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The
Dialect Of The English Gypsies.
By C. Smart, M.D., & H. T. Crofton.
Second Edition. Revised And Greatly Enlarged.
London: Asher and Co., 13, Bedford Street, Covent Garden. 1875.
(All Rights Reserved.)
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To Dr. Alexandre G. Paspati,
of Constantinople, author of
“Études Sur Les Tchinghianés De L'empire Ottoman,” in token of their high
appreciation of his valuable work, and in acknowledgement of the great
assistance they have derived therefrom in prosecuting kindred researches,
this monograph, on the dialect of the English gypsies. is with kind
permission, inscribed by the authors.
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NOTE
ON ERRATA.
The critical reader is particularly referred to the list of
"Corrigenda" at the end of this volume, to rectify various
typographical and other inaccuracies which have been inadvertently overlooked
in revising the proofs.
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PREFACE
LITTLE requires to be said by way of preface to the present work, unless it
be in reference to its conjoint authorship. Although termed a Second Edition,
and so far as one of its authors is concerned being but an extension of his
previously published researches, yet it is far from being a réchauffé of a
prior publication. It has received such additions to its material, and
undergone such changes in its arrangement, that we think it may fairly be
described, in the prevalent language of the day, as having passed through a
process of evolution from a lower to a higher stage of development. The
infusion into the work of fresh blood, and the contact with younger
enthusiasm, have stirred a somewhat stagnating interest, and awakened a
zymotic activity, which have led to combined and successful efforts to obtain
further facts to fill former vacancies.
From a critical point of view, a book is apt to suffer from the confusion of
style and want of unity which are the almost necessary features of literary
partnership. Such considerations, however, are of little moment in connection
with a scientific treatise which depends for its value, not upon manner, but
upon matter. There are even in questions of fact positive advantages to be
gained by collaboration, and notably the increased authority
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vi
PREFACE.
which a statement derives from the corroboration of a second observer.
Accordingly, we have in most instances carefully tested each other's results
before adopting them as our own.
In the following pages we have endeavoured accurately to record facts as we
found them, and to present them to our readers untinctured by the personal
medium through which they are transmitted. Whatever be the merits or defects
of our undertaking, we claim an equal share of the praise or blame which may
be bestowed upon it.
BATH C. SMART.
HENRY THOMAS CROFTON. Manchester, June 15, 1874.
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INTRODUCTION.
In the year 1861 a short paper on the "Language of the English
Gypsies" was read by one of the authors of the present work before the
Ethnological Section of the British Association, then holding its annual
meeting at Manchester. This paper was chiefly based upon a vocabulary which
was submitted to the inspection of the members of the Section, and which the
author, at that time a very young man engaged in the study of medicine, had
himself collected in the tents of various Gypsy tribes. Subsequently this
vocabulary was presented to the London Philological Society, in conjunction
with some remarks upon Grammar, and is to be found printed in its
Transactions for the year 1863, where it is entitled "The Dialect of the
English Gypsies, by Bath C. Smart, M.D." Since the publication of this
contribution towards a fuller knowledge of English Romanes, little has been
written on the subject in this country of any scientific pretension, until
the recent works of Borrow and Leland issued from the press. Both these
writers have dealt with Gypsy topics in their own peculiar way. The picturesque
mannerism of Mr. Borrow's well-known style, his roving experience, and
evident sympathy with Bohemian life and character, impart a charm to all his
works quite independent of their linguistic value. The latest production
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viii
INTRODUCTION.
of his pen is the first systematic treatise he has written on the English
Gypsy dialect, which is only referred to casually in his previous
publications. Whatever be the judgment passed upon his labours from a
philological point of view, to him must be conceded the crown as the facile
princeps of English Gypsy writers. His infectious enthusiasm awakens in the
hearts of even staid, respectable readers a dangerous longing for the freedom
of the wilds; and disposes them to admire, if not to emulate, the example of
the Oxford scholar, whose romantic story Mr. Matthew Arnold has commemorated
in elegant verse. He, chafing within the "studious walls" of his
college, sick of the culture "which gives no bliss," at length
broke through the restrictions and conventional proprieties of his stately
Alma Mater, and, yielding to the "free onward impulse" of a nomadic
nature,
"One summer morn forsook
His friends, and went to learn the Gypsy lore,
And roamed the world with that wild brotherhood,
And came, as most men deemed, to little good.”
Mr. Leland in his work has subordinated the scientific to the popular
element; and in so doing has evoked, as he probably intended, a wider
interest in his subject than if he had confined his remarks within severer
limits.
The books of both these authors will well repay the perusal of those
interested in Gypsy literature, but still neither of them has exhausted the
material to be obtained by a diligent investigator in the same field of
research. Much good grain yet remains to be gathered in before the harvest be
completed, and the record of this remarkable race be written in its full
entirety. Here lies the raison d'ętre of our own little treatise. We believe
we have new matter to place before our readers, having col-
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INTRODUCTION.
ix
lected sufficient data to warrant us in attempting, what has not been done
before in this country, a tolerably complete exposition of the grammatical
forms and construction of the 'deepest' extant English Romanes, namely, that
spoken by the oldest members of the families most renowned among the Gypsies
themselves for a knowledge of their ancient tongue.
These 'fathers in Israel’, the
‘jinomeskros' or pundits of their tribe, are well acquainted with words and
idioms which are unfamiliar to their sons, and will be almost unintelligible
to the generation which shall come after them. Little else than bare
root-words are to be obtained from the modernized Gypsy of the period; but in
conversing with his patriarchal sire,
"Whose spirit is a chronicle
Of strange and occult and forgotten things,"
we have often been rewarded by hearing archaic terms and obsolete inflexions
which, like the bones and eggs of the Great Auk, or the mummified fragments
of a Dodo, are the sole relics of extinct forms. These need to be eagerly
listened for and carefully treasured as the broken utterances of an expiring
language.
Among these conservators of ancient ways, we have met with no Gypsy anywhere
who can be compared with our friend Sylvester Boswell, for purity of speech
and idiomatic style. No 'posh-and-posh’ mumper is he, but a genuine specimen
of a fine old 'Romani chal' — a regular blue-blooded hidalgo — his father a
Boswell, his mother a Herne — his pedigree unstained by base 'gaujo'
admixture. We have been especially indebted to him both for his willingness
to impart information and for the intelligence which has enabled him
satisfactorily to elucidate several doubtful points in the language. We
mention his
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INTRODUCTION.
name here with emphasis, because he himself wishes for some public
acknowledgment of his services, and because we have pleasure in claiming for
him a 'double first* in classical honours, as a Romanes scholar of the
'deepest' dye. Sylvester habitually uses in his conversation what he calls
the "double {i.e., inflected) words," and prides himself on so
doing. He declares that he speaks just like his father and mother did before
him, but that many of the younger folk around him do not understand him when
he uses the old forms current in his early days. According to him, these
degenerate scions of an ancient stock only speak the "dead (i.e.,
uninflected) words, and say, when at a loss for an expression, " Go to
Wester, — he speaks dictionary." He affirms that none can use the double
words like some of the Hemes and Boswells; that most of the old-fashioned
'Romani chals' are either dead or have left England for America or elsewhere;
but that nevertheless some few remain scattered over the country, though even
they have lost and forgotten a great deal through constant intercourse with
other Gypsies who only speak the broken dialect. To tell the truth, Wester
himself occasionally lapses from his lofty pedestal, and we have noted from
his lips examples of very dog-Romanes. He would, however, often recover
himself from these slips, and arrest our reporting pencil in mid-career with
"Stop, don't put that down!" and, after thinking for a moment,
would tell us the same thing in 'deep' Romanes, or even find on further
reflection "in the lowest deep a deeper still."
There are several dialects of the Anglo-Romanes. Sylvester Bos well recounts
six:
1st,
that spoken by the New Forest Gypsies, having Hampshire for its headquarters;
2nd,
the South-Eastern, including Kent and the
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INTRODUCTION.
xi
neighbourhood;
3rd,
the Metropolitan, that of London and its environs;
4th,
the East Anglian, extending over Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambs, Lincolnshire,
Northampton, and Leicestershire;
5th,
that spoken in the 'Korlo-tem,' or Black Country, having Birmingham for its
capital;
6th,
the Northern. We do not altogether agree with this classification, but it is
interesting as a Gypsy's own, and we give it for what it is worth.
In addition, there is the Kirk Yetholm or Scotch Gypsy dialect, which is very
corrupt, and anything but copious. Lastly, there is the Welsh Gypsy dialect
spoken by the Woods, Williamses, Joneses, etc., who have a reputation for
speaking 'deep,' but who mix Romani words with 'Lavenes,' i.e., the language
of the Principality. For practical purposes, the English Gypsy tongue may be
conveniently considered as consisting of two great divisions, viz., —
1st. The Common wide-spread corrupt dialect, "quod semper, quod ubique,
quod ab omnibus," containing but few inflexions, and mixed to a greater
or less extent with English, and conforming to the English method in the
arrangement of the sentences. This is the vulgar tongue in every-day use by
ordinary Gypsies.
2nd. The 'Deep' or old dialect, known only to a few aged Gypsies, which
contains many inflexions and idioms; which has its own 'ordo verborum;' which
closely resembles the principal Continental Gypsy dialects, e.g., the German,
Turkish, etc.; and which contains a minimum admixture of English words. This
last, which will soon cease to exist, is par excellence the Gypsy language,
of which the first is merely the corruption.
Dialectical variations, whether local or tribal, undoubtedly exist, and may
perhaps help to explain the
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xii
INTRODUCTION.
discrepancies to be found in the writings of the different authors who have
treated on the language of the English Gypsies. We think there is now
sufficient evidence to enable us to estimate the nature and extent of
topographical peculiarities. The materials most available for this purpose
are:
1st. Dr. Richard Bright's imperfect and scanty, but at the same time
valuable, examples of the dialect of the Norwood Gypsies, published in 1818;
2nd, Colonel Harriot's very excellent vocabulary obtained from the New Forest
Gypsies, published in 1830;
3rd, our own vocabulary, principally collected in the North of England, but
partly in the Eastern Counties, first published in 1863;
4th, the recent work of Mr. Leland, who appears to have conducted his
researches principally in and around London, which may be taken to illustrate
the peculiarities of the Metropolitan district, published in 1873;
lastly, the "Lavo-lil" of Mr. Borrow, published in 1874, who, being
an old resident in Norfolk, might be regarded as the exponent of the East
Anglian dialect, were it not for the intrinsic evidence in his writings that
many of his words have been procured from various and wide-spread sources. A
comparative examination of the data furnished by these works, and our own
additional experience, strongly incline us to the opinion that mere locality
has very little influence in the formation or limitation of a genuine Gypsy
dialect. The 'deeper' (i.e., purer) Romanes a Gypsy speaks, irrespective of
his whereabouts, the nearer he approximates to one common standard. The
language of Dr. Bright's Norwood Gypsies in 18 18 closely resembles that of
our Lancashire Boswells in 1874.
Posh-Romanes, the corrupt broken dialect, is of course intermixed with
provincialisms, and this varies in different parts of England. If an infusion
of broad Yorkshire be
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INTRODUCTION.
xiii
the excipient, the resultant mixture is not the same as when the vehicle is
East Anglian. Seeing that Gypsies speak English like that of the surrounding
population, it must happen that in turning English colloquialisms into
Romanes, they follow the prevailing idiom of the district they frequent, and
thus may arise special modes of expression. Romanes melts into the shape of
the mould into which it is cast; or, to change the metaphor, its stream may
be said to take the course of the channel, and to become impregnated with the
soil of the country, through which it flows.
Our conclusion, then, is this: that local colouring does not affect Romanes
proper, but only the medium in which it is conveyed.
But if we attach little importance to territorial variation, we are inclined
to admit the probability of there being tribal differences of dialect.
Whether these depend on the greater or less time which has elapsed since the
separation of particular tribes from their Continental brethren, or whether
on original and longer-standing peculiarities, are only matters for
conjecture. It is likely that the Gypsies did not invade this island in a body,
but landed in successive detachments, and thus a straggling immigration may
have extended over a considerable period, and in that case the latest
arrivals might be expected to speak the deepest Romanes. At all events, it is
now a fact that certain Gypsy families speak their own language better than
others; and words and idiomatic expressions habitually used in one tent may
never be heard in another.
Dr. Paspati, in his "Memoir on the Tchingianés of the Ottoman
Empire," minutely discriminates between the idioms spoken respectively
by the 'Sédentaires' and the ‘Nomades.' The words in these two dialects, as
he gives
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XIV
INTRODUCTION.
them, are sometimes so unlike as apparently to constitute separate branches
of a common stock. In England, the distinction between the sedentary or
settled Gypsies and their wandering brethren has not the significance which
it has in Turkey, where, especially in the Danubian provinces, there are many
villages inhabited by Gypsies alone. Kirk-Yetholm is the only place in Great
Britain where there is a Gypsy colony of any magnitude, although
'kairengros,' or house-dwellers, are to be found scattered over the whole
country. No general dialectical distinction, however, can be drawn between
English Gypsies on these grounds. Our Gypsy settlers assimilate their speech
more or less closely to that of their neighbours, according as the rust of
disuse, and the forgetful lapse of time, gradually obliterate their primitive
language, until in a generation or two there are left but few and imperfect traces
of their original mother-tongue. In spite of all that has been said by Mr.
Simson, in his "History of the Gypsies," our own experience
supports the conclusion that a settled life is not favourable to the
preservation of the language, but that those who use it with greater average
purity are those who travel about the most, and have therefore greatest need
for a secret language, and more frequent opportunities for Its exercise and
cultivation with others of their confraternity across whom they may come in
the course of their wanderings.
Most of our Gypsies cease their roving habits during the colder months of the
year, and take up their abode in or near our larger towns. The houses they
temporarily occupy there present the same empty appearance as is seen in the
homes of the sedentary Gypsies in the East. The whole household will be found
squatting on the floor, and dispensing with all unaccustomed articles of
furniture.
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INTRODUCTION.
xv
Many families also resort to towns for shelter and convenience during the
winter, without abandoning their tent life. These encamp in unused yards, or
on waste plots left for building purposes, for which they often pay a small
ground-rent. The Gypsies' inveterate attachment to the tent in preference to
a house is indicated, as Paspati points out, in their very language: thus, he
says, the Turkish Gypsies have twenty words applicable to a tent and its
appurtenances, but only two referring to a house.
But the dignity of a town residence has few attractions even for the
half-domesticated ‘kairengro.' The nomadic instinct underlies his assumed
character of a householder, and reappears as certainly as the traditional
Tartar on scratching a Russian. With the first spring sunshine comes the old
longing to be off; and soon is seen, issuing from his winter quarters, a
little calvacade, tilted cart, bag and baggage, donkeys and dogs, 'rom,
romni, and tickni chavis,' and the happy family is once more under weigh for
the open country. With dark restless eye and coarse black hair fluttered by
the fresh breeze, he slouches along, singing as he goes, in heart, if not in
precise words,
"I loiter down by thorpe and town;
For any job I’m willing;
Take here and there a dusty brown,
And here and there a shilling."
No carpet can please him like the soft green turf, and no curtains compare
with the snow-white blossoming hedgerow thorn. A child of Nature, he loves to
repose on the bare breast of the great mother. As the smoke of his evening
fire goes up to heaven, and the savoury odour of roast 'hotchi-witchi' or of
'canengri' soup salutes his nostrils, he sits in the deepening twilight
drinking in with unconscious delight all the sights and sounds
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xvi
INTRODUCTION.
which the country affords. With his keen senses alive to every external
impression, he feels that
“’Tis
sweet to see the evening star appear;
’Tis
sweet to listen as the night winds creep
From
leaf to leaf;"
he
dreamily hears the distant bark of the prowling fox and the melancholy
hootings of the wood-owls; he marks the shriek of the "night-wandering
weasel," and the rustle of the bushes, as some startled forest-creature
plunges into deeper coverts; or perchance the faint sounds from a sequestered
hamlet reach his ears, or the still more remote hum of a great city. Cradled
from his infancy in such haunts as these, "places of nestling green for
poets made," and surely for Gypsies too, no wonder if, after the fitful
fever of his town-life, he sleeps well, with the unforgotten and dearly-loved
lullabies of his childhood soothing him to rest, —
"Beatus
ille, qui procul negotiis,
Ut
prisca gens mortalium."
Gypsies
are the Arabs of pastoral England — the Bedouins of our commons and
woodlands. In these days of material progress and much false refinement, they
present the singular spectacle of a race in our midst who regard with
philosophic indifference the much-prized comforts of modern civilization, and
object to forego their simple life in close contact with Nature, in order to
engage in the struggle after wealth and personal aggrandizement. These
people, be it remembered, are not the outcasts of society; they voluntarily
hold aloof from its crushing organization, and refuse to wear the bonds it
imposes. The sameness and restraints of civil life; the routine of business
and labour; "the dull mechanic pacings to and fro; " the dim skies,
confined air, and circumscribed space of towns; the want of freshness and
natural beauty; — these conditions of
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INTRODUCTION. XVli existence are for them
intolerable, and they escape from them whenever they can. As in the present
so in past time, their history for centuries may be written in the words of
the Psalmist: " They wandered in the wilderness in a solitary way; they
found no city to dwell in," If we extend our survey beyond mere
provincial limits, and examine the English Gypsy dialect in relation to
geographical variation, we find that it has been influenced by the languages
of different countries in a similar way to that described as operating over
district areas. Dr. Franz Miklosich of Vienna, the well-known Slavonic
scholar, has made a comparative study of the great geographical varieties of
the Gypsy dialect in Europe. In the vocabulary of the Anglo-Scottish Gypsies,
he finds Greek, Slavonic, Roumanian, Magyar, German, and French ingredients.
He specifies thirty Slavonic and about an equal number of Greek words, which
constitute the most important foreign elements in Anglo-Romanes; and
concludes that the Gypsies entered England after they had sojourned among
Greeks, Slaves, Magyars, Germans, and French. But if the Anglo-Gypsies be
regarded as travellers who arrived at their destination stained with the dust
of the road along which their journey had lain, a special interest has since
attached to them on account of their more complete insulation in this
sea-girt land than elsewhere, and their long separation from the cognate
tribes of the Continent. It is curious to note in Anglo- Romanes the rarity
or absence of certain words which seem to be in common use in other
countries; and, conversely, to find that our Gypsies have retained some words
which are not met with in any other European Gypsy dialect. These will be
especially referred to in a subsequent page. b
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xviii INTRODUCTION.
A detailed analysis of the English Gypsy Vocabulary shows that the number of
roots is comparatively small. But it is interesting to observe, as
illustrating the natural growth of all languages, how in these few elements
resides a potentiality which renders the language equal to express the simple
wants and ideas of a nomadic people. A Gypsy knows how to make the best use
of his limited stock of words, and is rarely at a loss for an expression. He
is an adept at extemporary word-building. When requisite, he compounds and
coins new names and phrases with great facility; and not in an altogether
arbitrary fashion, but according to established usage, so that the fresh word
sounds natural, and conveys a meaning to the ears of his fellows, hearing it
perhaps for the first time. His comrades sit in judgment on the production,
and after a critical examination, "welcome the little stranger,"
and commend it as ' a good lav,' or crush it in its birth, and pronounce it
to be ' not tatcho,' if it doesn't come up to average excellence. Language is
plastic in the Gypsy's mouth, and allows itself to be easily moulded into new
forms. In this readiness of speech he presents a striking contrast to the
slowness and poverty of utterance which characterizes the ordinary English
rustic. If a Gypsy cannot find or frame a word to express a particular sense,
he often accomplishes his end by means of a paraphrase. However fluent a *
rokeromengro,' or conversationalist, an outsider may be, the tongue of the
alien is apt to stumble over the blanks which abound in the language and bar
his progress, and he is forced to throw in English words to fill up the
vacuities; but a knowing old 'Romani chal' adroitly doubles, and circumvents
most such difficulties in a periphrasis, without extraneous aid or breaking
the continuity of his 'rokeropen.' In these linguistic predica
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INTRODUCTION. xix
ments the 'gaujo's* extremity is the Gypsy's opportunity. The superior power
of the skilful craftsman is best shown in the way he overcomes a defect in
his tools. Like Paganini playing on one string, the Gypsy elicits from his
imperfect instrument notes and phrases which a *gaujo' in vain attempts to
extract. Place an English dictionary alongside of the Gypsy vocabulary, and
on comparison many of our words will be found to have no corresponding Romani
ones to express their meaning; but let it not be too hastily assumed that in
such a case a Gypsy is unable to obviate the deficiency. " There is
always a way of saying everything in Romanes, sir," a Gypsy once
remarked to us, "if you can only find it out.'* For example: the Gypsy
has no single word answering to the English verb * to untie.' If he wishes to
give the direction, * Untie the string,' he says, ' Mook o dori peero,' />.,
Let the string loose. There is no word for * nephew'; but a Gypsy expresses
the relationship * He is my nephew' by reversing the order of ideas, and
saying *Lesko koko shorn/ i.e., I am his uncle. In further illustration of
this usage, we append a series of questions and the Romanes answers:^- Q. How
would you say you were faint? Ans. Mandi shorn naflo pensa jawin* to sooto, —
i.e., I am ill like going to sleep (becoming unconscious). Q. How would you
say * 1 humbled myself? Ans. Kairddm mi kokkero choorokond, — i.^., I made
myself poor (or lowly). Q How do you say * Divide it*? Ans. Del mandi posh ta
too lei posh, — i.e.. Give me half, and do you take half. Q. How can you ask
for a spade?
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XX INTRODUCTION. Ans. Lei the kovva to 'chin a hev
adrd o poov, — i.e.. Get the thing for cutting a hole in the ground (for
delving). Q. What is ' to pray to God '? Ans. To del kooshto lavaw kater mi
Doovel, — i,e,, To give good words to God. Q. What is ' to answer him'? Ans.
To del lav lesti, i.e,^ — to give word to him. — (Comp. with Germ,
ant-worten.) Some of the descriptive definitions which take the place of a
substantive designation are fanciful and poetical. Stars are * Doods adr6 mi
Doovelesko keri/ ue,, Lights in my God's home. Thunder is * Mi Doovelesko
Godli/ i.e., My God's noise (or voice). Lightning is 'Mi Doovelesko yog/
i.e.. My God's fire. A Gypsy never mentions the name of God without prefixing
* mi/ after the manner of the opening invocation in Our Lord's Prayer. The
Gypsy word for a dog is 'jookel/ which becomes a generic term in.
constructing names for allied species which have no proper Romani
designation. The Gypsy unwittingly adopts a strictly scientific nomenclature
not unlike the binomial system of Linnaeus. Thus: — Jookel ... ... ... =
Canis familiaris (the dog). Lolo-veshkenojookel — the) ^ . , /, ^ v , , r =
Cams vulpes (the fox), red wood-dog ) ^ Borohollomengro jookel — \ the great
rapacious (or > = Canis lupus (the wolf). devouring) dog ... ^ Naturalists
have given the jackal (Canis aureus) a specific name referring to its colour,
which is analogous to the Gypsy term for a fox, expressing both colour and
habitat. Another instance of the Gypsy's perception of analogy (whether
scientific or culinary) may be taken from the vegetable kingdom. The Romani
word for cabbage is
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INTRODUCTION. XXI ' shok/ but this is also applied
as a generic name to the watercress, which is called ' panengri-shok/ i>.,
water- cabbage or water-wort. This appellation is quite correct, seeing that
cabbages and cresses are closely related botanically, both belonging to the
same natural order of plants — the Cruciferae. It is sometimes difficult to
discover from its etymology how a particular word originated. We were puzzled
to understand why Milengro,' from 'lil,' a book, should come to mean a star,
until a Gypsy suggested the reason. It has an astrological significance, and
refers to the practice of fortune-tellers and nativity-casters, who profess
to read the heavens, to decipher the book of fate, in which the secrets of
the unknown future are written in the language of the stars. There are a few
words, of which 'beshopen' may be taken as a good sample, which are
singularly appropriate translations from other languages. Out word 'sessions/
from Lat. *sedo,' to sit, is represented in Romanes by *beshopen,' from
'besh,' to sit. We can hardly suppose that uneducated men like Gypsies were
acquainted with the primary meaning, much less the Latin derivation, of 'sessions,'
and yet its analogy to *beshopen' is so exact that it can scarcely be
attributed to chance. Again, 'policeman,* from 7r6\t9, a city, is turned by
Gipsy tongues into 'gavengro,' from 'gav,' a town. So too 'potatoes' become
'poovengries* from 'poov,* earth, which recalls to mind the German
'erdbirne,' and the French 'pomme de terre.* The foregoing examples will
suffice to convey a general notion of the Gypsies' various methods of
procedure in manipulating their mother-tongue to meet the exigencies of circumstances.
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(delwedd E6742) (tudalen a022)
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XXll INTRODUCTION. Slang and cant words peculiar to
each country have become incorporated in the different Gypsy dialects, sometimes
probably through a want of discrimination on the part of the reporter, who
hearing them used has confounded them with the genuine Gypsy tongue. Most
English Gypsies distinguish with great nicety between ' Romanes and the Cant
tongue, in the use of which latter the greater part of them are likewise
proficient. " That's not a 'tatcho lav,*" is a frequent Gypsy
comment on hearing a canting phrase imported into a conversation which is
being professedly carried on in their own proper dialect. Cant words are
intermixed with Gypsy in the same way, and on exactly the same principle, as
ordinary or provincial English, but to nothing like the same extent. Possibly
some words of this class may have inadvertently found their way into our
vocabulary; but if so, they do not occur in Hotten's Slang Dictionary
(London, 1864), and we leave them to be relegated to their proper place by
those who may detect their real character. Before concluding these
introductory remarks, it might be expected of us to say something on the
Ethnology of the Gypsy race, but to expatiate on this subject would be beyond
the scope of a strictly linguistic treatise. The Gypsy language is a member
of the great Aryan family, and has long ago been ascertained to be closely
allied to the Sanskrit. It is for scholars better versed than ourselves in
the intricacies of comparative philology to determine to which of the Indian
dialects in particular the Gypsy tongue is most nearly related. Pott, Ascoli,
Paspati, and others, have severally helped to solve *the Eastern question' by
tracing the homologies and affinities of the Romani vocabulary. Our first
list of words, already referred to as published in the Transactions of the
London
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(delwedd E6742b) (tudalen a023)
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INTRODUCTION. XXIU Philological Society, had the
advantage of being overlooked by the Rev. George Small, for many years a
resident in India, who corrected and added to the column of Oriental
derivations. We have not attempted anything of the kind in the present work,
which aims at being nothing more than a succinct exposition of the English
dialect of the Gypsy language, as we have actually heard it spoken.
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(delwedd E6743) (tudalen 001)
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1 GYPSY GRAMMAR.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE DIALECT.
The presence of Gypsies in Scotland can be traced as faf back as 1506,
(Simson's "History of the Gypsies," p. 98,) and in England as far
back as 1512 (" Notes and Queries," 1st Series^ vol xi., p, 326)**
Down to 1784, various statutes and authors mention that these foreigners
spoke a language of their own, but we have not been able to learn that any
examples are extant of earlier date than 1780. About the year 1783, greater
interest in the face and their language seems to have been aroused in this
country^ partly by the repeal (23 George III., c. 51,) of the statutes,
rigorous in words, but obsolete in practice, against them, and partly by the
publication in that year of the well- known German work of Grellman
(translated into English by Raper, 1787). Dating from 1780, we have several
collections and specimens of this dialect, of more or less value, which we have
arranged chronologically as follows t — - 1780. — A collection taken down
from the mouths of Gypsies in Somersetshire, by a clergyman resident there in
1780 — ■ Edited, with notes, by W. Finkerton, Esq., F.L.S. London,
Rotten, 1865. (Advertised, but never published.) ♦ On the authority of
" The Art of Juggling," etc., by S. R.; see also Bright's Travels
(pos^), pp. 537, 538^ and the authorities there cited.
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(delwedd E6744) (tudalen 002)
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2 GYPSY GRAMMAR. 1784. — Marsden, William —
"Archaeologia," voL vii., London, 1785, pp. 382 — 386. Twenty-eight
words, and the numerals from I to 10, are given, and are stated to have been
collected several years before 1784. 1784. — Bryant, Jacob — "
Archaeologia," vol. vii., pp. 387 — 391. A considerable vocabulary
arranged in the alphabetical order of the English words, and also stated to
have been collected several years before 1 784. 1784. — "The Annual
Register/' p. 83, Antiquities. — Bryant's vocabulary repeated. 1784. —
Richardson, Capt. David — "Asiatic Researches,'* vol. vii, p. 474. —
Twenty-seven of the words are taken from Bryant's vocabulary. 1812-13. —
''Christian Guardian," — A conversation by a Clerg)rman with a Gypsy
named Boswell. See Hoyland (next), p. 189. 181 6. — Hoyland, John — "
Historical Survey of the Customs, etc., of the Gypsies,'' — York. Predari
mentions an edition of 1832. Page 142, Comparative vocab. of several words
and numerals, apparently taken from Marsden; p. 188, Specimens of their
words, procured by friends. 1 818. — Bright, Dr. Richard — "Travels from
Vienna through Hungary," — Edinburgh. The Appendix (p. Ixxix) contains a
comparative vocab. of the English, Spanish, and Hungarian Gypsy dialects, as
well as sentences in each of those dialects. A very valuable collection. 1 81
9. — Irvine, , — "On the Similitude between the Gypsy and Hindi
Languages." — Transactions of the Literary Society of Bombay, 1819.
1819. — Harriot, Col. John Staples — "Observations on the Oriental
Origin of the Romnichal." — Roy. Asiatic Soc. of Great Britain, vol.
ii., London, 1830, pp. 518 — 588, read 5th Dec, 1829, and 2nd Jan., 1830;
Predari, pp. 213, 258, says that the paper was read before the Society of
Calcutta, i2th April, 1822; Harriot, p. 520, says he collected his vocabulary
in the north of Hampshire, 1819-1820. The vocab. is arranged in the
alphabetical order of the English words, and is an important addition to all
preceding it.
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(delwedd E6745) (tudalen 003)
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
3 1832. — Cbabb, James — "The Gypsies' Advocate," — London, Nisbet
Westley. 3rd edit., sm. 8vo, price y. 6J. Page 14, Vocab. of 26 words besides
numerals i — 10, and ao, taken from Grellman, Hoyland, and Richardson; p. 27,
pitAarris, in debt; artmee devUksty, God bless you. »835-— James, G. P. R.—
"The Gipsy," 3 vols., London. Vol. i,?■ 3^1 ^^i peasant;
rayii gentleman, 1836. — Roberts, Samuel — " The Gypsies, their Origin,
etc." London. 4th edit (1839), lamo; 5th edit (1842), post 8vo, Longman,
price lof. bd.; pp. 97 — 100. List of words collected by his daughters from
Clara Heam. 1841. — Borrow, George — "The Zincali, or Gypsies in
Spain," vol. i., pp. 16 — aS, gives an account of the English Gypsies.
The vocabulary (vol. li.) gives one or two words; and the Appendix to vol.
ii. of subsequent editions (1843, 1846, 1861,) gives a short dialogue with a
Gypsy, and translation of the Lord's Prayer and Creed, in English Romanes,
varying almost with each edition. 1841. — Baird, Rev. John — "Report to
the Scottish Church Society," printed 1841; collected 1817 — 1831. 1844.
— Pott, Dr. A. F. — "Die Zigeuner in Europa und Asien," 2 vols.
Halle. This profoundly learned work incorporates almost all the foregoing
vocabularies. 1851. — Borrow, George — " Lavengro," etc., 3 vols.,
containing many words scattered throughout 1851. — "Illustrated London
News," — Gypsy Experiences by a Roumany Rei: 13th Dec, pp. 655, 715,
777. 1856. — "Illustrated London News," — "The Roumany-chi, or
Gypsies;" 20th Sept, p. 304; apparently by the same writer as the last.
This article was reprinted separately at Bath, in 1870, by J. and J. Keene.
1857, — Borrow, George — " Romany Rye," a Sequel to "
Lavengro," 3 vols., containing many words scattered throughout. 1858, —
Norwood, Rev. T. W. — " On the Race and Language of the Gypsies " —
Report of the British Association, etc., Leeds, p. 195 of Transactions of the
Sections.
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(delwedd E6746) (tudalen 004)
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4 GYPSY GRAMMAR. i860.— Smart, Dr. B. C— " The
Dialect of the English Gypsies." Published for the English Philological
Society, by Asher and Co., Berlin, 1863, in the Society's Transactions, and
separately. The vocab. was begun in i860, and some remarks on the dialect
were printed in the British Association Transactions, 186 1, and Trans.
Ethnolog. Soc, vol. ii, 1862. — Borrow, George — ** Wild Wales," 3 vols.;
chapter xcviii. contains a conversation with an English Gypsy. From this and
Mr. Borrow's preceding works, nearly 300 words (including varieties of
spelling) may be collected. From passages in chapters xiv. and xcviii., and
on p. 233 of his " Lavo-lil," (post), it would seem that the author
considered Wales without a Gypsy inhabitant, which is by no means the case.
1865. — SiMSON, Walter — ** A History of the Gypsies, with specimens of their
Language," — London, Sampson, Lowe, and Co. From a passage on p. 466,
the work seems to have been in MS. before 1840. Most of the Gypsy words were
republished in ** The Adventures of Bampfylde Moore Carew," London, W.
Tegg, 1873; and several of them are quoted by Dr. Paspati. 1872. — " The
Times " (newspaper), Oct. 11 — 17, 2nd column, p. i, an advertisement in
English Romanes, copied as a curiosity into other papers; translated in **
Notes and Queries," 4th Series, vol. xi., p. 462, also in "
Leland's English Gypsies," p. 184. 1873. — "Zelda's Fortune,"
— "Cornhill Magazine,^' vols. 27, 28,29. There are several words and
sentences used in the course of the tale, the earlier ones resembling
Hungarian rather than English Gypsy, but of these questo^ p. 127, resembles
Marsden's questOy good = kooshto* 1873. — Smith, Hubert — ** Tent-life with
English Gypsies in Norway," — London, H. S. King and Co., price 21^.
Several words, etc., are scattered throughout, and on pp. 527 — 529 is a
comparative vocab. of the English dialect, and that of Norway as given by
Sundt. 1873. — MiKLOsiCH, F. — "Uber die Mundarten und die Wanderungen
der Zigeuner Europas," iii., Wien, Gerold's Sohn, con
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(delwedd E6747) (tudalen 005)
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ETYMOLOGY, ETC. 5 tains remarks on this dialect
grounded on some of the foregoing works. 1873. — Leland, Charles G. — **The
English Gipsies and their Language/' London, Triibner and Co., price 7^. 6d,
Yeiy valuable, both as respects vocab., and a knowledge of customs, etc.
1874. — Borrow, George — " Romano Lavo-liU Wordbook of the Romany, or
English Gypsy Language," — London, Murray, price 10s. 6d.^ pp. 11 — 10
1; vocab. not, however, exhaustive of the words used in this, or of those
used in his other works. 1874. — "The Athenaeum" (newspaper), No.
2426, April 25 — ^A Review of Borrow*s " Romano Lavo-lil." 1874. —
" The Academy" (newspaper). No. loi (new issue), June 13 — A Review
of Miklosich, Leland, and Borrow's ** Lavo-lil." In addition to the
above, may be added " Notes and Queries," 2nd Series, vol. xi., p.
129; p. 196, on Scotch Gypsies; 4th Series, vol. xi., p. 443; p. 462, and
elsewhere.
ETYMOLOGY, etc. As far as possible, to each root-word is annexed the
corresponding one in the Turkish, or Asiatic, Gypsy dialects, as given by Dr.
Paspati in his " Etudes sur les Tchinghianós," published in French,
at Constantinople, in 1870. Where Dr. Paspati has afforded no comparison, we
have had recourse to the Gernian Gypsy dialect as given by Dr. Liebich in his
" Die Zigeuner," etc., published in German, at Leipzig, in 1863.
Further than this, we have in few instances deemed it advisable to attempt
anything that can be more strictly called Etymology, as we could add nothing
original in this respect to the labours of Dr. Pott, Dr. Paspati, and Sr.
Ascoli, who have appended to almost every word the oriental word or words
akin to it. The comparisons thus made will, it is hoped, add an additional
interest to our work, as showing the resemblance
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(delwedd E6748) (tudalen 006)
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6 GYPSY GRAMMAR. and difference in the two dialects,
Turkish and English, after so long a separation as four centuries. We say
four centuries, for Mr. Borrow in his '* Lavo-lil," p. 212, asserts that
the Gypsies first made their appearance in England in 1480, though we are not
aware of his authority. To those who, like M. Bataillard ('* Les derniers
travaux relatifs aux Boh^miens dans I'Europe orientale," Paris, 1872,
pp. 47 — 53), lean to the theory of a long residence of the race in Turkey
prior to a westerly drifting of these nomads, this comparison has, we venture
to think, much to commend itself.
ORTHOGRAPHY. To assist the pronunciation, we have endeavoured to adhere to a
phonetic orthography, based on the Glossic system invented by Mr. A. J.
Ellis, and used by the English Dialect Society and others. In it the vowel
sounds are expressed and pronounced as follows: —
At as in Bait, i as in Knit, a „ Gnat, d w Coal. aa „ Baa,
» Not, aUy aw, as in Caul, caiv. eu » Fetid. Final /, as ai in Bait, u » Nut,
ee as in Beet, 00 y% Cool, or foot. e „ Net, oi ft Foil, ei „ Height. ou
f> FouL
It must be borne in mind, however, that these sounds, and more especially the
u sounds, vary according to the county or district of which the individual is
a native. As to the consonants, the majority are pronounced as in English. We
have discarded altogether the ambiguous c^
ACCENT. 7 and substituted k or j, according as c would take the hard or soft
sound. Throughout the book Ch is to be pronounced as in Church. Sh „ „ „
Shirt. Gy gh „ „ „ Go (never soft, as in gin), F „ „ „ For (never dull, as in
of). Dj.dg „ „ „ Fudge, Besides these, there is a deep guttural sound, which
we have represented by;^, the sound being nearly that of ch in German.
ACCENT. In the Turkish dialect, the accent is usually on the last syllable;
but if the word is inflected, or liable to inflection, the accent is placed
on the first syllable of the inflection, e.g,^ Bar-d, great. Gen. bar-^skoro;
pi. bar-^, BeshdvUy I sit; besh-ila^ He sits. Relics of this system are found
in the old dialect of this country, e.g,^ BaurSy great; pi., baur^. Besh'dva^
I sit; besh-^la, He sits. Words too ending in -ingrOy -hkrOy (elsewhere shown
to be inflections,) invariably take the accent on the first syllable of those
terminations, in both the old and new dialects. In the new dialect,
dissyllables and trisyllables take an accent on the first syllable, and words
of four or five syllables take an accent on the first and third, e.g.y
BaiirOy great BhhtOy saddle Bhtgaloy diabolic Brisheno, rainy
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(delwedd E6749) (tudalen 007)
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GYPSV GRAMMAR.
BdrottUngro, sailor Sdvlokiloben, oath BóshoM^ngro, fiddler TdsserptSi^ri,
frying-pan The above are only general rules. There are se exceptions,
LETTER CHANGES, ELISIONS, etc. Interchanges of certain letters, initial or
other frequently occur in Gypsy words, but always accordii established rules,
and this must be remembered in tr> place between the following let K and
T, K and F, K and x- X Dj, Sh and Ch, J and Y, D an , M N and R, Examples. K
and H. KAtcher, Hitcker, burn. K and P. vhip. K and T. basket. Kam, Tarn,
sun. , good. K and F. pron. K and x- 3, apron. X and F, apron. Fand S. bad.
Ndsfelo, Ndfelo, i Sh and Dj. . Minsk, Mindj, pudendum mulii
LETTER CHANGES, ELISIONS, ETC . 9 Sh and Ch. Choontj Shoon, moon. Chdrdoka^
Shdrdoka, apron. J and y. Joákel, Yákelf dog. 7<^VJ^X^'i Y^^^^X^* apron. D
and B. Loddnii LoSbni, harlot B and V, BákochOy VákashOf lamb. Livena, Libena^
beer. V and W. Vdrdo, Wdrdo, cart. Vast,
Wast, hand. L, M, N, R. SMrilOy Shilino, cold. Dinilo, Dinvero, fool. Soom, Soon, smell. Vdniso, Vdriso, any. The English
Gypsies are in the frequent habit of confounding the liquids; and Mr. Borrow
has remarked the same of the Spanish Gitanos (" Zincali," vol. ii.,
p. 4, preceding vocab.) According to Gilchrist ("Hind. Diet." vol.
ii., 1790, p. 489), the natives of Hindustan so confuse the use of the
liquids L, N, and R, that it is often difficult to say which of those letters
ought to be adopted in spelling. Besides this interchange of consonants, the
Gypsies occasionally transpose them, Examples. SSvloholy Siilverkon, to
swear. Doom^ksnOy for Doom^sk'no, broken-backed. Sfter/ksnOy for SherisUnOy
lawyer. The dialect is also remarkable for its systematic elision of the
letter n in certain words.
Examples.
English. Turkish. Meaning. Adri Andr^
Into Agldl Angldl Before
lO
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(delwedd E6750) (tudalen 008)
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8 GYPSY GRAMMAR.
English. Turkish. Meaning. 1 Hatiro Khanro . Sword 1 Mduro Manrd Bread 1
Mdrikli Manrikh Cake ' Medro Minrd My Tedro Tinrd Thy 1 YSra Anrd Egg etc.
etc. etc.
Of the full forms, Mr. Borrow, in his " Lavo-liV supplies us with andoy
anglo, fnanro, manrecklyy etc. Similar instances of this elision could be
adduced in other dialects, but, so far as we are aware, not to the same
extent as in this.
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(delwedd E6751) (tudalen 009)
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9
ARTICLE. Definite. Dr. Paspati ("Tchinghianfe," 1870, p. 39) says
the Turkish Gypsies have borrowed their article from the Greeks, and the
Asiatic Gypsies have none; and further states that among the wandering tribes
in Turkey the use of the article is less frequent than among the Christian
(settled) Gypsies. Amongst the Turkish Gypsies, the article is — masculine Oy
feminine i in the nominative, and e masculine and feminine in all other
cases, of the singular; and masculine and feminine in the nominative, and e
masculine and feminine in all other cases, of the plural. The English Gypsies
have a masculine definite article 0, and feminine i, but now hardly ever
employ any other than the English word the, which they, like other
foreigners, often pronounce de» Their own article, however, is preserved in
certain phrases which have been retained in common use, e.g., Paudel ipadni,
Over the water (transportation).
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(delwedd E6752) (tudalen 010)
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10
NOUN. I I Dr. Bright, in his "Travels in Hungary/* Edinburgh, 1818, Appendix,
affords the following examples, obtained from a family of Gypsies residing at
Norwood: — Pre si kanty The sun is up. Le gri, Catch the horse. O tascho
wastf The right hand. Dalo givy Gives the snow (it snows). In some families,
from analogy to English, o is indeclinable, being used wherever tlie occurs,
and irrespective of gender or case. The Definite article is frequently
omitted altogether, eg,^ Bosh^lajiokel, Barks (the) dog, for The dog barks.
Riserila gdirOy Trembles (the) man, for The man trembles. Choom see opr^,
(The) Moon is up. Indefinite. The English Gypsies invariably use the English
word a for the indefinite article, and say, eg.y Mdndi diks a gdiro, not
Mandi diks yek gairo, which would mean I see one man. In the old. dialect
this article is very frequently omitted entirely. Example, Dikáva gdiroy I
see a man.
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(delwedd E6753) (tudalen 011)
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11
NOUN. Gender. Some of the nouns have a masculine termination in -Oy and a
feminine in -i. There are also masculine nouns and feminine nouns which end
in a variety of consonants and vowels, but usually the gender is determined
by that of the corresponding English word, e,gy Masculines in -^, with
corresponding feminines in -L ChdvOy boy Cha(v)i^ Cheiy girl ChinklOy bird
Chinkliy bird
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(delwedd E6754) (tudalen 012)
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12GYPSY GRAMMAR.
I
Gatro, man Gdirt, woman Gaiijo, male Geotile Gauji, female Gentile Pirino,
male sweetheart Pirini, female sweetheart RAklo, boy Rákli, girl etc. etc.
Masculines in -o. Feminines in -i. Bairingro, sailor Be^bi, aunt Baringro,
stallion Bdoti, work Bákromingra, shepherd CAifD/^; knife Boiko, liver
Kátini, hen Cino, sack Kekáwi, kettle K^ko, uncle Af«i»i*/i, candle
Masculine. Feminine.
Chdofihdni, witch Grei, horse GrdjB/-,
mare GrSv, bull GroVw, cow 7i«f**/, dog 7tvi^/«, bitch Krdlis, king KraUssi,
queen Manodsh, man Manodskfd, woman ^0m, husband Rdmni, wife etc. etc.
Irregular. Dad, father Z>CT, mother /'n/, brother />?», sister /?«;
gentleman Rduni, lady.
To illustrate the declension, examples, from pp. go, 51, of Dr. Paspati's
" Tchinghian^s," are subjoined.
SINGULAR. Nom. O rakld, the boy Gen. e rakUskoro, of the boy Ace. e rakUs,
the boy ist Dat e raklhte, to the boy 2nd „ e rakliske, in the boy Instr, e
raklisa, with the boy AbL e rakUstar, from the boy Voc e rakUya, Boy!
/ rakU, the girl e rakliákoro, of the girl e raklid, the girl e raklidU, to
the ^rl e rakliáke, in the girl e raklidsa, with the girl e raklidtar, from
the girl raiistar e raklii. Girl! rdia
Rdi, lord raUskoro
— -1
NOUN.
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(delwedd E6755) (tudalen 013)
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13
PLURAL.
Nom. RakUy boys Raklid, girls Raid,
lords Gen. rakUngoro rakliingoro raUngoro Ace. rakUn raklUn raiin 1st Dat.
rakUnde raklUnde raidnde 2nd „ raklinghe raklUnghe raidnghe Instr. rakUndja
raklUndja raUndja Abl. rakUndar raklidndar raiindar Voc. rakldle rakldle
raidle
The inflections preserved in the English Gypsy dialect may be classed as
follows: — Singular. Genitive, -/skoro (plural, -ingord). A great peculiarity of this dialect is the large number of words
ending in -dskro, -nidskrOy -om^skro; -ingro, -tndngro, 'Om^ngro. These
endings were originally genitive forms, as will be gathered from the above
declensions, but are now added to verbs and adjectives, as well as nouns^ and
thus form nouns denoting an agent, or possessor, the termination -0 being
masculine, and -i feminine or neuter, though these rules of gender are
honoured more perhaps in the breach than the observance. Examples. 'dskro.
Bardskro'greiy stallion, from bar, stone; grei, horse. 'tnhkro, PSgermdskrt,
hammer, from pdger, to break. SdsUrmiskrOy blacksmith, „ sdster, iron,
^om^skro, ChinonUskrOy chopper, from chitiy to cut. PdmomdskrOy miller, „
pdmOy flour. YdgomdskrOy fire-range, gun, „ yog^ fire. Sigro, Baringroy
stallion, from bary stone. -mdngro. TdttermdngrOy fryingpan, from tditery to
heat BákoromingrOy shepherd, „ bákorOy sheep.
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(delwedd E6756) (tudalen 014)
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14 GYPSY GRAMMAR. 'Om^ngro, ChinomingrOy hatchet,
from chin, to cut. Sometimes the forms *indri and *im6ngeri occur, e.g.y
KStorindri^ fragment, from kótor^ piece. Muter-imdngeriy tea, „ mutir^ urine.
Dr. Paspati remarks, in a letter to Dr. Smart, "your -engrOy or -^mdngroy
is our (Turkish Gypsy) -koro, rendered -ngoro by the nasal «. Your
bokoromengrOy a shepherd, is here (Constantinople) bakrhkoro; pi. bakringoro,
a shepherd of many sheep, bakr^ngherCy shepherds of many sheep." From
the above examples, and others to be found in the vocabulary, it would appear
that the m is euphonic, and was originally added to nouns ending in vowels;
and that the termination •'fningrOy which was thus formed, was sometimes with
and sometimes without,^ the preceding vowel, attached to other roots as a
termination denoting an agent, or possessor, and equivalent to the English
termination -er. Besides -hkrOy etc., there are, in the English Gypsy
dialect, the terminations '^^sko and -htOy in common use, both as genitives
singular and adjectival terminations. These may have arisen from a gradual
confusion of the inflections for the genitive masculine {hkoro)y and first
and second Datives masculine {hte and hke) in the singular (see declension
above), due to the influence of the idiom for possession " DoSva stdrdi
see Ihtil^ That hat is to him, ^ That hat is his, or That is his hat
Examples. 'iskro, Barhkro-grdy stallion, from bafy stone \ grd, horse.
Bdngesko-temy hell, from bengy devil; teMy country. Mi-d6oveUskO'doody moon,
„ Mi-dodvely God; dood, light. Ddsko tatiy mother's tent, „ Dei, mother;
tatty tent. RHesko-kairy gentleman's house, „ Reiy gentleman; kairy house.
(Bright) O tascho wasteskee wangestOy The finger of the right hand.
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(delwedd E6757) (tudalen 015)
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NOUN. 1 5 ChirikUsto kaiVy birdcage, from chiriklo,
bird; kair^ house. Gddesto-beiy shirt-sleeve, „ gad^ shirt; bei^ sleeve.
GrHestO'káppa^ horserug, „ grei^ horse; kSppa^ blanket, etc. etc. Sometimes the
forms -misto and -omisto occur, from analogy to the forms -mhkro^ -om^skro,
e.g., PdrnomistOy miller, frompdrno, flour. PdgeronUsto, hammer, „ P^ger^ to
break. The genitive is, however, usually formed by adding 's to the
nominative, as in English, e.g.^ Mi'doSveV S'divvuSy Christmas; lit. my god's
day. We have not been able to meet with any example of the feminine genitive
form -ákoro. Accusative: -h. The only example we have heard ispdlla koorokhs^
after Sunday. Dr. Pott, vol. i., p. 232, conjectures that ^^ Res^
nobleman," given by Col. Harriot (" R. Asiatic Society
Transactions,*' 1830), is the accusative of m, gentleman, (see declension
above). Mr. Borrow, in "Lavengro," vol. iii., pp. 53, 172, edit.
185 1, has put " Hir mi devlisl' and in " Romany Rye," vol.
1., p. 230, edit. 1857, ^^^ put ^^ Hir mi diblis** into the mouths of English
Gypsies. Devlis and diblis appear to be accusative forms. The same
expression, *^ Heri devlis^ occurs on p. 126 of his " Lavo-lil," at
the foot of the Lord's Prayer the Gypsy dialect of Transylvania. Datives:
ist, '^ste\ 2nd, ^ske» Dr. Bright gives the following example: " Deh
acove a gresti giv chil' Give to this horse corn, girl. See also remarks on
the terminations -hko^ and htOy under the head of genitive. Instrumental:
-ha. According to Pott, vol. i., p. 192, the instrumental case of
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(delwedd E6758) (tudalen 016)
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l6 GYPSY GRAMMAR. dewel, god, is deweleha, with god
— the -eka representing -€sa (A = J in some continental Gypsy dialects). Mr.
Borrow, in "Laveogro," vol. i., p. i86, edit. 1851, has put "
Chal devlehi" Go with God = good-bye, into the mouth of an English
Gypsy. We have ourselves met with no examples of this inflection amongst
nouns, though examples will be observed amongst the pronouns. Vocative: -tya,
-a, -e. The only instances apparently extant in this dialect are Dfia,
Mother! and RHa, Sir! Plural. Nominative: -/. I. The few who still retain a
knowledge of the old dialect; sound the nominative plural of nourts ending in
-0 in the singular, with an accent on the final syllable, which they
pronounce -/. The most ordinary instances are the plurals of the common words
gairo, man, and chóorodo, mumper or tramp; plural gairi, men; cMorod^,
mumpers or tramps. Many other instances will be found in the vocabulary,
e.g., BSkro, sheep; plural, bokr^, sheep. Pasp. bakri. Pe&o, foot; „
peer^, feet „ pir^. „ PeU, q.v. „ pel^. z, 3. The plurals of other nouns end in -aw, or -yaw, equivalent
respectively to -d and -/li, of the Turkish Gypsy dialect, and less correctly
represented by -or and 'yor, there being no true r sound in the syllable. The
difference, however, between -aw and -or, -yaw and -yor, in ordinary English,
is almost, if not quite, imperceptible. Examples. ENGLISH
GVPSV. TURKISH 1
Grei, horse Griiaw Grai Hev, hole Hhjyaw Kke%
»SY. TURKISH GYPSY. PLURAL. PLURAL. NAaw Naid Phiyaw Penid Vdstaw Vastd Y6kaw
Yaká
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(delwedd E6759) (tudalen 017)
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NOUN. 1 7 ENGLISH
GYPSY. SINGULAR. Nei^ nail Pen^ sister
Vast, hand Yok, eye 4. More frequently, however, — and this is becoming the
general rule, — the nominative plural is formed by the addition of Sy as in
English, e,g,y Pen, sister; Pens, sisters. Vcist, hand; Vasts, hands. Yok, eye;
Yoks, eyes. 5. Sometimes two forms are combined, e,g,, Bar J stone; Bdryaws^
stones. PooVy field; PdovyawSy fields. Ran, rod; Rdnyaws, rods. Genitive:
-Mgoro. See remarks on the genitive singular. Examples. RookMghi, or
Rookángri CkSx^s (Wester), The coats of trees, — i,e,, leaves. Shushinghi
/t/vyaw, Rabbit-burrows. Accusative: -^. We have not met with any examples.
Dative: ist, -/nde; 2nd, -highe. The only instance that has occurred to us
is, " Yov see tdrderifi shdlo kotorMdi" He is pulling rope to pieces,
%Ł., He is picking oakum. Instrumental: -Mdja; Ablative: -indar. These cases
are apparently obsolete, unless gdver in the following sentence may be
regarded as an ablative; Mdndi jalyek gdver káter wdver. We go from one town
to another. Vocative: -die. This inflection is, so far as we know, only
retained in the word choovdle, mates; a word which has a variety of
modifications of sound, and is by no means uncommon.
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(delwedd E6760) (tudalen 018)
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18 GYPSY GRAMMAR. Locative. Dr. Paspati (p. 57)
says, "Sometimes one hears the locative case, which probably existed
formerly in the tongue," and quotes from p. 108 of Burns* Essay: "
The termi-* nation of the locative e is the same in the two tongues,"
i.e, in Sanscrit and Pali, and amongst other examples mentions ker^ (djal
ker^, he goes home), which in the English Gypsy dialect would be, e.g.^ yov
jals keriy he goes home, or, yav see ghilo ker^y he is (has) gone home. Dr. Paspati
adds that the abverbs andriy inwardly, opriy above, teU, below, are in the
locative case. These forms are preserved in the English adr^y in, opr^y upon,
taUy down. Sometimes nouns appear to have been formed from the past
participles of verbs, e,g.y ENGLISH
DIALECT. TURKISH DIALECT. BisktOy
saddle, from beshy to sit. Beshdva, p. part, beshtd, BdshnOy cock, „ boshy to
crow. Bashd'Oay „ bashnd, DiklOy hanákerchief, „ diky to see. Dikáva, „
dikld. ModlOy ghost, „ tneTy to die. MerdvUy „ muld. Diminutives. Dr. Paspati
(p. 45) states that the Turkish Gypsies form, from almost all nouns, in
imitation of the Turks and Greeks, diminutives in -orS, as well as some in
-tchOy a form borrowed froni the Bulgarian language. The English Gypsy
dialect has one example at least of the latter form, viz., bSkochOy lamb,
from bokorOy sheep. Perhaps Dr. Bright s " chaoriy female
children," and our chavori, chicken, are examples of the other form.
Abstract Nouns. t)r. Paspati (p. 47) says, " Abstract nouns are formed
from verbs, adjectives, and nouns " (p. 46); " they are very
numerous, and always end in be ox pe^ He gives, amongst other examples, —
m
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(delwedd E6761) (tudalen 019)
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NOUN. IC) TURKISH GYPSY. From verbs, As/arid^,
prize, from asiardva, I seize. DjM, life, „ djivdva, I liv^. Aferib^, death,
„ tnerdva, I die. From adjectives, Mattipd^ drunkenness, „ mattd, drunk.
Barvalipiy wealth, „ barvalo, rich* Kalip^y blackness, „ kald, black.
Nasfalibd^ illness, „ nas/ald, ill. Tchatchipd^ truth, „ tchatchó, true. From
nouns, Benghip^^ devilry, „ beng^ devil. Rupuibd^ silversmith) . ., trade, \
" ''^A ^'Iver. Trushmbd, thirst, „ irush, thirst* He adds that
inflections of these nouns are rare, but that the instrumental case shows
that primitively they ended in pen. In the English dialect, also, abstract
nouns are formed from verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and retain the primitive
endings oipen or ben^ e.g..
From verbs, Stdrtben^ prison, from astardva (obsolete in Eng
dialect), I seize. Jivoben^ life, „
jiVy to live. Mdriben, death, „ mevy to die. From adjectives, Mottoben,
drunken) ness, j " mdtto, drunk. Bdrvalipen, wealth, „ bdrvalOy rich.
Kaiilopetty blackness, „ kaulo, black. Ndflopen, illness, „ ndfio, ill.
Tdtchipen, truth, „ tdtchOy true. From nouns, Chodrnaben, kissing, „ chodma,
kiss, n. and v. Brdedopen^ breed, „ breed (Eng.), n. and v.
Compound Nouns. The English Gypsy dialect has, in analogy to the English
language, rnany compound nouns formed by the union of nouns with verbs,
adjectives, and nouns, e.g.y Kandngri-mooshy gamekeeper, from kufidngri,
hare; mooshy man. Kauli-rauni, turkey, „ kaiiliy black; rauni, lady.
Ldlo-mdtcho, herring, „ Idlo, red; mdtcho, fish. MedastO'bar, milestone, „
meda, mile; bar, stone. Moosh'Chdvi, boy, „ moosh, man; chóvi, child.
Poákering-kosht, signpost, „ poákerin^y telling; kosht, post.
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(delwedd E6762) (tudalen 020)
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20 GYPSY GRAMMAR. Pdrni-ra^niy swan, from p(frm,
white; ratini^ lady. Simmering-boddega^ pawnshop, „ simmering^ pawning;
boddega^ shop. Tdtto-padniy spirits, „ tdtto^ hot; padni, water, etc. etc.
Punning Appellatives. The English Gypsies have manufactured and adopted a
class of words which are essentially of the nature of puns. They consist of
words in which a fancied resemblance of sound in English has suggested their
translation into Rdmanes, The German Gypsies have done the same, as will be
seen on referring to p. 91 of Dr. Liebich*s " Die Zigeuner,"
Leipzig, 1863, where amongst other instances he mentions — ^Vienna, gwinakro
foro (honey town), — German Wietiy Vienna, sounding like the German Gypsy
word ^^w/«, honey. The following are examples of this practice by English
Gypsies: — Bingesko-mely Devil's Die, for Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire.
BoSko-padni-gaVy Liver-water-town, for Liverpool. Kálesko-tetHy Cheese-country,
for Cheshire. Kaulo-padni, Black-water, for Blackpool, Lancashire. LdlO'gaVy
Red-town, for Reading. LdlO'pe^rOy Red-foot, for Redford. MHlesto-gaVy Donkey
's-town, for Doncaster. MoSshkeni'gaVy Man-town, for Manchester. _,, , . ' \
A-norange-town, for Norwich. Pobomuskt-gaVy ) Woddrus-gaV'tenty
Bed-town-country, for Bedfordshire. Descriptive Appellatives. They have also
invented another class of words, nearly related to the last, and descriptive
of some actual or fancied peculiarity. Examples. ChoSresto-gaVy knife-town,
for Sheffield.
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(delwedd E6763) (tudalen 021)
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NOUN. 2 1 « Chdrkeno-tem, Grassy-country, |
BdrvalO'tem, Rich-country, ) ^ ^ ^^^* KaulO'gaVy Black-town, Birmingham.
Lávines-tem,
Wordy-country, Wales.
Peiro-ddlifi'tem, Foot-kicking-country, Lancashire.
PdbeskO'peemhkri'tem^ Apple-drink-country, Herefordshire. P&)(t(^n'gav,
Cloth-town, Manchester. TdvestO'gav, Cotton (thread)-town, Manchester. TtHo-maS'tenty
Fat- meat-country, Lincolnshire, etc. etc. etc. The following tribes have
punning appellatives in /?rf- manes: — Cooper — Wardingro, Gray — BaL
HernG^MdU/io. Lee — Pocfrum. Lovell — Kámomeskro^ KSmelo, pi. KSmyaws,
Pinfold — PdndomMgro, Smith — PetaUngro, Stanley — Bar^ngro, Taylor
—Sivomdngro. You ng — Tdrno, To these Mr. Borrow, in his "
Lavo-lil," adds Rossarmescro, Heme {Duck, for Heron), and CJwdma-misto,
Buss (i.e., kiss)- well, Chodmom^ngro, Busser (i,e,y kisser), for BoswelL Both
of these terms are, so far as we can find, unknown in the North, which is the
more remarkable as the Hemes and Boswells are the chief tribes in the
northern counties. Nouns peculiar to this Dialect. Of these, the following
appear to be the most remarkable and in commonest use: — I. Bdngheri, n.,
Waistcoat. Bryant, bringaree; Bright, bangeri; Borrow ("Lavo-lil,"
p. 22), bengree.
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(delwedd E6764) (tudalen 022)
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22 GYPSY GRAMMAR. 2. Bor, n., Friend, mate. Irvine,
tnd bd, don't, sir; Smith ("Tent Life in Norway," p. 22), baugk;
Borrow ("Lavo-lil," p. 21), baw, ban. 3. BSuri, n.. Snail. Borrow
{" Zincali," 1861 ed., p. 58), boror, snails; Lid. (Engl. Ga., p.
32", 33, 34°, 223,) bawris. 4. Gdiro,r\., Man; Gdiri, Woman. Bright,
/>urugero, old man; Borrow ("Zincali," 1843 ed., vol. ii., p.
14S'), geiro, gairy; (" Zincali," 1861 ed., p. 17,) geiro; Simson ("
History of the Gypsies," 1865, pp. 295, ■i,l,\),gourie; Leland
{" English Gipsies," pp. 146, 254), geero; (p. 221, 241,
254,)^fŁrfj, pi.; 57, ^f^'j, gen.; 256, ^e^rw, pi.;" Borrow ("
Lavo-lil," p. 48), guero, gueri. 5- 7o*'j^y<^' iv Apron. Almost every family pronounces this word differently. We have heard
chórdoka, jdrifa, j'drika, jorj6ffa, shdrdoka, ydrdooka, and yar- duya.
Simson ("History of the Gypsies," pp. 315, 332), jair dak; Leland
("English Gipsies," p. 66), tellico; Borrow (" \^vo-\\\^' p.
^^,joddakaye; Roberts, skadmca. 6. Meila, n., Ass. Bryant, ntillan, ass;
milo, mule; Hoyland (Survey, etc., p. 188), moila; Bright, mi/a, meila;
Harriot, maila, ass, donkey; tane mail, young donkey; Irvine, myla; Borrow
("L^vengro," 1851 ed., vol. iii., p. 328). mailla; Smith ("Tent
Life in Norway," pp. 105, 106, 345, etc.), merle; Leland ("English
Gipsies," pp. 29, 30, 90, 107, etc.), myla; Borrow
("Lavo-lil," p. 63), mailla. 7. Swdgler, stvigler, n., Pipe,
tobacco-pipe. Bright, swegii; Smith (p. 1^2), swagler; Leland ("English
Gipsies," PP- 3St 113), swdgler; Borrow ("Lavo-lil," p- 93),
swegler, swingle. Various Terminations. Class r. -ama, -amus, -imus, -omus.
Bitchama, sentence; RSkamus, speech; K&imus, battle; Tdrnomus, youth.
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(delwedd E6765) (tudalen 023)
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ADJFXTIVE, 23 Class 2. 'drus^ -eruSy -ero. Monkárus,
monkey; RushdruSj rush; Westdrus^ Sylvester; Bdsherus, cough; BSshero,
fiddler. Class 3. -driy -i, Besomdriy besom-makers; Burk-dri^ breasts; Foozh'
driy fern; Rushdriy rushes; BlueUgiy bluelegs; Nutiy nuts. Class 4. -er,
Bdr-eVy stone; Gdd-er, shirt; Rdok-er, tree. Class 5. 'US, -OS. BostdrduSy
bastard; Fdirus, a fair; Hdnikos, a well. Class 6. "Um. GoSshuniy
throat. Of these terminations, -mus (i) appears in many words to be
equivalent to the termination "pen, or -ben; -dri (3) is probably the
plural form of -drus (2), and the two forms -drusy -driy may owe their origin
perhaps to the termination -oro (see Diminutives); -us^ musy etc., are
apparently cant terminations.
ADJECTIVE. Adjectives, in the singular, almost invariably end in -o or -iy
which are respectively masculine and feminine terminations, e,g,. Masculine.
Feminine. Meaning, Bauro Bauri Great Chlklo CUkli Dirty Chodro ChoSri Poor
Rinkeno Rinkeni Pretty RoSpno Roópni Silver These terminations are even added
to English adjec» tives, e,g,y D^ar-i deiy dear mother, Fine-c pHos^ fine
fun.
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(delwedd E6766) (tudalen 024)
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24 GYPSY GRAMMAR. The Gypsies in Germany do the
same, as is shown in the following example taken from Pott: Bunto bakro, ein
hunUs Schaf, a spotted sheep. An instance in which a German word, with the
normal Gypsy adjectival termination, appears prefixed to a Gypsy noun, occurs
in the English Gypsy dialect, viz., SUffo-pal, brother-in-law {stief-bruder).
Stiffi-pm, sister-in-law {stief-schwester). We have also in this dialect what
seems to be an example of a French word similarly treated, viz., — Bitti
ckei, little girl {petite fille). For the plural, those who speak the
ordinary dialect apparently prefer the termination -(, and the very few who
speak the old dialect make use of -/. Chikli drdtnaw, dirty roads (ordinary
dialect), Chdoro gatro, poor man Cheori gairi, poor men ^ Podro gairo, old
man Poori gairi, old men V (old dialect). Wiver bikro, another sheep WaverS
bokrd, other sheep) The following examples will illustrate the agreement
between adjectives and nouns. The rule is, however, constantly violated by
every Gypsy.
Ba&ro ret, great gentleman BaAro padnl, great water Káiiheno dikla, silk
handhe
Many of the adjectives i Hindostani, Sanscrit, orPe English Gypsy Adjective.
o™. Bairo Bu Bikolo Bh Kaih Ki Ka^hlto Kl Lik U
ADJECTIVE.
English Gypsy Adjective.
Me«nkg. L6ngo iLung. Pers. 1 (Lungra,
Hind.t Lame M06I0 Mooa. Hind. Dead M6U0 Multu, Sans. Drunk Neva Nuvu, Sans.
New N6ngo Ww«/^a, Hind. Naked Podro Boorka, Hind. Old Skirilo Seer a, Hind.
Cold ShoSko Soo&ka, Hind. Diy Tdtto 7«/to, Hind. Hot etc. etc. etc. Some adjectives ar ' formed from Gypsy nouns by 7to
or 4o, e^..
NOUN. ADJECTIVE. Chik, dirt. Ckik-lo, dirty. Kaish, silk. KaUkno, silken. Roop, silver.
RoSpno, silver.
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(delwedd E6767) (tudalen 025)
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Dr. Paspati, p. 60, says, " The greater number
of Turkish Gypsy adjectives end in -lo." More than half the adjectives
-lo.
the English Gypsy dialect end in -, ■H, f.
Bdlli, hairy Bdrvalo, rich BMgalo, wicked Bókolo, hungry
JoSvli, lousy Kailo, black KSmelo, loving Modla, dead
Ckodrato, bearded Ndsfalo, ill GoSdlo, sweet Pe4dlo, drunk -no, m,; -ni, f.
HSino, angry yoSvni, female Káishno, silken Kino, tired
' or -no, e.g., Peivlo, widowed Rdtvalo, bloody Shirilo, cold ShoSbli,
pregnant TMlo, fat T&vlo, smoky
KSshno, wooden Rinkeno, pretty Modshkeno, male Roópno, silver Pdmo, cloth
Tdmo, young Paiino, white Tikno, little Some few end in -do, e.g., Kindo, wet
Kórodo, blind Pt^r^, full, etc.
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(delwedd E6768) (tudalen 026)
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26 GYPSY These last in general ha ciples; though the
divisior -do, and past participles wi no means distinct. Others have various
tern We have also adjectives genitive singular, e.g., KrdliskOt royal, fron
Vinesto, ) , . ^ [See remarks on the di We have several adjecti\ which seem
to be almost dialect, eg., Kodshko, good The word occurs in Dr. F English
sources. M. Bohtlii tome ii., 2me livraison, Paspati says, in a letter
(koSskko) is unknown to nn The word Latscko, or L dialects, — e.g., instead
of K would say Latscho dives. Almost all English Gy| word: — Bright — Coshko,
kosliko Harriot — Kashto, kashk I rvi n e — Kooshka . Borrow — Kosgo, kosko,
f " Illustrated London Ne
Hubert SmW-h—Cushiy. L eland — Kuskio, etc. Another adjective which;
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(delwedd E6769) (tudalen 027)
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ADJECTIVE. 2^ Mr. Hubert Smith, in his "Tent
Life with Engh'sh Gypsies in Norway," London, 1873, p. 332, says,
"In the Italian Gypsy, it (rankny) is pronounced rincano!' This
assertion may perhaps be accounted for on referring to Predari, "Origine
e Vicende dei Zingari," etc., 8vo, Milan, 1841 (see "Tent
Life," etc., p. 165), for Predari has taken words from Kogalnitschan's
" Esquisse sur I'hist., et la langue des Cigains," 8vo, Berlin,
1837 (see Pott, i. 25), and Kog. contains many English Gypsy words and
phrases taken from Roberts.* The word for pretty, on the Continent, is, —
Liebich, Schukker; Paspati, Sukár, Shukár; Pott, Schakker, Szukar, etc.,
which is represented in this dialect by Shookár^ an adverb meaning gently,
nicely, easily, Rinkeno is represented in most of the English Gypsy
vocabularies: — Bright — Rickini, Harriot — Rickeno. Borrow — Rinkeno,
rikkeni. "Illustrated London News," 13th Dec, 1851 — Rinckne;
ditto, 2Dth Sept., 1856 — Rinkni, Hubert Smith — Rankny, Leland — Rikkeno,
rinkeni, rinkni. Another of these adjectives is VdsavOy bad, evil. The
pronunciation varies slightly with individuals. The word may be spelt wdsedo,
wdfedo, or wdfro. The only word resembling these is Borrow's Spanish Gypsy
basto, adj., evil, which is apparently connected with his bastardo, s.a.,
affliction, evil, prison. Most of the English vocabularies represent this
word, e,g,y — -■ - ^ ^ I ■ M I, i n I _ J - r I I ■ ■
II I - ■ - - ■ - 1 — ^^— ^.1 — ■ * This theory of the
origin of rincano vii Kogal is strengthened by the statement ("Tent
Life," p. 479,) that " the French Gypsies use wuddress for
bed," whereas there is no w in the French alphabet, but " wuddress,
lit " occurs in Kogal., who wrote his book in French, and rincana, and wuddress,
both occur in Roberts.
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(delwedd E6770) (tudalen 028)
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28
GYPSY GRAMMAR.
Bright—
Waffro,
Harriot — Vasavo, vesavo.
Borrow — Vassavo, vassavy,
vassavie, wafudo, wafodu, wafuduphénes (sins).
"Illustrated
London News," 13th Dec, 1851— Vafardes.
Leland—
Vessavo, wafro, wafri, wafrodearer (worse).
A
fourth peculiar adjective is Bitto, little.
Mr.
Hubert Smith, p. 527, quotes bittan as Norwegian Gypsy for little, according
to M . Sundt.
It
probably owes its origin to the French petit. The English bit, though
corresponding with this adjective in sound, is never synonymous with small.
The English say indifferently "a bit of bread" and "a little
bread"; and English Gypsies may perhaps have confused these two phrases,
from the assonance of a bitto = a small, and a bit o' = a bit, or small
piece, of.
The
following forms occur in former collections:
Bryant
— Bittu, bottoo.
Bright
— Bitta, bitto,
Harriot—
Bitta, biti, bite, beti, bete.
Borrow
— Biti, beti.
Leland
— Bitti.
.
Comparison. The comparative degree is formed by adding ^dair, -ddr, or
-ddiro, to the positive. There seems to be no form for the superlative beyond
the English methods of adding -est, or prefixing most, to either the positive
or comparative,— in the former of which cases the feminine termination -i
seems preferred to the masculine. At times the comparative is used as a
superlative.
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(delwedd E6771) (tudalen 029)
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ADVERB. 29
Examples.
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. BaHrOf great
Bauroddr Baiiriesty bauroddrest^ most baiirodar ChodrOy poor Chodroddr
Chodriest^ ckooroddrest Podro, old Podroddr Pooriest^ laosX podroiiar TdrttOy
young Tdrtioddir Tdrniesty most tami So bodtoder too komissa t What do you
want most? O koU so komdva feterdair. The things I want most. These forms for
the comparative are fast dying out, and giving way to English formations;
they are, however, still in ordinary use in several families. The Turkish
Gypsies use a similar termination. Dr. Paspati, p. 56, gives Bar6, great;
Baredir, KaU, black; Kaled&, Tikn6, young; TiknecUr, The comparative
degree in Persian is formed by adding -tur or 'tar^ e.g., Door; Doortur.
Sometimes this degree in the English Gypsy dialect is formed irregularly,
e.g., KoSshko, good; FHterddir, better.
ADVERB. Adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding ^nes or -es, e.g.,
Bdngo, lame; BSnges, lamely. ChoSrOy poor; Ckodrones, poorly. RdmanOy gypsy;
RSmanes, gypsily. TdtdiOy true; Tdchenes, truly. Some are formed irregularly,
e.g., KoSshko y%oodi\ miskto, well. Mishto they use occasionally as an
adjective, and say mishto divvuSy good day.
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(delwedd E6772) (tudalen 030)
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30 GYPSY GRAMMAR.
The following examples are from Continental Gypsy
vocabularies: — Baro, great; Bares. LatchOy good; Latches, TckulOy fat;
Tchules,
SOME ABSTRACT NOUNS Are formed from adjectives, by adding -pen ox -ben, [See
temarks on the noun, p. 19.]
AUXILIARY VERB. Dr. Paspati (p. 80) gives the following, as the inflection of
the verb to be, in the Turkish Gypsy dialect: — PRESENT. IMPERFECT. SINGULAR.
PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Me isdm, I am Amen isdnty We are Tu isdn, Thou art
Tumen isdHy Ye are Ov isiy He is 01 isiy They are In the English Gypsy
dialect, parts of this verb are not unfrequently employed in conversation,
e.g,y
Isdmas Isdmas Isdnas Isdnas Isds Isds
PRESENT. IMPERFECT. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Shorn Shorn, shem S
ho' was, sas Shumas Shan Shan Shdnas Shdnas See See Sas Sas
A few examples will serve to show the use now made of this verb. Present.
Kind shorn, I am tired. Sar shan, pal. How art thou, brother } Sar shan,
dwovdli, How are ye, mates I So see. What is it } Jinela inMdi shem akH, He
knows we are here. Doosta RSmani'Chdlaw see akH, Many Gypsies are here.
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(delwedd E6773) (tudalen 031)
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31
auxiliary verb. 31
Imperfect. Mdndi sas kiker koSrdno 'dr^ mi mirripen^ I was
never beaten in my life. Behio skomaSy I was born (Wester Bos.) Too s/tdnas
ndflo^ Thou wast ill. Yov sas be^no agldl mdftdiy He was born before me.
Mhtdi shiimas wdfedo. We were bad. Wdver^ sas welling^ Others were coming. It
is also used in the sense of musty e.g., So shorn te kerdWy What must I do }
What am I to do? It occasionally takes the meaning of havey a usage derived
from the form Mdndi seCy To me there is, = I have (est mihi)y e.g., Yov see a
pSrno sidrdiy He has a white hat. Too shanas trin grHaWy Thou hadst three
horses* To be able, can {posse), Mr. Borrow ("Romano Lavo-lil,"
London, Murray, I874, Pi8>) gives* asiis mangu^y I can. Wester Boswell
uses the following forms, viz.: Sastis, or Sustis (can); Nastis, or Nastissa
(cannot); Tastisy or Tustis (If I can). Liebich has Sasti (can), Nasii
(cannot); but does not represent our third form. Paspati has the second form
only, viz., Nasti and Nastik (cannot). P2xa tuples. Sar sastis te yek moosh del? How can one man ^w^ t PoSkerova tooty Reiy tastiSy I
will tell you, sir, if I can. Yoifll kair toot tdtchOy tastiSy He will cure
you, if he can. Nastis wantasiiva, I cannot want. " Hol dodvar "
Nastissar—'' Eat that." " I cannot." * cf, Pasp., p. 48: ASTI
(As) it is.
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(delwedd E6774) (tudalen 032)
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GYPSY GRAMMAR.
VERB.
According to various authorities, the
German, Hungarian, and Turkish Gypsies have a peculiar conjugation of their
own. The Gitanos of -Spain assimilate their verbs to the Spanish conjugation.
In this country the Gypsy dialect exhibits only remnants of the ancient mode
of conjugating the verb, which now generally conforms to the English method
in preference. To elucidate the few remarks to be made on this point,
specimens of the conjugation of the Turkish Gypsy verb, taken from pp. 87 and
89 of Dr. Paspati's recent work, are subjoined. Ldva, to take. Kerdva, to
make. Participle. LinS, f. Hni, pi. Iin4. Kerdi, f. kerdi, p\.kerd^. Gerund.
— Kerindis.
Indicative.
Present.
1 Ldva, or lav 3 Ldsa, „ las Usa, „ Us
3 L4la, „ lal Ula, „ kl Ldsa, las Una, Un Una, Un
Kerdva, -rdv Kerha, -rh Kerila, -ril
Ktrdsa, -r&s Ker^tia, -rin Ker^a, -rin Li-vas Ldsas Ulas Ldsas Unas Unas
Imperfect. Kerdvas Kerdsas Kirilas Kerdsas
Kerinas Kerinas
First Aorist.
According to the Settled Gypsies.
LiniSm, lidm Unidn, lidn Limdt, lids
Linidm LinidH Unids
Kergkidm Kerghidn Kerghids ■KergMdm
Kerghidn Kerghids
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(delwedd E6775) (tudalen 033)
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33
According to the Wandering Gypsic!
Lindn Lindt LindM Kerddm Lindn Kerddn Unds Kerdds Second Aorist. According to
the Settled Gypsies. Kerddm Kerddn Ktrdds Liniimas Linidnas Litiids Linidmas
Kerghiimas Linidnas Kergkidnas Lini&s Kirghids Kerghiimas Kergkidnas
KergUds
Lindmas Littdmas Lindna! Lindnas Linds Lindl
According to the Wandering Gyysies. Kerddmas Kerddnas Kerdds
Kerddmas Kerddnas Kerdds
Katnaldva, -Idv Kamaldsa, -Ids I Kamakerdva Kamalisa, -lis KamaUna,-l/n
Kamakerdsa KamaUla, -Ul KamaUna, -Un \ Kamakerila
Kamakerdsa Kamakerfna Kamakerina
3 Le,lo 3 MeUl
Subjunctive. Present. TV ld;va, -lirv Te Idsa, -las I Te kerdva Te Usa,
-les Te Una, -len Te kirisa Te Ula, -Ul Te Una, -Un i Te kerdla
Te kerdsa Te kerina Te kerina
In most instances the English Gypsy verb consists of the bare root, e.g..
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(delwedd E6776) (tudalen 034)
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34
GYPSY GRAMMAR.
English Gypijr- Turkish Gypsy. Meaning. CHn Tckin-dva Cut Jin Djan-dva Know
Kair Ker-dva Make Kin Kin^va Buy Koor Kur-dva Fight Mor Mar-dva Kill Pen
Pen-dva Say etc. etc. etc The few inflections still extant may be grouped as
follows; — Indicative. Present. 1st pers., sing., -w, -Sva. In deep R6manes
this termination is still used, not only for the present tense, but the
future abo, e.g., AndSva, I bring Ddva, \ , JinSva, I know
I go
CMn&va, I cut Del6va,\ ^ ^ive j^^^^ CkivSva, I put H6va, I eat Jal6va,\
Dik&va, I sec HStcfurdva, I burn KairSva, I make etc. etc. etc The same
termination is occasionally added to English verbs, e.g., ThinkŁW(fei3, I
think; Wantajtfea, I want This form of -6va, or -dwva, is often contracted in
rapid conversation, e.g., Parikrdw, or PAnko toot. Thank you. Jindw, I know.
Law, I take. As comparisons of the old with the ordinary dialect, the
following examples will serve: — J&va mi, I am going Mdndisjdliri yin6va
mi, I know Mdndijins
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(delwedd E6777) (tudalen 035)
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35
VERB. 35 A ' v! which appears to be the remains of -dva, or rather of the
lengthened form -avdva, is found in the English dialect annexed to the root
of many of the commonest verbs: —
Root. Turkish Gypsy. Engliih Gypsy. Meaning. ^-na A- ^-v4va ^-V Come Ro-na. Ro- Ro-v-ksa. RO'V Cry See-TiA See. 5i-v-Ava Si-V Sew So-m So-
5<j-v-iva So-v Sheep Dho-Tia. Dko- 7.3-v-iva n-v Wash etc. etc. etc. etc. etc.
2nd pers., sing., -dsa, -ha, A few of
the old Gypsies still use this form, pronouncing it -dssa, -issa, and
frequently contracting it to -ds, -is, e.g,, Too jinisa, thou knowest; jdsa,
goest; dikisa, seest; jivha, livest; kairha, or kha, doest; komisa, or komh,
lovest; shoonisa, hearest. Too r^kerdsa, or rSkerds, thou speakest; poikerds,
tellest. Examples. Jinisa too Westdntsf Do you know Sylvester? Kotnis too
bdlovds t Do you like bacon .' JinSva, pal, sorkin ko&vaw too pookerds
mdndi see tdieho, I know, brother, everything thou tellest me is true. 3rd
pers., sing., -ila, SL This termination is also in use at the present time,
e.g., BosMla, barks. Kairila, makes. Brishinila {briskin-dild), rains.
Naskerila, loses. Chiviia, puts. Roker/la, talks. Jdia, goes. TrasMa, fears.
Kanita, stinks. Yivila {yiv-dild}, snows. English Gypsy verbs, in the
ordinary dialect, are frequently merely contracted forms of this termination.
This is generally the case if the root ends in a vowel, or the liquid r,
e.g..
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(delwedd E6778) (tudalen 036)
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36 GYPSY GRAMMAR.
3rf Pers. Sing., Pres., English Gypsy
Root. according to Paspati. Verb.
Meaning Z?/-
D^la Del Give 7a-
Jdla 7al Go U-
Ula Lei Get Ker-
Kerila Kel Play Kha-
KhSla Kol, hoi Eat Mer-
Mer^la Mel Die Per-
Perila Pel Fall Ter-
Ter^la Til Hold etc.
etc. etc. etc.
Examples from the Old Dialect.
YStjinila many She knows me. Yovjivila pdsha mdndi. He lives near me.; Yov peerila mistOy He walks well. 3rd pers., plur.,
-^^, -en. The old dialect retains this termination, e.g,^ Chivhtna^ They put.
Rigger^nna, or riggerM^ They carry. yinhinay They know. WMna^ or wetiy They
come. Examples. Kek n^ jin^nna yon, They do not know. ChivMna yon kek
gorgiokonJs adri Usti, They put no English in it (their talk). Past Forms;
vide Paspati's Aorists. There appears to be no distinction between the
imperfect and aorists, but only one form for both. 1st pers., sing, and
plur., -d6m, -dm. BisserdSm, I forgot HdnJedSm, I itched DiSnty ) KairdSnty I
made DelddmJ ^ S^^^ LiSm, I took ChidSm, I put Peddm, I fell
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(delwedd E6779) (tudalen 037)
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VERB, 37 Ghi&m, I went Woóserd6m^ I threw Hoddm,
I ate Examples. Ghiim m^, I went. Ghidm mhidi. We went. These are contracted
forms of past participles, + shorn, as kairdo + shorn = kairddm, I made; see
Paspati. 2nd pers., sing, and plur., -dn, Lidfiy Thou hast got. Ghidn, Ye
went. Miterddn^ Ye micturated. Examples. Sdvo che^rus lidn to atch akH, What
time hast thou got to stay here (in prison) } Miterddn too ti-kSkero f Have
you wet yourself i These are contracted forms of past participles + shan, as
hairdo + shan = kairddn, Thou hast done. 3rd pers., sing, and plur., -dds,
-tdsy -ds, ChingaddSy He tore. Jivdds^ He lived. Dids, He gave. Kairdds, He
made. DookaddSy He hurt. Kindds, He bought. Yon ghidSy They went. Lids, He
got PenddSy He said. Mooktds, He left. Yon jinddsy They knew. Pedds, He fell,
etc. etc. These are contracted forms of past participles + see, as hairdo +
see = kairdds. He made. Occasionally this termination is used for the 2nd
person singular, somewhat in accordance with that person of the imperfect of
Paspati's conjugation, and in these cases sometimes takes a final * a, e.g.,
Bisserdds too? Hast thou forgotten.^ Dihtdssa too f Did you see?
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(delwedd E6780) (tudalen 038)
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38 GYPSY GRAMMAR. 3rd pers., plur., /, formed from
past participle plural. Yon Aod/, = They atej .^ g . Yonped/, = They fell) V
wester cos.; The following sentences, spoken by Sylvester Boswell, well
illustrate the above forms, -^w, -dn, -ds, — Vi^m o bitto joákel, so hcdds I
gave away the little dog, which masy o wdver diwus^ too ate the meat, the
other day, thou kindds. boughtedst. Didm Us káUr bitto tdrno ret I gave it to
a little young gentle- «M', ta jivHa pdsha tndndiy man here, that lives near
me, zxAyov lids les pdrdel padfd and he took it over the water to káter
fiod^o-padni-gav, Liverpool. Too kairddn tnas f Have you done the meat?
Future, In the Turkish dialect this tense is formed, from analogy to modem
Greek, by prefixing the verb kamdmay to wish, desire, etc. As already
mentioned, the present tense in English^ R6manes serves also for the future,
the meaning being determined by the context, or accompanying circumstances.
Example. Dikáva tdlla o hStchiwitchi, I will look after the hedgehog. Mdndi
latchSva yek, I will find one. Maurdva Ustiy ta mdrrov Usti, I will slay it,
and shave it. Yoósher6va Idsti, I will clean it. Chivdva Idsti káter yog^ I will
put it to the fire, Ta kárav Ustiy ta hSva Ih mdnghi And cook it, and eat it
myself. Sylvester Boswell. Imperative. 2nd pers., sing, The verbal root, as
dik, see! kair, do! Although the forms ^, give, and U, take, escist, the
English Gypsies generally use del and leL 1st pers., plural. According to
Wester BoswelFs usage, this is fofmed by the addition of-^to the root, with
the accent on the added syllable.
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(delwedd E6781) (tudalen 039)
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VERB. 39 Examples. OLD DIALECT. NEW. yds mhighiy Let
us go Mook'sjal Dik'ds nt/ndi, Let us look Mooks dik Latchrds nUnghif Let us
find Mook's latqh Ker-ds m/nghi^ Let us make Mooks kair Harriot (see Pott,
vol. i., p. 348) has the following examples: — Ne pala! jas amegOy (sic) ti
chinnds amege (sic) bete giv^ Now mates, let us go, and let us cut a little
corn. PdravasUy Let us change. Jas omingOy (sic) Let us go. Pott (vol. i.,
pp. 346, 475) gives several instances taken by him from Puchmayer's "
Romdni Czib" (Pott, vol. i., p. 20, Source 25), e.g., dschas, skas, and
javasy let us go; dikkas and te dikas, let us see; ma daSy do not let us
give; and conjectures that the form is borrowed from the ist person plural of
the present conjunctive. Subjunctive. The Turkish Gypsies form the present
subjunctive by prefixing te to the present indicative. The English Gypsies do
the same. Examples. The Beng te lei dodva ReL The Devil take that Gentleman. Ill
put 111 chiv a chodri adri his a knife in his bloody heart. " The most
rdttvali zee, wishfuUest thing as you can say against any one." CHARLIE
BOSWELL. The Beng te lei todti. The Devil take you. Ned BosWELL. Beng te lei
toot Devil take you. Deldva medro lav káter mu I will give my word (I will
pray) to God Doóvel yov te jal káter that he may go to him. yov, Te wel teiro
krdlisom. May thy kingdom come. Sylvester Bqsweu-
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(delwedd E6782) (tudalen 040)
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40 (jYpsy grammar. Participle. Present, They
invariably use the English termination -ing, which they pronounce -eti or
-i«', e.g., Káfnin\ loving. Koóren\ fighting. Past It ends in -do^ -no^ or
4o, e.g., ChdrdOy stolen, from Chor^ to steal.
Ddndo,
bitten, „ Dan, „ bite. Moáklo, left, Mook, „ leave. Ndsherdo^
lost, „ NdskeVy „ lose. PSgerdOy broken, „ Pig^i n break. Dikno, seen, „ Dik,
„ see. etc. etc.
In deep R6manes the past participle ends in / in the plural, and is used for
the 3rd person plural of the perfect. (See above.) Some verbs are formed from
past participles of verbs which are otherwise believed to be extinct in this
dialect, e,g,^ And, to bring, vide andS, p. part, of Turk. Gypsy andva.
Hinder, QdiQdiYe, „ khindS, „ „ khidva. Kister, to ride, „ uklistd, „ „
uklidva. Lost Verbs. Besides those last mentioned, there are other verbs
which seem to be lost in the English Gypsy dialect, though their roots are
retained in derivatives, eg., ENGLISH
GYPSY. See TURKISH GYPSY. Be4nOy bom.
Bendva, to lie in, Bdllesko-diwus^ Christmas Day. Boldva, to baptize,
christen (Borrow, " Lavo-lil," p. 24, inserts this verb).
PodsomingrOf fork. Pusavdva, to stick, spur, Stdrdo, \ JStAriben, \ prison.
Astardva^ to seize, arrest, ipin^ etc. /
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(delwedd E6783) (tudalen 041)
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PRONOUN. 41 Compound Verbs. These are numerous and
in most cases mere literal translations from the English, e,g,^ Atch apr^y
Arise, lit. Stand up. Del apr/, Kt3idf „ Give (attention) on. Lei apriy
Arrest, „ Take up. Jal adr^y Enter, „ Go in. Wodser apriy Vomit, „ Throw up.
JalpdllUy Follow, „ Go after, etc. etc. etc. In every case the inflection is
added to the verb, e,g.y WoSsed&m apr^y I vomited. Ghidm adr^y I entered.
GhiSm pdllay I followed. Note. — The pure inflections given above are not
usually met with in the ordinary dialect, which inflects its verbs after the
English mode in preference. Even among those who still retain a knowledge of
the old dialect, the inflections are frequently confused, -^la being used for
-/jtf, -^sa for 'hmUy etc. Westdrus (Sylvester) Boswell asserts that it is
only some of the Hemes and Boswells who know how to use th< 'double words'
(inflected), and that most Gypsies us* simply the 'dead words' (uninflected).
PRONOUN. Personal Pronouns.
The following are the inflections of the Turkish Gypsy pronouns according to
Dr. Paspati, " Tchinghiands," pp. 66, 6Ty and those still in use
among the English Gypsies, arranged in parallel columns for more convenient
comparison.
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(delwedd E6784) (tudalen 042)
(delwedd E6784b) (tudalen 042)
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Nom. Gen. Acc. Dat. i. 11 2111 Instr. Abl.
a
TURKISH GYPSY,
SthoULAR. Me, 1 Manson) Alan Mdtteie Mdnghe
ifeindja, masa Aftindar
PLURAL. Amin, we Ansingsoro Amen Aminde Atithighei
Amindja Amindar
• TURKISH GYPSY.
Nom. Pm, thou Gen. a? Acc. Tut Dat. I. Mk „ 2. Take
Instr. Tgra Abl. Tatar
•■
Tumin Tuntingoro rumen Tuminde Turning he Tunsindja
Tumandar
FIRST PERSON.
ENGLISH GYPSY,
SINGULAR. All, mandi Mbighe s, panels Man, tadmii,
nuftsghi
Aftindi, to minds', to tmingehi
Mehra, with mind:' Wander, Bw., "
Lavo-lii," p. 643
SECOND PERSON. ENGLISH GYPSY. notes, gumbreks
Too, tali Mai's, Motes Toot, MON, tdki
Tali, Mai Todsa, with tali
PLURAL.
Men, mesdi [Amandes, Lid. Eng. G., p. 2511 Men,
mindi 5 Antal Unmade, Bw., "Zincali," 1861 S., ( pp. 19, 262.]
Minsa
•
Turd*, tiontradi
Mmitsdi
•
s
a N
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(delwedd E6785) (tudalen 043)
(delwedd E6785b) (tudalen 043)
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Nom.
Gen.
TURKISH GYPSY.
MASCULINE. Ov, of, he
Liskoro
Acc. Les Dat. i.
Lisk „ 2. Lithe Instr. Lisa
Abl. Listar
•
I
I
•
FEMININE. 01, as she
Likoro
THIRD PERSON, SINGULAR.
ENGLISH GYPSY.
a
MASCULINE, tht) yov, yuv, yow [Olescro, Bw.,
"Zinc.," 1843 ed., vol. ii. p. I45*--lescro, Bw.,
"Lavoelil," p. 6x] //she, Usti's La Les, Usti bite' Wei Ldsa With Usti lAtar [I.estar, Bw., " Lavo-lil," p.
61]
To Usti, to Uski
TURKISH GYPSY. Horn. 01 Dat. 2. Linghe Gen.
"Angora Instr. Lendja Acc. Len Abl. LemJar Oat. I. Linde
FEMININE.
Yefi, yoi
1 LOki, lake, ldti's
6
[La, Bw., " Lavod-lii," p. eic►
less, ldti
To kW, to kiki .1[14.sa, Harriot ; lam, lasar,
Bw.,"Lavos I lil," p. 60]
[Later, Bw., " Lavalil," p. 60]
PLURAL, SAME FOR BOTH GENDERS.
ENGLISH GYPSY.
Von, yaws Lingheri, linghi, lend, Midi. Len, lendi
To Mai, to Inighi
To letsghi, to lindi [l'assar, Bw., "
Lavoelil," p. 60] [Lersdar, Bw., " Lavoililp.64"
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(delwedd E6786) (tudalen 044)
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44 GYPSY GRAMMAR. L6^ He; pL, //, They. Besides the
forms yov and yoi^ he and she — pL, yon^ they — we have met with lo^ he (of
which the feminine would be //, she), and //, they. These pronouns are only-
used after the auxiliary verb to be, so far as we can find. Dr. Pott (vol.
i., p. 242) quotes the same remark as having been made by Graffunder, though
he adduces instances from other writers showing that this is not an
invariable rule. The following sentences we noted down as we heard them: — O
rash^iy kodshto sas-iS, The clergyman was a good man; lit, good was he. *yaw
wdfedo see-16 adri Usko zee. He is so jealous; lit., so evil is he in his
heart. PoSkeromingri see-U, They are ' informers/ Kosht^ see-U kondw, They
(hedgehogs) are good (to eat) now. T06I0 see-U, They are fat. POSSESSIVES.
Mi, mine; Pasp., mo, mi, Ti, thine; Pasp., to, ti MinnoA TeirOy thine; Pasp.,
tinrS MierOy >-mine; Pasp., minrdy L^sko, his; Pasp., Uskoro, MtirOy )
Láki, I6ki, her; Pasp., Iákoro^ MSrOy our; Pasp. amard, Lingheri^ Unghiy
their; Pasp., Ungoro Phki, his; Pasp., po (of which the Dative would
h^piske). N.B. — Mr. Borrow, " Lavo-lil," pp. 13, 174, gives minroy
minriy my. Demonstratives. AkáwUy káwUy This; pi. kSlla, These; Pasp. akáy
pi. akU; kadavdy pi. kadaU, AddvvUy doSva, That; pi. dSlla, dMlUy Those;
Pasp., odova^ pi. odoU,
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(delwedd E6787) (tudalen 045)
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45
NUMERALS. 45 INTERROGATIVES, RELATIVES, ETC. ETC. Kei, Where; Pasp., ka,
Jdfri, Such; Pasp., asavkS adv. locat., q.v. Sdvo, so, Which, what; Pasp., KSkero,
Self {Ipse) sav6, so Kon, ko. Who; Pasp., kon, Sor, All; Pasp., sarrS quis
Ta, who, which, that; Pott, N6go, Own ke; Pasp., ka^ rel. pron. These words
are classed together in accordance with Pott's and Paspati's arrangement.
NUMERALS. I Yek; Pasp. ,yek, p. 75. 2 Doói; „ dikiy » 3 Trin; „ trin
4 Stor; „ star
S Pansh; „ pantchy pandj\ 6 Skov; „
shov.
7 Doói trinydw ta yek; trin ta stor [A/ta, Bryant; He/tan, Marsden; Pasp.,
e/td]. 8 Doót stordw [oitoo, Bryant; Pasp., oAtd], and see i8. 9 Doói st6raw
ta yek \enneahy Bryant; Henya, Marsden; Pasp., enid\. ID Desk; Pasp., ^jA. 1
1 Desk ta yek; Pasp., desk u yeky etc. 1 8 Dishto; Pasp., desk u ohtS. 20
Bishy or doSt deshdw; Pasp., bisk. 30 Trin deshdw; Pasp., trianda, 40 Stor
deshdw; „ sardnda, 50 Pansh deshdw; „ peninda, 60 Shov deskáWy etc.; Pasp.,
exinda, 100 Desh deshdw; Bw., shel; Pasp., sheL 1000 Milky Bw.,
"Lavo-lil," p. 154. Besides the above forms, we may note the
following: — 6 Shoy Bw., " Lavo-lil," p. 89; Pasp., sho.
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(delwedd E6788) (tudalen 046)
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46 GYPST gramm: 7
Efta, Lid., Eng. G., p. 31 8, \ " Lavo-lil," p. 42, e/f. 9 Ennyo,
nu, Bw., " Lavo-lil," p.; lil," pp. 154 — 162, gives trianda,
31 several other numerals. For 7, 8, and 9 we have ourselves
compound forms given above. From the numerals there are forir Y^kino, adj.,
single; -^.Tidi yikorx PanskAigro, n, five pound ba panUhengeri, gen. pi.; of
five Mr. Borrow supplies the foUowinj Duilo, second, " Lavo-lil,"
p. 40 Trite, third, " Lavo-lil," p. 96; vol. ii., p. 14s".
Adrdl, 'dral. Through. Pdrdi Adr^, 'dr^, Into, in. Pirda Agidl, 'glal,\
Before, in Paudi Agdl, 'gal, I front of. Paidt ApSsh, Against; v., P&sha.
Posh, Apri, opri, 'pri. Upon, on, up. Phka Avr/e, 'vree. Out of, out,
Sar, 1 away, off, from. TaU, Fort, from. ben Katdr, kátar, káter. To, unto,
Tdlia, at.* afte Ke, To (ke-diwus, to-day). Te, Ti Paldl,\ Pdlla, [ After,
behind, back, PaHH.)
Tooos Trris
* Katir, prep., = Hel, i'i; V.
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(delwedd E6789) (tudalen 047)
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SYNTAX, IDIOMS, ETC. 47 The following variations and
additions are taken from Sorrow's " Lavo-lil," etc.: — AndOf In.
Anglo, Before. Inna, inner. In, within. Hiry By, "Lavengro," 1851
ed., vol., iii., pp. 53, 172. Pa, For, „ „ vol. i., p. 325. Mr. Leland,
" English Gypsies," p. 232, gives muscro. Through, in the centre
of. Of these, te, ke, and sar are also postpositions, te and ke forming the
dative, and sar forming the instrumental case of the pronouns in this
dialect, and of those cases of the nouns also in the Turkish and other
dialects. N.B. — Many of these ' prepositions are also used adverbially.
SYNTAX, IDIOMS, etc The arrangement of words in a Gypsy sentence, with few
exceptions, is strictly in accordance with the English language. The
following peculiarities may, however, be mentioned: — (i) The order of a
sentence is often reversed, in deep R6manes in connection with the verb to
be, e.g., Tdtcho see, It is right. BSkálo shorn, I am hungry. HSxano sham, I
am a liar. Be^no shomas, I was born. 'Jaw see. It is so. Tikno chor see yov.
He is a little child. (2) The nominative case often follows the verb it
governs, eg*, Kodromdngro sas meiro dad. My father was a soldier. Tdogono
sham mi to dik toot akH, I am sorry to see thee here.
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(delwedd E6790) (tudalen 048)
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48 GYPSY GRAMMAR. Kek najiniva w/, I do not know.
Kek najininayon^ They do not know. (3) The verb to be is frequently used
without pronouns, Sar shan. How are you? Bákalo shatty Are you hungry? See
also (i). .(4) In asking questions, the sense is frequently determined only
by the tone, the pronoun when expressed often preceding the verb, e,g.y Too
dids bauro Mori káter tnoosh? Did you give the big knife to the man? Too
righerdds koSshni kerif Did you bring the basket home? Lon see tSoti? Have
you got any salt? Kek shoonisa too f Don't you hear? Examples of the following
will be found in other parts of the grammar: — (5) The article, definite and
indefinite, is frequently omitted. (6) The adjective precedes the noun. (7)
Possession is denoted by the auxiliary verb and the pronoun in the dative
case {cf. Pasp., p. 29). (8) The use of the present tense for the future. (9)
The formation of the subjunctive by the optative particle te preceding the
verb. (10) Intensity is denoted by a repetition of the word, Doóvorei
do&vore^, Very far indeed, — cf. Pasp., p. 171, NaMa sigS sig6 bersh. The
year passes very quick. (11) The elision oi or between two numerals, e,g.,
Yek doót, One or two; Doó'i trin, Two or three, etc.,— Ł:/. Pasp., pp. 594,
610. (12) The use of double negatives for emphasis,—^. Pott, ii., p. 321.
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(delwedd E6791) (tudalen 049)
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SYNTAX, IDIOMS,
ETC. 49 (13) Negation. There are three classes of negatives:
{a) Kek, with derivatives k/ker, k/kero, k^keno, ip) Ma, variously pronounced
maa, maw, mo, usually maw, (c) Na, naWf n/, with derivatives nei, nan^i,
nastissa, nestis. Class {a) are used chiefly in giving negative answers; {b)
with the imperative in prohibiting; and {c) in making negative assertions. It
is remarkable that kek, which is so frequently used in this dialect, should
be apparently without a representative in the Turkish, except perhaps kánek.
Any, some, none,— about which, however, see Pasp., p. 266.
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(delwedd E6792) (tudalen 051)
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GYPSY-ENGLISH
VOCABULARY.
Note. — Cross references are given between brackets ( ). A. Aiv2L, ) adv,, Yes,
truly, certainly, verily (6urH). Pasp., Aivali,/ va; belt (As.); Lieb., auwa
Ad6i, adv,. There ('doi, od6i). Pasp., otid; abl., otdr Adoósta, adv. and
adj,y Plenty, enough (*doósta, 'dósta). Lieb., docha Adoóva, pron,, That
(*doóva, adiivel). Pasp., odovd Adiilla,//., Those Adrdl,/r<^., Through
('dral). Pasp., andrdl, from within Adr^, prep.y In, into, to ('dr^). Pasp.,
andr^, in. Ksiked adr4 enclosed, fenced in; lit., made in ^dr6m, adv.^ Away
('drom) Adiilla,//w«.//., Those Adiilla fo/ki, so kek nanei kom^la mdndi.
Those people who do not love me AdiSvel, pron., That (adoóva) Agdl, I prep,,
Before, in front of, in the presence of fgal, Agldl,/ 'glal). Pasp., angldl^
angdl PóshagUl, Opposite; lit., close before Ajiw, adv,. Thus, so ('jaw).?
Pasp., adjdi, yet, still, again; avekáy thus Akii, adv,. Here ('kei). Pasp.,
aká Dfdakeij, or Dftakeij, «.//., Half-bred Gypsies, who, instead oi '
dik-akei, sdiy *did-, or dit-, akei,' for ' look here ' .44kónyo, adv., Alone
(bikóyno)
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(delwedd E6793) (tudalen 052)
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52 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Akóva,/ri7«., This ('kova). Pasp.,
akavd Alidj, adj,y Ashamed (ladj). Pasp., Icuij^ shame ^A\€,prep., Down ('16,
tal6). Pasp., teU Besh ale. Sit down Chin ale. Cut off, cut down Amdndi,
pron,, To me (mdndi) Amindiy pron.^ We (m^ndi). Pasp., dat. pi., amAtde And,
vui.. To bring, fetch, etc. (hand). Pasp., andva Andova, I do, or will,
bring, etc. Andóssa, You bring AvXoy p. party Brought Anlo aprd, Brought. up,
educated Andad6m, I brought Andadds j "" ^'■°"^^*' *^^y
''^^S^' Angar, «., Coals (vingar, v6ngar). Pasp., angdr^ coal Anghit^rra,
n.,pr.y England. French, Angleterre Ap6pli, adv., Again (p6pli) .4pósh,/r^.,
Against Apre, prep., Upon, on, up ('pre, opr6). Pasp., cpr/ Atch apr6. To
awake, get up De, or del, apre, To read And apr6, | ^^ educate, bring up Hand
apre, ) Jiv apr6. To live uprightly Lei apr6, To arrest, take up Pand apr^.
To close, shut up Til apr6, To raise, hold up Woóser apr^, To vomit, throw up
Yoóser apre, To sweep, clean up Asar, } adv.,? Also. This word, or particle,
is in frequent use, sometimes separately, apparently for emphasis, and
sometimes as an adjunct to a gdujo lav, in order to disguise it. It
frequently follows verbs in the imperative; ^. Vaill., Gramm. Romm., 71, Gati
sar fondis\ prepare la salade; and Mikl., ii., 5, 6. Mr. Borrow, in his
"Lavo-lil," giv^s
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(delwedd E6794) (tudalen 053)
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VOCABULARY.
53 (p. 18), *'Asd, asau^ ad., also, likewise, too; meero pal asau, my brother
also. Asarlas, ad., At all, in no manner; " (p. 1 10) " It is
myDowers kerri- mus, and we can't help asarlus; " (p. 144) " But it
was kek koskipen asarlus r Our examples are: — Besh pduli, asdr f Do sit down
(lit, back), won't you? Dik, oddly asdr, mi DodveUnghi? Do look there, won't
you, for God's sake } Raky asdr, H toivlo. Do mind your tobacco Too rSker
asdr^ sar see ddva chido taUf Do you speak as it is, put down? Mdndi rSker
asdr misto kendw sig. I will speak well immediately Pand asdr Usti opr^ káter
rook. Do tie him up to (a) tree Meiro rom ponds asdr mafuH opr^. . ' My
husband shuts me up And a^dr mdndi a kodsi padni. Do bring me a little water
Help asdr men, kair o wdrdo jal opri drom. Do help us (to) mak« the cart go
on the road Mindi forgive asdr todtu We do forgive you There's the
BingestO'hiv, and the B^ngesto-m^l asdr. There's the devil's ditch, and the
devil's die (dyke) too Shan toSti jdhvC to Stockport asdr? Are you going to
Stockport too? O Utto chóvo wants asdr to jin, kon shan too. The little boy
wants to know who you are So too want asdr? What do you want 1 ShoSneddm
UstikSnVi asdr mdndi. I heard him calling to me D6ot mindi had asdr kámeni o'
IMdL Both of us had some of them Mdndi did asdr komSva to jal. I did want to
go Yov kom'd asdr Idti. He pitied her Sas so yov promised asdr. It was what
he promised
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(delwedd E6795) (tudalen 054)
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54 GYPSY- ENGLISH
Kair toosus asdr komhsa. Do just as you
like Well, if I wasn't thinking asdr ajdw! Well, if I wasn't thinking so I
Atch, v., To stop, stand, halt, etc. (hatch). Pasp., atchóva Atch6va, I stand
y I do stand, I am standing, I will stop, stand, arise, etc. Atch^ssa, You
stop, thou stoppest Atchóa, He stops Atch^nna, They stop KxjAdng, Standing,
floating Atchlo /. part, and adj,^ Stopped, still AtchA/, Stood Atchóds,) ,^
Atchtds, / H^ ^^^^^' ^^^^^ Atchó6m, We stopped Yon atchtd, They stood Atch
apr6, Awake, get up Atch/«^ apri ap6pli, Resurrection; lit, standing up again
-4tr«Lsh, adj,y Afraid (trash). Pasp., trashdva^ to fear Aiira, «., Watch,
hour (6ra, hdura, y6rra) Av, «/., To come (hav, 'wel, 'vel). Pasp., avdva
Av61, or aw^l, v.. To come, ^^., yon sas av^liV, They were coming Av^la, He
comes AvAssa, Thou wilt come Ava td. Come ye, come along! Av pdlla, Follow!
lit., come after W61a, w6nna, vi6m, vids, vi6. See Vel Avrte, or Avrf, prep,
and adv,, From, out, out of, off, away (Vree). Pasp., avri Avrf-rig, Outside,
crust .4w6ver, adj,y Another (ovivo, w6ver, wdver). Y^sp.,yav&, other
Avdver6,//., Others
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(delwedd E6796) (tudalen 055)
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VOCABULARY.
55 Azer, v., To lift (had); cf, Pasp., Idzdava, ushtidva; Vaill.. Gramm.
Romm., asarao Azerdds, He, or they, lifted
B. BadJ2Jixyj&^ n., Badger B&iro, «., Ship. See B^ro. Pasp., beri
Bal, n.y Hair. Pasp., bal Bdlaw,//., Hairs Bal, sing.^ ^ Grays, a Gypsy
tribe; as iigrey hairs. Bdlawj,//.,! Compare Borrow's Spanish Gypsy, bullas,
grey hairs Bdlawj, //., Hemes, a Gypsy tribe Bdlaw- ) Bdleno-I ™^t<=h°'
Herring Bdleno,| ,. „ . Bdir, l^^' Hairy KralisfV badro bdleno joókel,
Dandelion (flower); lit, Queen's big hairy dog Bal-choóri, Knife Bdlans, )
Bdlanser ) ^'' ^"^ pound sterling, a sovereign Bdleno-mas, ) •D /I » t
n., Bacon (baiilo). Pasp., balani-mas Bang, «., Devil (Beng). Pasp., beng
Bdngaree, «., Waistcoat Bdnga, n, pL, Whiskers.? German Wange, cheeks, or is
bdnga due to the assonance of waistcoat and whiskers? Bar, «., Stone. Pasp.,
bar Bariw,//., Stones BAryaw,//., Stones, testicles, pillars Bardngri, «.,
/r., Stanleys, a Gypsy tribe; as if * stonely.' Pasp., bar/ngoro, stony
Bar^ngro-) Bar^skro- / S*"^^' S**"'°"' ^°'^^
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(delwedd E6797) (tudalen 056)
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56 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Bish'ning bduro bars. Hailing; lit.,
raining big stones Me^asto- ) Poóken«^-; *'*'■• Milestone Soónakei with
tdtcho barj adr^ lis. Jewelry; lit, gold with real stones in it Bar, «., One
pound sterling, sovereign. Pasp.,/arJ, heavy Bdrvalo, ad;\, Rich, wealthy.
Pasp., barvaU BArvalo-tem, Yorkshire Bdrvalopen, «., Wealth, riches. Pasp.,
baravalip4, wealth Bdrvalo bar, Diamond D^shbdr, «., Ten-pound note Bars^ngri
) «., Shepherd. Lieb., Bershero;? French, Ber- Bas6ngro,/ ^^re Bastdrdo, n.,
Bastard (Boshtdrdus) Bdulo, n.y Pig. Pasp., 6a/(f Baul^ //., Pigs
Baiilesto-fdros, Pig fair, pig market Baiilesko-mas, Pork BdlovAs, * ) T^ „,,
y n., Bacon Baleno-mas, j Baiilesko-moólf, Pigface, a nickname Baiileski
tulopen. Lard; lit., pig's fat Baiiro, adj., Great, big, large, broad, deep,
etc. Pasp., 6ar(f Baiiri, adj\, /., Pregnant, ' izg- with child *
Bauri-ch6rikl, ) _, Ba,iro-cWriklo,l Pheasant Baiiri-dei, Grandmother
Baiiroddr, comp,, Bigger. Pasp., bared^r Baiiro-beresto-gav, Liverpool; lit.,
big-ship-town Baiiro-bishno, Hail Baiiro-choóri, Sword Baiiro-dfklo, Shawl
Baiiro-dood, Lightning Baiiro-gav, London
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(delwedd E6798) (tudalen 057)
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VOCABULARY.
57 Baiiro-h61om6ngro, \ Baiiro-h61omóskro, r Glutton Baiiro-h6benóskro, ^
Bauro-padni, Ocean, sea, deep water Baiiro-rei, Gentleman Baury6,) «.,
Assizes; due to the assonance of Badri, J 'Assize* and *a size* (a big thing)
Badri, «., Snail (bodri) Bdval, n., Wind. Pasp., balvdl P6gadSb4val6ngro.} «'
Broken-winded horse Bdval-p6gam^ngri, Windmill ^«:ho Vih6ni^rf, Bewitched
(cho Vih6ni) Be^bee, or Be6bi, «., Aunt. Pasp., Ubi 'R^ino, f. part.y Born.
Pasp., bendS, delivered Beene,//., Born Posh-bednomus, Placenta, aft6r-birth
. Bednopen, n,y Birth Bei, n.y Sleeve, bough. Pasp., bdi, sleeve Gddesto-bei,
Shirt-sleeve Beng, «., Devil (Bang). Pasp., Beng Bóngaw,//., Devils Beng,
adj\, Evil, wicked Bóngalo, adj., Wicked, devilish, diabolic. Pasp., bengals
B^ngesko, ) ,. B^ngesko-dfk.«^,) ^»"°' ^'"o Bóngesko-gafro, «.,
Enemy Bóngesko-tan, Hell; lit., Devil's place B^ngeski-) (The Devil's Ditch,
near Balsham, B^ngesti- / ' ( Cambridgeshire Bóngesko-mel, The Devil's Dyke,
near Newmarket Berk. See Burk B^ro, «., Ship, boat, barque (Bafro). Pasp.,
berd Ber^ngro, ) ^A A \ ^v Sailor. Pasp., ber^skoro
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(delwedd E6799) (tudalen 058)
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58 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Bdresto-sherdngroj Tdtcho-ber^ngro, /
^P Bóresto-pl6xta, A ship's sail Bóro.gav, ) ^^^^ ^ Ba\iro-bóresto-gav, >
^^ ^^^^ Besh, v., To sit. Pasp., beshdva Besh6vay I sit Besh^la, He sits
Beshtds, He sat Beshds^ Let us sit Bóshonidngro, «., Chair B^shto, n,, Saddle
(bóshto). Pasp., beshtS, sat B^shopen, «., Sessions. Pasp., beship^,
residence Baiiro-poókinyuski-b&hopen, Assizes; lit., great judges'
session Besh, «., Year. Pasp., bersk Bashaw, I Beshdw,/^^-' ^^^^^ Beshingro,
«., A one-year-old horse, a yearling. This word is also used with other
numerals in stating a person's age; so Pasp., Isi bishru^andj bersh/ngoro, He
is twenty-five years old, which in the English dialect would be ' Yav see a
biskria-pansh beshhigro* Besomdiin, Besom-makers Belarus, n.. Parlour, the
best room of a house; cf, Vaillant, Gramm. Romm., buro, cavern "R'W ')
^' ^'^ ^^ ^^''' Pasp., bikndva Bikn6va, I do, or will, sell Bflcinissa,) _,
BflcindssaJ ^*^°" ^^"^^' Bfkin^la, He sells Bfkind6, They sold
Bfkindds, He sold Bfkinds, Let us sell Bfkinom6ngro,N Bfkom^ngro, }
""'> ^^^'^'' ^'^^"^^^ ^^^^^^
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(delwedd E6800) (tudalen 059)
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VOCABULARY.
59 Bfknomus, n., Auction sale Bikónyo,) adv., Alone, unbegun, not done
(akónyo, pok^n- Bikónya,) yus). Pott, li., 34S,/^*m«o, bokono, quiet Muk
1ósti bikónyo, Leave it alone Bfssio,> ^ T^ r Bf k I ^'^ Spur, rasp.,
bust, a spit Bish, adj., Twenty. Pasp., bish Bfshno, n.. Rain (brfshindo)
Baiiro b{shno. Hail Ulshxiing, Raining 'Bishxiing badro bari*, Hailing
Bfsser, v,, To forget. Pasp., bistrdva B{ssad6m, I forgot Bfesadds, He forgot
Bfsser, v.. To avoid (nfsser) Bfsser, v,. To send. See next Bftcher, v^ To
send, to sentence. Pasp., bitchavdva Bftcher^nna, They send Bitchadds, He
sent Bftchadi paiidel, Transported; lit, sent over. Pasp., bitchavdS
Bftchama, n,, Sentence, judgment Bftcham^ngro, n,, A convict Bftto, m., \
adj.. Small, little, thin, narrow, lean. } French, Bftti,/., ) petit Sundt,
bittan, a bit Bitta ta bftta. Little by little Bitaddr, comp,. Smaller, less
Bivdn, adv,. Raw. Pott, ii., 406, Bivant mass, raw meat (taken by Pott from
Zippel) Bfvano, adj„ Raw Bfvan-kosht, Green-wood Blue-issdi, adj.. Blue Blue
Uggi, n, pi.. Toadstools; lit., blue legs, because one variety (Agaricus
personatus), much esteemed by the Gypsies as a delicacy, has blue stalks
Bo'bi, ) Bóbbi i ^'' ^^^ (bóobi). Pasp., bdbi
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(delwedd E6801) (tudalen 060)
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60 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Baúro-, Hólin- bóbbi, Broad-bean
Grei-bóbbi, Horse-bean
Bok, n., Hunger. Pasp., bok
Bókalo, adj., Hungry. Pasp., bokló
Baúro bókaloben, Famine
Bok, Boxt n., Luck, fortune. Pasp.,
bakht
Bókalo, Bóky, Lucky. Pasp., bakhtalo
Koóshko bóky, Health, happiness
Koóshki bóky, Happy
Bókocho, n., Lamb (vákasho, bókoro). Pasp., bakritchó
Bókochésto-pur, Tripe
Bókoro, Bókro, n., A sheep (bókocho). Pasp., bakró
Bokré, pl.; Sheep
Bókoroméngro, Bókroméngro, Bókoméngro,
Bókoréngo, n., Shepherd (barséngri)
Bókré’s-peeré, Sheep's feet
Lávines-bókro, Goat; lit., Welsh sheep
Bó1esko-d{wus, «., ChristmdiS Day. Pasp., boldva, to baptize, to christen
Bóngali-gdiro, n., Rich man. Only heard once; questionable; cf. Vaillant,
Gramm, Romm., banik, richard Bóngo, adj.y Left, wrong, crooked, lame. Pasp.,
bang6 Bóngo-wast, Left hand Bónges, adv,y Wrongly Bóngo-grei, Spavined horse
Bónnek, To lei bónnek, to lay hold of Pasp., bimek, handful Boóbi, n,y Pea,
bean (bobi). Pasp., bSbi, bean Kaiil6-boóbi, Black bean Boóbi bóshno, Peacock
■ n. pr.y Liverpool
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(delwedd E6802) (tudalen 061)
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VOCABULARY.
6 1 Boódega,|«., Shop (boórika). French, boutique; Italian, Boódika, /
botUga; Spanish, bodega Boódegam^ngro, «., Shopkeeper Sfmmeri«^ boódega,
Pawnshop Boog^nya, «., A pock (boóko). Pasp., pukniy abscess; Pott, ii., 396;
Mikl., 1., 5 Boog^nyaj, //., Smallpox Boóko, «., Liver. Pasp., bukS^
intestine Boókesto-padni-gav, Boóko-paini-gav, Boóko-paani, . Bookósto-gav
Boóko, «., Smallpox (boog^nya) Bool, «., Rump. Pasp., bul Boolengri^j, ) '^ ,
, , , Bodliengri^j,) ^•^'•' Breeches, knee-breeches Boó1om6ngro, n,y Contra
naturam peccator Bool-koóva, Chair Gr6'vneski-bool> Beef-steak Boólno,
adj,y Proud, boasting, swaggering; Pott, ii., 407 BoóYn^lopus p^nsa rei. As
stuck-up as a lord; lit, swaggering like gentleman BoóYnus-, or boóm^«j-,
moosh, A swaggering fellow Boot, ) B r^t* I ^'^ Much. Pasp., but Boótodair,
comp.y More. Pasp., butedir O bootodafr, superL, Most Boot adoósta. Very
many, very much Boóti, ) Boótsi I ^'' ^^^'^^ -"^^^P' *^^^ 'Boóti, \
Boótsi,l^'^^^^'^ Boótiengro, ) ^ , Boótsi^ngro,/ «" S^"^^"''
^°'''^" Boótiesto-vdrdo, Knifegrinder's barrow Boótsi-/«^ g^iro, Working
man
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(delwedd E6803) (tudalen 062)
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• 62 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Shov diwusdw too boóti^ssa, Six days
shalt thou labour Bor, n,, Mate, friend.? In too general use to be the common
Eastern Counties provincial word Bor, n,, Hedge. Pasp., Mrt, garden
Bóryaw,//., Hedges Bor^ngri, «., Hedge-stake Bórlo, Pig. See Baiilo Bóro,
Great. See Bauro Bory6, Assizes. See Baury6 Bosh,z/.,To fiddle.
TaLsp^fiaskavdva^to play on any instrument Bosh, «., Fiddle Bóshero, «.,
Fiddler Bósherus, n,, Cough Bósherv^nna, They are fiddling Bóshom^ngri, «.,
Piper, fiddler, a fiddle, music Bóshom^ngro, n., A fiddle, fiddler
Wdsto-bóshomdngro, »., Druni Bosh, v., To bark. Pasp., iasAdva, to cry, call,
sing Bosh^la, It barks Bóshad6, They barked Bóshno, n,, Cock. Pasp., o bashnS
bashily the cock crows Boshtdrdus, n,y Bastard (bastdrdo) Bóshto, \ Bosht6,
J- «., Saddle (b^shto). Pasp., beshi6, sat Bóshta,) Boiiri, «., Snail
(bauri). VailL, Gramm. Romm., buro Breedopen, «., Breed Brfshindo, «., Rain.
Pasp., brishindS Brfsheno, ad;\, Rainy Brfshinila, It rains Bishn/«^, Raining
» Bfshn/«^ badro barj. Hailing Bauro bfshno, Hail 'Brogxes, «., Knee-breeches
Biimbaros, «., Monkey.? Bw.'s Span. Gypsy, bombardo, lion, and bomboi)
foolish
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(delwedd E6804) (tudalen 063)
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VOCABULARY.
63 SungSiiLrus, n,, Bung, cork Bur, «., Gate Burk, «., Breast Pasp., trek
Burkáari,//., Breasts CH. Chabi, «., s, and pi., Child, children (chAvi).
Pasp., tchavi Chiho, «., Coat (chukka, choófa, choóko).? Pasp., sharga,
ridinghood, " probably Turkish chSha, cloth, which the Greeks call
rao'xa.y — Extract from a letter from Dr. Paspati ChAirus, «., Time
(che^rus). Pasp., keros; *' Kcupo^, P*"©- nounced in Crete and Cyprus
raaipo^" — Extract from a letter from Dr. Paspati
Mi-diivel^sko-chóirus,) Heaven, universe, world, Doóvel^sto-chóirus, )
eternity Gfvesto-chóirus, Harvest V^nesto-chóirus, Winter Chal, «., Fellow,
chap R6mani-chól, A Gypsy /'-chaldw,\ R6mani I -chólaw, > //., Gypsies
i-chal^, ) Chilav, v., To touch, meddle (chórvo). Pasp., tcAardva, to lick;
tchalavdva, to beat Cham, n,y Leather, cheek, tin. Pasp., tcham, cheek;
Lieb., leather Chdrdoka, «., Apron (chor6va, to cover; jdrifa, jirikla,
j6rjo;^a, jorj6ffa, shdrdoka, ydrdooka, y4rdu;^a). Pasp., utchardSf covered.
Baudrimont ("Vocabulaire de la langue des Boh^miens habitant sur les
pays Basques Fran^ais,'* Bordeaux, 1862,) has uruka, mantle, and Francisque
Michel (" Pays basque," Paris, 1857,) has «r^^, cape, both
conjecturally referred by M. Ascoli (p. 157) to urav, to dress
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(delwedd E6805) (tudalen 064)
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64 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Chdra, | v,. To touch, meddle, tease
(chAlav). Pasp., tcha^ Chirvo,) rdva^ to lick Chards, Let us tease Chdrer
opr^, To vomit Chdver, v.. To betray, inform, tell, sed quare ChAvo, w.,) «.,
Child. Pasp., tchavS, m.; tchavl^ // Chclvi,/, / tchav^.pL Chdvi, \ Chav^,
>//., Children Chdvi^j,/ Kóshno-chAvi, Doll; lit, wooden-child
Moósh-chóvi, Boy; lit, man-child Chavorf, «., Chicken. See Pott, ii., 199,
czarvi\ das Huhn; dimin., cjsarvM p, I «., Time (chairus). Pasp., keros Chei,
«., Lass, daughter, girl. Pasp., tcA/i Ch^iaw,\ Cheidw, > //., Girls.
Pasp*, tchaid Ch^iaj, / Chein, «., Moon (choom, shool, shoon). Pasp., tckon
Chell^ maur4 //., Loaves (Ch611o): Lieb., zelo Ch^rikli f S ^'^ ^^^^
(chfriklo). Pasp., tchiricU Baiiro-ch^riklo, ^^A ^. Baiiri-ch^rikli,/.,
Pheasant R6mani-r6ker/«^-ch^riklo, A parrot Ch^riklesto-kair, Birdcage
Cheiiri, n,, Knife (choóri). Pasp., tchori, tchuri Chib, «., Tongue (chiv,
jib). Pasp., tchip Chichi, ) ^T , . ^ , . , p, . I «., Nothmg. Pasp., hitch
Chfchikeni-dr6m, * No thoroughfare,' a private road Chid4 They put. \
Q\AAo^p,part., Put I See Chiv Chid6m, I did put / Chik, «., Dirt, filth, mud,
ashes, sand, earth, soil, etc. Pasp., ichik
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(delwedd E6806) (tudalen 065)
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VOCABULARY.
65 Chfkesko chiimba, Dunghill rhfkr V i ^^*' Dirty. Pasp., tckikalS
Chik^ngri^^, «., 'Bankers,' who repair canal banks Chin, v., a,y To cut, dig.
Pasp., tchindva Chin6va, I do, or will, cut Chin^la, He cuts Chfnlo,)
ChinW,}^"* Chind6m, I did cut rxA^^lJ^l. \ ^-^ ^^"' chopper,
cleaver, hatchet, Chnom^ngro, ^nife, letter Chinomongri, ) Poóvo-chfn6mingri,
Plough Chfnoben, «., Wound, cut Chin tal^, or al^, To cut off> or down
Chingar, v.^ To quarrel, scold, tear. Pasp., tchingdr, misfortune, the origin
of a quarrel, brawl Chfngerdnna, They quarrel Chingadds, He tore, quarrelled,
etc. Chfngariben, «., Quarrel Chfriklo, «., Bird (ch^fiklo). Pasp., tchirikU
Chirikl^, //., Birds Chfti, «., Chain, t German, kette Chiv, v.. To put,
place, pour, etc. Pasp., tchivd'Oa, to throw Chiv6va, I do, or will, put
Chiv&, ) _, ^, . , f Thou puttest Chivessa,) ^ Chiv^la, He puts, will put
Chiv^nna, They put Chid6m, \ , ... ^ Chivd6va,M^^^P"^ Chivdds,! TT , , . Chidds, I "^ P^^"'^' P"^ Chid^m, We put, did
put Chfdo, ^ T, - Chid.i, /»/.>• ^'*'''' ^"' 5
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(delwedd E6807) (tudalen 066)
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66 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Yon chid^. They put Chiv it adr^ your shiro^
Remember; lit, put it into your head ChivtA upon, Cheated; lit., put upon,
imposed on ChivtA to woddrus, Confined (of a woman); lit, put to bed Chiv,
»., Tongue (chib). Pasp., tchip Chfvom^ngro,\ x ^^ i i v Chfvom^ngri,; «•'
^"^^' *^^y^^> ^"*^^ Chf vIo-g6rj er, Magistrate, j ustice of the
peace (chii vno- g6rjer). Lieb., tsckiwalo rai, der Polizei-direktor
Chiv^ngro, «., Lawyer . ' 1 ^'* ^^^^» boot Pasp., tchskmi (As) Chok^ngro, )
ChoWngri. 1 «•• Shoemaker Gr^i-esto chok, Horseshoe Nd-esto ch6k. Hobnailed
boot Ch6kka,) «., Coat (chiikka, chiho). Snndt, tjokka, Skjoert; Ch6xo, )
Pott, ii., 178 Pallani ch6kka. Petticoat; lit., behind-coat Ch611o, adj.y
Whole, entire (chell^). Pasp., tchaU, satisfied. Pott, ii., 256; Mikl., L, 7
Ch6Ilo maiiro. Loaf; lit., whole bread Chelld maurd, //., Loaves Chong, «.,
Knee, hill (choong). Pasp., ickang, leg Ch6ngaw,//., Knees ChooAli, I «.,
voc. pl.y Mates! (choovili, chowili). Pasp., Choobali, ) tchavdle Choófa, «.,
Coat (chóho, choóko, chukka, ch6kka) Chuffaj,//., Petticoats (shoóba)
Choófih6ni, «., Witch (ch6Vih6ni, choóvikon). Pasp., tcho- vekhanSy ghost
Choókni, ) „„ . / . , . ^ , , / Chookn^e I ^'' ^ P (choopni). Pasp., tchukni
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(delwedd E6808) (tudalen 067)
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VOCABULARY.
67 Cho^kOy n., Coat (chiho, etc.) Yog6ngri-choóko, Shooting-coat Choom, n,,
Moon (chein^ shoon, shool). Pasp., tckon, tckomit Choóma, n.^ Kiss. Pasp.,
tchumi Choóma, v.y To kiss Choómer6va, I do, or will, ki$s Choómad6m, I
kissed, I did kiss Choomadds, He kissed Choómabeny »., Kissing Choómba,) ».,
Hill, chin (choonga, chumba, ddmbo). Pasp., Choómbo,/ tiniba^ hillock
Choómoni, ».,* Something (chiimoni). Lieb., tschonumi Choónga, n.^ Hill
(choómba, diimbo). Pasp., t4mba, hillock Choong, «., Hill, knee (chong).
Pasp., tchangy leg Choóngar, ^., To spit (chiingar). Pasp., tchungardva
Choóngarben, «., Spittle Choópni, «., Whip (choókni). Pasp., tchupni
Choóralo, adj,^ Bearded. Pasp., tchoVy beard Choóralo-moóĄ, Bearded face Choóri,
«., Knife. Pasp., tchoHy tchuH Baiiro choóri, Sword Choóresto-gav, Sheffield
Poóvesto-choóri, Plough /-L ± '* X I ^^J't Poor, humble (ch6ro). Pasp.,
tchorS Cnoon,y., ) Choóreno, ) ,. _ Choórokno,W'^°°'' Choórokn4 //., Mumpers
Choórom^ngro,) _ Chtxirodo, } «•' ^'^'"P Choórod6, )
Choórodon6,K^'^''*'"P^ Choórodir, camp,, Poorer Choórones-gav,
Wakefield; lit, poorly town (poorly = weak = wake) Choórokono-lav, A mumper's
word
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(delwedd E6809) (tudalen 068)
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68 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Choovili, n,y voc, pL, Mates,
companions (chawili^ etc.) ChoiSveno, adj,, Poor (chiiveno) Choóvenes, adv,.
Humbly Choóvikon, «., Witch (cho Vih6ni). Pasp., tchcvekhanS^ ghost
Choóvih6neski mitchka, Bewitched cat Chor, «., Grass. Pasp., tchar Chor^ngri,
adj,,^ Grassy, green Ch6r-dikf«^, €uij,y Green; lit, grass*looking
Chor-6xtam^ngro, Grasshopper DAndim^ngri-chor,//., Nettles Ch6rkeno-tem,
Yorkshire Chor, V, a,y To steal. Pasp., tchordva Chor6va, I do, or will,
steal Ch6rdo, i-i.^ J ' \P-P^^^'i Stolen. Pasp., tchordS Chord eno,
Chordn^//.,; Ch6rom^ngro j «' '^^''^f' ^^P' *'^'' Chor, «., Son, lad. Pasp.,
tchoy child; gor (As), boy Giv^ngro chor, Farmer's lad Ch6ro, adj.y Poor
(choóro). Pasp., tchorS ' Ch6rokon^s, adv.y Humbly Ch6ro,\ Ch6ra,> «.,
Plate, dish. Pasp., tcharS Chor, ) Chor6va, I cover, wrap up. Pasp.,
utchardva Chor6va les parddl o^ yog, I will cover it up with ashes Chordds,
They covered Ch6rda, z;.. To 'cover' (in cottu). Pasp., utchardva^ to cover,
or tchordva, to pour; tchoraibS^ seminal fluid Ch6vono, adj,y Poor (chiiveno,
choóveno) Ch6vih6ni, «., Witch (choófih6ni, choóvikon). Pasp., tcho- vekhanSy
ghost Chiiflra.f, «.//., Petticoats (choófa, shoóba) Chukka, «., Coat (chóho,
choóko, etc.)
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(delwedd E6810) (tudalen 069)
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VOCABULARY.
69 Chukk^ngro,) Chukk^ngri, } ^^ P^l^ce"^^^ Chiimba, /;., Hill, chin (choómba,
choónga, diimbo). Pasp.> titnba, hillock Chdmba kilesko tern,
Derbyshire Chdmoni, «., Something (choómoni). Lieb., tchomani Chiingar, v,y
To spit (choóngar). Pasp., tchungardva ChiSngar, «., Skewer, spit Chiiveno, \
Chdvni I ^'^ ^^^^ (choóveno, ch6vono) ChiSvno-g6rjer, Magistrate, justice of
the peace (chfvlo g6rjer)
D.
Dad, )
D4dus,r'> ^^^*'^'- P^P'^^
Daddi, voc, Father! n /I ' * I ^'^ Bastard; because * fathered ' on _,,- ^ J
the putative parent Poóro-dad, Grandfather Stfffo-dad, Father-in-law
Dddesko kair. Father's house Mi dideski boótsi^ngri. My father's servants
Dan^ adv., Than
Ddnder,\
Dand, v v. a.. To bite. Pasp., dantdva
Dan, j
Ddndo,) „. _ . ,
Di 1 [/-/^^^v Bitten. rd^i^,,aanto
Dan, «., Tooth Choóro-bftto-ddndom6ngro, Mouse; lit., poor little biter
Dindimdngri-chor, Nettles; lit, biting-grass
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(delwedd E6811) (tudalen 070)
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70 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Ddnderm^skriy n,. Pepper
Ddnom^skri, n,, Mustard
Dindiftg'-pishuta, Wasp; lit., biting-fly
Dash^ n.y Cup. Pasp., tdsi
Doódis, ) n^ Cup and saucer; lit, two cups, or
Doól-dash, ) cuplike things
Disko. See
Dei
De, article, The
D6. See
Del d^h;} ^^' ^^^^
Dei, «., Mother. Pasp., dA, ddi
D^iesko, )
Disko I ^^'' ^^^h^*^®' Pasp., daidskoro
Deia, voc, Mother! Baiiri-dei,) Poóri-dei,j Grandmother Stfffi-dei,
Mother-in-law
Del, V. a.. To give, kick, hit, read (di6). Paspi, ddva^ to give, kick, hit,
speak
D6, To give, kick
D6va, )
Del6va,M ^^' ^^ ^"^' Sive, etc.
Del6va me^ro lav kiter mi^
Docivel, I pray; lit, I give my word to God
DelSa,} "•" eives, will give, etc.
Deld6m,) ,
Di6m, 1 1 gave, etc M6ndi di6m, We gave
Dids, He gave, foigave, etc.
Dids drovdn opr6 o woóda, He knocked hard at the door
Dfno, «., Gift; lit, given. PaSp., /. par4^ diluS
Di^, They gave ^ , I opr6, V,, To read
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(delwedd E6812) (tudalen 071)
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VOCABULARY.
7 1
D^lomus-opr6, Writing
Del'to-mindi, Present; lit., a give to me "Ptiro-diUin^^^-ttm,
Lancashire; lit., foot-kicking country
Ddlomengro^ n., Parson> lucifer match, kicking horse
D61om^skro, n,, Hammer
Den, adv., Then
Desh, o^*., Ten. Pasp., desA
Deshbar, Ten-pound bank-note
D65hto-haiiri,| Eighteen-pence. YdiS^., desh-u-shtd,
Dóshti-kórri, / eighteen
Desh-ta-y^k, Eleven.
D. ta doói, -trin, -stor, -pansh, -do<Si-trindW; 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. and
so on; doói deshdw, 20
Dfdake{.r, «. //., Half-bred Gypsies. See Ak^i
Dids, He gave.. ^^^^^^
Diom, I gave, j
Dik, V. a,, To see, look. Pasp., dikáva
Dikóva, I look, see *• Te dikóv avrl, dikóva. If I look out, I see
Dik^ssa, ) T d'k^ I '^^^^ lookest, ye look, see
Dik^la, He sees
Dikó1a p^nsa raiini, She looks like a lady
Dikt6m, |
Diktoóm,/
Diktdssa, Thou didst see, ye saw
Diktds, He saw, looked
Dikás, Let us look Too diktds.^ Have you seen .? (Properly <3iV^/rf«; see
p. 37)
Diktds kómeni }
Did you see anything.? (Properly diktdn; see p. 37)
Diktdna, They saw, (properly diktds)
Dfkto, ) _ ^ ... ,.
Dfkno ) ^' ^^^^^ ^^^"* P*'
Dik pdlla, v., To watch, attend to; lit., look after
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(delwedd E6813) (tudalen 072)
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72 GYPSY- ENGLISH
Béngesko-díking, Diabolic, ugly; lit.,
devil-looking
Koóshko-díking, Handsome, good-looking
Dfdakéis, pl., Half-bred Gypsies. See Akéi
Díkoméngro, n., Looking-glass
Door-díkoméngro, Telescope; lit., far-seeing thing
Díkoméngri, n., Portrait, likeness,
photograph, picture
Díkimus, Díkomus, n., Sight
Wdfedo dfkomusti chei sas y6t She was an ugly girl
Dflclo, n,, Hanákerchief, necktie, etc. Pasp., diil6 Badro-dflclo, Shawl
Dfnilo, T^. ,/ >. 1" ^'-j Fool. Pasp., dtntld
Dinlee,/, ^
Dfnvero, -
Dinl6, //., Fools
Dfnveres, adv.. Foolishly
Dfnveri, adj., Silly, foolish
Dids. \
Di6,
Dfno. > See
Del, to give
Di6m. j
Dfvio, )
Dfvioo / ^'^ Mad, wild. Lieb., diwio; Mikl., i., 9
Dfviaw,//., Lunatics
Dfvio-kair, Asylum, madhouse
Dfvi-gdiri, Midwife; lit., mad wife.
Due to assonance
Dfwus, «.,
Day. Pasp., divh
Diwusdw,//.,
Days Ke-dfwus, \ Kówa-dfwus, \ To-day Te-dfwus, / Kó1iko-dfwus, yesterday
Kroókingo-dfwus, Sunday Mi-d\ivel*j-dfwus, ' Mol-dfwus, \ Christmas
Day Bó1esko-dfvvus, /
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(delwedd E6814) (tudalen 073)
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VOCABULARY. 73
Ovdvo-d/wus, To-morrow Trin-dfvvus^j-pdlla-koóroko, Wednesday; lit., three
days after Sunday, and so on for the other days of the week
Dfwus^, adv.y
Daily
Dfwusy roózha,
Daisy '
Doi, adv^ There (adof, od6i). Pasp., otid; abL, otdr "
Ddllsifpron., Those (diilla). Pasp., odol/
Dood, «., Light. Lieb., tu^
Doódaw, V , x . , BoddyawJ ^^" ^'S^^' '^^''
Doódom^ngro, n,, Lantern
Doódomdngro, 'J
Doódeno, j- adj\, Light (lucidus)
Doódengi, /
Doódom^skri, n., Lucifer-match
Doódesko moó1o, Will-o'-th'-Wisp Baiiro-dood, Lightning Midoóvel^sko-dood,
Moon, lightning
Dood-y6gengi-kóshterj, Firebrands; lit., light-Are- sticks Kaiilo-dood,
Dark-lantern
Doódds, «., Cup and saucer (dash)
Doódum, n,, Belly, womb. Pasp., dudiim, gourd
Doót, acfy',, Two. Pasp., dtii
Doólf-m6ndi, We two, or both of us . — .
Doóx-16ndi, They two, or both of them
Doói kó11i, Florin, a two-shilling piece; lit, two things
Doól-dash,
Doódds, I Cup and saucer (dash)
Doóx trin. Two or three Yon ghi^n avri doó]f ta doói ketan^ They went out by
twos {^Ai/n, for ghids)
Doóker, z/.. To hurt, pain, ache. Pasp., dukáva, to feel pain
Doóker, «., An ache. Pasp., duk
Doóker6va, I punish
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(delwedd E6815) (tudalen 074)
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74 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Doókadds, He did hurt
Doókadno, /. part.. Tormented
Doómo, If., Back. Pasp., dumS
Doom^ngro, | «., Broken-backed horse; doom--
Doom^ksno-grei,/ ^ksno lox doomiskano
Door, adj, and adv.^ Far, long. Pasp., dur
Door, I/.,
Distance
Door door dósta,) . , r »-
Doovori-doovori.; ^ ^^^ '°"8 ^'^y' ^^'T^ f*"" °^
Doórdair, )
Doóroder j ^^^-^•' ^^^^^^' ^^^P-' ^«^^^^^
Door-dflcom^ngro, «., Telescope; lit, far-seer
Doóri, «., String, twine (d6ri). Pasp., dari
Doórik, z/., To tell fortunes, predict (diikker). Lieb., turke" wawa
Doórikapen, «., Fortune-telling, prediction. Lieb., turkepenn
Doosh, n, and adj,. Evil; bad, unlucky, etc. Lieb., dosch
Doóshalo, adj., Unlucky, etc.
Do<&sta, adj. and «., Enough,
many, much, plenty, very (adoósta, dósta). Lieb., docha; MikL, i., lo
Door doósta. Long enough '
Doóva, /r^w., That (adoóva). Pasp., odavd 'Glal doov^ski kair. In front of
that house
Ddlla kó11a, //., Those things
Do<Svel, n., God (diivel). Pasp., dev/l
Doóvelkan^to, adj.,
Divine, holy. Pasp., devlicafid Mi do<Svelóski chóiros, Eternity, lot
ever, the World, universe; lit., my God's time
Diivel^sko chóvo, Christ; lit., God's Son Mi-doóvelósko, adj,, Religious.
Pasp., divUskoiHi^ Mi-do<5velósko-dood, The moon Mi-diivdósfci. gair6.
Saints Mi-diivelesko maiirom^ngri, Jews; lit., my God's slayers Mi-doóvelósko
bftta f61ki, Fairies; lit, my God's little people
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(delwedd E6816) (tudalen 075)
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VOCABULARY.
75
DAvel^ski Joóvel, The Virgin Mi-diivel^sto-tem, Sky Mi-doóvel^ko-g6dli,
Thunder; Ut., my God's voice Mi-diWel^ko-kóri, Heaven Mi-doóvel^nghi,) ^ ^ ,,
* Mi^oóveWsti, I For my Gods sake Mi-ddvel, By God! Mi-d^ver^ moosh. Clergyman Mi-diivePj dfvvus, Christmas
Day
Doovori, A long way off. (
Door.)? A contraction of door-avrie; compare, however, Boht, part i. {fldj^:
"A lengthened form, -oro^ m., and ori,/., is much affected by both
adjectives and nouns, e,^., ferno, young, temord, ternori, very young "
D6rdi', interj\ Lo, behold, see, look!? Pasp., otdr dik
D6ri, n.y String, twine, riband, navel (doóri). Pasp., d^
Dorio V, »., Ocean, sea, river (doydv). Pasp., dardfV
Dósta, adj, and;»., Plenty, etc. See
Doósta
Dósta kómeni, A great multitude
Dósta dósta beshdw, Very many years
Dósta ta dósta, Enough and to spate
D6va,/nw., That, it. See
Doóva
D6va, I give. See
Del
Dovdl, )
Dovydl,)^'^*^- Pasp., ^Awry^/
Doydv, «., Sea (dorio v). Pasp., dardv
Drab, tu. Poison, drug, medicine. Pasp., draby
herb^ root, physic
Drab^ngro,) ^
DraWngri, \ «' druggist, doctor Tdtcho-drabóngro,
Doctor of medicine '
Dral,/r^., Through (adrdl). Pasp., andrdl, from within '
Dr^, prep., In (adr6). Pasp., andf^
Drfllaw, n. pL, Berries, gooseberries (di^rii)
Drom, n,, Road, way, path, lane, strefet, etc., fashion, manner. Pasp., drom,
road; Mikl, i., lO
Dromdw, //., Roads
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(delwedd E6817) (tudalen 076)
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76 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Baur^ dr6inaw, Highroads
Baiiri-gdvesti-dr6maw, Streets; lit, big town-roads Bftti-g«lvesti-dr6maw,
Lanes; lit., little town-roads
Droóven, adv,^ Slowly. Pott, ii., 318, dirwan^s, drowetiy etc.
Droóveno,|
Droóven, / -^'^ Tiresome, wearisome
Drovdn, adv., Hard, forcibly, slowly
Diikker, v., To tell fortunes, predict (doórik). Lieb., turke^ wawa
Diikker6va, I tell fortunes
Diikker/«*, »., Fortune-telling
Dukkeriben, «., Fortune
Diikkadno, /. part. Predicted
Diilla) •pv /,!.'>//., Those (doóva). Pasp,, odovd; pi., odoU
Ddmbo, «., Hill, mountain (choómbo, etc.) Pasp., tAmba, hillock
Di^ril, «., Gooseberry (drfllaw). Lieb., heril, a pea; Pott, ii., 167
Durildski-g6r, Gooseberry-tart
Diivel, n., God, sky, star. See
Doóvel. Pasp., dev^l, God, sky
E.
-V.
Ei, an ejaculation of woe, alas! ''Es,pron,, It (les) E6zaw, n.pl., Clothes.
Sundt, Beretning om Landstryger-. folket, 1852; izar, {pi), Klceder F.
Fdirus, «., Fair (f6ros) Grefesto-fafrus, Horse fair Fdrradair, \ F6ttadair, \adj\,
camp., B^tttr. IXf^., fedidir F^ttaddiro,) F^ttedafro toóti. Better than you
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(delwedd E6818) (tudalen 077)
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VOCABULARY.
77 So kom6va f^terddir, What I want most O feterdiir pW^ta, The best robe
Filisin, «., Hall, mansion. lAch,, filezssin Fino, adj'.y Fine First'SLdiAVy
adj\y First First'djAiAT d lil6i, Spring; lit., first of summer Fiz, «.,
Enchantment, charm Folki (pron. fo'ki), «., Folk, people FoUas^, \ FoUasdw,
>• «.//., Gloves. lAfh.,forhzso; Pott, ii., 394 F611asi^^, / Yoviyprep.y
From. German, von Foozhadri, «., Fern Fordii, ) Z^^rdel,) ^-^ '^^ forgive (d^
del) Forgive-zsiXy Forgive ForAtloness, «., Forgiveness F6ros, h., Market
town (fairus). Pa.sp., /Sros Baiilesto-f6ros, Pig fair Fóshono, ad/., False,
counterfeit, imitation Fóshono w6ngushi^, False rings; rings made of
imitation gold Maw kair toóti kek kómeni fóshono koókelo, Thou shalt not make
any graven image; lit., don't make to thee not any false doll Full 1 T^ ^ . .
Fool ) ^'' -^""S* excrement. rasp,,/ul FuU-vdrdo, Dung-cart
G. This letter must be invariably pronounced hard, as in Łt>, and not as
in j^h. Gad, «., Shirt. Pasp., g^ad Gddaw,//., Shirts Gidesto-bei,
Shirt-sleeve Gad-kosht*koóva, Clothes-peg
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(delwedd E6819) (tudalen 078)
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78 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Gdiro, «., Man. Only applied to goAjos.
Pasp., kur; gw (As), boy; Sundt, goer (//.), Folk GairlV' ^^"^^"
Gair6,//., Men Peivlo-gdiro, Widower Pc^vli-gdiri, Widow Vard^ngro-gdiro,
Milltr Yek 0^ mi Aoóv€is tdtcho gair^ An angel 'Gal, prep,. Before (agil,
'glel). Pasp., angldl, agdl Gdrav, ) Ol ) ^' ^'* ^^ hide. Pasp., gheravdva
Gar6v, I do, or will, hide GArido, \ Giridn6, \ p. part, H idden G4rer«/, /
Giridnes.) , _, , , . , , Gi nes I ^ ' Secretly, hidden, unknown
Gdrones, Girad6m, Garav6m
'} I hid
Gdrad^,) Garavis.) «« *^'<^ Gaiijo, I «., Stranger, English person, one
who is not a Gadjer,/ Gypsy. (G6rjo.) VBsip.,gaJ6 Gav, «., Town, village.
Pasp., gav, village Gavdw,//., Towns Gav6ngro,) n JL • f «.f Policeman
Cxavengn,; Baiiro-gav, London Baiiro-b^resto-gav,x _ . , Boóko-padni-gav. }
Liverpool St^ripen-gav, County town; lit., prison town M^ndi jab yek gdver
k^ter wdver, We go from one town to the other Ghidn, You went. Ghids, He,
she, they went. \ See Jal Ghi^n, They went.
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(delwedd E6820) (tudalen 079)
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VOCABULARY.
79 Ghil, V. a., To sing (ghiv). Pasp., ghilidiava Ghfli, n,, Song (ghfveli).
Pasp., gkili Ghflyawj, pL, Songs, broadsheets, handbills, newspapers
Ghilyingri, «.//., Newspapers rw\^\ ^' P^^^'* Gone. See Jal. Pasp., gheU,
gheU Ghfnjer,) v.. To count, reckon. Pasp., Ghendva; pass., Ghfnya, i
ghenghiovdva Ghi6m, I went See Jal Ghiv, V. a.y To sing (ghil) Ghiv6va, I do,
or will, sing Ghfveli, «., Song (ghfli) Ghiv6nna, They sing Ghiv, n.y Corn, wheat.
Pasp., ghiv Ghivingro,) Ghivóskro, \ «•' ^^^"^^^ Ghiv^sto-chairos,
Harvest; lit., corn-time Ghiv&to-kair, Farmhouse Ghiv^sto-sh^ro, Ear of
corn Ghiv-poos^ngro, Wheat-straw stack Ghiv-poov, Wheat-field Lfvcna-ghiv,
Barley; lit., beer-corn Ghiv, n.. Snow (iv, hiv, shiv, yiv). Pasp., iV, AiV,
biv^ vif *Gl3.l, pr^., Before ('gal, agdl, aglAl). Pasp., angldly angdl
Póshagldl, adv., Opposite; lit., close before TAtcho-'glal, adv,f Opposite;
lit, right before G6dli, «., Noise, dispute, quarrel, row, summons (gudli,
goódli) Mi-doóvel^sko-g6dli, Thunder G6l, «., Pudding, pie, tart Pasp., gdi,
a thick snusagc Go'Ya, //., Puddings G6r6ngo-gunno, Pudding-bag P \\ n., Sack
(giinno, kányo). Pasp., gonS Goódlo, w.,) r MY f ] ^^J'^ Sweet. Pasp., ^rfA^,
gentle, sweets
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(delwedd E6821) (tudalen 080)
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:80 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Goódli, n,, Sugar, summons GoódIopen,
«., Sweets, sweetmeats. Pasp., gudlipi^ gentleness Goórdni,;«?, Bull. Pasp.,
guH, ox; adj., guruvanS Goóshum, n,^ Throat G6risht trin-g6rishi, Shilling.
Pasp., ghroshia, piastres, from the Turkish ghrush; compare also German
groschen; Sundt, gurris; Skilling; Pott, i., 52; Mikl., i., 13 Gorjo, ) «.,
Englishman, stranger, alien, gentile, any one who Gorjer,i is not a Gypsy.
Psisp,, gadjd; Mikl., i., 11 G6rj i, /., Stranger. Pasp., gadji Gorj6,pl.,
English persons. Gentiles. Tasp,, gadjV G6rjikana-drom, non-Gypsy fashion
Gaujikana jfnomus. Learning fit for an alien Boot gauj6-kani/J//t-i see-ld
kondw, They are all like Gentiles now G6rjikanes, \ G6rjokanes, > adv.,
English G6rjones, / ChMo- I .yr • . . Chtivno-i S^^J^^' Magistrate
Paan^ngro-g6rjer, Sailor; lit., water-gentile Poov^ngri-g6rjer, Irishman;
lit, potato-gentile Yog^ngri-g6rjer, Gamekeeper; lit., gun-gentile G6zvero,
ad;\, Artful, sly. Lieb., godsw^ro; Pasp., godialS ^ . f n,, Bam. Lieb.,
^^^j^t^^, stable Grdsni, «./., Mare. Tasp.ygrasni Grdsni-m^ila, She-ass
Gre/kOt adjf.y Green Grei, n, m., Horse. Pasp., grdi ctS ^^•' ^°''^' Grei^ngro,
n,, Horsedealer, groom Gr^iesto-chok, Horseshoe Gr^iesti-ch6;^aw, //.,
Horseshoes
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(delwedd E6822) (tudalen 081)
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VOCABULARY.
8 1 Gr^icsto-chiikni, Horsewhip Grdiesto-fafrus, Horse-fair Gr^iesto-kóppa,
Horse-rug Gr^iesko-mendngro, Horse-collar Gr6iesto-prelster/«g; Horse-race
Bar^ngro-) . _ „. Bar^skro- J ^'^'^ ^^^"^^^ Delomdngro-grei, Kicking
horse Doom^ksno-grei, Brokenbacked horse Griinchi-gninchi-grei, Insatiable
horse; by onoma- topcea Gr&ti, «., The mayor of a town. (The form of this
word is the dative oigrei^ but it is probably a corruption olgrdsni) Graven j
'*•' ^°^- '^^^' Suruvnd Groóvenesko-mas, Beef Moóshkeni-groóvni, Ox, bull;
lit., male cow Groóvni roózha. Cowslip (flower) Grov, «., Bull. Pasp., guruv
Grovneski-bool, Beef-steak Giidli, «., Noise (gddli) Gumio, ^., Sack, bag
(g6nno). Pasp., gond Gur, «., Throat (kauri, kur, kárlo). Pasp., koH; Mikl.,
i., 13
H. This letter is in many instances interchangeable with K, and in such cases
is a relic of an original aspirated A^ e.g., holzxA kol, to eat {JduUa^
Pasp.) Had, V, a,, To raise, lift (Azer). Lieb., hadawa 'Hamyaj, «. //.,
Knee-breeches (rokamyas) Hand, v, a,y To bring (and). Pasp., andva HAnikos I
^'' ^^*^* ^^^P'^ khanink Hdrri, «., Penny (h6rro, haiiro, kórro). Lieb.,
cheiro Hatch, «/., To stand, halt, stay, stop, etc. (atch). Pasp., atchóva,
to remain 6
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(delwedd E6823) (tudalen 082)
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82 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Hatch-paiili-kinni, Guineafowl; lit.,
stay-back fowl, because provincials call them 'comebacks,' from their cry
Hav, v.. To come {av, Vel). Pasp., avdva Hnw, fiar/tcU,? eh Too shinas nifelo
wAver dlwus, haw? You were ill the other day, eh? Haw, v., To eat (hoi, kol).
Pasp., kMva Hawm^kro, «., Table Hai^rini, ad;'., Angry, cross, savage (h6ino,
kórni), Pasp., Haiiro, «, Copper (hirri, h6rro, kórro) Haiirongo, oi^'.,
Copper (hcSlono) Haiiro, «., Sword. Pasp., kkanri H^ka, «., Haste {y^ka,
h6kki). Pott, ii., 173, suggests sik, quick as the etymon „ , ' I «., Leg,
wheel. Lieb., hero. Pasp,, gher, thigh ' Her^,//., Wheels Wirdesko-her4 Cart-wheels
Her^ngri^j, n.pl., Le^ings H^rengro-mitcho, Crab; lit., legged-fish Hev, «.,
Hole, window, grave (kev), Pasp., kh^ H^vaw, \ H^vyaw, [ pL, Holes, windows
H^vyawf, / H^v^, "I Holy. From the assonance of Hole and H^veski,) Holy
Moósheno-hev, Armpit T,. J ' r v., Cacare (kinder). Pasp., klienddva
Hfndo,) ,. .^. H/ndi f -^'^ iJirty, wretched,
squalid, filthy Hfndi-kair, Privy. Pasp., khAidi Hfndi-k^kardtchi, Parrot;
lit,, dirty magpie Hfndo-tem, ) Ireland. .' cf. Pasp., hlndyemi, the
Hfndi-tem^skrotl end of the world
-I
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(delwedd E6824) (tudalen 083)
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VOCABULARY.
83 Hfndokówa, A coarse expression sometimes used for mustard; cf,
miiterimdngeri Hfndi-temdngro, Irishman Hfndi-tem6ngri-gair^, //., Irishmen
Hfndi-tem6ngri kóngri, Catholic Church; because so many Irish are Roman
Catholics, or, in common parlance, Catholics Hiv. «., Snow (iv) Hoax, v.y To
cheat (h6kano). Pasp., khokhavdva H6ben, »., Food, victuals, eatables (h61ben,
kóben). Pasp., khabi H6ben-chiiros, Supper-time H6ben6ngro, /«.,| i, n r j
H6bendngri,/, | «, Cook, one who sells food H6benóskro, «., Table Bauro
h6benóskro, A glutton; lit., big eater Hodds, He ate. See Hoi Hddjerpen, «.,
Gonorrhoea (h6tchopen) H6dno, ) _ r- TT , TT , , I ^^^' eaten. See Hoi H6]fno,
adj,^ Angry (ho no, etc.) Lieb., hoino; Mikl., L, 12 H6rnomus,)
. H6lben, I ^^ ^"S^"' vexation YiolTious^ adj.. Angry TT^ . ' [ «.,
Lie, falsehood (hoókapen, hoax) TT , / [ /«., Liar, lie; adj,, false. Pasp.,
khokhavnd Hokand,//., Lies H6kte * > ^'* ^^ jump (6;^a). Pasp,, ukhkidva,
to arise, get Hok, ) "P H6kki! Look! Here! (heka, yika). Pott, ii., 173
Hoi, v., To eat (haw, kol). Pasp., khidva, to eat; khald, eaten
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(delwedd E6825) (tudalen 084)
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84 GYPSY-ENGLISH
H61a, He eats Hol^ssa, Thou eatest, you
eat Hod6m, I ate Hodis, He ate, he has eaten Hod6, ^ ^^ Hod^nJTl^^y^^^
H6dno,) ^ H61W,i^-^^^^'^^^^'' H61ben, \ H61oben, > n., Food (kóben).
Pasp., k/tad/ H6ben, ) H61eno, ^ H61ono, > «., Landlord Hol^skro,/
H61omus, «., Feast, supper. VailL, p. 70, Andeas o hantosy On a servi; p. 71,
To hamos pe nteseli, Mets le plat sur la table Bauro-h61omdngro, Glutton
Bauro-h61om^ngro-ioókel,) ... ,- ,. , . . ' Bauro-h61omdskro-jo<5kel.l
^°^f' ht. big-eatmg dog L61o-h61om6ngri, Radish Gr^i-esko 161o-h61omengri,
Horse-radish H61ono, adj., Copper (haurongo) Honj, n.y The itch Honj, v., To
itch. Pasp., khdndjiovava H6njed6m, I itched Hdnjified, ad;\, Mangy Ho'no,
adj., Angry, cross, etc. (h6ino, haurini, kórni). Lieb., Aoino Hoófa, n., Cap, captain (koófa). Dr. Paspati says in a
letter, " from the Greek tcov<j>ui, a cap " Hoókapen, n.,
Lie, falsehood (h6;^aben). Pasp., khokhatn- niy, khokhaimbd Hoó1averj,;^.//.,
Stockings (^2^/az^^;^). lAth.yCholib; Mikl.,1.,4 Hoóra, n., Watch (6ra). Pasp., 6ra
r
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(delwedd E6826) (tudalen 085)
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VOCABULARY.
85 wj^ . j «., Penny (hdrri, kórro, haiiro) Posh-h6rri, Halfpenny
Shoo-kh6rri, Sixpence D&to-h6rri, Eighteenpence Hot h i ^' ^'* '^^ burn
(káchar). Lieb., chadschewawa H6tcher6va, I do, or will, bum H6tcher61a, It
burns H6tchedo, /. /a:rA, Burnt H6tched6,//., Burnt, also They burnt
H6tched<5m, I burnt H6tchedds, He burnt H6tcheropen,\ H6tcheroben, \ «.,
Gonorrhoea (h6djerpen) H6tchopen, ) H6tchi-wftchi, Hedgehog. VailL, Gramm.
Romm., Hoc^a, ^pic, pique; hoc'aviqa^ pore, 6pine, h^risson; hoc^lo, heriss6,
piquant H6tcher m^, I said. An irregular verb; used in narration, like
'quotha.' VailL, hiotosarao, jeter les hauts cris; Pasp., khuydzava, to call,
cry to any one H6tchi-yov, He said H6tchi-y6l, She said H6tch'ov, He said, I
said H6va, I eat. See Hoi I. I> A ^f* ^^^; The. Pasp., i I ngrini>j,
«.//., Welsh Gypsies,? Ingrams Iv, «., Snow (ghiv, hiv, shiv, yiv). Pasp., iv, etc. Iv-bar, Snowball
J- TAfri ) ^^'' Such. Pasp., asavkS
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(delwedd E6827) (tudalen 086)
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86 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Maw kel jdfri g6dli, Don't make such a
noise Kek na kom6va jdfri taniw si kóIi, I do not like such places as these
Jal, V,, To go (jaw, jil, jol, ghflo). Pasp., djdva Jdla, He goes Jal6m
m^ndi. We will go Yov te jal, That he may go Ghi6m, I, or we, went Ghids, He
went Ghiin, Ye went Ghil^ They went Ghflo, /. part., Gone. Pasp., ^Ae/(f Jas
m^nghi parddl kó1a poovyaw. Let us go over those fields JdW, Went Jal pdlla,
To follow; lit., go after Jal shookir. Go softly Jdmba, «., Toad (j6mba). Pasp., zdmba, frog
Jdrika,} ^'' -^P^^" (jorj6ffa, etc.) Jas, Let us go. I Jissa, You go.) •' Jaw, V,, To go (jal, etc.) Pasp.,
djdva Jaw padli, V,, To return, go back 'Jaw, adv.y Thus so (ajdw). Pasp.,
adj'di, yet, still, again; avekáy thus 'Jaw see ta 'jaw see. Amen; lit, so it
is and so it is 'Jaw mindi, So do I Jeer, «., Rump. Pasp.,^//«r, groin Jib,
n.. Tongue, language (chiv). Pasp., djib (As); tchip Jfdo, adj.y Alive,
lively. See Jiv Jil, v., To go. See Jal
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VOCABULARY.
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(delwedd E6828) (tudalen 087)
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87
I I know
Jin, v., To know. Pasp., djindva iii6va, indw, Kek na jiniSm md, / don't know
(? jindw m^) inóssa, Ye know, thou knowest in^la, He knows in^nna. They know
ind<5m, I knew inddssa. Thou didst know, you knew indds. He knew, they
knew fnlo,i.er/., Known {nomeskro, adj.y Wise, clever, knowing, sharp, 'fly'
{nomdskro, ) * , . , . > «., A knowing person, wise man {nom^skri, //.,
Wise men Jiv^ v.y To live. Pasp., djivdva iv6va, I live iv^ssa. Thou livest,
ye live, thou shalt live iv^la. He lives iv^nna. They live ivdds, He lived
fvdo,\ {vo, \adj,^ Alive, living. VdLS^,,p.part., djivdS fdo, ) fvoben, ».,
Livelihood, life. Pasp., djib^ iv apr6, v.. To live uprightly Job, «., Oats
(jov). Pasp., djov, barley; Mikl, i., 47 J6b-poos6ngro, Oat straw stack
J5l-ta, A signalncry, the meaning of which is obsolete. } Bryant, shuita,
here (sed q., shulta = shoonta^ hear!), Leland, Engl. G., p. 227, jdter Jol,
V,, To go. See Jal J6mba, «., Toad (jdmba). Pasp., zdntba, a frog; Mikl., i.,
47 J6ngher, z;., To awake. Pasp., djangdvig^ "I ^ f n. m., Dog (yákel).
Pasp., djukH
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(delwedd E6829) (tudalen 088)
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80 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Joákli,/., Bitch. Pasp., tchukli
Kaii^ngro-joókel, Greyhound; lit., hare-dog Vesh-joókel, Fox; lit., wood-dog
Baiiro-h6!om^ngro-jo(ikel > ,,. ,. ... ,. .. ,
Baar<,-h41om&;,o-jo.Skei;) ^'^ '
'"•.'>'g-"<'"g'i'>3
Kralisfs bailro bileno joákel. Dandelion (flower); lit, Queen's big hairy dog
Joóva, «., Louse. Pasp, djuv ^txNh.pl., Lice JoóvlJ, adj.. Lousy. Pasp.,
djuvali Joivel, «., Woman. Pasp., djuvil Joóvyaw, //., Women Joóvni, adj..
Feminine, female. Pasp., djuvlican6 Joóvni-k(i!law, //., Women's clothes
Joóvisko-mis, 1 Mutton; lit., female meat; or, Joóviko-mas, J The flesh of a
cow which has died ' in calving Io(ivioko-sf. aHf. Rnnn*?t: \\t. female hal-
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(delwedd E6830) (tudalen 089)
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VOCABULARY.
89 Ghfriklósto-kair, Birdcage Ghivósto-kair, Farmhouse Hfadi-kair, Privy
Krdlisko-kair, Palace Loódopen-kair, Lodging-house
Kair, v, a., To do, make, etc. (kórav, kel). Pasp., ke- rdva
Kair6va,\
Kel6 ' ^ make, do make, I will make, or do, etc.
KerAw, '
Ker^ssa,^
K*&sa, \ Thou makest
Ker^s, )
Kair^la,^
Kerala „ ... ' \ He, she, it, does, or will, make, do, etc.
K^la, ' Y^ L \ They make, dance, etc.
Kódo, \
Kafrdo, >/./tff/., Done, made. Pasp., kerdS
Kaired, ) Te.kórav te^ro drom, To make thy way
Ked6m, I did, I made, I did do, I have done
Kedds, ) „ ,
Kerdds,/ "^ "^^^^
Kedds wdfedo, He sinned, he suffered; lit., he did bad
Kairddn, Thou hast cooked, done Yon kerd6. They cooked
Ked6 a badro g6dli. They made a great noise
Kerds m^nghi. Let us cook, make, dance, play
Kair posh. To help; lit., do half
Kair tdtcho. To cure; lit., make right
Káir^^ adr6. Enclosed, fenced in
Káiropen, «., Doings, dealings, actions
Kaij, 1
Kaish,i
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(delwedd E6831) (tudalen 090)
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GYPSY-ENGLISH
„ , . ' J «., Bdiaviour, doing
Kiirom^ngro,) _ ^ , ,, , , " in., Creator, maker
Kcromengro, >
Kal-k^limus-tem, Cheshire; lit., cheese-making country a.. Silk. Pasp., iesA
„ , . , ' \ ad;' Silken. Pasp,, keihand
Kiisheno, ) ^ ' *^
Kikardtchi, «., Magpie. Pasp., karakáskta, kakardshka Hfndo-kákar^tchi, «.,
Parrot; lit., dirty magpie
Kal, «., Cheese. Pasp., kerdl
Kal^ngri, «., Buttermilk, whey
Kil-mdrekli, Cheesecake
Kilesko- \
Kal-k^limus- \ tem, Cheshire, as if Ckeesr^n^
Kal-k^lw'- ) Chi^mba-kilesko-tem, Derbyshire; lit, hill-cheese- county
Kiliko, n.. Yesterday, to-morrow (kóliko) L6va l^ndi to mindi'j h6ben adr^
kiliko sai^la, I will have them for breakfast {lit., to my food) (in)
tomorrow morning
Kiliko koóroko. Last Sunday
Kam, n., Sun. Pasp., kam O kam see opre (or, iSx}c\ed opr^), The sun has
risen O kam see hh^ed (or, \ih^ed tal^). The sun has set
Kcimora,\ «., Chamber, room. Lieb., kamSra; see Mikl.,
Kam6ra,) i., 17; Pasp,, in a letter, says "Greek
Ko/tepa, from
Káfiapa, a vault " ■ t v.. To stink. Pasp., kanddva
Kan, I „*" 'X «., A stink, unpleasant smell
Kan, )
Kan^la, It stinks
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(delwedd E6832) (tudalen 091)
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VOCABULARY.
9 1
" adj., Stinking
Kánlo, ^
Kánelo^
Kanloo,
Kanl^//./
Kanlo-pcxSruma, Garlic; lit., stinking onion
Kan^ n.. Ear. Pasp., kann
Kánaw,//., Ears
Kan^ngro,) „ Jvanengri, / Baiiri-kan^ngri-mooshdw, //., Hemes; lit.,
big-hare- men
Kanengr^,//., Hares
Kan^ngro-joókel, Greyhound
Kanengro-moosh, Gamekeeper
Kanengro, \
Kan^ngri, [ «., Earring
Kánom^ngro,/ *Shoóko kan^ngri, Deaf person
Kánna, adv,, When, now (kónna). Pasp., kánna
Kánna yuv sas lei W opr6. When he was arrested
Kánna sig. Immediately (kendw sig)
Kánni,) «., Hen, fowl. Pasp., ^a^/; Liebich, ^a<:A«m. See
Ká^niJ Mikl, i., 16 Hatch-paiili-kánni, Guineafowl, called * comebacks ' by
provincials, from the cry
Kányo, «., Sack (g6no). Tasp., ^on^
Kárlo, n,, Throat (kur, gur). Pasp., kur/(f
Kas, n., Hay. Pasp., kas
Kas^ngro, n,. Hayrick
Kásoni, n., Billhook
Káter,^ prep., To, unto, at. Pasp., idtar, from where,
Kátar, > whence; katdr, from; akatdVy from here; okatdr,
Katdr,/ from there. Lieb., gutter, hither -- - . ' f «., Scissors. Pasp., kat
Kátsi^.y, f
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(delwedd E6833) (tudalen 092)
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92 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Kiteni, Kátenes, Kátené, adv., Together (kétané, to-ketané). Pasp., ketané
Kaulo, m.; Kauli, f., Kaulé, pl.,
Black. Pasp., kaló
Kaúlo, n., Common, heath, a term which is said to have originated with the
large black waste lands about Birmingham and the Staffordshire Potteries
Kaúloben, n., Blackness
Kaúloméskro, n., Blacksmith
Kaúloméskro-koóva, Anvil; lit., blacksmith- thing
Kaúlo-boóbi, Black bean
Kaúlo-dood, Dark-lantern
Kaulo-gav, Birmingham, London; lit, black town
Kaulo-tem, 'The Black Country,' either Manchester, Birmingham, the
Staffordshire Potteries, or Lancashire
Kaúli-raúni, Turkey; lit., black lady
Kaur, z/., To shout, call (kor). } Pasp., tchórdava
Kaiiri, «., Penis (kórri)
Kaiiri, «., Neck (kur). Pasp., koH
Kávaká, This here
Kávod6i, That there
Kávni, adj,, In foal (kadfni). , Pasp., kabni '
Kávi, «.,
Kettle (kekávi)
Kedds, He made. See
Kair
Ke-d{vvus, n.y To-day
K^do, /. part. Made. ) g^^ ^^^^
Ked6m, I made. /
Kei, adv,y Where. Pasp., ka '
Kei, €ulv.. Here (akef)
Kekávi, «.,
Kettle (*kávi). Pasp., kakkávi
Kek, adv.^ No, not? Pasp., kanik, none
Kóker, adv., No; adj., None
Kókero, adj., None
Kókera mdndi, ) t,t . t i .
K^k 4 d* J ' ' ^^ emphatic negation
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(delwedd E6834) (tudalen 093)
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VOCABULARY.
93
Kéker adré lin, Empty; lit., none in them
Kek-kómi, adv,. Never, no more
Kek-kom, z/., To hate; lit, not-love
Kek-kómeni, None, nobody, no one (kómeni)
Kel, v.y To do, act, play, dance, make, cook, etc. (kair). Pasp., kerdva, to
make; keldvay to dance
Kel6va, I will make
Káa, It will do
Kel^la p^ias, It is playing; lit., it makes fun
KelW, Made
Kell/«^, Dancing
K^lopen, «., Spree, dance, dancing, ball. Pasp., kelibi
Kó1om^ngro, «., Doer, performer Spingadro-kó1om6ngro, Skewer-maker
K^limus, «., Play. Vaill., kelimas'
Kal-k^Hmus-tera, Cheshire; lit, cheese-making country ^ ' I adv., Now
(kánna). Pasp., akand
Kenaw-sig, Just now, immediately (kánna-sig); lit., now soon, or quick
K^psi, «., Basket (kfpsi)
K^rav, To cook.) ^ .. .
Kerilw,Ido. \ ^^^''' __^^'| adv.y At home. Pasp., keri
Ken, /
K^riben, | . T^ , . \ Behaviour.
Kenmus,'
Ker^nna, They make.
Keressa, Thou makest, etc.,
K^rmo, «., Worm (kirmo), Pasp., kermS
Ker6va, I do. See
Kair
Kisser, /«., Care; z/., To care
Kósser61a, He cares
K&ter, v.y To ride (kfster). Pasp., uklistS, mounted
Kesterdds, He rode
See
Kair
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(delwedd E6835) (tudalen 094)
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g4 GYPSY-ENGLISH
K^stermingro, «., Jockey
Kaan6, I ^j Together (káteni). Pdsp., ketane
Kótanes,) > & v
Kóv, «., Hole, window (hev). Pasp., khev
Kil, «., Butter. Pasp., kil
Kil-mauro, Bread and butter
Kil-kóro, Buttercup (flower)
Kil-pfshum, Butterfly
KfUi, «•, Earring. Pasp., tcheni
Kin, V,, To buy. Pasp., kindva
Kind6m, Ihave bought
Kindis, He bought
Kfnder, z/.. To relieve the bowels (hfnder). Pasp., kken- ddva
Kfndo, adj^ Wet, sweaty. Pasp,, tiinde (As), Pott, ii., 103
Kfnger, z/.. To tease, bother, weary, vex. Pasp., khiniovava, to be tired
Kfnno,^ ,^!". ' \P'P<^^t.. Tired, weary. Pasp., khinS
Kini,
Kinf, .
Kfpsi, «., Basket (k^psi)
Kfrmo, n,. Worm (k^rmo). Pasp., kermS
Kfei, «., Purse. Pasp., ^ir/
Kfsi, adj.. Much; sar kfsi, how much. Lieb., gizzi
Sdvo kfsi, What a lot of
Kister, z;.. To ride (k^ster). Pasp., uklistS, mounted
Kftchema, «., Inn. Lieb., kertschimma. See Mikl., i., 19
KftchemAw, //., Inns
Kftchem^ngro, «., Innkeeper
Kl^rin, «.,
Key. Pasp., klidi ^^,, . X n. and v,, Lock
Klism, >
KHsindw, //., Locks, a Gypsy tribe
KHsom^ngro, «., Bridewell, lock-up, police-station, rabbit-trap
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(delwedd E6836) (tudalen 095)
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VOCABULARY, 95
KHsi, «., Box
K'naw, adv,. Now (keniw)
Ko, pran^y Who (kon). Pasp., kon, ka
Kóko, «., Uncle. Pasp., kak T^^i 1 { ^y Bone, rib, thigh (kokoó1us). Pasp.,
kSkkalo Jvokalo, J
Kókero,\
Koker6, > adj\ Self, lonely, alone. Pasp., kárkofOy alone
Kókeri,')
Kokerd,j^/., Selves
Kókerus, «., Week (koóroki, kroáko, etc.) Pasp., kurko
Kokoó1us, «., Bone (kokálos). Pasp., kSkkalo '
Kó1yaw,//., Bones
Koókelo, «., Doll. Lieb., gukkli
Kol, v.y To eat (hoi, haw). Pasp., khava
Kóben, «., Food, victuals, eatables (h6ben, h61ben). Pasp., khabi
Kó1iko, \ «., Yesterday (káliko). Pasp., korkorOy
Kó1iko-dfwus,/ kálkoro, alone; Lieb., kokeres, retired, alone
Kó1iko-'saula, To-morrow morning
Kó11a,) n,,s. and//.. Thing, things, shillings (kówa, koóva).
K<mi»
) Pasp., kavd. This is really a plural form; compare
'kava^ this, and 'doSva, that
J^^]^^"^'}//., Things, shillings
Doói-kó11i, Florin, two-shilling piece Joóvni-kó11aw, Woman's clothes
Mutter/«^-kó11a, Urinal Pansh-kó11a, Crown, five-shilling piece
Pansh-kó1enghi-yek, A five-shilling one Priasten*«f-kó11i, Railway train
Wdfedi-kó11i, Misfortunes; lit, evil things '
Kó1yaw, n.pL, Bones (kokoó1us)
Kom, 2/., To love, owe, wish, desire, want, like, etc. Pasp., kamdma
Kómer, v,, To love
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(delwedd E6837) (tudalen 096)
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96 GYPSY-ENGLISH
Koin6va, I do want, I want, like, wish, etc. j^ , ) You like, thou lovest,
thou wantest
Kom^s too? Do you like?
Kom^la, He wants, or will want, he likes
Kom6nna, They wish
Kom as4r, imperat^ Love thou
Kómoben, «., Love, friendship, mercy, pity
Kómomus, »., Love
Kómom&kro,l n /- . .,
Kómelo, ^ ^'' Lovell, a Gypsy tribe
Kómomijso, \
Kóniomusti, r adj,. Loving, kind, dear
Kómelo, ^
Kónielo-gdiro, Friend
Komyiw,//., Friends
Kómyawj, //., Lovells. See above
Kek-kom, v. a,, To hate; lit., not love
Kómeni, adj,^ Some, somebody (choómeni, kiimeni)
Kek-kómeni, None, nobody, not any Dósta-kómeni, A great multitude
Kómi, adj,^ More. Pott, ii*, 90
Kómodair, comp,y More
Kek-kómi, adv,. Never, no more, not again
Kon,/r^«., Who (ko). Pasp., kon^ ka
Kon, adv,^ Then, therefore Besh to<Ski '16 kon, Sit down then *
Kon, Sor-kon, All, every. Mikl., ii., 35, sekon; Vaill., se kono; Mikl., 1.,
46 S6r-kon kálli, All things, everything
Kondfhi, \
Konadfi, V «., Turnip (kriafni)
Konifia,//.,) Gr^iesko- \ Baiilesko-V konaifi, Beetroot •Bókro. J
Kóngali, «., Comb. Pasp., kangli
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(delwedd E6838) (tudalen 097)
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VOCABULARY.
97 ^ , ^ . '1 «., Church. Pasp., kangheri kángri HI, Bible
Koofa, «., Cap (hoófa)
Koókelo,.«., Doll, goblin (kokoó1us). lAth.^gukkli
Koóko, «., Week (koóroko)
Koónjonós, adv., Secretly, unknown;? connected with
Koónsus, a corner. See also Bikónyo, Akónyo
Koónsus,) ^ -. • u * L JCt\A W \ ^'* ^^^^^^' L,^^o,, guntsck
Koor, V,, To fight, beat, strike, knock, etc. Pasp., kurdva
Koor6va, I do, or will, fight
Koófdno, /. part, Beaten
Koords, Let us beat
Koordds, He beat
Koorddm m^nghi. We fought
Koóroben,| , •tr 1 • f «•* Battle
Koorimus, )
Koóromdngri, «., Drum, tambourine
Koórom^ngro, «., Soldier, pugilist, etc.
Koórim6ngeri, n,, Army
Koóroko,) «., Sunday, week (kókerus, kroóko, koóko, etc.)
Koóroki, / Pasp., kurkS, Sunday, week Y6rakána-koóroko, Easter Sunday; lit.,
egg Sunday
Koóroko, «., Thunder; by a lisping assonance of thunder and Sunday Yek dfvvus
pdlla koorokáss, Monday; lit., one day after Sunday
Koórona, «., Crown, five-shilling piece. French, couronne
Koóri, n.y Cup, pot (kóro, kára). Pasp., kord
Koósi, «., A little. Pott, ii., 96, kutti
Kooshn6,//., Baskets (kiishni). See Mikl., i., 18
Koóshto, ) adj\y Good (kóshto, kiishto). Lieb., gutsck,
KoiSshko,/ happy; Bohtl, kiinsto, good) Swndty kiska, good; Pott, ii., 93,
kucz, theuer 7
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(delwedd E6839) (tudalen 098)
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98 GYPSY-ENGLISH
KcxSshtlben^ \
Koóshtoben, > «„ Goodness, good
Koóshkopen,/
Koóshko-bok, Happiness, good health JCoóshko-b<ik^, Happy
Koiishko-dflcin^, Handsome, good-looking |Coóva, «., Thing (kó11a, kóvva).
Pasp., kovd
Koóvaw, //., Things Bool-ko<Sva, Chair Gad-rkosht-koiSva, Clothes-peg
^adlom^kror}cQ<!iva, Anvil Mi^tterim4ngeri4codvax Teapot Tdtto-Jcoóya,
Peppe^ Ldlo-ko(i,vaWj^ Cherriesj^ currants
Kóppa, n., Blanket, Lieb.,^^^^^ /?asp^ kir/a, a dish-clout Grefesto-kóppa,
Horserug Pe^resto-kóppa, Carpet |Cor, v., To call (kaur).? Pasp^ tch4rdava
Kor6va, I do call }^6xdo, p, part, CallecJ
Ko^pd^Jnij^ I called
Kord^s, J^e called
Kpij^dij^ They called
Károip^ngro, n,, Qne who c^llsi Ł^t S|)i0ips, and steals money hy sleight of
hancj Mookás m^ndi kor asdr 6iXdifo(ki^ I^et us call those people
Kor, «., Brow, eyebrow
Kóro, JC6;-edo^
Kcirodp,
Kárdi,
adj., Blind. Pasp., korS
Káred6 j ^'•' ^""^ P^^P^'^
K(5rodQmMS, ^., {llindness
Kómi, adj\, Cross, illrtempered (haiirini, h6no, h6Yno). Pasp,, khQlimikovOj
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(delwedd E6840) (tudalen 099)
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VOCABULARY.
99
Kórro,) «., Penny (h6rro, h6rri, hdrri). Lieh., cheiro^chir--
Kórri, i engero Ddshti-kaiiri, Eighteenpence Shookhai^ri^ Sixpence
Kórro 1 ^'' ^"^' ^ (koori, kura>. Pasp^ hri
Kor^ngro^ «., Potter
Korengri^//^ Potters
Kordngri^em.J ^^^^^^j^^
Kareskp-tem,^ >
K<5krri,\ «i, Thorn^ tent-peg, pudendun> virile (kaiiri)^ Pwp.,
KárOi, J >&ar, penis; kanrd^ thorn Sai!i^o4c^ur6igro-moosh^ A
descriptive appelis^tion
Kor'^ri, or
Kaiiri^ n^ Throat (kur). Pasp., kori TCA '^i ^'' '^^ ^^^'^^ *^
clea^n (yoAso). Pasp., koshdva
K<isser^' ptd^^a^ Towel; lit., cleaning-cloth
Kásserdva les yoózho, I will cleanse it
Kossad^j^ They licked
Ká^hno-chóvi,, Doll (kóshteno)
Kóshto, adj^ Good (koóshto]^
Kosht^//*! Good
K<ishtoben, ) ^ .
K<iishtomu3 j *- ^°^'*"^' P^^
Ker4va nu káshtodafr les, I will da my best
Koshtj, «., Stick. Pasp., kasht, kash
Koshtdw,//,, Sticks
Kosht^ngro, «., Woodcutter. Pasp^ kashtifikoro
Kóshteno-tfkno, Doll (kcSshno-qh^vi). Pasp.^ kashtu- wanA
Dood-ydgei^'káehteri:, Firebrands Gad-iosht-koijva, Clothe&-peg
Mo<S3hkero Jcosht, Constable's staflf Poóker^'«g'-kosht, Signpost
Yoóser/«^-kosht, B/oom
Kóssen See
Kásher
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B5237: 
yn 
aith δ δ Ł g