kimkat2113k A Cornish Grammar.
Tudalennau 222-234 o Archæologia Britannica
(1707) gan Edward Lhuyd (1660 – 30 Mehefin 1709).
17-02-2019
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kimkat0001 Yr Hafan www.kimkat.org
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kimkat2001k Y Fynedfa Gymraeg www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwefan/gwefan_arweinlen_2001k.htm
● ● ● kimkat0960k Mynegai i’r holl destunau yn y wefan
hon www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_llyfrgell/testunau_i_gyd_cyfeirddalen_2598k.htm
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● ● ● ● ● ● kimkat2113k Y tudalen hwn
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Gwefan
CymruCatalonia |
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(Cymraeg, català, English, euskara, Gàidhlig, Gaeilge,
Frysk, Deutsch, Nederlands, français, galego, etc)
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llythrennau duon = testun wedi ei gywiro
llythrennau gwyrddion = testun heb ei gywiro
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(delwedd D5729) (tudalen 222) |
ñTIT.
VL ñCO R N
1 S H G RA M M A R. ñDHAN TIZ
HEGARAZ HA PEDNZHIVIK POU KERNOU ANNERBI, EHAZ, HAG EYRYSDER VISKVETHEK. Ml
ft u6r pordba CPednt^hivikio Skic)hek^ bdz tner an Syn<!an uariiav, dho' W
dheuh en an le ken2ama neb .^hg py ef^zianz^ ng kemeraz uarnav dhb Skrefa ha
gora 'mez Gramatek ha ;^erlevran Kemiskj pan nag ou vi na ^enez en Pou
Kernou^ na huath txt%ja cn an 'Uiazna m&i vel padzhar mit. An guironeth
yu hemma. Mi a vev Kelmez heruedh Gorhemmen neb Arlodho ha pednzhivikio
Kembra, ha nepre erel dre ol an G'Mkorma^ dho skrefa ketella kaldzha vi^ uar
an Tavaz Bntbamk Cpo kotha Lavar an Enezma ) nepetb mov cry v^a skrefyz aiig,
ren an merjF^r ha 'n merskiencek A nio an Deskadzber Davie fy ha nepre erel
abar'h Brethenek Kemtrtam, Ha rag nedda an karg a kodhaz uarnav (mendzha vi
po ny vendzham) dho rei ui guella dyskuedhyans a ellam dhan rena fnz
brederez'en an Kothdavazoma adr5 an £Ma« lekfho Brerhonek erel ; viz. an
KeruHakj an Arvorek ( po del yu i kreiez wn a nei en Kemkra^ an £/susMik ; ha
'n Kelezmtek po 'n SkaiVnttinek ez laveryz en Ehuatdir an Alhan hag en
G'laakor Uord/ym; pie ma kuithyz hulth ( del ketep onan prederez en Kochnanz
Tavazo d guelez en an Levarma ) nyz en ydnik liaz kanz S^r, mez enu€dh
guirnktyr py lavamanz prfez an Tavaz Brethonek. Lemmyn pan na veva na ydn
livan 'rammktek na hu4th ^erlevran v£th rag uynyn a 'n Tavazonia ( fiiu neb
levro bian Arvorek na Frenkek ) guriyz dyrag. mi rykavaz me honan Kelmez dho
skrefa neb 'ramktek ha Serlevar rag 'oz Tavaz hud ha rag an Godbmkk. Mi a uon
pordha cry kaldzha Trigeiio an dheau ulSzma gureiz an oberma pylta gud cro yu
gurdz %eDo vi. Mez huich mi brediraz cry peva gud neb riu U) guemz vd guerraz
vech ; ha kekem7Z cry loddzha an hu£l bobodzhakma piga erel am'^ dho dallan
vdn dS. Ha en keccermenna ma neb efperans dhebm cry veddoos an Lenneno
Pednzhivik ha mazrbrezelc ^tSfz e foco dho Eftren pdpou, neb mar peue
joerlevar &c Kemisk ha Gadbakk skrefyz arig ny vendzha vefga argrafii an
papyrio hiemma ; ha py ny Koyze mez nebaz bkn adr5 'n Tavazo raglaveryz en an
le^ varrma py k&n e vendzha dazargrafa ny Grammac&kio hay gertevro e
hoiun, mar venz guelez a vez; an della 'ryg me ( ^cn an Trayllyanz reizyz )
dazargraf a an raggorryz 'rammatek ha 'n serjevran uirv9^ rek py
Galrretbrntek. Mez huach (i;iar an parh aral ) del ny vendzha vi nbg era
v£ch, kemerez uarnav dho ^l ydn benuag dra ez a uarcha ma alloz ; en della mi
rakemera kibmiaz obba dho laveral uorch'an Lenner, crez el bdz rez y vi
kevarvoz uorth nebaz brederyanzo adrd 'n Tavazech Kermiak dre'uerraz an Tavaz
KemMaw^ a aidzba neb bennak na odhe draveth anydha, drizlebmaL An for' a
'rykemeraz vi dho*deska an nebaz sldanzma a 'n Tavazeth KemQak, 6 enradn dre
skrefyanz dhorc scnauo an bdbl en Gorleuen (k) Kemw en enued* Zhek en pleu
Tj/lyhsL eniidn dre an hevdep Guerraz dhoit neb Pednzhivikio a ^rf ganz
skrefa ragpv'liaz ^errio Kermitak: en anuezek Mr. Jobm Key guyn a 'n Tfhei
izala en ^er Eieez^ Mr. Efiwck a 'n raglaveryz pleu Tfiy Mr. James Jemkjns a
Golvan reb Pewumsiy ha Mr, fScolae Bofim a Neulyn en pleu Payl. Mez me a
gavaz an Radn guella a 'm Dyskaz dhorc crei levar skrefyz Kcmflak, goriryz en
ma dhfila ^en an MerlMirrhyz ha'n M£ruordhyz tm en Dheu Sr, Jemathan TreUuny
Ifpak Karlsky ha 'n merskiencek ba 'n merlecryz bednzhivik 7«^ AKfiis Efyy
uynyn^ 'n Senezerrio Pou K^rmeu en Lemulrezj ha 'a raglaveryz M'. Keiptpfy
neb dre Orphennyaz an raghanuyz Ifpak a 'ryg craylia an levroipna dhan
2iOUznak^ hag yu heb paro veth, bamyz an skienteka a 'p fe nei en Tavazeth
KemAak, Audz an crei skrefievro auartha, Mr, AnJHs ^ gavaz neb '£(levran Brethenek^
dornskrefyz aban lua flzo«en Levarva Cettem en JL^imd'. rez^ ha (del 'ryg e
by pry z heruedh e volene^eth vaz uar an hevelep ahozhono kenz hag udzhe) e
'ryg akrifa dhymmo uamydha (c). Pan 'ryguelaz an levar/ mi aueyan pordha cro
nag 6 e ^erlevran KernIrian heruedh e hano Lading skrefyz en termen deuedhaz)
FbcakuUrwrn WaBkum'y mez ^erlevran Kern&aky an dra (heruedh ma cybyanz)
vedh reyz dhymmo g^z kenifiar Lenner Bre^nek 'ra medra uar traillianzo to
^errib Ladinma. i^is. Angdus j^ly Stella^ T^rvv^ Membrum, ezehy
Superalium^^^Msc; CoUum, cemui'y Palatum, fiefinici Mencum, ^^^i Tibia,
eksker^ Vitricus, ahre; Kegina, Brnvamsy VulgaSy fekei tsogc 'y Puer^flek^
Senex, cetJby Mercator, ^n»r; Prora, J&rrif|j XJajbtZy Jced ; Milvus^
fieuT'y Bufb, crehioci Rana, guilfchmy P^eTygolvam^ PuUus, Tdhmmey Scomber,
irethyhy Ludus^ DemJbec deury Vulpes, louwemy Urfus, OrSy Scicfy^ guis'y
EchinuSy firt 'y ha liaz ^errio erel nag idzhanz afuonfys emesk nei Tiz
Kimkra, Mi a uon pordh^ try kaldziia uynyn cibiaz, a hedda geii moy
'uirhevlepcer tr'el an ^erlevran bian Brechonekma boz Arvorek po Bremonek Pou
Ijezou en Vr'mk y Rag ma {m) neb fore. (*) Pou Ueft. {$) &bL Cot, Ve^ae.
A. 14. |
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(delwedd D5730) (tudalen 223) |
ñRagsk&ef
Dh^n 'Ramatek K^eknuak. ñ22} ñtn
DSitk heddfl oez dhodho; ha en u!r ma Iiaz ^er anydha laveryz huach byz an
dedhma s^n TIz X4» fyl nag idzhanz iuzyz Icbmyn en yoVi Kemou. Mc2^ an
kabmdybianz hcdda eu gorry^ ker, hcb poan vraz, pan rauelan neL bdx Skrepher
an ^erlevranna pan vydh fiiut dbodbo serrio BretioMek, a fikitfa al£r ^errio
Zouzmak K6ch ragta, s^ rei dbodbanz, nep termcn^ diuadh Kermiak, ha dag odzha
a tfin serrio arfiz an Frenkek del a vendzba e heb nAr, po veva e Bnthyn
Arvorek. Lebmyn an rema ha '» hevelep idzhanz an scrrio anydha, kemeryz vex
dhort an KtabZouz^ai. Comes, Turl; Leftor, Bedhry Hamus, byc^ Fiala, barf el
^ Saltator, Uff't9r\ Ss^tOTy /hyad ^ ContcntiolaSy JMvar ; Spinther, ircacbt^
Fihah^ Jirehfg ^ RzotoVyroUhr ^ Nodua, bu/e; Halec, ibfrrng', Pramm, i^^ff^
Lagena, iiiMM; Tnicca^ trtul. An urma dd na aldzha ^ntbjn Arvarik v&h,
box Skrefyaz an ^erlevranma, an della n' aldzha den veth KemMam j skrefa. Rag
mar peva e Kemhrian e vendzba, hep pel brederyanz skrepha ; Dar^ Ibamydby
Brejr^ ^ax^ tifym [po brifb'] neidiur, guMUulydb, KynhennySy gnaeg, mruejlry
y^lsir^ tylhyan^ femmog, pterglodh, yften ykymog fifir po Kofirelb'] ba trrtbylh.
En uedh mar veva e Brethvu Arvorei ny vendzba e befgueth Manual an Trao
kreiex en Ladmy Qwrcut^ rbrnnmu, melk^ kfm, b«tdm \ Glafta* nen, eithinen,
brd;t, fcouarnog, min \ mez en le hedda Svnsnn daro» lau^ ks^ gMt & gavmr
turn. Mi rygmarkia an Scrrio kemeryz vez a 'n hdth Erlevranma an della [f] ba
hedda yu gorryx enuedh, arag nep serrio kdth erel tednyz dborc ichik kdch
Levro La^ skrefyz beb mar ;f;en Vrethom mez^ne i^on pa Fou na G'laskor. ñMa *n
Deskadzber Davks (beruedh ma tybyanz) a hanual j^erlevran Kemiai Levarva
Coftem, Ijmdavenps : Rag ma liaz ger en e 'ertevar KemMm^^ nodzfiyz JJ^.
Land, na ryg me uclaz befgueth en ydn levar aral. Alez huith mar ^ehz e an
Levar ez lebmyn en Levarva Cotteny ma mardhek dncbm na vendzlui e tedna ol an
gerrio anydha dhoy levar e bonan. Pandrabennak yu an guironetb, mi a uon
pordhi nag idzhanz an gerriom'a markyz Uh, Land, skrefyz en an Levar kreiyz
Uter Lamdavemfis ^ rag mi ryguelaz kenzskref an Levarna, en Levarva tin
merdheskyz ba 'n merskientek Bednzhivik, an Pednzhivik a Latmer* en Pou
Guems^, hag enuedh ma Dasskref t^ anydha en Levarva Kollek lejk en Rtd Ousk.
Ma neb efperans S^ncv, ,try vedn an Lenner ^ivya dhebm« na ryg me na skrepha
bepprez yar lerh Laveryanz an Termen nei, na huach kuitba an sKreiFyans deiildhaz
en an gerlcvran KemiakmM. Dte Yuzhanz an raglaveryz Skreflevrou me ryguelaz
try kodhaz padzhar I^i^ Qx) guechderl nodzhedzhel^ na kovenek lauer, uar an
Tavaz Kemikk'aberh an <iz po an kanzbledhan diuecluma ^ na 'n rena ken enz
pormenouh argraphyz en an ;^erlevar Ladin ha Kekek raggorryxma ny vev me
porvolondzliedhek dho rei en an gerievran Ken^kZouxmak rag dom leh dhodhans.
An Legriaz kenfii yu goVra an litheren ^, arag an litheren m^ ^ca laverel ha
skrefa Tjfim, tsimj kahm, ^ytman^ krohnan ba kyMman^ &€. cnl£ Tym, tarn,
kam, ^ymman, kromman ha kylomman. An ell yu gorra an letheren d^ arSg an
lechercn »i ha koux en ddlaenlSh f9n» pan^ frem guynj ptan, ha», irynam;
pcdn, padn, predn, guydn, guadn, brodn, brydnan. Ni ry goelaz ti rei le dhan
L^riadzho hemma en an gcrlcvranma j rag n' idIhean dzhei mez L^iadzho
deuedhaz hap; enzol an laveryanz anydha yu muy kalliz ha dygeSbn tro ▼eva ar3g ; ha rag iMxlda Uaz
termen huei idzhe' a traylya an w ha 'n 9^ma dho A hi d gen laverel TuUt\ Ma
bodda bedda pie laverafo hudi arSg TubmL otma b^dma & htdna. Ha 'n eil
Nouedzbanzma a teul an gerrio hfiooma mar bel dhort an kenzerrio T^nrml^
amrnoy bomM Scbemaakcxeih nag el vfth nia Brethon Arvonk na re Kmhtan kavaz
amez agoz lerh gen uelaz abl£ idzhan dzbei devedhyz. An dridzha legriaz eu
gorra an letheren d anig /, ( dho ba /, ma byppryz ogoz Laveryanz «) ha
laverel an x del xJ9. Rag mi rykavaz en yynyn a^n skreflevro wghveryz pa ydn
yu Levar Guerevo Merkl av€Zi an Skriptor zanz, skrephyz, mQy po le, aban an
kanz ba *n hancer bledhan ma, try veva an icerrio erohuei laverel lemmyn,
Kridzbi, fidzbij iobodzbak, fMdsJ>Mr, bUdzbamy iagadzb^y &c. en termen
hedda* Crejfs fijy, bobifiky feJwMr, bkfam, lagaxj9 [d\. Mi a ydr pordha nag
ero huei a skrefa an ;^errioma del skrcfam mi gen £a>y mez en ydnek gen an
uynyn letheren {9 po ^en ^ koffnivx : mez hedda a kodha en ydnek heruedh
skrefyanz an Zouznak : ha at^n yu an laveryanz anydha, iaverryanz ketgorryz
ha enuedh Icgryz' dhort an z [po s] delyfiv an s dirag dhort i po r ^ mi rig
deuez dhoi skre&«i della. An padzhuera Legriaz deuedhax yu porhevelep dho
'n Dridzlu : a bedda'yu gorra sby a dbelbar / po (heruedh an skrefyanX
arVerexek ) nouedzhanz an letheren /, rag cb : Ha en ilella, a l^ria an
gerrio 7> L P^ ^7 ] ^o ^ J r* d^ <^' [ P^ ^*^ J n/S'^^ dho^Wg^r/A^i, ha
liaz an hevelep. Abarh an Laverianzo erel, en pa re ero huei mAz mar
befa^dhorton nei T& Kembra, via. en laverel a rag r ^ e rag « & y;
iragr; ara&n, ha ti kcflfonyx rag f ,' bagenzol* rag «;#*,/ po« rag /&i/,
& /rag /A,ny vendzba vi rag tea veth kemerez vamv by nouedzfaa : Enr^ rag
bdx an laveryanz anydha ofdh lauer; ha enridb rag el nebaz anydha boz mar
kfith' ( pyni idzhan dzhyi m&y k6th^ uel an laveryanz ney ^a laveryanz
Tiz Lezw, Ha erSl, en hanukizhek nouedzhanz an letheren /, tag x ^ ken nag
idzhanz ichik kdch, el bdz buith kodi lauer rag i maxkemeryanx ai kuithyanx
udxhe hemma. M£x lemmyn an Lenner 'ragoflen dhebm beb marr, prSg odxbo vi en
aa skrefen hemina, a kuitfaa an ragbtveryz legiadzho me honan, mar uon me try
focou idzhanz. Ma uorhebyanz yu, try veva me m£rv^yndzbedbek dho bdz
eunkemeryz ; ' ha tra kaldzha kynifiir yynnyn' a dr kouz kemOak d&d [py
adThan poel] an letherroa. Mez boz ifierans dhebm try en keteila a eunouh
huei an focou erel en an keaa.argraphyz Kimnki^ma, en delki huei a ureuh euna
enu&lh an ngskrefyz L^radzho.' Ni el v8b fil lilz nouedzhanz en Tavaz
bennak uar ydn cermen. Ober bledhynno yu; ha rag hedda, re ver an ebaiiaz a'
kemere ydnbennak, ken be 'igcxiyZ ba my^yz en aa 'ulaz, dhoy sythefiia. Pa
ydnbennak yu volyndzhedhek dho adzhan an muy deuedhaz lemdzho KemAak^ ev el a
adzhan poibedh uorch S^tgorra angerrio KmtAak reb an ydn Senio Kembrum Fou
Quewe% [ po an re N&r ] ha'a ^errio ArvQrek'^ ha pan uel e Agreanz^ po
kdlenvans, cer lethero keflbnyz an d^ Davadzhedina, ha nag idzhanz enuedh an
re Kernuak a kuitha an Ke&nnyo hedda ; Nenna ev a uor bebn£b mkr, bozan
Senrio KemQak legriyz. R^ Sampl ; pan uelon nei tridzhan an Scrrio 2i0uznak
To laagb, toflay» u lab^k ; Uttir» fix» fifter en Tavadzheth Guenez, xuertbmj
safari, xuMam ; xaeru» xnex, xuaer ; en an ArvorcJc, xoarjin, A^oari,
Aaiibanat; ;k;uerb, x\3&x^ xsAxy mez en Kem&aL HKertbm, gyarej
bmbamat^ baero» buh bor; ny uodhen nenna pordhiousel, try'n KemOak yu leeryz.
Kag ni vev nevra an hevelep Tremenyans ter Tiz Qnemz, Kembra (i) ha tiz Lexou
craldzhea desKa dhort i ^Uex. Rag an radn moya por Spladn yu dhort an Levarma
tridzba 'n Brttbomk Keramt mer tAi dhon Diklek Tiz UxM vel dhon Diilek
Kembriaa Nyz yu marchek br^ anydha pan dhaskovian nyi try Vyg Bratbtn Lata
dazdbdz dhan Enezma dadn Leul'z/^ xsSIb AUm an £il, Mytem la%a hag £«rr i han |
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(delwedd D5731) (tudalen 224) |
ñ224 ñ— _ —
.1 . — i Ragskref Dhon 'Ramatek Kernuak. ñd^hyi
rygkuitha Ltoinanz mer adermen uaztie nemmai rag ny aiazaa an jc^ouzon y
gorra emez a n g^ar^ssk byz an vledhan ojiJ. pan hellyax Athtlfian, Mytem ol
an Zouzon, an Brethonna drez Auan Tanior {h). Endella byx an Termcn hedda
thcra nyi jjuclaZ boz Pou Kemou trigiyz gen Tiz Brethonek, cnridn ArvoTtk^ Scllyz
a lebma adr6 an vledhan 38+. dadn Kenan Mettaxhek en tcrmen ;i/tf^ Vkzek (c),
ha enAdn En^ek goUax nenna a lebma Ren Kdiualadr, ha degiyz dre gen an
ragskrcft^z Ivor hag JS«r. Pit an Never a 'n Brethon henna yu buith en Pou
Kemou, ni u6r neb den j rag nag & Levro aho ( heruedh m'adzhu6nfez ) nag
en Kemfliak na huith en 2louznak k6th ha othoredzhek lauer rag Deskuedhyanz
an drama Ml a uon pordha tridzhan neb Kothskreferio (d) a tebyaz nag yu haz
Cmar ez neb ) a 'n Pcdnzhiviicio Kemiak a 'n to ncj, dcskennyZ dhort an
brethon j ,. j ^. ., . A barh ma hooan ny thera vi Kridzhi treii mfir^brlz ad
drSi, dhort pa an Tlz yu ydn Pcdiizhivik dcskennyz j rag mi a bredira ^ Try
skeyM% ha BeUnanz aba, Tu '» fedaxJrivikianA ha 'm abogueOa* Ha rafii hedda
ny vedn me befgueth kodha amez ha pednzhivik v&h mar guelgondzha boz
Zoux^ !>&$» flo Nilrmam vel b6z BrHbjn. Mez mar ez ydn jcncW nioy
cneredzhck vel aral, prag nag yu an le' pedna, dhan Tlz veva Tregferyon
anExlezma, liaz uzou arfig devedhianzan Bavetmur dhybba, dadn IrK0efari Ha
(mar peva kodMkrefo hu4th dhoy guelez. adr6 aiho an dh&u 'ulazna) nig ez
neb mir dhebm, nag yu mllo SiK9n$»n ha IkZ en Deunan^ deskennyz dhort an
Treg6ryon kenza W gorlcucn an 'UlalIcQf*ffia« NaK odzha vi a gorra mSr an
poezder (ken yu hedda rfiol por uir en Kemha) uar anuo ^retb^mt PtdmSiivikio
Kemau^ kemeryz a dhort an Teliryo; rag me 6r pordha try 'ryg radn anydha
neuodzha ft haouo, heruedh hanuo an Plafo ; ha rag hedda, pie ma/faut a K6ch
abskref, nag yu Ibladn dhort pa an Tte S3ttiiz deskemiyz. Mez uar an parh
aral, mi a yon nag yu re diougcl dho kridzhi byppryt dho *ll Alwkidb Zouzmah
: fag jpeva brafa an Gpor m&k an Zavzon dho bdz deskennyz dhort an
Normammo ^ hi fag hedda, an Ahskrcferyo a rygskrefa Haz termcn Ah6 gouck dhon
neb K9$bZouxMy Dana ha Mi a'uon en ta lauer boz liaz tlz ( pdrlctryz ha
p6r$kientek en traou ercl) a akiuzya ha damnya peb prediryanz adr6 kuitta
am'kn, an koch DavaZoma. A'm radn vahonan ny thcra vi n)&brediryz adrd
kuitha am'kn an Kouzanz KemAaky aban nag vu hi porreyZyz dhan Thi a 6r
jwrdhsl Vxxx Zouzmak po 'n Tavaz yU *n arbcdnek ha 'n ydnck reyzyZ Icbmyn en
an Glaskor nei : Ma haz Pednzhivik Kembrian azuonyz cmcuh ; mar gncloh huei
neb faut braz uarnanz a kouz Zouznak &c. na yrcuh ddga Brezonck Kimcn
txpz honan. Bfiz an dra hedna del beze plegvyz dheu i rag ny vedn me kemercz
uarnav boz barner anydha. Mez dho kuithajpeb Kdth Davaz en neb Lcvar
argraphyz, vu heb neb mkr, ydn dra porbl^vyz dhyn Skoliryo ha 'n
Pednzhivikio; ha marreyzyz dhyn Antikuaryo. Ha rag hedda, guythrez dlu veve
dhyn T& raglavcryz, ken damnya neb skeianz, medra hay 'n ydn brcd^anz yu
jcyndzhanz uamydha, ha ftederyanz an Cref^co ha 'n Kothskreferyon? ha 'n
anyedzhek, na veze an kctel levar ha 'n ydn hemma ( Ken nag eu e mez hanter
gure^z Vmcrblegvyz dhan gyella Kothskreferyon Zouxmak nei; LaUmd, CamUenta
Sr, H. ^bnan} Rag hedda pan yu Icuithyanz an Kftth Davaz KemoUca neb levar
argraphyz ydn dra mgrreizyz dhan Kothskreferyon * ha plegvyz dhan Arkxlhi ha
'n Pednzhivikio Letryz; ma nebaz Efpcrans dhebm, niz en ydnck, try vedn neb
Pednzhivikio 'goz hcman, kemercz huith " — "''Ih try voiou' huei
gen voljiidzhcthvaz, kemercz an huclbsanhanw^^ ñdhoi
deska hai skre&i mez eni giireyzma dhort^ ñOUryaz
ñha
parcza. ñE.
LHUYD. |
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CHAP.
I. OF THE LETTERS. r'HERE ieh^natbmgfrmtfd sm tie ComiQi Ijumu^, ami mat
stave three arjmtr Beets {thmt we kmew of) extsmt m norit" mg» I frejkme
the JmtreJMCtmg ef tbe General AifhMiety mfirteifage the Secmtdififar as *tis
ufidmthe I'Comifh Prtmamiatiems cam ie ef we Imcemvemencf at frefint , and
may freve ufifkl hereaster. The Cornifli A^atet Itherefire mate ttJeefM
isasfiHews. I A, a.
D, d Db, dh. £, e. F, a ' L,l. M, n. N, n. O, o* P,p. Ky r. S, f, s. Sb, sh.
T> t. Tb. V, V. Y, y. Zh. Pronuntiation.
A. ^ M all, fmall, £cc. B. Xm Greek. Videp.a Iff ktTbis^Tbeit^&c £. P.
Gai he GOf^eti&x. l^asm thewerdKsng H. Be. K. M. N. O. P. «. Sh. r Th asm
Think, 8cc. y Ce»Jema9t. W & 9e. r, er as i» m the weird Hil, &c 1 m
Bird, er em Mo* .ncy, 8cc. Z. £ ^ Diviiioii, &c. ñEoglilh, an wym beH keevm Ij the name sfSaLXon Letters (z). Thefi
they have aU ahf^ chastffd acmrdmg te the A&eratiens m the Englifli. mfe
mush that thofe fev) who weeid write any Comffli aifrejenty write it aster
the Englifh Orthigrafhy. Bat that the Cvriem may he a little aMedin the
Reading the Ancientefi Britiih Manufcrists» vihether WcMh, Cornifli er
Cumbrian, (if any Jkch Jbeuld he extant) I JbaU here give Jeme Accemst if our
eld Orthegrapby ; iy cemfartng the variem acceptations ef Letters asfetmerlj
ufed in regard te euT frefent Readmg esthejame v)erds» with thefiregemg Alfhahet.
Tbe
Vewels marled thus [il are ahafys long, and thofe thus \i\Jbort. 'This latter
may he alfo ufid iTifiead of JoM^Hug the Cenfonant immediatfy following ; As
xeby^zfor tebbiaZy ^■ 2he Ancient Cornifli Letters, as appears by feme few
Infiriptions yet remaining in that Country, were{be^ fides the old Roman) the
fame with thofe ufed by the other Britans and ScQCS ^ which being alfo ufed
by the Directions
fbcReading old Britifh Manafcripts. It has not beenmy Fortune tomeet with
very Ancient Manufcripts in the Britifli Language i tmf I have feen old
Copies of the Works effome Poets ef the Sixth Century, and feme few Later
Tranfiripts of others pretended to be much older. The befi CoUeSions of this
kind, extant at prefent, belong to the Family ef HengurC in the county ef
Meirionydh,' and to the Worjhipful Sr. William Williams ^Lbianvorda in
Shropfliire. The former of tjhe/e cetteaed in the Re^ of King Ch. I. by that
Learned and Cmsdid Antifuary , Roberc Vaughan ^Hengun Elq; con^s of about 70
old Manufcripts on Parchment, and a confiderable number of others on Paper i
a great part whereof are fairly tranfcrib'd by his own hand, aitd by John
Jones Efq; ^Gelhy Lyvdy in Flintstiirc, a Gentleman of the fame Laudable
Curio fity, ana his constant Corre^ pendent. Thefi Two Antifuarks, being the
great est ColleBors ef their Time, mM a mutuul Contra^ that their Manufiripts
fhould de fiend to the Surviver ,• by which means Mr. Vaughan had Mr. JonesV
Labours added to his own. Th^ Lanvorda CoBeSion confifis alfi of fime Velom
Manufiripts ; bit chiefly of lost Tranfiripts, which are confiderable for
number, and the befi methodix^d of any. Thefi were cotleBedbya Neighbouring
Gentle ñand Indefatigable than the two former. 1 have been adnutted
toaTranfient view (for a few hours) of thofe CoBeaOns ; and the oldefi Wclfli
Manufiript I faw at Hcngurt is y Lhyvyr df o Gacr Vyrdhyn, or the Black Book
ofOir^ m>iahen. Its a Quarto ef^^leavos s containing Poems esthe Sixth
C^n^ tury, h Myrdhyn Wylht, Taiidin, LhyuarA; hen, & KySo^io Elaeth. The
former part ef this Book is in a large fair Charaffer,] and feems
confiderably older than the tatter i and the latter mk;ht pofi fibfy have
been Tranfcrib'd by that noted Bard, Kyndhelu Brydydh maur, or at kafl in his
time, vMch was about the year 1 160. I am fen* pble Dr. T>X7\ts places
this Poet y> years later : ha in this MS. fblyi. I find he write t an
Elegy on the Death of Madog 'ab Mredydh Prince ofPowys which was in the year
ii^i. T. Williams, Author osthejAr dn-Welfli Diaionary pubtifb'd by
Dr.Davies, tells m that in the year 1504.. he faw a Book of St. Beyno x #f
Kylynog Church in Carnarvonfliire, which (as was Iprefume therein mention' d)
had been written by Turrog, who living in the time of Kadvan Prince osti.
Wales, mufi have been Cotemporary with Austin the Monk (b). Butfince he gives
m no account of its Contents, nor teUs m whether ^bmt Welfli or Latin;
IJhaU be apt to fisppofi H the latter. This Book whatever it contain d, is
nowi lofi i as is alfi a chronicle written by Turrog'/ Cotemporary, TyflUio
thefin^Bry^ a;uc1 Yigythn^ Prince ofPowys, which I find in/ertedin H.
Salbury'x Manufiript Catalogue efWtlSi Writers, and was extant as I have been
credibly it^orm'd within thefi yo years. Seeing therefore we fiisd valuable
Asti^utties lost in an Agf that was Curious, we can make no manner of Eflimat
at the number ^.MSS. lost the forgoing centuries^ when fich Ancient writ sues
were caBed by the becuriom Monh Vetusta dc inutilia (c) y and when our
Ancestors the Provincial Britans were perpetueBy either engaged in War, among
themman Mr.'William Maurice ^Kefihes or expofid to the Invafion of ven y
bray>;, an Ingenious Anti* Forreiguers ,• the Pids, Scots, Saxquary, and a
Perfon no lefs Curiem\QXAy Danes, and Noraeians. (m)
Vide p. jr. 1. 1. &c. {h) Vid. Davis. Di^l. Britannico-Lat. in voce
Tiboeth. {c) Vid H. WanUi PKBf. in Cat. MSS. Sax. L 1 1 However •PPMBWI
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Tit.
VI. A Cornish Grammar. "••^
ñHowever tho I have not been jo liccifsful as to meet tjjstb m^ older
Momfiristm^ Bfit^ Langstage, than theforo-meutMd Black Book ^Carmarthen,
yS«ie very muiefit Latin MSS. have yet occurrd.imt' tenkyV^xvmSi and thefe
have, here and there, fim Latin words ghfsd ^Hh Br'ttplntmretat'ums, or elfe
fvme Briti/h woras in the. Margin. ^ irhe first osthefi if the Landaf GoJ^L now
called St. ChadV Book at Litchfield, ViUch I have already mentioned, p 4.. y.
This MS f^y foffihk io eleven hukdred years Aiming. It has {hefidasfimola*
tor Saxon) a few ancient Memorials of Donations to the Church of Landaf,
entered here and there in the Margin, which are partly Latin and farffy
Briti/bi jmd are of aiosa pCK) y^^s yamUng, Thefe hiwe heen lately mangled ky
the Book-kinder : tut the Accurate and Ingenious Mr. Wanley, has frefirv'd
tohat remains ostbem^ in Us late Catalogue of ^xon Manufcripts, Thefecond (to
retain its own Title) is infcrti'd Owidn Nafonis Artis Amatorix Lib. Primus
and is frohakly, tho' it he thefmaU Britijh CharaSer, as old as the \fi. Jome
words have their Britifb Iwterfretationsfiferfcrii'd . f pimou olm loinoti I
viccae — poca — ppucicef { legit:
amlair cpichec oculi]r-dimifr&*-pusa. &c. This
old Fragment is toundwith various others and is frefirv^d in the Bodley
Ubrarjs NE. D. %, 19. jUI the words fuperfirihd (joUch may be underfiood of
the other An^ cient Lathf Manufirists written Sy the Britans ) are not
Bridlh, hut somstimes siher Jjstin words for better Explanation. A third is a
TraS ^/EutCX (for fo the Tranfcriher's Vreface direBs me to call mm ) the
Grammarians De diicernendis conjugationibus glojs'd with Britifb aster the
fame manner and in much the fame hand. Ibid. A fourth conffis of feme Notes^
by one Ninianus a Britan, tx ponbepibur ec meafupif . Ibid. A fisth is
JuvencusV Foem: Juvenci Presbyteri Paraphrafis in Evan^elia, atul is prejerv'd
tn the pubSck *Ubrary m Cambridge. The fixth^ and as Iprefume the latefi
(tho* being a Forreign MS. I cannot Jo well judge of its time ) contains jbmo
Instr^ions for fpeaking Latiuj and has its BritW) Interpretations
morefrefuent than the others (a) Of thefe Ancient Mamufcripts ; The first as
is manifefi came out of South Wales. Tbejecond and third feem to have been
the old Loegrian Bricifli, infomemeaJitre*yetretais^d ñin Comwal j which I gather partly from the Elegancy of the Hand and
partly from Jome Terms as mopliauf, Mamy^ mufhi civiMQ^Abook (frobably fiom
the Latin Oodxct) guapim, A play i guapbi, Ajcene^ Bcc* not to infist t^on
the Plural Termination of Nouns in oa^ as loioou^ Bif/hesi puniou Fillets i
which was constasst dmongB the Cornifh as well as the Armoric Britans and
never njed (that wo know of) in Wales. J taie Ninian, from the Bo/embianco of
the Hand to the Scodib \_or Irifli] to have boom a Cumbrian Brican ; but dare
notfisfpofe this Fraffnent Jo old as St. Ninian the Ap/ffle of tho Southern
YvBcoef whom Bede faithj — »Australes Pidi qui inter eoulem monees faabem
ibdes, knulto ante tempore [^Jiii ante Cokmbam PiSfomm Septentrionalium
Apofiolum\ leliAo er.rore Idolatriae^ miem veritatis acceperant, prsBoicante
eisverbum, ISmano , £jDifix>po Reverendiffimo & Sanoiflimo viro de
Natione Britonum, qui erat Romac r^ulariter Fidem & Mysteria vericatis
edo<stus. Cujus fedem Er pticopatus Sandi Martini nomine & Ecclefiam
infignem, ubi ipfe etiara corpore uiSt cam pluribus Sandis requiefcit ; Jam aunc
Anglorura Gens obdoec, qui locus ad Prpvinciam Bemiciorum pertiDens,'yulg6
vocatur ^ ^ ^aMUuo cafam. The Cambridge Juyencus ar atfo undoubtedly either a
Cumbrian or a?i&ittiManufir^t. For the Hand isperfoBly ScotiQi ; and I am
well ajjurdno Britan but either a Cumbrian or a Pist would ever have rendered
the word Canus, as we there find it Oc]Xiz\}^v\k*y which is at this day with
ajinall variation of Orthography [ viz. Cmllach "] Caledonian (or
Albanian) Britifb and (from thetue ) Irifh. Ati^ other Britan would have
written Penluit orjomewhat Hie it. I am Jenfiblefrom the Name [Price] in a
modem Hand before $tj the Book came but lately out of Wales to Cambridge. But
'twas certsunly brought to Wales owt of the North, as were doubtkjs a treat
main other Books ( tho' few ifatfy elje be wow extant) when aCobny 0^
Northern hnxsxis Jittled there about the year 883 (by The fixth is in att
Appear ance^ from the Hand and Come pajfages in it, Armoric : Which Jeems
aljoconJirm'd by the Author^ s fropofing a Journey to Tours, the Metropolis
anciently of tho Altnoric Britans, v^oense Wil Brito L. 3. Phtlipp. Inde
iter accelerat Turoms festi* nus ad urbem, Quam geminum pitid^ flumen
circumfluit unda, Hiac Liger hinc C^nis. ñQuae cum ficEritonum caput & Aletropolis, una Bis fenas Tub fe
cachednis Isetatur habere. From thefe very Ancient Manxfcripts and others of
later Centuries, I take the following Notes on our old and late Britifb
Orthog;r0phy, A (excepting in Diphthongs) is to' be pronounced as m Fxglijh
i» the word Man, Sec. The Pronunciation it has in the words Falk Shail and
tho like, is never ujed in /ArW.ellh. The GorxiiOx do indeed at xpfefent uCe
it m feme words, tut they exprefs it with an o, writtng Bfiz^ To ioi Mte, To
go, &c; as we osten fxd it in the EngHfli,' as Holfy, Hops, Honest.
Ihaveex^ preffd it in this ComRx Alphabet by jw A'Rcverfcd [«], becaufeeach
Pronunciation otght to have MJHnSi CharaBersi smd this method puts us to no
expense of new Letters atthe Prefs. A long was fimethnes exprefs' d in the
Cornifh by doubling fie Ljetteri A$ paal, A fiade. A feems to haroe been
sometimes pronounced as E^ for (befdes feme other infiances) on a broken
Monument 6reBed about the year %%o, by Concenn [it/. KySJen or Ky. nan]
Prince ^ Pouys, to be feen yet near the Abbey ' of Lhan Golhen in
Denbighfliire, I find the Country ofPowys written R oCS^ofcem Pouoif . Aa in
the final Syllable is to be read aso: So mabauc majichauc, pmKuebauI
bubicaul, mufi te read madog varAjog rhinuedhol , bydhygol. . . 7 • Ai is
sometimes pronounced as e. Ex. gr. Pubej-, caicoip. Ovid. Arc am. Ai was
anciently written where wenowuje ae^. For in all the oU\ Copies of Ninnius we
never find C^p [^CJfy] Ar/aip, i^rKaip. Bin old Manufiripts has twopro^
nunciations ;for be fides the common, it mufi 'be jSmetimes read as anV
Confonant: As gilbm, a beak or\ bdli mopbpan, a cormorant i anboblaiin,
mewHUng, &c. mufi be read gilvm, morvran, and anvodlon or (as formerly)
anvodhlon, which in S. W. is now pronounced zxiVoWoa. • C excepting in feme
few late Cornilh vnords, as Chacyes, perjuedi Cy te, A City j Cendel, Fine
Unnen, &c. had never the Pronunciation of s as always in the Englifli,
(and in our Enel^ Pronuntiation of the Latin) before t and i, Sothe common
Pronuntiat'ton of this Letter is as K: but in old Manufiripts the final and
alfo very osten a middle c, mufibe read as g. For Tnicarauc, Merciful s
Supcprauc, Hot} Uciauc angry, ac and, pac for, Saej-nec Englijh, and Guybelcc
Iri/hs'mufi be read Trigarog, gu |
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ñ 227ag, ihidiog, ag, rhag, Saefn^ mmtrm'^gtm
(a) Bib. Bodl. NE. B. f. 9. (b) Cr-d. Lan. in Viu Honorati [five Anaraut] p.
36, Ed. Wynlansc. Guydhel^. ^•M"
■W^ ^W^ ^"■"^5 mmm^m^m^
»mmmm^mm,^tmi^^f^
mmmmmmA.m'^m
* aBfaJ^^OMtoi Tit.
VI. A Cornish Grammar. •a2>
C i«r
;i;. Jn the oldefi Manufirijts the iMter C mufi he fimetimes fronoimced ^ ch
or Z. jis Ni canarn/wr Ni chanav,Ni gaopcof am far Ni uor;is vfav, ^f . Ch
vifj 4r/^i/ h the oldefi Britsfh Manuferipts mid at mU times hy the Weyb as
at frefint-, viz. as x or gh according to the roughest Falatalj or asfime
call it. Guttural fronttfitiation of fime rf the vulgar ?
commoaij as V Cots^T " "JZ^ ' ^ T\ '; " K« ""'^ '
"•"' sometimos aljo as F -' a Icnc thence i is read davaz, deFor ef
a geif [Medh. Mydhv.&cl JTfc Coroifb pronounced F, <f^ W^' if/
rai»|^a»potestas) tfJ V. »r Aflauar, /m^ ; yn few, alive & Ty a fyth,
Thoujbak be, mufi he read aviavar, in veu, ti a vf dh ^ndfor this reafon they
fimetimes douhUd it tho' an Initial, when 'twas to he pronounced as F. As
Ffefont Ñ 227b uaz, ena, a lena^ &c. E is alfi in the Cornifh
fintetinms^ tho* more rarely^ pronounced as^intbe hegmning ofwordsi^For en
the, er upon, and deder goodnefii mufi he read An, ar, dader. Ec v)as ufedhy
the Cornifli (thcf never kf the Annpric Britans or Wellh/iW ee » Eogiifli:
For we ^ find the WelQi words Gufel rods A ^hefisnt. Engiifh
in the North. And that and mm an edge, written hy the this fronuiiciation was
very ancieistCornifh Gweel mtd meen. fy exprefi'd hy ch, appears in that Ey
[^r d] was fimetimes pro^ the Greek x (which in Greece is at nouncea hy the
Cornifli as e long this di^ fi pronounced) (a) v)as hy fordcyth ^a day'] mufi
he read the
Romans exprejs'd iychin Latimx,*d words as x^mttri^ CharaAer] and alfi hy the
oldefi Britans as we£nd hy a very ancient Greek Go^t written in Ijstin
Letters hy a Northern Bricifh hand $ asulnow prefirv'd at the Bodley Uhrary,
Nfi. B. f . 9. Ch has heen hy the Comifh thefi later (Centuries ufed for C or
K, as Cham Crooked, Chein The hack, Chelioc A cock. Chic Fl^, Chil The neck.
Ch » alfi frequently ufid in the Comilh as the common pronssncia-tion of it
is in the Enghfli. viz. as T(h. As Chacies CbAced, Chy A Honfis &c. (D in
old Mtnufiripts vjbether _ Welch or Comifh has t^fopfonunciatioms; far hefides
the common Eaadmg as in the Eoglifh and other Lamgssages, it feroes in the
midfi anJTTerminationfar dh or the Eng^ th mtbis, tnat, &c. So medal
(fist'^ is to he read mcdhal. Echvyb the Evening, echuvdhi hvpb a ram, hurdh^
assd neib, harley, haidh. 6d was introduced to exprefi thnfinnd ahout the
year 1400 i and in the time ofH 8 &c. d pointed at the top or underneath
hy H. Lhuyd, and W. Salisbury at home, andhy Dr. Gryffydh Roberts astd Roger
Smyth Ñ 227c in the Welfli Books they printed heyond Sea, In the Beign
cf Q^Elizabeth Dr. J. D. Rhys, Dr, D. Powcl and others ufid dh, which was
afterwards rejeffedhy Dr Davies and dd restorei, E it for the mafi part to he
pronounced as in EngliQi y excepting that the diphthot^ ex is to he read as
ai : 'Bor Meir Mary,Q€\ Casus, heid Barley, ^iWgureid Koots^ mufi he read
Mair, Kai, haidh and guraiidh Jn the Cornifli alfi the c is to ie osten
pronounced as a : ej^ciallf in tie Termination : So Lies much. The
Initial F in our mofi ancient Orthography has heen in aster Ages, accor£ng to
the mamier of the Spaniards [^the Reafin whereof is dear from the Alteration
of the Initial Irifli F & S) changed into H. For ,m the Armoric MS. ahove
mention d, I find our old word H^al A fetter wr'ttten Fual ; tho' it he now
in the Armoric Osal Vid F. mut. in H. p-xx col. 3. G iis the ancient Britifb
Manufcripts has two founds tho* sometimes none at aU. Its common
pronunciation is as in Englifli in the word Given, &c. and the other as
ng. F^EvegU 7& Go^l, Cyshellaup A Chancellor, L05 A Ship, rcric pus To
tread hetween, &c. mufke read E vcngil, Kynghelhor, Lhong, & fengid
rhung. This fiund *. strves a distinS charaffir, and hejFxprefid either hy
the old Ncbes
some, Haj^er iU favoured, ^ ^ ^ ^ Ose5»^^r,Pclie/i^stA^,thecowfc hleVy to
exprejs the pronunciation to ^ak,theewe to drink, the ewnc it has now in fife
Englifli: as Ffb to reBify, >Hufi he read Liaz, nefiiglst , Ffbrch a fork,
Ffydlaun baz, hagar, ogaz, pella ; dha kou[faitbfal. Sec Galf. Mon. And to dedb. E
and y were fimetimes hoth hy the Guenhuyfeg or Guent WeHli and (JomSii ufid
indifferently : For in the Wcntfct Britiih (h) en [m] and poz [there'] Sec.
mufi he read yn and yna ; and the Cornifli write either Neges or negys [
hufinefi 1 deuefys or diwyfys Ichofin] ana henwes or henwys named. In our
oldefi MSS. whether Bridfli or Latin ; a middle e is fimetimes form' d like
an f; having the top ahove the line, and the hottom even : As in thefi Latin
words in the ahove men^ tion'd Cambridge Juvencus, ffinina^ RecofRuac. F had
very anciently two pronunciations. For on a Mountain called mynydh gelhi Gaer
in Glamorganfliire, we find the Britffh name Dy vrod mfirih'd on m Ronf
CEFRAvri. In the Notes on Glamorganfliire in Cambc^en I hsrue read this
Infcription (fappofing it m^ht have heen fVeffh) DeSro it d, \jnayfi thou
awake] hut having faimd asterwards that the names ancient fy infirih'd on
Monuments in our country are very osten in the Genitive Cafe, as conbelini,
seveRiNi, AiMiUKi, ^<Scc. and mofi sf not all Latin, I norm conclude it a
propername^ and the very fame that is otherwifi caSed Dixbrims. And indeed
tho* F has in this Example, the pronunciation of an V Confinant^ yet in the
oldefi Manufiripts, as thofi ahove mention* di it has ahoays the common
pronunciation as F in our. modem Engljfb ^ this other pronunciation heing as
in the Iristi ( or ahcient Scotisti ) ahvays exprefs'd _, ^ „^ ^„. ^ b ^r m.
Whence the words pro^ can mogha \p>e greater Bars] &c. nounced hy the
Britans, Kynvelvn, jhould he read Stttfizxi moya. Kynvar;c,Kynedhav,Dyvrod,&c.
"-* ^ • came to he written in Latin, Cunobdinus [& Conbelinus]
Costmarchus, Cunoumus & Dubritiu$. In the ixth Century, (or perhaps
somewhatfioner) they hegdn to dou" elZWeJfithushy
the fame reverfid S« hs the oldefi Manufcripts r in the mddU of a word
ifxifoUows mufi he osten omitted : For pinrucdaulon Secrets, pecjuap Four,
andc^ sum A nail i mufi he read Rhinuedholyon, peduar and euin. 'seo more
examples pag. ^ col. 3, Kadngan, &c. The Cornifli gave the Letter G the
twopronunciations H has m the Englilh J hut when it came hefore c or 1 they
fimetimes interpofidh (asm the Italian ) to prevent its he^ f^ f renounced as
in the ipords Gentic, Giant, &c. Bnteenerally gh in the Cornifli n to he
pronounced as x or the mffb and old Scottifb, ch : For hx^ {Charge $hou]
isread^sx. Aljo in the Cornifh, the Letter g in the middle or final Syllahle
feems to have heen fimetimes pronounced as y. For j prefumo^ H
vhen.inferted aster a Vmel, in some old Manufcripts fervd only [as m <Atf
High Dutch) to lengthenX the preceding Vermel i For Ehauc {a Sabnon]is to he
read ^, andhzr hec A hoar bSedh. I in the ancientefi MSS. fuppRfd ,not only
the Englffb pronunciation of H in the words pin, thin, &c. and tho douhle
e, hut alfi hoth y and y: For cpichcb lA wrinkle)^ (a)
Vid. Wheelers Travels p. 3^8. (*; The Britifli ef the country of Guent nn
Monmoudifliire : ^kem alfi in Ereinug (or Herefordstiire) and Brecnock and
Glamorgan. Some old Wellh Copies ofBrvx y Brcnhioedh which is the Hfiory
puhl^'d hy JeflFrey ff Monmouth, are in this Dialea, Llla |
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Ñ228amma aag Tit*
VI. A Cornish Grammar. mufi he
read kr/A^edh, bichany&M/?> by>;an; and &xuij7ec thjpfgers, dy
vyfledh. In the Comifli, the Initial I hefore a Vffwely had two
pronunciations : For in fame vords 'tis fronounced as in Englifli in the word
lew : As Jowarf, John ; and some as y : F.or iowynk {jottngymufi he read
yunk, or yynk. I and E were ufed indifferently hj the Comifh." For the
word Huidovtr, [ Tales or stories J is as osten written Huetlow. In a Wcllh
Mantt/crist I have hy me, written ahout 500 years jpnce^ I find this Letter
conjlantlj omitted, andfufflkd with y , and the later Comifh writings make
hut little ufe of it. 'Twas thus dijtinguijb'd [i] when joyn*d with m, n, or
u, as bychem finoB^ Cumin Cummmfied. The Letter K, never occurrs in our
oldest Britiflj MonufcristSy hut heing asterwards introduced by the Normans (
who made frequent ufe of it in their old French) I find that ahout the year
lioo. K was almost constantly ufed in the Initial Syllahles, and C in the
Termination i and it conimued afterwards th^ notfo very much ufid till ahout
the year 1500. S'mst which time most writers omitted it 3 ufing C constantly
in itsstead in imitation of the Ancients which yet is n^t Jo convenient
hecaufi 'tis in other Languages frhjeH to a douhle fronunciation. *Twas
frequently ufid hy the Cornifh, hut in the Termination they pronounced it
ass. For Ky k [Fk/o] mufi he read Kig. L has two pronunciations in the oldest
MSSThat which is common in the Engl^ and all other Languages, and that which
is at pre/ent peculiar to the WelQl, and is hest learn d hy the Ear. Its
perform' d hy hilling the L thro^ the Tkethfide^ wards, and altering it in
the fame manner as T is altered hy the ad^ ditioH of the h, in the word
Tbink> &c. \ In the oldest Britijh MSS. this found vias not
diflingwfb*d from that of the common L« hut all that are acquainted with the
language know when to ufe it, excepting in vjords that are not now retain a.
However we find that all words in their Priñginning with L are thus a^erated
Ex. gr. A hand is called Ihau^ tho' On his hoTtd he Ar i lau, andfi of all
other words whatever. Ahout jco years ago, and per ^ haps
older they distinguifh'd this found hy doubling the L, as 4lloegyr England,
llvn&eyn London JljiQ. which Dr. Gryffydh Roberts Author of the first
printed Welfli Grammar, in the time of King Henry the eighth not approvingof,
al'ter'd for an 1 with a point under^ |
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228b Neath,
and Will. Salisbury for one mark'd at the top. Afterwards Dr. Davies [the
Physician (a)] observing that H haaheen the AuxiBary in the Ancient Roman
Orthography : As Ch, Ph and Th ; introduced Lh, Vfhich ohfain*d, till
reje&ed hy Dr. Davies v)ho ufid 11 in his Gram^ mar printed An. l^il. and
in his DiBionary. This pronunciation iis the fixth Manufeript above mentioned
is once expreffed hy dl : For Pcrtilitas is there render' d dlonaid v)hich
Ifisppole, muft he read Ihonaedh : and in the Cambridge Juvencus ihf. thl,
for v)hat elfe can he intended hj the foremention d vjord cemchfiarh \canui\
^/^ Kynlhuyd vihich v)ould have been anciently tntelligihle to us, as we may
gather from 'KyndharedhV hemg the fame vnth Pcndharedh, tf»</Kynvelyn,
w/fAPcnveIvn, &c. The d in the dl ahove cad douhtlefs the poceftas ^dh or
th, and thisfbifi of exprejfing Ih hy thl vias formerly alfo common among the
Englifli when they hadoc cafion to write Britifh names : For we often
meet with Thlan/^r Lhan, tf»/Thloin/»r Lhuyn, 8cc. in old Records, No Diaka
of the Britifli, hut the Wclfli, retains at prefint this pronunciation j hut
the CoxmO^ feem to have had it, net many ages fince ; For in my Tranftript of
the Cornish Focahulary at the Cocteh Lihrary (b) I find Exercitus render d
exaBiy as in WeSb^ Liu: and Commodum, Lies, tho' au the other words beginning
with L, which are ahout 70 he writen with a pngle L. In a much later Cornish
MS. I fometimes meet with^ after a Cenfinantj as KovUenweugh Fulfil ye, where
one I muft have Seen very unneceffary unlefs the two were pronounced ac ih ..
M had anciently two pronunciations, that which is common to all Languages and
the pronunciation of the V Confonant. This latter pronuntiation tho' it
heftiU retain' d hy the Irish : occurrs only in our moft Ancient British
Manujcripts. As in the Ovid ahove mention'd t)itttma [An affemhly'] muft he
read Digydva, andf^\iii^xmoa\Tbeatra'\ Guarivou: Andinthe^Mttx^cm"
neciam I bint, gupiam [ or elfe ^uniam] I fow» and lammam I |
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ñ228cwritten Catamannus, Cuootarous, Conmarchus,
Brochmaelus, Dogmaelus ^ Tamefis, Damnoaii, and Dimetas. N was always
proisounced as at prefint, hut in druers Manujcripts of the middle Centuries
its dsstinguilhahle from U, only hy thefenfe : For Arcuueu [^Kidneys'] must
he read Arennae, Tyuer . Tender, tynerj Ucrthy, lb y?r«f^iwr, nerthy, &c.
O in the oldest Manufeript s has two pronunciations : For hefides it*s common
found i Yisfometimes to he read as u: So cbwero [ Bitter^ is AJUeru, and Troi
Through, Trui j and 'tW4is hence the name Lliuyd ( which fignifies Gray;
became writ^ ten ancient fy Loic, and asterwards Lloyd. ^ ^ In tbi Cornish
hefides the com mon pronunciation, as in the Englilh word Bothy Bcc. it has
alfo that other Engbstj pronunciation of the o, in the words Hot, Sot,
Honour, Honest, and fuch Me. For the words Mos To go, and dos To come^ are
pronounced as the Engliflj wards Maw's and Daw's. Vid. A. O is alfo osten
pronounced in Cornish, as in English, in the words Hoiley, Money, &c. For
omma] here, ncwothow News, &c. are read ymma and neuydho. 00 in Cornish,
is pronounced as in English ^orasu long I For Bool \An ax\ is to he read Blil.
ou and ow in the Cornish, are alfo commonly Equivalent to u long 5 -<f/
Gour an Chy iThemanostbe Houfi^ is read gur an tshci, and Jowan John, Dzhuan.
But ou » the Termination of Nouns plural, is now commonly pronounced hut as o
: For they fay Enezo Iflands, and not enefow or cnefou j as too find the word
written. And the fame is to he understood of most of the plurals ending in
ow. P hta two pronunciations both in the Welsh and Cornish Manufiripts. In
the beginning ifs always as in other Languages, hut in the Termination ash:
So Htip without, paup Every one, and map A mary or
DOlionary Orthography heA leap i are to he read Amneidlav, guniav,
Ihammav. And in Liber LandavenGs we find our conthon word Kyvraith [Law']
written once Cymiicizhtho'eJfiwhereCyfiKizh, which stfews that pronunciation
of the m vjos beginning to g^ow out ofufi, when this Book was written. Ihis
Ancient pronunciation of the M, accounts for the old Latin Orthography of
fitch Brittflj names as l^dvan , Kynedhav , Kynvar^; , Bod ley Ovid Dc Arte Amandi, the word Aperth
[yi&ima] is to he read Aberth. ^ijho' never ufed hy the Welsh and Irish,
was yet received by the Cornish, (as Biiqueth Never) tho' nothing fo much
ufid among fl them, as amongB the Britans ^France. It fiems however to have
been very ancient fy ufid in Comwal, in the fame manner as in the French
Language and the Armoric, v«. Qu as R. For I have olfirvd the Ancient Britifh
name K}'nedhav in BryAJvael,I)ogvacl,Tavuys,Dyvstrib'd
on a stone tff Golval noisr neint and Dyved, which we find Penfanz, qvenetav.
1 (a)
Joan. Dav. Rhxfi Medici Senenfis Cambrobritannicx Lingux Institutiones &
Rudimenta. Lottd. Fol. iy9%. {h) Vid. p. 4. Obf. %. ^ R Aiw k '• I tmm Tit.
VI. a Gormish ORAMMAk* tiff |
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ñ229aR bmmomr $liefi Mam^erj^s t99 frammtciatmn} Far the
loidal R fstifi tford 6e m it's Primarv ufi» M im DiSicmaries, &c. «r mU
vk^t fr^tcMMced ss mth Greekj Mgennti^ S» im that Frag^aent of Eutez im the
Bodley Uhrarj pit [A Ford^ ytoie resi RhH &c. Ai^ut the yeior 1500
IfndMCCordfMg tofiveraliASS. m NoithWtles that thndn^leJthe R tic* a^Imtial
vwen it vjoi to he thm fronoumedj m rrialloo far Rhiualhon Amours name i
infioadof wikh Rh 9M Mstermards receive which cowrtimnes. In the Jhudl
Abaen^est Bri» tyb hand this Letter it fi like n^ that 'tit fiarce otheridfi
diflingmst> aile than by thefimje. For in she Bodley Ovid upe find fcena
render d guADbi, and Arundo conf en ; whcb must he read Guardi and Corfen.
The Comilh ver/ rareh aj^ate their Initial r, Jayh^ Risk ha reden rydh [Bark
ana red Fern] and not at in IVelfb Rhisk a rhedyn rhydh ^ hut they had this
a^* ratiam I faff oCe formerly^ for I have frequently ohjerv*d themtofay Rhag
[Stfrl as well at Rag. "^tat haone^ and that the cornmen fronunciation,
in our Wel(h Mtfntijcrists of what age foever i bmt in the Comifli *twat
jfreanently ( indeed almostconstantly in theTerntimation) fronounced at Zy As
Kens Rather, it fronounced Kenx. JA^hn^the iith Centuij Ifnd {tho' \l tarn
fercerve no ufe V ^^1 ^^ I tbeydeanhled the s ntjomeWellb Ma-^ ^nufirifots
tho^anlmtial: Af y rrylly To leek, ffychec Tbirfij &c. Galf. Mon. &
al. T otat in old MMtfctists Three fronumtciations. \st. It's
genuinfronunciation,at m the Englifli and French. Thit it generally if not
ahfitns retains in the hegpwngof awota. Tteatove noentien'd I^sstion
cefravci, for Dubritius dr Dyvrod, it the only excestion that occurs at
frofitit* oMf' In the middle fansetinsesj Atf fsoo/t frequently in the
Termmatiam *tit fronounced at d. Ex. gr. Anuron, Ferjury ; &arl, A
Contra-verfy i legic. Eyes. [Ov. Bodl.] T^2:cxiK>^ A Fox i msieZyilood;
calet* hard; must he read, Anydon^ dadi 9 Lhygeid ; Kadno y guaed, Kaled.
^tlfy. In the middle and Termsnot torn it hat alfo very osten the p r om a t
nciation of dh: So Menc, A pJMScian i myrtin, T^e Foot fa caud i ber, Ag;rave
; tivntc^ An and i and Soglec, \The North] are read, Medhig, Myrdhyn,
B&lh, Diuedh, Gogledh. Hpmat sometimes ufedhythe Cornifli, at dh and th :
For Diwet, ñ229bBifqueth, and' tit lately further cor^ rusted to
Befgai Th fiffSed the ufi 0^ Dh in the Comifli at in &^li(h. For
DayeAiyDavid*y FonhyAwayi Deth, Ad^s Fyth, Faith ; Fj^iicn^Birds i Goim, Ago^,
&c. Jhouldbe read, Davydh, Fordh, D£dh, Fydb, rdhyn, Gflydh. But Th mjot
confiautlf frd nounced
in Wales (ut weB in the Lafiund of one Syllahk. So that Gu" lur
^BOgb,j^«*i Pn^Jt^hoi Huhclder. [ferVAr] ^hicbarofrh^ nounced, Biuh, Piu,
Hiuhelder. IPhen in the hjpmsing Of it ^ord, u u mttrfofed between tf»
Initial G, and a Sequel, viz, I, n^otr; d Fowel immediatlf fillowsng the
Sequel, that fecond yowel hat ahoayt the accent^ and then it fiarce heard;
the four letters making hut the tin as Weiai) at in the EugUJh word Thing.
Andfieing 'twat introduced to exfrofs the Greek t^ however F^rreigners came
to lojo it's f refer founds 'twas certainly thin fronounced hy the Romans. \J
has in our oldefi Otihegrdfby Three fr enunciations. ijl. Tvoat fronounced as
u [^ fi&eEnglifl) 00] ^ nortiiby^ needle i Canuill, A Candle; yumpl, A
goads end ppumn, A hridle -, vfhich are to he read, Noduydbj Ctnuylh, Sumbul,
and Fr(iin. %Jly. As y ^r i ; For in the Armoric Bodley Mamfirist the word
Fual, A huckle ; ( at alfa a Fetter or Shackle) mufihofroneuncedFysl or Fial.
It retailed this facond fronunciation tnaU Ages, and hat been this Ufi
Century confs^d to it alone . The third fronunciation which occurs hut
rarely, and only in Derivatives, is that ostheJjBtter y or i in Bird, Third,
ficc. For Budicaul {J^sHoriomjfromEudh^C^n^st,andplum'xac [Aholfier\fiom
pluv. Feat hots i nafi he read. Bydhygol asul plyvog. ht the tvse^h Century I
find it frofuentfy ufia as anV Cenfanant, as twas douhtlefs muchfooner, and everfaue
( iyfome at teafl ) tiHthe beginning of tie last Century, when feme began to
f^ Bh , and others dtfiontinued it at needle st in regard F vjat ofuivalent
to it. About the year 1100 ^twas commonly form*/ at an V Conjhnant,
whetheritfenid atVyVL^ory, But in the i^h Century when it ferves for u, 'tit
made Jomewhat like the fig^^9f6j and if a middle Omjbnant *tit ahoeys at an\i
Vowel, at dyuou, T^ come I dauat:, Ajbeef: but the Initial wat at v Omf {As
diauc vrac, Mauh drink ) or rather famewhat like a b. In the Comifli
Mamsfcrhs alfa 9f findthe/ame variety and more; As affears by the following
Examfks. U; As Dev yv evn ^ God is r^iteom] which muff be read, Deu yu eun.
"V : As tint eve \Tb drink"] which u fronounced, Dhz era. y ; For
pup E*oery, and iimnia Here; it read, pyb ifffi/yiDnia. I or^ : As Mur, See
thou ,• Ruth, Bed} Tus, Men; Bus, The world; ^fs^ endy is fronounced Diuedh,
4i»/ Bugel, A Jhef heard, &c. which Bitxiucai-iEver, Jbould be read
ttkh-must be read; Mir, Rydh, Tiz, quech, but it hat been changed into \ Byz,
Bigel. Ian,
Ifbol; gunio, Tlofaw;^g^res^ Heats 6cc. might abnefi be as wdt written, Glin,
G'nio, G'rfis. I find in the %th and Gth Centuries (whether earlier I know
not) the Letter u, as well Vowel as Confonant, was frequently that formed u ;
and thatfametimes thenrstbe feme time, £ffer*d jrom it only in Tranfiofition
df the Ones ; that of the strjtf lace beingtheldnger, Beth occur frequently
in a broken Monument at Maesyr y^^en intheFari/b of Lhm DyiElio in
Denbighfliire, which was ere&ed about the year i^o^ to the Memory of
Elifeg Frinco of Powys, by his great Grandfon Kyngen ( or Concenn ) 'ab
Kadelh 'ab BryAJwael (a). Fart of the In/cristion is as follawsi —
BE/t*Ed— StRstlfOC/aqr qM"E — PEPERIC EI rE..IRCC PILioC mcCxiMi RomoCf«o
^ Rnmiiccof«moCRch Pif^xit hoc CHlROSROCptr RBSB 1*V0 POf CEfitE c'oncE|Mf«
)^ Stc^ W occurs no where in the Ancientest Britijb Mamsjcrtsts. But about
the year iioo I finditufed somethnes asanV Confinant: As Ev a symmyrch 1 wua,
[He took hit bow"] which must be read, Ev a Symmyrth i vsta. So
yewencxyc, \Youth\ for Je^engktydj ficc and fimetimet asy: As batkanw, \To
relate] which we are to froneunce datkany. But the most common fre^
nunciation of it then, was that which is st ill retailed both by the JTelfi
and Comijb, viZ. as the FagWb w, and oo.| I In the Comifli FocAbuhtry of the
Gotten Library which is the oldest writing I have hitherto met with, that I
could distingltijb for Comifli ; this Letter when a Vowel follows it, it thus
{^f^fdrm'd: As renepen, A fide; alpeb, A Key, &c. But that being a Saxon
Latter and not ufed by the other Britans nor Scots, 'tis flaht the Comiih
receini'd it stom the old EngBJb Alfhaket. X in the Ancient Gaulifli and
Britifli frofor 'Names mentioned by the Romans, fuch as Dumiiorix,
Cingetorix, S^onax, assd Taximagulus, was aoubtlefs fronounced as m the
Greek, vhi, as the Britifli (0)
Obiit Romx An. i^^ Vid. Carad. Lancarb. Annales Prindpum Wall, in Vita
Roderiei Mag. Ed. X. ' M m m and] ■*>^i*^i Hveri called by the Gauls and Britans
themfelves, Dyvnury;;, KynturA^, SeanaA;, and Doivael, w/^* *wi Jbatt have
occapon elfewbere te snterfret. That Qefar Jbould ufi the X in exfrej/ing
this Gaulish mid British prenuneiation may fiem on9 Argument toviards the
mterfreting his wards Graecis literis ucuntur, for their having feme fort of
Greek Alphabet : But whatever they might then have s tue cannot fad by any
British or Scotish writings nawex^ tanti that tve have ever had any ufi of
that Letter in our own Lats^ Y and y {for what I have hitherto obferv'i)
vjere not at allufid before the Norman Confuejt ; if fo early. About the
tndof the izth Century I fad y fo common in feme MSS. that it wholeh excluded
the ufi of i. And tho^ it be always pointed^ yet it must according to the experience
of the Reader he pronounced fimetimes as y, and femetimes as y. In a
Manujiript written about the year ii^ Ifad it alfo conjlantly 'written v^ith
a point ; but the Letter i alfi ufid vuth it indifferently. In the Boots of
the l^h Century the point is generally omitted and fb ever aster
difionti-need. The Difference of pronunciation between the i and y in the
Welsh, ^the Syllable befljort is Jo fmall as to be fcarce worth
distingui[Ling, unUfi where it Jhews the Derivation of a word; but tsthe
Vowel belong 'tis much more dtfeernable. viz. tSs i is pronounced like ee in
Eng/i/hand the Y as i (if 'twere pronounced long} in the words Him, lymb,
mill, &c. The Greek T and Latin u Jbould be always exprefs*d by y
oryintheVsthUi: As^'Trrt Sheep^ W. Hyn [not bin] Cuneus, A wedge^ W. Kyn. v
and not y is to be ufid m Monojyllables, and in the lajt where there are more
Sytta^ bles than one, but generally the contrary in the fafi of Folyjyllables
: As Fydh Faith, Fydhlon Faithful} D<fn Aman» Dynion Men, &c. For when
a word written with a y augments ifs Syllables, the y is changed into y. The
Letter y in Cornifli MSS has v^^rious pronunciations. For \fi. Uis frequently
exchanged with e ; As Hcnwys or henwes, Named $ Ncgys or neges, Bufaefi.
%dly. As iy as Cyte, A Ctty ; dyal, revenge, tayly Athoujand, 7dly. As ci :
For Trv, Three, and Kyn, The back, mujf be read Trey and Kein. ^thly. As the
Englijh Initial y before a Vowel : As Yix^ Heahhy ,• Formyys , Porm'd §
Grcvyys , Griev'di Gurythyys, Rooted, Z vf^ never ufid in the Welfli, but
occurs frequently in the Cornifli for dh : As Ezewon, Jews, for Edhewon, and
Taxl cncvoup for |
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ñ230a and Irifli ch ^ Nor is there room Dhan ancvou • T»
eur Souls. \ Bara, Bread i Torch a vara, A for much mifiake 1/ any Jhould
pret mufi not here omit, that the\ lorfofBread. fime h fay thofe particular
Ferfons Afuien$s feldem or never altered (as\ D *Dh. Davaz, Ajbeep ; An J
J..J. .J .^ ^ , '•— m thefe Latter Centuries) the I«/.| dhavsts, 0/ thejbeep
i Ma'n dhatial Letters in wrttit^i leaving vazaprivia. The Jbeep bleats. that
wholely to the experienced BaaDen, A mem % Deu dhen. Two, ders pronunciation
j as, in reAeS of men s Ty dhen, Then mam. ihe other Letters , we find mae^
Dvm, A bandi Dha dhnn, words are st ill lest in most In
Liber LandaveoGs, a Jbort Account in Wefh of feme Ffvoileges ef that dnsrch
begjhss thus. Lymma y cymparh ha bpyemc eccluv8TeliauoIanTaf,&c. wUcb
would now be written : Llynuna y gyiraich a brainc Eglwys Teilo o Landaf. So
in the fame place, Heb avail — o drais — o gynllwyn -— is written. Hep j^uail
— o cpeis — o cynluyn. AM in TalidSn , bi cpein t3i ceinc, &c. where we
now write, Dy drwyn, hy ddan* nedd. The old Manufcripts difaspi^ not proper
Names by Capital Initials: For the Names Rh^s, Evan, and Mary, we find written,
rys, ieuan, and meir^ and fi generally of all others. The Cornifli frequently
expref^d a long Fowel Sy doubling it, writing Pal, AJ^ade, paal; ^ Meio, A
Bone, myyn. The British Language, whether WeUh, Cornifli, or Armoric, has the
Accent in the Penultima ; ex* ceptmgjitch FolyJyUahles as have a Mute and
Liquid in the TemussO' tion: As Amheravdyr, Ass Emperour ^ VilsuizTy Ajhafi ;
Kadwaiadar, Gwynhawdyl, &c. where the Accent is in the Antepenultima ^
and the reajon of this exception, is I Thy
band Da, Goodi Cans kihn dha. With a good heart. Dillaz, Cloatbsi Dha
dhillaz, Thycloathsi AdhUlxLyHiscloaths, Deula. [and Dula] Hands}
Tredhadhuia, Betwixt thy hands, D— Dzh. Dedh, A days £n dzh&lh. In the
day. tD— T. DBm, A hand', Ith C«m, In tfy hand. F— H. ¥l6hy A child i Gen
hid, mtbchildi AxihiS^mL^That child, t Fual, Shakks^ A fetter. [Cod. Arm.
Bodl ] Hm/. F — V. Conf. Fordb, A way i '35^2 vordh, Tour way, G-H. Guyn,
WhitO} Maga buyn, As white. G — y Vowel. Gotou, L^bt i A uolou, C^ ll^gt$.
Gfir, and Gour, Ass Husband ^ Dha uour. Thy Husband. K — G. Kentar, Anail; a
pits or pegi Guifgo an ^enter-ma cd eskaz vi, Finock this nail in myjboo, f
Kyndan. l>rff ; Ny vedn c nevra dst; vex a^yndan, H^U never get out of
debt, Kein, Tie back ; A gein, Ofhk backs tJar a j;ein. On his Sack. Klediie,
A /words Kens dha gledhe, With tiy Jword. Krcz, Beliefs Dha grcT;, Thy Faith.
Kan, Sis^ thou j Dho gana. To becaufe
that 'very osten the Vower^stng. interpojed betwixt the Mute and Xij Kemerav,
I wdl take ; Ny ^equid, and Jometimes aljb the Ufuid it felf is not distinHly
prossounced : For Gwynhawdyl is pronounced Gunodl, and for Kadwaladar and
Amherawdwr, the common People fay Kulwalad arnd Amherod. Permutation
and Addition or omifSon of Initial Confbnants in the Cornifh. We have akeady
in the Comparative Etymology, ^fvenfome At'^ count of the alteration of
Initial Cenjonants in the Weifli ; and this place requires what Objervations
ef that kind, have occurred in the Cor* nifli. Vid. p 19. Cola. OBS.xix. The
Indial B is frefuentfy change ed into V Con/bnant s Ner is there indeed any
Comi(h word whofi Primary or Di^ionary Initutl^ ie^ gins with V Confonant.
Biuh, A Cew : Ma'n viuh gen leauh^ The Cow is in calf. Bcu, Livings Yn veu,
Abvo. Bohodzhak, P^r ; Genanbobl vyhodzhak. With the poor People. Benen, A
womans A venen ! O voman ! merav,
I will not take, Kolom, A pigeon s An golom, The pigeon. Ker, Dear s Mar jer.
So dear. K — H. YsAi^Xiy A hearts Ou holan. My heart. Kodna, A neck s Ter i hodna.
About her neck. Gureiz, Tf^ makes Tra by nag 'a huarfb. What ever iJbaU make.
Kanz, An hundreds Trey hanz, Three hundred., Kevclep, Aliie s An hevdep, The
like. M — V^ Mettyn, The mornings Kyns vyttyn. Before day. Miz, A months Kyn
pen vlz^ Before a month's out s ere a moms comes to an end. Menedh
\andmex!Ax\ A moms' tains Uu znveoedhyOnthemontH tain* Myin, Stones s Ffis a
vyin, A fionewaU. Maz, Goodi An diz viz, The good people, Mfz, Qoings Dv
vtzdhan drej To go to Torspts. ^ Mira, Look thou s Dvviraz. To behold Ev a
veruys, Meruel,
T» He died. ■ m ■ ■ ^mm ^ J^' %%TIT.yi«
A CoRKiSH Grammaiu ^31 |
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ñ231aP — B. Pibao, Af^i An biban, Thepp€» &c. P — F.
P^has, 5^o»i Rag ou fchaB> Vor my fin ; Pyfadou, Prsjert i Oufvladou,
Mjfraytrs. Pncs, Abushamdi Ou fric*, Mj histand. Pel, Lfwgsfan Na fella, Nw
Arf Afr ,• Pattcl, Hm i Fattd. Pai, Ajbovili Hczoufil, 7& Anr^/i& of
myJhavtL Vrmnt^T^tuji Rag i frcnna, T~d.iSiByFir€ik dan, 0/ Tvb% Hb^i Mur
dubn, ^^ hot. Tra, ^ //&««> Re a y<l» d«^ Lat.Trinitas, Corn. An
Drinzis, the Trinity. Tbi reafim bererf is betaufe the nvard iemg rstbe
FemmheGemkr and b^umg mo Fbt^ raly the Fartkk An \TCbt] changes the T into d
according to the fropi^iety of the BridOi. T— th. Tis, Mem Ou this. My
Servants i Tan, Fire i Dour ha thin. Water and fire. jis for the Changes m
Additions, and Qmiffions of the middh and final ConpnantSj and of the Fowels
in refieifosthis Las^H^ei having occafionaUy infirted them in the Conipamive
Etymology ; ve need take %nt a Jbort Af^coma of them hero. Pcntiutation of
Letters in the modern Comiflu I. where they formerly nfid z» (or as they
wrote it gh) they norm nje h onfy: AsiArxwdoalCommauds'] noso Arhadou. X. The
tatter d in themiddk or Termination^ they have changed into s vMch they abnofi
constasofy fronomsce m%. As f Pcdvr Fonr^ sftera^ards peTuar land fince padir
harl t Nod A marks now not; anJ Hed Lenph, now HtL and 9. I find dh in the
Termmatsom Jansetimes changed into xi As fH^ nedh Amomaain,no9mcxiet. But
this happens very rarely 4.. S \or Z.] has been changed snto dzh. Ex. gr. t
LW« Cf^^'L^f Lstdxhi t Guoys Blood, Gfidzh; t Krcfy To heUeve, Kii^hi^ f An
drenfes The Trinity, An drendzhcz; Boholak Foor, bohodxbak s t ^ bify To
pray, dhtpidzhi. ^. T: has been changed to TQij ^ sti Thou, Tttiei; sty A
baufr, Tlhey, 8cc. 'od)ich Tfhisal/o Jomettmes changed to dzh. As Ol mcin y
dzhyi M in the Hottfi, 6. TYi was sometimes changed to s: As i Bythqucth
Never^ now By iqueth and Be%a. Addition. 7. A infirted i jDea A man, w Dean.
g, B «r generally mferted before ñ231ba middle m: fhemHTeledf, now Lebmol, 8cc. 9. D ^
infirted no lefi osten fcfore a middle n, and more rarefy before r : As Dadno
Under him, where formerly Dano ^ and dbB tnedra, /i^ dv mira To behold. 10.
ri is osten prenufed to words heginmf^ with Vowels : As Euhal, Wgh i Mar
hcuhal , So lostily s Emiodh, Fightings Dhv heralodh, To fight i ArA;a, To
command y Me ^hyrXy I will command i ledfaeuon. The Jews ; Dhm Hydheuon^ To
the Jews. IT. K is/bmetimes tho* but rare^ ly infirted: As f Delyou Laaves,
now Delkiou. 11. L is premifid (for what I have obfirvd) onfy in the word
Lavalott Apks ; which isbnta very late cormption ofAyzkm. 12. The TFel/i y
and French tfi confiantly fnfixt to words whofi Latin berin with Sc, fp, or
St, is very weU omitted by the Cprnifh. For they fin, Skrifa To write, fiom
the Latin Scribo, which in WeUb is Yfgrivenny, and in French Efcrire. Letters
Omitted. 14. The
Initial A is rflatejre^ yoenth omitted in the Frononns. For they osten fay
and write Goz [or gBz] for iLgez Tonr, andfome^ time G^nfor Agm Our ly. The
Initial G before u, and another Vowel or Ufutd, is according to the Fropriety
of all the Dialers of the Britifii, to be occafionaUy omitted. As [in the
ComiOiJ GuUi, A bedi Mvz dhB 'uUi, To goto bed i ^U, making i Dall, To mahi
Ganou, The mouth i in a 'anou, In his month % Guorhemmyn^ A command i A
'uorhemvcLyrky IBs command. The fame alfo holds in the InitialG before r : As
Griz, Grace i L£n a Vaz, Stdlof Grace, 15. Tie particle ^Klglpid] which is commonJy
premijed to the Freter Tenfis is generaUy abrid^d To Ry ortity ana written
either feparatly i As Me ry goskaz, I haveflepti or annext to the Verb : As
Me rygollas, I have lofi.
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Ñ232a Lien, A man ,• Dcnfyth, Any mani Dcool, £,viry dmi. Duyfrr
Dedh, Adaji As Du yow, Thurfdayi Du mskyEafier. E ^bre K«^*x n/ the PfefenS
Tenfei Dew twjT^fir Dew c w^r, Gtfa knoivf. Gucdl il»i/ WCth, u^f/Wtf W
/ITTW, Lat. Vicis, is generally amsexS to Nouns of Time and Numheti As Dywcch
[or tjewcdi] T-^kei Milguerh and milwcch, A tboufani times i Zylgucch , On a
Sunday i Biiguech, Nevef. HzyAndi Hao, And the; Ham, And my; li^% And hiss
HziyAnd hen Hach, Attd thy; Ty hach Tit.
VI. A CoRNistt Grammar. nint» and the efier thus p. iTii A. The
iMter a, has four or five Forms in this one MS. and is alfo frequent iy made like
an a» under ifs mmediaSfy frecediUg Letter , hu$ aU nvays cofstsnued luish it
Sy a stroke or fiore dtatrts beUm the Una, Bs andBs , — bus. As ue|iS^~
Zihi^Qimif^ergentiiusannis; moentbf mmrihs. This Latter has mply the two
common Forms of the Cafital and Smaller charaaer. C has alfo only the common
figjure, ^t o [reverJed'^fignifiesOoxi: As MSniffuna DonIqn;t;^ Digfsigbna
conjuTtx, D, The figjuresjcfUy are b astd d: Dr«r I)«,jt)f Dem, boq Dw* que,
andtinvQ Domtnufyue. viw.
Thou and thy Soy ' ti HcbVU,! li ti9o (^ 'ommouif That
is. Hep, Jtsthouti Hepparou, Incomparable, Hon.This female; MbeneeUomma. This
woman herOy for hon dmma. Ma pnWr] is generally fubjoyn^d t$ H's Suhstantive:
^ Anguelcnma, This rod; An brama. This thing; An brcma. This Town. Na, That ;
is likewfi amtext to it's Suhfiantive : As An mawna, Hat lad i An marhna,
That horfe. Nan, NJw ; Nanfy w, Ww i/. Ne, Hot; Ncl c,/pr nc d e, He cannot .
Ncp, Any; Ynncppow, Jjsany Country ; Yn nepplas, Any nahere. Ny and nyn, Not
; Nynfys nynfiw. There is not; Nym, Not to me; Nym bys, \^and sometmses
nymbys] Not to me. Po/br pafb, JPhenis; Pomarh Icbres, JPhen a horfe igstolen
; Pie, Where; Plcmons, Iflire they are. Pot, pur and pyr. Very ; Porchal,
Very bbnd. KutDy Hath or hast me ; Tyrum gruk, Tiou hast made me, Tha and
the, To ; Thegerthc5, To go ; T jjcn mcncs. To the mountain $ Than wcchan. To
the tree ; Than nor \and than bor] To the Earth, &c. So Thech, Unto thy ;
As Chech huyr, and chcch hor. To thy Sister, Tro r^rtry] That, as; lofesifs
Vowel when aunext with a word hegiutung nmth one:. As Maga liaz cres feuc
tbyugb, As many as you have occafion fir. Fi^ MagaHaZr cry ez fauc btiiuh.
Yroma [_or omroa} This here; is sometimes fiihjoynd to the Noun : As Aberch
an chymma, H^htn this Houfii For Aberh an cfliei omma. This Uniting ofjome
ipords, and the Disjoyning of others j as alfo the Variation of fisXting,
occur alfo in the old Latin Mamufcrists, as well as thofi of other Languages.
But that hing iepdes our hustnefs IJbaU only take a Iktle notice of the
Orthoira-^ fby of the Juvencus at the Stilick Library m Cambridge \
asfuffofing xit one of our oldest Bricim Mamh\firists, I ^^^ the
ItnOy and annext h a Jhoke from the middle, to tbefbOovjsng Utter. The fame e
witb a stroke davmfrom the nridst like that from the middle of a Capitat
Kstpustes er, and thence douklejs, nuithaJmaB Vari/ttion, came [& J
'tvhieb in this and other old Msnufirists is osten thus 7. amdis est. Anetber
Form of the t is like a common long r, hut tis continued above the line and
net dravm under it. F, G, and H, are as far as I obfer^Sd, constanth thus, f
, r, h. The old Irifli or Scocifli exaSly agreeing with us therein as indeed
in all the rest of the Letters, I is sometimes continued both above smd under
the line : Inipolaca rimul, Inviolata stmul, A comma at the bottom of a
Latter Jerves often for i,_As palf , Fal/l, p Tibi Si tibij jtij SanBiy f n,f
icccup SanBifieetur. iHCfrJefus, iHMjefum, and iHq Jefu. L has commonly the
top a tittle drawn backwards , and the bottom (winch is generally continued
below the Hue) to the R^ht. L with a d^ through it stffslfies vel , and
firves as f & } in any other Lam^ guage. M Capital is as Cy or elfe as [a
and n] united, but made larger than Ordinary^ The finall is as dur modem
Roman, cam is an Abbreviation ostamen, astd exaLrrTofExamen. N, TheCapital n
has themiddle stroke very much inclined to the lefi. Of the f mall there are
thefe two forts \A, anan^ nstgni^s non, and no nomen : As noq^ S^nqfque is
Nomenque genuffue^ and nfir 1/ no* pis. O and P have but one and the common
form: As ppimo pofCquam ; p" is ufid for^Frse, as p" d^zpf£cepta,
j* u p p m 1 fuprenu, P r^P^r BPCmio prastpis gremio, — pj^r pro: as
-^pmiCtfjik promitteret. Q differs notstom the Soman : o qp implies ^luorum,
qm ^uoniamj and q fus. R Capital is as the Roman» and ufed in the midfl as
weB as begiw ufed
for rum ; As jesticop pfjT pqepq Ganstorrerumpuertmaue, S has thest two Forms
co and y : As Rec^fRuat: pqpjrqr> Safervat rurfiu: j is fed, jrpjSpiritus,
jcr SanOm, jck SanSi, jraf SanSis. JT ssgomraBv sf this make {z\. c tor: As
fiihaS' FoBaciter. V and JJ are comufonfy thus Uy at other times as the Greek
r, and fimetimes as the plain stnoB Raman. o ^stpupes ver6, q^i vestri,v[ver,
^jibqcice; a^ umcr, as Inuojr in t m me r os, X is formed ate the finall
Greek Z but larger, fo as to extend above and below the Une: x^pj is well
kssown to be Cbristm, xpi Christi, ZssUkeo large figure of'j with a crooked
Bne from theundHeonthe right band, Uko the last stroke of an R. Astotbe SpdOngandtbeUmSe^
iugand Separating of words i it's ob^ firvabb 1. ThattUslAS. and others ef
the fame Banding, is more correk tbanthofe of the later Centuries, m
^pugtwoVowels,either £stmaif or Jeparatlyfor a Dipthong. As caelo c^lo,
caJtCfizcsetera, folzumfietum, &c. whereas thofi of the later Cen^ turies
write celum,ceteta, and fetus. 2. The confound Frepofisions occur frequently
fiparated fiom their Verbs: Asp cepca, praceptui pc Imque, rehnp/Oi ex opcum,
£xortum. J. Thefiparafe Prspo/ttions are somethnes united: As tcmCbjiif for e
tenebris. 4. Ifimetimesfort: As nnuem for tenuem. y. O y&r I; As Olli
conpqfa peraonbic mence facepbof . 6.0 fir U: AsCooaimhfor Cimabula. ^
j&which and much more was com* mon among the Romans themfilves as has
been flfon^d from their Infcnptions infcrted bs the Comparative £tymology. I
tave thus endeavoured to contribute fifUe affiance tothe Curious in Britifb
Antiquities, by giving what account I can of the Orthography of our ancmtest
Manufcripts, as aljh thofi of the later Centuries, But there remains fiiO a
greater difficulty, which is not othervnfe to be obviated^ than by the help
of the Jjsamed and Ingenious Dr. DaviesV DiBionary. For a confiderabk nSanber
of the old words are now Obiblete, and fiveralsf thofi westS retain, have
their fenfi deviated fi'om the old acceptation of them, AJ^imen vAereofl
JbaUhere mfirt according to theOr" thogxssphy I find in the Historical
Manustripts of the iph and i^h Centuries; which tho' but few, will yet afford
Jome help to am one not comverfatst in the old Brityb ; ifcom^ mitted to
memory before a Msnufiript of that fort, beperufed. Some |
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ñ233aSome
Ob/blete or lefs known Welfh Words according to the Orthography of the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, reduced to the Modem where neceilary. |
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.....
Sumbolau:
a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ / i I / o O / u U / w W / y Y /
MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ɛ̄ Ɛ̄ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /
MACRON + ACEN DDYRCHAFEDIG:
Ā̀ ā̀ , Ḗ ḗ, Ī́ ī́ , Ṓ
ṓ , Ū́ ū́, (w), Ȳ́ ȳ́
MACRON + ACEN DDISGYNEDIG: Ǟ ǟ , Ḕ ḕ, Ī̀
ī̀, Ṑ ṑ, Ū̀ ū̀, (w), Ȳ̀
ȳ̀
MACRON ISOD: A̱ a̱ , E̱ e̱ , I̱ i̱ , O̱
o̱, U̱ u̱, (w), Y̱ y̱
BREF: ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ
Ĭ / ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ / B5236: 
B5237: 
BREF
GWRTHDRO ISOD: i̯,
u̯
CROMFACHAU:
⟨ ⟩ deiamwnt
ˡ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ a: / æ æ: / e eˑe: / ɛ ɛ: /
ɪ iˑ i: / ɔ oˑ o: / ʊ uˑ u: / ə / ʌ /
ẅ Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ / ŵ Ŵ /
ŷ Ŷ / ỳ Ỳ / ý Ý / ɥ
ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ
əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / £
ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ
ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ
Ỳ
Hungarumlaut: A̋ a̋
U+1EA0 Ạ U+1EA1 ạ
U+1EB8 Ẹ U+1EB9 ẹ
U+1ECA Ị U+1ECB ị
U+1ECC Ọ U+1ECD ọ
U+1EE4 Ụ U+1EE5 ụ
U+1E88 Ẉ U+1E89 ẉ
U+1EF4 Ỵ U+1EF5 ỵ
g
yn
aith
δ δ £
wikipedia, scriptsource. org
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ǣ
Y
TUDALEN HWN: www.
[]kimkat.org/amryw/1_testunau/testun-saesneg-209_lhuyd_archaeologia-brittanica_cornish-grammar_1707_rhan1_2113k.htm
---------------------------------------
Creuwyd: 24-10-2018
Ffynhonell: archive.org
Adolygiad diweddaraf : 17-02-2019, 24-10-2018
Delweddau:
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