhaat raaH-traap u dhahyn shut], Cp. RATTLE-SKULL. Rattle-traps [raat-1-traap-s], s. pi. belongings, = colloquial E. traps. "Yo mun get yur rattle-traps together, an' be flittin'" [Yoa- mun gy'et yur raat'l-traaps tugy'edh-ur, un by flit-in]. Rattocks [raat-uks], s. pi very small potatoes. "Go to th' 'tatoe-ruck, an' get a bucketle o' 'tatoes ; an' then yo can put the best o' one side for ursels, an' leeave the rattocks to beil for

(delwedd C4625) (tudalen 311)	GLOSSARY. 311 th' pigs" [Goa- tu)th tai-tu-ruk, un gy'et u bukitl u tai-tuz ; un. dhen yoa-)kn put dhu best u won sahyd fur ursel-z, un leeuv dhu raat-uks tu beyl fur)th pigz]. Raunge [rairnzh], v.n. (I) to strive or reach after; the notion of great effort is always implied. "Them key o' Hassa's keep'n raungirt o'er the hedge after my bit o edgrew; it's one body's job to tent 'em ait an' tine the gaps" [Dhem ky'ey u Aas'uz ky'ee-pn rau-nzhin oa-r dhu ej aafiur mahy bit u ed-groo; it)s won bodiz job tu tent urn aayt un tahyn dhu gy'aap-s]. (2) to romp, as children do when at play. "They won raunyiri an' pleein' i' the stack-yoard" [Dhi wiin rau-nzhin un plee-in i dhu staak'-yoa-rd]. Rawly [rau'li], adv. inadequately. Rawm [rau-m], (1) v.a. to pull. "Parson bawks his woards ait so laid sometimes yo'd think hey'd rawm the choarch dain" [Paa'rsn bau'ks iz woa'rdz aayt su laayd sumtahymz yu thingk ey)d rau-m dhu choa-rch daaynj. Hence the meaning to wrestle, e.g., “feightin' an' ravwunV (2) v.n. to climb, to get over or along with difficulty; as "to rawm over a hedge," "to rawm over a ploughed field." This is the verb to roam, influenced by the preceding meaning. Of. rawmy. t(3) to reach after with effort. “What a't tha rawmin' after? Stond upo' my barrow, an' tha'll ha' noo neid rawm" [Wot ut dhu rau'min aaf'tur ? Stond upu mahy baar*u, un dhu)l aa n6o neyd rau-m]. Bailey gives “to rame, to reach. N.C." t Rawmy [rau'mi], of plants, spreading, luxuriant; literally roaming. tRawny [rau-ni], s. a silly fellow. "Tha grat rawny, thee!" [Dhaa grae-t rau-ni, dhey !] Rawny [rau-ni], adj. big, clumsy. "He's a grat rawny fellow, aw legs an' wings" [Ee)z u grae-t rau-ni fel-u, au- legz un wing-z].

(delwedd C4626) (tudalen 312)	312 FOLK -SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tRawp [rairp], v.a. to scratch. "Hoo flew at him as if hoo wanted rawp his eyes ait” [60 fl6o aat- im uz iv 60 waan-tid rau-p iz ahyz aayt]. Rawsy [rairsi], adj. of yarn and the like stuffs, rough, coarse. tRaw-yed [rau--yed], s. a simpleton. RazzOP [raaz-ur], v.a. to exhaust. The word is specially used of two persons of unequal strength working together: the stronger razzors the weaker. "I conna stond William mowin' after mey; hey'll soon razzor mey" [Ahy kon-)u stond Wil'yum moa'in aaf'tur mey ; ey)l s6on raazur mey] . It has, however, a more general signification ; and the p. part, (as in "he was finely razzort") takes on a further idea or suggestion of nervous exhaustion or worry the meaning, in fact, may be said to lie somewhere between "fagged" and "worried." Cp. Mr. Holland's rassert and Colonel Leigh's razzored. Razzor-baeked [raaz-ur-baakt], adj. narrow-backed, of animals. "A boss like that inna my sort; hey's too razzor-backed for mey" [U os lahyk dhaat i)nu many sau'rt; ey)z too raaz*ur-baakt fur mey]. tRear [rae-r], v.a. to raise, to mould the crust of a raised pie. "I've bin agate aw mornin' rearin' pork-pies" [Ahy)v bin ugy'ai-t au' mau-rnin rae-rin poa-k-pahyz]. tRearin' [rae-rin or reyurin] ) s. a calf which is being reared. Rearin' eauf [kau-f] j "Promising well-bred rearing heifer calf." Auctioneer's catalogue (Cholmondeley), August 30th, 1887. Reckon up [rekn up], v.a. to rebuke, chastise. "That lad o' yo'res has bin gettin' pears i' ahr orchart ; an' mester wants know if yo binna gooin' draw him o'er th' coals for it." "Tell him ah've reckont him up a'ready” [Dhaat- laad- u yoa-rz uz bin gy'et-in pae-rz i aa-r au-rchut ; un mes'tur waan-ts noa- iv yoa- bin)u g6o-in drau' im oa-r)th koa'lz for it. Tel im ah)v rek-nt im up ured'i].

(delwedd C4627) (tudalen 313)	GLOSS AKY. 313 t Redden up [red-n up], v.n. to become of a bright colour; said of the combs of hens. "The hens begin'n to redden up" [DM enz bigy'in-n tu red-n up]. This is a sign that they are going to lay. tReddy [red-i], v.a. to comb out the hair. Reddyin'-eomb [red-i-in-koa-m], s. a hair-comb. Red rag" [red raag-], s. (1) a slang word for the tongue. (2) See following article. Red-rag; [red-raag-] or red-red [red-red-], s. the red comb of a turkey-cock. Children are wont to call to turkey cocks, "My red-red's better than thy red-red" supposing that this aggravates them. tReean [reyun, reeun], s. a rut, the space between the furrows in a ploughed field, the ridges in pasture. A correlative to butt. tReean- wauted [reyun- wau-tid], part. adj. (I) lying supine and unable to get up. The term is originally applied to a sheep which has rolled over on its back in a "reean," and finding that it is unable to recover itself, lies there until help arrives, as a man said to me in describing an occurrence of the kind, "as quaiet as a tatoe" [uz kwarut uz u tartu]. (2) The word is metaphorically applied to persons ; e.g., a tipsy man who had fallen down and was unable to get up again would be said to be reean-wauted. See Want. Reeehy [ree-chi], adj. smoky. "The chimley's despert reechy" [Dhu chinrli)z des-purt ree-chi]. Compare Scotch reeky, as in “Auld Reekie;" and see Shak. Coriolanus, II. i., "the kitchen malkin pins her richest lockram 'bout her reecliy neck." Reef [reef], adv. lief. BURLAND, but not common. "I'd reefer go till stop a-wom" [Ahy)d ree-fur goa- til stop u)wonr]. Reely [ree-li], adj. lanky; lit. like a rail. Reenpike [ree-n-pahyk], s. an old, rotten branch in a tree. "Tak

(delwedd C4628) (tudalen 314)	314 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. that owd reen-pike worn wi' thee; it's a rare fire-stick haft" [Taak* dhaat' uwd ree'ii-pahyk worn wi dhi; it)s u rae - r fahyur-stik aaf-t]. Cp. Mr. Holland's rampicked. Height [reyt, re"et], adj. right, real, true. "Hoo's areight Starkey" [6o)z u reyt Staa-rki]. Height-dam [reyt-daayn], adj. and adv. downright. “Yo'm a reiglit-ddin bad 'un, that's what yo bin, an' nowt else" [Yoa-)m u reyt-daayn baad- un, dhaat'Js wot yoa- bin, un nuwt els]. tReist [reyst], s. the breast of a plough. Also called the mould-board (q.v.). Reisty [reysti], adj. of bacon, rancid. “Dun yo caw this beecon? It's nasty, reisty stuff" [Dun yu kau- dhis bee-kn? It)s naas'ti, reysti stiif]. tRemember \| v.a. to remind. "Remember me Remember on [rimem-bur on] ) on to bring some sago from Whitchurch" [Bimenrbur mey on tu bring sum sai-gu frum Wich-urch]. Compare Shak. Winter's Tale, III. ii. 231, “I'll not remember you of my own lord;" and Measure for Measure, II. i. 114 (Globe ed.). f Render [ren-dur], v.a. to melt down; said of lard, suet, goose-oil, &c. t Rest-piece [res't-peys], s. a piece of land that had not been ploughed for a long time. “It's an owd rest-piece, that is; it hanna bin ploo'd for the memory o' noo livin' mon" [It)s un uwd res-t-peys, dhaat- iz ; it aa)mi bin plood fur dim mem-uri u noo livin mon]. tRetch [rech], v.n. to stretch. Bailey has the word. Rick [rik-], v.n. to utter the noise made by a guinea-fowl, “Hearken 'em rickin'“ [Aa'rkn um rik -in]. iRid [rid-], v.a. to clear land, to stub up furze, pull up a hedge, &c. "We ridded the hedge as parted the two crafts, an' maden a good-sized meadow on 'em" [Wi rid-id dhu ej uz paa*rtid dhu t6o kraaf-ts, un mai'dn u gud'-sahyzd rned'ii on um].

(delwedd C4629) (tudalen 315)	GLOSSARY. 315 tRiddamadeasy [rid-umudee-zi], s. a "Reading made easy," a child's primer. Riddin's [rid'inz], s. a common name for a field, e.g., the Fish Riddin's. Its original meaning was a field that had been "ridded" or cleared. tRidge-pOW [rij'-puw], s. (1) the topmost piece of wood in a roof. (2) the cross-pole that supports a stack-sheet. IRift [rif't], v.a. to belch out; e.g., "to rift the wind up." Bailey gives the word for Lincolnshire. tRiftin'-full [rif-tin-ful-], adj. full to repletion. tRiggut [rig-ut], s. a channel, gutter. "They bin makin' rigguts all o'er yonder meadow" [Dhi bin markin rig'iits au'l oar yon-dur med-u]. Miss Jackson, s.v. Rigot, quotes Randle Holme : "Channeling the sole is making a riggett in the outer sole for the wax thread to lie in." Academy of Armoury, Bk. III., c. in., p. 99. Riggut [rig-tit], v.a. coire. Rindle [rin-dl], s. a rivulet. Bailey has "Rindle, a small gutter." A.S. rynele, a stream, runnel. Ring [ring-], v.a. (1) to call bees together when swarming, with a sharp, ringing noise, as of iron or brazen instruments beaten together. This is called * ringin' the bees." (2) to ring pigs is to put rings through their snouts, to hinder them from "rooting" in the earth. t Ringer [ringg-ur], s. a crow-bar. tRing-stake [ring --stark], s. the stake to which the cows are tied in the boozies. Also called BOOZY- STAKE. Rip [rip-], v.n. to go furiously. "Hoo ripped, an' I held" (of a restive mare) [60 rip-t, un ahy eld]. Cp. E. tear along. The common slang adjective ripping is connected by Cheshire people with this verb, and one often hears a conversation like the following: “Hai bin yo." “Rippin', like a boat-hoss, on'y

(delwedd C4630) (tudalen 316)	316 FOLK- SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. short o' meat (food)” [Aay bin yu? Kip-in, lahyk u boai-os, oa-ni shau-rt u mee-t]. f(2) to behave in a violent or furious manner: Rippin' an' tearin' Cossin' an' swearin' [Bip-in un tae-rm, kos-in un swae-rin]. tRip [rip-], s. (I) a worthless person. (2) a lean, broken-down horse. “Come up, owd rip." RippGP [rip-ur], s. (1) a term of commendation applied to a person, animal, or thing, “Hoo's a ripper, an' noo mistake" [6o)z u rip-ur, un n6o mistai-k]. (2) a short, strong scythe. Called in Mr. Holland's Glossary a Hodding -scythe. See his article s.v. for a description. Ripstitch [rip-stich], s. a romping, boisterous, irrepressible child, who is always "ripping his stitches," i.e., tearing his clothes. "What a little ripstitch yo bin, Mary! I declare I may do nowt else bu mend after yo" [Wot u lit'l rip-stich yoa- bin, Mae-ri! Ahy diklae-r ahy mi doo nuwt els bu mend aaf-tur yu]. Rise [rahys], s. pea-sticks. Rise [rahys], v.a. to furnish growing peas with supports. tRit [rit-], s. (1) the smallest pig in a litter. "Hoo's a pretty good 'un for lookin' after a sai wi' pigs ; hoo taks notice as the rit inna put upon" [6o)z u port-i gud un fur loo-kin aaf-tur u saay wi pig-z; 60 taak's noa-tis uz dhu rit- i)nu put upon-]. (2) the weakling of a family of children; the smallest or most sickly child. tRizzom [riz-um], s. the head of the oat. "Theise wuts bin well-mzowed" [Dheyz wuts bin wel-riz-umd]. Compare the very rare M.E. word risonis (pi.), heads of oats, which occurs in the Wars of Alexander, 1. 8060 (probably an aTrag AeAey/*evov in Middle English). Roche [roa-ch], s. a sort of soft sandstone, much used to mend

(delwedd C4631) (tudalen 317)	GLOSSARY. 317 bye-roads, and the like, with. Wilbraham has "Roche, refuse stone." Probably from Fr. roche, rock. Rochy [roa-chi], adj. full of rocJie, partaking of the nature of roche ; said of soils. See preceding article. Roded [roa-did], part. adj. streaked, striped. “I've gotten as nice a bit o' roded beecon for thy breakfast as was ever set afore anny mon" [Ahy)v got-n uz nahys u bit u roa-did bee-kn fur dhi brek-fust uz wuz evur set ufoa-r aan-i mon]. u That cat's very nicely roded” [Dhaat ky'aat)s veri nahysli roa-did]. Mr. Holland limits the meaning too much in confining it to its application to bacon. Rodney [rod-ni], s. an unevenly-made marble. Roger [roj-ur], s. the paunch of a pig. TUSHINGHAM. The more general word is HODGE. As proper names, of course, Hodge : Eoger :: Jack : John. Roguery [roa-guri], s. mischief, in a passive as well as an active sense. "I seed as th' owd mare was gooin' leem ; an' I couldna be easy than I'd fund a'it wheer the roguery was" [Ahy seyd uz)dh uwd mae-r wuz goo-in. lee-m; un ahy kud-)nu bi ee-zi dhun ahy)d fund aayt we"eur dim roa'guri woz], i.e., where the mischief lay, what was the cause of her limping. Rollock [rol-uk], v.n. to walk with a rolling gait. Rolloeks [rol-uks], v.n. to rollick, be merry. “We'dn a rollocksin' time on it, an' never won i' bed aw neet” [Wi)dn u rol-uksin tahym on it, un nevur wun i bed au- n^et]. Romance [roa-maairs], s. exaggeration; a love of “drawing the long bow." "He's gotten sich a lot o' romance abait him; yo never known hai much believe when he's towd yo his tale" [6e)z got'ii sich u lot u roa'*maan's ubaayt im; yoa' nevur noa-n aay much bileyv wen ee)z tuwd yu iz tail]. t Romance [roa-maan-s], v.n. to exaggerate, make up a fictitious narrative. “Yo bin sadly too much gen to romanciri” [Yoa-bin saad-li t6o much gy'en tu roa"maairsin].

(delwedd C4632) (tudalen 318)	318 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Romble [ronrbl], v.n. to romp or climb upon. "I'm pestert to jeth wi' theise cbildern rombliri on (or ' agen ') me an' pooin' me aw roads" [Ahy)m pes-turt tu jetb wi dbeyz chil-dum ronrblin on (ugy'en-) mi un p6o-in mi air roa-dz]. Rompilent [ronrpilunt], adj. high-spirited, restless; said of a horse. “That boss is a jell too rompilent ; be should ha' less curn, an' moor to do" [Dhaat- os iz u jel t6o ronrpilunt ; ee shud aa les kuurn, un m6our tu d6o]. Rondle [ron-dl], v.a. f (1) to twist the short hair about the temples between the fingers ; a frequent method of bullying. (2) to knock up, exhaust. "I've lommered this basket o' butter to Nantweich an' back, an' it's regilarly rondlet me up ; if yo'n beleive mey, mester, my back aches a-that'n than I can hardly shift my legs, an' I'm fit drop wi' tire” [Ahy)v lonrurd dhis baas-kit u but-ur tu Naantweych un baak', un it)s reg'ilurli ron'dlt mi up ; iv yoa)n bileyv mey, mes'tur, mi baak- arks u)dhaat'n dhun ahy)kn aa-rdli shif-t mi legz, un ahyjm fit drop wi tahyur]. Ronk [rongk], adj. f (1) crafty, bad, dangerous. “Hey's a ronk mon to deeal with” [Ey)z u rongk mon tu deeul widh]. The word expresses the union of cunning with depravity, and is one of the strongest terms in the dialect. There is no more expressive way of stigmatising a person's character than by saying “Oh, he's ronk." t(2) foul- smelling, noisome. (3) said of a wasp's nest where the wasps are numerous and angry. “There's a larp's neist up the cow-lane, as we bin gooin' tak to-neight after dark ; it's as ronk an owd beggar as there is raind this country” [Dhur)z u laa'rps neyst up dhu ky'aaw-larn, uz wi bin g6oin taak* tuneyt aaf'tur daa'rk ; it)s uz rongk un uwd beg-ur uz dhur iz raaynd dhis kun-tri]. Ronk is, of course, the same as the E. rank, and has the ordinary meaning of "luxuriant, rich, fertile," e.g., ronk ripe = fully ripe. In connection with this meaning we have a common expression “as ronk as Koodee," which I refer to specially here as I see it is quoted

(delwedd C4633) (tudalen 319)	GLOSSARY. 319 by Leigh thus “as rouk as th' Koodee." This is, to my mind, an evident misprint for ronk. As Leigh's book was never finally revised by himself before his death, it is obvious that such a mistake might very easily have crept in. Rooster [roostur], v.n. to stay idling indoors; always used with some qualifying word or phrase, like "i' th' liaise “= in the house. “What a red face yo'n gotten ! yo'n bin roosteriri o'er th' fire" [Wot u red fai-s yoa')n got-n! yoa-)n bin roo-sturin oa-r)th fahyur]. Root [root], v.n. t(l) to pry. "What's he want, rootin' into other folks'es busin'ss?" [Wot)s 6e waan't, r6otin nrtu udlrur foa-ksiz biz-ns ?] (2) to idle or lounge about. “Yo bin auvays rootin' abowt, bur I never sey yo rammin' into th' work" [Yoa* bin au'viz r6o-tin ubuwt, bur ahy nevur sey yu raanrin hrtu)th wuurk]. A mother will tell her children not to "get rootin' in her road;" and an idle person is often reproached with "rootin' i' the halse" or “the ess-hole" all day long. tRoot-wauted [r6o-t-wau-tid], pret. and p. part, pulled up by the roots ; said of a tree. Rooty-tOOty [roo'ti-too'ti], s. a fete, festivity. TUSHINGHAM. ' 'There was a rooty -tooty at Cholmondeley last Setterday, an' everybody from raind abowt went bu' mey; my hee wanted seein' to, so we saiten (= set) on it, an' gotten it done" [Dhur wuz u roo-ti-t6o-ti ut Chunrli laas- Set-urdi, un evribod-i Mm raaynd ubuwt went bu mey ; mahy ee- waan-tid seyin too, soa* wi sai'tn on it, un got'n it dun]. Compare KOWDY-DOWDY. Roozle [roo-zl], v.a. to rouse. “I was snousin' awee cowmfortable enough, when y5 roozlecl me up" [Ahy wuz snaawzin uwee* kuwmfurtubl unuf-, wen yu roo-zld mi up]. "Fatch me a fyow chats, an' we'n try an roozle the fire up" [Faaclr mi u fyuw chaat's, un wi)n trahy un r6ozl dhu fahyur up]. Ropes [roaps], s. pi. the entrails of a sheep. A.S. roppas, bowels.

(delwedd C4634) (tudalen 320)	320 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Bailey has “Ropes, Guts. N.C. ;" and again, "Ropes, Guts prepared and cut out for Black Puddings. S.C." tRopy [roa-pi], adj. of bread, viscous, stringy. "Pox tak this blessed bread! it's ropy again, same as last batch" [Poks taak-dhis bles-ud bred! it)s roa-pi ugy'en-, sarm uz laas- baach-]. Bailey gives "Ropy, clammy, slimy." tRotS [rots], s. pi rats. "To have the rots" is to have the bailiffs in the house. t Roughed [rufd], p. part, of horses' shoes, made rough, as with frost -nails. Rough-filled [ruf-fil-d], adj. fed on plain food. “Wey han plenty, if we bin bu' rough-filled r” [Wey aan- plenii, iv wi bin bii ruf-fil-d]. t Rough leeaf [ruf leeuf], s. the second leaves of turnips, &c. “They'n gotten into th' rough leeaf; they'n be clear from th' fley, nai" [Dhijn got-n in-tu)th ruf leeuf; dhijn bi tleeur frum)th fley, naay]. Rough-sorted [ruf-sau-rtid], adj. rough in manner and speech. "Ay, he's a rough-sorted 'un an unto'artly yowth, is Joe" [Aay, ee)z u ruf-sau-rtid un -un untoa-urtli yuwth, iz Joa-]. Rowdy-dowdy [ruw-di-duw-di], s. a merry-making. NOKBUBY. Cp. ROOTY-TOOTY. Rowelled [raaw-ild], p. part. Calves are said to be rowelled when the loose flesh of the throat is pierced, and a string passed through the hole thus made. This is done to prevent them having a “stroke." Rubbitch [rub-ich], s. rubbish; a term of depreciation applied to persons. “The little rubbitch has gone stravin' off, an' left mey aw theise pons to cleean an' put awee” [Dhu lit-1 rub-ich uz gon strai-vin of, un left mey au* dheyz ponz tu kleeun un put uwee-]. Rubbitchin' [rub-ichin], adj. rubbishy. u There was a mon i' the fair wi' some rubbitchiri cheise as he wanted ommost gie

(delwedd C4635) (tudalen 321)	GLOSSARY. 321 me ; bur ah wouldna tak such rubbich, nut if he'd ha' gen 'em me for nowt” [Dhur wuz u mon i dhu fae*r wi sum rubichin cheyz uz ee waan-tid onrust gy'i mi ; bur ah wud)nu taak-sich' rub'ich, nuut iv ee)d u gy'en urn mi fur nuwt]. tRuek [ruk], s. a heap ; hence a quantity, number. “There was a pratty ruck o' folks at Acton last neight" [Dhur wuz u praat'i ruk u foa-ks ut Aak-n laas- neyt]. See also Book u Rooth, ii. 1. Rucked up [rukt up], p. part, disordered. A housewife will tell you she is “rucked up “when her rooms are untidy, i.e., when the articles are lying in rucks, one upon another, instead of being each in its proper place. The same meaning is expressed by saying that “the things lien aw i' rucks an' yeps ( = heaps) “ [dhu thing-z lahyn au- i ruks un yeps]. Ruckle [rukl], v.a. to crumple. “Wun yo ax yay'r Sam if hey '11 bring me my new frock from Nantweich, an' ah'll do as much for him some dee ; bu' tell him nat to ruckle it up o'er carryin' it" [Wun yu aak-s yai-r Saam- iv ey)l bring- mi mahy nyoo frok frum Naantweych, un ah)l doo uz much fur im sum dee- ; bu tel im naat- tu ruk-1 it up oa-r ky'aari-in it]. Cp. Icel. Jirukka, a wrinkle. Rucklety-tucklety [ruk-lti-tuk-lti], adj. and adv. crumpled, creased; and of the puckers in a dress, gathered up. See preceding article. Ruination [rooinai-shun], s. ruin. “I dunna like the taps to be screwed so tight i' the barrels ; it's the very ruination on 'em, it makes 'em run a'it so bad at after" [Ahy du)nu lahyk dhii taap'S tu bi skrood su tahyt i dhu baarilz; it)s dhu veri r6oinai'shun on um, it marks um run aayt su baad' ut aaf-tur]. Rummadust [rum-udust], s. a row, shindy. “There was a fine rummadust kicked up" [Dhur wuz u fahyn runrudust ky'iki up], Rump an' Stump [rump un stump], adv. phrase, root and branch, v

(delwedd C4636) (tudalen 322)	322 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. without leaving anything. “They'n sowd him up rump ari stump ; he hasna gotten a spoon to eat with" [Dhi)n suwd im up, rump un stump; ee aaz-)nu got-n u spoon tu ee-t widh]. Rump up [rump up], v.a. (1) to smash, incapacitate, unfit for use. "Ah dait my kitchen-cheirs 'un soon be rumped up" [Ah daayt mi kyich-in-cheyurz un s6on bi rumt up]. (2) to make bankrupt. “The mon as come to this farm afore mey was rumped up" [Dhu mon uz kum tu dhis faa-rm ufoa-r mey wuz rumt up]. Run [run], v.a. (1) in a transitive sense, is sometimes conjugated as a weak verb. "I'm welly runned off my legs" [Ahy)m wel'i rund of mi legz]. "Han yo runned this barrel ait?" [Aan* yu rund dhis baaril aayt?] (2) We may also notice here the phrase, "It runs me i' the yed" [It runz me"e i dhu yed]=it occurs or seems to me. Here run is of the strong conjugation, and if me be regarded as a dative, intransitive. Runagate [run-ugit], s. an unstable or unsettled person; a rolling stone. BURLAND. See following article. Bailey has "Runagate, a rambling or roving Fellow." Runagate [run-ugit], adj. roving, unsettled, never at one stay. BUKLAND. "He inna sich a bad lad, if it wonna for them runagate parts (traits.)" [Ee i)nu sich u baad- laad- iv it wo)nu fur dhem run-ugit paa-rts]. tRunner [run-ur], s. a policeman. This word is imitated in the Eomany prastermengro, from praster, to run. S. Sa-ant my Bob [saa-aan-t mahy Bob-], inter j. an exclamation of surprise; probably an intentional deformation of “So help me God." Sad [saad], adj. f(l) close; heavy; said of bread which has not risen properly. “I dunna like this borm; ah dait we s'n ha

(delwedd C4637) (tudalen 323)	GLOSSAEY. 323 sad bread" [Ahy dii)nu lahyk dhis bau-rm ; ah daayt wi)sn aa saad* bred']. (2) pressed down, lying close together, of substances in a vessel. Naturally the word is generally used of dry substances, but I have heard an old woman say that her buttermilk was “sad in “her can, meaning simply that the can was quite full. tSade [sard], v.a. to satiate. “Ah never seed sich lads; yo conna sade 'em o' suppin'“ [Ah nevur se"ed sich laad'z; yoa* kon)u sard urn u sup-in], i.e., give them their fill of milk and bread. “This dumplin's despert sadiri” [Dhis dunrplin)z des-purt sardin]. The pres. part, is often so used in an adjectival sense. Cf. A.S. sad, satiated. Sadn'ss [saad'ns], s. seriousness, earnest. "Ah towd him i' good sadn'ss” [Ah tuwd im i gud saad'ns] = in downright earnest. This is, of course, the old meaning of the word. Compare the well-known passage in Romeo and Juliet, I. i. 205, which plays upon the two meanings of the word, the old and the new. Sen. Tell me in sadness who she is you love. Rom. What, shall I groan, and tell you ? Ben. Groan ? why, no ! But sadly tell me who. Also Much Ado about Nothing, Act V. sc. i., “Pluck up, my heart! and be sad'," ibid. II. iii., "the conference was sadly borne." Saggeryedded [saag-uryed-id], adj. stupid, foolish. "Y6 sagger-yedded young pup” [Yu saag-uryed'id yung pup]. Sale [sari], s. (1) a time, season; only used in the phrase "to have good sale," to have a "good time," get on well. A housewife says she has had good sale at churning, when the butter has "come" easily. A.S. ml, a time, season, also luck; whence E. silly, which see in Skeat's Diet. Compare Essex sele (or seel) as used of the day, or time of day ; hay-sele, hay-time, hay-harvest. For another instance of A.S. a passing into Ches. [ai] see p. 36.

(delwedd C4638) (tudalen 324)	324 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) to “sell a sale “is to hold an auction. For an example, see MONKEY. Salinge [saaHnzh], v.a. (1) to dig about the surface, e.g., in catching rabbits with a ferret. (2) metaph. to inquire, investigate. We often speak of salingin' a person with questions. tSamcloth [saam-kloth], s. a sampler. Mr. Holland apparently gives the term on the authority of Eandle Holme's words (" a Samcloth, vulgarly a Sampler ") ; but it is still in ordinary use in S. Ches. Sammy-Billy [Saam-i-Bil-i], s. a simpleton. NOKBUBY. Cf. SAMMY DINGLE. Sam or Sammy Dingle [Saam-i Dingg-1], s. a foolish person. “Well, yo must be a Sammy Dingle, to beleive a tale like that" [Wei, yoa- mus bi u Saam-i Dingg-1, tu bileyv u tai-1 lahyk dhaat-]. tSap [saap-], s. the soft outside part of timber. SaPIl [saa-rn], inter j. an imprecation. “Sarn it." “Sarn yo." Compare CONSAKN. Sarve [saa-rv], v.a. to serve ; used in two special senses. t(l) to hand up straw, cord, or thatch-pegs to a thatcher bricks and mortar to a bricklayer. “Wheer's Joe ? Tell him go an' wather that bad ca'i." “He conna come ; he's sarvin* thatcher" [Weeur)z Joa- ? Tel im goa- un waat'-ur dhaat baad- ky'aay. ^e kon)u kum ; ee)z saa-rvin thaaclrur]. (2) to feed pigs. “Polly, I shall leeave yo to sarve them pigs to-neight, else I shall be late for chapel" [PoH, ahy)shl leeuv yoa f tu saa-rv dhem pig-z tu-neyt, els ahy)shl bi lart fur chaap-il]. Sarver [saa-rvur], s. f(l) a round, shallow basket, used to hold a feed of oats for a horse. “Give him a good sarver full o' wilts, an' he'll do for a bit" [Gy'iv im u gud saa-rvur nil u wuts, un e"e)l doo fur u bit].

(delwedd C4639) (tudalen 325)	GLOSSARY. 325 1(2) a boy or man who “serves a bricklayer or thatcher." (3) a pig-feeder. “Well, there's one thing ah wull see (= say) for the wench hoo's a rare pig-sarver" [Wei, dhur)z won thingg- ah wul see- fur dhu wensh 6o)z u rae-r pig--saa-rvur]. Sauby-dauby [sau-bi-dau-bi], s. unctuousness, cajolery. "They wanten be steekled up with a bit o' sauby-dauby, afore they'll do annythin' as yo as'n em'“ [Dhai waairtn bi stee'kld up widh u bit u sau-bi-dau'bi, ufoar dhi)n d6o aairithin uz yoa aas-n urn]. See SAUVY, below. Sauce [sairs], s. scolding. “When I've done my best, I get nowt bu' sauce 1 ' [Wen ahy)v dun mi best, ahy gy'et nuwt bu sairs]. Sauce [sairs], v.a. to scold. “The missis 'ull sauce my yed off, if I hanna my work done afore noon" [Dhu mis'iz)! sau's mi yed of, iv ahy aa)nu mi wuurk dun ufoaT noon]. Saucy [sairsi], adj. squeamish. “Key's very saucy o'er his meat" [Ey)z veri sau'si oaT iz mee*t]. Sauve up [sau-v up], v.a. to wheedle, coax. Sauvy [sau'vi], adj. (1) of curd, greasy, buttery. Compare E. salve. (2) metaph. unctuous of speech and manner. Cp. SAUBY-DAUBY. tSavation [sarTarshun or see^vee'shun], s. (1) saving, economy. II Mother, here's one o' my bracers brokken a'ready." “Well, I towd yo there was noo savation i' buyin' sich powse" [Mudli'ur, eeur)z won u mahy brai'surz brok'n ured'i. Wei, ahy tuwd yu dhur wuz 1160 sai^vai'shun i bahyin sich puws], (2) protection. “Tak yur top-cooat alung wi' y5; it '11 be a savation to yur best clooas" [Taak- yur top-k6out ulungg- wi yu; it)l bey u sai'-vai-shun tu yur bes kloouz]. Sawour [saavur], s. a taste, a morsel, a small portion of food. “There's nor a savvour on it left" [Dhur)z nor u saavur on it left].

(delwedd C4640) (tudalen 326)	326 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tSawOUP [saavur], v.n. (1) to savour, taste. "It savvours well." (2) to smell appetising. tSawny [sairni], s. a simpleton. “Tha greet sawny, thee ! If tha doesna mind, tha'll faw off th' scafflin'“ [Dhaa gree-t sau-ni, dhey ! Iv dhu duz)nu mahynd, dhu)l fair of )th sky'aaf'lin]. Scafflin' = scaffolding, by common loss of d. See Chapter on Pronunciation, p. 17, under D (7). Scabblins [sky'aab'linz], s. pi. the leavings of hay-cocks; the remnant left on the ground after the cocks have been loaded. NOEBUEY. "I shall leeave yo to bring the scabblins" [Ahy shul leeuv yoa tu bringg* dhu sky'aab'linz]. Scale [sky'arl, sky'ee'l], v.a. to graze the top of. "It just scaled my hair" [It jus sky'arld mi ae-r], of a missile. So “to seals the bars" is to rake the fire. tScaud [skau-d], s. scald; any hot drink. "Come, owd wench, get me some scaud to warm my inside a bit" [Kum, uwd wensh, gy'et mi sum skau-d tu waa-rm mi insahyd u bit]. In the absence of any defining word, tea would be meant. Science [sahyuns], s. I have once heard the expression "put to science" [put tu sahyuns] in the sense of "put to it," "at one's wits' end." This was from a Spurstow man. Scoche [skoa'ch], s. a blow with a whip or switch. "He ketched me sich a scoclie" pSe ky'echt mi sich* u skoa'ch]. Scoche [skoa'ch], v.a. and n. to whip. "I seed him 'isterdee was a wik comin' through Maupas as hard as he could pelt ; he was scochin' upon that little gree mare o' his'n to some order, an' I said to mysel it was a pity bu' what he'd moor sense" [Ahy seed im isturdee* wuz u wik* kunrin throo Mau'pus uz aard uz ee kud pelt; ee woz skoa'chin upon' dhaat' lit'l gree mae'r u iz'n tu sum au'rdur, un ahy sed tu misel* it wuz u pit'i bu wot ee)d m6oiir sens]. See Scotch in Skeat's Diet. Scoot [skoot], s. a small, irregular plot of ground. "A scoot o'

(delwedd C4641) (tudalen 327)	GLOSSARY. 327 graind's a bit as is weider i' some pleeces till others” [tJ skoot u graaynd)z u bit uz iz weydur i siim plee-siz til udlrurz]. t Scope [skoa-p], s. a ladle with a long handle. Scope [skoa-p], v.a. to ladle out with a "scope." Seoper [skoa-pur], s. a depreciatory term for a man or woman. "Hey (hoo) 's a pratty scoper" [Ey 60 )z u praat'i skoa-pur]. Scorch [skau-rch], v.a. to scratch (of paint, kid gloves or boots, and the like). ScOPe [skoa'r], v.a. to mark with lines ; esp. like scorch (q.v.), to scratch boots, gloves, lacquer-ware, and the like. "Hai this trap is scored! an' it's none sin it was fresh peented" [Aay dhis- traap- iz skoa-rd! un it)s non sin it wuz fresh pee f ntid]. +Seorriek [skor-ik], s. a bit, scrap. "I dunna care a scorrick" = a rap [Ahy du)n-u ky'ae-r u skor-ik]. "There isnur a scorrick o' meat i' the haise" [Dhur iz)nur u skor-ik u mee-t i dhu aays]. tScot [skot], s. a Scotch beast. But any black beast may be so called, and, as Mr. Holland remarks, Cheshire people even speak of a Welsh Scot. Scotch [skoch], s. a drag, something placed under a wheel to keep it still So we often speak metaphorically of “putting a scotch on a person's wheel," i.e., checking him; and to put a scotch on a project is to put difficulties in its way. Scotch [skoch], (1) v.a. to put a scotch on a wheel. “Scotch that wheil, Bill" [Skoch dhaat- weyl, Bil-]. (2) v.a. to scotch a ladder is to "foot" it, and thus prevent its slipping. (3) v.a. to stop, give up. "I fund I was losin' money faster till I was leein' howt on it; so I scotched that job" [Ahy fund ahy wuz loa'zin muni faas-tur til ahy wuz lee -in uwt)n it; soa- ahy skocht dhaat' job].

(delwedd C4642) (tudalen 328)	328 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (4) v.n. to hesitate, stick at. "He scotcJies at nowt" [fie skoch'iz ut nuwt]. Scotch yo [skoch yu], inter/, an imprecation. See 'ODSCOSH YO. Scrallybob [skraaHbob, skrau-libob], s. a louse. From scrawl, to crawl. Scrammaz [skraam-uz], v.n. (1) to scramble, climb; e.g., "to scrammaz up a bonk." (2) to scramble (for coins, marbles, &c.). (3) to get along with difficulty. "I con hardly scrammaz da'in to th' feild” [Ahy)kn aa'rdli skraanruz daayn tu)th feyld], (4) to get away : with notion of fear or stealth. Compare SCRATTLE and SCRAWL. Scranny [skraairi], adj. foolish, simple ; perhaps a variant of CRANNY, which see. Serat [skraat'], s. f (1) the itch. (2) an avaricious person. “Hoo was auvays an owd scrat." t(8) “Owd Scrat “is the devil. Scrat [skraat'], f(l) v.a. to scratch. "Hoo scrat his face tan (till) hoo fatcht blood" [60 skraat* iz fai's tun 60 faach't blud]. Compare M.E. skratten-. (2) v.n. to work hard for a poor living. "I've had scrat hard for what I've gotten” [Ahy)v aad' skraat- aa-rd fur wot ahy)v got'n." To earn one's bread before one eats it is expressed in S. Ches. phraseology by "to scrat afore one pecks." Scratehin' [skraach-in], s. the same as CRATCHIN' in both senses. “That meat 'ull be done to a scratchin'“ [Dhaat* mee-t)l bi dun tu u skraach'in]. “A poor thin scratchin' of a woman “ [U p6our thin skraach'in uv u wurn-un]. Scrattle [skraat-1], f(l) v.a. and n. of hens, to scratch the ground. (2) v.n. metaph. to scratch and scrape for a livelihood. "I've a scrattlin' time on it for get th' money for th' rent" [Ahy)v u skraat-lin tahym on it fur gy'et)th mun-i fur)th rent].

(delwedd C4643) (tudalen 329)	GLOSSAEY. 329 (3) v.a. to get or hurry out of sight. “They'd stown ( = stolen) the tatoes sure enough, bu' they'd scrattlet 'em ait o' seight afore the bobby could come sarch for 'em" [Dhi)d stuwn dhu tai'tuz shoour unuf-, bu dhi)d skraaHt urn aayt u seyt ufoa-r dhu bob-i kud kum saa'rch for um]. (4) v.a. to go or slink off hastily, often with notion of stealth or fear. “Yo'd better be scrattlin 1 off, if yo dunna want th' gaffer ketch yo" [Yoa)d bet-ur bi skraat'lin of, iv yoa dun)u waan-t)th gy'aaf-ur ky'ech yu]. (5) v.n. to hurry, bustle. “Th' owd woman begun scrattle an' get the haise a bit straight” [Dh)uwd wunrun begun-skraat'l un gy'et dhu aays u bit streyt]. (6) to scramble (for money, sweetmeats, &c.). BUKLAND. Scrawl [skrau-1], s. (1) a person of low rank “Ye peen a bob to go in wi the better end, bur it's sixpence to sit among the scrawls" [Yi peen u bob tu goa- in wi dhu bet'ur end, bur it)s sik'spuns tu sit umung' dhu skrau'lz]. "There's nowt bu' scrawls o' wenches gon theer" [Dhur)z nuwt bu skrau'lz u wen'shiz gon dheeur]. Mr. Holland has “Scrawl, a mean man." (2) a difficulty. “Yo'n gotten yursel i the scrawl, an' yo mun get ait hai best yo con" [Yoa-)n got'n yursel- i dhu skraul, un yoa- mun gy'et aayt aay best yoa- kon]. A man, condoling with a gentleman who had been thrown out of a carriage and badly injured, said “It was a terr'ble affair o' y6 droppin' into a scrawl like that” [It wuz a taerbl ufae'r u yu drop'in in'tu u skraul lahyk dhaat]. (3) a quarrel. “There was a pratty scrawl among 'em." (4) a tangle. "Look what yo'm doin', else yo'n have that yorn in a pratty scrawl" [L6ok wot yoa ! )m d6oin, els yoa)n aav dhaat' yau*rn in u praat'i skrau'l]. Scrawl [skrau'l] f(l) to crawl. "There's summat scraiclin' up yur cooat, mester; mun ah fyerk him off?" [For Glossic, see FYEEK]. Cp. M.E. scraulen. (2) to get away stealthily or fearfully. “Hoo gen him sich

(delwedd C4644) (tudalen 330)	330 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. a skerry- coatin' as he never had in his life afore; an' he scrawled off as sneaped as sneaped" [60 gy'en im sich a sky'erikoa-tin iiz ee nevur aad- in iz lahyf ufoa-r; un 6e skrau-ld of uz snee-pt uz snee-pt]. (8) v.n. to quarrel. Principally used in the present participle. “They won terrible feightin', scrawlin' folks" [Dhi wun ter-ubl feytin, skrau-lin foa-ks]. (4) v.a. “Scrawled" in the p. part is used of hay or corn laid by storms. BIOKLEY. Serawlin' [skrau-lin], adj. low, mean; e.g., "a lot o' scrawlin' folks." See SCKAWL (1). Serawm [skrau-m], v.n. to scramble. “Yay'r Ben's gotten i' the hosswesh. Ah seed him scrawmin' up th' bonk" [Yai-r Ben)z got-n i dhu os*-wesh. Ah se"ed im skrau-min up)th bongk]. Mr. Holland has the word in the sense of “scrambling hastily together." tSerein [skreyn], s. (1) a screen, a wooden seat with a high back, and an arm at each end like a sofa. Wilbraham says "Skreen, a wooden settee or settle, with a very high back sufficient to screen those who sit on it from the external air, was with our ancestors a constant piece of furniture by all kitchen fires, and is still to be seen in the kitchens of many of our old farmhouses in Cheshire." He then quotes Tusser's Five Hundred Points: If ploughman get hatchet or whip to the Skreene, Maids loseth their cocke if no water be seen. The screen is still very common in Cheshire farm-houses. See SETLESS (1). (2) a large, square sieve used for sifting coals, gravel, sand, &c. The serein is reared in a sloping position, and the coal or gravel is thrown against it. The coarse part falls down in front of the serein, while the finer passes through it. Serein [skreyn], v.a. to sift with a serein. Screit [skreyt], v.a. to pare nails. A regular occupation of Satur-

(delwedd C4645) (tudalen 331)	GLOSSARY. 331 day night is to get the children "weshed, an' combed, an' semi" [wesht, un koa-md, iin skreyt]. tSereive [skreyv], v.n. to ooze out. A sack of corn may screive; liquid manure in a pigsty is said to screive out. But the word is specially used of moisture exuding from a corpse. Serineh [skrin-sh], s. a small piece or quantity. “Wun yo pleease to gie me a little scrinch o' butter" [Wun yu pleeuz tu gy'i mi u lit'l skrin-sh u but-ur]. Also SCEUNCH. Serineh [skrinsh], (1) v.a. to stint. (2) v.a. to obtain with difficulty, squeeze, extract; e.g., "to scrinch summat" out of anyone. (3) v.n. to cringe, draw the shoulders together ; like crimble (1). “Sey hai hey gos scrinchiri alung" [Sey aay ey goz skrin-shin ulungg-]. This seems to be the English cringe, with s (O.F. es t Lat. ex] prefixed. Serinehin' [skrin-shin], adj. (1) small, of things. "The missis has gen me sich a scrincliiri peice o' bre'n'cheise" [Dhu mis-iz uz gy'en mi sich u skrin-shin peys u bre)n-cheyz]. (2) of persons, niggardly. “Hoo's a scrinchin' owd thing." Scrip [skrip-], s. (1) a snatch. "Hoo made a scrip at th' money" [60 mai-d u skrip- ut)th mun-i], (2) To make a scrip to do anything is to put forth special efforts to do it. Scrip [skrip-], v.a. to snatch. "What bin yo scrippin' at? Yo shan go wi'ait yur butty if yo scrippen at it a-that-ns, same as if yo'd bin born in a wood” [Wot bin yu skrip-in at ? Yoa shun goa- wi-aayt yur buti iv yoa skrip'un aat- it u(dhaat'nz, sai-m uz iv yoa)d bin bau-rn in u wud]. Scroof [skr6of], s. scurf. See chapter on Pronunciation under R (3). Scrub [skrub], s. (1) a worn-out broom. The head of such a broom is very often used for scrubbing purposes. t(2) a mean or dirty person. “Hoo's a dirty little scrub “ [Oo)z u duu'rti lit-1 skrub]. Compare SCRUBBY, below.

(delwedd C4646) (tudalen 332)	332 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Scrubby [skrub-i], adj. paltry. “Tak yur money, an' let me be a'it o' yur scrubby debt” [Taak- yur mun-i, un let mi bi aayt u yur skrub-i det]. Scrunch [skrunsh], s. See SCEINCH. Scrunch [skrunsh], v.a. to crunch, mince. We should speak of "scrunchin" a worm beneath one's feet. This seems again to be a case of s prefixed. See SCEINCH, above. Scuffle [skuf-1], s. (1) bustle, hurry. "We'n bin aw in a scuffle to get the jobs done i' time for market" [Wi)n bin au* in u skuf-1 tii gy'et dhu jobz dun i tahym fur maa-rkit]. (2) a Dutch hoe, an instrument used to cut off weeds at the roots. Du. schoffel. Scuffle [skuf'l], v.a. and n. (1) to bustle, hurry. "I conna scuffle abowt as I used to could" [Ahy kon)u skuf'l ubuwt uz ahy yoost tu kud]. "We mun scuffle this bit o' work together" [Wi mun skuf'l dhis* bit u wuurk tugy'edh'ur]. (2) to hoe weeds. "He's scuffliri i' the garden" p&e)z skuf'lin i dhu gy'aa'rdin]. “Go an' scuffle them turmits." tScuft [skuf-t], s. (1) a cuff, box. "Give him a scuft aside o' th' yed” [Gy'iv im u skuft usahyd u)th yed]. (2) the scruff of the neck. Scuft [skuft], v.a. to cuff, box the ears. "I'll scuft thee till tha doesna know wheer tha at” [Ahy)l skuft dhi til- dhaa duz)nu noa 4 wee-ur dhaa aat']. tScutter [skut-ur] (1) v.n. to "scuttle" off, depart hastily. "Well, I mun be scutteriri 1 off" [Wei, ahy mun bi skut'urin of]. (2) v.a. to scramble (money, nuts, and the like), i.e., to scatter in order to be scrambled for. ' * Hutter-scutter, off it gos ! ' ' [Ut-ur-skut-ur, of it goz !] is the ordinary expression used by the person who scatters the nuts, &c., when he releases them from his hand. See [sey, see], v.a. (1) "I'll see if you do such and such a thing" means "I'll see that you do not do it."

(delwedd C4647) (tudalen 333)	GLOSSAKY. 333 (2) “To see at “is used in the sense of “to look at." “See at him, theer" [See aat' im, dheeur]. Seedle raind [see-dl raaynd], v.n. to get or sidle round, coax, wheedle. Seek [see'k], s. a leak. "There's a seek i' this dreen somewheer" [Dhur)z u see-k i dhis dree-n sunrweeur]. Cp. Yorksh. sike, a channel. Bailey has "Sick, Sike, a little dry watercourse which is dry in Summer Time." Seek [see'k], v.n. to percolate; used of water making its way through a wall, dyke, &c. "The reen's seekin' through the hedge-cop upo' th' road" [Dhu ree-n)z see-kin throo dim ej-kop* upu)dh roa'd]. Seem to [seym too], v.n. "To seem to" in the infin. has the meaning of "as regards appearance." "Hey was a decent sort of a mon to seem to" [Ey wuz u dee-sunt sau-rt uv u moir tu seym too]. See-saw [see--sau], s. a common saying. "Well, hai'n yo bin aw this lung time ?" "Ah hanna bin gone a lung time." "Well, ah know yo hanna; bur ah reckon it's one o' th see-saws" [Wei, aay)n yu bin au' dhis lung tahym? Ah aa)nu bin gon u lung tahym. Wei, ah noa- yu aa)nu; bur ah rek'n it)s won u)th see-sauz]. Seg [seg], s. a hard or horny piece of skin inside the hand. "Look at the segs o' my hond; theer's hard work for yo"' [Look ut dhu segz u mi ond; dheeur)z aa-rd wuurk fo)yu]. [seg], v.a. to castrate a full-grown animal. [seg], adj. second. A word used by boys in playing. “I'm fog, an' yo bin seg." fSegged [segd], part. adj. hardened, horny; said of the hand. tSeight [seyt], s. a great quantity. “There was a p'atty seight o folks at Soosebry feet ( = Shrewsbury fete) ; pity it come on so wet" [Dhur wuz a paat'i seyt u foa*ks ut S6o-zbri fee-t ; pit'i it kum on su wet].

(delwedd C4648) (tudalen 334)	334 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Senna-tucked [seiru-tukt], pan. adj. "sinew-tucked," i.e., contracted, of the ligaments of a joint. “I'm despert okkart o' that arm as was hurt theer a wheile back ; it's wi' havin' to howd it s5 lung i' one form, an' it's like as if it's a bit senna-tucked, for it's as stiff as a crutch" [Ahy)m des-purt ok-urt u dhaat- aa-rm uz wuz uurt dhe"eur u weyl baak- ; it)s wi aavin tu uwd it su lungg i won fau-rm, un it)s lahyk uz iv it)s u bit sen-u-tukt, fur it)s uz stif- uz u kruch]. Sess [ses], s. f(l) a pile of slates, bricks, pipes, tiles, "kids," or faggots, &c. (2) a lot, quantity. "They'n gotten sich a sess o' cheese i' the rowm ; I shouldna think they'n had a factor in this turn ( = season)” [Dhi)n got-n sich' u ses u chee-z i dhu ruwm ; ahy shud)nu thingk* dhi)n aad* u faak'tur in dhis tuurn]. SeSS [ses], v.a. t(l) to arrange or pile up bricks, tiles, pipes, faggots, &c. “Yo pitch, an' I'll stond i' th' cart and sess 'em" [Yoa- piclr, un. ahy)l stond i)th ky'aa*rt un ses urn]. t(2) to soak straw with water in preparation for thatching; hence the common expression, “as wet as thatch." (3) to assess ; a mere abbreviation, like 'sizes [sahyziz] for assizes. Set [set], s. an iron wedge held in a twisted hazel rod, used by blacksmiths for cutting hot iron. Set [set], v.a. f(l) to prepare a quantity of milk for coagulation. This includes mixing the evening's and the morning's milk, adding the rennet, and raising the milk to the temperature required. (2) to place manure in heaps upon the field, in readiness for spreading. t(3) to "set in" is to put a batch into the oven. “Th' oon's aw ready for settin' in" [Dh)6on)z au- red'i fur set-in in]. (4) set in the past participle means benumbed. "My hands bin fair set wi' cowd" [Mi aan-z bin fae-r set wi kuwd]. A friend of mine told me he had heard the word used similarly

(delwedd C4649) (tudalen 335)	GLOSSARY. 335 at Cambridge, where a man complained of being "set fast with rheumatics." Setless [set-lus], s. (1) the same as SCBEIN (q.v.). Bailey has “Settle, a wooden bench, or seat with a back to it." (2) a raised shelf of bricks built round the sides of a dairy for the milk-pans, &c. to stand upon. Settlin' [set-lin], s. dregs. Shackabag [shaak-ubaag], s. a lazy ne'er-do-weel. The same as Shacklebag. Shackaz [shaak-uz], v.n. to shirk work. “Eaggazin' an' shackazin' abowt “is a phrase often heard (see KAGGAZ) ; but the pres. part., which is the only part of the verb in regular use, is usually employed adjectivally as follows. (1) apt to shirk work. “Yo mun be after her every minute, or else summat's slimmed o'er for the next and readiest ; I never seid annyb'dy so shackazin'“ [Yu mun bi aaf-tur ur evri min-it, ur els sunrut)s slinvd oar fur dhu nekst un red-i-ist ; ahv nevur seyd aan-ibdi so shaak-uzin]. (2) not to be relied on. "He is so shackazin', there's noo howt o' sich a mon" pfie iz su shaak'uzin, dhur)z noo uwt u sich u mon]. Shacket [shaak-it], s. (1) a night-shirt (not specially a child's night-shirt, as Mr. Holland has it). Mr. Holland's suspicion of this word is entirely unfounded ; it is general throughout S. Ches., and in fact the only word in use for a night-shirt. (2) a long, loose, over-garment worn by persons milking the cows ; commonly used in the compound milkin'-shacket. Shaeklebag [shaak-lbaag], s. a lazy loiterer. "A hoozy sliacklebay of a fellow" [U h6o-zi shaak-lbaag uv u fel-u]. Shaeklebag" [shaak-lbaag], v.n. to loiter, shirk work. Shackles [shaak-lz], s. To be "off one's shackles" is to be very much excited. Sometimes it is "nearly off one's shackles," i.e., nearly beside oneself. “Hoo's bin welly off her shackles

(delwedd C4650) (tudalen 336)	336 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. aw mornin' to get her new frock on, an' be off to th' wakes wi' that wastrel of a lad" [6o)z bin wel-i of ur shaakiz air mau'rnin tu gy'et ur ny6o frok on, un bi of tu)dh warks wi dhaat- wai-stril uv u laad-]. Shade [shard, shee-d], v.n. to take shelter. "I shaded under a trey" [Ahy shardid un-dur u trey]. For another example, see MIZZLE. Shadow [shaad-u], s. a blinker, part of a horse's harness. tShakebag* [sharkbaag], s. a worthless fellow. ShalligOIiaket [shaaHgoanai'kit], adj. flimsy, unsuitable for outdoor wear; applied to a garment. “Yo'n cut a fine swither, when yo getten that shalligonaket thing o' yur back ; I think folks 'un see ' What Dolly-maukin's comin' nai?'“ [Yoa)n kut u fahyn swidlrur, wen yoa gy'et'n dhaat' shaal'igoanai'kit thingg* u yur baak-; ahy thingk- foa-ks)n see- "Wot DoH-mau-kin)z kunrin naay ?"] ? from “Shall-I-go-naked ?" fShandry [shaan-dri], s. a spring-cart, market-cart. tSharevil [shaar-uvil], s. a dung-fork. NORBURY, COMBERMERE, and probably throughout the extreme south of the county, though even here YILVE (q.v.) is the more usual word. Sharpen [shaa-rpn], v.a. and n. to hasten. "Come, sharpen up! or else I'll sharpen thee" [Kum shaa'rpn up, ur els ahy)l shaa-rpn dhi]. Sharps [shaa-rps], s. pi. f(l) coarse sittings of flour. (2) sharpness; only used in the following expression: "If y<5 com'n on to mey, y<5 com'n on yur sharps" [Iv yu kumn on tu mey, yu kumn on yur shaa'rps]. This means, at least in S. Ches., “If you assail me, you'll find your match" (lit. "one as sharp as yourself"). I understand Mr. Holland's explanation to be somewhat different. iShear [sheyur], v.a. to reap with a sickle. Bailey says, "to shear , to reap. N.O."

(delwedd C4651) (tudalen 337)	GLOSSAEY. 337 Sheer-cloth [sheyur- or she"e-ur-kloth], s. a large plaster; what is also called by country- people a “strengthenin' plaster." "I'vj had a sheer-cloth upo' my back a despert lung wheile, bur it dunna help it none" [Ahy)v aad' u she'e-ur-kloth upu mi baak' u des'purt lungg weyl, bur it du)nu elp it non]. tSheid [sheyd], (1) v.a. to spill ; used both of dry substances and liquids. “Yo'n slieid that milk" or “them wuts." (2) v.n. to drop out of the husks; said of over-ripe grain. f Shelve [sheyv], s. a slice, generally a large one. "Cut him a good shelve o' bre'n'cheise” [Kut im u gud sheyv u bre)n-cheyz]. “Give a loaf and beg a shive." Bay's Proverbs. Compare Titus Andron., II. i. 87. Shelve [sheyv], v.a. to cut off a slice. “Missis, the men wunna want aw that loaf with 'em i' th' feilt." “Well, gie me howt on it, then, an' I'll soon shelve 'em some off" [Mis'is, dhu men wun)nu waan-t au dhaat- loa-f widh urn i)th feylt. Wei, gy'i mi uwt)n it, dhen, un ahy)l s6on sheyv um sum of]. SheiveP [sheyvur], s. a slice. "Cut him a sheiver all alung the loaf" [Kut im u sheyvur au-1 iilung- dhu loa-f]. Compare Bailey, “Tall Wood, a long kind of Shiver liven out of the tree, which shortened is made into Billets;" and again, "Shiver, a Pie?e or Cleft of Wood." Also Troilus and Cressida, II. i., "He would punthee into shivers with his fist, as a sailor breaks a biscuit;" and Rich. II., IV. i. 289. See SHEIVE, above. Shell-booard [shel'-boourd], s. that part of a plough which turns the furrow; a corruption of Shield-board. See MOULD-BOOAED, tShem-rent [shenr-rent], adj. rent at the seams; said of shoes of which the upper portion is parting from the sole. “What >rotten rubbitch theise shoon bin ! they'm shem-rent a'ready, an' On'y new a threy-wik ago" [Wot rot'n rub'ich dheyz sh6on bin! dhi)m shenr-rent ured'i, un oa*ni nyoo u threy-wik ugoa 1 ]. Shem-ripped [shem--ript], adj. the same as SHEM-RENT. MACEFEN, and SHROPSHIRE BORDER. w

(delwedd C4652) (tudalen 338)	338 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Sheviton [shevitn], s. an old coat is often so-called, "an owd Sheviton." Shift [shift], s. (1) a woman's shirt. Also called smock, smicket, and shimmy (chemise). (2) a makeshift. "It'll do occagionally for a shift, like" [It)l d6o ukarjunuli fur u shif-t, lahyk]. (3) energy, especially as exhibited in rapid movement. "Hoo's noo shift in her" [Oo)z n6o shif-t in ur]. Shift [shif-t], v.a. to change (the clothes). "I mun go an' shift this shirt o' mine" [Ahy mun goa* un shifi dhis shuurt u mahyn]. Cp. Crabbe, "Shift every friend, and join with every foe." tShippen [ship-in], s. a cow-house. "Th'owd mester wouldna have a word spokken i' the shippens ; if annyb'dy said quack, he was dain on 'em like a cart-looad o' bricks" [Dh)uwd mes-tur wud)nu aav u wuurd spok-n i dhu ship-inz ; iv aan-ibdi sed kwaak-, ee wuz daayn on urn lahyk u ky'aa-rt-16o-ud u briks]. A.S. scypen, a stall. (The popular etymology is from sheep-pen, though the word is used only with reference to cows). Shirt [shuurt], s. "To get a man's shirt out" is to put him in a rage. "He'd soon ha' had his shirt ait, if ye'd said much moor to him “pfee)d soon u aad- iz shuurt aayt, iv yi)d sed much m6our too im]. ShitheF [shidh-ur], v.a. to shed, spill (of grain and other dry goods). "Tak that sugar-basin into th' cupboard ; an' dunna shitherii" [Taak* dhaat- shug-ur-barsin in-tu)th kub-urd; im du)nu shidh-ur it]. tShitter [shit-ur], v.n. to spill, of dry substances; a variant of SHITHER, which see. Shitty- Watty [shiti-waat-i], s. a weak-headed, foolish person. CHORLEY. Shod [shod], s. a small flat piece of iron nailed to the sole of a shoe to protect it. "I've browt thee a pair o' yew (new) shoon from Nantweych; an' tha mun nail some shods on 'em, else tha'll

(delwedd C4653) (tudalen 339)	GLOSSARY. 339 ha' the soles off thy feit directly" [Ahy)v bruwt dhi u paer u y6o sh6on frum Naantweych ; un dhu mun nee-1 sum shodz on)um, els dhu)l aa dhu soalz of dhi feyt durek'li]. Shoe [sh6o], s. a boot. Plural, shoon. Here maybe noticed the phrase "too big for one's shoon," used of a person whose notions are too high for his station, a conceited person. Shommock [shonruk], v.n. to shamble. "That lad shommocks despertly" or "is despert shommockiri on his feyt" [Dhaat-laad shonruks des-purtli iz des-purt shonrukin on iz feyt]. Shonkazin' [shongk'iizin], pres. part, lounging idly about. "Hoo gos shonkaziri abowt, as if hoo'd nowt i' the varsed world to do" [Oo goz shongk'uzin ubuwt, uz iv 6o)d nuwt i)dhu vaarsud wuurld tu d6o]. ShOO [sh6o], inter j. a word used in driving fowls away. tShOO [shoo], v.a. to drive or frighten off, of fowls. “Theer's them hens i' th' pump-fowd agen ; go an' shoo 'em off" [Dheyur)z dhem enz i)th pump-fuwd ugy'en-; goa- un sh6o urn of]. An imitative word ; see preceding article. IShoods [sh6odz], s. pi. husks of oats. Shoot [shoot], v.a. to empty sacks. “Bin them bags o' wheeat shotten yet ? cos the milner's sendin' for aw his bags back again” [Bin dhem baag-z u weeut shot-n yet ? koz dhu mil-nur)z sen'din fur au* iz baag'z baak* ugy'en*]. tShOOter-bOOaPd [sh6o-tur-b6ourd], s. See CHEISE-BOOABD. IShoother [shoo-dhur], s. a shoulder. "To put one's shoother ait" is to be annoyed, or more generally to put oneself out of the way about anything. “I'm nat gooin' put my shoother ait aba'it that" means, I'm not going to let that disturb me. It is hardly = “to take offence," as Mr. Holland has it for N. Ches. tShot [shot], s. an ale-house reckoning. “Yo mun pee your own shot” [Yoa- mun pee- yur oa'n shot]. Cp. Ger. schoss, a tax ; O.F. escot ; mod. E. scot, as in scot-free. Shakspere has shot in Two Gent, of Verona, II. v. ad. init., "A man is never

(delwedd C4654) (tudalen 340)	340 FOLK- SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. undone till he be hanged, nor never welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid." He has also a verb escot, to maintain. “How are they escoted?" Ham. II. ii. Shovel [shuvl, shuvil], s. a spade. (The word "spade" is not used.) "The sexton's shooken his shovel at him" is commonly used of anyone who is failing in health, and evidently near death. For an example, see WANGY. Shovel-tree [shuvl-trey], s. the handle of a spade. Tree is frequently used in M.E. for a bar of wood. Cp. E. axle-tree, and SWINGA-TREE, in this Glossary. Shown [shoa'n], v.a. to show. "If y6 gen me anny o' yur cam-perlash, I'll quick shown yo the road” [Iv yu gy'en mi aan'i u yur ky'aam-purlaash, ahy)l kwik* shoa-n yu dhu roa-d]. The form shown in this example is not due to the fact that the verb is in the infinitive mood, as the n runs throughout its conjugation. See List of Verbs, p. 83. Whether the n, as thus used throughout all tenses and moods, be a survival of the old n of the infinitive (A. S. sceawian) is another question and one which I shall not attempt to decide. tShOWtin'-jef [shuwtin-jef], adj. stone-deaf; so deaf that one has to shout to make oneself heard. Shuff [shuf], s. (1) a push, attempt. “Yo mayn a very poor shuff at it" [Yoa mai-n u veri p6our shuf aat- it]. (2) a difficulty. “We bin in a fine shuff abowt the milkin'; the cows conna be milked afore they'm fedden, an' there's noob'dy abowt the bonk as knows annythin' abowt feedin' 'em" [Wi bin in u fahyn shuf ubuwt dhu rmTkin; dhu ky'aawz kon)u bi mil-kt ufoa-r dhi)m fed-n, un dhur)z n6o-bdi ubuwt dhu bongk uz noa*z aan-ithin ubuwt fe"e-din um]. Cp. SHUFFLE. Shuffle [shuf-l], s. a mess, difficulty. "Yo'd better mind what yo're doin', lendin' them pikels to folks ; the mester'll maybe be askin' for one some o' theise dees, an' then yo'n bey in a

(delwedd C4655) (tudalen 341)	GLOSSARY. 341 shuffle" [Yoa-)d bet-ur mahynd wot yoa-)r doo'in, len-din dhem pahykilz tu foa-ks ; dhu mes'tur)! mai-bi bi aas-kin fur won sum u dheyz dee-z, un dhen yoa)n bey in u shuH]. Shull [shul], s. a pea-hull. fShull [shul], v.a. to shell, or remove the hulls from peas. "Come yur wees here, an' I'll set yS on a job o' shullin' peas” [Kum yur weez eeur, un ahy)l set yu un u job u shul in pee-z]. tShut [shut], adj. rid, quit of. "I gen her hafe-a-'ear's weeges when hoo left, an' glad enough get shut on her at that price" [Ahy gy'en ur arf-u-e"eur)z wee-jiz wen 60 left, un dlaad- unuf-gy'et shut on ur ut dhaat prahys]. tShuttanee [shut-ns], s. riddance. “Good shuttance o' bad rubbitch!" [Gud shiit-ns u baad- rub-ich!] tSide awee [sahyd uwee 1 ], v.a. to put away or aside; said of articles of household use. “Come, side the dinner-things aifae, an' cleean the hearth up a bit, an' may the bonk look summat like" [Kiim, sahyd dhu dinur-thingz uwee', un kleeun dhu aarth up u bit, un mai dhu bongk look siinrut lahyk]. tSide-bOOards [sahyd-b6ourdz] ) . . _ J . _ J J- s. pi parts of a cart. See CART. tSlde-railz [sahyd-reelz] J tSide-razzor [sahyd-raazur], s. the purlin (in S. Ches. [puu'r-lahyn]) of a roof. Sift [sif't], v.n. to gossip. “Theer hoo stood, chattin' an' si/tin' wi some owd yowth" [Dheeiir 60 stud, chaat-in un sif-tin wi sum uwd yuwth]. tSike [sahyk], s. (1) to sigh; to catch the breath. "I took ahr Joe da'in to Bar Mare one dee to beethe ; ah bur he did sihe a bit, when ah got him in” [Ahy t6ok aa i r Joa- daayn tu Baa-r Mae-r won dee* tu bee'dh; aa')bur ee did sahyk u bit, wen ah got im in]. Cp. Piers PI. B. xiv. 326, “swowed and sobbed and syked." (2) to sob. “Yo could see by her shoothers as hoo was sikin'“ [Yu kud s4e bi ur sh6o'dhurz uz 60 wuz sahykin].

(delwedd C4656) (tudalen 342)	342 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Sildom ever [sil-dum evur], adv. very seldom, hardly ever. “He sildom ever gos market nai “p&e sil-dum evur goz maa-rkit naay]. Sin [sin-], conj. and adv. since. Used by Chaucer, Spenser, Ben Jonson, and other old writers. Sing [sing-], v.n. of a cat, to purr. “The full phrase is “singin' three thrums." Cp. THEUM (2). Singlet [singg'lit], s. an undervest of flannel. “Yo'n ketch yur cooth as sure as a gun, if yo tak'n yur singlet off yet a wheile" [Yoa)n ky'ech yur k6oth ush shoour uz u gun, iv yoa taak-n yur singg'lit of yet u weyl]. tSink-deitch [singk'-deych], s. a ditch into which the liquid manure of a farm-yard runs. tSirry [siri], 5. sirrah. "Sirry! Sirry! look here." The word seems to be more or less confounded with Sithee. Its other forms are Surry, and Sorry. Sit [sit'], v.n. of food, to be easily digested, agree with a person. “Polly, here's some caicumbers if they'n sit wi' yo; they bin rather owd; they wunna sit wi' mey when they'm fresh, let alone owd” [PoH, eyur)z sum ky'aaykumburz iv dhai)n sit wi yu ; dhai bin rae-dhur uwd ; dhai wun)u sit wi mey wen dhai)m fresh, let uloa'n uwd]. Sithee [sidh-i], inter j. see thee! look here! "Sithee! ah'll tell thee summat if tha'll keep it squat" [Sidh-i! ah)l tel dhi sum-tit iv dhaa)l ky'ee-p it skwaat-]. Skee-wiff [sky'ee-wif-], Skew-wiif [sky'6o-wif-], Skew-wift [sky'oo-wif-t], adj. and adv. askew, awry, zig-zag. "That cloth's cut aw skew-wift" [Dhaat' kloth)s kut au* sky'6o-wif't]. A crooked line is said to "run skee-wiff across the paper." Skellet [sky'el-it], s. a brass-kettle used for preserving. Compare skillet in Othello, I. iii. 273. Bailey has "Skellet, a small vessel with feet for boiling." Skelp [sky'elp], s. (I) a deep scratch. A mother said to her child who was playing with a cat, “Yo mun bewar on her, or hoo'll

(delwedd C4657) (tudalen 343)	GLOSSARY. 343 gie yo a pratty skelp" [Yoa- mun bi-waa-r on ur, ur 6o)l gy'i yu u praat-i sky'elp]. (2) part of a plough. It goes before the coulter, and pares off the surface of the ground, thus effectually burying the grass and weeds under the furrow which the plough makes. Also called a SKIM-COOTER. Skelp [sky'elp], (1) v.a. to scratch so as to remove or seriously injure the skin. "Hoo's skelped me o'er the hand" [6o)z sky'elpt mi oa'r dhu aan*d]. Burns has the words in one of his poems, "To skelp an' scaud poor dogs like me" (Globe edition, p. 31, 1. 11). (2) v.a. to turn over a very shallow furrow, so as afterwards to cover it by a much deeper one. (3) v.n. to take oneself off. “Come, skelp off." "Wilbraham gives “Skelp, to leap awkwardly, as a cow does." tSken [sky'en], v.n. to squint. Bailey has "To Skime, to look a squint, to glee." (For glee, see GLIDE in this Glossary.) tSkenner [sky 'en-ur], s. a squint-eyed person. Skerrycoat [sky'erikoa-t], v.a. to abuse, scold. "I heerd her skerrycoatin' th' owd mon above a bit, acos he hadna just browt her her arrands reight” [Ahy e"eurd ur sky'er-ikoa-tin dh)uwd mon ubuv u bit, ukoz- ee aad)nu just bruwt ur ur aarundz reyt]. Skerry COatin' [sky'erikoa f tin], s. a scolding. “Well, I mun be moggin' off worn, else my missis 'ull gie me a skerry coatirf “ [Wei, ahy mun bi mog'in of worn, els mahy misiz)! gy'i mi u sky'erikoa'tin], Skew [sky'6o], s. the state of being askew. “Yur line's all on the skew" [Yur lahyn)z au'l on dhu sky'oo]. tSkewbald [sky'6o-bau-d], adj. spotted. As distinguished from piebald, skewbald is brown (or bay) and white, while piebald is black and white. Skewber [sky'6o-bur], s. (1) bustle, fluster; e.g., "to be in a skewber," or "to make a skewber."

(delwedd C4658) (tudalen 344)	344 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) row, scuffle. "Did yo hear the skewber last neight?" "No; there couldnur ha' bin much of a skewber, for it didna waken mey" [Did yu e"eur dhu sky'6o-bur laas- neyt? Noa-; dhur kud nur u bin much uv u sky'6o-bur, fur it did-nu wai'kn mey]. Skewber [sky'6o-bur], v.a. and n. to hurry. "Skewber yur things together," i.e., get them together quickly. Skew-wifter [sky'oo-wif-tur], s. a crooked blow, i.e., a "round-hand" blow, generally with the left hand; distinguished from a blow straight out from the shoulder. "He gen him a skew-wifter wi' his lift hond" p&e gy'en im u sky'6o-wif'tur wi iz lif't ond]. Mr. Holland gives this example, which agrees with my definition; but his own definition is "an unexpected blow." tSkim-COOter [sky'inr-kootur], s. part of a plough; more commonly called a SKELP (q.v.). I Skim Dick [sky'im dik'], s. cheese made of skimmed rAilk. For example, see MA!LY. tSkimp [sky'im-p] ^ adj. scanty, tight-fitting ; said of dress. tSkimpin' [sky'im-pin] / "Yur gown's too skimp" [Yur gy'aawn)z t6o sky'im-p]. Skin ait [sky'in aayt], v.a. to clean out, leave bare. "Wey'm skinned ait o' coal" [Wey)m sky'in-d aayt u koa*l]. t Skinny [sky'in-i], adj. niggardly. “Y5 neidna bey so skinny wi' the butter; put it on as we can sey it" [Yu neyd)nu bey su sky'in-i wi dhu but-ur ; put it on uz wi)kn sey it]. Skippet [sky'ip-it], s. a spoon-shaped implement with a long handle used in draining. Skirt [skuurt or sky'uurt], v.a. to take off the outside hay from the cocks. “We'dn better go an' skirt them cocks, an' give 'em a chance o' dryin' agen th' oander" [Wi)dn bet'iir goa- un sky'uurt dhem koks, un gy'iv um u chaan-s u drahyin ugy'en-)dh oa-ndur].

(delwedd C4659) (tudalen 345)	GLOSSARY. 345 Skit [sky'it-], s. is used in the special sense of “a hoax, a practical joke." “They'd bin pleein' a skit off upon that young Irish chap as lives theer, persueedin' him as bletch 'ud make his beard grow" [Dhi)d bin plee-in u sky'it- of upun dhaat- yung Ahyrish chaap- uz livz dheeur, purswee'din im uz blech ud mai-k iz beeurd groa-]. t Skitter [sky'it-ur], v.a. to scatter or strew sparsely grain and the like dry stuffs. “Go an' skitter some hen-curn upo' the fowd" [Goa- un sky'it-ur sum en--kuurn upu dhu fuwd]. The word is not equivalent to scatter [sky'aat'ur], which is also used in the dialect. Skitterwitted [sky'it-urwitid], adj. scatterbrained. "Well, if I was Mester Done, I wouldna let sich a skitterwitted auf go with a aunty-paunty sperited hoss like that ; he's safe to get his neck brokken some o' theise dees" [Wei, iv ahy wuz Mes-tur Doa-n, ahy wud)nu let sich u sky'it-urwitid au-f goa- widh u au-nti-pau-nti speritid os lahyk dhaat- ; ee)z sai-f tu gy'et iz nek brok-n sum u dheyz dee-z]. tSkrike [skrahyk], s. a shriek, cry. A story used to be told of an eccentric old woman at Burland to the following effect: A messenger came to tell her of the sudden death of her husband, and found her eating a basin of "suppin'." He delivered his doleful tidings, whereupon the old dame quietly replied, “Just weet than I've gotten this spoon-meat into me, an' then I'll fatch up a pratty shrike" [Jus wee-t dhun ahy)v got-n dhis sp6o-n-mee-t in-tu mi, un dhen ahy)l faach* up a praat-i skrahyk]. As I see a similar incident is related by Miss Jackson (s.v. Pyel), we may charitably suppose the old lady at Burland has been libelled. Skrike [skrahyk], v.n. t(l) to shriek, cry. "He skriked laid enough for folks to hear him to Sposta" [Ee skrahykt laayd unuf- fur foa-ks tu eeur im tu Spos-tu]. "If yo leeaven the rit by himsel aw neyt, he'll shrike his guts to fiddle-strings" [Iv yu l^e-uvun dhu rit- bi imsel- au- neyt, e"e)l skrahyk iz guts tu fid-1-stringz].

(delwedd C4660) (tudalen 346)	346 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (2) to weep, even silently. “I can tell by yur een as yo'n bin skrikin'" [Ahy kun tel bi yur e'en uz yoa)n bin skrahykin]. Whose fathers struck France so with fear As made poor wives and children skrike. Ballad of Flodden Field. (3) to creak, of wheels, &c. "Them wheels wanten oil; yo connur ha' oiled 'em properly, else they wudna shrike a-that-ns" [Dhem weelz waan-tn ahyl; yoa kon)ur u ahyld um prop-urli, els dhi wud)nu skrahyk u)dhaat-nz]. Bailey has "to Screak, to make a noise like a Door whose Hinges are rusty, or a Wheel that is not well greased." Icel. skrcekja, skrlka, to shriek. Skwirmidge [skwmrrmij], s. a scuffle. “We'dn a bit of a skwirmidge together a wheil ago, an' I drawed him up" [Wi)dn u bit uv u skwuu-rmij tugy'edh-ur a weyl ugoa-, un ahy drau-d im* up-]. tSlaek [slaak-], adj. hollow; e.g., slaak' plee'S in u feyld]. 'a slack pleece in a feild" [u Slade [slai-d, slee-d], s. a boggy piece of ground in an arable field, which is left unploughed as too wet for grain. Hence Slade-gress, the coarse grass grown on such boggy ground, which is generally reserved for putting on the tops of haystacks. Bailey gives "Slade, a long, flat piece or slip of ground. 0[ld]." Slang [slaang-], s. (1) a patch on a patchwork quilt. t(2) a portion of land, generally a long, narrow portion. "My word, he's mowed a fine slang V [Mahy wuurd, ee)z moad u fahyn slaangg'!] (3) a small square portion of other substances; e.g., of bacon. "Is there anny o' that flitch o' beecon left?" "Ay, there's a bit of a slang” [Iz dhur aan'i u dhaat' fliclr u beekn left? Aay, dhur)z u bit uv u slaangg*]. (4) a long row. "There's six or seven on 'em comin' up the road all in a slang" [Dhur)z sik-s ur sevn on um kum-in up dhu roa-d au-1 in u slaangg-].

(delwedd C4661) (tudalen 347)	GLOSSARY. 347 tSlanker [slaangk-ur], v.n. to lounge, loiter. "Ah rally am ashamed o' the lads an' wenches slankeriri abowt the leens o' Sunday neights, 'stid o' bein' i' chapil" [Ah raeli aam-ushai-md u)dhu laad-z un wensh-iz slaangk-urin ubuwt dhu lee-nz u Sun-di neyts, stid- u beyin i chyaap-il]. Slap at or into [slaap- aat-, in-too], v.n. to dash into, tackle energetically. “We'n slap into that wheeat" [Wi)n slaap-in-tu dhaat- we"eut]. Slar [slaa-r], s. a slide. “Come an' have a star" [Kum un aav u slaa-r]. “Them gallous lads han made a grat lung slar i'th' middle o'th' road, for th' bosses to breek their knees o'er" [Dhem gy'aal-us laad-s un mai-d u grae-t lung slaa-r i)th mid-1 u)th roa-d, fur)dh os-iz tu bree-k dhur neyz oa-r]. tSlare [slae-r] is an affected pronunciation in vogue with would-be fine people. Slar [slaa-r], v.n. to slide (on ice). “The little lads bin gone slar o' the Brick-kil' pits" [Dhu lit-1 laad-z bin gon slaa-r u dhu Brik-il pit's]. Compare SLUR and SLITHER. Slash [slaash-], v.a. to trim a hedge, by cutting off the old wood from below. tSlat [slaat-], v.a. to throw with violence. "Well, yo neidna slat that i' my face" [Wei, yoa- neyd)nu slaat- dhaat- i mi fai-s] = You need not reproach me with that. But the word is likewise of general application. "Slat it o' one side; it's good nowt" [Slaat- it u won sahyd; it)s gud nuwt]. Slathe" [slaadh-ur], v.a. to slide or trail the feet in walking. "Hai yo dun come slatherin' yur feit alung ! Sich a trash-bag as yo looken, bin yo too linty for heave yur feit up when yo walken?" [Aay yoa dun kum slaadh'urin yur feyt ulungg-! Sich- u traash 1 -baaguz yoa 16o*kn, bin yu too lin-ti fur ee'V yur feyt up wen yoa wau'kn?] Wilbraham gives "Slather or Slur, to slip or slide." Slathertrash [slaadh-urtraash], s. one who “slathers," one whose

(delwedd C4662) (tudalen 348)	348 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. shoes or slippers are down at heel; and so generally, a slovenly dressed person, a slattern. Cp. SLATHER, TRASH, and TRASHBAG. fSlatter [slaat-ur], v.a. to spill; a less common variant of SLITTER. “What a slattered mess yo han made !" tSlay [slai-, slee'], v.a. to dry (grass and the like) by exposure to the sun. "This grass inna very well sleen yet" [Dhis gres i)nu veri wel sleen yet]. tSleach [sleych, sleech], v.a. to scoop out liquids; to dip a vessel into a liquid. "Nai, dunna yo go sleechin' i' them milk-pons wi' yur basin; if yo wanten milk, yo mun get it ait o' th' jug" [Naay, du)nu yoa- goa- slee-chin i dhem mil-k-ponz wi' yur barsin; iv yoa waan-tn milk, yoa' mun gy'et it aayt u)th jug]. Bailey has “to Sleech, to dig up water. N.C." Sleak [slee-k], v.a. f(l) to put out (the tongue). "Mother, ahr Jinny's sleakin' her tongue ait at me” [Mudh'ur, aar Jhri)z slee'kin ur tungg aayt aat mi]. Compare SLOTCH (1). Bailey gives “To Sleak out the Tongue, to put it out by way of Scorn. Chesh." (2) to slur, smear. “Yo'n gone an' mixed the black-lead wi' greasy waiter, an' the grid 'ull bi aw sleakt" [Yoa)n gon un mik'st dhu blaak-led- wi gree-si wartur, un dhu grid-)l bi au-slee'kt]. The primary meaning is here "to lick," which connects (1) and (2) together ; then comes the sense of “wiping with a wet brush, or the like;" and finally, the word comes to mean generally "to smear." Sleighty [sleyti], adj. and adv. slighting, contemptuous. "They'n treated me very sleighty” [Dhi)n tree-tid mi veri sleyti]. Sleip [sleyp], s. sleep ; a gummy secretion in the corners of the eyes. “Caw that weshin' yo ! Whey, yo hanna gotten th' sleip hafe ait o'th' corners o' yur eyes" [Kau- dhaat- weshin yu! Wey, yoa aan-)u got-n)th sleyp ai-f aayt u)th kau-rnurz u yur ahyz]. Slim [slim'], v.a. to scamp or slur over work. "Nai, go i'th'

(delwedd C4663) (tudalen 349)	GLOSSARY. 349 nicks, an' dunna slim" (of cleaning windows) [Naay, goa- i)th nik'S, un du)nu slim*]. Cp. SLIMSY, below. Slimmy [slim-i], adj. (I) slurred over, perfunctorily done, of any kind of work. “A good jel on her work's very slimmy" [U gud jel un ur wuurk)s ver-i slinri]. (2) of persons, slurring over work. “Hoo's rather slimmy, hoo wants watchin'“ [6o)z rae-dhur slim-i, 60 waan-ts waach-in]. Cp. SLIMSY, below. Slimsy [slinrzi] , adj. worthless, good-for-nothing. "He's a gammy, slimsy yowth ; the less annyb'dy has to do wi' sich folks the better." For Glossic, see GAMMY. Bailey gives “Slim, naughty, crafty. Lincolnsh." O.Du. slim, O.Ger. slimp, Mod. Ger. schlimm, bad. Slinkaz [slingk-uz], v.n. to loiter. "Whey dunna ye come on, slinkaziri?" [Wey dun)u yi kum on, slingk-uzin ?] Cp. SLANKER. tSlink-meat [slingk--meet], s. unwholesome or diseased meat. Slink- veal [slingk-vee-1], s. the flesh of a calf three or four days old. Apropos of veal of this kind, one often hears the remark, "That cauf never heerd church-bell" [Dhaat- kau-f nevur e"eurd chuurch-bel-], i.e., it was born and killed between two consecutive Sundays. (I see Miss Jackson gives a similar expression s.v. Slink-veal). The word is also used of the flesh of calves killed when suffering from any sort of disease. Slipe up [slahyp up], v.n. to mount a ladder. NORBURY. "Come, nai, slipe up, wheil I howd th' lather" [Kum, naay, slahyp up, weyl ahy uwd)th laadh'ur]. Probably the same as the ordinary slang "slip up." Compare Burns' word slype, used of the slipping of soil in a furrow. tSlippy [slip'i], adj. (1) slippery. "It was a bit slippy wheer th' frost had ketched i' th' neight, an' dam went hoss an' mon i' th' road” [It wuz u bit slip'i weeur)th frost ud ky'echt i)th neyt, un daayn went os un mon i)dh roa'd]. (2) quick; only used in the phrase "to look slippy" = to make haste.

(delwedd C4664) (tudalen 350)	350 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Slipstrings [slip-stringz], s. an unreliable person, one who can never be trusted to fulfil his engagements. A recreant lover was called “owd slipstrings." tSlither [slidlrur], v.n. to slip, slide. It is not used of sliding on ice, nor often of any voluntary movement along a level surface. It is most naturally employed with reference to sloping surfaces; e.g., a person slithers down the stairs or down the bannisters, a horse slithers when he loses his footing in going down hill, or on a slippery part of the road. Slitter [slit-ur], v.a. to shed or spill (dry substances, such as grain). "Fatch some moor coal; an' dunna slitter it upo' th' cleean fowd" [Faach- sum moour koai; un du)nu slit'ur it upu)th k!6eun fuwd]. I Sliver [slahyvur], s. a large, thin slice, generally of a loaf. Compare Shakspere's “envious sliver" in Hamlet, IV. vii. He has also a verb sliver in King Lear, IV. ii. 88. tSlob [slob], s. the outside plank sawn off a tree, when cut up for timber. Mr. Holland has Slab, which is likewise the form used by Tusser. Bailey also gives “Slab, the outside sappy Plank, sawn off from the Sides of a Timber- Tree." Slobber [slob'ur], s. "A slobber o' reen an' snow" [u slob-ur u ree*n im snoa'] is a slight downfall of rain mixed with snow. MACEFEN. tSlommaekin' [slonrukin], s. slovenly, slatternly. E.g., it is slommackiri to go with one's shoes unlaced. tSlop [slop], s. a smock, a white linen coat used for working in. ISlOpStone [slop-stun], s. a sink. Slorry [slori], s. slush. "What a mess this slutchy snow mays o' the roads they bin welly middle-leg deep i slorry" [Wot u mes dhis sluchi snoa' marz u dhu roa-dz dhi bin wel'i mid'1-leg deep i slori]. Slotch [sloch], (1) v.n. to lap, as a dog does. "Dunna let that pup go slotchin' i' the whee (=whey)" [Du)nu let dhaat- pup goa f sloch-in i dhu wee ].

(delwedd C4665) (tudalen 351)	GLOSSARY. 351 (2) v.n. to drink in a greedy manner, or with a loud noise; said of persons. f(3) to spill or slop. "Eh, hai yo bin slotchlri 1 the waiter o'er !” [Ar, aay yoa' bin sloch-in dhu wartur oa'r !] Slotes [sloa-ts], s. pi. (1) See CART. Eandle Holme, as quoted by Miss Jackson, says, “The slotes are the vnder peeces which keepe the bottom of the cart together." Acad. of Armoury, III. viii. 339. 1(2) the wooden cross-bars of harrows. (3) a slote is also an upright bar or plank nailed at right angles to the horizontal bars of a gate. Slug [slug], s. a sluggard, slow mover. Speaking of a mare he had just bought, a farmer said, “Someb'dy sed hoo was a sluy, bur ah sey noo slug abowt her; her ears binna slug's ears" [Siinrdi sed 60 wuz u slug, bur ah sey noo slug ubuwt ur; ur eeurz bin)u slugz e"eurz]. The Prompt. Parv. has slugge, sluggish. tSlur [sluur], verb and noun, a somewhat rare variant of SLAB (q.v.). tSmaek at [smaak- aat-], v.n. to set vigorously to work. "Let's smack at it." Smart [smaa-rt], s. "To pee hard smart fur" [Tu pee- aa-rd smaa'rt fuur] is to pay dearly for. Cp. E. smart-money, Ger. Schmerzengeldi. tSmateh [smaach-], s. a doubtful or bad flavour. Cheese or milk when just beginning to turn sour is said to be smatched, or to have a smatch ; a dirty vessel put into milk or cream is supposed to smatch it; whey burnt in boiling has a smatch, and so on. t Smatch [smaach*], v.a. to give a bad flavour to. “They'n bin givin' the key turmits, an' it's smatched the butter" [Dhi)n bin gy'ivin dhu ky'ey tmrrmits, un it)s smaach't dhu but'ur]. See preceding article. Smay [smee- or smar], v. to shrink or flinch from, to falter. "Dunna yo smay at speakin' yur mind" [Du)nu yoa smar ut

(delwedd C4666) (tudalen 352)	352 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. spee-kin yur mahynd]. The word is often used of a horse which has accomplished a long journey "without turning a hair." “He never smayed." Cotgrave gives F. s'esmayer, “to be sad, pensive, astonied." Smellers [smel-urz], s. pi. a cat's whiskers. “If I know'd hooa'd cut that cat's smellers off, I'd tickle their toby" [Iv ahy noa-d 6ou)d kut dhaat- ky'aat-s smel-urz of, ahy)d tik-1 dhur toa-bi]. Smicket [smik-it], s. f(l) a woman's shirt; a diminutive of SMOCK (q.v.). Bailey has the word. (2) a term of depreciation for a woman or girl. “Hoo's a nasty, dirty smicket" [6o)z u naas'ti, duurti smik'it], tSmite [smahyt], s. a mite, morsel; e.g., "not a smite.'' 1 tSmOCk [smok], s. (1) a woman's shirt. Compare SMICKET ; and 1 K. Henry VI., I. ii. 119. (2) an over-garment made of coarse white linen. Smock-frock [smok-frok], s. a coarse white over-garment; the same as SMOCK (2). "It's like the lad as they tell'n abowt. There was a lad as wonna queite as sharp as he should ha' bin ; an' the parson axed him, ' What did yur godfayther an' godmother promise for y5 i' yur baptism ?' 'A new smock-frock an' a pair o' clogs, Sir '“ [It)s lahyk dhu laad- uz dhi teln ubuwt. Dhur wuz u laad* uz wo)nu kweyt ush shaa'rp uz e shud u bin ; un dhu paarsn aak-st im, “Wot did yur god'-faidhur un god-mudhur prom-iz fo)yu i yur baab-tizum ?" “G ny6o smok-frok- un u paer u tlogz, Sur "]. ISmowch [smuwch], s. a kiss. "He gen her a smouch upo' the lips” [Ee gy'en ur u smuwch upu dhu lip-s]. Smowch [smuwch], v.a. to kiss. "I wunna ha' thee smowchiri mey; tha mun go an smowch that other wench o' thine" [Ahy wu)nu aa)dhi smuwchin mey; dhaa mun goa* un smuwch dhaat* udh'ur wensh u dhahyn]. Smowcher [smuwchur], s. a kiss.

(delwedd C4667) (tudalen 353)	GLOSSAEY. 353 SmUP [smuur], v.a. to smear, leave a mark in ironing. "It's smurred a bit wi' the iron" [It)s smuurd u bit wi dhu ahyurn]. Smush [smush], adj. spruce. “Yo looken despert smusJi i' yur yew clooas" [Yu loo-kn des-purt smush i yur yoo kLSouz]. Smush [smush], v.a. to mash, break or squeeze into pieces. “Smushin' the crud" (curd) is a regular operation of cheese-making, and by many dairy-maids is done by squeezing it through the fingers. Snacks [snaak-s], s. pi. shares; "to go snacks." “Yo munna put yur suppin' dain theer, ur th' cat'll go snacks wi' yo, an' help yo with it" [Yoa- mun-)u put yur sup-in daayn dheyur, ur)th ky'aat-)! goa- snaak's wi)yu, un elp yu widh it]. Bailey has "Snack, Share; as, to go snacks with one." Snack is a Northern form of snatch. Snag [snaag-], s. a snap, bite. “Conna yo stop plaguin' the dog a-that-ns? noo matter if he ges yo a snag" [Kon)u yu stop plai-gin dhu dog u)dhaatnz? n6o maat-ur iv e"e gy'ez yu u Snag [snaag'] 1(1) v.a. and n. to snap. "Dunna touch that dog; he mid snag at yo" [Du)nu tuch dhaat' dog; ee mid snaag- aat* yu]. (2) v.a. to cut off tufts of grass with a scythe ; in which sense it has two special uses, (a) To cut thistles. “Where's William Green?" "He's gone a-snaggm'" or “snaggin' fistles." (b) after a field has been mown by the machine, it is one man's duty to “go a-snaggiri*," i.e., mowing off the patches of hay or corn left standing in the corners and other places, where the machine could not get. Snaggle [snaag -1], v.a and n. to snap; a variant of SNAG (1). Snaiteh [snai-ch], adj. sharp, of extreme heat or extreme cold. “Th' oon's very snaitch" [Dh' 6o-n)z veri snai'ch]. The form Snaitchin' seems to be more common of cold weather. “It's a snaitchin frost" [It)s u snarchin frost]. As applied to the wind, snaitch means "piercing, bitter." x

(delwedd C4668) (tudalen 354)	354 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Snaitehin' [snai-chin], adj. See SNAITCH. Snappy [snaap-i], adj. snappish. "Hoo's as snappy ibis mornin' as hoo knows hai to bey ; lioo'll snap yur yed off if yo speaken to her" [6o)z uz snaap'i dhus mauTnin. uz 60 noa-z aay tu bey; 6o)l snaap- yur yed of iv yii speekn too ur]. Snarl [snaa-rl], s. a tangle. “This cotton's aw of a snarl." Very frequently Snick-snarl. The word is twice used in an article entitled, "A Leap from the Clouds," which appeared in the New York Times, Aug. 10, 1887. “The umbrella -like top (of a parachute) seems to be caught in a snarl of some kind;" and again “He explained the apparent snarl of the parachute by saying there was an irregular pressure of air." tSneap [snee-p], s. a snub, rebuff. “There's that hafe-strained auf of a Turn Woodall makin' ait 'at hai aw th' wenches i' th' country bin after him ; it 'ud sarve him reight if some on 'em 'ud give him a reight-dain good sneap sometime" [Dheeur)z dhaat- ai-f-strarnd au-f uv u Turn Wud-1 markin aayt ut aay au)th wen-shiz i)th kun-tri bin aaf-tur im; it ud saa-rv im reyt iv sum un urn ud gy'iv im u reyt-daayn gud snee-p sunrtahym]. Compare 2 K. Henry IV., II. i. 133. Sneap [snee-p], v.a. (1) to snub. "Hoo's none so e&sj sneaped" [6o)z non su ee-zi snee-pt]. (2) The passive “to be sneaped “often means simply "to be disappointed, and to feel the disappointment." “I thowt I was gooin' get a blanket ; bur ah was sneaped” [Ahy thuwt ahy wuz g6o'in gy'et u blaangkit ; bur ah wuz snee'pt]. (3) to nip, of the frost. "They'n do well if they dunna get sneaped wi' the frost" [Dhai)n d6o wel' iv dhai dmr)u gy'et' snee'pt wi)dhu frost]. Cp. Shakspere's expression “sneaping frost" in Love's Labour Lost, I. i. 100; and "sneaping winds" in Winter's Tale, I. ii. 15. Bailey has “Snaped, nipped with Cold, spoken of Fruits and Herbs." tSneek [snek], s. a drop-latch; a latch lifted by means of a string.

(delwedd C4669) (tudalen 355)	GLOSSARY. 355 I give this word with diffidence, as I have failed of late to verify it, though I have a strong impression of having heard it in my earlier days. I see Mr. Holland gives the meaning simply as “the latch of a door." Cotgrave has "Loquet dune huis, the latch or snecket of a doore." Prof. Skeat sends me the following note: “l Sneck, a door-latch,' is in E. D. S. Glossaries, Nos. 1, 2, 7, and 15. Ray notes that Skinner says sneck or snecket is the string which draws up the latch to open the door. I believe Skinner records an improper use ; and that the true sense is ' latch with a string to it.' “ Sneel-haisen [snee*l-aayzn], s.pl. snail-shells. Sneizer [sneyzur], s. the nose. A slang use. tSnieket [snikit], s. (1) a naughty child. "A nowty little snicket." (2) an impudent or dirty woman; used like SMICKET (2) (q.v.). Snick-snarl [snik'-snaa-rl], s. See SNAEL. tSniddle [snidl], S> the fine, inferior grass which grows in marshy places (Aim ccespitosa). Snift [snif 't] 1 v. n. to sniff, snivel ; to make as though about t Snifter [snif-tur]/ to cry. “Come, nai, it's noo use o' thee beginnin' to snift, for to schoo' tha sha't go" [Kum, naay, it)s noo yoos u dhi bigy'in-in tu snif-t, fur tu skoo dhu shut goa']. Compare SNUFT below, and snufter in the quotation given under SNURT. iSnig 1 [snig'], s. an eel. tSnig" [snig-], v.a. to draw timber along the ground. "Mester, hai mun we shift them planks ?" “Conna ye snig 'em ?" [Mesiur, aay mun wi shif-t dhem plaangk's? Kon)u yi snig- um?] Snig-ballied [snig'-baalid], adj. thin; said of a pig, horse, or other animal. Snippet [snip it], s. a little bit. CHORLEY. "Gie me just a snippet o' flannin” [Gy'i mi just u snip it u flaanin]. Snoodle [snoo'dl], v.n. The same as SNUDDLE and SNUGGLE. Snoozle [snoo-zl], v.n. to have a nap, snooze. Snot-rag [snot'-raag-], s. a handkerchief.

(delwedd C4670) (tudalen 356)	356 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Snotter [snot-ur], s. the nose. A slang word. tSnotty [snot-i], adj. pert, conceited; used contemptuously. Snouse [snaawz], v.n. to sleep. “I was up an' milkin' the key, wheil hey ley snousin' i bed" [Ahy wuz up un mil-kin dhu ky'ey, weyl ey ley snaawzin i bed]. Not equivalent to snooze; it rather denotes a deep and placid slumber. Snuddle [snud-1], v.n. to cuddle. “See ha'i that big, marred lad snuddles up to his mother" [See aay dhaat' big-, maa-rd laad* snud'lz iip tu iz mudh'ur]. Snuft [snuft]. v.a. to sniff. An old man thus described to me the application of ether [arthur] preparatory to an operation on one of his eyes : “Hey leed it agen my nose, an' sed Snuft it,' bur ah pushed it awee, for he was maskerin' me. So then hey put it a-thissa road” (showing me). “An' there was another mon i' the rowm, havin' his eye ta'en ait through pleachin' a hedge. Ah shouldnur ha' liked to ha' had watch ; ah was glad ah was done fost" [Ey lee-d it ugy'en- mi noa-z, un sed ' Snuft it,' bur ah pusht it uwee, fur e~e wuz maas-kurin mi. Su dhen ey put it u)dhisu roa'd. Un dhur wuz unudh'ur mon i dhu ruwm, aavin iz ahy tarn aayt thr6o plee-chin u ej. Ah shud-)nur u lahykt tu u aad- waaclr; ah wuz dlaad- ah wuz dun fost]. Compare Johnson's definition of snuff as “resentment expressed by snufting." Snuggle [snug'l], v.n. to cuddle. More commonly SNUDDLE. Snurt [snuurt], v.n. to snort ; but used only of a horse. Compare Cotgrave, "Esbrouer des narines, to snurt or snufter." Snyin' [snahyin], pres. part, swarming, infested with (generally used of vermin). “Them feilds agen the woods bin snyin' wi' rappits" [Dhem feyldz ugy'en- dhu wudz bin snahyin wi raap-its]. From the verb sny, to swarm. See snee in Halliwell ; and compare Chaucer, Prologue, 345, “Hit snewede in his hous of mete and drynke." Soak alung [soa-k ulungg-], v.n. to go at a steady, continuous pace, in driving or riding. “We com'n soakiri alung aw the

(delwedd C4671) (tudalen 357)	GLOSSARY. 357 wee; we won never off the trot" [Wi kumn soa-kin ulungg* au- dhu wee- ; wi wun nevur of dhu trot]. Probably the same as "to sog alung;" see the example given under SOG. Soaked [soa-kt], p. part, refreshed by sleep; generally, however, used with a negative. “Yo dunna look queite soaked this mornin'“ [Yoa dun)u look kweyt soa-kt dhus mau-rnin]. Compare HAFE- SOAKED. tSoard [soa-rd], s. bacon-rind. A.S. sweard. Note that sward in greensward, derived from the same word, has exactly the same sound in Cheshire [greynsoa-rd]. Compare Prompt. Parv., pp. 482, 506, “Swarde, or sworde of flesche, Coriana; swarde of er]?e, turf-flag, or sward of erth, Cespes." Sock [sok], s. liquid manure. Soder [soa-dur], v.a. to solder. Compare Is. xli. 7, "It is ready for the sodering" Soder up [soa-dur up], v.a. The same as SOTHEH UP (2), q.v. Sofe'th [soa-fetlr), inter j. an exclamation of wonder or surprise = So! faith! Soft-soap [soft-soa-p], s. flattery, blarney. Soft-soap [soft-soa-p], v.a. to flatter, cajole. "Hoo thinks hoo knows hai to soft-soap mey ; bu' soft-soap wunna do for mey, when there's nowt back it up" [60 thingk-s 60 noa-z aay tu soft-soap mey; bu soft-soa-p wu)nu d6o fur mey, wen dhur)z nuwt baak it up]. tSofty [sof-ti], s. a soft or silly person. Sog 1 [sog], v.n. to sway up and down; very like SWAG (1). "Theer he went sog, sog, soggiri on that owd mare o' theirs, an' I towd him he sit a hoss like a bag o' sond” [Dhe'eur 4e went sog, sog, sog-in on dhaat uwd mae-r u dhae-rz, un ahy tuwd im ee sit u os lahyk u baag- u sond]. t Solid [sol-id], adj. solemn, grave. “Nai, tell me solid an' sober what yo meeanen” [Naay, tel mi sol -id un soa'bur wot yoa-

(delwedd C4672) (tudalen 358)	358 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. meVunun]. "What mays yo look so solid?" [Wot marz yu 16ok su sol -id?] "I'll tak my solid oath" [Ahy)l taalr mi sol-id oa-th]. This last phrase is also noticed by CoL Leigh. Qy., is this word confused with E. stolid? fSond-pOt [son-d-pot], s. a bed of wet sand in the subsoil of a field, and generally occurring as I am informed by drainers between two beds of clay. tSonga [songg-u], s. a bunch of gleaned corn. The -a represents an original -al or -le. Cp. BBITCHA, WANGA. Bailey writes Songal, Songle. Wilbraham gives an interesting Latin quotation from Hyde, De Heligione Persarum, p. 398, where "manipulum" is glossed by the author "a SongoU" Wilbraham points out that Hyde was a Cheshire man. See following article. tSonga [songg-u], v.a. to glean. “My mother an' Polly bin gone &-songa-in }” [Mi mudh-ur un Poli bin gon u songg'uin]. A tendency is now (1887) noticeable to adopt the corrupt form tSonger [songg-ur], which I see is the only one Mr. Holland has heard. Bailey and Wilbraham give only the normal Songal, and forms with the vowel termination. Handle Holme, again, has “Gleaning or Leesing or Songoing" See remarks on the termination -le on p. 8 of Introduction to this Glossary. SOO [s6o], s. (1) a whistling sound. See Soo, v. Chaucer has swougli for the whistling of the wind, also for a sigh. See Cant. Tales, 1981, 3619; also Piers PI. B. xiv. 326 (quoted under SIKE). (2) a whirring of machinery. E.g., a man who had been at the Manchester Exhibition (1887) described the noise made by the engines as a “grat soo." (3) a resounding noise or shout. A man, who was describing to me some of the old marling customs of the county, said “When annyb'dy come an' gen 'em (i.e., the marlers) hafe-a-cra'in or five shillin', the fost mon 'ud see, 'There's bin an honourable gentleman here, as has gen us part of a thaiisand paind ;' an* then another 'd tak it up, ' I hope there'll come

(delwedd C4673) (tudalen 359)	GLOSSARY. 359 another,' an' the fost mon 'ud see, 'An' make it a'it;' an' then they'd aw bellack ait as laid as they could gawp, ' An' make it a'it,' an' there'd bey sich a soo across the country as y6 never heerd" [Wen aanibdi kum un gy'en urn arf-u-kraayn ur fahyv shil-in, dhu fos mon ud see 1 , “Dhur)z bin un on-urubl jen-tlmun eeur, uz uz gy'en uz paa-rt uv u thaayzund paaynd;" un dhen unudh-ur)d taak- it up, “Ahy oa-p dhur)l kum unudh-ur," un dhu fos mon ud see, “Un mai-k it aayt;" un dhen dhi)d au- bel'iik aayt uz laayd uz dhi kud gau'p, “Un mai-k it aayt," un dhur)d bey sich u s6o ukros- dhu kun-tri uz yu neviir eeurd]. SOO [soo], v.n. t(l) to make a whistling noise; used, e.g., of the sighing of the wind, the singing of a kettle, &c. (2) to resound, echo. "It kept sooiri i my ears, I dunna know hai lung" [It ky'ept soo 'in i mahy eeurz, ahy du)nu noa aay lungg]. Cp. A.S. sivogan, to howl like the wind. Soon [s6on], adj. early. "It's soon yet" = it is still early in the day. Soople [s6o-pl], v.a. to make supple, to reduce inflammation by external applications. “Yo mun soople the jeint wi' oil, an' yo'n find it'll swage the swellin', an' yo'n bey as reight as a ribbin i' noo time" [Yoa- mun s6o-pl dhu jeynt wi ahyl, un yoa-)n fahynd it)l swai j dhu swelin, un yoa-)n bey uz reyt uz u rib-in i n6o tahym]. tSope [soa-p], s. a "sup," a drop, a small quantity of any liquid. "Wun yo gie me a sope o' whee?" [Wun yu gy'i)mi u soa-p u wee-?]. "We'n had a nice sope o' rain" [Wi)n aad- u nahys soa-p u ree-n]. Not, as W. says, a large quantity, unless sope be qualified by some epithet like good, fair, nice. Soppin'-wet [sop-in-wet-], adj. soaking-wet. "I'll tak good care as noob'dy gets mey up to go mushrowmin' agen ; my feit, an' aw up my legs bin soppin'-wet, an' it's a strange thing to mey if I dunna ketch a bad cooth after it" [Ahy)l taak- gud ky'ae-r

(delwedd C4674) (tudalen 360)	360 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. uz n6obdi gy'ets mey up tu goa mush-ruwmin ugy'en- ; mi feyt, un au* up mi legz bin sopin-wet, un it)s a strarnzh thing* tu mey iv ahy du)nu ky'ech u baad* k6oth aaf'tur it]. Sorry [sori], s. sirrah. See SIBRY. Sother up [soa-dhur up], v.a. (I) to coax. Bailey gives "Glaver, to sooth up or natter." (2) to consume, finish. “Hey soon sothered his money up" [Ey s6on soadhurd iz muni up]. So "sothered up" often means bankrupt; and without reference to money matters, it has the general sense of “done for." Also SOBER UP. SOSS [sos], s. descending force. “What's com'n to that sofy i'th' parlour?" “Whey, the lads won raungin' an' wrostlin' theer, an' they come dain upon it wi' sich a soss than they brokken the springs" [Wot)s kumn tu dhaat* soa'fii)thpaaTlur? Wey, dhu laad'z wun rau'nzhin un ros'lin dh^eur, un dhi kum daayn upon- it wi sich* u sos dhun dhi brokn dhu spring -z]. See following article. tSoss [sos], v.n. to descend with force upon. “Dunna soss upo' that form, or else yo'n smash the legs under it” [Du)nu sos upii dhaat faurm, ur els yu)n smaash dhu legz un*dur it]. I am indebted to Prof. Skeat for the following etymological note on this word : "It is the same word as source (of a river), from Lat. surgere. The M.E. sours, O.F. sours, meant, in fowling, the ' rise ' or ' upward rush ' of a bird. Chaucer uses it of an eagle. It was afterwards improperly used to mean 'rush' only, and then ' downward swoop,' as in Cheshire. The sense 'rush' remained; the direction of the force changed. See Souse in Johnson's Dictionary." For the sense of “downward swoop, 1 ' compare Sylvester, as quoted in Cuthbertson's Glossary to Burns : The falcon With sudden souse her to the ground shall strike. Also see SOUSE in this Glossary. Sough [suf], v.a. to drain. “The men bin soughin' i' the feilds “

(delwedd C4675) (tudalen 361)	GLOSSARY. 361 [Dhu men bin suf-in i dhu feyldz]. A verb formed from the ordinary subs, sough, a drain, sewer. Soul [soa-1], v.n. to go about on the eve of All Souls' Day begging for fruit, beer, money, &c. Parties of soulers go together to all the larger houses in the neighbourhood singing a souling-song. Whatever they receive in response to their request is called a soul-cake. In S. Ches. it is customary for children to go the round in the morning and afternoon, begging apples, pears, &c., or money ; while in the evening older people, such as farm servants, sing for beer or money. The following are the two versions of the souling-song, used by the children : Soul, soul, a apple or two ; If ye han noo apples, pears 'un do ; Please, good Missis, a soul-cake; Put yur hand i' yur pocket, Tak ait yur keys, Go dain i' yur cellar, Bring what yo please, A apple, a pear, A plum, or a cherry, Or any good thing That'll make us all merry. Or the following is preferred if the party wish to "soul" for money rather than fruit : Soul, .soul, a apple or two ; If ye han noo apples, pears 'un do ; Please, good Missis, a soul-cake. The lanes are very dirty, My shoes are very thin ; I've a little pocket To put a penny in. One for Peter, Two for Paul, Three for them That made us all. If there be no response to this touching appeal, the children run away, shouting derisively, Soul, soul, A lump o' coal.

(delwedd C4676) (tudalen 362)	362 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. The souling-sony commonly in vogue with farm servants runs as follows : Here are two or three hearty lads, All in a mind ; We are come a-soulin\ Good nature to find. Go dam i' yur cellar, See what yo can find Ale, beer, or brandy, Or the best of all wine ; But if you will give us One jug of your beer, We'll come no more a-soulin', Until another 'ear. The lines given in the second song, beginning, "The lanes are very dirty," down to the end, are also often repeated or sung, if the soulers wish for money, instead of, or in addition to, beer. tSour-doek [saawur-dok], s. the common Sorrel. tSourin' [saawurin], s. (1) vinegar. Cp. SOUESTUFF, below. (2) buttermilk put into cream to make it sour enough for churning. Sour-stuff [saawur-stuf], s. vinegar. "Wun yo have a bit o' sour-stuff wi' yur meat?" [Wun yu aav u bit u saawur-stuf wi yur meei]. t Souse [saaws], v.a. to beat about the face or head. “Souse his yed for him" [Saaws iz yed for im], Thoresby's Letter to Bay gives “Souse on the ears, i.e. box." Lit. to “come down on." See Soss, above. SOW [suw], s. \|(1) the wooden collar by which cows were formerly, and may still be occasionally, tied in the boozies. Formed from sole (A.S. sal, a rope), as [duw] for E. dole, alms. (2) descending force, impetus ; e.g., "to come dam with a sow." SOW [suw], v.n. to descend with force. Short for E. souse; compare E. row from rouse, a drinking-bout, uproar.

(delwedd C4677) (tudalen 363)	GLOSSARY. 363 fSpadger [spaaj-ur], s. a sparrow. f Spang-few [spaang--fy6o], v.a. to jerk into the air by means of a lever. The same as TKAP and TRAP-STICK (q.v.). Sparrables [spaarublz], s. pi. “sparrow-bills" small, headless nails which are put into shoe-soles. "A tooathry sparrables knocked into the side o' this sole 'ud keep it from wearin dam, an' help it last lunger” [U t6o-uthri spaarublz nokt nrtu dhu sahyd u dhis soa'l ud ky'ee'p it frum wae'rin daayn, un elp it laas-t lungg-ur]. Eandle Holme has “Sparrow Bills, Nails to clout Shoes withal." tSparrub [spaarub], s. the ribs of a pig, when killed; or to quote Eandle Holme's definition, as given by Miss Jackson, “The Spar-ribs, the Eibs when they are cut from the sides of such Pork as is intended for Bacon." Spattle [spaat-1], s. a spot of dirt, bespatterment. "My frock's aw o'er spattles wi' walkin' through the mud" [Mahy frok)s au- oa-r spaat-lz wi wau-kin thr6o dhu mud]. Spattle [spaati], v.a. f(l) to bespatter, splash. "Whatever han yo done wi' yur frock, Mary?" “Oh, it's nobbut a bit spatilet wi' walkin'“ [Wotevur aan' yoa* dun wi yur frok, Mae-ri ? Oa', it)s nob'iit u bit spaat'lt wi wau'kin]. (2) to slap-dash with white on a black ground. The chimney-pieces in old-fashioned kitchen fire-places were frequently so spattled. (3) to pepper with shot. “Them brids bin on the wheeat agen; if I can get cloose enough up to 'em, I'll spattle 'em with a toothry shot" [Dhem brid-z bin on dhu weeut ugy'en- ; iv ahy)kn gy'et k!6os unuf- up t6o um, ahy)l spaat-1 um widh u too-thri shot]. (4) to fritter away, spend. “Ay, he'll soon spattle his bit o' money awee ; meebe he'll be reight when it's aw gone “ [Aay, e"e)l soon spaati iz bit u mmri uwee- ; mee-bi ee)l bi reyt wen it)s au- gon]. See SPATTLIN' -BRASS, below. Spattlin'-brass [spaat'lin-braas-], s. spending-money, pocket-

(delwedd C4678) (tudalen 364)	364 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. money. “Yo can bring me a new lash for my whip, an' tak what's ait for spattliri -brass" [Yoa-)kn bring- mi u ny6o laash-fur mi wip-, un taak' wot)s aayt fur spaatlin-braas]. See SPATTLE (4), above. tSpeekt baw [spekt bau-], s. a suet dumpling, "speckled" or interspersed with currants. Also called SPOTTED DICK. Speetables [spek-tublz], s. pi. a common pronunciation of “spectacles," probably resulting from some confusion with the word respectable. BURLAND. NORBURY. “Dost know wheer my spectables bin, wench ?" [Dus noa- we"eur mahy spek-tublz bin, wensh ?] Spicy [spahysi], adj. smartly dressed. "What a spicy, stond-further young woman !" [Wot u spahysi, ston-d-fuurdhur yungg wum-un !] Spig'Ot-Steean [spig-ut-steeun], s. a large, earthenware, barrel-shaped mug or "steean," with a hole at the lower end to admit a spigot. See STEEAN. SpinneP [spin-ur], s. an implement used for twisting hay-bands; generally used in the compound, Hee-spinner (hay-spinner). Spiry [spahyuri], adj. long in the stalk, tall and weak; said of growing plants. “They're runnin' up very spiry” [Dhi)ur run-in up ver-i spahyuri]. Cp. A.S. spir, a spire or stalk of a reed. tSpit [spit 1 ], s. (1) exact likeness. “We'dn a heifer the very spit o' this” [We"e)dn u ef-ur dhu ver-i spit- u dhis-]. (2) a spadeful of soil; the depth of a spade. “Three or four spit deep." A very common meaning in many Eastern and Southern counties. Spit [spit], v.n. to rain slowly and intermittently, as at the beginning of a shower. "Polly, yo'd better run an' fatch the clooas off the line, fur it's spittiri o' reen" [PoH, yoa-)d bet-ur run un faach dhu t!6ouz of dhu lahyn, fur it)s spit-in u reen].

(delwedd C4679) (tudalen 365)	GLOSSARY. 365 Spittin' [spit-in], adv. “Spon spittin' fire-new" is a strong expression for "brand-new." Probably the expression was originally, "span, spick, and fire-new." For fire-new, cp. Eichard III., I. iii. 256. I Splashed [splaash-t], p. part, slightly intoxicated. “He's gotten a bit splashed at market" [Ee)z got-n u bit splaash-t ut maa'rkit]. tSplather [splaadh-ur], v.n. to sprawl. "He had bu' just spokken th' word, an' o'er he went splatherin' i'th' middle o'th' bruk" [Ee aad- bu just spok-n)th wuurd, un oa-r ee went splaadh-urin i)th midl u)th bruk]. See SPLOTHER. tSplather- footed [splaadh-ur-futid], adj. awkward in gait or movement. “Hooa's that grat, lankin', splather -footed wench, as has just gone da'in the road?" "Whey, hoo's that Welsh 'un, as is sarvant-woman this 'ear at Woodford's" [6ou)z dhaat- grae-t, laangk-in, splaadh-ur-futid wensh, uz uz just gon daayn dhu roa-d? Wey, 6o)z dhaat Welsh un, uz iz saa-rvunt-wum-un dhis ^eur ut Wud-futs]. Splatherin' [splaadh-urin], adj. loose-limbed, lanky. "A grat, big, splatherin' chap" [U grae-t, big-, splaadh-urin chaap-]. Spleinish [spleynish], adj. spleeny, irritable. Splent [splent], s. a splinter. “I've gotten a splent i' my leg, o'er slitherin' dain a lather" [Ahy)v got-n u splent i mi leg, oa-r slidh-urin daayn u laadh-ur]. M.E. splent; e.g., Morte d' Arthur, 2061 (ed. Brock). Splice [splahys], (1) v.a. and n. to beat. We can say both "He spliced him" and “He spliced into him." (2) v.n. to set to energetically. "We mun splice into the work." Spliein' [splahysin], s. a beating. “Tha desarves what tha hanna gotten a good splicm'“ [Dhu dizaa-rvz wot dhu aa)nu got-n u gud splahysin]. Splother [splodh-ur], v.n. (1) to sprawl. "Her legs flew from

(delwedd C4680) (tudalen 366)	366 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. under her, an' hoo went splotherin' upo' th' ice" [Ur legz fl6o Mm un-dur ur, un 60 went splodh-urin upu)dh ahys]. (2) to flounder (in a speech). “Theer he stood, splutterin' an' splotlieriri an aw the folks laughin' at him" [Dheeur e"e stud, splut-urin un splodh-urin un au- dhu foa-ks laaf-in aat' im]. ISplother-footed [splodh-ur-futid], adj. the same as SPLATHER- FOOTED (q.V.). Splutter [splut-ur], s. bustle, hurry. "Hoo come in i' sich a splutter, hoo made me go aw of a tremble" [60 kum in i sich u splut-ur, 60 mai-d mi goa- au- uv u trem-bl]. Sponge [spunzh], s. "To lee the bread i' sponge" [Tu lee- dim bred i spunzh] is to put the yeast to the flour. Spoontle [sp6o-ntl], s. a spoonful. For a list of words similarly formed see Outlines of Grammar, p. 57. Spot [spot], s. a drop. “There isnur a spot o' waiter i' the reen-tub" [Dhur iz)nur u spot u wai-tur i)dhu ree-ntubj. Cp. E. spit; A.S. sp&tan, to spit; Swed. spotty spittle. ISpOt [spot], v.n. to drop slowly. "It spots o' reen" [It spots u ree-n], i.e., the rain is coming in small and infrequent drops. Cp. SPIT (vb.) ; and Burns' word spate, used of a torrent after rain. Spotted Dick [spot-id Dik]^ s. (1) a large, spotted marble used Spotty [spot-i] ) as a taw in the game of marbles. (2) a Spotted Dick is also a suet dumpling with currants in it ; the same as SPECKT BAW. Spreed [spree-d], v.a. to spread; pret. Sprod; p. part. Sprodden. (The conjugation of this verb was accidentally omitted on p. 83 in the Outlines of Grammar.) "To spreed" or "to spreed onesel" is peculiarly used in the sense of "to make much of oneself, to swagger." "Look at him spreedin' theer; he thinks noo smaw beer on himsel nai he's gotten among the big nobs a bit" [L6ok ut im spree-din dheeur; e thingk's n6o

(delwedd C4681) (tudalen 367)	GLOSSARY. 367 smau- be"eur un imsel- naay e"e)z got-n umung- dhu big nobz u bit]. The long vowel is correct ; M.E. spreeden, A.S. sprMan. Sprent [sprent], s. (1) a sudden start or spring. "We went'n soakin' alung for a tooathry mile, an' then th' pony gen a sprent aw of a sudden, an' chucked me forra't on to his yed" [Wi wen-tn soa-kin ulungg- fur u t6o-uthri mahyl, un dhen th)poa-ni gy'en u sprent air uv u sud-in, un chukt mi forut on tu iz yed]/ 1 ' Cp. Icel. sprettr, a spring, spretta, to spring : where tt represents 0. Icel. nt. (2) a vigorous effort. “We mun make a sprent, an' get the work done, so as we con go Maupas wakes" [Wi mun mark u sprent, un gy'et dhu wuurk dun, soa- uz wi)kn goa-Mau'pus wai'ks]. tSprig-bit [sprig--bit], s. a brad-awl; an instrument used to bore holes for “sprigs," or small nails. Spriggy [sprig-i], adj. spruce, neat. Springer [springg-ur], s. a wooden instrument used in thatching, pointed at each end and twisted in the middle. Mr. Holland has Sprmker in the same sense. Spring-heeled Jack [spring'-eyld or e"eld Jaak-), s. a highwayman. There is a common belief that highway robbers are accustomed to wear springs in their heels, which enable them to run so fast as to evade pursuit. Servant-girls who have just received their year's wages at Christmas will frequently profess themselves afraid to go home after dusk, because "there are so many o' these Spring-heeled Jacks about." Dr. Skeat informs me that the original Spring-heeled Jack was a robber in London. His nickname became proverbial ; and, as he was never caught, his real name remains unknown. Springy [springg'i], adj. nimble, active. "He's a springy chap." Wilbraham has Springow. * I heard a similar use to the above from a Nottingham man in Sept., 1887. Speaking of a runaway mare, he said “She went five yards at a sprint," meaning at a single spring. Sprint, in sporting phraseology, means a short, sharp race.

(delwedd C4682) (tudalen 368)	368 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. tSprit [sprit-], (1) v.n. to sprout; said of potatoes and corn. (2) v.a. to cause potato sets to sprout by putting them in a warm place. (3) v.a. to take off the sprouts of potatoes. tSprize [sprahyz], v.a. to prize (open). “If ye conna find me the key o' yander curn-coffer, I s'll be like sprite it open" [Iv yi kon)u fahynd mi dhu ky'ee- u yaan-dur kuu-rn-kofur, ahy)sl bi lahyk sprahyz it oa-pn]. Sprose [sproa-z], s. a fuss, display. "Nai, dunna go an' make a greet sprose abowt a bit of a thing ; if tha'd com'n into ever so> many tha'isand paind, it 'ud be different" [Naay, du)nu goa-un mai-k u gree-t sproa-z ubuwt u bit uv u thingg- ; iv dhu)d kumn in'tu evur su men*i thaay-zund paaynd, it ud bi dif-urunt]. ISprose [sproa-z], v.n. to make a fuss or display, to swagger. "I'm a pretty quaiet mon, if annyb'dy wunna vex me; bu r when I seed a mon like him sprosin' theer, an' aw abowt nowt, I'd a hard job to howd" [Ahy)m u prit-i kwai-ut mon, iv aan-ibdi wu)nu veks mi; bu wen ahy seed u mon lahyk im sproa-zin dheeur, un au- ubuwt nuwt, ahy)d u aa-rd job tii uwd]. tSpud [spud], s. a potato ; a slang word. Spunk [spungk], s. semen virile. tSpur [spuur], s. the thick root of a tree. Cp. spurs in Tempest, V-i. 47. This word should have been mentioned on page 56,. among the substantives which take a plural in n [spuurn]. t Squander [skwaan-dur], v.a. to disperse, scatter in different directions. "A sope o' reen 'ull soon squander the folks" [U soa-p u ree-n ul s6on skwaan-dur dhu foa-ks]. Cp. Merchant of Venice, I. iii. 22, "and other ventures he hath, squandered abroad." Squashy [skwosh-i], adj. wobbly, said especially of a weakly or overgrown young person, but applied to anyone who, instead

(delwedd C4683) (tudalen 369)	GLOSSAKY. 369 of walking with a firm and upright gait, goes "wallockin' abowt like a barrow- trindle." Such, at least, was the description of the word given to me by a man at Norbury. Compare the word squash, used for a soft, unripe peascod in Twelfth Night, I. v. 166. Squat [skwaat-], adj. quiet. "To keep a thing squat" is not to let it get abroad. "Keep squat I" is equivalent to the vulgar “Lie low “or “Keep dark." Squatter [skwaat -iir], v.a. to scatter, in the sense of making an untidy litter. NOKBURY. “Sey hai yo'n squattered that straw abowt ; a pratty fowd yo'n make after it's bin brushed” [Sey aay yoa)n skwaat'iird dhaat strau- ubuwt; u praat'i fuwd yoa-)n mark aaftur it)s bin brusht]. Hence metaphorically used of persons lying carelessly about. A man who had been to the Liverpool Exhibition of 1886 described some Laplanders he saw there as "lyin' in a tent squattered abowt th' fire" [lahyin in u tent skwaat'iird ubuwt)th fahyur]. The meanings of scatter and squander (q.v. in this Glossary) seem to be confused in this word. Compare Lowland Scotch squatter, to throw water about, to flutter in water as a wild duck ; and see Skeat's Diet., s.v. Squander. Squealer [skwee-lur], s. the swift. Squeize-erab [skweyskraab], s. a somewhat contemptuous term for a small person. “Hey is sich a little squeize-crab” [Ey iz sich u lit'l skweyskraab]. Squib [skwib'], s. a squirrel. A boy informed me “It taks a good aim to hit a squib with a catapulter” [It taak'S u gud rm tu it u skwib' widh u ky'aat'urpultur]. Squirl [skwuurl], v.n. to peer, look round, or askance. A farmer said "I wunna have sich folks ra'ind my bonk; I know what they bin after, auvays squintin' and squirlin fur get a seight o' th' cheese” [Ahy wujnu aav sich foa-ks raaynd mahy bongk; ahy noa- wot dhi bin aaftur, au'viz skwiirtin un skwuuTlin fur gy'et u seyt u)th chee'z]. Y

(delwedd C4684) (tudalen 370)	370 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Squirt [skwuurt], s. an insignificant person. "What do I care for a little squirt like thee ?" [Wot doo ahy ky'ae-r fur u lit-1 skwuurt lahyk dhe"e ?]. Squirtin' [skwuuTtin], adj. insignificant. "A little squirtin' homnitliom" [U lit'l skwuu-rtin onrnithom]. Squitch [skwiclr], s. couch-grass. A.S. civic (for initial s cf. scrawl. Also pronounced Squateh [skwaach-] “They bin brunnin' the squatch upo' Willey-moor” [Dhar bin brunin dhu skwaach' upu WiH-m6our]. Stad [staad-] , p. part, saddled with, having the care or responsibility of. "I shouldna like to ha' bin stad with him" [Ahy shud)nu lahyk tu u bin staad' widh im]. tStair-hole [stae-r-oal], s. the place under the stairs, boarded in to form a kind of closet. “Iv yo dunna stop blahtin' yo sh'ii go i' the stair-hole" [Iv yoa* dun)u stop blaaiin yoa')shn goa i dhu stae-r-oal]. Stait [staayt], adj. stout; only used in the archaic sense of "brave." "My tooth ached a-that-n, than I could hardly bear; an' I said to mysel 'I'll ha' this mon ait;' an' I went the doctor's with it ; bu' when I got theer, I wonna sta'it enough for face th' pinsons" [Mahy tooth ai'kt u)dhaatn, dhun ahy kud aa-rdli bae-r; un ahy sed tu misel u Ahy)l aa dhis- mon aayt;' 1 un ahy went dhu dok-turz widh it ; bu wen ahy got dheeur, ahy wo)nu staayt unuf' fai's)th pin-snz]. Cp. O.F. estout, furious, rash. Stait-drawd [staayt-drau-d], adj. of horses, strong and able to pull ; lit. drawing stoutly. MACEFEN. IStare [stae-r], s. a starling. Cp. M.E. stare. [stae-r-ugog-], s. a gazer, one who stares open-mouthed. Stare-agog, stare-agog, Tumblet o'er the tatoe-hog. [Stae-r-ugog-, staeT-ugog, Turn-bit oa-r dhu tai'tu-og].

(delwedd C4685) (tudalen 371)	GLOSSARY. 371 iStarft [staa-rft], p. part. See STARVE. Stark ait [staa-rk aayt], adv. completely out; said of a fire. tStar-sluteh [staa-r-sluch], s. star-slush; the gelatinous substance often on timber or gravel after rain. It is commonly supposed to be slush fallen from the stars. See Mr. Holland, s.v. Starve [staa-rv], v.a. to make cold. "Th' pump-hondle's sS cowd, it starves yur honds to lee howt on it" [Th)pum-p-ondl)z su kuwd, it staa'rvz yur ondz tu lee* uwt)n it]. The word is never used in connection with hunger. Starvin' is cold in the active sense, producing cold. "It'll be starvin' to thy fingers, lad" [It)l bi staa-rvin tu dhi fing-gurz, laad-]. Starved, starft is cold, in the passive sense. “At starft ? Ay, ah'm welly starft jeth" [Aat* staa-rft? Aay, ah)m weH staa-rft jeth]. Perhaps it is necessary to translate the last example. "Are you cold?" “Yes, I am nearly dead with cold." Starft nakit [staa-rffc nai-kit], the ordinary equivalent for stark naked is the result of a mistaken derivation from this word ; and the mistake is even continued in starf weild mad [staa-rf weyld maad-]. Starven [staa-rvn], part. adj. sensitive to cold (a strong part, from starve). "It's a nesh, starven little thing" [It)s u nesh, staa-rvn lit-1 thingg-]. Starvin' [staa-rvin], part. adj. cold. See STARVE. Statute [staach'ut], s. salary, "appointed allowance." TUSHINGHAM. QUOISLEY. "Hey on'y gets abowt two hundert a 'ear; bur hey tells mey hey hanna gotten to his full statute yet” [Ey oa-ni gy'ets ubuwt too un-durt u eeur ; bur ey telz mey ey aa)nu got-n tu iz ful staach-ut yet]. Staw [stau-], v.a. (1) to stop or bring to a standstill, of horses labouring under a heavy load. “We gotten stawed up th' lung bonk, wi' th' wheel in a rait; an' we hadden to weind every weide stitch" [Wi got-n stau'd up)th lung- bongk, wijth weyl in a raayt; un wi aad-n tu weynd evri weyd sticlr]. (2) to cloy, satiate. "Nay, I'll ha' no moor; I've etten

(delwedd C4686) (tudalen 372)	372 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. till I'm stawed a'ready; that corran' -bread 'ud staw anny mon" [Nee% ahy)l aa)nu moour ; ahy)v et-n til ahy)m stau-d ured-i ; dhaat kor'un-bred' ud stair aairi mon]. Mr. Holland gives the p. part, in both these meanings. Bailey has “To stall, to glut or cloy." Stawheft [stau-ef-t], s. “At stawheft" is said of horses who are stawed with a too heavy load, and obliged to rest at intervals. "We'dn a terrible looad; we wun at stawlieft aw the wee" [Wi)dn u terubl loo'ud; wi wun ut stau"ef't au* dhu wee*]. See HEFT and STAW. tSteean [steyun, steeiin], s. a large, deep stone or earthen vessel, principally used to contain milk in the process of forming cream, but also for other household purposes. “Three cream steans, two washing steans.'" Auctioneer's catalogue (Cholmondeley), August 30th, 1887. Steek [stee-k], v.a. (1) to stake or place in the ring; said of marbles. “Steek yur dogles in” [Stee-k yur doa-glz in]. f(2) to cause constipation ; only said of animals. Sleekier [stee-klur], s. a heavy blow. BURLAND. “I'll gie thee a steeUer" [Ahy)l gy'i)dhi u stee-klur]. According to Miss Jackson, the verb steekle is used in the border town of Whitchurch for “to kill." Steekle up [stee-kl up], v.a. to entice, coax, cajole. "I'll steekle 'em up"= I'll bring them over, persuade them. tSteel [stee-1], s. (I) the handle of an implement, if straight ; a circular handle is not a steel but a stoivk. Bailey has “The Steale, the Handle of anything." Cp. A.S. stela, a handle. (2) the stalk of a plant. f Steep [steyp, steep] ) ~. [s. rennet. Step [step] j Steepskin [steypsky'in], s. The same as BAGSKIN (q.v.). Steich [steych], v.a. to set up, to pile up (of sheaves of corn, turf, &c.). ''I con remember when they used get turf off Marley

(delwedd C4687) (tudalen 373)	GLOSSARY. 373 Moss, an' steich it up i' rucks” [Ahy)kn rimenvbur wen dhi y6os gy'et tuurf of Maa-rli Mos, un steych it up i ruks]. tSten [sten], s. the pole at the tail of a horse working in chains; so called because it extends or holds out the chains. Cp. O.F. estendre, to extend. Still on [stil* on], conj. nevertheless. "I'm sure that poor woman dunna want moor trouble till hoo's gotten ; still on, if he wull go, there's noo dait hoo'll be glad sey him" [Ahy)m shoour dhaat* p6our wunrun du)nu waan-t moour trub'l til 6o)z got-n ; stil* on, iv ee wul goa 1 , dhur)z n6o daayt 6o)l bi dlaad- sey im]. The corrupt and meaningless form still upon is sometimes heard. Stilts [stil'ts], s. pi. the "tails" of a plough. BICKLEY. Also called STBINES. tStir [stuur], v.a. to plough land a second time across the former furrows. Stirk [stuurk], s. a barren two-year-old heifer. Stitch [stich-], a space of time. "Every weide stitch' 1 is every now and then. Wilbraham gives “every while stitch," perhaps from defective hearing. Stock [stok], v.a. to pull up by the roots. We speak of “stockin' gorse with a hack" [stok'in gau-rs widh ii aak*] ; and we say “The crows are stockiri the 'tatoes up" [DM kroa-z ur stok-in dhu tai'tuz up]. StOCken [stok-n], p. part, stunted in growth. “Stocken! he's none stocken; he auvays was little on his age his fayther was a little 'un" [Stok-n ! ee)z non stok-n ; ee au-viz woz lit-1 un iz ai-j iz fai-dhur wuz u lit-1 un]. Stodge [stoj], s. a thick, soft mass of any kind of spoon-meat. "Y6'n gen me a pratty stodge, Missis" [Yu)n gy'en mi u praat'i stoj, Mis'iz], I Stodge [stoj], v.a. and n. to cram with anything “stodgy." “They

(delwedd C4688) (tudalen 374)	374 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. bin stodgirt (or ' stodgin 1 'emsels) wi' suppin'" [Dhi bin stoj-in (stoj-in umsel-z) wi sup-in]. Stond-further [ston-d-fuurdhur], adj. haughty, grand ; inclined to keep inferiors at a distance. "A stond-further look." See also under SPICY. An imperative ("stand further!") used as an adjective. tStondon [stond on]) , _ Vv.tf, to be incumbent on. "It'll stond 'em Stond upon [upon-] j upon to be moor careful another time" [It)l stond urn upon-tu bi m6our ky'ae-rful unudh-ur tahym]. The accusative of the person is always placed between the verb and the preposition. The expression "to stond one on" is so extremely common in S. Ches. that I am astonished to find that no other writer but Wilbraham has heard it. Stand upon is used by Shakspere. Stone [stoa-n], v.a. to whet, to sharpen on a grindstone. “Theise knives wanten stonin'" [Dheyz nahyvz waan-tn stoa-nin]. Stoney [stoa-ni], s. a stone marble. Stonnack, Stonnacklerool [ston-uklr6o-l], s. a stone marble, the same as Stoney. CHOLMONDELEY. Storra [stor-u], s. stir about; made by constantly adding flour or oatmeal to boiling water, and stirring the mixture. Mr. Holland has Sturra for "thick oatmeal porridge." Stoved [stoa-vd], p. part, stifled or oppressed by a warm atmosphere. “It does one good to get a mowthle o' air after bein' stoved up i' the haise so lung" [It duz wun gud tu gy'et u muwthl u aer aaf-tur bee-in stoa-vd up i dhu aays su lungg], StOVin' [stoa'vm],^m. part, stewing, stifling; “sittin' stovin' i' the haise." StOW [stuw], s. f(l) a stem, trunk of a tree or shrub. “We mun cut th' owd stows ait o' that hedge” [Wi mun kut dh)uwd stuwz aayt u dhaat ej], (2) a thick stick, cudgeL Cf. Devonsh. stools, stumps.

(delwedd C4689) (tudalen 375)	GLOSSARY. 375 IStOW [stuw], v.n. of corn, to spread, to produce two or more blades from one grain. “Yander'U be a thin crap, if it doesna stow" [Yaan-dur)l bi u thin kraap-, iv it duz)nu stuw]. IStOWk [stuwk], s. the handle of any wooden or earthenware vessel. Bailey has "Stowk, a Handle to any thing." St. Patrick's Needle [Sun Paat-riks Neydl], s. Anyone who has been in the Bankruptcy Court is described as having "gone through St. Patrick's Needle. Straddle-legs [straad-1-leg-z], adv. astride. “Theer hoo was i' th' stackyoard, gotten straddle-legs on a see-saw” [Dheeur 60 woz i)th staak'yoa'rd, got'n straadl-legz on u see'-sau']. Straggled [straag-ld], p. part, of corn, laid by storms. "Wheyat straggled i' the bottom” [Weyut straag-ld i)dhu bot-um]. Stranger [strai-njur, stree-njur], s. t(l) a smut clinging to the bars of a grate ; it is supposed to foreshadow the arrival of a guest. See Mr. Holland, s.v. (2) a strange thing, a wonder. BICKLEY. "It's a stranger to mey, if there's a rappit i' this hole at aw" [It)s u strai-njur tii mey, iv dhur)z u raap-it i dhis- oa-1 ut au-]. Strappuzin' [straap-uzin],^^. adj. untidy, slovenly; said especially of the boots, or bottoms of the trousers, like FLUMMOCKIN'. "I should raly bey asheemed o' gooin' strappuzin' alung a- that-ns, wi' my shoon unlaced" [Ahy shud rae'li bey ushee'md u g6o-in straap-uzin ulungg- u)dhaat-nz, wi mi sh6on unlai-st]. Cp. TEAPES. tStrave [strai-v, stree f v], v.n. to stray. “I wonder what hoo wants go stravin' off to Wrenbury at this time o' neight fur" [Ahy wun'dur wot 60 waan'ts goa* strai'vin of tu Eeni'bri ut dhis tahym u neyt fuur]. Compare "weyues and streyues" in Passus. I. 92 of C. Text in Piers Plowman. Straw [strair], s. See WHIPSTEAW.

(delwedd C4690) (tudalen 376)	376 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Street [streyt, street], s. (1) "That's up another street" means “That's quite another thing." (2) Street is sometimes used for a country by-lane, and in this meaning appears in fixed names of localities. Straight [streyt], adj. (1) haughty, dignified ; only so used in a few phrases. E.g., a person who has been slightingly treated will say, “Ah felt very streight “= I felt my dignity wounded. (2) straightforward, direct ; especially with reference to words, plain spoken. "He's a streight mon," i.e., he says what he means. So commonly as an adverb, "Ah towd him reight streight” [Ah tuwd im reyt streyt]. Strickle [strik-1], s. a wooden implement used to “strike “off an even measure of corn. Strickle is likewise the form used in North and Mid Shrop. ; while Handle Holme and Mr. Holland both write Strickles. t Strike [strahyk], (1) v.a. to level corn in the measure. Compare STKICKLE and STEUCKEN. (2) v.n. to heat, to remain at a desired heat ; said of an oven “We'n let it strike a bit afore we setten in, else it'll blister the loaves" [Wi)n let it strahyk u bit ufoa*r wi set'ii in, els it)l blis'tur dhu loa'vz]. Strines [strahynz], s. pi. (1) the plough-tails. BUKLAND. Also called STILTS. t(2) the handles of a wheelbarrow. Strock [strok], s. a section of the iron rim that goes round a wheel. Eandle Holme and Mr. Holland write Stroke. tStronomize [stron-umahyz], v.n. to be in a brown study; literally, to be “astronomizing “or stargazing. "What a't tha stronomiziri abait, theer?" [Wot ut dhu stron-umahyzin ubaayt, dheeur?] Strucken [struk'n], p. part, even, level; of a measure of grain. "It's strucken mizzer" [It)s struk'n miz'ur], lit. it is measure which has been struck, or levelled with the strickle.

(delwedd C4691) (tudalen 377)	GLOSSAEY. 377 tStud [stud], s. (1) an upright piece of wood to which laths are nailed in making a partition, or lining a wall. (2) a piece of iron used for nailing the tires on to wheels. Stuleh [stulsh], s. stealth; only used in connection with HULCH (q.v.). Compare Shrop. stelck, stealth. Stuleh [stulsh], v.a. to stun. "Ah've gotten my elbow badly stulcJied" [Ah)v got'n mi el'bu baad'li stul'sht]. IStut [stiit], v.n. to stutter; the old word of which E. stutter is a frequentative. M.E. stoten, "I stutte, I can nat speake my wordes redyly." Palsgrave. Sub [sub], s. a payment in advance. “Con yo gie me a sub upo' this job, mester?" [Kun yu gy'i mi u sub upu dhis- job, mes'tur ?] Sub [sub], v.a. to pay a sum of money in advance on a job. "The mester's subbed me a bit" [DM mestur)z subd mi u bit]. Mr. Holland has the word in the opposite sense of "to draw money." iSuek [suk], s. a ploughshare. Between the sickle and the suck All Engeland shall have a pluck. Rob. Nixorts Cheshire, Prophecy. Suck [suk], inter j. a word used in calling calves: "Suck, suck, suck." Suckle [suk-i], s. the pet name for a calf. See preceding article. tSuekin' gender [suk-in gon-dur], s. a term applied to an extremely silly person. “Tha's no moor sense till a suckin' gonder" [Dhaa)z nu m6our sens til u suk-in gon-dur], Sulky [sul-ki], adj. heavy; said of wheels. “The wheils runnen despert sulky, they wanten grease" [Dhu weylz rmrun des-purt sul'ki; dhi waan'tun gree'z]. Summat [sum-tit], s. a somewhat used as a substantive. "Hoo wouldna tell me; but ah could sey there was a summat” [60 wud')nu tel mi ; but ah kud sey dhur wuz u suni'ut].

(delwedd C4692) (tudalen 378)	378 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. f Summer an' winter [sum-fir un win-tur], v.a. to know a person a long time, to test his character under all circumstances. "I've summered an' wintered him, an' I know he's jonnack “ [Ahy)v sum-urd un win-turd im, un ahy noa- e"e)z jon-uk]. Sunday [sun-di], s. “I'll make him look two roads for Sunday' 1 is a threat of an indefinite character, roughly equivalent to “I'll open his eyes for him." tSunSUCkers [sun-sukurz], s. pi. the streaks of light often seen radiating from the sun when behind a cloud, or before sunrise and after sunset. When sunsuckers are observed, one often hears the remark, "Look, we s'n ha' reen the sun draws wet" [Look, wi)sn aa ree-n dhu sun drau-z wet]. Suppin* [sup-in], s. (1) milk and water boiled together and thickened with oat-meal. “Yo'd a good basin o' suppiri 1 for yur breakfast ; I think yo wunna tak much hurt than noon “ [Yoa)d u gud bai-sin u sup-in fur yur brek-fust ; ahy thingk* yoa wiin)u taak- much uurt dhun noon]. (2) calves' food. This generally consists of skimmed milk, with other ingredients ; or is made from some kind of specially prepared "calf-meal." Sup up [sup up], v.a. to feed and bed down the live stock of a farm for the night. “Gie me the lantern, an' I'll go an' sup up, as we can be off to bed, for it's gettin' leet” [Gy'i)mi dhu laan-turn, un ahy)l goa* un sup up, uz wi)kn bi of tu bed, fur it)s gy'et-in lee*t]. Surfeited [suu-rfitid],_p.j9r. unwell; lit., "overdone." A general term, of which I have noted two special uses. (1) A cow is said to be surfeited when her appetite is gone. No idea of the ordinary meaning of surfeited is apparent. (2) A person's feet are often said to be surfeited when they are hot and tired. Compare Mr. Holland, s.v. surfeit. Surry [suuri], s. sirrah. See SIKRY. Swaddle [swaad-1], (1) v.n. of liquids in a vessel, to sway from side

(delwedd C4693) (tudalen 379)	GLOSSARY. 379 to side ; so used, e.g., of a milk-pudding. Generally to sway so as to spill ; in this sense to swaddle o'er is mostly used. (2) v.a. to spill. "Yo'n swaddle that milk o'er" [Yoa)n swaad-1 dhaat- mil-k oa-r]. Cf. SWAGGLE and SWILKER. Swag" [swaag-], s. force, impetus of a descending body, which sways that on which it falls. Thus one comes down with a sway upon the spring of a bicycle, or upon a hay-stack, or boggy ground, &c. Compare sweigh in Chauc. Boeth, II. i. 32 ; also in Man of Laives Tale. Swag* [swaag-], (1) v.n. to come down with a force; to jog up and down upon. “Dunna swag upo' that bicycle- spring." See preceding article. (2) v.n. to sway from side to side ; said of water in a vessel, of a milk-pudding which is not consistent, and the like. Compare SWAGGLE, SWADDLE. f(3) v.a. p. part. A beam which is bent or depressed in the middle is said to be magged. Bailey gives “To sag, to hang down on one Side." Compare Shakspere's use of sag, to be depressed, in Macbeth, V. iii. 10, “. . . the heart 1 bear shall never sag with doubt, nor shake with fear." i Swage [swai-j], v.a. to assuage or reduce a swelling by external applications. "Put a warm pooltice to it, an' it '11 swage the swellin', an' may the jeint feil easier" [Put u waa-rm poo-ltis too it, un it)l swaij dhu swel-in, un mar dhu jeynt feyl ee-ziur]. Swag'g'le [swaag'l], v.a. and n. a less common, but more correct, form of SWADDLE (q.v.). Compare SWAG. Swath [swaath*], s. (1) a row of mown grass. Compare Troiluis and Cressida, V. v. 25, And there the strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge, Fall down before him, like the mower's swath. (2) a crop. A heavy crop is spoken of as "a good swath.'' 1 Mr. Holland gives swarth. Bailey and Shakspere have the same form. E.g., Twelfth Night, II. iii., "an affectioned ass that cons state without book and utters it in great swarths" The r is here intrusive

(delwedd C4694) (tudalen 380)	380 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. (cp. A.S. swaftu, and E. slang lark from A.S. lac), and merely marks the lengthening of the preceding vowel. But this lengthening is itself anomalous, and is the only case I remember to have met with of open short A in Anglo-Saxon passing into long [aa] in the S. Ches. dialect. Swath [swaath], v.a. to encumber another mower with one's swath by throwing it in his way. Swauve [swau-v], v.n. to lean over, hang over. A mother will say to her children “Come, gie me elbow-rowm ; dunna come swauviri o'er me" [Kum, gy'i)mi el'bu-ruwm ; du)nu kum swauvin oar mi]. Cp. WAUVE. Swauve Off [swau-v of], v.n. of a load of hay, to topple over. For sworve= swerve (A.S. sweorfari). Swauver O'er [swau-vur oa-r], v.n. the same as SWAUVE O'EE. Sweak [swee-k], s. a crane used to suspend a pot or kettle over a fire. Sweddles [swed-lz], s.pl. a child's swaddling-band. Swedgel [swej -il] , s. a fat person. ' A bawson swedgel of a woman' ' [U bau'sn swej'il uv u wunrun]. Sweel [swee-1], f (1) v.n. to burn away. E.g., a candle sweels away when it stands in a draught. Bailey gives "To Swale, to burn, to waste, to blaze away like a Candle." Cp. M.E. swelen, swalen; A.S. swelan; Ger. schwelen, to burn. Sylvester, Du Bartas, p. 67, has "this shaggy earth to swele." Connected with E. sultry. See S WELTED, below. t(2) v.a. to reduce a swelling. “We mun see if we conna sweel awee that lump i' th' hoss'es leg wi' some o' that grease as mester browt throm Maupas" [Wi mun see iv wi kon)u swee'l uwee' dhaat lump i)dh os'iz leg wi sum u dhaat greets uz mes'tur bruwt thrum Mau'pus]. (3) v.a. to disperse the milk in the human breast or in the teats of an animal. “This poor cat's in awful peen ; they draint aw her kitlins off her they mid ha' thowt on to leeave her one ; an' nai, look at the poor thing's dids we shan have get some oil an' sweel the milk awee" [Dhis p6our ky'aat')s in

(delwedd C4695) (tudalen 381)	GLOSSARY. 381 auf-ul pee-n ; dhi draaynt au 1 ur ky'it'linz of ur dhi mid u thuwt on tu leeuv ur won ; un naay, 16ok ut dhu p6our thing-z did-z wi shun aav gy'et sum ahyl un sweel dim imTk uwee-]. tSweeler [swee-lur], s. a dealer in corn. FADDILEY. t Sweet [swee-t], v.n. to sweat. Two special uses of this word may be here noted. (1) of cheese, to ferment in the process of ripening. (2) of hay, to heat and ferment in the stack. N.B. This verb is conjugated thus: Pres. Pret. P. Part, Fswee't] ^ r ,\\ [swaat-] [swaat-] [swaat-] ) I think that [swaat'] in the present is a modern corruption. Chaucer has swatte, Spenser swat. This form [swaat-] also represents the substantive sweat. ISweiten [sweytn], v.a. to bid at an auction with the sole view of raising the price for the buyer. This is called "sweitenirf the lots." S welch [s welsh], s. a heavy fall. "He went a pratty swelch" [Ey went u praat'i swelsh]. Cp. E. squelch. S welch [swelsh], v.a. and n. the same as swilker. SwelcheP [swel-shur], s. anything large, overgrown, or exceeding normal limits. A stack of more than usual dimensions was called a “pratty swelcher." tSwelted [swel-tid], past part, sweltered, over-heated. "Leeave that door open, I'm terribly swelted" [Leyuv dhaat- doour oa'pn, ahy)m tae'rbli sweHid]. M.E. swelten, to swoon away; A.S. siveltan, to die connected with swelan, to burn. See SWEEL, above. Swey [swey], s. a swing. “We'n had a grand swey put up i' th' orcha't, an' we sweyn atop 'n it aw dee" [Wi)n aad* u graan-d swey put up i)dh au-rchut, un wi sweyn u)top-)n it au- dee-]. Swey [swey], v.a. and n. to sway or swing. "He was sweyin?

(delwedd C4696) (tudalen 382)	382 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. backa'ts an' forra'ts on a boo" [6e wuz swey -in baak'uts un for-uts on u boo]. “Come an' swey me” [Kum un swey mi]. See also preceding article. Cp. E. sway, M.E. sweien. “))e sail sweied on fe see." E. E. Allit. Poems, iii. 156 (ed. Morris). Swey-boat [swey-boa-t], s. (1) a swing-boat, such as is often seen at a country wakes. (2) a block of ice cut from the surface of a frozen pond, and left to float in the water. Boys often cut a number of these swey-boats for the sake of the excitement and danger attendant on venturing upon them. tSwift [swif't], s. a sand lizard. Swig [swig-], s. spiced ale and toast. See Miss Jackson's Shropshire Word Book for the method of preparation. Swilk [swil'k], v.a. and n. the same as SWILKER. Swilker [swil-kur], (1) v.n. of liquids in a vessel; to sway from side to side, so as to spill. (2) v.a. “Carry that pon o' milk in, and see as yo dunna swilker it" [Ky'aari dhaat' pon u milk in, un see uz yu dun)u swil-kur it]. Cp. SWAG, SWAGGLE, SWADDLE, SWILK, and SWELCH. Bailey has “To Swilker Ore, to dash over. N.C." Swinga-trey [swingg-u-trey], s. a bar of wood put behind a horse in harness to keep the traces open; a swingle-tree. See TREE. Swinge [swin-j], v.n. See SWOP. Swinge = swing (originally a causal form, A.S. sivengan). Swinters [swin-turz], s.pl. fragments. "Look ait wi' yur elbow theer ! if yo jowen up agen the stond, yo'n knock the flower-pot aw to swinters" [Look aayt wi yur el'bu dhe"eur ! iv yoa juwun up ugy'en- dhu stond, yoa)n nok dhu flaawur-pot au-tu swin-turz]. Another form is SWITHERS. iSwippa [swip-u], s. the upper part of a flail; the part which strikes. Bandle Holme gives "The Swiple, that part as striketh out the corn." A subs, from E. swipe, to strike.

(delwedd C4697) (tudalen 383)	GLOSSARY. 383 Swither [swidh-ur], s. (1) a quick, rushing movement, “Summat come past me wi a pratty swither" [Sunrut kum paas-t mi wi u praat-i swidh'ur]. Generally used of horizontal motion through the air. Cp. A.S. swtye, quick; Ger. ge-schwind. (2) the phrase “to cut a switlwr" is curiously parallel to the common expression "to cut a dash" to which it is equivalent in meaning. (3) S withers, s. pi. fragments ; another form of SWINTERS (q.V.). Swob [swob], s. a shaking. Marshy ground which sways beneath the feet is said to be “all of a swob." Cp. WOB. Swob [swob-], v.n. to sway beneath the feet; said of marshy ground. Cp. SWOP (2). Swobby [swob-i], adj. wobbly, apt to sway beneath the feet. Swop [swop], s. an exchange. “Wut make a swop ?” [Wut mark u swop ?] Swop [swop], (1) v.a. to exchange. To swop an' swinge is to be always swopping, to have a mania for it. "He never sticks to owt lung ; he's auvay swoppin' an' swingein'“ [^e nevur stik'S tu uwt lungg' ; ee)z au'vi swop'in un swiirjiii]. (2) v.n. to yield to the pressure of the hand. E.g., a ripe gooseberry is said to swop in the hand. ISwOppery [swop-uri], s. exchange. “Swoppery's noo robbery" [Swop-uri)z noo rob-uri], is a frequent proverbial expression. t Sword [soa-rd], s. a perforated upright piece of wood or iron placed in front of a cart. By means of pegs placed through the successive holes of the sword and connected with the body of the cart, the latter may be raised to any angle. Mr. Holland spells Sord. Synnable [sin-ubl], s. a syllable. MACEFFEX. TUSHINGHAM; perhaps general along the Shropshire border. See Chapter on Pronunciation, under L (2), p. 18.

(delwedd C4698) (tudalen 384)	384 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. T. Tack [taak-J, s. 1(1) a bad or musty flavour ; said principally of a cask or barrel. “It's a tack on it, that barrel lias" [It)s u taak- on it, dhaat- baaril aaz-]. (2) the “taking “of a farm. “It's the best tack as ever I seid” [It)s dhu best taak- uz evur ahy seyd], ie., the farm in question was taken on the best conditions. f(8) a lease. “He's gotten a tack on it for a good many 'ear" [Ee)z got'n u taak on it fur u gud men'i eur]. Cotgrave has "To hold tacke, to stand to a bargain." Cuthbertson, in his Glossary to the Poetry and Prose of Burns (1886), quotes (under Herry) a passage from a letter of Sir William Ewrie to the Lord Privy Seal of England (1540), "After them come a poor man making a hevie complainte that he was hereyet throw the courtiers taking his fewe in one place and his tackes in another." Tacted [taak-tid], v.a. pret. and p. part, accosted, tackled. "I tacted two women off Willeymoor abowt theise politics, bu' they gen me a pratty nointin', afore they'd done wi' me" [Ahy taak'tid too winrin of WiHmoour ubuwt dheyz pol'utiks, bu dhi gy'en mi a praat'i iiahyntin ufoar dhi)d dun wi mi]. The word is probably for attacked, the initial syllable being dropped, and a t inserted on the analogy of the intrusive d in drownded. Tad [taad'], s. only used in the adverbial phrase "on the tad" which has the following senses. (1) in unstable equilibrium. A thing is said to be "o' the tad “when just about to topple over. (2) on the point or eve of. “Just upo' th' tad o' th' folks' gooin' vote" [Just upu)th taad- u)th foa-ks gooin voa't] = on the eve of the polling-day. (3) it has the special sense of "ready to start."' “Ah'm just upo' the tad “= I may start any moment.

(delwedd C4699) (tudalen 385)	GLOSSARY. 385 Tain [taayn], s. (1) a town; used for the smallest hamlet: e.g., Bickley Tain consists of half-a-dozen houses, Norbury Tain of very few more. (2) parish; especially with reference to parish relief. "Th' tain 'ull help her" [Th)taayn ul elp ur]. “Hoo gets hafe-a-crain a wik from th' tain' 1 [60 gy'ets ai'f-u-kraayn u wik-frum)th taayn]. Tak [taak-], Tay [tar], v.n. to betake oneself. "Th' cat took ait o' the barn at a pratfcy bat" [Th)ky'aat- took aayt u dhu baa-rn ut u praati baat-J. "Hey took o'er th' hedge" [Ey took oa-r)dh ej]. Tak-awee [taak'-uwee'], s. appetite. "He's a rare tak-awee, anny-hai ; an' sey the meat as he put ait o' seight at supper, yo'd think he'd bin clemt for a fortnit ; an' then he went ait an' towd their Jim as he should leeave if he couldna get better meat, an' moor on it" [Ee)z u raer taak'-uwee', aani-aay; un sey dhu mee-t uz ee put aayt u seyt ut sup-ur, yu)d thingk-ee)d bin tlemt fur u fau'rtnit ; un dhen ee went aayt un tuwd dhae-r Jim uz ee shud leeuv iv ee kud)nu gy'et bet'ur meei, un m6our on it]. ITak up [taak* up], v.a. to borrow. "They hadden tak up a ruck o' money when they wenten to th' place, an' there's a dait if they'n gotten streight yet" [Dhi aad-n taak- up u ruk u mun-i wen dhi wen'tn tu)th plai'S, un dhur)z u daayt iv dhi)n got'n streyt yet]. Compare 2 Henry VI., IV. vii. ad fin., “My lord, when shall we go to Cheapside, and take up commodities upon our bills?" tTallant [taal-unt], s. a hayloft. BICKLEY, NOKBURY, and generally in the more southern district ; the word more frequently used farther north being BAUKS (q.v.). “Get up upo'th' tallant, an' throw some hee dain i'th' bing for the key" [Gy'et up upu)th taal-unt, un throa- sum ee' daayn i)th bing' fur dhu ky'ey^. This word, either in the form tallant or tallat, is used in most W. Midland and S. Western counties. z

(delwedd C4700) (tudalen 386)	)F SOUTH CHESHIRE. [tau-1-bahy], s. a tall, narrow ale-glass standing upon a stem or foot. Tallock [taal'uk], s. a good-for-nothing, idle person, a ragamuffin. "A shackazin' owd tallock" [U shaak'uzin uwd taal'uk]. Talloekin' [taal-ukin], adj. (1) idle, good for nothing. “Hoo's a hoozy tallocUri brivit" [6o)z u 6o-zi taal'ukin brivit]. (2) slovenly, untidy. "Didna hoo look tallockin?" [Did)nu 60 16ok taal'ukin?] Tally [taal-i], adv. in concubinage. “They bin livin' tally." Tallyin'-iron [taali-in-ahyurn], s. a "quick," or Italian iron; an iron used for getting up frills. The word is a corruption of "Italian iron," quasi "a 'Tali-an iron." Tally-wag [taali-wag], s. membrum virile. See Bailey s.v. Tarriwags. +Tally-weife [taaH-weyf], s. a concubine. Tan [taan*], v.n. to worry; to harp on one string : always, I think, used in the pres. part., and always in a kind of reduplicated form, "tan, tan, tannin 1 ." "Hoo's bin on aw mornin', tan, tan, tannin', than hoo's made me as mad as a tup in a hauter" [6o)z bin on au- mauTnin, taan', taan-, taan'iri, dhun 6o)z mai'd mi uz maad' uz u tup in u au'tur]. Tang [taang-], s. a prong (in a hay-fork, &c.). For an example see NAYWORD. Bandle Holme has "The Tangs or Forks," Acad. of Arm., III. viii. Compare Icel. tangi. Tanglement [tangg-lmunt], s. a tangle, entanglement. NORBURY. “This rope's in a pratty tanglement" [Dhis roa-p)s in u praaH taangg'lmunt]. Tank [taangk-], s. a blow with a hard instrument; e.g., "to fatch a mon a tank upo' the yed with a pikel" [tu faaclr u mon u taangk- upu dhu yed widh u pahykil]. The word is onomato-poeic (cp. tinkle, twang), and represents fairly well the sound of a blow of the kind described.

(delwedd C4701) (tudalen 387)	GLOSSARY. 387 Tantaddlin' [taantaad-lin],^ir. adj. unsubstantial; said of confectionery. "A tantaddlin' tart" is a light, delicate tart, designed to tickle the palate rather than to satisfy the appetite. The word has generally a depreciatory sense. See following article. Tantaddlement [taantaad-lmunt], s. a trifle. The connotation of this word is exceedingly hard to express. It is often contemptuously used of all mere accomplishments, which seem wanting in solid value, of confectionery as opposed to plain food, &c. Tap [taap], s. rate of speed. “Hoo was comin' dain th' road at a pratty owd tap” [60 wuz kunrin daayn)th roa'd aat u praat'i uwd taap-]. flap [taap-], v.a. to re-sole boots or shoes. Taper [tai-pur], v.a. (1) to moderate, dilute (wines, spirits, &c.). (2) to reduce gradually. A woman said her cat had been feeding on milk and "wouldna like to be tapered dain to whee (whey)” [wud')nu lahyk tu bi tai-purd daayn tu wee']. tTassel-rag" [taas f il-raag], s. a mild term of reproach used to a female. "Come ait o' that, yo little tassel-rag! conna be reight bu' what yo bin i' some mischief!" [Kum aayt u dhaat', yu. litl taas-il-raag ! Kon)u bi reyt bu wot yu bin i sum mis-chif!] TasSOCk [taas'uk], s. a good-for-nothing person. "A drunken tassock of a fellow” [U drungk'n taas'iik uv u fel'u]. fTatehin'-end [taach-in-end], s. an "attaching end ;" the waxed thread used by shoemakers. Compare Bailey's word "A Tach [of Attache, a fixing, F.], a Hook, Buckle, or Grasp." Tatherum-a-dyal [taadlrumm-u-dyaal], s. complicated or unin-telligible language. TUSHINGHAM. A man told me he liked to listen to a certain preacher, because he had "none o' this dicsonary tatlierum-a-dyal" [non u dhis dik-sunuri taadlrurum-

(delwedd C4702) (tudalen 388)	388 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIKE. u-dyaal]. ? connected with TOTHEK, Shropshire father, a complication, tangle. I Tatoe-trap [tai-tu-traap], s. a slang word for the mouth. Tattarat [taat-uraat], adj. an unruly person, or one wanting in stability. A farm lad who was continually leaving or being dismissed from his situations would be called a tattarat. “Yo tattarat “was used to an unruly horse. Taw [tau-], s. t(l) a marble, used to shoot with, in contra-distinction to dumps (q.v.). (2) a mischievous person. "He's a regilar taw up to aw sorts o' tricks an' weinats" [Ee)z u reg-ilur tau- up tu au-sau'rts u trik-s un weynaats]. Taxy-waxy [taak-si-waak-si], s. a portion of meat composed mainly of skin or cartilage. A variant of pax-wax, for which see Skeat's Dictionary. Tay [tar], v.a. and n. to take, betake oneself; see TAK. The loss of the k in take was a mark of the Northern dialects. See Oliphant, Old and Middle English, pp. 320, 380, 450. ITed [ted], v.a. to turn and spread out new-mown grass. "I shall leeave yander hee i' the swath a bit yet, for it's 1100 use beginnin' o' teddin' wheile the weather's like it is” [Ahyjshl leeuv yaan-dur ee- i)dhu swaath- u bit yet, fur it)s noo yoos bigy'in-in. u ted in weyl dhu wedh*ur)z lahyk it iz]. Compare Tusser, p. 121, ed. E.D.S., "to ted and make hay;" and Bailey “To Tede Grass, to turn and spread abroad new-mown Grass. S. and E.G." Tedious [tee -jus], adj. (1) careful, scrupulous. “Yo bin so tedious about yur cleean fowds" [Yoa- bin su tee-jus ubuwt yur kleeun fuwdz]. (2) lasting a long time, slow. “We'n gotten a tedious job luggin' that bit o' hee off Bickley Moss ; we han to bring it upo' poles fost part o' the road, for we conna tak th' hosses o' that mizzacky graind" [Wi)n got-n u tee-jus job lug-in dhaat-

(delwedd C4703) (tudalen 389)	GLOSSARY. 389 bit u ee* of Bik-li Mos ; wi aan* tu bringg- it upu poa-lz fost paa-rt u)dhu roa-d, fur wi kon)u taak- dh)osiz u dhaat' miz-uki graaynd]. 1(8) troublesome. A cross child would be said to be very tedious. tTeeam [teyum, teeum], v.a. to pour. "Hoo's teeamt a bucketle o' soft waiter dain the fowd, when hard 'ud ha' done just as well this dry time" [6o)z teeumt u buk-itl u soft wai-tur daayn dhu fuwd, wen aa-rd ud u dun just uz wel dhis drahy tahym]. “Han yo teeamed that last bag o' meal into th' coifer ?" [Aan-yu teyumd dhaat' laas-t baag- u mee-1 in-tu)th kof-ur ?] Compare Icel. tcema, to empty. Teedee [tee- -dee-], s. a lump of ordure. Cp. Icel. toft, ordure. Teegle up [tee-gl up], v.a. to entice, lead on from step to step. See STEEKLE UP. tTeel-ends [tee-1-endz], s. pi. tail-ends; a name applied to the small and inferior grains blown to the outside of the corn-heap in winnowing with a, fan. Teeler [tee-lur], s. a (tailor or) caterpillar. Teel-SOaken [tee-lsoa-kn], adj. tail-soaked; a term applied to an aifection of heifers, in which the lowest joint of the tail becomes loosened and softened, generally from lack of sufficient nourishment. "What do you think of my new heifer, George?" "Well, hoo looks as ev hoo'd bin teel-soaken an' poverty-strucken through th' winter" [Wel, 60 looks uz ev 6o)d bin tee-lsoa-kn un povurti-struk-n throo)th win-tar], Teeny-tiny [tee-ni-tahyni], adj. very tiny. "A little teeny -tiny un." This is a reduplication of tiny, for which we have the two forms teeny [tee-ni] and tiny [tahyni]. This use of both forms may be paralleled by a common expression used when the wind is very boisterous. “The ivind's blowin' the weind abowt" [Dhu win-)z bloa-in dhu weynd ubuwt]. Teity [teyti], adj. squeamish. "He's so despert teity -stomached,

(delwedd C4704) (tudalen 390)	390 FOLK- SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. y5 can get nowt as does for him" [6e)z su des-purt teyti-stunrukt, yu)kn gy'et nuwt uz duz for im]. Tell-tale-tit [tel-taH-tit], s. a tell-tale, talebearer. Tell-tale-tit, Yur tongue shall be split, And every little dog in Nantwich Shall have a little bit. Popular Rhyme. Tell to [tel too], v.n. to tell anyone where to find a thing. See KNOW TO. Tent [tent], v.a. t(l) to tend, keep watch over. “Tent the fire, as it doesna go ait" [Tent dhu fahyur uz it duz)nu goa* aayt]. Compare Burns, If there's a hole in a' your coats I rede ye tent it, A chiel's amang ye takin' notes, And, faith, he'll prent it. On Captain Grose's Peregrinations through Scotland. f(2) to scare or keep off, arcere; e.g., to tent crows. (3) to prevent. "I'll tent him from doin' that" [Ahy)l tent im frum doo-in dhaat-]. Than [dhun], conj. till. “We delayed writing than now, because of getting the harvest over” (Extract from letter dated August llth, 1887). Thatch-peg [thaaclr-peg], s. a stick sharpened at one end for use in thatching. I Thick an' three-fowld [thik- un. three- -fuwld], adv. thickly, with little intermission. "They gotten it abowt as he was gooin' Ameriky; an' the bills come droppin' in thick an' three-fowld 1 ' [Dhi got-n it ubuwt uz e"e wuz gooin timer iki; un dim bil-z kum drop-in in thik' un three- -fuwld]. The same meaning is also expressed by the phrase Thicker an' Faster. tThiek-yed [thik-yed], s. a blockhead. “' Well, mester, hai bin 'ee this mornin'?' 'Oh, reight.' 'That's well; some on 'em

(delwedd C4705) (tudalen 391)	GLOSSARY. 391 bin on'y hafe reight.' ' Oh, they bin the thick-yeds"' ["Wei, mes-tur, aay bin)ee dims mau-rnin?" "Oa-, reyt." "Dhaat)s wel; sum un urn bin oa-ni ai-f reyt." "Oa, dhar bin dhu thik-yedz]. tThief [theyf, theef], s. a burning excrescence on the wick of a candle, which causes it to gutter. Miss Jackson quotes the word in the same sense from Eandle Holme (Acad. of Arm., Bk. Ill, ch. iii., p. 102). tThin [thin-], adj. piercing; said of the wind. "It's a very thin weind this mornin'“ [It)s a veri thin- weynd dhus mau-rnin]. Such a wind is often said "to make thin linin's" i.e., it makes one's clothes feel thin. Thing's [thing-z], s. pi. in the Cheshire farmer's mouth has the special sense of "live stock." His last duty at night is to "look his things." This sense of the word is obviously natural in a pastoral district. So the Welsh, a nation of drovers, call live stock “da” (goods). Think [thingk-], s. a thing ; only so pronounced in the compounds [sunrthingk, aan-ithingk], &c., and in the phrase "one think or another" [won thingk- ur unudh-ur]. See Chapter on Pronunciation under Ng (3). Thinkins [thingk-inz], s. pi. opinions. "Yo wunna auter my tkinkins" [Yoa wmr)u au-tur mi thingk-inz]. Thinskinned [thhrskind], adj. of land, with a thin surface-soil; opp. to deep. Thom [thorn], v.a. to "thumb," to use roughly. NOKBUBY. Of a man who was always getting into difficulties with his neighbours it was said "He get's terr'bly thommed by one or another “ P&e gy'ets tae-rbli thomd bi won ur unudh-ur]. Thonder [dhon-dur], pron. and adv. "Thonder's a pretty good ca'i" [Dhon-dur)z u priti gud ky'aay]. See Chapter on Pronunciation, p. 22, under Y. Also see YANDER. tThrave [thrai-v], s. a quantity of reaped corn in the straw, con-

(delwedd C4706) (tudalen 392)	392 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. sisting of twenty-four sheaves or three "hattocks." A farmer will speak of having so many thrave to the acre. (Note plural thrave.) Wilbraham defines a thrave as "generally twelve, but sometimes twenty-four, sheaves of corn." Mr. Holland has his own explanation of this ambiguous definition, which I refer the reader to, though I do not agree with it. I prefer to quote Blount's Glossographia, p. 647 (as given by Miss Jackson), "Thrave of Corn, was two Shocks, of six, or rather twelve sheaves apiece. Stat. 2 H. 6 c. 2. In most Counties of England, twenty-four sheaves do now go to a Thrave. Twelve sheaves make a Stook, and two StooJcs a Thrave" Bailey has "A Thrave, 24 Sheaves or 2 Shocks of Corn set up together-N.C." IThFeeap dain [threeup daayn], v.a. to contradict, maintain an opposite opinion to. "I towd her o'er an' o'er agen as Kitty'd never bin at chapel, but hoo wud threeap me ddin as hoo had" [Ahy tuwd ur oaT un oaT ugy'en- uz Ky'it'i)d nevur bin ut chaap-il, but 60 wud threeup mi daayn uz 60 aad-]. Cp. Perkin Warbeck's Confession, "It was at Cork that the people of the town first threaped upon him that he was the son of the Duke of Clarence." A.S. ]>reapian. f Three-cornered [threy-kau-rnurd], adj. irritable. NORBUEY. "Yo mun mind what yo sen to th' mester; he's in a very three-cornered wee this mornin', he welly snapped my yed off when I spok to him just nai” [Yoa mun mahynd wot yoa* sen tu)th mes'tur; ee)z in u veri threy-kau'rnurd wee' dhus mauTnin, ee weli snaap't many yed of wen ahy spok too im jus naay]. Threek [three -k], s. a cluster of thistles growing in a field. NORBUBY. "Here, go back an' cut that threek as yo'n left theer" [Eeur, goa* baak* un kut dhaat' three k uz yu)n left dheeur]. Three-square [threy- or three- -skwae-r],.ad/. f(l) triangular. (2) irritable in temper. "Hoo's in a very three-square humour" [6o)z in u ver-i thr4e'-skwaer y6o-mur]. Compare THREE-CORNERED, above.

(delwedd C4707) (tudalen 393)	GLOSSARY. 393 Threewik [threywik], s. a space of three weeks. "Hoo's bin jed gettin' on for a threewik" [6o)z bin jed gy'eHn on fur ii threywik]. Threshet [thresh-it], s. a flail. Very occasionally heard as a plural substantive iThreshetS. Thrid-thPUm [thrid-- thrum], s. a tangle. “This clookin's aw in a thrid-thrum" [Dhis tloo t kin)z au- in u thrid* -thrum]. Lit., tangle of thread ; cp. THRUM. tThrift [thrift], s. “thriving" or growing pains. Thriller [thril-ur], s. a shaft-horse. See THRILL-HOSS. Thrill-gears [thril-geyurz], s. pi. the harness of a shaft-horse. Thrill-hoss [thril--os], s. a shaft-horse. See THRILLEB. Bailey gives “Thiller, Thill Horse, that Horse that is put under the Thill." Shakspere has the iorm fill-horse in Merchant of Venice, II. ii. 100 (Globe ed.): “Thou hast got more hair on thy chin than Dobbin mjjfUl-horse has on his tail." t Thrills [thril-z], s. pi. the shafts of a cart. See CART. The r is intrusive. Bailey has "Thill, the Beam or Draught-tree of a cart or waggon." A.S. Ipille, a thin piece of wood. Shakspere li&sjill in Troilus and Cressida, IV. ii. 48 : “Come your ways, come your ways ; an you draw backwards, we'll put you i' the fills." See THRILL-HOSS, above. tThrippas [thrip-uz], s.pl. tThrippa-SloteS [thrip-u-sloa-ts], s.pl. [throg], Throggy [throg-i], *. a thrush; a word chiefly used by boys. tThrostle [thros-1], s. a thrush. "To stare like a choked throstle" [Tii stae-r lahyk u choa-kt thros-1] is a common phrase. Compare the similar phrases given under CAT and EARWIG. A.S. yrostle, M.E. yrostel. Throttle [throt-1], s. the throat. “Here's summat to meisten thy

(delwedd C4708) (tudalen 394)	394 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. throttle, lad" [Eyur)z sum-ut tu meysn dhi throt-1, laad-]. A diminutive of throat. ThPOW [throa-], v.a. to hinder, throw behindhand. "It'll throw me terribly wi' the work" [It)l throa- mi terubli wi dhu wuurk]. FLING and CAST are similarly used. Thruggil [thrug-il], s. a short, stunted person; a dwarf. "Did y5 sey that wench? What a little thruggil hoo is !" [Did yu sey dhaat- wensh ? Wot u lit-1 thrug-il 60 iz !] Thrum [thrum], s. t(l) a tangle. "This skein's in a thrum" [Dhis sky'ai-n)z in u thrum]. (2) odds and ends of yarn and thread. Bailey has "A Thrum, an End of a Weaver's Warp." Compare Midsummer Night's Dream, V. i. 292 : “Oh, Fates, come, come ; cut thread and thrum." Also Merry Wives of Windsor, IV. ii. 77 : “There's her thrummed hat and her muffler too." (3) "To sing three thrums" is to purr, as a cat does. Burns uses thrum as a verb meaning "to purr." Compare Icel. ])ruma, to rattle, and the E. verb thrum. “Three thrums" should probably be written as a single word, three -thrum,s, since it looks like a mere reduplication of thrum. Thrum [thrum], adj. thickly grown, of crops. “Them turmits (turnips) binna very thrum” [Dhem tuu-rmits bm*)u veri thrum]. Thrumble up [thrum-bl up], to tie or fasten clumsily. “Ah've gotten th' geet thrumbled up with a cheen" [Ah)v got-n)th gy'ee-t thrum-bid up widh u chee-n]. Compare THRUM (1). Thrummoek [thrum-uk], s. a tangle; a longer form of THRUM. Thrummy [thrum-i], adj. tangled. tThrunk [thrungk], adj. thronged, crowded. A man at Burland, who had a large family of boys, invited some friends who were attending a neighbouring camp -meeting to dinner. His house was small, and his^ youthful progeny kept getting into everybody's way. At last the good man lost patience, and exclaimed “Theise lads bin like the devil they auvays wun get wheer

(delwedd C4709) (tudalen 395)	GLOSSARY. 395 it's ihrurikest" [Dheyz laad-z bin lahyk dhii devl dhi au'viz wun gy'et we"eur it)s thrungk-ist]. "As thrunk as three in a bed” [Us thrungk us three in u bed] is a common expression. Compare A.S. ]>rungen, close, thronged, from ]>ringan, to press. tThruteh [thruch], to squeeze. (1) v.a. "Thrutch 'em hi" [Thruch urn in]. Hence the common phrase "to be thrutcht fur rowm” [tu bi thrucht fur ruwm]. (2) v.n. "Thrutch up, nai" [Thruch up, naay] = Make room, now. Eay gives as a Cheshire proverb, "Maxfield ( = Macclesfield) measure, heap and thrutch." Bailey has "Thrucht, thrust. N.C." A.S. fryccan. Compare THRUNK, above, from ]>ringan, with which this verb has the same connexion as Ger. driicken with dringen. See Kluge's Etym. Ger. Diet., s.v. driicken. IThrutchins [thruch-inz], s. the moisture thrutched out of a cheese under press. It is very salt and proverbially nasty. Thruteh-puddins [thruch --pudinz], s. a chubby person or animal. See THRUTCH and PUDDINS. Thump [thump], adv. indeed, of a truth. "Yo wunna go Maupas to-neight?" "I wull, thump" [Yoa* wun)u goa* Mau*pus tu-neyt? Ahy wul, thump]. IThunderbowt [thun-durbuwt], s. a corn-poppy. Thunge [thunzh], s. (1) a loud, hollow sound, as of thunder, “retentissement," an onomatopoeic word. It is the word always used to imitate the sound of a gun, like the E. bang. “Tlmnge ! off it go's" [Thunzh ! of it goz]. (2) a heavy fall, producing a loud noise. “He come daiin sich a thunge" [Ee kum daayn siclr u thunzh]. Thunge [thunzh], v.n. to bang, produce a loud noise or "thunge." “They'd locked th' door o' th' a'itside, an' theer I was thungin r fur hafe an hour afore annyb'dy come to me" [Dhi)d lokt)th d6our u)dh aaytsahyd, un dh^eur ahy woz thun-zhin fur ai'f un aawur ufoaT aan'ibdi kum t6o mi]. Thunk [thungk], s. f(l) a thong; a leathern shoe-latchet. "Hey

(delwedd C4710) (tudalen 396)	396 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. begun undo a very big thunk" [Ey bigun* undoo* u veri big thungk] = He began to get into a very great rage. "Can yo gie me two or threy thunks for my shoon" [Kun yu gy'i) mi t6o ur threy thungks fur mi shoon]. Cp. Wycliffe's version, Mark i. 7, "I knelinge am not worthi for to vndo, or vnbynde, the thivong of his sclwon." (2) a hard substance in a cow's udder. Tiee [tahys], v.a. to entice. “It's yo're faut o' mey pleein' truant yo ticed me" [It)s yoa-r fau-t u mey pleein troo-unt yoa-tahyst mi]. Tickle [tiki], adj. (1) ticklish, nice, delicate. "It's a tickle job ; yo'n ha' be careful" [It)s u tiki job ; yoa-)ii aa bi ky'ae-rful]. (2) sensitive ; said of balances. “Theise scales binna very tickle; the raist must ha' gotten i' the jeints" [Dheyz sky'ailz bin-)u veri tiki; dhu raayst must u got'n i)dhu jeynts]. Compare Chaucer, Milleres Tale 3430, “The world is now ful tikel sikerly;" and Gascoigne, The Fruites of War, "A tickell treasure, like a trendlynge ball." N.B. This word is never pronounced [titi], as tickle (vb.) sometimes is. t Tickle -Stomached [tiki-stum-ukt], adj. squeamish. Compare TEITY. Tidy [tahy -di], adj. Besides the usual meaning of neat, this word signifies f(l) decent, honest. “He's as tidy a mon as anny i' this country" pfee)z uz tahydi u mon uz aani i dhis kmrtri]. (2) good (in an idiomatic sense). “Yo bin here i' pritty tidy time" [Yoa- bin 6eur i priti tahydi tahym]. t(3) considerable. “We'n a tidy toothry tatoes" [Wi)n u tahydi too-thri taiiuz]. The word nearly corresponds to the E. decent, as colloquially used. Tiff [tif], s. (I) condition. “The hosses bin i' pretty good tiff fur their work” [Dhu osiz bin i priti gud tif- fur dhur wuurk]. (2) style. "That'll be abowt my tiff" [Dhaat')l bi ubuwt mahy tif-]. Compare Fr. attiffer, to trim, deck (Cotgrave).

(delwedd C4711) (tudalen 397)	GLOSSARY. 397 lift [tif-t], s. a tiff, ill-temper; the same as TUFT. Tifty [tif-ti], adj. touchy in temper. “Yo han mind hai yo speak'n to her hoo's a bit tifty" [Yoa* aan- mahynd aay yu spee-kn too ur 6o)z u bit tif-ti]. tTike [tahyk], s. a cur. Compare Piers Plowman B. xix. 87 ; King Lear, III. vi. 73 ; K. Henry V., II. i. 81. tTill [til-], conj. than. See pp. 60 and 95 in the Outlines of Grammar ; and TIN, THAN, in the Glossary. t Timber-toed [tim-bur-toa-d], adj. with toes turned inwards. Time ago [tahym ugoa-], Time back [baak-], adv. some time ago. Time an' agen [tahym un ugy'en-], adv. repeatedly. “I've towd him time an' agen; bur hey taks no heed o' what I see" [Ahy)v tuwd im tahym un ugy'en- ; bur ey taak-s nu eyd u wot ahy see-]. Tin [tin-, tun, tn], conj. till. See THAN and TILL. Tine [tahyn], v.a. to close up a gap in a hedge. “Wheer's mester?" "He's i' th' feilt wi' the men, tinin' hedges" [Weeur)z mes-tur? 6e)z i)th feylt wi dhu men, tahynin ej-iz]. A.S. tynan, to close. Tipe [tahyp], (1) v.a. to turn. "Here's Mrs. Jones sent y5 a pair o' traisers, an' hoo says hoo thinks wi' turnin' an' tipin' a bit yo con meebe make 'em do fo' y6" [Eyur)z Misiz Joa-nz sent yu u pae-r u traayzurz, un 60 sez 60 thingk-s wi tuu-rnin un tahypin u bit yu)kn mee-bi mai-k um doo fo)yu]. (2) v.a. to knock over. “Nai, sey as yo dunna tipe that can o'er wi' yur foot” [Naay, sey uz yoa* dun)u tahyp dhaat* ky'aan- oa-r wi yur foot]. t(3) v.n. to fall over. "Hoo was tooken wi' one on her feenty aitches, an' hoo tiped o'er" [60 wuz t6o-kn wi won un ur fee-nti ai-chiz, un 60 tahypt oa-r], Cp. Line, tipe, to toss. Thoresby's Letter to Eay gives “Tipe over, to overturn."

(delwedd C4712) (tudalen 398)	398 FOLK-SPEECH OF SOUTH CHESHIRE. Tippin' [tip-in], adj. excellent. “They bin tippin' cheers ; they'n do well for go i' ahr parlour” [Dhi bin tip-in cheeurz ; dlii)n d6o wel fur goa* i aa-r paa-rlur]. Compare TOPPIN'. Tire [tahyur], s. weariness. "My bones fair achen wi' tire" [Mi boa-nz fae-r ai-kn wi tahyur]. flit [tit-], s. a horse, nag. “Hoo's a nice, little tit" [6o)z u nahys, lit-1 tit-]. “Tak th' gentleman's tit, an' give him a good feid o' curn" [Taak-)th jen-tlmunz tit-, un gy'iv im u gud feyd u kuurn]. The word would not be naturally applied to the very finest class of horses, although there is no such positive depreciation implied in it, as appears in Tusser's use of tit. By tits and such Few gaineth much. September's Abstract, p. 31 (ed. E.D.S.). tTit-baek [tit--baak], s. horse-back. "Has he gone afoot?" "Now ( = No), he went upo' tit-back" [Nuw, ee went upu tit--baak-]. The following quotation is from Collier, Works, p. 52, as given by Mr. Hallam in his Four Dialect Words, p. 57. "I'r ot heawse in o crack, on leet o' th' owd mon i' th' fowd, ossin' t' get o' tit-back." Titty [tit-i], s. mother's milk. “The little kitlins han bin havin' some titty” [Dhu lit-1 ky'iHinz un bin aavin sum tit-i]. Cp. DIDDY. Tizzaeky [tiz-uki], adj. asthmatic. To an' agen [t6o un ugy'en-], adv. to and fro. See AGEN. To'art as, to'artS as [toa-ts uz], prep, in comparison with ; lit. toward as. Toddlish [tod-lish], adj. slightly intoxicated, half tipsy. "Now ( = No), he wonna drunk, bur he was a bit toddlish" [Nuw, e"e wo)nu drungk, bur ee wuz u bit tod-lish]. To-dO [tu-d6o-], s. f(l) an ado, fuss. “There'll be a pratty to-do when the mester hears on't" [Dhur)l bi u praat-i tu-d6o- wen dhu mes-tur eeurz on)t].

(delwedd C4713) (tudalen 399)	GLOSSARY. 399 (2) trouble. “We'd sich a to-do to make him go worn bait his mammy" [Wi)d sich u tu-d6o- tu mark im goa- worn baayt iz maanri]. "I conna get my places straight withait a big to-do" [Ahy kon)u gy'et mi plarsiz streyt widhaayt u big-tu-d6o-]. (3) an occurrence of a public kind, a fete, &c. “There's gooin' bey a big to-do at Cholmondeley belungin' to this P'imrose League" [Dhur)z g6o-in bey u big- tu-d6o- ut Chum-li bilungg'in tu dhis* Pinrroa'z Lee'g]. iTon [ton], pron. the one; the one or the other. “Stee !" said Sally Evans to her husband Stephen, “Stee ! wut thee be quait? tha'll ha' thy foot i' pot ur pon, ton, just nai" [Stey ! wut dhey bi kwart? dhaa)l aa)dhi foo-t i pot ur pon, ton, jus naay]. “I'll ha' ton ur tother on 'em" [Ahy)l aa ton ur tudh-ur on urn]. Compare For outher he sal the tane hate And the tother luf after his state, Or he sal the tane of tham mayntene And the tother despyse. Hampole's Pricke of Conscience, p. 31 (ed. Morris). A.S. Ipcet an and Ipcet olper. Tooad [t6oud], s. (1) a toad ; a term of strong depreciation applied to a person or animal. “Y6 nowd tooad! yo'n bin upstairs agen" [Yu nuwd tooud! yoa)n bin upstae'rz ugy'en'] addressed to a cat. “Sarve him reight, a drunken owd tooad! noo matter if he'd bin kilt" [Saa-rv im reyt, u drungkn uwd t6oud ! noo maat-ur iv 6e)d bin ky'iK]. (2) The expression “as full (e.g., of anger or other emotion) as a blown tooad" [uz fiil uz u bloa*n t6oud] deserves notice here. Tooads'-gresS [tooudz-gres], s. the weed Spergula Arvensis ; the same as DODDER and BEGGAR' S-NEEDLE. Tooken to [t6o-kn t6o], p. part, astonished, taken aback. "I was tooken to when I seed him stondin' at th' door, an' mey thinkin' he was i' Liverpool aw the wheile" [Ahy woz t6o-kn t6o wen

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