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 (delwedd B5612) (tudalen 100)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% 00 %% 1*0 %% o a, %% be %% U) %%
43 4a O O “ tiobo %% o bU %%%%%% be be %% o bo %% be %% 0) 3 3 » It
"> %% 'd >> Si I bO %% bo %% 'd 'd bo %% a 'd bo %% 'd 'd %%
fcj'-d >-. fx-d “ b£ bo b£ %% o o o %% »• at %% .+- .-ts "S I S-d “
tc So bo %% s <“ s OC OQ _2 «J c8 'd 5-” 'd “ bo bo bo %%%% s s § s i s-d
“ 'd “ bobo bo %% o %% S3 %% 4” %% 4:3 4a C3 a o 2 2 05 www fs”'d b” £c “ bobo
bo %% ■d -P b>> b” “ F bobo bo _ 'd'd %%%% c a. 4) (0 CO B O « %%
4a CO i bo %% bO %% •g o 'd 'd bO %% ;s 'd “ qd bo b o 00 03 bO %% bo 03 bo
%% H a* %%%%1” I bO %% bo %% M bO %% Person %% <M %% CO %% o” %% CO %% M
%% CO o s “ o* %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 101 %% o o o mm H < %% 9 %% 9 &.
%% « CO §” U flO %%%%%%%% o %%%% 43 d ■i 'd %% d o 'd %% I %% 3 . b C
%% o 'd %% d o %% d2 %% “S3 'd %% 'd d o <u « fd 'd •d %% 43 d %% 43 d %%
43 §43 d_ d <o o o'd'd •d %% •3” d <o %% d49 .'d'd 'd %% “■” %%
*3 43 d I— J q; 0) 0) w fd "d 'd %% 0) at %% 43 d d QJ o O) “ "d
"d 'd %% S d d 0” 0) 0) «5 'd "d •d %% 'd %%%%03 %%ech hech %% ent
hent %%43 g OQ p— t %%s-s %%” d %%00 %%.£3 ■•” “ d %%49 %%4-1 d %%53
%%o o %%V %%CP 0) %%0) %%O) 0) %%Gi %%0) o %%w "d 'd •d %%ra "d
"d 73 %%c( 'd "d •d %%•d %%%%%%%%%%rs %%s| %% “1 %% 43 43 f d c( %%
'd” %%o,d %% ““ %% e8” %% 'd -e %%%% -” -2 %% -d” %%43 d %% “ d %% 43 d %%
J-d %%0) a> cSfd •d %% •d %% CO 'O %%%% pli tin ! t ll_LJ_l_Ll %% m
iiiiHtt %% «i %% II itt %% H %% iiuusiiii %%%% 1 %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 103 %%
A o o Da > H ■< U o %% I %% 43 p %% B I %% 1 I %% o p o %% o S OB
S B %% V « “ CO %% OQ OQ 11 %% •g OQ 03 %% 43 § %% •§<« %% O OQ I %% S
%%%% g %% e3 -»:> %% “ %% “ 8 %% •a e3 %%%%%% o %% o %% Is %% 6 « O) CO w
S V a> %% 8 %% go %% M ** o «« 5 %% •g I o %% H %% “ %% Person' %% »H
C<l CO 1—1 %% Cq CO %% M M o »S O CIS %% / “ %% 2tS-5 %% / %% CO %%%% \ %%
<D %% a “ %% .3 %% cj 2 (U %% 00 “O %% “ G” CfX %%%% .a %% “ %% 0) o 'So
'So S J %% es %% c* >asi o '-s . «X “ «V <i-> %%
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 (delwedd B5613) (tudalen 101)
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 (delwedd B5614) (tudalen 102)
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 (delwedd B5615) (tudalen 103)
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“bObO %%
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 (delwedd B5616) (tudalen 104)
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104 %% A GRAMMAR OF THB %% DEFECTIVE VERBS.
222. A few verbs are used only in particular moods and tenses. The following
may be instanced : —
(1) Eb (or ebe)y says or said, is an impersonal verb, of
present and past signification, having no inflection, the
time being distinguished by the connection in the sentence.
It corresponds with the old English verb quoth, but it is
not obsolete.
Present and iMPERrEcr Tenses. Singular. Plural. %% Eb fi, quoth I Eb di,
quoth thou Eb efe, quoth he %% Eb ni, quoth we Eb chwi, quoth you Eb hwynt,
quoth they %% a, Ehe is generally preferred before words commencing
with a consonant, and eh before a vowel.
h. The imperfect tense is sometimes written ehai,
(2) Meddy he says, is a verb of similar import. The
future tense is generally used with a present signification. %% Meddaf, / say
Meddi, thou sayest Medd, he says %% Present Tense.
Meddwn, we say
Meddwch, you say
Meddant, they say %% Imperfect Tense. %% Meddwn, / said Meddit, thou saidst
Meddai, he said %% Meddem, we said Meddech, you said Meddent, they said %%
(3) Piau, he possesses, is used in all the persons of the present tense;
thus: — %% Mi biau, / possess Ti biau, thou possessest Efe biaUj he possesses
%% Ni biau, we possess Chwi biau, you possess %%
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 (delwedd B5617) (tudalen 105)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 105
a. The form in all the persons of the imperfect tense is pioeddy and of the
first future pieufydd,
(4) MoeSy give (thou), and moeswch, give (you), have only an imperative mood;
which is also the case with htvre, hwde (singular), hwriwch, hwdiwch
(plural), take, accept.
(5) Dickon, may or can, rarely occurs in any other form than the third
person; as, ““Pa fodd y dichon y pethau hyn fod?”“ " How can these
things be? *' "Dichon fy modj'' " I may be," or, ''''May he I
am." "Dichon i chwi ei anghqfio,”“ ““May be you have forgotten
it," or, "You may have forgotten it.
(6) JRhaidy need, necessity, sometimes assumes the character of a verb; as,
"J. raid i chwi ymadael?”“ “'Must you leave ? " Must is more
frequently expressed by the noun; as, ''“Mae rhaid iddo”'' or, "if«g yn
rhaid iddo”"* "He must,”“ '•” Nid oes rhaid iddoj*” "There is
no neces- sity for him," "He need not." "J. oes rhaid iddo?”“
"Is there any necessity for him?" '“Must he?"
(7) Byiv, to live, and marw, to die, are employed in the infinitive only, the
various times being expressed with the assistance of another verb; as, cavm
farw, we shall die; oeddwnyn hyw, I lived, or was living ; or with the
adjectives hyw and marw, and a tense of the verb bod; as, "jPcZ y bom
fyw, ac na byddom feirw”“ " That we might live, and not die."
(8) Adolwyn, to beseech, is used in the infinitive mood only. Its tenses are
supplied from the regular verb atolwg, atolygu, or adolwg; as, atolygaf, I
will beseech.
(9) Dyddhau, to become day, and nosi, to become night, are used only in the
infinitive, and in the third person singular of the tenses of the indicative,
like it raiu”“ \l snows; as, nosodd, it grew dark. %%
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 (delwedd B5618) (tudalen 106)
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106 %% A GRAMMAR OF THB %% AUXILIARY VERBS.
223. In English, various distinctions of manner and time are expressed by
means of numerous auxiliary verbs, which are all irregular, and for the most
part defective. Some of these distinctions are indicated in Welsh by
inflections of the verb, as shown in the paradigms. When, however, the
English auxiliary is used emphatically in its primary signification, it is
translated into Welsh by a word of like power. The following are
corresponding phrases : — %% Gallaf fyned, gelli fyned, gall fyned, gallwn
fyned, gell- wch fyned, gallant fyned Gallwn fyned Gallaswn fyned Gallaf gael
fy nysgu Gallwn gael fy nysgu Gallaswn gael fy nysgu-
Gellir fy nysgu, dy ddysgu, ei ddysgu,ei dysgu,ein dysgu, eich dysgu, eu
dysgu
A ellwch chwi fyned?
Nis gallaf [or ni allaf ] fyned
Fe allai nas gallaf
Medraf [medri, medr, medr- wn, medrwch, medr ant] ddysgu
A fedrwch chwi siarad Seis- oneg? Medraf Nid oedd efe yn medru deal! %% I can
go y thou canst go, he can
gOy we can go, you can go,
they can go I could l”might'] go I could [“might'] have gone I can be taught
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 (delwedd B5619) (tudalen 107)
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I could be taught I could [“might'] have been
taught I can, thou canst, he can, she
can, we can, you can, they
can be taught Can you go ? I cannot go
May be \_perhaps'] I cannot I can \_thou canst, he, we,
you, they can'\ teach
Can you speak English? I
can He could uot uuderstaud %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 107 %% cei, caiff, eawn,
cewch, it ddysgu Ey nysgu gweled fyned if, myni, myn fyned
Yn, mynit, mynai fyned iswn fyned if iddo fyned jm iddo fyned
iswn iddo fyned
?m, pe gallwn wjiy pe cawn
allwn
byddai n fyned swn fyned
on i mi, i ti, iddo, iddi, li, i chwi, iddynt fyned on i mi ei glywed on ei
fod wedi myned
on fy mod wedi bod on fy mod wedi fy nysgu licbon hyn fod? iged bodd i cbwi
lae yn rhydd i mi ei leuthur [ a ddel 7 gellir %% I shall, thou shalt, he,
we,
you, they shall teach I shall he taught It shall he seen He shall go I will,
thou wilt, he will go
[have to go"] I would, thou wouldstgo, “c, I would have gone He shall
go, I will him to go He should go, I would have
him go He should have gone, I would
have had him go I would if I could I would if I should Would that I could
Would that he were I ought to go, I should go I ought to [should"] have
gone I may, thou mayst, he, she,
ive, you, or they may go I may have heard him He may have gone, may he
he has gone I may have heen I may have heen taught Can this he? May it please
you I may do it
Come what ma-y As far as may be %% 108 %%
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 (delwedd B5620) (tudalen 108)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% Mae rhaid [or yn rhaid] i
mi fyned A oes rhaid i mi fyned ? Nid oes rhaid i mi fyned Onid oes rhaid
iddo fyned? Khaid i mi beidio myned Khaid fy mod wedi bod Rhaid fy mod wedi
dysgu Rhaid fy mod wedi fy nysgu Gadewch iddo fyned Moes iddo fyned Dyro i mi
glywed A ydych chwi yn myned? A ydych chwi yn deall ? A ydych chwi wedi
darllen ? A ydych chwi heb ddarllen ? A fy ddwch chwi wedi darllen? Darfu
iddo fyned A ddarfu iddo fyned? Er iddo fyned Mae ar fyned Mae ar fedr
darllen
Gan iddo fyned Yr wyf wedi fy siomi Yr wyf wedi eu siomi Maent wedi eu siomi
Maent wedi fy siomi Mae'r dyn wedi myned Mae'r dyn wedi darllen Mae'r llyfr
wedi ei ddarllen Mae'r Uyfr heb ei agor Mae'r Uyfr beb gael ei agor %% I must
go
Must I go?
I need not go
Must he not go ?
I must not go
I must have been
I must have taught
I must have been taught
Let him go
Let him go
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 (delwedd B5621) (tudalen 109)
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Let me hear
Are you going?
Do you understand?
Have you read?
Have you not read?
Shall you have read?
He went
Did he go ?
Though he went
He is about to go
He is about to read, he is
going to read Since [as] he has gone I have been disappointed I have
disappointed them They have been disappointed They have disappointed me The
man is gone The man has read The book has been read The book is not opened
TKe boolc lias uot "beeu opciwtd %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 109 %% Dysgu y
mae Dysgu yr oedd Dysgu a wnaethym Gwnewch ddarllen A wnewch chwi ei ddysgu?
Pam na wnewch chwi ? Wedi dysgu arall Myfi, wedi fy nysgu Hi, wedi ei dysgu
Bod heb ddysgu arall Myfi, heb iy nysgu Hi, heb ei dysgu Nwyddau iV gwerthu
Maent wedi gwerthu Maent wedi eu gwerthu Efe sydd i ddarllen Ai efe sydd i
ddarllen ? Nid efe sydd i ddarllen Onid efe sydd i ddarllen? Cyn iddo fyned
Rhag syrthio o hono Rhag iddo fyned, rhag
myned o hono Mae genyf, mae genyt, mae
ganddo, ganddi, genym,
genych, ganddynt Yr oedd genyf, &c. Bydd genyf, <fec. A oes ganddo?
<fec. Er bod gahdd3mt, &c. Mae i mi, mae i ti, &c. Yr oedd i mi,
&c. Mae iddo blant %% He does teach, he is teaching He was teaching I did
teach Bead, read you Will you teach him ? Why will you not ? Having taught
another /, having been taught She, having been taught Not having taught
another I, not having been taught She, not having been taught Goods to be
sold They have sold They have been sold It is he is to read Is it he is to
read? It is not he is to read Is it not he is to read? Before he went Lest he
should fall Lest he should go
I have, thou hast, he has, she has, we have, you have, they have
I had, “c,
I shall have, “c.
Has he? “c.
Though they had, “c,
I have, thou hast, “c,
I had” 4rc.
He has childrea %% 110
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 (delwedd B5622) (tudalen 110)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% ADVERBS. %% 224. No class of
words includes terms differing more from each other than the adverbs. It is
easy to perceiye a resemblance between common, proper, abstract, and verbal
nouns : each is a name. The other parts of speech, too, have distinct
features which it is not difficult to trace in all members of each family.
But some adverbs seem to resemble each other only in the negative quality of
differing from the other sorts of words. This variety has given rise to
subclassifications, such as adverbs of denying, of asking, of order, of
number, of time, of quality, of wishing, and so on, which distribution is of
little further use than to aid the tyro in distinguishing adverbs from other
words, and is generally imperfect, as adverbs frequently partake of the
characteristics of more than one subdivision.
225. Most adverbs of quality are primarily adjectives. In their adverbial
capacity they are generally preceded by the particle yn” which is hence
termed adverbial; as, llaum, full, yn llaum, fully; doeth, wise, yn ddoeth,
wisely.
(1) Adjectives are sometimes used adverbially without the auxiliary yn ; as,
Doeth yr atebaist, Thou hast answered wisely, for Atebaist yn ddoeth, the
less inflated style.
(2) Again the adjective, when preceded by yn, does not assume the adverbial
character, after the verb bod, expressed or understood; as, Yr oedd y dyn yn
ddoeth. The man was wise; Cyfrifais ef yn ddoeth, I accounted him wise, that
is, to be wise; “' Pwy a bechodd, ai hwn, ai ei rieni, fel y genid ef yn
ddall ? " " Who did sin, this man, or his parents, that he was bom
blind ?”“ In these sentences J the word qualifies the noun dyn, man, not the
verb, and is therefore an adjective, not mi ““““\\i. %%
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 (delwedd B5623) (tudalen 111)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. Ill
226. The ordinal numerals are also preceded by yn” when used adverbially ;
as, yn gyntaf” first ; yn ail, secondly; but the cardinal numerals are
converted into adverbs by the addition of the termination gwaithy a time, a
turn; as, unwaith, once; dwywaith, twice; teirgwaith, thrice; dengwaith, ten
times ; canwaith, a hundred times.
227. The adverbs of place yma, here, yna, there, and acw, yonder, are often
used adjectively; either alone; as, y dyn yma, this man ; y bachgen yna, that
boy ; y ty acw, that [or yonder] house; or compounded with demonstra- tive
adjectives. [§ 133 (3).]
228. The demonstrative adverbs dyma, dyna, dacw, like the void and voila of
the French, partake of the verbal character, being equivalent to hei”e is,
there is, yonder is, and might be»classed with the defective verbs.
229. In like manner some adverbs of asking and answering are equivalent to
adverbs and verbs, or adverbs and pronouns; ai? is it? ie, yes [it]; nag e,
no [not it]; do, yes [did, had, was]; na ddo, no [did, had, was, not]. The
adverbs of answering, being in themselves complete sentences, seem to form a
separate class of words. Do and na ddo are closely allied to the defective
verbs.
230. There are several words of this class which, having frequently no
distinct and definite meaning, are sometimes distinguished by the term auxiliary
adverbs. These are for the most part words which, under other circumstances,
express precise ideas, though little more than expletives in their adverbial
character. Among the most remarkable are a, y or yr, and yyi.
{!) A and y or yr are termed affirmative adverbs. Their application is
illustrated in the following sentences; y being used before a consonant, and
yr bcfox” “ “<5>“v”s.\ " Calon lawenA mnawyneh siriol”'*
““iVr[vexY”\i”“x\.\w3”“'“ %% 112
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 (delwedd B5624) (tudalen 112)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
a cheerful countenance." " Trwoffi y teymasa hreninoedd,*' *”By me
kings reign." *”Yr oedd dyn oW Phariseaid,”' "There was a man of
the Pharisees."
a. There are no English words corresponding to a and y or yr. In English, the
negative adverb not is used to express a negation, but no adverb is required
to express a simple assertion. In Welsh, both negative and affir- mative
adverbs exist, in both questions and assertions. Ai is an interrogative
adverb; m, nid” or ms, is a negative; om, onid” or onz5, is both negative and
interrogative; as, "Ai dy gehvyddau a vma i wyr dewi?" "
Should thy lies make men hold their peace?" " Ni ddychxvel mwy Hw
dy”"* " He shall return no more to his house." ** Onid ychydig
yw fy nyddiau?”“ "Are not my days few?"
h. The adverb a is possibly a peculiar use of a and, d with. [§1 63 (2).] The
sentence Pedrk bregethodd, would then be interpreted, Peter [name] add [=and]
preached.
c. The adverb y, yr, may be etymologically identical with y, yr, the. There
in the English idiom has a some- what similar force to y or yr; as, "
There is a lad here," Y mae yma lane. There being the old dative of
that, its relation to the gives countenance to this view.
(2) Tn, signifying in the state or condition of, is a word of very frequent
occurrence.
a. With verbs in the infinitive it forms phrases equi- valent to the English
present participle; as, yn myned, going : in this use it is called yn
participial.
h. It is placed before adjectives used predicatively or adverbially; as, MaeW
dyn yn ddysgedig. The man is learned. GwawricCr dydd yn fuan, The day will
soon dawn [§ 225] : this is called yn adverbial.
c. It is also placed before nouns used predicatively or in apposition, the
verb bod in some oi \\.s vQ9L”t\ci\y& being %%
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 (delwedd B5625) (tudalen 113)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 113
tood; as, Mae Caerlleon yn ddinas gaerog, Chester is a walled city. Cyflogais
ef yn was, I hired him as \_for or to 5e] a servant. In this position, in
which it is called yn appositive, it is nearly equivalent to as, for, or to
he; but as and for imply the idea of substitution, and to he conveys the idea
of futurity, neither of which is suggested \yj yn,
d. This particle must not be confounded with the pre- position yn, in, which
governs the nasal mutation. Never- theless, this word should perhaps properly
be considered a preposition. A preposition shows the relation one thing named
bears to another; as, Mae Caerfyrddin yn Neheudir Cymru, Carmarthen is in
South Wales. Yn appositive shows the relation a thing in one aspect hears to
itself in another aspect; as, Mae Caerfyrddin yn hen fwrdeisdref Carmarthen
is an ancient borough. Prepositions generally are used before verbs in the
infinitive, in the same manner as “n participial ; as, yn dysgu or gan
ddysgu, teaching; heh ddysgu, without teaching, not teaching ; gwedi dysgu,
after teaching (having taught); rhag dysgu, against teaching, lest one should
teach.
231. Adjectives used adverbially are subject to the inflections to enhance or
diminish their signification exem- plified in the ** Degrees of
Comparison" of adjectives; as, eglur, clear, eglurach, clearer; yn
eglur, clearly, yn eglurach, more clearly. [§143.]
232. It is the custom of grammarians generally to include amongst the adverbs
certain phrases for which adverbs may for the most part be substituted; as,
am ha achos, for what cause, why ; o ha le, from what place, or whence; i ha
le hynag, to what place soever, or whither- soever. This departure from
simplicity is unnecessex”“ all the phrases admitting of gTamma\,\ci\.
«xijaX”““a».
8 %%
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 (delwedd B5626) (tudalen 114)
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114 %% JL GRAMMAR OF THE %% PREPOSITIONS.
233. There are two kinds of prepositions : impersonal or general, and
personal or pronominal. The former con- sist of numerous words, generally of
one syllable, either used singly or compounded. The latter include a pro-
noun in their construction, and have inflections indicatiye of number,
person, and gender. The following are %% IMPERSONAL PREPOSITIONS. %% A (a),
ag, with
Am, about, for, because of
Ar, on
At, to, towards
Can, gan, with, by
Cyn, before
Er, for, notwithstanding
Erbyn, against
Ger, by, near to
Goruwch, above, over
Gwedi, wedi, after
Heb, without
Hyd, along, unto, as far as
I, to, unto, for %% Is, below, underneath
Mewn, in, within
Myn, by (in imprecations)
0, odd, out of, from, of
Ehag, before, against, from
Rhwng, between [neath
Tan, under, below, under-
Tros, over, instead of
Trwy, through
Trach, drach, behind
Tua, tuag, towards
Uwch, above
Wrth, by, near to
Yn, in, at [230 (2) c?.] %% 234. From the foregoing prepositions are formed
pre- positional phrases, some consisting of two or more simple prepositions,
others of a combination of prepositions with nouns or other parts of speech ;
as, oddi wrth, from near to; oddi ar, from on, off; oddi fewn, from within;
oddi amgylch, from about; ger bron, before, in presence of; g”er MhYf , near
to; gyf erbyn a, overagainst; heb law, h” sii/gs; is hw, Mow; uwch ben,
overhead. %%
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 (delwedd B5627) (tudalen 115)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 115 %% PRONOMINAL PREPOSITIONS.
%% 235. These prepositions are formed by the addition of pronouns as
terminations, and have four modes of inflec- tion; thus: —
(1) First Mode. %% I mi, imi, or im', to me I ti, iti, or it', to thee Iddo,
to him; Iddi, to her %% I ni, ini, or in', to us Ichwi or iwch, to you
Iddynt, to them %% (2) Second Mode. %%(3) Third Mode. %%(4) Fourth Mode.
%%Ataf, to me %%Ynof, in me %%Genyf, with me %%Atat, to thee %%Ynot, in thee
%%Genyt, with thee %%Ato, to him %%Ynddo, in him %%Ganddo, with him %%Ati, to
her %%Ynddi, in her %%Ganddi, with her %%Atom, to us %%Ynom, in us %%Genym,
with us %%Atoch, to you %%Ynoch, in you %%Genych, with you %%Atynt, to them
%%Ynddynt, in them %%Ganddynt, with them %% a, Arnafj upon me, and tanaf,
under me, are inflected like ataf,
b, The following are formed on the model of ynof: — Erof for my sake; hebof
without me; rhagof before me; ar hydof all oyer me; rhyngof between me.
Trosof for me, makes trostOj trosti, trbstynt; trwof through me, trtvyddoj
trwyddi, trwyddynt; and o honof of me, o honOy o honi, honynt.
c, Wrihyf by me, inflected like genyf rejects dd in the third person ; making
wrtho, ivrthi, wrthynt,
236. The prepositions are not always translated by the words set here after
them, though those words give their most frequent fiense. Some instanc”a oi
>iJaa “aSst”e” applicationa o/ prepositions will be givea\L«QiW”«t. %% 116
%%
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 (delwedd B5628) (tudalen 116)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% CONJUNCTIONS.
237. Conjunctions, like adverbs, are classed under nu- merous heads ; e.g, :
— copulative, or those which connect propositions, in respect to their
signification; as, a, and; na, than : disjunctive, or those which denote
separation as to meaning; as, new, or; wa, nor; one?, but: co-ordinative, or
those which connect statements independent of each other; as, «, and; net/,
or: subordinative, or those subjoining a dependent clause to a principal
clause, or one dependent clause to another; as, os, if; oni, unless ; maty
that. [§ 262.] They are, with trifling exceptions, subject to no inflections,
and they may be distributed in various ways, according to the fancy of the
writer; but subdividing them is of no practical utility.
238. The following are the principal conjunctions: — %% A, ac, and A, ag, as
Ai, either Can, cyn, as Canys, because Eto, 1/et Felly, so Hefyd, also Mai,
that Mai, fel, as J that Megys, as %% Mor, as J so
Na, nac, neither, nor
Na, nag, than
Neu, or, either
0, OS, od, if
Ond, hut
Oni, onid, unless
Pe, ped, pes, if
Taw, that
Tra, whilst
Trachefn, again %% 239. T or yr, like the demonstrative that, has a conjunc-
tive force, when introducing a dependent clause [§ 262] > as, ** Gwyhydd
hyn hefyd, y daw amseroedd enhyd yn y tfyddtau dtweddaf, " ** This know
also, that in the last days perilous times shall come," '' Na /eddiwl yu
d-y “a\ou t %%
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 (delwedd B5629) (tudalen 117)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 117
diengt,”“ " Think not in thy heart that thou shalt escape." This
use of y indicates the identity of this particle in its different
acceptations, the corresponding words the and that being offshoots from a
common root.
240. Na (nad or nas) is also equivalent to that, with the addition, however,
of an adverb of negation; as, "J. ydwyt ti yn tyhied nas gallaf?”“
"Thinkest thou that I cannot?" "-4 phan welodd nad oedd yno
neb,” **And when he saw that there was no man there." Na or nag, than,
also involves a negative idea, and is cognate with na (nad or nas), not —
that. The English corresponding terms, that and than are also identical in
their origin.
241. A or ag, like as in English, has the force of a relative pronoun in some
sentences [§163 (3)]. Ond is sometimes a preposition ; trachefn is sometimes
an adverb. It is the sense, not the form, that must always determine the
class to which a word belongs.
242. Under the head of conjunctions, are usually placed certain conjunctive
phrases, such as, yn gymmaint «$ inas- much as ; er pan, since ; but there
appears no sufficient reason for the practice. In such expressions as, rhag
na ddelo, lest he should not come, er iddo ddyfod Hw dy, though he came to
his house, rhag and er are prepositions. %% INTERJECTIONS.
243. Among these words are usually included numerous nouns, pronouns, verbs
in the imperative, and adverbs, abruptly used without any grammatical
connection. The true interjection is a mere sound indicative of an emotion or
sudden feeling, but expressing no definite idea. The impression produced
depends in a great Tjiea.'sjvrt” o” "v”“cl” tone of voice in which the
exclainatioii \» \y\X»et”“. %%
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 (delwedd B5630) (tudalen 118)
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118 A GRAMMAR OF THB %% PREFIXES AND AFFIXES.
244. Prefixes and affixes, or particles prefixed and appended to simpler
words to form compounds, play an important part in language. They are very
numerous in Welsh; and as they have particular modifying powers, the study of
them should be carefully pursued by those who wish to have correct ideas of
the meaning of derivative words. The reader is here presented with a list of
the principal of those particles, and examples of their use. %% PREFIXES.
245. As a general rule, when the prefixed member of a compound word is
followed by a mutable consonant, that consonant makes its vocal mutation; as,
dyddlyfr, an almanac, from dydd, a day, %/r, a book; oerlaisy a dismal voice,
from oer, cold, llais, a voice; camfamu, to misjudge, from cam, crooked,
bamu, to judge ; difedyddy unbaptized, from di, un, bedydd, baptism. Many
excep- tions occur, as the change of d into t, in diotty, a tavern, from
diod, drink, ty, a house; the assumption of the aspirate mutation after tra,
a, and gor, and of the nasal mutation after an and cy; but the general power
of the prefixes will be pointed out in the lists which follow. The initials
II and rh are particularly liable to irregularity.
246. The following prefixes enhance the force of words,
or denote excess in the words in which they are found.
Sometimes they are merely expletives. The letters r, r,
n, a, represent the words radical, vocal, nasal, aspirate;
e denotes the extraordinary or unusual mutation of a
Tocal consonant into its relatbre sp\t«X.”. %%
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 (delwedd B5631) (tudalen 119)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 119 %% Prefix. Initial. Componnd.
%%Formed flrom. %%A %%a. %%Achadw, to preserve %%cadw, to keep %%%% Athrwm,
vert/ heavy %%trwm, heavy %%ACH %%V, %%Achles, succour %%lies, benefit %%%%
Achrwym, a bond %%rhwym, a tie %%Add %%V, %%Addfed, ripe %%med, mature %%%%
Addwyr, inclining %%g”yr, crooked %%Ar %%V. %%Arddangos, to exhibit %%dangos,
to show %%%% Aries, a great benefit %%lies, benefit %%%% Arwr, a hero %%gwr,
a man %%Dar %%V, %%Dargeisio, to persevere %%ceisio, to seek %%%% Darostwng,
to subdue %%gostwng, to abase %%DiR %%V. %%Dirboeni, to torture %%poeni, to
pain %%%% Dirfawr, very great %%mawr, great %%%% Dirglwyf, agony %%clwyf, a wound
%%Dy %%V. %%Pygas, execrable [§99 (4)] cas, hateful %%%% Dygylchu, to
encompass %%cylchu, to compass %%
a. %%Dychrynu, to tremble %%crynu, to quake %%Eir %%V. %%Enbyd, dangerous
%%pyd, danger %%%% Enfawr, very great %%mawr, great %%
r. %%Encudd, concealment %%cudd, hidden %%%% Enrhyfedd, marvellous %%rhyfedd,
wonderful %%Er %%V. %%Erfawr, magnificent %%mawr, great %%%% Erwyu, very
white %%gwyn, white %%GOR %%V. %%Gorallu, superior power %%gallu, power %% r.
a. %% Gorbarchu, to over-respect parcbu, to respect Gorddyrcbafu, to
over-exalt dyrchafu, to exalt Gorferwi, to over-boil berwi, to boil
Gorlawn, over-full llawii,/wZ/
Gorllawn, overfull llawii,ywZZ
Gorchuddio, to cover over cuddio, to hide Gorpben, to end i”eui, a Kead” aw.
«tx.”
Gortlirwm, very heavy trwav., Kea\)>j %% 120 %%
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 (delwedd B5632) (tudalen 120)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% r. %% Tra a. Trachas, extreme
hate Traphlith, confused Tratheg, very fair Trabuan, very quick Tradynol,
superhuman Tramor, foreign Trafod, labour Traddodi, to deliver %% V. %% cas,
hate plith, mixed teg, fair buan, quick dynol, human mor, the sea bod, to be
dodi, to put %% 247. The following prefixes imply negation and priva- tion,
like dis, un, in, ir, in English; an and dad being subject to inflection. %%
Am %% An %% A (an) n. Anghall, unwise [§ 96 (5)] Af v. Aflan, unclean
Aflwyddiant, misfortune
Afreolus, irregular n. Ammharch, disgrace
Ammrwd, unboiled n. Annhebyg, unlike
Annyledus, undue V. Anfoesol, immoral
Anfri, disrespect
Anobaith, despair, r. Anllygredig, incorruptible V. Dadbrofi, to disprove
Dadgadwyno, to unchain €. Dattod, to loosen
Dattroi, to pervert V, Diallxi, powerless
Digwmwl, cloudless
Dilwgr, undefled V, Disgloff, not lame
DisliWj colourless %% Dad %% Di %% Dis %% call, wise glan, clean
llwyddisLTit, prosperity rheol, a rule parch, respect brwd, hot tebyg, like
dyledus, due moesol, moral bri, esteem, dignity gobaith, hope Uygredig,
corruptible profi, to prove cadwyno, to chain dodi, to put troi, to turn
gallu, power cwmwl, a cloud Uwgr, corruption cloff, lame WvN, colouT %%
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 (delwedd B5633) (tudalen 121)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 121 %% 248. The following present
no resemblance sufficient to form a classification: — Adj synonymous with the
English prefix re.
V, Adbrynu, to redeem” to buy bach prynu, to buy %% bias, taste cas, hateful
llusgo, to drag rhifo, to count gwerthu, to sell dal, to hold
gwlad, a country man, a place tud, land, a region %% Adflas, insipidity
Adgas, very hateful Adlusgo, to drag back Adrifo, to recount Adwerthu, to
retail e. Attal, to withhold All, other, another.
V, Allwladu, to banish r. Allman, a stranger AUtud, a foreigner Am, about,
like circum in English words.
V, Amgaeru, to fortify caer, a wall Amdo, a shroud to, a covering
Amlifo, to flow about Uifo, to flow Cy, cyd, cyf cym, cyn, cys, cyt, are of
the same force as the English prefix con. Their use is governed by euphony,
like that of com, con, cor, col, in English. [§ 96 (6).] w. Cymhlethu, to
interweave plethu, to wreathe Cynghlwyf, contagion Cyngwasgu, to compress
Cynhebyg, similar v, Cyd-ddwyn, to bear with Cydoddef, to sympathize Cydradd,
of equal degree v, Cyfaeth, connutrition
Cyfwriad, a mutual design Cyflawn, complete Cyfrwng, an interval V.
CymdeithsiS, fellowshi'p %% clwyf, a wound gwasgu, to press tebyg, like dwyn,
to bear goddef, to endure gradd, a degree maeth, nurture bwriad, a purpose
Uawn, full %%
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 (delwedd B5634) (tudalen 122)
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122 A GRAMMAR OF THB
n. Cymmrad, a conspiracy brad, treachery n. Cynnadl, a colloquy dadl, a
debate
Cynnrychiol, present drych, a sight
e. Cyffoden, a concubine bod, to be
Cyttrigo, to dwell together trigo, to dwell Cyssain, consonance sain, sound
Cyn also cymmonly signifies before, and is equivalent to pre and ante in
English words.
V, Cynddydd, daybreak dydd, day
Cynfod, pre-existence bod, existence
Cynwawr, the first dawn gwawr, the dawn r, Cynllaeth, the first milk Uaeth,
milk Cynrheidiol, prerequisite rhaid, necessity Dam signifies about.
V. Damdramwyad, perambu- tramwy, to traverse lation Damgylcbu, to be sur-
cylchu, to encompass
rounding Damlifo, to flow round llifo, to flow Er, before noticed, also
retains the idea conveyed by the preposition er, for, because of, in order
to, as.
V. Ergrydio, to cause to tremble cryd, a quaking Ergryf, productive of
strength cryf, strong Es signifies motion from, like ex in English words. V.
Esgar, separation car, a friend
Esgymmuno, to excom- cymmun, communion municate Oo, rather, partly, in a
slight degree.
V. Goblygu, to bend a little plygn, to bend Gogaled, somewhat hard caled,
hard Golefain, to cry faintly Uefain, to cry a, Gochrjmu, to crouch a little
crymu, to bend Oochrynrif to quake a little ctjtml, to quake %%
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 (delwedd B5635) (tudalen 123)
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WELSH LAKGUAOE. 123
Gwrth indicates opposition, like contra and retro in English.
V, Gwrthddywedyd, to contradict dywedyd, to say Gwrthgilio, to backslide
cilio, to withdraw
Gwrthlif, a counter-current llif , a flood Hy” aptitude, boldness, resembles
the English affix ahle. V, Hybarch, venerable parch, respect
Hyglod, praiseworthy clod, praise
Hylaw, dexterous llaw, a hand
Lied, llet, means partly, almost.
V, Lledfarw, half-dead marw, dead
Lledgloff, somewhat lame cloff, lame Lledryw, degeneracy rhyw, kind
€, Lletty, an inn ty, a house
Llettybio, to half believe tyb, opinion Try, through, sometimes answers to
trans and dia in English.
V. Tryfesur, diameter mesur, a measure
Tryloew, transparent gloew, clear
Tryryw, thoroughbred rhyw, a kind
Tm has a reflective power.
V. Ymblygu, to bend one* a self plygu, to bend Ymladd, to fight lladd, to
kill
Ymraniad, a schism rhanu, to divide
Ts is the prefix of many words of foreign origin; as, in the cognate words,
ysbryd, a spirit ; ysbail, spoil ; ysgol, a school; ysgafell, a scaflFold;
ystSr, a store; ystdd, state.
V. Ysbaid, a space, a ceasing ' paid, cease (thou) Ysran, a dividend rhan, a
part
Yswain, an esquire gwain, a sheath,
r. Ysbrig, a sprig “tc\”> “ “Y”““ %% 124
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 (delwedd B5636) (tudalen 124)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
249. Many words of common use are largely employed as prefixes, retaining
their ordinary meaning. The fol- lowing may be instanced: —
Ail (by transmutation eil), second; ami (contractedly am), numerous ; hlaeriy
a point, the foremost part; hyr, short; cam” crooked, equivalent to mis in
English; cil” a retiring, a flight, a comer; cor, a dwarf, indicating small-
ness; cylch, a circle; gwag, empty, vain; gwan, weak; grbyr, crooked; hir,
long; holly all; hyllj hideous; llwi/r, total; ZZai”, ahand; main, slender;
man, small; mawr, great; mwys, equivocal; pen, head, chief; rhag, before,
lest; un, one. Ail V, Ailddyfod, to come again dyfod, to come
Eilwaith, a second time gwaith, a time
Ami V, Amleiriog, verbose ga-ir, a word
Amryw, various rhyw, some, a kind
Blaen v. Blaendori, to cut the end tori, to cut
Blaenddodiad, a prefixing dodiad, a placing r. Blaenllym, sharp-pointed llym,
sharp
Blaenrhedeg, precurrent rhedeg, to run Byr V.' Byrbwyll, precipitate pwyll,
discretion
r, Byrllysg, a truncheon Uysg, a rod or wand
Cam V, Camddeall, to misunderstand deall, to understand
Camlehau, to misplace He, a place
Cil V. Cilgi, a coward ci, a dog
Cilddant, ajaW'tooth dant, a tooth
Cylch V, Cylchlwybr, an orbit llwybr, a path
Cylchrediad, circulation rhedeg, to run Cor V, Corwalch, a sparrow-hawk
gwalch, a hawk
Corlan, a fold Han, an area
Comant, a rill nant, a brook
Owa” V, Gwagogoniant, vain-glory gogoniant, glory
Gw&gle, empty space “% a place %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %%
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 (delwedd B5637) (tudalen 125)
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125 %% Gwan V. GhYanobeithio, to despair
Gwangoelio, to distrust Gibyr v. Gwyrdroi, to pervert Hir V. Hirgylch, an
ellipse
r. Hirllaes, long and slack Holl V. Hollwybodol, omniscient
HoUfyd, the universe Hyll V. Hyllgryg, frightfully hoarse cryg, hoarse Llwyr
V. Llwyrddarfod, to finish fully darfod, to finish Llaw V, Llawforwyn, a
handmaid morwyn, a maiden
Llawlyfr, a handbook Uyfr, a hook
Main v, Meindwf, of slender growth twf, growth %% gobeithio, to hope coelio,
to trust troi, to turn cylch, a circle lla.es, slack gwybod, to know byd, a
world %% Mdn V. Manblu, dotvn
Manwydd, shrubs
Mawr V. ' Mawrwerth, preciousness
Mwys V, Mwysair, a pun
Pen V, Penfoel, haldheaded Pengam, obstinate Penrydd, selfwilled r. Penci,
the dogfish Penllwyd, greyheaded Pentir, a promontory
JRhag v. Rbagluniaetb, providence Rhagredeg, to run before
Un V, Unben, a monarch Unwedd, uniform r. Unplyg, of one fold, folio %% plu,
feathers gw;”dd, trees, shrubs gwerth, value gair, a word moel, bald cam,
crooked rbydd, free ci, a dog Uwyd” grey tir, land
lluniaetb, a forming rhedeg, to run pen, a head gwedd, aspect, form
piygj <“fold
tro, a turn %% Untro, of one turn 250. The foregoing examples have been
chosen with reference to the effect of the prefixes on the transmutable
consonants. It is scarcely necessary to observe that the prefixes are not
confined to "v”oida 'wyfia. Os”«s”%'“"“Sif3v” initials only. %%
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 (delwedd B5638) (tudalen 126)
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126 %% A GRAMMAR OF THB %% AFFIXES.
251. Many of the affixes have already necessarily come under notice in the
inflections of the different parts of speech. Those which have been so
referred to will not be included in the following list, unless something
remarkable in their character call for farther notice. [§116, 152.]
252. The following are terminations of nouns, generally denoting qualities,
equivalent to ness” ty” tude, ence, ance: — %% Deb Ffyddlondeb, faithfulness
Purdeb, purity Dbr Eangder, amplitude
Cyfiawnder, justice Did Aflendid, uncleanness
Gwendid, weakness Dra Mwyneidd-dra, tenderness
Eondra, boldness DoD Duwdod, divinity
Ufudd-dod, obedience Edd Mawredd, greatness
Dygasedd, hatred I Brynti, filthiness
Caledi, hardship L) Rhyddid, liberty
Inbb Casineb, hatred
Ffolineb,/oZZy Iant Mwyniant, enjoyment
Hoffiant, delight” fondness loNi Brygioni, wickedness
Daioni, goodness Ni Tlysni, prettyness
Taemi, importunity %% ffyddlawn, faithful pur, pure eang, ample cyfiawn, just
afian, unclean gwan, weak mwynaidd, tender eon, bold duw, a god ufudd,
obedient mawr, great dygas, hateful brwnt, filthy caled, hard rhydd, free
cas, hateful ffol, foolish mwyn, kind, gentle hoff, loved, lovely drwg,
wicked da, good tlws, pretty \»!Si “ impoTtuiwoAt %%
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 (delwedd B5639) (tudalen 127)
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WELSH LANGUAOB. %% 127 %% «rYDD %% fD %%
Caredigrwydd, kindness caredig, kind Hysbysrwydd, information hysbys,
manifest %% CH %% leuenctyd, youth Angenoctyd, necessitude Edifeirwch,
repentance Tywyllwch, darkness lechyd, health Seguryd, idleness %% leuanc, young
angen, want edifar, repentant tywyll, dark iach, healthy segur, idle %% 253.
The following denote agency and personality:- %% VDR %% R %% Llywiawdr, a
ruler Pryniawdr, a redeemer Heliwr, a huntsman Blawdiwr, a meal-man Cysgadur,
a sluggard Clywiadur, an auditor Prynwr, a buyer %% Uywio, to rule prynu, to
buy hel, hela, to hunt blawd, meal cwsg, sleep clywed, to hear prynu, to buy
mor, the sea %% Morwr, a sailor
Llaethwraig, a milkwoman Uaetb, milk
Esgorwraig, a midwife esgor, parturition
Tywysydd, a leader tywys, to lead
Efrydydd, a student efryd, study
254. The following are diminutives : — %% RAIO %% >D %% Baban, a babe
Bycban, little Miaren, a little briar Pelen, a little ball Afonig, a rivulet
Morwynig, a little maid Plantos, little children Wynos, lambkins Bachgenyn, a
little boy Muljn, a little mult %% mab, a son bach, little miar, a briar pel,
a ball afon, a river morwyn, a maid plant, children l”n, lambs bachgen., a
6o'\j mnV, a muU %% 128
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 (delwedd B5640) (tudalen 128)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
255. The remainder admit of no classificatioQ.
Ach, the tennination of a few nouns.
Cyfrinach, a secret cyfrin, privy to
Cyfeillach,/7'i€nc?5”rp cyfaill, a friend
Ach is also a plural termination, implying contempt. Dynionach, mean little
men dynion, men Poblach, low people pobl, people
Ad” iady terminations of verbal nouns: they generally answer to the English
present participle.
Cnoad, a biting cnoi, to bite
Amgylchiad, a surrounding amgylchu, to surround
Adwy, a termination of verbal adjectives, denotes capability and liability.
Dealladwy, intelligible deall, to understand
Safadwy, stable sefyll, to stand
Aeg, eg, terminations denoting language.
Cymraeg, Welsh Cymru, Wales
Seisoneg, English Seison, Saxons
Aeth, iaethj similar in power to tion, ion, and ship, in English, are
frequently added to nouns denoting persons. Lluniadaeth, the art of forming
lluniad, a forming Carwriaeth, courtship carwr, a lover
Penaeth, a chief pen, the head
Aid denotes capacity or measure, like/wZ in English. Dyrnaid, a handful dwm,
a fist
Llwyaid, a spoonful Hwy, a spoon
Eb, signifying he says or said, is the termination of a few nouns in which it
retains its primitive idea. Ateb, an answer at, to
Galareb, a mourning song galar, sorrow
Ed, the termination of a few nouns.
UxiMGdi, fatigue Uudd, hindrance
Cuddcdj concealment evsM, a hiding %%
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 (delwedd B5641) (tudalen 129)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 129
Eddy the termination of two feminine ordinal numerals, and their compounds.
[§ 152, note.]
Trydedd, third tri, three
Pedwaredd, fourth pedwar, four
JSll, a termination of names of implements and utensils. Cyllell, a knife
cwU, what separates
Padell, a pan pad, what contains
Es, like ess in English, is a feminine termination.
Arglwyddes, a lady arglwydd, a lord
Etifeddes, an heiress etifedd, an heir
Fa (man, a place) has a primary and secondary meaning. Gwylfa, a watching
place gwyl, a sight, a festival Gwasgfa, pressure gwasgu, to press
Fed, the termination of most of the ordinal numerals. Wythfed, eighth wyth,
eight
Degfed, tenth deg, ten
Fil, mutation of mil, an animal, retains the idea as an affix. Cawrfil, an
elephant cawr, a giant
Trychfil, an insect trychu, to cut into
Le {lie, a place) retains its original meaning.
Trigle, a dwelling-place trig, a fixed state Gwagle, a vacuum S”“Sj ““P”y
Og, the termination of numerous adjectives, is the affix in a few nouns —
names of offices and animals.
Cymylog, cloudy cwmwl, a cloud
Marchog, a knight, a rider march, a horse Braenog, a hedgehog draen, a thorn
Tddy the termination of two masculine ordinal numerals. Trydydd, third tri,
three
Pedwerydd, fourth pedwar, four
Tr, a termination of nouns, names of things.
Cysgiadyr, an opiate cysgvad, a sleepxir”
HeiJyr, a tray \ieW\o, to ser-oe
9 %%
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 (delwedd B5642) (tudalen 130)
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30 A GRAMMAR OF THB
256. The following words give examples of compound affixes. Prefixes are
often united in like manner.
Rheol, a rule rheolaidd, regular rheoleiddio, to regulate
Cyfoeth,i”«aZ<Acyfoethog, rich cyfoethogi, to enrich Lies, benefit llesol,
beneficial Uesoli, to benefit Byw, alive by wiog, lively bywiocau, to give
life to Some idea of the variety of modifications, eflfected by means of prefixes
and affixes, will be fumish”ed by the following list of derivatives from the
same root. The list might easily be extended.
(1) Cudd, a hiding J hid; cudded, concealment; cuddio, to hide; cuddiad, a
hiding; cuddiwr, cuddiedydd, one who conceals; cuddiadwy, concealable;
cuddiedig, hidden; cuddfa, cuddle, a hiding-place; cuddgrug, a hoard.
(2) Achudd, seclusion; anghudd, unhidden; argudd, a covering, a shade;
cynghudd, concealed together; digudd, without concealment; encudd,
concealment; gorchudd, an envelope, a cover; hygudd, east/ to hide,
(3) Ailguddio, to hide again; amguddio, to hide on all sides; dadguddio, to
reveal; darguddio, to be secluding; damguddio, to purloin, to hide a part;
goguddio, to partly hide; gorchuddio, to cover over; Uedguddio, to hide
partly; llwyrguddio, to hide totally; ymguddio, to hide one”s self,
(4) Anhygudd, not easily secreted; diorchudd, without covering, undisguised;
diymgudd, unsecluding; annad- guddiedig, unrevealed,
(5) Cydymguddio, to hide themselves together; dad- ymguddio, to unhide one”s
self; rhagymguddio, to hide on£s self beforehand; ymddadguddio, to reveal
one”s self; ymorchuddio, to cover ones self over; dadymorchuddio,
/(? uncover one”s self, to divest one”s self of that which covers one over.
%%
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 (delwedd B5643) (tudalen 131)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 131
SENTENCES.
257. A SENTENCE is a group of words containing at least one verb in the
indicative or the imperative mood. Sentences are therefore of four kinds:
affirmative, exclamatory, interrogative, and imperative, which may or may not
include a negative in their construction.
258. A clause is a part of a sentence containing a finite verb. It may have
the force of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.
(1) Noun clause: Gwyddent [MAI NEWYNOG OEDDYM NI]," "They knew [that we were hungry].”
(2) Adjective clause: "F neh [a lafurio bi dir] a ddigonir o fara””
" He \ihat tilleth his land"] shall be satisfied with bread."
(3) Adverbial clause: "[Pan fyddo marw dyn dryg- lONUs], fe a ddarfu am
ei ohaith €/," ““[_When a wicked man dieth”, his expectation shall
perish."
259. A phrase is a combination of words expressing one idea. It may have the
force of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are also preposi
tional and con- junctive phrases. [§ 234, 242.]
(1) Noun phrase: ““ffyfrt/d gan ffol [wneuthur drwg]," "It is a
sport to a fool [to do mischief "l”
(2) Adjective phrase: ““Dyn [o wybodaeth bang]," "A man [of extensive
knowledge'].”*
(3) Adverbial phrase: ““Efe a waeddodd [a gwaedd FAWR A CHWERW iawn],"
" He cricd [with a great and exceeding hitter cry"].”“
260. Verbs in the indicative and imperative moods are related to certain
words called their s\\te»““RX»% “cl”Hx-kmsv- tire verba in all moods, and
pteposviioiift” «t”T”“X”*”“ %% 1
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 (delwedd B5644) (tudalen 132)
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32 A ORAMMAR OF THE
words called their objects. The subject and object are generally nouns or
pronouns ; but they may be verbs in the infinitive, phrases, or clauses of
sentences.
(1) The subject of a verb is that which is spoken of in assertions and
interrogations, and that which is spoken to in imperative sentences.
(2) The object of a transitive verb is that which is said to be acted on; and
the object bears a similar relation to a preposition. Intransitive verbs have
no object.
261. Sentences are classed as simple, compound, and complex.
(1) A simple sentence consists of the subject and the predicate, or that
which is said of the subject; as, " Gwawriodd y dydd”"* "The
day dawned."
(2) A compound sentence consists of two or more connected simple sentences;
as, ““ Gwawriodd y dydd, a chanodd y ceiliog,”' '*The day dawned, and the
cock crew."
a. Compound sentences are often contracted to avoid needless repetition; as,
““ Gwywodd y rhosyn a [“givywodd y"] V Ze'Zi," "The rose
[withered] and the lily withered." " Darllenodd [“yr offeiriad yn
dda] a phregethodd yr offeiriad yn dda”“ " The priest read and [the
priest] preached well."
(3) A complex sentence consists of two clauses, one subjoined to (or
interwoven with) the other; as, "Pan bo DYN YN DLAWD, hydd €1 gyfeilUon
yn anaml”“ "When a man is poor, his friends will be few." ““Dywedir
na bu iDDO farw ddoe," "It is said he did not die yesterday."
262. Clauses are classed as principal and dependent, and as co-ordinate and
subordinate.
(1) The principal clause is that to which the dependent clause is subjoined
in a complex sentence: in the last two examples the dependent clauses are
printed in small
CAPITALS. %%
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 (delwedd B5645) (tudalen 133)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 133
(2) Two clauses in tlie same sentence” both being either principal or
dependent, are co-ordinate. A dependent clause (b) is subordinate to its
principal (a); and one dependent clause (c) may be subordinate to another (b)
; as, " (a) Nid wyf yn gwyhod (b) sut y mae yn dygwydd (c) nad yw yr
arian wedi eu talu,”* "I do not know how it happens that the money has
not been paid."
263. Clauses in English are often translated into Welsh by phrases; as,
"Brethren, I would not [that ye should be ignorant] how [that all our
fathers were under the cloud], and [all passed through the sea]," ““Ni
fyntvn [e chwi fod heb wybod"], frodyr, {_fod ein tadau oil dan y
cwmwV], a [V myned oil trwy'r m6r\”“
264. Sentences are reduced by logicians to three simple elements : the
subject, the predicate, and the copula. The grammatical predicate includes
the logical copula and predicate, verbs in general expressing both; as, — %%
Subject.
Man %%Copula.
is %%Predicate.
mortal. %%Subject.
Man %%Predicate.
is mortal %%Time %%is %%passing. %%Time %%passes. %% 265. An ellipsis of the
copula frequently takes place in Welsh ; as, ““ Nid gwaradwydd gwelldu,”“ **
It is no disgrace to amend." An ellipsis of the subject may also occur;
as, "Ac ni hydd d!i claddo hi,”* "And there shall be none to bury
her."
266. In the construction of sentences in Welsh, there are three things which
demand particular attention: the placing or arrangement of the words ; the
agreeing of the words ; and the changing of those words which have mutable
initials. There being no cases in Welsh, a dis- tinction between the
agreement and go”etxoxi'eviJt cil “<2rt” wi)} not be necessary. %%
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 (delwedd B5646) (tudalen 134)
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134 A GRAMMAR OF THB %% THE ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS.
NOUN AND QUALIFYING WORD.
267. The adjective generally follows the noun to which it belongs ; as,
egwyddorion cywir, correct principles ; yr iaith Gymrdg” the Welsh language.
This is the usual situation; but, as in English, the natural order of the
words may generally be inverted; as, o neillduol hwys, of particular weight;
cariadus frodyr” beloved brethren. As important words are generally placed
first in Welsh sen- tences, this inversion gives emphasis to the adjective,
and the initial of the noun makes its vocal mutation.
268. The following adjectives, with some others, are placed before their
nouns: — y or yr” the; heUj old; rhyWy some; cyfryw” such; rhai” some; pa,
what; poh, every, all ; diniy no ; sawl, many ; llawer, numerous ; unigy only
; ychy dig, little; ambell, some; na”7/, either ; ZZaZZ, other.
269. Oil is placed after its noun, and holl before it. They are different
forms of the same word. With a singular noun, the word means the whole, or
every part: with a plural noun, all, or every individual.
270. The cardinal and ordinal numeral adjectives un, one, dau, two, tri,
three, &c., and unfed, first, ail, second, trydydd, third, &c.,
precede their nouns. In compound numbers the phrases run thus : — pedwar
swllt ar ddeg, fourteen shillings; y dinjdedd hennod ar ddeg ar hugain, the
thirty-third chapter ; yr unfed Salm ar ol y ganfed, the hundred and first
Psalm.
271. Nouns and adjectives are often compounded, form- ing words of much force
and elegance. In these com-
pounds the qualifying member is placed first, the initial of the last member
making its 'vocaX Ta».\i«“\A.OTv.. %%
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 (delwedd B5647) (tudalen 135)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 135
(1) When the last member is an adjective, the com- pound also is an
adjective; as, clodwiw, praiseworthy; pwysfawr, heavy.
a. There are, however, many exceptions; as, hindda, fine weather; y
fronfraith, the thrush.
(2) When the last member is a noun, the compound is a noun; as, drygsawr, ill
savour, stench; gwahanglwyf, leprosy ; glaswellt” green grass ; daiargi, a
terrier.
a. Exceptions occur ; as, byrbwyll, hasty.
b. The qualifying word may be an adjectived noun, as in English ; as, morfran
(sea-crow), a cormorant.
272. When two nouns come together, one denoting pos- session, the possessing
noun, being like the adjective a qua- lifying word, occupies the same
relative situation: it is placed after the other; as, aden hwyad, a duck's
wing; pen mochyrij a pig's head. A long series of nouns may be put together,
each denoting possession of what is repre- sented by the noun preceding it;
as, clawr llyfr gwas offeiriad plwyf Sant Pedr, the cover of the book of the
servant of the priest of the parish of Saint Peter. It will here be observed
that the adjective y is omitted in Welsh, although the is expressed several
times in English. In phrases of this kind the last noun only admits of its
use ; it is not admissible at all in the above sentence, ““ Sant Pedr"
being a proper name. ““ Llyfr bachgen'“ means "a boy's book," or
**the book of a boy;" ““ Llyfr y bachgen,”“ " The boy's book,"
or, "the book of the boy." The pos- sessing noun retains its
radical initial.
273. Pronouns of the second class, implying possession, take the same place
as in English; as, ei fab, his son; FY Haw a'M troed, my hand and my foot. [§
154, 160.” The adjective pronoxms mau, my, and tau, >i\i-” , “x<i
““vRfc” after their nouns; but they are very eeVdovxi w%”“« %% 136
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 (delwedd B5648) (tudalen 136)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% THE ADVERB.
274. Adverbs generally occupy the same place in both languages. •
275. Tra” very, precedes the adjective it qualifies, iawn” very, follows it ;
as, dyn tra thew, or, dyn tew iawn, a very fat man.
276. Digon, enough, usually precedes its adjective; as, digon gwir” true
enough.
277. Eithafy extremely, precedes jts adjective; as, eithaf eglur, perfectly
clear.
278. When the usual order is inverted, the initial of the last word is
subject to mutation; as, hamu yn iavm” or, iavm FarnUj to judge rightly; mae
yn wir m>igon, it is true enough. [§225.]
279. The negatives wt, wa, nad” nac, the interrogative a, and the negative
interrogative oni, are placed before verbs; as, "Na fydded cynhen
rhyngof fi a thty** "Let there not be strife between me and thee." "
Nac yrnddir- ied i estron,''“ " Trust not to a stranger." "A
wnaethoch chwi felly ? " " Did you do so ? " or rather, "
Did you so ? " a having no English synonyme. " Oni ddysgant hwy
di?”' " Shall they not teach thee ?"
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 (delwedd B5649) (tudalen 137)
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280. The negative nid, the interrogative a«, and the
negative interrogative particle onid” commence sentences, and may be followed
by nouns, adjectives, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, or verbs in the
infinitive. Each is followed by the word or phrase to which the negation or
interrogation refers ; as, —
Nid peth newydd yw hwn This is not a new thing At peth Dewjdd yw hwn? Is this
a new thing? Onid peth newydd yw liwul Is tsot tK\s a ivcw tKviw”? %% WELSH
LANGUAGE. 137
Nid myfi a'i gwnaeth It was not / that made it
Ai efe a'i gwnaetli ? Was it he that made it ?
Onid chwychwi a'i gwnaetli ? Was it not you that made it? Nid yn ami y gwelir
ef Not often is he seen
Ai yn ami y gwelir ef ? Is it often, that he is seen?
Onid yn ami y gwelir ef ? Is it not often that he is seen? Nid genyf fi y
mae'r llyfr It is not / that have the hook Ai genyf fi y mae'r llyfr? Is it I
that have the hook? Onid genyf fi y mae'r llyfr? Is it not I that have the
hook?
Is it NOT with me that the hook is ? Nid bod yn segur yw paro- Preparing to
workis”o'i heing toi at waith idle
281. Nid and onid precede some tenses of tlie verb hod; but a, not ai, is
used before verbs not in the infini- tive; as, —
Nid oes arian ganddo He has no [not] money Onid oes arian ganddo? Has he not
any money? A oes arian ganddo ? Has he any money ? %% SUBJECT, OBJECT, AND
VERB, OR, SUBJECT, PREDICATE, AND COPULA.
282. The general tendency of the Welsh idiom is to place the verb before its
subject; as, "Cododd y milwyr yn erhyn eu cadhen,”“ " The soldiers
rose against their cap- tain." " Darllenwyd eich llythyr fr
aelodau,''* " Your letter was read to the members." This order may
be transposed; as, " F milwyr a godasant yn erhyn eu cad' heriy* or,
" Yn erhyn eu cadhen y cododd y milwyr. ““ The inversion gives emphasis
and importance to t\va”\«x!v» <5J” the sentence to which precedence i&
gWen. %%
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 (delwedd B5650) (tudalen 138)
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188 A GRAMMAR OF THB
283. In sentences with a transitive verb, when the object is a noun, it is
placed after the subject when the subject follows the verb, and after the
verb when the subject precedes it; as, ““Daliodd yr heliwr ysgyfarnoo fawr”“
or, " Yr heliwr a ddaliodd ysgyfarnog fawr”“ " The huntsman caught
a large hare” ““Canfu y morwr DiR," or, " Y morwr a ganfu
dir," " The sailor descried landJ'* *'“Hyn a achosodd lawenydd mawr
Hw deuluj” or, ““Achosodd HYN lawenydd mawr €w deulu”“ "This gave great
joy to his family." When the initial of the object is mutable, it
assumes its vocal form to indicate the sub- ordinate position the word occupies
in the sentence. The object, however, may commence the sentence, when em-
phasis is laid on it, and then it retains its radical initial; as, "TiR
y canfu y morwr “"“ "It was laind that the sailor saw."
284. The same order is retained in interrogations, ne- gations, and
suppositions, the proper particle being used; as, "A ganfu y morwr
dir?”“ "Did the sailor descry land?" “'Nid y morwr a ganfu
dir”"* "It was not the sailor that descried land." "O5
tir y canfu y morwr ““ " If it was land that the sailor descried."
285. When a sentence begins with joan, when, cyn y, before, er y, though, or
some other conjunctive words or phrases, the verb must precede its noun; as,
"Paw welodd Iacob fod yd yn yr Aipht”“ "When Jacoh saw that there
was com in Egypt."
286. The verbs mae and oes always precede their subject; sydd never does. Yw
or ydyw generally precedes its sub- ject: it always does so when used as an
auxiliary. Oes is not used in positive assertions, excepting unconnectedly In
answering a question. Sentences including these verbs
are subject to the principle alluded. \« «i& \\Axi«v:kR\\i” the %%
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 (delwedd B5651) (tudalen 139)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 139
position of transitive verbs. [§282.] When the pro- position is simply the
enunciation of a fact, the copula takes the precedence. The subject or
predicate is ren- dered prominent and emphatic by being placed at the
commencement of a sentence; as, —
Copula. Subject. Predicate.
Y mae efe yn ddoeth o galon,
Is he wise of heart?
Subject Copula. Predicate.
Gwr doeth sydd nerthol,
A wise man is strong.
Predicate. Copula. Subject.
Mawr yw dy fiFydd,
Great is thy faith.
These important verbs will be further remarked on. [§299.]
287. The pronoun, when it is the subject of a verb, is not expressed, unless
for the sake of emphasis ; as, ““ Gwelais ef” "I saw him." It is
placed immediately after the verb, or before the affirmative adverb a; as,
" Gwelais i g/," or, " Mi aH gwelais”“ "/ saw him."
288. When the pronoun is the object of a verb, its place is either
immediately after the verb or the emphatic pronoun, or before the verb, as in
the foregoing examples. ''“Gwelais ef," or, "ifz a'l gwelais,''“
"I saw Am," is not emphatic; but ““ Mi a'l gwelais ep" would
be an emphatic answer to the question, "“ welsoch chwi ep neu hi?"
** Did you see him or her?”“ " Gwelais i e/*," or " Myfi aH
gwelais" would be an emphatic answer to ““Fwy aH gwelodd ? " "
Who saw him ? "
“ That is, "He is wise oi\iftart.:' %% 140
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 (delwedd B5652) (tudalen 140)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% THE AGREEMENT OF WORDS.
289. Tlie term agreement is generally used in reference to the inflections
distinctive of gender, number, and per- son; but there are other subjects
which may not inaptly be noticed under the same head, and which will
accordingly be introduced here. %% VERB AND SUBJECT.
290. The verb agrees with its subject in number and person, when preceded by
it; as, "Tithau yr un ydwyt, aHh FLYNYDDOEDD ni DDARFYDDANT,"
" Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no endT
(1) The verb is sometimes put in the singular number, after a plural noun;
as, **Z pethau cyntaf a aeth heibtOy”' "The former things are passed
away."
291. When the subject precedes its verb, and consists of two or more singular
nouns joined by the conjunction a or ac, it requires a verb in the plural;
as, "Paul a Silas a aethant yn hy,” "Paul and Silas waxed
bold."
(1) A singular verb, however, is not unusual in such cases; as, ““ Paul a
Silas oedd yn gweddio,”“ "Paul and Silas prayedP
292. Two or more singular nouns joined by the con- junction neu” require a
singular verb; as, "Z gwr neu ex wraig a ddaeth," "The man or
his wife came”“
293. Nouns conveying an idea of plurality, though not
really plural, and capable of taking a plural termination,
have sometimes a plural verb; as, "F borl a waeddas-
“jvt/' ““ The people cried outJ” Pobl makes pobloedd in
tie plural. [§ 112 (2) b,"] %%
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 (delwedd B5653) (tudalen 141)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 141
294. When a relative is the subject of a verb, the number and person of the verb
is to be determined by the number and person of the noun to which the
relative refers; as, "Zdyn yr hwn a welodd y peth”“ "The man who
saw the thing." " Fdynion y rhai a welsant y peth”" *'The men
who saw the thing." "Chwi y rhai ydych yn creduy" ““You who
believe" (literally, are believing). " Nyni y RHAI YDYM
ynfyw”"* " We who are alive." ““Pwy wyt Ti yr hwn wyt yn bamu
gwas un arall?”“ "Who art thou thatjudgest another's servant?"
295. When, however, the subject follows the verb, which as we have seen
frequently happens in Welsh, and which would have been better in some of the
foregoing examples, the case is different. The plural form is then used only
when the subject is a pronoun; as, Daeth y gwr, The man came; Daeth y gwyr,
The mew came; Gwaeddodd y bobl. The people cried out; but with a pronoun —
Daeth efe, He came; Daethant hwy” They came; Gwaeddasant hwy. They cried out;
or with the pronoun understood — Daeth y dynion, a gwaeddasant, The men came,
and [they] cried out.
296. The pronoun, as before stated, is not expressed excepting when emphasis
is required, it being implied or rather included in the termination. Hence it
is only an apparent confusion of numbers that exists in the verbs daeth and
gwaeddasant, in the last example. Daeth, befiig followed by its plural noun
dynion, does not require a pronoun termination, which however is found in the
other verb. The addition of the pronoun hwy would be a repetition,
unnecessary excepting for the sake of emphasis, in which case it might be
inserted in accordance with the idiom of the language; as, Gwaeddasant b.”'““
TKe,-” “'“H. somehodjr else) cried out. %% 142 %%
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 (delwedd B5654) (tudalen 142)
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A ORAMMAR OF THE %% 297. When the subject follows
its verb, and consists of two pronouns or of a pronoun and a noun, the verb
agrees in number and person with the pronoun next to it; as, "Gellwch
chwi a mi fynedj'' ““You and I mat/ go;" " Gellwch chwi a”ch gwraig
fyned,”“ " Tou and your wife may go; " but when the subject is a
noun and a pronoun, the verb is put in the third person singular; as, "
Gall y GWRAGEDD a 711 fyned”"* " The women and we may go."
298. The third person singular of the verb hod, when used as a principal
verb, is put after pronouns of the first and second person; as, "Ti yw “
gwr,”“ ““ Thou art the %% man. %% » %% THE VERBS YW, SYDD, MAE, AND OES,
299. The verb hod, to be, has four forms in the third person of the present
tense : yw, sydd” mae, and oes.
(1) Tw, The verb yw or ydyw generally precedes its subject. Hence it usually
occurs in sentences in which emphasis is placed oo the predicate or copula.
a. When stress is laid on the predicate, the order in the sentence is
predicate, copula, subject, which is always the order in affirmative
sentences formed with yw. %% Predicate. %%Copula. %%Subject. %%Gwyrdd %%yw
%%'r dywarchen, %%Green %%is %%the sod. %%Oer %%yw %%'r clai. %%Cold %%is
%%the clay. %%Pwy %%yw %%hi? %%Who %%is %%she? %%Pa beth %%yw %%haiam ? %%What
%%IS %%iron?” %% “ That is, "What is it tlaat koui&l”“ %%
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 (delwedd B5655) (tudalen 143)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 143 %% Predicate. %%
Copula. %%Subject. %%Nid haiarn %%
yw %%hwn, %%Not iron %%
is %%this} %%Os gwir %%
yw %%'r hanes, %%If true %%
is %%the story} %%Gweision i mi %%yw %%meibion Israel, %%Servants to %%me
%%are %%IsraeVs sons. %% (a) When the predicate precedes the copula, and is a
noun, a pronoun, or an adjective, as in the above cases, yw is the copula
required, y mae being used with other words. Yw is not used in affirmative
sentences in which the predicate is formed by means of the participial yn. We
say, " Yr wyf, yr wyty yr ydym, yr ydych yn dysgu,”“ "I am, thou
art, we are, you are teaching;" but mae and maent, not ydyw, ydynt” are
used in the third person ; as, *” Fmae efe yn dysgu,” "He teaches,"
or, "is teaching."
(5) When the subject and predicate are coextensive in signification, and are
convertible, it becomes doubtful which is the subject ; as, ““Mab henaf y
Frenines yw Ty- wysog Cymn”““ " The Prince of Wales is the Queen's
eldest son." This has led to making the verb yw agree with the foregoing
noun; as, ““ Aherthau Duw ydynt ysbryd drylliedig ;”“ but it is questionable
whether this is not a departure from purity of idiom.
h. The order is sometimes inverted, to give emphasis to the subject; as, —
Subject. Predicate.
Pob anghyfiawnder pechod
All unrighteousness sin
But in this case perhaps the subject may be a pronoun understood after yw.
' " This is not iron." « « li t\ie aVix” \” troL”'' %% Copula.
is. %%
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 (delwedd B5656) (tudalen 144)
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144 %% A GRAMMAR OF THB %% c. When the copula is
emphatic, that is, when the fad is questioned, denied, or supposed, the order
is — %% Copula.
A ydyw Is
Nid yw Not is
Os yw If are %% Subject.
'r gwaith the work
Dafydd David
eich plant %% Predicate.
yn galed? hard?
yma, here}
oddi gartref, %% your children from home} %% {a) In the last example, a
singular verb is used with a plural subject, in accordance with the principle
already explained. [§ 295.] When the subject is a pronoun, the verb agrees
with it; "Os nad wyf fi”'* "If I am not," or, " Os ydynt
hwy oddi gartref ““ " If they are from home."
(2) Sydd or sy is used in sentences in which the stress lies on the subject,
the order being subject, copula, predi- cate, that is, the reverse of the
order usually required when yw is the copula. It is generally equivalent to
"it
is that is;" and it may be used with a subject of any
person of either number. aS'“ is preferable before a con- sonant, and sydd
before a vowel; but the rule is not strictly adhered to.
Subject. Copula.
Myfi [or, nid myfi] sydd / [or, not /] am
Pa beth sydd
What is
Os chwychwi sydd
If you are %% Predicate.
i ddechreu, to begin}
haiam ? iron?* %% yn euog, guilty. %% * " David is not here." »
" If your children are from home." ' ''It IB I that am to
begin." * **\niafc \aU\.Vi».t ia iron?" %%
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 (delwedd B5657) (tudalen 145)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 145 %% (3) Mae, — The verb mae
precedes its subject, and is therefore used in sentences in which stress is
laid on the copula or predicate. It is never immediately connected to
negative, interrogative, or other particles excepting the affirmative y.
Hence it docs not occur in sentences in which the negation, interrogation, or
supposition refers especially to the copula. In these cases yw supplies its
place, while mae supplies the place of yiu in positive affirmations with the
emphasis on the copula. %% Copula.
Mae {or y Is %%Subject.
mae) 'r gwaith the work %%Predicate.
yn galed, hard} %%Predicate. %%Copula. Subject. %%Predicate. %%Pwy
Whom %%mae 'r dyn is Ihe man %%yn geisio ? seeking? %%Os yma If here %%y mae
efe is he %%yn aros, staying} %% a. With an undefined subject, mae sometimes
includes copula and predicate, and answers to the English idiom, ** there
is," "is there?" in which case it bears the same relation to
oes, as in the above instance it does to yw.
Copula and Predicate. Subject.
Mae lie i eistedd lawr.
Inhere is room to sit down,
b. The plural form maent is used only when the pronoun hwy (expressed or
understood) is the subject, the language requiring agreement with a pronoun
only when a verb is followed by its subject [§ 295] ; as, —
Subject. Predicate. Copula.
Ein tadau pa le y maent
Our fathers where are %% Subject.
hwy? %% » "The work ia hard}' 10 %% 2 " If it is Yicxe \\ia\.\ie;
\!& %\.”“vcl”““ %% 146 %%
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 (delwedd B5658) (tudalen 146)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% (4) Oes answers to the English
idiom " there is," " is there ? " and, consequently,
asserts or questions existence only, not the quality of what exists. It
always precedes its subject. Oes includes the logical copula and predicate,
being equivalent to ** exists," or "is in existence." It is
not used in affirmative assertions, excepting uncon- nectedly, as in answers
to questions, the subject been understood ; as, "-4. oes rhyw un yn
glaf? Oes ; nac OES," "Is there anybody ill? There is; there is
not." Its place in affirmative sentences is supplied by mae.
Copula and- Predicate.
A oes Is there %% Nid oes There is not Os nad oes If there is not Onid oes Is
there not %% Subject
He i eistedd lawr ?
room to sit dovm ?
gobaith,
hope.
amser,
tirae”
rhyw un yn galw ?
some one calling ? %% 300. The subject of oes is always indefinite, as in the
above examples, in which the words any, a, or some, may be used in English.
It cannot be a proper name, a per- sonal pronoun, or a noun defined by the
demonstrative adjectives (y, the, hwn, this, &c.), by the adjectives poh,
every, holl, all, or by a possessive pronoun. Mae and sydd admit of such a
subject, and yw of both subject and predicate so defined. %% A oes gof ger
Haw ?
Mae Dafydd y gof oddi gartref
Nid efe i”ydd yn yr efail . Ei fab yu/r djn a welsoch Ai tydi j/w ei fab ef ?
%% Is THERE a smith at hand? David the smith is from
home It is not he is in the smithy The man %ou saw is his son Aict thou Ilia
sou? %%
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 (delwedd B5659) (tudalen 147)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 147
301. In questions, —
(1) Oes and yw may be connected with the adverb a or onid” but sydd and mae
cannot; as, ““ Onid oes driagl yn Gilead?”“ ““Is there no balm in
Gilead?" ““Onid yw ei chwiorydd oil gyda ni?”“ " His sisters, are
they not all with us ? "
(2) The pronoun pwy, who, or the adjective pa, what, with its noun, may form
the subject of sydd” and the predicate of mae or yw, but cannot be either the
subject or the predicate of oes; as, " Pwy yw hivn sydd yn dyfod?”“
" Who is this that cometh?"
302. In relative clauses, when the relative is the sub- ject of the verb, —
(1) Sydd is generally used in affirmative assertions; as, ** F rhai sydd dV
ffyrdd yn geimionj” "Whose ways are crooked." “'•Pwy hynag sydd
annichellgar, troed i meum yma,”“ ““ Whoso is simple, let him turn in
hither."
(2) In negations yw takes its place; as, '•” Felly y mae yr hwn sydd yn
trysori iddo ei hun, ac nid yw gyfoethog tuag at DdAim”“ "So is he that
layeth up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God."
303. When the relative is not the subject, —
(1) Mae is used in positive assertions ; as, " Fr hwn y MAE rhaid attal
ei en d genfa ac d ffrwyn,”* "Whose mouth must be held in with bit and
bridle." " Gwyn ei fyd y dyn y mae ei gadernid ynot”"* "
Blessed is the rrian whose strength is in thee."
(2) Yw and oes are employed in negations, the latter when the subject is
indefinite; as, ““ Barnedigaeth y rhai er ys talm nid yw segur " [or, T
rhai nid yw eu bamedig- aeth yn segur"], "Whose judgement now of a
long time lingereth not." "/V rhai nid oes geti iia(i -”agviAiOTV
" Which neither have storehouse not \ia.TXi.r %% 148 %%
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 (delwedd B5660) (tudalen 148)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% 304. The following passages
afford additional illustra- tion of the use of these important words : — %%
" Llenad oes” jchain,glan yw'T” preseb : ond llawer o gnwd STjdd” yn
dyfod trwy nerth yr ych."
" Y Twae* ffordd sydd * un- iawn yng ngolwg dyn : ond ei diwedd hi yw”
ffyrdd ang- %% en.'
*” Ym mhob llafar y mae* elw: ond o eiriau gwefusau nid oes” dim ond
tlodi."
" Bedd agored yw” en ceg .... gwenwyn aspiaid »y” dan eu gwefiisau : y
rhai y mae'“ eu genau yn llawn melltith a chwerwedd : buan ynj” eutraed
idywallt gwaed; distryw ac aflwydd sydd” yn eu ffyrdd .... nid oes* ofa Duw
ger bron eu llygaid."
* Oes. Order, — copula and predicate, subject; preceded by negative particle
; subject indefinite ; equivalent to "there is."
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 (delwedd B5661) (tudalen 149)
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* Yw, Order,— predicate, copula, subject; subject definite.
' Sydd (sy, before a consonant). Order, — subject, copula, pre- dicate;
subject emphatic. [§299(2).]
* Mae. Order, — copula and predicate, subject; equivalent to " there is
; " assertion of fact prominent. [§ 299 (3).]
* Sydd. Relative clause [§302 (1)]; order, — subject [yr Aon, or included in
the word sydd"], predicate, copula.
“ Yw. Order, — predicate, copula, subject; subject and predi- cate
convertible. [§299 (1), a (6).] “ Jfae. Eeiative clause [“§ 303 (J) 1 \
order, — copula, subject, predicate. %% " Where no oxen are, the crib IS
clean: hut much in- crease is hy the strength of the ox,"
" There is a way which SEEMETH right unto a man, hut the end thereof are
the ways of death,”“
““In all labour there ib
profit : but the talk of the
lips TENDETH Only to penury”
" Their throat is an open sepulchre .... the poison of asps IS under
their lips : tvhose mouth ib full of cursing and bitterness : their feet are
sunft to shed blood : destruc- tion and misery are in their ways .... THERE
IS no fear of God before their eyes” %%
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 (delwedd B5662) (tudalen 150)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 140 %% INFINITIVE MOOD. %% 305.
Verbs in the infinitive mood are very extensively used in Welsh. [§263, 339,
340 (2).] Viewing [them as nouns (masculine), which is their true character,
is the key to a knowledge of their construction. The infini- tive is used, —
(1) Subjectively; as, " Marw sydd elw,”“ ““To die is gain."
(2) Objectively, with a transitive verb ; its initial or that of its
adjective being made vocal; as, ““ Deisi/fodd farw/' " He wished to
die,”' " Gadewch i hlant hy chain ddyfod ataf fiy” " Suffer little
children to come unto me." " Gorphenant T>T>yfal
CHwiLio," " They accomplish diligent search.”“
(3) Objectively, with a preposition, answering to the English participle in
ing; as, wrth fyned heibio, in going by; heb wybod iddo, without his
knowledge [without know- ing to him]. ““ Gan brynu yr amser/' “''Redeeming
the time." ** Cyn medru oV plentyn ymwrthod dV di”wg”““ ** Before the
child shall know to refuse the evil."
(4) With a possessive noun; as, ““ Ceisiasant roddi dwylaw arno”'* "They
sought to lay hands on him" [they sought the laying of hands on him].
Rhoddi, as a noun objective, takes its vocal initial; dwylaw, being posses-
sive, retains its radical.
(5) As a possessive noun; as, "7r ydoedd yn gobeithio cael gweled rhyw
arwydd ganddo,”* " He hoped to have seen some miracle done by him"
[he was in the state of hoping of the having of the seeing of some miracle
done],
(6) As an adjectived noun; the initial consonant, when mutable, becoming
vocal after a feminine noun; as, rhod NYDDU, a spinning-whedi', tryfer
BYSQOTk, «t jliKlu”-”'““'“x”N cylleH FRATHu, a stabbing-kmiQ. %% 150 A
GRAMMAR OP THE
(7) With a possessive pronoun; as, ““Ac wedi iddynt ei FFLANGELLU,"
"And when they had scourged him."
a. When the pronoun refers to the same person as the noun or pronoun
previously used, a passive verb is used in English; as, ““Maent hwy yn tyhied
y cdnt Eu gwrando," " They think they shall be heard \_shall have
their hearingy* ““Am ei fod t”w feio," ** Because he was to be
blamed," %% ADJECTIVE AND NOUN.
306. Adjectives which take a plural termination are written in the plural
form when qualifying plural nouns ; as, gwyr cvyjion, strong men ; coesau
ceiviion, crooked, legs. In doubtful cases, the singular should be used, as
the erroneous use of a singular adjective is not so unpleasant to a
Welshman's ear as the improper addition of a plural termination. " Gwyr
callion,”“ " discreet men," is worse Welsh than ““gwyr cryf”“
" strong men." There being no plurality in the quality, a plural
termination seems not essential in the adjective expressing that quality.
(1) The numeral adjectives are followed by nouns in the singular number,
either expressed or understood : this constitutes one of the peculiarities of
the Welsh language ; as, un llyfr” one book; deg llyfr, ten books; that is,
one book taken ten times. ““ Deg o lyfrauj'* "ten of books," means
“'-deg llyfr o lyfrau,”“ "of books ten books."
a. Occasional exceptions occur, the words being often compounded; as, "
Seithwyr da eu gair”“ ““ Seven men of good report ; " " Tri-wyr o
bob llwyth,”“ ““ Three m”n for each tribe." In this construction the
preposition a has probably been dropped.
(2) Llawer” many, sawl” many, such, and other words implying plurality, are
subject to “e “wcckft xxsXfe. The %%
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  (delwedd B5663) (tudalen 151)
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WELSH LANGUAGB. 151
Welsh for " many times "is " llawer gwatthy" or "
llawer o weithiau ; " for " how many times ? " "pa sawl
gwaith?”“
a. Ehai, some, and amlj numerous, take a plural noun ; as, rhai geiriau, some
words; ““Aml di”gareddau,”“ ** Great [or many] mercies."
h, RhyWj some, and amhell, some, take a singular or a plural noun according
to the sense ; as, rhyw bethy some thing; rhyw bethau, some things; ambell
waith, sometimes.
(3) Nouns used adjectively are treated like common adjectives; as, cant”“ZZ
few yn en, a rushlight. ''“Pedwar ar ddeg o wyn blwyddiaid,'* ““ fourteen
lambs of the first year," is an instance of agreement in the plural
number.
307. Adjectives having inflections to denote gender agree also with their
nouns in that respect ; as, tri cheffyl a thair caseg, three horses and three
mares ; march gwyn a chaseg wen, a white horse and a white mare ; y bachgen
htvriy y ferch hon, this boy, this girl.
(1) Plural feminine nouns do not require adjectives of the feminine gender ;
as, trefydd mawr, or trefydd mawr- ion, large towns.
a. Nefoedd forms an exception to this remark; as, *'“Nefoedd wen,”
"Blessed heavens."
h. The word pobl, people, is anomalous. We say pohl dda, good people ; y bobl
gyffrediriy the common people ; yet we use the masculine numeral dau bobl,
not dwy bobl, two people ; and a further departure from analogy is found in
the vocalizing of the initial in the plural after y, the ; y Bobloedd, not y
vobloedd,
308. The construction in the following examples is worthy of notice; the
adjective agrees with the noun preceding it; as, creadur drwg ei olwg, an
ill-looking creature; meddyginiaeth ragorol ei rKiu'wedd” “ “sxsy”“sisv” of
great efficacy. %% 152
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 (delwedd B5664) (tudalen 152)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% THE ADJECTIVE T OR TR. %% 809.
This important adjective is generally treated as a distinct part of speech.
The impropriety of the distinction becomes obvious when wc consider that in
many languages it is subject to inflections similar to those of other adjec-
tives, and that it has in English just the same meaning, and is used in the
same way as the adjective that, with which it ought undoubtedly to be
classed. [§133 (3) note.]
310. Like the, it is used before common nouns of both numbers : it vocalizes
the initials of feminine nouns of the singular number, excepting those beginning
with II or rh; as, y jyDafad (pi. y Defaid), the sheep ; y lA”eives, the
lioness.
311. It is not used before abstract nouns and proper names; as, purdeh,
purity; meddtvdod, drunkenness; Lloegr, England ; y prophivyd Esaiah, or
Esaiah y prO' phufyd, the prophet Isaiah, or Isaiah the prophet. [§ 112.]
(1) Except such phrases as "2/ ““oses hum,'* "this Moses."
(2) Geographical names also are occasionally excep- tions; as, yr Affrig,
Africa; y Werddon, Ireland; yr Alban, Scotland; yr Eidal, Italy; yr Tspaen,
Spain; yr Amwythig, Shrewsbury; yr Eryri, Snowdon; yr Hafren, the Severn ; y
Mor Coch, the Red Sea.
812. The names of natural and artificial productions are not preceded by it,
unless particularized ; as, Fhcfh sydd drwm, Lead is heavy ; y plwin a
hrynaisy the lead I bought.
313. We say, y ddaiar, the earth; y mor, the sea; yr awyr, the air; yr
wyhren, the sky; also, yr lesu, Jesus ; y nef, heaven ; but vffern, hell.
SI 4. Y is not used before a noun possessed by another 7i/or/». : ;«?. jneihion
Israel” the eohr oi l”T”i.”“. ““I'i.."“ %% y” %%
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 (delwedd B5665) (tudalen 153)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 153
315. F, yvy 'r. (1) Y is used before words having consonant initials ; as, y
flwyddyn” the year ; y hyd” the world ; and sometimes before those beginning
with i or w ; as, y iaithy or yr iaith, the language ; ywla”, the land.
[§66.]
a. When i and w have their pure vowel character, y is not used ; as, “r isaf,
the lowest ; yr ibydd” the goose.
(2) Tr is used before vowels and before the letter h ; as, yr awr, the hour ;
yr wythnos, the week ; yr haul, the sun.
(3) The form V is used between a final vowel and an initial consonant (except
rh) ; and after words ending in a vowel which take a consonant for euphony;
as, "Jt/ac'R dyn yn gweithio y rhwyf i groesi yr afon gydoU” hadwr,”
"The man is plying the oar to cross the river with the boatman."
a. Fmay be used between a vowel and a consonant {mae Y dyn) ; but V is
preferable, [See Queen's Printers' Bibles.]
h. 'JK is permissible between two vowels {croesi”JK afon) ; . but the elision
is unnecessary. [See Oxford Bibles.]
c. Y should not follow a vowel that takes an euphonic consonant: gydag y is
opposed to usage; gyda y is b, solecism, though sometimes seen in print.
316. The adjective “is repeated before nouns following each other, where the
may be omitted in English; as, yr haul, Y lloer, a'R ser, the sun, moon, and
stars; y dydd a'R awr, the day and hour.
317. Such expressions as, "five-pence a hundred," "a shilling
a piece," are rendered in Welsh, ““ pum ceiniog y cantj”* " swllt
yr ww." " Five-pence the hun- dred" is good English. There is
no word in Welsh corresponding to the English a or aw. The Welsh do as well
without this adjective in the singular number as the English do without a
corresponding one in the plural ; as, Y mae dyn yn yr heol, There is [a” iwaw
\\i iVvi, “bVt”v-v. .Y mae cli/nion yn yr heol. There are \\\o\\ m
>Ovi<i vXxvi<i\.» %%
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 (delwedd B5666) (tudalen 154)
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154 ▲ GRAMMAR OF THB %% PRONOUN AND NOUN. %%
318. Pronouns agree in gender, number, and person with the nouns for which
they stand ; as, Prynais geffyl, a gwerthais ef, I bought a horse, and sold
him ; Gwelats GKFFYLAu, o phryuais HWYNT, I saw some horses, and bought them,
(1) A plural pronoun is used instead of a noun of multitude, especially if a
plural verb has been used with the noun ; as, " F bobl a ddaethant yng
nghyd, cHr mil- wyr a'u gwasgarasant”“ " The people came together, and
the soldiers dispersed themJ”
(2) A plural pronoun is also used instead of a singular noun, when that noun
is qualified by a plural adjective; as, ““Prynodd y cigydd ddwy ddafad, a
lladdodd hwtsTj'* " The butcher bought two sheep, and slaughtered
them"
(3) The neuter pronoun it, when used indefinitely, is generally represented
in Welsh by the feminine pronoun ; as, Y mae hi yn bwrw gwlaw, It is raining
; Mae hi yn dywyll, It is dark ; Yr wyf yn credu ei hod yn gwmvrio, I believe
it is dawning ; Y mae hi yn galed iatvn amynt. It is very hard upon them. The
pronoun may be omitted. Sometimes the masculine is used ; as, Fb ddaw yr
amser, The time will come.
(4) As in English, pronouns of the second person plural are in ordinary
conversation substituted for those of the second person singular. In
addressing the Deity, the singular form is adhered to; also occasionally in
solemn language, and in addressing inferiors, in which last case its use is
more frequent than in English.
319. The so-called relative pronouns yr hum, yr hon, y rhai, agree with their
antecedents in number and
g-ender; they have no change indie”itm” “t«.q.tl «t “<“q; %%
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 (delwedd B5667) (tudalen 155)
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WELSH LANGUAGB. 155
*s, y ceffyl yb hwn, the horse which ; y fuwch yr hon, the cow which; y hohl
Y rhai, the people who; y ddwy ddafad y rhai, the two sheep which.
(1) These words often include both the relative and its antecedent ; as,
" Jfaft synwyrol yw yr hwn a gasgl amser haf," " JETe that
gathereth in summer is a wise son."
(2) The relative is frequently omitted; as, " Ymaeffordd sydd uniawn yng
ngolwg dynj'' " There is a way which seemeth right unto a man."
Sometimes both relative and antecedent • are omitted ; as, oddi wrth a
ddywedwyd” from [that which] has been said ; "iW eill famu ni wran-
dawo”“ " [He] cannot judge [who] will not hear."
320. There is a slight approximation to a structural distinction of cases in
the personal pronouns, which is most marked in the third person plural.
(1) The radical forms w«, myfi” ti, tydij fe, efe, hwy, htvynt-hwy are
preserved when the pronoun is prominent, preceding the verb; as, Mi ddysgais,
I taught. [§ 288.]
(2) Fi. di, efj and hwy or hwynt are used after active verbs, of which they
are the object, and after passive verbs of all tenses, in which case also
they are in the objective relation, if these verbs are impersonal; as,
Dysgodd yr athraw fi, The master taught me; Dysgodd [“ef] Di, He taught thee
; Dysgir hwynt. They are taught.
(3) Fi is used after the pronominal final / in verbs and prepositions; as,
Dysgaf fi, I shall teach; Genyf fi, with me. [§336.]
(4) Di is used after verbs in the imperative and those ending in a vowel or
ch, and after words preceded by pronouns of the second class ; as, Cymmer di.
Take thou.
(5) I is used after verbs ending in m or 5, and after words preceded by a
pronoun of the second <iU&”\ “kss.” Adnabum i e/j I knew him ; o”m
plegid \, ot\.xec” “RR.Qivsss”». %%
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 (delwedd B5668) (tudalen 156)
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156 A GRAMMAR OP THE
ADVERBS.
NEGATIVES.
321. The adverb not is translated into Welsh by eight different words ; m,
nid, na, nad, nis, nas, nac, and nag.
Nl AND NiD.
322. iW is used before verbs in the indicative mood beginning with a
consqnant; as, "Ni cheir hi er aur pur,”“ " It cannot be gotten for
pure gold." And before those in the same mood beginning with a vowel,
except- ing the present and imperfect tenses of the verb hod; as, " Ni
ellir pwyso ei gwerth hi o avian J” " Silver shall not be weighed for
the price thereof."
(1) A pronoun of the first or second person may inter- vene between ni and
the verb; as, ““ N”tii dery yr haul y dydd”“ " The sun shall not smite
thee by day." "iWM g”wel mwyach”“ " He shall see me no
more."
323. Nid is used, —
(1) Before those tenses of the verb hod which begin with a vowel; as, "
Nid yw efe yma”“ " He is not here ;" " Nid oedd llef”'* "
There was no voice."
(2) Before some other verbs in the indicative beginning with a vowel ; as,
" Nid ofnaf niwed,”“ " I will fear no evil."
a. But usage is not uniform in this respect; as, " J.r- iveiniaf y
deilliaid ar hyd jfordd nid kdnahuant ; a gwnaf iddynt gerdded ar hyd
llwyhrau ni kdnahuant,*”
(3) Before the infinitive of verbs, and before other parts of speech
beginning with either a vowel or a consonant, the sentence being indicative;
as, Nid rhedeg yr oedd, He was not running; Nid anhehgorol hyn” This is not
essential. %%
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 (delwedd B5669) (tudalen 157)
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WELSH LANGUAaE. 157
Na and Nad.
324. Na and nad, being conjunctive adverbs, equivalent to *” that —
not," might with equal propriety be referred to under the head
Conjunctions.
(1) Na is used instead of ni, and nad instead of nid, when " that "
is expressed or understood in English ; as, er NAD oes, though [“Aaf] there
is not; os nad yw, if [f”af] it is not; fel na alio ddyfod, so that he cannot
come ; o hlegid na allai” because [t”af] he could not ; Pa ham NA wnewch chwi
? Why will you not ? or, What is the reason that you will not ?
(2) These words are also used in sentences expressing desire, in which there
may be no negative in English ; as, " NAD ysgrifenid fy ngeiriau yn awr!
na argreffid hwynt meum llyfrl”' " that my words were now written ! O
that they were printed in a book ! "
(3) The verbs ammheu, to doubt, preceded by a nega- tive, and gwadu, to deny,
are followed by na or nad, when there is no corresponding English negative ;
as, "iWc? wyf yn AMMHEu NA ddaw efe" " I do not doubt that he
will come;" "F Saduceaid, y rhai sydd yn gwadu nad oes adgyfodiad”“
" The Sadducees, which deny that there is any resurrection." [§ 338
(4) ft.]
Ni8 AND Nas.
325. Nib and was are respectively used instead of ni and na before verbs in
the indicative beginning with a consonant; as, "iZ« nis cloddia lladron
trwodd, ac nis lladratant,'* "Where thieves do not break through nor
steal."
(1) These words are most frequently used before g radical, which letter would
be omitted after tva wckdm” v”“ " Nis ““im/” " I know wot." %%
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 (delwedd B5670) (tudalen 158)
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158 ▲ ORAMHAR OF THB
Na, Nac, and Nag.
326. Na and naCy not, are the negatives used before verbs in the imperative
mood.
(1) Na is used before those beginning with a conso- nant; as, " Na
thaw,'' " Keep not silence: " also frequently before those
beginning with a vowel and g in their radical form; as, ** Na attal,"
"Prevent not." " Na tvylwch," " Weep notr " Na
oddef," ** Suffer noU"
(2) Nac is used before verbs in the imperative begin- ning with a vowel ; as,
" Nac edrych ar y gwin pan fyddo goch," " Look nx)t on the
wine when it is red."
(3) Na and nac, being used with verbs in the impe- rative, forbid; while ni
and nid, being used in indicative sentences, deny : " Na thwyller chwu
Ni watwarir Duw," " Be n”t deceived. God is nx)t mocked."
(4) Na and nac are used in negative answers to ques- tions; as, "A oes
genych blant? Nac oes," "Have you children? I have not,"
"-A ddywedodd efe rywbeih? Na ddo," " Did he say anything ?
No." [§ 342.]
(5) Nag occurs in the phrase ruig e, no, or not so: ““Bydded etch ie chtvi yn
ie, a'ch nag e yn nag e," " Let your yea be yea, and your nay,
nay"
(6) The relation of the conjunctions na or 7iaCy nor, and na or nag, than,
will be noticed hereafter. [§ 338 (4).]
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 (delwedd B5671) (tudalen 159)
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327. The interrogative adverbs oni, onid, and onis
are formed from ni, nid, nis, and have the same peculiarities in
interrogations as the latter have in assertions; as, "Oni wyddoch
chwi?" " Know you not?" " Onid oes?" " Is there
not?" " Onid yw efe?" " Is he not?"
328. The repetition of negatives does not always in Welsh, as it does in
English, produce a negation of a negation equivalent to a positive
affirmation ; as, " Nid
o”s NA bar a na chaws ganddo” -vrVnfiYi \fii”\.\i” x”udered %% WELSH
LANGUAOB. 159
into English, " He has neither bread nor cheese," or, " He has
not either bread or cheese." "iZc nid oes na Groeguyr nac luddew”“
" Where there is neither Greek nor Jew." Translating the sentences
word for word wonld completely pervert the sense : " He has not neither
bread nor cheese" would imply that he has one or the other of them. The
following are further examples : "Ni welais MO hono,'" " I did
not see [nothing of] him." " Nid oes NEB yna" " There is
[not'] nobody there." " Nid oedd efe BYTH yn blino" " He
did not ever [never] tire." ““ffeb Dduw, HEB DDiM," " Without
God, without everything [nothingy [§338 (4) ft.]
(1) From these examples an Englishman would be liable to conclude that the
words neb, dim, and br/th are not negatives in such cases, particularly' as
they are often used in a positive sense; as, " F neb a lafurio ei dir a
ddigonir o fara,”“ " Whoso tilleth his land shall be satis- fied with
bread." " Y prophwydi, ydynt hwy yn fyw BYTH?" " The
prophets, do they live for ever?" "J. oes DIM dirgel gyda
thi?" "Is there any secret thing with thee?" There seems,
however, little room for doubt when such sentences are compared with others
in which two negatives are clearly used ; as, Pwy sydd yna ? Neb, Who is
there ? Nobody. Pa bryd deuwch adref? Byth, When will you come home ? Never.
““Am ddim y treuliais fy nerth”“ " I have spent my strength for
novLght," [§ 165.]
(2) The introduction of the negative nid or ni would make the last phrase an
example of two negatives having the same force as in English ; as, " Nid
am ddim y treul- iais fy nerth," ““Not for nothing did I spend my
strength;" or, " Ni threuliais fy nerth am ddim," " I did
not spend my strength for nothing;" that is, ''1 ““ec”'““X*” “'sjo”a
purpose." %% 160
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 (delwedd B5672) (tudalen 160)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
A AND Y (OR YR).
329. The general marks of distinction between these adverbs will be briefly
stated. [§ 230.]
(1) Each occurs in assertions and questions, but neither can be used with a
verb qualified by a negative adverb.
(2) A qualifies verbs in assertions, when the subject or object precedes ;
as, *' Y fellten A holltodd graig”'' " The lightning split a rock;"
** Ysgyfarnog A saethodd efe, nid cwningen,*” " He shot a hare, not a
rabbit ; " and in ques- tions, when not preceded by an adverb or a
conjunctive phrase; as, "A ffoaf?'' '' Shall I flee?"
(3) F is used when the subject and object (if any) follow the verb, and a
part of the sentence precedes it ; as, " Yn ddisymmivth yr holltodd y
fellten graig”'“ " Suddenly the lightning split a rock." "/ ha
le y /oa/?" ** Whither shall I flee ? "
a. It will be observed that when the direct object of the verb precedes the
verb, a is used ; when the indirect object precedes, y is the proper word ;
as, " Clafdy a seiliodd 6/”," ** He founded a hospital." **/
glafdy r cymmei”wyd «/," ** He was taken to a hospital."
(4) “ is not used before the present and imperfect tenses of the verb hod” in
assertions, but it is in questions ; as, '' Yr wyf yn gofyn i chwi” *A ydych
yn gwyhod?”““ " I ask you, * Do you know?' "
(5) Both a and “ may generally be omitted; but a should not be omitted after
the pronoun ni” we, which might be confounded with the adverb 7w', not ; as,
" Ni a awnj” "- We shall go ; " " Ni awn,'' '' We shall 7wt
go."
(G) Pronouns of the second class may be placed between these adverbs and
their verbs; as, ““Efe a'm galwodd'' '' He called me:' %% WBLSH LAKQUAaB. %%
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(delwedd
B5673) (tudalen 161)
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161 %% PREPOSITIONS.
330. Certain verbs and other parts of speech have appropriate prepositions,
the correct application of which requires much care and attention. The
following ex- amples, illustrating the use of prepositions, will perhaps
afford more aid than any attempt at generalization : — %% (1) A or AG.
Adnabyddus [cydnabyddus]
a, acquainted with Cydsynio a, to agree with Cytuno a, to agree vnth Prynu a,
to buy with Unol a, in accordance with,
agreeable to Ymryson a, to contend with Taro a, to strike with Ysgrifenu a,
to write with Llenwi llestr a dwfr, to Jill
a vessel with water Cyferbyn a, opposite to Cymharu a, to compare to Methodd
a, he failed to, he -
could not Mewn perthynas a, in rela-
tion to Pallodd a, he refused to, he
would not Ymbriododd a, he married,
he was married to Cyferbyn a thalu dyled,
towards paying a debt Peidio a, to abstain from, 11 %% (2) AM.
Digon am, sufficient for Dysgwyl am, to wait for Galw am, to call for Gofalu
am, to care for, to
take care of Llawenhaii am, to rejoice for Gobaith am, hope of Edifarhau am,
to repent of Gwybod am, to know of Meddwl am, to think of Son am, to speak of
Chwerthin am ei ben, to
laugh at him Rhyfeddu am, to wonder at Sychedu am, to thirst after Khoi ei
ddillad am dano, to
put his clothes on Botasau am ei draed, boots
on his feet Pendorch am ei ben, a turban
on [or round"] his head Am dymmor, for a season Am ei fod, because he
is,
because of K\% beviv” %% 162 %%
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 (delwedd B5674) (tudalen 162)
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▲ ORAMHIB OF THE %% (3) AR.
Galw ar, to call on, to call Syllu ar, to glance upon, or at Sylwi ar, to
take notice of Acliwyn ar, to complain of Bod yn feistr ar, to be mas- ter of
or over Blino ar, to be weary of Yn berchen ar, possessor of Dwyn ar gof, to
bring to
remembrance Gweddio ar, to pray to Gwrando ar, to listen to Rhoddi ar ddeall,
to give to
understand Ar fyned, ar fedr myned,
about to go Ar unwaith, at once Ar y cyntaf, at first Ar y pryd, at the time
Ar y mor, at sea Edrych ar, to looJc at, or on Haeddu rhywbeth ar fy Haw,
to deserve something at my
hands Scfyll ar ei ddeheulaw, to
stand at his right hand Scfyll ar ei draed, to stand
upon his feet Taflu ar led, ar was gar, to toss about, to scatter abroad Ar
frjB, in haste Ar gjrhoedd, in public %% At lun, in the form of Boddlawn ar,
content with Ennill y maes ar, to gain
the victory over Gosod un ar waith, to set
one to work Ar ei ganfed, a hundredfold Ar fy ol, after me Yn arwain ar i
fyny, going up Yn disgyn ar i waered, go”
ing down, leading dovm Beth sydd amo? what is
the matter with him ? Mae arno eisieu, he wants Mae arno ofn, he is afraid Un
ar ddeg, tri ar ddeg, &c.,
eleven, thirteen, “c.
(4) AT.
Agos at, near [“o], adja*
cent to Anfon ato, to send- to him Ychwanegu at, to add to Casad at, hatred
of, aver*
sion to Cyfeirio at, to aim at, to
allude to, to refer to Saethu at, to shoot at, to
fire on Tuedd at, inclination to or
towards Digon at, enough for \ "Ytmo”“\ «“., lo set al”Qut %%
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 (delwedd B5675) (tudalen 163)
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WELSH LANGUAOB. %% 163 %% (5) ER.
Er clod iddo, to his praise Mae er lies i bawb, it is to
the advantage of all Er cywilydd iddo,”r shame
to him, or to his shame Er mwyn, for the sake of Er ys amser, for a long time
Er amser lorwerth I., since
the time of Edward I. Mis er hyny, a month since
that Er hyny, notwithstanding
that Er gwaethaf ei ymdrech, in
spite of his exertion Er mwyn amddiffyn eu hun-
ain, in order to defend
themselves Er iddo syrthio, though he
should [or did"] fall
(6) ERBYN.
Taro yn erbyn, to strike
against Yn erbyn y gyfraith, against
the law Nid a dewr yn erbyn dan,
the brave will not go [<o
fight~\ against two Troi yn erbyn erlidwyr, to
turn hack on pursuers 'Erhfu h/n, ly this [time'] %% (7) GAN.
Cymmeradwy gan, accept"
able to Clodforir ef gan, he is
praised by Crynu gan ofn, tremble for
[with] fear Dyoddef gan newyn, to
suffer from hunger, or in
consequence of hunger Ceisio, cymmeryd, gofyn,
prynu gan, to seek, take,
ask, buy of Ni cheir gwaith gwr gan
was, a man”s work cannot
be got from a lad Gan hyny, therefore, for
that [cause] Gan ei fod, as he is, since
he is Gan wneuthur o bono byn,
as he has done this Gan iddo dy alw di, since
he has called thee Gan ei falurio yn dda, grind-'
ing it well Y mae genyf, I have Da genyf, I am glad Cas genyf, I hate Drwg
genyf, / am sorry Gwell genyf, / would rather Hofif genyf, dear to m”-”lVwit.
%% 164 %%
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 (delwedd B5676) (tudalen 164)
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A GRAMMAR OF TSB %% (8) GBR.
Trigai ger Aberteifi, he lived
near Cardigan Safodd ger bron, he stood
in the presence of, before
the face of Ger Haw, at hand ; near to
(9) GYDA.
Anfon gyda'r gwas, to send
hy the servant Gyda*u gilydd, hy themselves Gyda'r gair, with the word,
at the word
(10) HKB.
Heb ddiwedd, without end Heb fod yn hen, nx)t being old Bod heb fyned, not
having
gone Heb law, besides
(11) I.
Agored i, open to, exposed to Chwannog i, prone to Awyddus i, zealous of
Gwaith hawdd i bob dyn yw gwrando, it is easy work for any man to listen
Parotoi i'r wasg, to prepare
for the press Troi Vr Gymr&egf to trana- iateinto Welsh %% Llwyddodd i
orphen ei
waith, he managed to finish
his work, he succeeded in
finishing his work Gosod i lawr, to lay dovm Neidio i fyny, to leap up Tu
hwnt i, tu draw i, beyond Tu cefn i, at the back of Bydd i'r gwaith gael ei
gy-
hoeddi, the work tvill be
published Fel y byddo i'r gwynt
chwythu amo, so that the
wind may blow on it Tt dyben o wneuthur, for
the purpose of making Myned heibio i'r ty, to pass
by the house Mae yn bryd iddo ddeffroi,
it is time for him to awake Mae yn well iddo, it is better
for him Mab i, the son of Ty ag un drws iddo, a house
having one door
(12) MEWN.
Cloddio i mewn i, to dig into BwTw [chwythu, dyfod, ed- rych, myned, rhedeg,
taflu, rhuthro] i mewn i, to I throw” blow, come, look, \ go, ruu, ccist”
ru&K \u\o %% WELSH LANGUAOB. %%
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 (delwedd B5677) (tudalen 165)
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165 %% (13) o. Cyhuddo o, to accuse of, to
charge with Difeddiannu o, to dispos- sess of Llenwi ysgubor o yd, to Jill
a barn with com Llunio 0, to form out of Marw o, to die of Llawn o, full of
abounding
iuj replete with Cyfoethog o, rich in Claf o'r parlys, sick of the
palsy Rliyddliau o, to free from,
to acquit of Sicr fod, sure to be, sure
of being Aethant allan o un i un, they
went out one by one Arbedasant ef o barch at ei
rinweddau, they spared
him for \_on account of
out of respect /or] his
virtues Gwell lawer, better by far Gwrido o herwydd, to blush
at, or on account of Gwybod o ran, to know in
part Dynion o Loegr, men from
England Dju Sais, an Englishman %% Gwynt o'r gogledd, a ibind from the north,
Gwynt y
gogledd, the north wind Clywais ddywedyd o bono, I
heard that he had said
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 (delwedd B5678) (tudalen 166)
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Am dyngu o Dduw, becausi
God had sworn achos [o blegid, o her- wydd] hyn, because of
this O ddifrif, in earnest fy mlaen, before me O ran, in part, in respect of
O radd i radd, by degrees O ben bwygilydd, from one
end to the other O'r tu arall, on the other
side, on the contrary O'i amgylcb, round about
him Syrthio oddi ar fw”rdd, to
fall from a table Cilio oddi wrth, to recede
from Ymneillduo oddi wrth, to
separate one”s self from Yn hyn o beth, in this matter Hynod o dda,
remarkably
good, or well Rhyfeddol o drwm, wonder- fully heavy Oddi meyiTL, ojovlKviv.
%% 166 %% ▲ GRAMMAR OF THB %% (14) RHAO.
Achub rhag, to save from Cadw rhag, to keep from Diane rhag, to escape from
Bhybuddio rhag, to warn
against Da rhag dolur pen, good for
the headache Parotoi rhag, to prepare for Ehag cywilydd, for shame Khag ofh y
gelyn, for fear
of the enemy Aeth rhagddo, he went for- ward Ewch rhag eich blaen, go
straight forward Ehag iddo fyned, lest he should go
(15) TROB.
Ateb dros, answer for Talu dros, to pay for” in- stead of Ymladd dros, to
fight for Tros yr afon, over the river Tros ac yn erbyn, for and
against Tros byth, for ever Tros flwyddyn, for a year Bob un drosto ei hun,
every
one over himself Trefnus dros ben, very %% \ %% (16) TRWY.
Aeth trwy'r dwfr, he weffd
through the water Trwy gydol y flwyddyn, all
through the year, all the
year round Trwy'r holl wlad, through- out the whole country Trwy ei gymhorth,
through
[or hy'\ his assistance Trwy law gadam, hy a strong
hand Trwy nerth arfau, hy force
of arms Hyn a wnaed trwy dwyll,
this was don£ by fraud Trwy i un o'r dynion fyned,
in consequence of [or by"]
one of the men going Trwy ddamwain, by chance
(17) TUA or TUAG.
Parotoi tuag at gyhoeddi, to prepare for publishing
Tua*r diwedd, towards the end
Tuag at dalu'r dyled, to- wards paying the debt
Tua'r dwyrain, towards the east
Tuag ergyd careg oddi wrth- ynt, about a stone”s throw /rom theift %%
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 (delwedd B5679) (tudalen 167)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 167 %% (18) WRTH.
Dywedyd wrth, to say to Glynu wrth, to adhere to Sefyll wrth y drws, to stand
at the door Taro wrth, to knock at, or
against Tosturio wrth, to pity Tosturiwyd* wrthyf, / was
pitied Trugarhawyd* wrthyf, mercy
was shown to .me Nid oes achos wrth, there is
no occasion for, there is
no need of Blino with, to weary with Rhwymo wrth, to hind to Blinais “j “““
wrth ddar-
Uen, I wearied myself with
[or %] reading Dig wrth, angry with Wrth ei ochr, by [or at"] his
side Wrth y gorchwyl, in the act,
at the work Wrth ei draed, at his feet Wrth orchymyn ei feistr, at
\hy'] his master” s command Wrth ei fodd, at his pleasure Wrtho ei hunan, by
himself %% Wrth ei adrodd, in repeating it
Wrth fyned heibio, in pars- ing by, by the way
Wrth reol, according to ruU
(19) YN.
Galw yn ei dy, to call at his
house Llawenychu yn, to rejoice in Ymaflyd yn, to lay hold of,
to seize on Hyddysg yn, learned in Yn y diwedd, at last Yn y man, on the spot
Yng Nghymru, in Wales YngNghaerfyrddin, at Car-
marthen Yng nghylch y pryd hyny,
about that time Ym mhell, at a distance Ym mlaen Haw, before hand Ym mhen
awr, in an hour's
time Yn y gwrthwyneb, on ths
contrary Ac felly yn y blaen, and so
on Beth sydd ynddo? what is
in it %% * The impersonal use of the passive is not unfrecyi«iit\ wk”"
Yt”- weiir a hwynt," " They shall be YisiteA" %% 16S %%
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 (delwedd B5680) (tudalen 168)
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A GRAMMAR OF THB %% 331. A preposition may be
required in one language when not necessary in the other ; as, %% Agos at, i,
near [to] Ateb i, to answer [“o] Dechreu ar waith, to begin
work Deisyf ar, to beseech” to ash Dwyn i ben, to complete Gadael, gwneyd
iddo fyned,
let,, make him go Gorfn arnom, we have, been
obliged Hysbysu i, to inform Madden i, to forgive 0*r goreu, very well
Ymadael a, to leave Ymweled a, to visit %% Caniatau, to grant, to admit
of Cyn, before, antecedent to
Cynnwys, to contain, to con-- sist of
Cyrhaeddyd, to reach, to at- tain to
Delwau aur, idols of gold
Derbyn, to accept, to accept
of Gwerthu, to dispose of Trigolion Cymru, the inhabi- tants of Wales Yn
haeddu, deserving of Yn ofni, apprehensive of %% 332. The following
distinctions are worthy of notice: —
(1) “, with, points to the instrument; gyda, with, together with, implies
association. Words formed with prefixes cy, cyd, &c., including the idea
of association, and those formed with ym, implying mutuality, are generally
followed by.”; as, cymharu d, to compare to or with, ymryson d, to contend
with.
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 (delwedd B5681) (tudalen 169)
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(2) Gan, by, implies agency, and is much used with
passive verbs; as, ““ Lladdwyd hi ganddo d chleddyf,”* "She was killed
by him with a sword." Wrth and ger Haw, by, indicate situation,
proximity.
(3) Cyn, before, refers to time ; ger bron, before, refers to place.
(4) Gwedi, after, denotes time; ar ol, after, refers to either time or place.
%% WELSH LAKaUAGB. 169
(5) At, signifies approach, *, entrance; both imply motion.
{“) and oddi wrth bear the same relation to each other as i and at ; o
implies motion out of, and oddi wrth motion from,
(7) Yrij in, is used in a more determinate sense than mewriy in ; and hence
it occurs before the definite adjective i/j the, before proper names, and
nouns otherwise particu- larized ; as, Yn y di”ef in the town ; mewjj tref in
a town. Daeth YN YR awr hono, he came in that hour ; daeth mewn awr, he came
in an hour, he was an hour in coming. Yn Lloegr, in England ; mewn gwlad, in
a country. Yn eglwys Sant Fedr, in Saint Peter's church ; mewn eglwys hardd;
in a handsome church. Ym mhob oes, in every age; mewn oes, in an age. Mewn
hywyd, in life; yn angeu, in death; angm having as it were a personal
signification, marwolaeth being the word for death in the abstract, or
decease. [§ 230 (2).]
a. Yn takes pronominal terminations, which mewn does not. [§235.]
333. Such phrases as yng nghylch, about, yng nghanol, in the midst of, ym
mhlith, among, ger bran, before, ar ol, after, o flaen, before, er mwyn, for
the sake of, are not pro- perly called prepositions: they are composed of
prepositions and nouns, and the nouns that follow them are not objective as
in the English translation, but possessive ; and hence, when the word
following them begins with a mutable consonant it retains its radical form;
as, ar ol ciniaw, after dinner; ym mhlith Dynion, among men. [§ 234, 272.]
a. Possessive pronouns are placed between the pre- position and the noun in
these phrases; as, ar ei ol, 'after him, or literally, on his track ; yn eu
ylith” ““ss”ss”iss” them ; yn eu canal, in their midst. %%
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 (delwedd B5682) (tudalen 170)
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170 A GRAMMAR OF THB
334. In English, to is the sign of the infinitire mood, and sometimes it
denotes intention.
(1) When to implies intention or purpose, like in order to in English, it is
translated by e, and may be by fel or er mwyn ; as, ““ Denais fth weledj
deuais fel t/”th welivn, deuais er mwyn dy wehd”“ " I came to see
thee." " Parod I faddeu”“ **Keady to forgive."
(2) The preposition i is used when the infinitive is preceded by an
intransitive verb ; as, ““Esau a redodd I'w gyfarfod”'' *' Esau ran to meet
him ; " by a finite verb with an objective, which is represented in
Welsh by a pronoun of the second class; as, "Piry cUch rhag-ryhuddiodd i
j”oi?" "Who hath warned you to flee?" or by another infinitive
following a pronoun of the second class ; as, " Yr ydivyf yn dy ryhuddio
i gadw gorchymmyn y hrenin”“ " I counsel thee to keep the king's
commandment."
(3) When to is simply the sign of the infinitive, it has no word to answer it
in Welsh ; as, ““Ofnodd ddychwelyd,** **He feared to return;" ““
Beichiau anhawdd eu dwyn”“ *' Burdens grievous to be borne;" ** F dyn
hwn a dde- chretiodd adeiladu,”“ "This man began to build."
(4) The preposition i is not used when the infinitive is the subject of a
verb; as, ““ Haws yw dringo na disgyn”“ " To climb is easier than to
descend ; " or when the infini- tive is governed by a finite verb or by
another preposition; as, “'Ilaeddodd gael ei ganmol,”' "He deserved to
be praised ; " " Wedi Cr rhaglaw ddarllen y llytliyr”“ " When
the governor had read the letter." Translating the above ex- amples
literally, by means of the participle in ing, will show that a preposition is
not required when i is not used; as, "He dreaded returning," "
Climbing is easier than descend-
ingj”“ **He deserved the having of his praising," "After to the
governor [happened"] tlie lea”ii” ol >i3ii”\eiU”T," %%
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 (delwedd B5683) (tudalen 171)
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WELSH LANOUAQB. 171
335. Pronominal prepositions are nsed when the noun is not expressed. They
agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person; as, ““ Mi a
anfonais am y hacligen, ac efe a ddaeth ataf," " I sent for the
boy, and he came to me J* ““ Dros hwy yr ydych chwi yn ymbil? DROSOCH eich
hunain neu dros eich merch ? Drosti hi." " For whom do you plead ?
for yourself or for your daughter? For her r [§235.]
(1) The principle noticed with respect to the agree- ment of pronouns with
nouns of multitude, or with singu- lar nouns belonging to plural adjectives,
applies also to pronominal prepositions. [§318.]
336. The reader will have observed an analogy between prepositions and verbs.
The preposition retains its simple form before nouns of either number, and
the verb, when before its noun, is in the third person singular, which in the
first future generally consists of the root alone. They take pronominal
terminations, and emphatic pronouns in similar circumstances. But the
preposition has a change in the third person singular, to show the gender,
which the verb has not. Examples follow : —
Gall y dyn, the man can At y dyn, to the man
Gall y dynion, the men can At y dynion, to the men
Gallaf [“or” gallaf fi], / can Ataf \_or, ataf fi], to me
Gall [o7*, gall efe], he can Ato \”or, ato ef ], to him
Gall [or, gall hi], she can Ati \_or” ati hi], to her
(1) The preposition i, to, when it takes a pronominal termination, does not
admit of the repetition of the pronoun, except in the third person. Emphasis
is given by writing the words separately i mi, to me, &c., which alters
the position of the accent. In tk” t\ivt”“<K”“““*”“ emphatic pronoun may
be added*, «&, iddo ef , X”““'“K”ssi” %%
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 (delwedd B5684) (tudalen 172)
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172 A GRAMMAR OF THB
CONJUNCTIONS.
337. Conjunctions are sometimes used in connection with each other.
Cyn (can) — as a or ag — as
Er — though eto — yet
Fel — as felly — so
Felly — so fel — that
Mor — as a or ag — as
Mor — so fel — that
Na or nac — neither na or nac — nor
Naill ai — either ai, ai ynte, neu, neu ynte — or
Pa un ai — whether ai, ai ynte — or
Pe — though eto — “y”i
"Cyn (can) wyned aV “zVa/' ““ As white as snow." " Er t chwi
wneuthur hyn” eto mi a ymddialaf arnoch"
" Though you have done this, yet will I be revenged on you."
"Fel y hyddo y gwr, felly y bydd ei rym" "As the
man is, so is his strength."
"J. llefaru felly fel y credodd lluaws,'“ "And so
speaking, that many believed." \_Felly might be omitted.] "Mor gryf
A chwi" " J.s strong as you." ““MaeW hanes mor rhyfedd” fel
was gallaf ei chredUy"
" The story is so strange, that I cannot believe it." "Na
7nivy na //ae," “'Neither more wor less." "Nac aur nac
arian,”“ “''Neither gold nor silver." " Naill ai hwn ai Ait”wa [ai
ynte hvmay or neu ynte
Awma]," " J”Jz”““r this or that."
" Pa UN hynag yr ydym ai marw ai 5”u;," " Whether we
live or die." '“Fe lladdaiefefiy etc mi a oheithiaf ynddoy'“ ““Thoughh”
slay me, yet will I trust in "him" \_Eto im”\.\i” “\£a«u”\ %%
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 (delwedd B5685) (tudalen 173)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 173
338. A few words of this class are the canse of occa- sional perplexity on
account of their resemblance to other words with which they are liable to be
confounded. The following examples may not be useless to the reader : —
(1) A or ac, and, a conjunction; as, " Y gwynt aV gwlaWj”“ "The
wind and rain." ““ Fell ac agos,''' "Far and near."
A or ag, as, a conjunction ; as, " Ci/n wyned aV eira”'* "As white
as [the] snow." " Cystal AG yntan”'* "As good as he."
" Cynnifer ag a't derhyniasant e/"," "As many as received
him." " Y cwmmwl du ag* sydd yn crogi uwch hen ein gwlad,”“
"The black cloud that hangs over our land."
A {d) or ag” with, a preposition ; as, " Lladd aV cleddyf”'* " Kill
with the sword ; " " Ymladd ag arfhUj* " Fight with
weapons."
A (no English synonyme), an adverb; as, "J5J/e a ddaeth;' "He
came." "A ddaeth efe?" "Did become?" literally,
" Came he ? " [§ 230 (1).]
A (<X), will go, future tense of the verb myned; as, " J5J/e a
A," " He will gor
a. These words, when followed by 't, 'w, V, elided forms of ce, ym, yr, must
be distinguished from the pre- positions am, ar, and the adverb at.
(2) Cyn and mor are synonymous; but cyn requires an adjective in the equal
degree, and mor one in the positive ; as, "Cyn drymed a phlwm,”* or
"Mor di”wm a phlwm,** "J.S heavy as lead."
* The use of ay as a relative [§ 163 (3)] has its counterpart in English in
the speech of the illiterate, who might plead Shake- spearean English in
justification:
" I have not from your eyes that gentleness, And show of love, as I waa
'woii\i tA”Vw?”“"* %%
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 (delwedd B5686) (tudalen 174)
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174 A GRAMMAR OF THB
(3) Mat, that, a conjunction ; as, " Tehi/g yw mai e/% ywW awdwr”'' *'It
is probable that he is the author."
Mae, is, a verb of the third person singular, present tense; as, "Mae
efeyn awdwr" "He is an author."
a, Mae may be preceded by y adverbial; but mai will not admit of y before it.
h. Taw may be substituted for mai, bujb not for mae,
c. The distinction between mai and mae appears to have been an unnecessary
refinement. The words were probably one and the same. Translating the example
given, "It is probable it is he is the author," does not make any
difference in its meaning.
(4) Na or nac, neither or nor, a conjunction; as, "i\r» ymddangosodd na
haul na ser,”“ ““ Neither sun nor stars appeared."
Na, nac, nag not, an adverb ; as, " Nag arbedwch,** " Sparc
woi." [§326.]
Na or nag, than, a conjunction ; as, " Gwell aderyn mewn Haw na dau mewn
llwyn,** "One bird in hand is better than two in a bush."
a. Na or nag, than, sometimes written no or nog, follows adjectives in the
comparative degree; and a or ag, as, is the correlative of adjectives in the
degree denoting equality; as, "Gwell dysg na golud,”“ "Learning is
better than wealth;" "Cymmaint ag sy ganddo.'' As much as he
has."
b. The words na, nac, and nag, in all senses, are probably diversions of the
same word, there being in all phrases in which they occur something of a
negative idea. Na, when translated into English by the word "that"
clearly implies a negation. In " “ad ysgrifenid fy ngeiriau!”“ " O
thatmy words were written I " [§ 324(2),] it is taken for
granted that the words are wot -wiitten.. Na”““xL”“x”“i” %%
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 (delwedd B5687) (tudalen 175)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 175
eater difficulty: '“ Mae A yn fwy na 5," "A is r than B," is
equivalent to " Nid yw B mor fawr ag B is not so great as A." ' The
identity of a or ac, or ag” in their different acceptations, is scarcely less
is; while the affinity between these negative and ative particles is so close
as to suggest that both 8, like neither, nor, and either, or, have the same ;
as, cystal A or ag, as good as, gwell na or nag, than [not-as] ; yn ogyfuwch
d or ag, equal with, or NAG, lower than, inferior to [“not-with"]. So, a
or d, na or nac, nor [“not-and”*
Euphony regulates the choice of words like a and I, nag, and nac; those with
vowel terminations being I before words with consonant initials, and those
consonant terminations before words with vowel Is. The letters /, h, m, n,
present occasional excep- ; as, cystal mass ag is.€wn, as well out as in. So,
el, nac heb, ac nid, “c.
e French language presents an analogy in support of this
y a des auteurs qui 6crivent mieux quails ne parlent, mae awdwyr a
ysgrifenant yn well nag y Uefarant, here are authors who write better than
they i”)eak.
deviations from the English idiom [§ 324 (2, 3)] are also on to French and
Welsh: —
Je ne doute pas qu'il ne vienne, Nid wyf yn ammheu na ddaw efe, I do not
doubt that he will come.
" Ici il n'y a ni Grec ni Juif ,"
" Lie nid oes na Groegvn: nac luddew,"
"Where there is neither Greek nor Jew."
"Ohl que «'ai-je les ailes de la colombe!" " O na bai i mi
adenydd teV (ioVomwiX'" "O that I had wings like a dove\'“ 12 %%
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 (delwedd B5688) (tudalen 176)
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ITC. A liHAMMAU OF THK
389. What is termed the case absolute, is expressed in Welsh by means of the
conjunction a; as, "A hu, a HWY YN YMDEiTHio, ddyfod liouo i vyw drefj'*
" Now it came to pass, as they went [literally, and they journey ing\
that lie entered into a certain village." **” hi eto yn dyivyll" ''
Wliile it was yet dark" [and it yet dark=it being yet dark]. The Greek
““a-ytoTlotg eri o5(n)$," " dark- ness yet being," is an
example of the genitive absolute.
(1) Past time is expressed by the preposition gwedij after ; future time, by
ar or ar fedr” on or about to ; and negation, by heh” without; as, '''•Y dydd
cyntaf oV wyth- nos y daethant at y bedd, a'r haul wedi codi," "
The first day of the week they came unto the sepulchre, at the rising of the
sun”“ \_and the sun after rising=the sun having risen"], "A hwy eto
heb gredu gan lawenydd, ac yn RHYFEDDU, efe a ddywedodd wrthynt”'* "And
while they yet believed not for joy and wondered \jmd they yet not
believing"], he said unto them."
(2) The old English dative absolute, exemplified in the often-quoted passage
in Milton, ““Him destroyed .... all this will soon follow," is
translated in the Welsh versions, "“ gwedi ei ddyfetha”'' or, "J.c
wedi gwneyd ei ddistrywJ”
340. There should be a correspondence between words united by a conjunction.
'* Car dy gymmydog, ac na wnewch gam ag ef" should be, " Cerwch
eich cymmydog” ac na wnewch gam ag €/*," or, ** Car dy gymmydog, ac na
WNA gam ag ef” ** Love your [thy] neighbour, and do not wrong him."
(1) An exception to this rule occurs when a verb pre- cedes a plural subject,
and another verb follows; as, ''' Daeth Hew ac arth, ac a gymmerasant oen o”r
praidd”“ '• There came a lion and a bear, and toolc a lamb out of the flock:'
/;§i”95.] %%
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 (delwedd B5689) (tudalen 177)
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>VKLSH LANGUAGE. 177
(2) After a conjunction also, a verb in the indicative may be coupled with a
verb in the infinitive ; as, ““A phan DDAETH efe a nesau at y ty”“ "And
as he came and drew nigh to the house." " Pa un a ddaw efe at
peidio," '* Whether he will come or notJ” '-”Hyd oni orchfygodd y llewod
hwynt, a dryllio eu holl esgyrn,”' *'And the lions had the masterv of them,
and brake all their bones in pieces.'* " Edrychais hyd oni thynwyd ei adenydd,
d!i GYFODi oddi wrth y ddaiar”" " I beheld till the wings thereof
were plucked” and it was lifted up from the earth." ““Nad YMADAWENT
lervjsalem, eithr dysgwyl «7/i addewid y Tad”"* " That they shmdd
not depart from Jerusalem, but wait for the promise of the Father."
a. The infinitive in this connection may be governed by a noun or pronoun
possessive ; as, "“ avm ni a phrynu gwerth deucan ceiniog o fara, aV
roddi iddynt i fwyta?”“ ““ Shall we go and buy two hundred pennyworth of
bread, and give them to eat?" ““ A phan we la is i Daniel y weledigaeth,
a cheisio o honof y dealt" "And when I Daniel had seen the vision,
and sought for the meaning."
b. The Welsh finite verb consists of the abstract idea expressed by the
verbal noun and the real verbal or asser- tive element; that is, it is
equivalent to the English infinitive or participle and its auxiliary : the
use of the Welsh infinitive alone and not under government is there- fore
analogous to the omission of the English auxiliary in such clauses as, "
I shall call and [shall] see you," "I have called and [have] seen
him." " Came " being equivalent to " did-come," the
expression " came and drew nigh" is equivalent to " did come
and [did] draw nigh," which, omitting " did" before the second
infinitive, is a literal ren- dering of the Welsh, " daeth a
nes&u," "A cfimxo o K”tvo” mav be explained as " and
8eek\i\g\)y TxvOi \\v”“\v«“'V”““““' %%%%
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 (delwedd B5690) (tudalen 178)
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I7i” A GRAiMMAR OF THE
341. The imperfect, pluperfect, and second fatnre tenses of verbs, as before
remarked, are used with an optative, potential, or subjunctive signification.
[§ 180.] They are sometimes conjugated as separate moods ; but they seem to
be the same part of the verb used in various senses. These tenses are used
after the conjunction pe or ped” if; and, when the verb expresses a purpose,
a consequence, or con- tingency, after other conjunctive words or phrases,
the conjunction that being expressed or understood in English.
(1) Pe, " Pe CYMMERWN ddenydd y wawr” a phe trigwn yn eithafoedd y mor,
yno hefyd y”m tywysai dy law, ac jfm DALiAi dy ddehmlaw”“ **If I take the
wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there
sihall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall hold me."
a. It will be observed the verb has the same form in the principal and the
dependent clause of the sentence. This, however, is not invariably the case;
as, ““Pe gorpyddai t mi farw gyda thi, nCth wadaf ddim”'* " Though I
should die with thee, yet ivill I not deny thee."
b. The conjunction if is used in two senses : first, to express doubt ; as,
t/ he is, implying that he may or may not be ; if he was, implying that he
may or may not have been : secondly, to express a supposed case ; as, if he
were, implying that he is not ; if he had been, implying that hQwas not. In
the former case, os is used in Welsh, and pe in the latter. Though has also
two senses : though he is J asserting that he is ; though he were, implying
that he is not. In the former case er is used, in the latter pe.
(2) Cyn, before. " Cyn eu gopynom," " Before we ask
them."
(3) Er, however. ““Er cyfarwydded pyddo y sioymor,'* "Charm he never so
wisely" [However skilful the ohar*
mer might de]. %%
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 (delwedd B5691) (tudalen 179)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 17I»
a. An English conjunction is often translated into Welsh by means of a
preposition ; as, er iddo ddyfod” though he should come; rhag dyfod o hono,
lest he should come. [§263.]
(4) Fel” so. ““Fel y dywedo dyn” Diau fod ffrwyth iW cyjlawn”'* " So
that a man shall say” Verily there is a re- ward for the righteous."
““Fel na phwysem ar un o honoch,''“ " Because we would not [so that we
might not] be chargeable unto any of you."
(5) Hyd oni, until. " Hyd oni ymwelwyp fi ag 6/," " Until I
visit him."
(6) Nes, till, until. ““Nes tywynoV ser uwch ben,'“ **Till the stars shine
overhead."“
(7) Party when. ** Y cyfiavm a lawenycha pan wblo ddialy” "The righteous
shall rejoice when he seeth the vengeance."
(8) Tra, while. " Canaf €r Arglwydd tra fyddwyf fyw; canaf Cm Duw tra
fyddwyf," " I will sing unto the
Lord as long as I live ; I will sing praises to my God while I have my being
J*”
(9) With a, y, or na, ““Arwain fi i graig a fyddo uwch na miy” " Lead me
to the rock that is higher than I." ** Par i mi loybod y ffordd y
rhodiwyf," " Cause me to know the way in which I should walk J' **
Tr wyf yn atolwg i ti ndm poenech," **I beseech thee [that thou] torment
me not." ““0 na chuddit fi yn y bedd ! " " O that thou
wouldest hide me in the grave ! " "A chan na ell id ei berswadioy”
"And when he would not be persuaded."
' The translators of the Scriptures seem to prefer hyd oni with finite verbs,
and net with verbs in the infinitive; as, ““Na ar- chwdetkem ddim hyd ONI
LADDEM Paul”“ '' We will ea.t \”Qk”k&s\si” until we have kiUed
Paul." " Nkb iddynt 1”T>T> Paul” "'"““ '“'“'J” had
killed P&nl" *'“JS&ei LADD e/," "T\\\V>a«“
Vw”“VSJ”e”““““" %%
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 (delwedd B5692) (tudalen 180)
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1”0 ▲ GRAMMAR OF THE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
342. Questions are of two kinds : those which require in the answer a simple
affirmation or denial, and those which require that something should be named
in reply : the former are framed by means of the adverbs a, ae, oni, or onis,
or onid ;” the latter by means of the adjective joa, what, or the pronoun
pwy” who, whose, whom.
(1) “ and oni” or oms, are used before verbs.
a. When the verb is in the perfect tense, the answer is made by do or na ddo,
or by repeating the verb ; as, “ welsoch chvn ef? Did you see him ? Oni
welsoch cJiwi ef? Did you not see him ? Do, Yes ; Na ddo, No : or, (hoelaia
ef, I saw him ; Ni welais ef, I did not see him : or. Do, mi cHi gwelais,
Yes, I saw him, A welioyd ef? Was he seen ? Do, Yes ; Na ddo, No : or,
Gwelwyd ef. He was seen ; Nis gwelwyd ef. He was not seen. [§ 229.]
h. When the verb is in any other tense, the answer is made —
{a) By repeating the verb ; as, A ydych chwi yn ei weled? Do you see him ?
Ydwyf I do : Nac ydwyf No, I do not. A welir ef? Is he seen ? Gwelir, He is
[seen] : Nis gwelir. He is not [seen]. A oeddych chwi yno? Were you there ?
Oeddwn, I was : Nac oeddwn, I was not. Onis gwnelsit? Wouldst thou not have
done it? Gwnelwn, I would [have done it]. A fyddai y peth hyn ? Might such a
thing [this thing] be ? Byddai, It might be : Ni fyddai. It might not be.
{h) By means of a corresponding tense of the verb gwneuthur, to do; as, J.
ewch chwi? Will you go? Af, I will go ; or, Gtvnaf, I will : Na wnaf I will
not. A ddysgir ef? Will he be taught ? Dyagir, or Chvneir, He will.
' Ai nid is soraetimeB, \)\xt T«te\7, \xa”. %%
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 (delwedd B5693) (tudalen 181)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 181
c. Onid is used for oni in the above cases before those tenses of the verb
hod which begin with a vowel, and sometimes before other verbs with a vowel
initial.
(2) When the question is formed by the adverb ai or onid (except as in the
last paragraph), the answer is made by 'ie” yes, or nag e, no, either alone
or followed by the word on which emphasis lies ; as, Ai hum yw'r llyfr ? Is
this the book ? le” Yes, or le, hwn, Yes, this : I”ag e, No ; Nag €, hwnaj
No, that. Ai llyfr yw hwn? Is this a book ? le” Hyfr, Yes, a book : Nag e
(rhywbeth arall), No (something else). Ai Cm dysgu y daethoch ? Was it to
teach me that you came ? le, Yes ; le, rth ddysgu, Yes, to teach you : Nag c.
No ; Nag e, i gael fy nysgu. No, to be taught.
(3) Pa is always followed by a noun ; as, pa heth, what thing (or what
absolutely) ; pa le, where, what place ; pa brydy when, what time ; pa hyd,
how long ; pa sawl (with a noun or numeral following), how many ; pa faint,
how much ; pa nifer, how many ; pa sut, pa fodd, how, in what manner ; pa un,
which, whether. The answers are as in English ; as, Pa beth yw hwn ? What is
this ? Llyfr, A book. *'Pa un oW ddau a wnaeth ewyllys y tad? Dywedasant
wrtho, Y cyntaf”“ " Whether of them twain did the will of his father ?
They say unto him. The first."
a. Pa is often omitted or contracted colloquially ; as, Beth ? What ? Sawl
gwaith 1 How many times ? Pryd ? When? P'un'i Which?
(4) Questions asked with the pronoun pwy are also answered as in English; as,
Pwy yw hi? Who is she? Gwraig y melinydd, The miller's wife. Merch pwy yw hi?
Whose daughter is she? Merch y clochydd, The sexton's daughter. Pwy y mae hi
yn geisio ? Who\s\ v”“.v”'ii:” she seek ? Ei thad, Her fatYiei. %% 182 %%
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 (delwedd B5694) (tudalen 182)
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A ORAMMAK OF THE %% THE CHANGES IN THE INITIALS OF
WORDS.
343. The initials of words are changed in two ways : by mutation of the
initial consonants, of which there are nine ; and by prefixing the letter h
to words beginning with a vowel. %% MUTATIONS OF INITIAL CONSONANTS.
344. The nature of these mutations has been before explained and illustrated.
[§ 68 — 76.] %% THE VOCAL MUTATION. %% 345. All the mutable consonants are
subject to the vocal mutation. %%%%Ist Class. %%2nd Class. %%8rd Class.
%%Radical Consonant Vocal Mutation . . %%PTC
B D O %%B D G
P DD %%LI Rh M
L R F %% 346. Initials become vocal in the following cases : — (1) After
feminine nouns of the singular number, when followed by an adjective or its
qualifying adverb, or by a Welsh proper name, in apposition; as, tref vawr, a
large town; arglwyddes Dra ardderchog, a very noble lady; y ferch WenUiariy
the maid Gwenllian.
a. Descriptive nouns and their qualifying adjectives,
and verbs in the infinitive used adjectively, are similarly
affected when following feminine nouns ; as, canwyll
GW”fr, a w4x candle; anner nair blwydd, a heifer three
jears old; gwialen Bysgota” a fe\xVag-TcA. %%
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 (delwedd B5695) (tudalen 183)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 183
b. The adjective following the feminine noun is made vocal when it qualifies
a masculine noun; as, gwraig vaivr ei synwyr” a woman of much sense, or,
whose sense is great. If gwraig is considered to be qualified by fawr” this
is only another example of the rule : a woman great in respect of her sense.
(2) After proper names, either masculine or feminine, when followed by an
adjective or a descriptive noun ; as, Hywel Dna, Howel the Good ; Dafydd
Frenin, David the king, or King David ; Matr Yorwyn, Mary the Virgin.
(3) Z> is sometimes softened in the word Duw, when used in a possessive
signification; as, pobl Dduw, the people of God; eglwys Ddwm;, ty Ddww, the
church of God, the house of God. '' Ty BDafydd;' " The house of
David," Ty J)Dewi, Saint David's, are formed in the same way.
a. This is an irregularity : the possessing noun retains its radical initial,
excepting when descriptive (rather than possessive) after a feminine noun, or
when y or yr precedes the feminine noun; as, nodwydd DDwr, a steel needle; y
seren voreu, the morning star. [(1) a.]
h. There is a further departure from analogy in the names of churches, in
which not only is the initial made vocal, but the words are united ; as,
lAanfikangel, for Lion Mihangel, Michael's church. In words of this kind,
con- sisting of two syllables, the last syllable is accented, in South Wales,
suggesting that the words are irregularly united; as, Llanfatr, for Llan Mair,
Mary's church.
(a) The radical initial is sometimes retained, especially in the case of II
and rh ; as, Llanllechid, Llanllwni, Llan- rhian, Llanrhystud, Llanpumsant,
Llantrisant, churches dedicated to or founded by Llechid, Llomo”
Bk\»ss.”'“K”“- tud” the five saints, the three aavwtH. %%
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 (delwedd B5696) (tudalen 184)
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1”4 ▲ GRAMMAR OF THE
(4) After adjectives of quality, when, by inversion of the usual order of
construction, they precede their nouns ; as, ** y hlin “crerin”““ ** The
weary pilgrim." " O tuir ryto- tog fflamiau”r awen, a phrydyddawl
Dvenawl DDau'w," "Of true genial flames of genius, and poetic
fascinating gift."
a. Adjectives in the comparative degree, and sometimes those in the equal and
superlative degrees, are exceptions; as, gwell oorphwysfa” a better rest ;
cystal Qwr, as good a man ; goreu Qwlad, the best country.
b. Nouns used as adjectives have the same effect; as, twyll-Qynghanedd, false
rhythm. The accentuation proves that phrases of this kind should be
considered as one word : the accent is on the second syllable in awyrgylchy
the atmosphere; not on the first, as it would be in awyr gylch.
(a) Pen, head, used adjectively, is followed by radical con- sonants; as,
/)gri-T”i”“50”, chief captain; '“T pen-Trulliad a'r pen Fobydd,'' " The
chief butler and chief baker."
c. Llawer, many, usually put before its noun, takes the vocal initial when
put after it ; as, " Dyfroedd Jjawer oedd ynoj” "There was much
water [many waters] there; " but ''''Dyfroedd JA,awer afon,”' " The
waters of many rivers."
d. The initials of digon, sufficient, bagad, a great many, rhai, some, and
other words of number and quantity, become vocal when placed after the words
they qualify ; as, "A chenyt fydoedd fU,*” " Thou having a thousand
worlds." "A gwragedd Raz, aV a iachesid,”“ "And certain women,
which had been healed."
(5) After the demonstrative adjective y, the, its con- traction V, the
numeral un, one, and the ordinals unfed, ail, &c., when the noun is of
the feminine gender and singular number; as, y ner awel, the sweet breeze; oV
vmnas Hr v”lad, from the city to the country ; un yfraig,
one woman ; y wegfed Bcnnod, t\vfe tcw” Otvw”t”T* %%
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 (delwedd B5697) (tudalen 185)
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WEL3H LANOUAOB. 185
a, LI and rh undergo no mutation after y and wn. h. Masculine nouns generally
take vocal initials after ail; as, yr ail DDyn, the second man.
c. The masculine numeral adjective dau, two, as well as the feminine dwy,
becomes vocal after y : y ddow, both.
d. Tair and pedair are not changed after y ; as, " F Tair gwaith hyn”'*
" These three times.
e. Some words are used occasionally as masculine or feminine ; as, y van aW
Fan, such and such a place ; yn y nan, immediately, on the spot. Canrif, a
century, effaith, an effect, golwg, a sight, hanes, a story, nifer, a number,
rhif, a number, sain, a sound, troed, a foot, ystyr, a meaning, and some
others, are also used in both genders.
/. P is softened into b in the word poll and its plural pohloedd when
preceded by y: y Bobl, y Bobloedd, the people.
g. Nefoedd, though plural, vocalizes the initial of its adjective ; as,
" Y nefoedd DDysglaer,** "The bright heavens."
h. Math takes a masculine numeral; yet its initial is vocalized after y, both
as a noun, and as an adjective before a masculine or a feminine noun,
singular or plural : it also vocalizes the initial following it; as, tri
uatk, three kinds ; y vath oreu, the best kind ; y vatk oyflwr, such a state
; y Fath Qyflyrau, such states.
(6) After the adjectives dau, dwy, two; pa, what; ambell, ychydig, some ;
koll, all ; naill, the one ; llall, the other ; arall, another ; rhyw, some,
and its compounds ; as, Fa Bethau ? What things ? Arall usually follows its
noun.
(7) After the pronouns dy, ytk, “tk, thy; ei, 't, “w (mas- culine), his, its
; and all personal pronouns of the first class ; as, Efe a'th DDysgodd, He
taught thee ; ei ijwyth ar ei oefn, his burden on his back; ni myynion, we
men.
a, Ei, before a finite verb, does licA, x”“xt” “ ““swSs. mitia] after it; as,
Chvn aH ccioch e/”Xwx”“'““““““ %% eock.- %%
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 (delwedd B5698) (tudalen 186)
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ISf) A GRAMMAR OF THK
(8) The pronoun mi (or minnau), I, me, becomes vocal, when used —
a. Subjectively, after those tenses of the verb which end in /, d, and r; as,
Dysgaf Ft, I shall teach. Dyagir Ft, I shall be taught. Dysgwyd Ft, I was
taught.
h. Objectively, after its verb, the subject of the verb intervening,
expressed or understood ; as, Dysg [c?t] Ft, Teach thou me.
c. After pronominal prepositions; as, genyf Ft, with me. [§320.]
(9) Ti (or tithau), thou, thee, becomes vocal —
a. After its verb, when the verb is in the imperative, or ends in t, ch, d,
or r ; as, ““Pan y byddyck Dt ger llaw”*” " When thou art near."
b. Objectively, after its verb, whether the subject inter- venes or not ; as,
Dysgais Dt, I taught thee. Dysgodd y metstr Dt, The master taught thee.
c. After a verb or noun preceded by the pronoun dy or yth (Hh) ; as, Mi a'th
ddysgais Dt, I taught thee ; dy fam Dt, thy mother ; gan dy fod m yma” as
thou art here. [§ 320.]
(10) The object of a finite verb is made vocal when it follows its verb
immediately or after the subject; as, * * Cymmerwch Qysur,”' * * Take
comfort." * * Ni fedraf DDeall y jOMwc," " I cannot understand
the question." " Ccieth- gludodd y Rhufeiniaid Garadawg”“* "
The Romans carried Caractacus away captive."
(11) The initial of the subject or object of a verb becomes vocal when
following its verb, but separated from it by an adverbial, interjectional, or
parenthetical phrase, a noun governed by a preposition, or an auxiliary verb
; as, ““Yroedd yno vyrdd oV fath”“ "There were there myriads
of the kind," *”Yn cadw o jloea ei /eddwl \st»\)'u)Qd\QjdL » %%
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 (delwedd B5699) (tudalen 187)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 187
athraw,”' " Keeping in mind the saying of his teacher." "2Va
bo yn agos vlinderj” " While trouble is at hand."
a. The subject, when immediately following its verb, retains its radical
initial. There are occasional exceptions, especially after the verb bod; as,
" Nid oes do ar ddistryw,”' "Destruction hath no covering."
““JEfe a weddtodd na byddai wlaw,”“ " He prayed that it might not
rain."
(12) The vocal mutation is made after adverbs of quality, when they precede
the words they qualify; as, perffaith nydd, perfectly free; pur Doa, really
good; iaum Famu, to judge rightly. " Llivyr DDyfethodd y dinasoeddy”“ **
He entirely destroyed the cities."
a. Except some adverbs in the comparative and super- lative degrees.
b. Digon is an exception; as, **F mae hi yn ddigon "ilawdy” " She
is poor enough." This is the natural order. When this order is inverted,
digon takes its vocal initial ; as, "F mae hi yn dlawd Bvigon,'“ "
She is poor enough."
c. LI and rh are not always changed after pur” very.
(13) After the affirmative and interrogative adverb a; as, ““Efe a DDywedodd,
Beth a wwa/?" " He said, What shall I do ? " " Fr enaid a
BecAo," " The soul that sinneth."
(14) After the negative adverbs ni and na, not, and oni, not (interrogatively
or as a conjunction), when fol- lowed by words beginning radically with b, d,
g, II, m, rh ; as, ““Er na wnaethai ddrwg, ni veiddiai neb ei amddiffyn,”“
" Though he had not done evil, nobody dared defend him." "Ow2
DDaeth eich brawd?”* " Has not your brother come?" [§352(3,5).]
a. Exceptions occur in the substantive verb ; as, ““Fel na Byddo casgl pan
ddeltvyf,*” "That there be no gather- ings when I come." "iVi
Bydd nos j”no " " 'G”sst” ““mS” be no night there." %% IHH
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 (delwedd B5700) (tudalen 188)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
(15) After the demonstratives dyma” dyna” dacw” &c.; as, '''•Dyma weibion
Daw," "These are the sons of Dan."
(16) After the following particles: cy/i, can, as; go, rather; lied, rather;
mor, how, as; neu, or (when having no stop after it); pan, when; rhy, too ;
as, cyn Gynted ag, as soon as ; go Qaled, lied oaled, rather hard ; mor
Faivr, as great ; ceffyl neu Qaseg, a horse or a mare ; pan BDelo yr amser,
when the time shall come; rhy Dnmn, too heavy.
a. LI and rh are not inflected after cyn, can, and mor.
(17) After the particle yn (not the preposition yn, in), when followed —
a. By a noun in apposition, not beginning with II or rh; as, ““Mae efe yn myn
doeth,”“ " He is a wise man."
b. By an adjective not beginning with II or rh ; as, ““Mae”r dyn yn
ddo”M," ** The man is wise."
(a) LI and rh are vocalized after yn understood ; as, "J.V ddinas sydd
\.awn [or yn iSLawn"] o drais,”“ "And the city is full of
violence." [§ 346 (21) a.]
(b) Tm mhell, far, is more usual than yn bell, the regular form.
c. By a verb in the infinitive preceded by its object or having the pronoun
ei or eu understood between it and yn; as, "y fenyw yr oeddych yn
we/cdf," but, " Y fenyw yr oeddych yn ei Qweled," " The
woman you saw; " or, "yV oeddych yn Qweled y fenyw “'* " You
saw the woman." " Y gwyrthiau ag oedd y cenadon yn wneuthur yn ei
enw,”* " The miracles the messengers were performing in his name."
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 (delwedd B5701) (tudalen 189)
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(a) When the infinitive is not preceded by its
object, its initial remains unaltered after yn ; as, yn Qweddio yn daer,
praying earnestly. A qualifying adverb, if placed between yn and the
infinitive, retains its radical initial; the inhnitive assuming its vocal
initial by rule (12); as, yn Taer weddto, earnestly ptaymg. \.\'“““
““'"\ %% WKLSH LANGUAGE. 189
(18) After the prepositions am” ar, at, gan, heb, hyd, I, o, tan” troSy
trwj/, and wrth ; as, lurth Deithio o Blwyf i Blwyfy in journeying from
parish to parish.
a. I miy to me, i ti, to thee, i memriy into, i maes, out, are exceptions.
[§336 (1).]
b. The preposition wedi, after, governs the vocal muta- tion of verbs in the
infinitive mood when the object pre- cedes, or when ei or eu is understood
before the verb ; as, “' Pivy maeW dyn wedi BriodiP”* "Whom has the man
married ? " But '•”Pwy mae'r dyn wedi ei FHriodiP”* Some critics object to
the use of the vocal initial in this instance, and in the analogous case
after the adverb yn. [§ 346 (17).] The rule is, however, supported by general
usage.
c. Dan, drosy di”wy, are used indifferently for tan, tros, trwy ; the radical
being generally preferred at the com- mencement of a sentence.
(19) Initials become vocal after the pronominal pre- positions ; as, €r iddi
DDarllen y llyfr, though she read the book. [§235.]
(20) In addresses to persons or things, or what in languages having cases is
called the vocative case, and after an interjection, when followed by a noun,
pronoun, or adjective; as, Fow6c?c?i”2ow, Gentlemen. Gy/«7Zion, Friends.
“''Pa ham, Fynyddoedd, y neidiech ?" " Why, hills, did ye leap
?" *”“Ha v:yr vrodyr,” " Men and brethren."
a. When vocative nouns commence sentences, the radi- cal initial is often
retained ; as, ** Qrist, clyw nyni,”“ " O Christ, hear us."
(21) The governing word may be omitted, while the initial is still under its
influence; as, ““[“Pa'] Beth [a] ¥u 7/ caniyniad?”“ "What was the
consequence?" ““Pivy [a] nrynodd y llyfr ? " " Who bought the
boQVL”" '“ Ba”A.”- wch [7/n] hffbyr a ncrtholy Fnjtamaid ;'
"'''>“v”N”\”ss”\.”sx”“ %% 190
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 (delwedd B5702) (tudalen 190)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
strong, Britons." ““Daeth at yr lesu [wrth'] lAw no8,”* " He came
to Jesus by night."
a. When yn is suppressed at the beginning of a sentence, the radical initial
is used ; as, " Byr yw yr amser”“ or, *'''Mae yr amser yn vyr"
" The time is short." So with some other governing words ; as,
" ItLtw nos y daeth”“ " By night he came."
347. The word gau, false, is irregular; as, ““Daeth dau Qau dystj” " Two
false witnesses came." [Rule (6).] "Cfets- iaaant oau dystiolaethy”
" They sought false witness." [(10).] "“r dyfod yno oau
dystion lawerj” " Though many false witnesses came." [(11).]
348. Initials are vocalized irregularly after aaiih” seven, and wyih” eight.
[§ 357.]
THE NASAL MUTATION.
349. Six of the mutable consonants are subject to the nasal mutation. [§
352.] %% Radical Consonant Nasal Mutation . . %% PTC
MH NH NOH %% B D G
M N NO %% 350. The nasal mutation of consonants is made —
(1) After the pronoun” (not ym or 'w), my; as, fy MH”, fy mraichy fy TSfLroed”
my head, my arm, my foot.
(2) After the preposition yn (ymy yng), in; as, “ Nyfnaint, in Devon; ym
"Minrydain, in Britain; yng NQRaerfyrddin, in Carmarthen. [§ 346 (17).]
(3) Irregularly after the numerals pum (pump), saith, wyth, naw, deng {deg),
ugain, can (cant), and their com- pounds ; as, deng idynedd, ten years ;
saith nlwydd oed, seven yeara old ; " Bu gwlaw ar y ddaiar ddeugain
Hitvmod,'' ''And the rain was "vxpow VJti” ft%?eC>a. Ic”tV”
“«“%," %%
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 (delwedd B5703) (tudalen 191)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 191 %% THE ASPIRATE MUTATION. %%
351. Three of the mutable consonants are subject to the aspirate mutation. %%
Kadical Consonant Aspirate Mutation %% PTC
PH TH CH %% 352. The aspirate mutation is made —
(1) After the feminine pronoun ei, 'e, 'w;, her, its ; as, ei PHew rt'i
THraed, her head and her feet.
a. Eij feminine as well as masculine, does not affect the radicals in finite
verbs; as. Mi a!i credais, I believed her.
(2) After the numeral adjectives tri, three, and chwe\ six ; as, tri pueth,
three things ; chive* ciaeiniog, sixpence.
a. Words retain their radical initials after chwech, six.
(3) After the adverbs tra, over, very; m, not; na, not; and om, not
(interrogative); as, ti”a dialed y tra rnywi/ll, tra pbcU, very hard, very
dark, very far; "iVa CHoelia ef”'' "Believe him not."
"0/i/ TReJlaist ti y gareg ? " ** Didst not thou throw the stone
?"
(4) After the prepositions d, with ; gyda” with ; and tua” towards ; as, 2
gerdded gyda CHyfaill tua pnen y hryn” to walk with a friend towards the top
of the hill.
(5) After the conjunctions a, and, as ; /?«, neither, nor, than ; o, if; and
oni” imtil, unless; as, cath a CHt, a cat and a dog ; heb na ciLorii na
cnynffoTiy with neither horn nor tail; *' cuar neb y hyd”** " If any man
love the world."
a, A cuwedt, for a gwedi, and after, is a solecism.
353. Initial letters having no nasal or aspirate mutation, retain their
radical form after words requiring such change, excepting after the adverbs
ni and ua, av\” >i>[v”“<3”“ wvx, which then govern the vocal
mutation. \_\”““ V”-”“
13 %% 192
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 (delwedd B5704) (tudalen 192)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE
ASSUMPTION OF THE LETTER H BEFORE VOWELS.
354. (1 ) Words beginning with a vowel take the letter h before them after
the pronouns ym” 'm, my ; ein, 'w, our; m” 'u] “w, their; and ct, V, 'w;
(feminine), her, its; &8,fy nghorff a'm nenaid, my body and my soul; ein
namser, our time ; eu maith, their language ; ei mechi/d, her health.
a. Some authors make i after cin an exception, and omit the k in such case. H
is sometimes put after m and n at the beginning of words preceded by ei (feminine)
or eu ; as, ei mhamj her mother ; eu mhab, their son ; eu nhegeSy their
errand. The practice is, however, discountenanced. The aspiration is
frequently heard in the spoken words.
(2) Finite verbs with vowel initials assume the letter h after ei, H
(masculine as well as feminine); as, “'T feddyg- iniaeth aH Biachaodd €/,'*
" The medicine cured him."
(3) The word ugain, twenty, assumes the letter h after the preposition ar ;
as, deg ar nugairiy thirty.
355. Oil and holl, whole. Used adjectively after its noun, the form is oil :
holl is used when the noun follows; as, y hyd oll, yr BOLLfyd, the whole
world. Oil only is used substantively; as, yr oll o honynt, all of them.
[269.]
356. The origin of the nasal and aspirate mutations is referred by philologers
to the euphonic influence of kindred final sounds, exemplified in chwe”cn)
CHant, demo mwmody which have in many cases disappeared from the language,
while their effect remains. This view is supported by the presence of the
missing sounds in Sanscrit and other Aryan languages in terms cognate with
those requiring the mutations in Welsh i for instance, the aspirate of tri,
three, is represented by e in threis (Gothic), treis (Greek), th e nasal of
naio by n in navas ( Sanscrit) , mwN (Gothic) , nme.
Possibly the same principle opeiai\eE\i[i\\i”“““\miption of A. %% S %% WELSH
LANOUAGB. %%
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 (delwedd B5705) (tudalen 193)
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193 %% A LIST OF WORDS AFFECTING THE MUTABLE
INITIALS.* %% •ning Words. | Mu | %% Examples. %% Pwy a ihjv a rfc”aw ti neu
beidio ? who knows whether she will come or not ?
Try wanu a phiceW, to pierce with a dart. Ni chwery hen gi a chenen, an old
dog will n”t play with a pup. [§ 353]
Mellt a “Aymmestl, lightning and tem- pest. Cadw ci, a cAyfarth fy hun, to
keep a dog, and bark myself
Mor galed a cAareg, as hard as a stone
Yr ail it;aith, the second time; yr ail ddiwrnod, the second day
Yr oedd am “ael yr wy am “einiog, he wished to have the egg for a penny
Ambell i”aith, sometimes
Amryw eiriau, sundry words
Ar Zw, on oath ; ar/achlud, about to set. Amlwg gwaed ar /arch gwelw, blood
is conspicuous on a pale horse
Un ar Augain, twenty -one. — Before ugain only
" Yr arall Zun," "the other shape**
Ysgrifenodd at /eistr yr yRgol, he wrote to the master of the school
" Sem ydoedd fab can mlwydd," "Shem was an hundred years
old.**"Blwydd, blwyddyn, a year, ajiddiivmod, a day, are the only words
usually nasalized after the numerals. [§350 (3)]
Gan “ofio ei ddyledswydd, remembering his duty
rhe letters in the second column indicate tTie, TKvsXaSsKssw” — ipirate ; N,
nasal ; v, vocal ; H, the aBB\xTap\.\csrv.olVJi”“\”3*Kt.\v-
egalar, implies that the mutabion ia not tSL”““i”“ laa”“- %% "■■■
• • • %%V %%i) with . . %%A %%ind . , . %%A %%IS • • • %%A %%second. %%V
%%for, about %%V %%t)ell, some . %%V %%ryw, divers %%V %%on, upon . %%V %%
H.I %%11, other . %%V %%to . . . %%V %%, hundred . %%N.I %%=gan, with %%V %%
194 %%
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 (delwedd B5696) (tudalen 194)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% Governing Words. | Mu %%
Examples. %% Can=cyn, as . Cyfryw, such . Cyii, as. . .
Chwe', six . .
Chwi, you Chwithau, i/ou
also Dacw, see there
Dan (tan),
under Dau, two , .
Deng, ten . .
Deugain, fortj/
Dros (tros),
over Drwy=trwy,
through Dwy, two .
Dy, tht/, . .
Dyco, see there
Dyma, see here
Dyna, see there
E, ef, efe, he . %% V V V %% V V %% N.I %% N.I %% V
V %% Cyn drjmed a phlwm, as heavy as lead
Y cyfryw iethau, such things
Cyn “ynted a'r gwynt, as swift as the
wind, — Radical of // and rh Chwe' cAant, six hundred; chwe' /)Aunt,
six pounds Chwi 26'eision, you servants A chwithau /eistriaid, and ye masters
'*Dacw ddolei y ddyhuddgloch,"
" The curfew tolls'' Yn plygu dan 6wys ei bwn, bending
under the iveight of his burden Mae ganddi ddau/ab, y ddau yn briod,
she has two sons, both manned Deng ?wlwydd oed, ten years of age,
— See Can, hundred. [§ 350 (3)] Deugain wiwrnod (or deugain (/iwrnod),
forty days, — See Can, hundred Neidio dros “lawdd, to leap over a hedge;
tros “en, overhead Trwy 6?wll, through a hole; trwj glod
ac anghlod, by praise and dispraise Dwy /erch, y ddwy heb briodi, two
daughters, both unmarried Dy /rawd, mab dy dad, thy brother” the
son of thy father Dyco “erchen y ty, there is the owner
of the house Dyma 6eth mae ef yn ddyweyd, this is
what he says Dyna beth mae ef yn feddwl, that is
what he thinks Ef allai, may be, perhaps, E /ynai*r
gath bysgod, ond ni fynai wlychu ei
throed, th,e cat would like to have
fish” but uuill uot 'uset \w Joot %%
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 (delwedd B5697) (tudalen 195)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 195 %% Governing Words. | Mu | %%
Examples. %% Ei, 'i, 'w, his . %% Ei, 'i, 'w, her . %% Ein, 'n, our ,
Eu, 'n, “w” their
Fe, e, fo (exple- tive pronoun) Fy, my. , ,
Gan (can), with” by Go, rather .
Gyda (cyda),
ivith Heb, ivithout .
Hen, old . . %% Hi,.?A”,hithau, she also
Holl, all . .
Hyd, until” as far as ' %% H A
H H H V
N V %% Ei “leddyf yn ei /aw, his sword in his
hand. Yr ynfyd a gabl ei i”rthban,
the fool curses his blanket. — Radical
consonant retained in finite verbs Hi a'i Aatebodd ef, she answered him.
— Before vowels, in finite verbs only Ei cAap ar ei />Aen, her cap on her
head.
Gwyn y gwel y fran ei cAyw, the crow
thinks her young one white. [§353] A'i Aesgidiau am ei thraed, and her
shoes on her feet Ein Aawydd a'n Aamcan, our desire and
purpose Talwyd iddynt eu Aarian, their money
was paid to them Fe ddiL”ih y cenadon, the messengers
came Fy w”ad, fy wrawd, fy mMentyn, my
father” my brother” my child. [§353] Gan iwyll, with discretion” gently;
a chanddi /uwch, she having a cow Go “aled, rather hard; go c?6?a, pretty
well; go “ell, somewhat far Ehodio gyda cAyfaill, to walk with a
friend; gyda joMeser, with pleasure Heb ddyyvejd gair, without saying //
word; bod heb t”ybod, not to know Hen Zanc, an old bachelor; hen “adno,
an old fox, an old knave. Mae yn
hen 5ryd, it is high time Hi /am y saer, a hithau /erch y gof,
she the carpenter”s mother” and she
the smitKs daughter Yr holl 5obl, all the people; dy holl
iraith, all thy work Hyd 6a bryd? till -usKcnl — “H.xjaL”'a”wv”.
takes tlie tadicsl %%
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 (delwedd B5698) (tudalen 196)
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196 %% A GRAMMAR OF THB %% Governinpj Words. | Mu |
%% Examples. %% Jy to .
M (ei), his , . 'i (ei), her . . %% lawn, right Llall, other
Ijled, partly . Llyma, here is lilyna, there is
'in (ym), my .
Math, sort . .
Mi, /; minnau,
I also %% Mo (dim o), nothing of
Mor, so, as. ,
Myfi, / . . .
Na, notf that not
Na, nor . .
Na, than . . %% V %% V H
A H %% V
V
V V %% H %% A A %% Brawd yw mogi i eZagu, suffocating is
brother to choking, [§346 (18) a] Ei dad a'i/am, his father and mother Hwy
a'i Aachubasant ef, they saved
him. — Before finite verbs only Ei mam a'i th&d, hrr mother and father
Mae ganddo ferch a'i henw Ann, he has a daughter named Ann: felly efe a'i
Aenwodd hi, so he named her O'r iavm ryw, of the right sort
Y llall VJT” the other man. — The noun is generally not expressed
Mae yn lied e/c?iweddar, it is rather late Llyma 6ren mawr, here is a large
tree Llyna “faill fy mrawd, there is my
brother's friend Fy amser a'm Aarian sydd ar ben, my
time and money are at an end
Y fath Zwyddiant, s”ich prosperity
'* Mi vtm” mi i”“n," medd yr ysguthan,
"/ knoWy I know,”“ said the wood'
pigeon [to the magpie, instructing
her in nest-building] Ni ad byth i barhau mo /wybrau pech-
aduriaid. He will never allow the
ways of sinners to continue Mor 6?c?iles a halen i'r iar, as useless as
salt to a hen. — Radical of // and rh Goreu enw, myfi “iau, the best title, I
own it Na c?cZeffro'r ci a fo yn cysgu, do not rouse the sleeping dog Na
<Aaw, keep not silence Heb na ch\o na cMicied, toith neither
lock nor latch. [§353] Gwell clwt na f Awll, a patch is better
than a hole. \”\”t>“'\ %%
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 (delwedd B5699) (tudalen 197)
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WELSH
LANGUAGE. %% 197 %% Governing Words. | Mu | %% Naill, other Naw, nine .
Neu, or Ni, we” us . Ni, not . . %% Examples. %% No=na, than O, from %% 0,if
. . Oes, is . . %% Oni, not? if not %% Pa, what Pan, when .
Puni. five .
Pur, vei”y . %% V N.I
V V V %% V.I %% N.I %% Gwr naill /raich, a man with one arm Naw mlwydd oed,
nine years old, — See
Can, hundred Mil neu ddwj, a thousand or two Erom ni ddjmoHy for us men Ni
/yno Duw ni /ydd, what God wills
not will not he Ni chel grudd gystudd calon, the cheek
will not hide the distress of the heart Gwell angeu na cAywilydd, better
death
than shame, [§353] c?air i bedair mil, from three to four
thousand, O hoh trwm, trymaf hen-
aint, of everything heavy “ old age is
the heaviest O cheri di ni'th garo, collaist a geraist
yno, love unreturned is love in vain '* Lie nid oes 6?eddf, nid oes
“amwedd,"
'•''Where no law is, there is no trans- gression”' Oni </c?ywedaist felly?
didst thou not
say so? Hyd oni ddoiom., until we
come Oni cAedwir y ddimai, ni a hi byth yn
geiniog, if the halfpenny be not kept,
it will never become a penny Pa beih sydd arno ? what is the matter
with him? Pan /o marw y sarff, bydd marw ei
cholyn, when the snake dies, its sting
will die Pum mlwydd oed, fve years of age;
pum wlynedd i heddyw, er ys pum
77ilynedd,”yc years ago, — See Can Yn bur “anolig, vcrtj 'poovl-”“ To\\v«y
unwell, — LI a\i” rh. “ox£v”HAss>t”'““'““'«i-”““
their TadicsX ioxm “a.”«:t v”v %% 198 %%
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 (delwedd B5700) (tudalen 198)
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A GRAMMAR OF THE %% Goveriiiii;; Words. | Mu
Pwy, who .
'r (y, yr), the
Rhy, too , .V Rhyw, some . v
Saith, seven .i n.i %% V.I %% Examples. %% Tan = dan, beneath
Ti”thou; titliau,
thou also Tra, vei't/ , . %% Tri, three . Trigain, sixty. Tros = ciros,
over Trwy, through Tua, towards . Tydi, thou . . 'th, thy .
Ugain, twenty. Un, one . . %% A
N.I
V
V A V V
N.I V %% I %% Pwy 6ynag, whoever; pwy Mau hwn?
who owns this ? Cyn lased a'r “eninen, as green as the
leek, — Before feminine nouns only Rhy c?yn a dyr, too tight will break
" Rhyw ddysgwjl oftiadwy," *”a fear- ful looking for *' Saith
mlwydd oed, seven years old,
" Saith muwch culion," ““ seven lean
kine:'—8ee Can. [§ 350 (3)] Saith ddyhljg, sevenfold; saith Zwyth,
seven tribes ; saith ran, seven parts ;
saith “dyn, seven locks of hair;
saith “orth, seven loaves; saith /as-
gedaid, seven basketfuls Cais farchog dan c?raed ei farch, search
for a knight [“hoi'seman'] under his
horse”s feet Ti wv a thithau i”7raig, thou man and
thou also woman Tra fAebyg, very like; tra cAryf, very
strong. — Tra” whilst, usually takes
the radical. [§353] Tri c/iyminaint, thrice as much Trigain mlynedd, sixty
years. — See Can Tros /ryn a dol, 6*er hill and dale
Trwy rfwyll, by deceit
Tua cAant, about a hundred. [§353]
Tydi /radwr, thou traitor
Dy dad a'th /am a'th fl?c?ysgodd, thy father and mother taught thee
Ugain Tiiwrnod, twenty days* — See Can
" Ai un /endith sydd genyt ?" " Hast thou but one
blessing?" — Before feminme nouns only. LI and rh not c\iaT\ged, \.\”“““
V”Yi %%
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 (delwedd B5701) (tudalen 199)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. %% 199 %% Governing Words. | Mu | %%
Examples. %% Unfed, first . %% Unrhyw, any .
Wele, see . .
Wrth (gwrth),
hy %% Wyth, eight . n.i
V.I
I
I
I
Y, the ... V %% Ychydig, little %% Yng (yn), in . %% Ym (yn), in .
Ym='m, my .
Yn, — . . .
Yn, — . . . %% Yn, ym, yng. in %% Yth='tb, thy . %% N
N
H V %% N %% Yr unfed w&ith ar hugain, the twenty- first time, — Before
feminine nouns only. So other ordinals. [ §346 (5)]
Unrhyw c?ro, any time
Wele c?c?au''gleddyf, behold two swords
Wrth c?roed y bryn, at the foot of the hill. Wrth ddechreiiW dorth mae tolio,
when beginning the loaf be sparing : too late to spare when all is spent
Wyth wiwrnod oed, eight days old
Wyth c?roed, eight feet; wyth “fydd, eight cubits. — See Can, hundred
Coron y Frenines, the Qaeen”s crown; y c?c?euddegfed bennod, the twelfth
chapter. Y “euen goeg sy galetaf, the empty nut is hardest. — Before feminine
nouns only. LI and rh not changed. [§ 346 (5)]
'* Ychydig “sgu, ychydig t(;asgu dwy- law i gysgu," ** a little sleep, a
little folding of the hands to sleep "
Yr unllygeidiog fydd frenin yng n”lad y deilliaid, the one-eyed man will he
king in the land of the blind. — See Yn
Ym mhoh gwlad y megir glew, the brave is nursed in every land. — See Yn
Efe a'm Aatebodd, he answered me
'*Ac efe yn irophwyd," "Ac being a prophet." — LI and rh not
changed
flewyn i flewyn yr a'r pen yn/oel, hair by hair the head becomes bald. — LI
and rh not changed
Yn Alnbych, at Denbigh ; ym Jtfuallt, at Builth; yng Nghymvu, in Wales. — Yn
becomes yng before ng” and tjm before m radiesX est %”R.wA«n\%?>'“““
Ni'th glrwai, I do uot V-wjur xV«ft %%
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 (delwedd B5702) (tudalen 200)
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200 A GRAMMAR OF THB %% PUNCTUATION.
358. The grammatical and rhetorical stops or points, which are the same in
form and use in Welsh as in English, are twelve in number. %% Comma Semicolon
Colon Period %% Parentheses ( ) Brackets [ ] Dash —
Hyphen %% Apostrophe '
Note of Admiration ! Note of Interrogation ? Quotation Marks ** " %%
359. It is perhaps impossible to lay down definite rules for punctuation ;
but the general principles regulating it are given in the following
paragraphs, each of which con- tains one example at least of the use of the
stop to which it refers.
360. The Comma divides compound sentences into their simple parts, separates
three or more consecutive words of the same part of speech, cuts off parenthetical
and explanatory words and phrases, and sometimes marks the omission of a verb
after its subject.
361. The Semicolon is used to separate the parts of an uncontracted compound
sentence, one or more of which parts contain a comma ; and it is very frequently
followed by a conjunction.
362. The Colon is used after a perfect sentence, when something is expected
to follow : it separates one com- plete sentence from another dependent on or
explanatory of it.
363. The Period is placed at the end of a sentence. It is also a mark of
abbreviation ; andj” jjhen so employed,
it should he followed by any otjjii”“oi”““ sense of the passage may require.
f}- “ .; \”
I " i '•. ■' ".. ■'''•
\' • , i- ,..-.. \
•.V ““-” ■■ .•• •. -.v- -i %%
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 (delwedd B5703) (tudalen 201)
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WELSH LANGUAGE. 201
364. Parentheses (from Greek words, signifying betweeuy in, I place) cut off words
introduced incidentally or by way of explanation, which might be omitted
without injury to the grammatical construction of the sentence.
365. Brackets. \_Braich (Welsh), “pcvxlm (Greek), hrachium (Latin), bras
(French), the arm.] — These marks are used, like parentheses, to ex£ibrace
words not gram- matically connected with the sentence. They are chiefly
employed to enclose passages in which parentheses occur, and to distinguish
words introduced by an editor or tran- scriber into his author's text.
366. The Dash, — This stop marks any abrupt change in the train of the
writer's thought. It is sometimes used when a paragraph follows its title, in
the same line.
367. The Hyphen joins compound words ; and, in di- visions, it is appended to
part of a word at the end of a line. It is also used to separate the Welsh
letters n-g” dd-d, t'h, &c., which would otherwise be liable to be im-
properly pronounced ng, d-dd, th, &c.
368. The Apostrophe” s use is to mark the omission of one or more letters in
a word. 'Tis also, in English, the sign of the possessive case.
369. The Note of Admiration is used after 0! ha! and other interjections ;
and sometimes after interrogative sentences, when no answer is expected.
370. The Note of Interrogation is put at the end of an interrogative
sentence. Is it proper to use this stop when a question is only said to be
asked ? No ; because the sentence is then an assertion, not an interrogation.
371. Quotation Marks consist of two inverted commas at the commencement of a
sentence, and two apostrophes at the end. A grammarian writes, " Oii”
<i,wsxa>kSw “sxs” “““ hpostrophe mark * a quotation -wi”“im “
c3”<5\aXvi”- %%
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 (delwedd B5704) (tudalen 202)
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APPENDIX.— TABLE OF THE ENGLISH
& Tkb>i :-liiilii-iil”re,Frr'ii>t. lenth. Vr «■)■( jn
dysgu. Llj”gnf : °(n(, I l”iiil.r l)).u,,i>. lltp-lhrliPilAI (iught, P>
rlr»swn.
TER&AL %% h.H .-Vtwjl IdUjiga ■ %% ■n?,bil«l.o>l.dJ.gi %%
Mj-n-wcll ail run j Bidd yn dyw %%%% will h ira h »n t«ub dd wpdiTjod yn
fly*” %% 1 1'-"\" %% I Bydttwn yn dyngn
JDrlwn ddyipi loylon fad 1« dfl<j nyniiim Bydilun yn dyiun %%
Dflamnfajyiidynw %% WELSH LANGUAGE. %%
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 (delwedd B5708) (tudalen 203)
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203 %% VERB AND ITS AUXILIARIES.
Imperative, Teach (thou), Dysg, dys”a. Infinitive, To teach, Dysgu.
Participles, Present, Teaching, Yn dysgu; Past, Taught, Wedi ei ddysgu. %%
PHItASES. %% Past Participle with the Auxiliary. %% Verb Tu HAVE. %% I have
taught
Yr wyf wedi dysgu
Dyspais %% Verb TO be. %% Verb* TO H WE and to be. %% 1 liad taught
Yr oeddwu wedi dysgu
Dysgaswn %% if 1 had taught
Pe byddwn wedi dysgu
Pe dysgaswn %% To have taught Bod wedi d\s"u %% Having taught Wedi dysgu
%% Can I have tau”zlit?
A allaf fud wedi dysgu? %% I may have taught Gall fy mod wedi dysgu Gal la f
fod wedi dysgu He will have taught Bydd wedi dys”u %% jl shall have taught
jByddaf wedi dysgu %% 1 am taught
Yr wyf yn cael fy nysgu
Fe'm dysgir, dysgir fi %% I was taught Fern dysgwyd
Dysuwyd fi %% If I were taught [nysgu Pe byddwn yn cael fy Pe dysgid fi,
pe"m dysgid %% Be taught Bydd wedi %% [dvsger di dy ddysgu. %% To be
tau;jht Cael fy nyssiu %% Being taught Yn cael fy nysgu %% Can 1 Le taught? A
ellir fy nysgu? A allaf gael fy nysgu? %% I may be taiight Gellir fy nysgu %%
He will be taught Fe i dysgir . %% 1 shall be taught Caf fy nysgu, dysgir fi
%% 1 have been taught
Yr wyf wedi cael fy nysgu %% 1 had been taught
Yr oeddwn wedi cael fy nysgu
Dysgasid fi %% 1 f I had been taught
Pe bua.swn wedi cael fy nysgu
Pe'm dysgasid %% To have been taught Bod wedi cael fy nysgu %% Having been
taught Wedi cael fy nysgu %% Can I have been taught? A allaf fi fod wedi fy
nysgu ? %% 1 may have been taught Oichon fy mod wedi fy nysiru
He will have been taught Bydd wedi ei ddysgu %% I shall have been taught
Byddaf wedi fy nysgu %% I could have taught |Gallaswn ddysgu %% 1 might have
taught Gallaswn ddysgu %% J would have taught Dysgaswn Mynaswn ddysgu
I should have taught Dylaswn ddysgu Buaswn wedi dysgu %% I could not be
taught Nis gallwn gael fy nysgu Nis gellid fy njsgu
I might be taught Gallwn gael fy nysgu (Jellid fy nysgu %% I would be taught
Mynwn gael fy nysgu %% I .should be taught Dylwn gael fy nysgu Dylid fy nysgu
%% I could not have been taught Nis gallaswn gael fy nysgu %% I might have
been taught Gallaswn gael fy nysgu %% I would have been taught Mynaswn gael
fy nysgu %% I should have been taught Dylaswn gael fy n”“““i. %% I %%
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 (delwedd B5709) (tudalen 204)
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INDEX. %% [The figures refer to the Sections.] %% Af
aCy ag, distinguished, 338
A and y, distinctions between, 329
A in its different acceptations, 163
(2, 3), 230, 241 j4, om, onis” 342 A, the preposition, 352 (4) Accented
letters, 34 Accentuation of words, 77 Addato, table of the verb, 203
Adjectives, 105, 133
„ agreement with nouns, 3C6
„ degrees of comparison, 143
„ gender, 141
„ number, 136
„ terminations, 152 Adnahod, adwaen, 212 Adverbs, 108, 224, 274, 321, 346
(12)
„ degrees of comparison, 231 Affixes, 251
„ adjective, 152
„ noun, 116
„ verb, 178 Ag, as a relative, 163 (3), 338 (1) „ analogy in Shakespeare, 338
note Agreement of words, 289 “» and onirf, 342(2) Alphabet, 1
„ analysis of, 2 Analogies of consonants, 73 — 76 Armoric mutations, 71 note
Arrangement of words, 267 Article, 133 (3) b note, 163 (1) a Arwain, table of
the verb, 204 Aspirate mutation, 351 Aspirate mutation” its origin, 356 %% \
%% AUj pronunciation in S. Wales, 51 Au {du) or hau” the verbal termi-
nation, 87, 96 (8), 205 Auxiliary verbs, 223 Bodf conjugation of the verb,
188 „ its four forms of present tense, 299, 304 Cael, table of the verb, 216
Oamhuanawc, 61 Cant, table of the verb, 202 Case absolute, 339 Ch, how to
pronounce, 65 „ its correlative vocal lost, 67, 76 „ its power, 5 Chw, how
pronounced in S. Wales, 5,
28 Chwe\ 352 (2) Clauses, 258
„ classification of, 262 Composition of words, 245, 249, 271 Compound
affixes, 256 Conjugations of verbs, 188, 193,
200—216 Conjunctions, 110
how classed, 237 use of with verbs, 341 „ used together, 337 Consonants, 54 —
76 table of, 57
their classifications, 55 their mutations, 68, 344 Copula, ellipsis of, 265
Cornish mutations, 71 note Cym, cyu, “sl”.”*”“ (““'“ Cyn aiL” mor
“\s”!vcl”“'tftL”“a»“V5”“ %% >» %% »> %% >j %% »> %% »» %%
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 (delwedd B5710) (tudalen 205)
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INDEX. %% 205 %% Dative absolute, Milton, 339 (2)
Dau and dicy” 346 (5, 6)
Davies, Dr. John, 61, 59, 92, 95
Dd, its power, 7
Defective verbs, 222
Degrees of comparison, 143, 231
Demonstratives, 133 (3), 163, 167
Diseresis accent, 35, 80
Digon, 276, 346 (12)
Diminutives, 254
Diphthongs, 45 — 53
Do and na ddo, 229, 342
Double letters, 36, 96 (1)
Dyfod, table of the verb, 214
%, '</», 346 (7, 9)
Dysgir, regular verb, conjugated, 200
J5;6, 222(1)
Ei, H, \o” feminine, 352 (1) „ masculine, 346 (7), 354 (2)
Gambold, W., 132
Gau, 347
Guttural sound, lost, 67
Gwneuthur, gwneyd” 215
Gwyhod, table of the verb, 213
//, assumed before a vowel, 354
Hau or aw, the termination, 87, 96 (8)
Hiy note on its sound, 66
Holl, 269, 355
Hyd oni, 341 (5)
Hypothetical sentences, 181
/, before verbs infinitive, 334
If, how rendered in Welsh, 341 (1)
Infinitive mood, 305 „ peculiar construction, 340 (2)
Interjections, 111, 243
Intransitive verb. 172
lo (jio), table of verbs in, 207
Letters, names and powers of, 1 — 30
Lhwyd, Edward, 67, 92
LI, how to pronounce, 62, 63 „ its power and mutation, 16 „ not peculiar to
Welsh, 63
Llawer, 346 (4) c %% » %% )' %% »i %% » %% ?» %% Long and short
monosyllables, 102
Mat and mai, 338 (3)
Maih, 346 (5) h
Medd, 222 (2)
Mewn and y», 332 (7)
3ft,/, «, 320,346(8)
Moods, 175, 178
„ of the passive, 1 82
Mutable consonants, list of words
affecting, 357 Mutations of consonants, 68 Armoric, 71 note aspirate, 35 „
Cornish, 71 note nasal, 349 tables of, 71, 357 vocal mutation, 346 Myned,
conjugation of theyerb, 193 Na, nad, 324
Na, nac, nag, 326, 338 (4) Nasal mutation, 349 „ its origin, 356 Neb, byth,
dim, 328 Nefoedd, 307 (1) a, 346 (6)” Negative prefixes, 247 Negatives, 321
French usage analogous to
Welsh, 338 (4) b note repetition of, 328 Ni, na, oni, 346 (14), 352 Ni,nid,
322 Nis, nas, 325
Noun and qualifying word, 267, 306 Nouns, 104, 112 „ gender of, 126 number
of, 114 possessive, 272 Numerals, 133, 140, 142, 152 note 270, 306 „ the
nasal mutation, 349 (3) Object of a verb or preijQ&vtv«““'L”“V5>>
Oi, ta\A«i o” \ct\i”\Q”,'iS”“ %% » %% t» %% n %% n %%
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 (delwedd B5711) (tudalen 206)
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206 %% INDEX.
%% Oni, onis, onid, 342, 352 (3, 5) Orthography, 92
„ different systems, 95 Pa and ptrt/, 163 (5), 342 (3, 4) Parts of speech,
103 “ Passive or impersonal verbs, 182, Pawb, 164: [198,201,210
Pe and os, 341 Personal pronouns, 164, 296 Phrases, 259 Piau, 222 (3) Pobl,
307 (1) b, 346 (3) Possessive pronouns, 167, 161, 273 Prefixes, 245 Prefixes
and affixes liable to be con>
founded, 99 Prepositions, 109, 233
„ appropriate, 330
„ distinctions, 332
„ their government of initials, 346 (18), 352 (4) Prepositional phrases, 234,
833 Pronominal prepositions, 235, 335 Pronouns,, 106, 153, 287
„ agreement with noun, 318, 320 Pughe, Dr. W. Owen, his essay to- wards a new
orthography, 92 Punctuation, 358 Pwy, questions asked with, 312 (4) Questions
and answers, 342 R English, its vocal character, 23 Reflective verbs, 174
Relative pronouns, 162, 241, 294, 302
„ agreement with antecedent, 319 Rh a simple sound, 22 „ how pronounced, 64
Rhys, Dr. John David, 92 Roberts, Dr. GriflSth, on Ih and rh, 13 Sentences,
257
„ classification of, 261 Sh, 61 %% >» %% »» %% ! Sounds, classification
of, 40 I Spelling of words, 92 Subject of verb, 260 (1), 282 Sy and sydd 299
(2) Table of elementary sounds, 36
„ of the English verb and its auxiliaries, pa”e 202
„ of mutations, 71, 72, 357 Tenses, 175, 180 Terminations of adjectives, 162
„ of nouns, 252
of nouns plural, 116, 116 verbal, 178 Thottgh” how translated, 341 (1) Ti,
di, 320, 346 (9) To, the sign of the infinitive, 334 Transitive verb, 170
Tri, 352 (2)
U and y distinguished, 98 Verbs, 107, 169
„ auxiliary, 223
„ defective, 222
„ irregular, conjugation of, 212
„ regular, conjugation of, 200
„ roots of, 177 Verb and subject, agreement, 290
„ arrangement, 282 Vocative cas% 346 (20) Vowels, 41 — 44 W, the consonant,
60 Wh, 5, 28, 59
Words of similar pronunciation, 100 Fand u distinguished, 98 „ its sounds, 29
r, yr, V, 230, 239, 268, 309, 346 (5) Yn, adverbial, 230, 346 (17) Yn,
appositive, 230 (2), 346 (17) Yn, participial, 230, 346 (17) Yn, the
preposition, 230 (rf), 350 (2) Yw, sydd, mae, oes, 286, 299
„ illustrations of their use, 304 %% CPUmmHiL, PBIKTEU, CKlL;diM(.Xl9rWk.
%%%%%% «. -■ ■ %%%% .”..•.■”:<“- %% <■>.
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B5237: 
Statistics for
Welsh Texts Section / Ystadegau’r Adran Destunau Cymraeg