kimkat3224k A Welsh Phonetic Reader. Stephen Jones M.A. 1926.

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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia  El Web de Gal·les i Catalunya The Wales-Catalonia Website A WELSH PHONETIC READER STEPHEN JONES M.A. 1926 Y Llyfr Ymwelwyr / El Llibre de Visitants / The Guestbook: http://pub5.bravenet.com/guestbook/391211408/ Beth sy’n newydd yn y wefan hon?

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(delwedd F6476b)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER STEPHEN JONES UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS LTD.
(delwedd F6477) (tudalen 002)	The London Phonetic Readers. EDITED BY DANIEL JONES, M.A. An English Phonetic Reader. By L. E. ARMSTRONG. 4s. net. A French Phonetic Reader. By PAUL PASSY. 2s. 6d . net. Conversations Françaises. By PAU L PASSY. 4s.6d. net. An Italian Phonetic Reader. By A. CAl\t 11.1.1. 4s. 6d. net. A Welsh Phonetic Reader. By STEPHEN JONES. 4s.6d. A German Phonetic Reader. By A. EGAN. 3s.6d net. A Czech Phonetic Reader. By A. FR I N TA. Ss. net. A Polish Phonetic Reader. By Z. M. AREND. 5s. net. A Cantonese Phonetic Reader. By D. JONES and KWING TONG WOO. 5s. net. A Burmese Phonetic Reader. By L. E. ARMSTRONG and PE MAUNG TIN. 4s. 6d. A Bengali Phonetic Reader. By SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI. A Panjabi Phonetic Reader. By T. GRAHAME BAILEY. 2s. net. A Sechuana Reader. By D. }ON ES and S. T. PLAATJ E. 3a. 6d. net.
(delwedd F6478) (tudalen 003)	The London Phonetic Readers A WELSH PHONETIC READER BY STEPHEN JONES, B.Sc. Superintendent of the Laboratory of the Phonetics Department, University College, London. LONDON UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS 10 and 11 WARWICK LANE, E.C. 4 1926
(delwedd F6479) (tudalen 004)	The publication of this book has been aided by a grant from the Publication Fund of the University of London. Printed for the Univer8ity of London Press, Ltd., by Stephen Austin & Sons, Ltd., H ertford .
(delwedd F6480) (tudalen 005)	CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE…..7 INTRODUCTION…..9 THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND THEIR VALUES…..9 Formation of the Welsh Sounds. TABLE I . 11 TONGUE POSITIONS OF THE WELSH VOWELS COM1:>ARED WITH THOSE OF THE CARDINAL VOWELS. TABLE I . . . . . 12 FURTHER DETAILS REGARDING THE WELSH SOUNDS . . . . . . 13 Consonants . . . . Consonants in Combination . Vowels . . . . Diphthongs ·. . . . SOUND ATTRIBUTES . . 17 . 19 . 19 Stress . Length . .. . 19 . 21 Sentence Stress Intonation . . 24 . 24 MUTATION . 29 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TRANSLATIONS . . . . . . . . 31
(delwedd F6481) (tudalen 006)	6 CONTENTS TEXTS AND TRANSLATIONS . PAGE . 33 1. 'kro:in a 'kaurvil (The Elephan t's Hide) . . 33 2. *'Jo:n *'wiljam (J ohn William) . . . 33 3. *'olwen (Olwe1i) . . . . . . 33 4. 'prauv bo 'haol (.A Satisfactory Proof ) . . 35 5. a 'pltntin a r 'naidr ( The Child and the Snake) . 37 6. ka 'nhadlets a 'ci-agod ( The M ice's Conference) . 39 7. 'dinas a 'blode (1'he City of Flowers) . . 40 8. 'Esmuie 'ku:sg 'pattes 'maip ( Easy Slumber Tur1iip Soup) . . . . . . 42 9. vel ar ai8 *'areir ifurlS ( The Passing of .Arthur) . 45 10. a 't eluie 'te:g ( The Fairies) . . . . 47 11. ar astenaid air (The Pitcher-Full of Gold) . . 51 VOCABULARY.....54 NOTES ON THE VOCABULARY…..54 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCA BULARY…..55
(delwedd F6482) (tudalen 007)	PREFACE THE object aimed at in this reader is to record the pronunciation of cultured Welshmen of the present day. Any considerable deviation from this pronunciation would in the case of a foreigner speaking Welsh appear incongruous to the native. Certain causes have contributed in Wales to the "establishing of a pre-eminent dialect, both in speech and in writing. It has been postulated as essential for the establishment of a standard dialect of any language that there should be “ein intensiver miindlicher Verkehr unter Leuten aus verschiedenen Sprachen "" (Jespersen, Phonetische Grundf ragen, § 50). This is precisely what has happened in Wales. There has been a constant inter course, both intellectual and social, between the inhabitants of different parts of the country. Preachers and speakers have been, and are, constantly visiting places remote from their own homes. Welsh is taught in the schools of South Wales by teachers from the North, and vice versa. The National Eisteddf od is held in North Wales and South ""'Tales on alternate years. So that the intensive intercourse has ben, and is, continually going on between parts geographically distant from each other. The result is that there exists a pre-eminent dialect, favoured above" "all others, which by Welsh people is considered standard. "This standard may be modified by regional peculiarities or class influence (e.g. the preachers). Neverthele s8\ the cultured speaker is conscious of an ideal. He feels that certain forms of speech should be avoided, and that certain other forms should be accepted." The ancestor of the accepted standard appears to have been the commonly; received standard of colloquial speech·
(delwedd F6483) (tudalen 008)	8 A WELSH PHONETIC READE {," "in the fourteenth century ( Welsh Orthography , Carnarvon," "1905, p. 18; Sir John Morris-Jones, Grammar, Oxford, 1922," "p. 111). It is the comparatively simple and natural utterance of Dafydd ab Gwilym and the troubadours of Wales (y Gler) who roamed about the country, singing of Nature and the “Amour Courtois “in the seven syllable rhymed couplets of the Cywydd." "To those who may use this reader for learning Welsh pronunciation, it should be pointed out that the central vowel i(§ 52) can in every case be replaced by the front vowel i(§ 45). This is done regularly by some of the best native Welsh speakers of South Wales." It is to be hoped that this record of Welsh sounds may "prove helpful, not only to those wishing to learn Welsh, but to Welshmen and others interested inthe Science of Phonetics. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the consider ablehelpsokindly given by Miss Mary Davies, M.A., research student in the Phonetics Department of University College, and by L.S. Bardwell, Esq., of the Ministry of Agriculture, whose acquaintance with the Celtic and other languages" has been of great assistance. "Iam grateful to Ifan ab Owen Edwards, Esq., for per mission to extract passages from the writings of his father, the late Sir Owen M. Edwards. Nos. 7, 9, 10, and 11were chosen frolll this source. Nos. 5 and 8 have been taken from ' Sten Sioned ' and ' Cymru Fu ' respectively, and my best thanks are due to the publishers, l\iessrs. Hughes and Son, Wrexham, for allowing me to include them." STEPHE N JONES. "UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, ..ONDON." "J uly, 1926."
(delwedd F6484) (tudalen 009)	INTRODUCTION THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND THEIR VALUES "1. Speech sounds are the elements of spoken language, and have definite acoustic qualities. Every language possesses a large number of distinguishable speech sounds. Some of these are so used in a given language that they may be grouped together as single entities for grammatical and other purposes." "2. To such groups of related sounds the term 'phoneme ," is applied. In some cases a single sound constitutes a phoneme. 3. When a phoneme in a given language covers a family "of sounds, the conditions governing the usage of the various members are such, that one member of the family can never occur in a position which is occupied by another member of the same family. "4. Thus in Welsh, the k-sound in ci (dog) and cWn" "(dogs) are distinct speech sounds, because the place of articulation is diff erent in each case. But they are members of the same phoneme, i.e. the Welsh k-phoneme; because the first variety, which has its place of articulation rather forward, only occurs before the sound i, while the second variety never occurs in this position; its place of articu lation is farther back. Generally in phonetic writing it is only necessary to have separate symbols for the phonemes. Thus the two kinds of k can, without ambiguity ," be expressed by the same symbol k in phonetic writing.
(delwedd F6485) (tudalen 010)	10 A WELSH PHONETIC READER "5. Further, in the combinations tl the explosion of the" "t is lateral (on account of the 1) and the 1sound is partly devocalized by the aspiration of the plosive (§ 11). There is no occasion, however, to use a separate sign for the t, because it is exploded laterally, nor need we have a special symbol to mark the unvoiced 1in this position. Similarly with the unvoicing of the I in pl, kl, and of the r after p, t , k." 6. Speech sounds belonging to the same phoneme cannot distinguish one word from another. "7. It has been already shown (§§ 4, 5) that the particular" member of any phoneme used in any particular case can be determined by the nature of the surrounding sounds. "It will, therefore," be sufficient to indicate in "the succeeding paragraphs, as the cases a.rise, what these" conditions are. The knowledge of these conditions will enable the student to read the text correctly without misusing different members of the same phoneme. "8. The Welsh phonemes are represented in International phonetic notation by the letters p, b, t , d, k, g, 1j, tt, m, 1, lJ , cl-, 1, r, lu, f , v, e, 5, s, J, 5, Q, x, h, w, j, i, e, a, o, u, i, a." "Two phonemes e and o have particularly illlportant subsidiary members, and it has been considered desirable to employ the separate symbols £ and o for these." 9. The phonemes are arranged in two tables: Table I shows the consonants and vowels together; Table II shows the vowels in greater detail.

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TABLE I
Formation of the Welsh Sounds
"Bi I Labio labial dental
----------· -----------
I
Plosive p b
. Affricate .
en
Nasal . . (ip) m
. Lateral
£ Rolled .
0 Fricative . . . lu f v
0 Lateral-f ricative

'Semi-vowel . . w " "Dental Alveolar
----- ---

ts
(JJ·) n
(1) I
(r) r .
s" "Post
alveolar Palatal Velar G-lottal
·-- --1- --- _ , ...
k g

() IJ


I x h (fi)"
"

J ...
------------- -- -- ---·-:- ------------------
"00 ""Close . .
;_ Half -close
o Half -open
> 0pen . . " "Front Central Back

1 i u
e o
(£) a (o)
a"
.
· ·
The symbols enclosed in brack ets represe11t subsidiary members of phon emes.

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(delwedd F6487) (tudalen 012)	12 A WELSH PHONETIC READER TONGUE POSITIONS OF THE WELSH VOWELS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE CARDINA VOWELS 10. Table II shows graphically the positions of the highest point of the tongue in pronouncing the most important Welsh vowel sounds as compared with those of the eight cardinal vowels. The cardinal vowels are indicated by black dots, the principal members of the TABLE I Front 1 1 Central Back u u 0 0 Q Front a Back seven Welsh vowel-phonemes by red dots. The positions of £ and o (which are important subsidiary members of the e and o phonemes) are shown by red circles. [Note.-The cardinal vowels are certain vowel-sounds which have fixed tongue positions and known acoustic qualities. The tongue positions are described in books on phonetics. The acoustic qualities have been recorded on
(delwedd F6488) (tudalen 013)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 13 gramophone records (No. B 804, in “His Master 's Voice “ catalogue).] FURTHER DETAILS REGARDIN G THE WELSH SOUNDS Consonants 11. The voiceless plosives p, t, k, are followed by final voiced plosives distinct “aspiration ''. Initial and b, d, g, are only slightly voiced. 12 p, b. Articulation as in English. t, 13. d. t, d. Dental, not alveolar sounds like the English 14 k, g. Articulation rather further back than in English. 15. ts, tj, cS· Affricates, the last two are similar to the sounds of ch and j in chain,J·am. These sounds are only used in borrowed vords. A watch chain is generally called tjain wa1j, and startj as well as starts are heard for starch. cS occurs in a borrowed word like <Sam (J·am) and also in the mutated form of tJ as in da <Sain (“thy chain”). {See § 91.) English cS often becomes ts in Welsh, e.g. the plant named seicS (sage) is called in Welsh saits. 16. m. As in English. 17. n. More dental than in English. 18. lJ . Similar to the sound of ng as in thing . The place of articulaton of the members of this phoneme is determined by the sounds that precede or follow, as in the case of k (§ 4). 19. Voiceless ip., IJ, followed by an aspirate may occur initially in colloquial speech, as in mh£n:(“my head”),
(delwedd F6489) (tudalen 014)	14 A WELSH PHONETIC READER nha:d (''my father”), IJhallon (“my heart”).1 Generally, however, it is only the first part of the nasal that is devoiced, the later part as well as the whole of the h being voiced. It is unnecessary to use the symbols:tp., l)., in practical transcriptions. Where the nasals occur medially before the h-phoneme, as in kamhari (“to compare”), brenhines (“queen”), alJhovjo (“to forget”), there is no trace of devoicing. 20. 1. The 1 in Welsh has a resonance somewhere between the dark variety (as in English ill), and the clear variety (as in French il). 21. An unvoiced variant of this sound (written lwhere necessary) occurs after p, t, k (§ 5, 11). This sound is about the same as the French l in boucle (bukl) when the word is said with a pause following. lbelongs to the I phoneme both in Welsh and French. 22. ll. This sound is a separate phoneme in Welsh, and is to be carefully distinguished from the l. The whole of the tongue-edge is in contact with the inner surface of the upper teeth near the teeth ridge, except at a place on one side (left or right) in the region of the back teeth. A strong current of air is forced through the narrow aperture, giving the ear the impression of a strong fricative. The ll is therefore best described as a voiceless lateral-fricative; see Table I. 23. r. Welsh r is rolled, that is to say it is formed by the tongue-tip tapping against the teeth ridge. 1 mhEn:, nha:d, IJhallon are mutated forms of p£n:, ta:d, kallon. They do not occur initially in tl1e lterary language, which requ ires that they should be preceded by a proclitic.
(delwedd F6490) (tudalen 015)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 15 24. f · The breathed form of the preceding occurs after p, t, k. It also occurs when followed by h initially as in rhu:d (“rust”), and in the middle of words as in_ anrhegjon (“gifts”). Being a member of the r phoneme, it will not be indicated by a separate symbol (cp. m, n, IJ , § 19). The rh mutates into r (§ 91). 25. lu. 1u is the devoiced form of w (§ 34). Being voiceless, it is fricative and not a semi-vowel. This sound does not occur frequently, e.g. i lua1j (“her watch”). 26. f , v. As in English. v tends to disappear finally, e.g., tre: for tre:v (“town”). 27. th. The sound of th in thing. 28. dd. The sound of th in those. It tends to disappear finally, e.g., eiste for eistedd (“to sit”). 29. s. As in English. 30. s, z. Resemble the English sounds of sh in ship and s in measure. These sounds are to be found in borrowed words like shop: (“shop”) , ingan, or ingin (“engine”). Si in Welsh words is frequently pronounced sh, e.g. sharad for siarad (“to speak”). 31. ç. Voiceless palatal fricative, similar to German ch in ich. It is the devoiced form of j (§ 35) and rarely occurs, e.g., i hiaith (“her language”). 32. h. A strong aspirate as in English. Between vowels the corresponding voiced sound h is generally substituted; e.g. paham (“why”). So it may be regarded as a member of the h-phoneme, and it is not necessary to use the symbol h in phonetic texts. 33. x. A voiceless velar fricative, similar to the German sound of ch in ach. It is pronounced with a slight uvular vibration.
(delwedd F6491) (tudalen 016)	16 A WELSH PHONETIC READER 34. w. This is the glide-sound of w in way . The tongue starts in the position of u (§ 51), but with lips more rounded. Then it proceeds at once to the succeeding vowel. w occurs in combination with other sounds; see § 41. 35. j. The English sound of y in yes. This is a friction less glide-sound. The tongue starts near the position for i (§ 45) and imlllediat ely proceeds to the position for the vowel following. Consonants in Oombi1iatio·n 36. When 1, r come immediately after p, t , k in the beginning of a syllable, they arepartially devoiced (§ 21, 24). 37. When n comes after k, as in knaud (“flesh”), it remains voiced. The n is not formed until the explosion of the k is complete, as is also the case in German (cp. German knabe). 38. _In the combination kt the k has full plosion; the plosion of the k is heard particularly clearly at the end of a stressed syllable. Compare the Welsh pronunciation of the word actau (“acts”) with the normal English pronunciation actor (where the k is not exploded); and also with German of takt, and French acte (where the k is exploded ). 39. b, g are completely devoiced a:fter s in the same syllable: e.g., ko:sp (N. Wales), kosp (S. Wales), (“punishment”), ku:sk (N. Wales), kusk (S. Wales), (“sleep”). 40. In the combinations mhl, nhl, lJhl, mhr, nhr, IJhr (which represent the mutated forms of pl, tl, kl, pr, tr, kr) (§ 91), the remarks in §§ 19, 24 apply. 41. gwl, gwn, gwr, and their mutations lJWl, IJWn, 13wr are really gl, gn, gr, IJl, IJll, IJr, pronounced with simul taneous lip rounding.
(delwedd F6492) (tudalen 017)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 17 42. In the case xw as in xwe:x (''six”), it is interesting to note that the x does not have lip rounding. The x and w are pronounced separately. 43. In the so-called doubling of the p, t , k, which is so characteristic a feature of Welsh (§ 78), it must be borne in mind that it is the “stop“ or “occlusive element“ which is lengthened, there being only one plosive element. 44. When two h's, two d's, two g's; or b and h, d and h, g and h come together, the one at the end of a word a11d tl1e other· at the beginning of the next word, the voiced plosives become completely devoiced. The following are examples: · (a) anhe{J 'fJlu:iv drui 'vi:n a 'kle:5 (“An unf air wound by the edge of the s'vord”). The two g's in anhe:g and glu:iv lose their voice, and thus alliterate witl1 k in kle:<S. (b) bargo 'hail goriux 'bri:g 'ton: (“A sun's edge above a wave's crest”) . The d in bargod alliterates with the t in ton:. This illustrates one of the rules of y gynghanedd in \Velsh poetry. Voioels 45. i. A close front vowel ·with tongue position slightly lower than cardinal vo,vel No. I(see Table II). It is thus similar to the sound of ee in see but with no tendency to diphthongization into ij. 46. e. Slightly more open than cardinal No. 2. Rather lil{e the French e “moyen “as in mechant. 47. £, More open than the Southern English e in ten. · It is an important member of the Welsh e-phoneme. 48. a. Situated between cardinal vowels No. 4 and 2
(delwedd F6493) (tudalen 018)	18 A WELSH PHONETIC READER No. 5, but some'hat nearer to No. 4. Rather more forward than the ordinary a of father. 49 o. Somewhat opener than cardinal No. 6 (see Table II), but not so open as the English vowel in hot. An important member of the Welsh o-phoneme. 50. o. Rather more open than cardinal No. 7 (see Table II). Similar to the Scottish pronunciation of o in home. 51. u. A close back vowel with tongue position somewhat lower than cardinal vowel No. 8. Resembles the English sound of oo in too, but has no tendency to diphthongization into uw. 52. i. This sound is a close central vowel (see Table II); by this we mean that the middle of the tongue is raised so as to come near the palate; the lips are tense and some times slightly rounded. The vowel is intermediate between and m (unrounded u). (1) There is no sound like it in English. To acquire it, practise w and then aim at a sound between this and i. The use of iis characteristic of North Welsh. In South Welsh the sound is generally replaced by i. 53. a. A central vowel similar to the first vowel in ago. In unstressed syllables a slightly closer variety is used (see Table II). 54. Vowels in the region between half close and half open show a curious instability in a vowel system which on the whole is strikingly stable. The quality of the vowels in this region varies appreciably with the degree of stress. In the word gofyn (“to ask”), for example, the o may vary in different pronunciations from cardinal o 1/ w represents the vowel obtained by placing the tongue as for U and the lips as for i.
(delwedd F6494) (tudalen 019)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 19 (govin) to ·a more open cardinal o (govvin). Similarly the e in melyn (“yellow”), and melus (“sweet”) may vary from cardinal e (melin, melis) to cardinal £ (mEllin, mEllis). It is interesting to compare the two a's in kaf 9llai (“horses”). There is sometimes a strong tendency to centralization of the o in some words, such as dodui (dodwy , “to lay eggs”), troux, trowch (“turn”). Diphthongs 55. A diphthong, as here considered, is a glide from a vowel of greater to a vowel of equal or less relative perceptibility . Thus in the diphthong ai the organs of speech start in the a configuration and proceed at once by the shortest r9ute in the direction of i. So that the second element in the transcription of diphthongs indicates the direction of the glide rather than the final configuration. When the rate of change in the configuration of the speech organs is at first slow, the first element of the diphthong is called long. With these conventions, it may be said that the following diphthongs occur in Welsh:- ai, oi, ni (S.,V.), ui, ai; iu, eu, au, iu, au; ai, oi, ui, ai. The first element in many of the diphthongs may be long (§ 75). -···· SOUND AT'l'RIBUTES Stress 56. Three well-marked degrees of stress (force·-accent) may be readily distinguished in Welsh. They may be termed “strong'', “medium “, “weak''. It is only necessary to mark the strong accents in broad phonetic tests. This is represented by placing the mark ' at the
(delwedd F6495) (tudalen 020)	20 A WELSH PHONETIC READER beginning of the strong syllable . When necessary , before the syllable may be used to mark medium stress. 57. The strong stress in Welsh is more marked than th-e strong stress in English. 58. There is a distinct relation between stress and vowel length in Welsh, but weakening of stress does not obscure the quality of vowels as in English, where mse:n (man) is reduced to man in the word <tEntlman (gntleman). A vowel may, however, be dropped altogether in sy1lables with weak stress (see § 61). 59. The syllable which bears the strong stress is as a rule the last but one: e.g. '4uinog (“fox”) <lui'nog od (“foxes”). 60. A good many words, however, have tb.e strong stress on the last syllable; e.g. kam'ra:ig (“Welsh”), is'lau (“below”); cf . fi'fossofi (“philosophy }, 'f enestr (“window”). 61. Pretonic syllables have weak stress, and the vowel frequently disappears. ka 'lonnai (“hearts”) and para 'toi (“to prepare”) are commonly pronounced 'klonnai, par 'toi. 62. The stress on the syllable following the strongly stressed syllable is medium tending towards strong. This leads to the introduction in colloquial speech of the so called epenthetic vowel between the sounds l and r and a preceding consonant. 'pobl (“people”) is more usually pronounced pobol, aml (“often”) becomes amal. Contrast th.is with 'f ene;st from 'f enestr (“window”), where the strong stress is on the first syllable. In a few words of two syllables terminating in other sounds the final vowel is elided; e.g. mind from maned (‘‘to go”).
(delwedd F6496) (tudalen 021)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 21 63. In deliberate speech, when the strong stress is on the last syllable but one, the first syllable of words of more than three syllables has medium stress, e.g. ,goreram 'derai (“oppressions”). The same thing occurs in words of more than two syllables when the strong stress is on the last syllable, e.g. para 'toi (“to prepare”). It is interesting in this connexion to note a Welshman's pronunciation of English words of four or more syllables, such as a.dministra tion, f amiliarity , examination; he is liable to say these words with medium stress on the first syllable instead of on the second. Length 64. Most vowels and consonants can have different degrees of length. These degrees of length are easily distinguishable, viz. long, half -long, and short. 65. When a sound is long the fact is indicated in the phonetic transcriptions by placing the mark: immediately after the symbol of the sound. Placed after a plosive consonant the mark: is to be taken to indicate a prolongation of the ''Stop”or ''Occlusive”element of that consonant. Half -length is marked when necessary by ·. 66. Length is an important element of speech in Welsh. Many words are distinguished by the presence or absence of length\ in a vowel or a consonant. ta:l (“payment”) tal: (“tall”) hi:n (“sleep”) hin: (“this”) ka·ni (“singing”) kanni (“bleaching”) gu:n (“robe”) gun: (“I know”) 67. The vowels i, e, a, o, u, ican be long, half -long or short, but o, £ are never long in Welsh, and a is only fully long in the name of the last letter of the alphabet (y).
(delwedd F6497) (tudalen 022)	22 A WELSH PHONETIC READER After long vowels 'there is frequently heard a distinct uh-glide. This is particularly noticeable after o:, i:, u:. 68. The vowels o, e only occur in closed (1) syllables with strong stress. They are important subsidiary members of the o and e phonemes respectively. 69. It is only in monosyllabic words and final syllables with strong · stress that vowels can occur fully long. Dyn [di:n] (“man”), is [i:s] (“under”), bach [ba:x] (“small, hook”), Cymraeg [kuhm'ra:ig] (“Welsh”). 70. Stressed vowels in final positions (i.e. wh n followed by a pause) are always long, e.g. ki:(“dog”), ki:(“amiable”), ti: (“house”). 71. Should syllables become penultimate by the addition of a suffix, diIUinution of length of the v·owel occurs. It becomes half -long if the suffix begins with a vowel, short if the suffix begins with a consonant. Compare the lengths of the vowels in the following: mo:r (“sea”) mo·roitS (“seas”) . morjo (“sailing”) ta:n (“fire”) ta·nai (“fires”) tanci-id (“fiery”) With long vowels followed by s, the case is different; e.g. no:s (“night”) nossi (“becoming night”) kra:s (“dry”) krassi (“baking”) The explanation of this anomaly is to be found in the history of these words (see Sir John Morris-Jones' Welslt Gr ammar ,2 p. 137). I A syllable is said to be “open “when it ends in a vowel . Thus ta 'rani ( ' ' thundering”) is n1ade up of three open syllables. A syllable is said to be “closed “when it ends in a con sonant. Th11s, tar<Si (‘‘issuing”) is n1ade u p of a closed syllable tar and an open 011e iSi. The point of syllable di,rision in the . groups mh, nh, Ijh, rh should be noticed: ke l 'nhad l le ( conference”), dal 'mheg l jon ( parables”), dia I'rhe lbol (“proverbial”). a Oxf ord , 1913.
(delwedd F6498) (tudalen 023)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 23 72. In words of more than one syllable, vowels are short · in closed syllables, evn when strongly stressed, e.g. blinder (“fatigue”), pentur (“heap”), akku (“there”), hofter (“fondness”), dundur (“noise”), ixter (“height”), ci-amdra (“poverty”). In monosyllabic words ending in long or double consonants the vowels are short, tending to half-long; examples:- xwim: (“nimble”) cl-en: (“veil”) cl-an: (“church”) cl-on: (“happy”) cl-um:(“poor”) cl-in:(“lake”) 73. There are some exceptions, e.g. muin'ha:nt (“they enjoy”), ku:sg (“sleep”), ko:sb (North Welsh) (“punish ment”), ha:ci-t (North Welsh) (“salt ad}. ). In South Welsh these last three words follow the rule and are pronounced kusg, kosb, haci-t. 74. All vowels in syllables which are not strongly stressed are short. 75. In respect to length in diphthongs, usage varies. As a general rule it may be said that the only diphthongs in which the first element may be long are ai, oi, ui representing orthographic ae, oe, wy respectively; examples: cae (“field”), doe (“yesterday”), dwy (“two”). Note that the diphthong eu, as in gwneud (“to do”), is always short. 76. The length of the diphthongs in pairs of words such as the following should be compared:- gwaeth (“worse”) gwaith (“work”) llaeth (“milk”) llaith (“damp”) troed (“foot”) troid (past imperfect, impersonal form of troi, to turn) 77. In South Welsh a:i is replaced by ai or â, thus llaith or llâth (“milk”); o:i is replaced by oi or ô, thus troid or trôd (“foot”).
(delwedd F6499) (tudalen 024)	24 A WELSH PHONETIC READER 78. p, t, k, m, lJ , ci-1are always lengthened (or doubled) (§ 43) 'vhen they follovv a stressed vowel and are not followed by another consonant; e.g.:- poppe8 (“everything”) mammai(“mothers”) kip: (“glance”) mam: (“mother”) attal (“to stop”) ci-OIJIJai(“ships”) htt: (“hat”) ci-oIJ: (“ship”) sikkan (“gruel”) daci-: (“blind”) knok: (“knock”) daci-ci-i (“blinding”) This rule also applies to s (§ 68), when it is intervocalic; e.g. kossi (“scratching”). Sentence Stre8s 79. In a sentence, the most important words from the point of view of meaning, receive the strong stress. Less important words tend to lose such stress as they would have if pronounced alone. Such reduction of stress is accompanied by a reduction in the length of a long sound. 80. Thus in the sentence y mae hwn yn caru pechaduriaid (“This one loves sinners”), the important words are hun: (“this one”) and pechaduriaid (“sinners”). But to alter the meaning slightly it might be necessary to stress mae (“is”). The a in maw would then have the length it would have if said by itself . Intonation 81. Intonation is the term used to denote the successive pitch changes of the voice in speech. Its counterpart in song is melody. 1 In N.W. except in hôll, ôll (“all”). In S.W. the final ll of monosyllabic words is not lengthened except in a few cases; e.g. dull: (''manner”).
(delwedd F6500) (tudalen 025)	A. WELSH PHONETIC READER 25 82. Since pitch and stress in speech are but effects of the same cause, viz., expenditure of energy in utterance, it will be readily understood that they are closely associated, the one with the other. Although the two things are different, it is a matter of common observation that increase in stress is almost always accompanied by a definite change of pitch (generally a rise) . 83. So intimate is the relation that some phoneticians have employed the term ''Physiological Intensity”to denote a combination of the two factors (pitch and stress). It will be necessary to bear this in mind in order to under stand properly why the peaks on intonation curves so frequently coincide with positions of strong stress; cf. Jones' Intonation Curves and Outline of English Phonetics; also Armstrong and Ward's Handbook of English Intonation and Klinghardt's Übungen im englischen Tonfall. 84. The rules governing intonation in Welsh have not yet been fully worked out. The following points may, ho\vever, be noted:- (1) Welsh intonation often reaches a higher pitch than English intonation, and the lowest li1nit of the voice is hardly ever reached in \Velsh. vVelsh consequently has the general eff ect of being spoken at a higher average pitch of the voice than English. (2) In the pronunciation of words said by them selves:- (a) When the strong stress is on the last syllable but one it is said with mid pitch, and the weaker following syllable has a falling pitch which generally starts higher . than the mid pitch. Example:-
(delwedd F6501) (tudalen 026)	26 A WELSH PHONETIC READER rhi'daxen Oxford. (b) When the word is ·a monosylla ble, there is a high falling intonation on it. Example:- a The 'di:n man. (c) When the word has the strong stress on the last syllable, that syllable has a high-falling intonation on it. Example:- kair 'di:<S Cardiff . ..._,........- (3) In simple statements containing no words of special prominence, the highest pitch is on the first stressed syllable; after that there is a gradual fall in the intonation. Syllables precedi11g the first stressed syllable a;re lower than it in pitch. Example:- --- •-•---- ------- 9',, mi 'gasgais I slept 'dru:i r pra 'nhaun through the afternoon. (4) When a word is given prominence there is a rising falling intonation on it. If the prominen t word is a word of two or more syllables with the strong stress on tl1e last syllable but one, that
(delwedd F6502) (tudalen 027)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 27 syllable has a mid-rising pitch and the weaker syllable which follows has a high-falling pitch. If the prominent word is a monosyllable, the whole word takes the rising-falling intonation. If the prominent word has the strong stress on the last syllable, that syllable takes the rising-falling intonation. Thus, if in the examples given above, prominence be given to 'g asgais the intonation would be '  ' -=-... mi 'gasgais drui r pranhaun. If prominence be given to 'dru:i, the intonation would be mi gasgais 'dru:i r pranhaun. If prominence be given to pra 'nhaun, the intonation would be mi gasgais drui r pra 'nhaun. (5) When a sentence contains a word which has already been used in the preceding sentence or has been implied in what precedes, that word takes a rising intonation. Example:- a -•• ZU¢2 . ....,.,_ aw .t W . L!X a Ci ..:llOJi . . •_ x z::::emt ,.. 'brenin oi5 'davi5 David was a king ( 'davi having been previously mentioned or implied .) This intonation is also used to express surprise. Exainple:-
(delwedd F6503) (tudalen 028)	28 A WELSH PHONETIC READER ------------ ------- ----------- ·-=-- / a mai 'aira ar a 'mani<S There is snow on th 6 Inountain. (6) When two words are contrasted, one of them has a rising intonation, as it comes under the preceding rule. Example:- nid 'di: nnd 'gwin: Not black but white. 'gwin: i1id 'di: 'Vhit e not black. (7) When it is intended to draw attention to something surprising, the prominent word has a rising-falling intona tion on it. Example:- • ?L . w; , _., e'draxux ar a 'mu:g Look at the smoke. 85. It may be of interest to mention here the word tippin, the meaning of which depends on the intonation with which it is uttered. If it is said with the tone of pri•mary prom 1•nence 'tippin · it means “rather much ''. On the other hand, should it be uttered with a low rising tone
(delwedd F6504) (tudalen 029)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 29 e / 'tippin it means “only a fair amount . 86. Intonation in Questions:- (a) Questions beginning with interrogative particles (a, ai, onid, etc.) expressed or understood have a rising i•ntonati•on. · a ois 'eira a1· 3 mani<S 1 Is there sno\v 011 the mountai11? (b) Questions beginning with specific interrogative words (pa:, pu:i, etc.) have a falling intonation. .>. pui Who si<S IS ar a 'mani<S 1 on the mountain ? 87. Commands have a fa]li11g into1J ation. · 'eux 'ammaie ! Go away ! 1iUTATION 88. Certain consonants at the beginnings of words change into certain other consonants (§ 19). The phenomenon is called mutation ; it was once a case of assimilation. 89. A consonant is capable of mutation only into another consonant having the same place of articulation.
(delwedd F6505) (tudalen 030)	30 A · WELSH PHONETIC READER Thus mutation proceeds along the columns in Table I. For example, the unvoiced plosive k in ki: (“dog”) becomes the voiced plosive g in de gi: (“thy dog”), the nasal lJ in ve IJhi: (“my dog”), and the unvoiced fricative x in ixi: (“her dog”). These examples show that changes in the velar sound k develop along the velar column. The same thing applies to the other mutable consonants. In some instances, however, slight deviations from this principle of mutation in columns occur. They are as follows:- (1) The bi-labialsj p, b, and m, instead of changing into the bi-labials F, u respectively change into the labiodentals f, v, e.g., the p in p£n: (“head”) changes into f in if£n: (“her head”), the b in baxg en (“boy”) into v in ivaxg en (“his boy”), and the m in m£rx (“daughter”) into v in . da VErx (“thy daughter”). (2) The velar plosive g, instead of changing into the velar voiced fricative g., disappears, e.g., garts (“garden”) becomes arlS in de ar<S (“thy garden”). (3) In the process of mutation of t, d into n and of cl into 1, there is a very slight deviation from the dental column into the alveolar column . 90. The conditions governing mutations are given in grammars of the language. Although recorded in the orthography of Welsh, the mutated forms of the word are not given in dictionaries. The radical forms only are given. It is necessary, therefore, to know not only the consonants that are capable of undergoing mutation, but also the consonants resulting from these mutations. 91. The following is a list of initial or radical sounds
(delwedd F6506) (tudalen 031)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 31 which are subject to mutation: p, b, t, d, k, g, 1j, m, cl-, rh, w, j. Their mutations are as f ollows:- S ou11d. Voice- mutation . Nasal- n1utation . Fricative- m utation . --- p b m (h) f b t d m n (h) v [u] 1 e d n lS -·-···- --: ---- k g lJ (h) x g lJ [g.] 1 1J m v [u] 1 cl- 1 rh r w h> J Q ABBREVIATIO NS USED IN THE TRAN SLATIONS In the literal translations, the mark * indica.tes that the word following is a proper name. Two or more English words joined by hyphens are translations of a single Welsh word. Words in brackets are explanatory, e.g. (3 = . . .) means that the three preceding words in the literal transla tion are more accurately translated by . . .; (= 3) meansthat the preceding word in the translation represents three words in the phonetic text. p. means an un translatable particle. 1 Cf. § 89.

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(delwedd F6507) (tudalen 032)	1 Hide (of ) the Elephant "p. saw one of-you hide (of an) elephant ever?" asked examiner in school occasion ago (= 2). "Yes, sir, I saw, I,"" says boy small six age. "In-what-place?" says the examiner." "About (= 2) the elephant himself" (= 2), says the" boy with every seriousness. 2 John William When was John William and his family p. eating their dinner, came stone down (= 2) from top the woodedslope and through the roof, and fell on trencher John William, and destroyed his potatoes and his meat. He-gave swear because its being after destroying (4 = it had destroyed) his meat. p. was the stone p. too big to its rolling out through the door, and was necessity to-them breaking hole in-middle the floor, and its burying. 3 Olwen Tunic of silk flame-red was about under-her (3 = about her), and torque of ruddy-gold and pearls emerald was about her neck. Yellower was her head than flowers the broom, and whiter her skin than foam the wave. Fairer was her two-hand and her fingers than flowers in foam fountain
(delwedd F6508) (tudalen 033)	TEXTS 1 Croen y Cawrfil "A welodd un ohonoch groen cawrfil erioed?" gofynnai arholwr mewn ysgol dro'n ôl. "Do, syr, mi welais I," medd bychan chwech oed. "Ymhle?" medd yr arholwr. "O gwmpas y cawrfil ei hun," medd y bachgen gyda phob difrifwch. 2 Siôn Wiliam Pan oedd Siôn Wiliam a'i deulu'n bwyta (e)u ciniaw, daeth carreg i lawr o ben yr allt a thwy'r to, a disgynnodd ar dreinsiwr Siôn Wiliam a difethodd (e)i datws a'i gig. Rhoddodd rheg am (e)i bod wedi difetha (e)i gig. Roedd y garreg yn rhy fawr i'w dreiglo allan trwy'r drws, a bu gorfod iddynt dorri twll ynghanol y llawr, a’i chladdu. 3 Olwen Camse o sidan fflamgoch oedd amdani, a thorch o ruddaur a pherlai emrald oedd am (e)i gwddf. Melynnach oedd (e)i phen na blodau'r banadl a gwynnach (e)i chroen nag ewin y don, tecach oedd (e)i dwylo a'i bysedd na blodau yn ewin fynnon gweirglodd.
(delwedd F6509) (tudalen 034)	34 A WELSH PHONETIC READER meadow. Brighter was her eyes than glance the hawk and the falcon. Whiter was her two-breast than breast swan white, redder her two-cheek than the foxgloves reddest. The whosoever that her saw filled would-be of her love. (There were) four of trefoils white that grew in mark her foot (3 = her footsteps) which way ever where shewalked; and for that p. there-was-calling her Olwen. 4 Proof satisfactory Went gentleman once from considerable distance to visiting with farmer was p. proverbial for his strength, for sake having proof on-it. p. was the gentleman p. man big, tall and appearance dignified on-him. After tying his horse to tree adjacent, he-approached to the man, and said, “I-came here from considerable distance for sake having proof of your strength, about the which I-am after hearing (4 = I have heard) so-much of talking.” “So p. true,”said the farmer; and he-seized in-him, and he-threw him over top the hedge to the field other, and he-went forward with his job. After little he-raised his head and he-asked, “p. youwould-like you to me doing more to you?" "Well, perhaps p. you-will-be so-good as throwing the horse to me again," quoth the gentleman."
(delwedd F6510) (tudalen 035)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 35 disgleiriach oedd (e)i llygaid na golwg y gwalch a'r hebog, gwynnach oedd (e)i dwyfron na bron alarch gwyn, cochach ei deurydd na'r ffion cochaf. Y sawl a'i gwelai cyflawn fyddai o’i serch. Pedair o feillion gwynion a dyfent yn ôl (e)i throed pa ffordd bynnag y cerddai ac am hynny y gelwid hi Olwen. 4 Prawf boddhaol Aeth gwrbonheddig unwaith o gryn bellder i ymweld â ffermwr oedd yn ddiarhebol am ei nerth, er mwyn cael prawf arno. Roedd y gwrbonheddig yn ddyn mawr tal a golwg urddasol arno. Wedi clymu (e)i geffyl wrth goeden gyfagos, neshaodd at y gw^r, a dywedodd, “Daedhum (?) (> daethum) yma o gryn bellder er mwyn cael prawf o'ch nerth, am yr hwn rwyf wedi clywed cymaint o siarad.” “Felly'n wir,” ebe'r ffermwr; ac ymaflodd ynddo, a thaflodd ef dros ben y glwyd i'r cae arall, ac aeth ymlaen a'i orchwyl. Ymhen ychydig cododd (e)i ben a gofynnodd, "A garech chwi i mi wneud chwaneg i chwi?" "Wel, hwyrach y byddwch cystal a thaflu'r ceffyl i mi eto," ebe'r gwrbonheddig.
(delwedd F6511) (tudalen 036)	36 A WELSH PHONETIC READER 5 The Child and the Snake p. was once boy little p. living in somewhere yonder, whom (=3) there-was-losing from the house every day on time morning-meal. As-soon as p. he-used-to-have his food, namely p. chief [ly] milk and whey, used-to-go the little-one always (= 2) out with his cup and his bread in his hand. He-did so for considerable time without nobody p. thinking nothing about the thing, but being the child p. choosing going to shelter hedge fair, or into face sun, for taking his meal. But from the last (3 = at last), by seeing his being p. going out so p. regular every morning, as that was the morning p. coming, there-was-watching him, and therewas-looking without knowing to-him, to what place where he-was-going; and there-was-finding him in nook rather secret without being p. not-far from the house, and who was there p. drinking-together and p. eating-together with him from his cup but fine-creature of snake speckled! There-was-holding to noticing on-them at their morning meal. They used-to-eat-together p. wonderful friendly; but if would-be the snake occasional time (2 = occasionally) p. coming rather p. too often to the cup, would-give the child tap gentle to-her with his spoon, and would-say to-her about ceasing going with more than her share. Took she the hint with every gentleness, and would-come again to asking for her drink. That-was the time last for-them eating-together; not they-met more: for when there-was-understanding habit the
(delwedd F6512) (tudalen 037)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 37 5 Y Plentyn a'r Neidr Roedd unwaith fachgen bychan yn byw'n rhywle draw, ’r hwn a gollid o'r ty^ bob dydd ar amser boreufwyd. Cynted ag y caffai (e)i fwyd, sef yn bennaf llaeth a maidd, ai y bychan yn wastad allan a'i gwpan a'i fara'n (e)i law. Gwnaeth felly am gryn amser, heb neb yn meddwl dim am y peth, ond bod y plentyn yn dewis mynd i gysgod clawdd teg, neu i wyneb haul, i gymeryd (e)i bryd. Ond o'r diwedd, wrth weld (e)i fod yn mynd allan felly'n rheolaid bob bore, fel roedd y bore'n dod, gwylwyd ef, ac edrychwyd heb wybod iddo, i ba le yr elai, a chafwyd ef mewn cornelyn lled ddirgel heb fod yn nepell o'r ty^, a phwy oedd yno'n cydyfed ac yn cydfwyta ag ef o'i gwpan ond llafnes o neidr fraith! Dalwyd i sylwi arnynt wrth (e)u boreufwyd. Cydymborthent yn hynod gyfeillgar; ond os byddai'r neidr ambell waith yn dyfod braidd yn rhy fynych i'r cwpan, rhoddai y plentyn gnipws tirion iddi â'i lwy a dywedai wrthi am beidio mynd â mwy na'i chyfran. Cymerai hithau'r awgrym gyda phob adfwynder a deuai drachefn i ymofyn am (e)i lymaid. Dyna'r tro diweddaf iddynt gydfwyta; ni chyfarfuant mwy; canys pan deallwyd arfer y plentyn, gwyliwyd
(delwedd F6513) (tudalen 038)	38 A WELSH PHONETIC READER child, there-was-watching the snake; and when she came to the place the time usual, there-was-killing her. But from the day that out pined he daily and nightly from sorrow for his old friend coiled, and was dead consequently ( = 3). 6 Conference the Mice In old farmhouse p. was cat after killing many of mice. Came the remainder which there-was-leaving p. alive to one-another (= 2) to hold meeting for considering in-what manner that they-could make-safe themselves (= 2) against the cat. Was there debating great on every plan which there-wasbringing before ( = 2) the meeting but not there-wasobtaining one which gave satisfaction general. From the end (3 = at last) rose rat young up (= 2) and said, "is with-me plan which-is p. sure of being p. effective, and I know that will-be everyone who-is here p. present p. agreeing after to-them its hearing, thatnot there-is-able having its better. p. I-am p. offering being bell I to its hanging about neck the cat. Then, when p. makes she the movement smallest, I (it is) we that shall-hear sound the bell, I and will-be this p. warning to us to flee to our holes." There-was-receiving the offer with shouts loud of approval, and there-was-passing it p. unanimous.
(delwedd F6514) (tudalen 039)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 39 y neidr, a phan daeth i'r fan yr amser arferol, lladdwyd hi. Ond o'r dydd hwnnw allan dihoenodd yntau beunydd a beunos o alar am (e)i hen gyfeilles dorchog, a bu farw o'r herwydd. 6 Cynhadledd y llygod. Mewn hen ffermdy roedd cath wedi lladd lawer o lygod. Daeth y gweddill a adawyd yn fyw at (e)i gilydd i gynnal cyfarfod i ystyried ymha fodd y gallent ddiogelu (e)u hunain rhag y gath. Bu yno ddadleu mawr ar bob cynllun a dygwyd ger bron y cyfarfod. Ond ni chafwyd un a roddai foddlonrwydd cyffredinol. O'r diwedd cododd llygoden ieuanc i fyny, a dywedodd, "Mae gennyf gynllun sy'n sicr o fod yn effeithiol, ac mi wn y bydd pawb sydd yma'n bresennol yn cytuno wedi iddynt (e)i glywed nad ellir cael (e)i well. Rwy'n cynnig fod cloch i'w chrogi am wddf y gath. Yna, pan y gwnai hi'r symudiad lleiaf, ni a glywn sw^n y gloch, a bydd hyn yn rhybudd i ni i ffoi i'n tyllau." Derbyniwyd y cynhigiad gyda bloeddiau uchel o gymeradwyaeth a phasiwyd e'n unfrydol.
(delwedd F6515) (tudalen 040)	40 A WELSH PHONETIC READER After having silence, rose old rat up ( = 2) that-not was till in this after speaking (who up till now had not spoken) a word, and said as the following:- "Is the plan p. one remarkable skilful, I and not I-am p. doubting that-not will-be it p. successful; but before going further, I-should-like asking one question, who that-is p. going to hanging the bell about neck the cat?" There-was-seeing at once being the thing p.impossible, and there-was-breaking the meeting up (= 2) without deciding nothing. · 7 City the flowers I-was p. roaming through the streets the afternoon; not astonishing being the city p. having its calling p. city the flowers and p. city the beauty; not is there street without something to charm the eye. p. was the roads p. full of flowers the spring, and p. was colour so rich on flowers that I-was p. acquainted-with lily the valleys, and flowers the snow, and hair the maiden so that hardly that I-believed that my old friends they-were. And about beauty appearance and complexion notI know about anywhere better for its seeing than Florence. p. is the men p. darker their hair and their eyes than the Germans, p. taller and p. more-beautiful their skins than the French. p. is the gait the girls p. light and natural, their eyes p. dark of the darkest, and smile sunny every time on their faces, where there remains blush health and feeling. Not they-are p. taking-offence for to strangers looking on-them; deepens their blush and plays pride innocent in their eyes; they walk p. more-upright than ever, p. queens the earth,
(delwedd F6516) (tudalen 041)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 41 Wedi cael distawrwydd cododd hen lygoden i fyny, nad oedd hyd yn hyn wedi siarad un gair, a dywedodd fel y canlyn: - "Mae y cynllun yn un hynod gywrain, ac nid wy'n ameu na fydd e'n llwyddiannus; ond cyn mynd ymhellach, carwn ofyn un cwestiwn, pwy sy'n mynd i grogi’r gloch am wddf y gath?” Gwelwyd ar unwaith fod y peth yn amhosibl, a thorrwyd y cyfarfod i fyny heb benderfynu dim. 7 Dinas y blode. Bûm yn crwydro trwy'r ystrydoedd y prynhawn; nid rhyfedd fod y ddinas yn cael (e)i galw'n ddinas y blode ac yn ddinas y tlysni. Nid oes yno ystryd heb rwybeth i swyno’r llygad. Roedd yr heolydd yn llawn o flode'r gwanwyn, ac roedd lliw mor gyfoethog ar flode roeddwn yn adnabod - lili'r dyffrynnoedd, a blode'r eira, a gwallt y forwyn - fel mae prin y credwn mai fy hen gyfeillion oeddynt. Ac am harddwch pryd a gwedd, nis gwn am unlle gwell i'w weled na Fflorens. Y mae'r dynion yn dduach (e)u gwallt a'u llygaid na'r Almaenwyr, yn dalach ac yn lanach (e)u crwyn na'r Ffrancod. Y mae cerddediad y merched yn ysgafn a naturiol, (e)i llygaid yn dduon o'r dduaf, a gwên heulog bob amser ar (e)u hwynebau, lle'r erys gwrid iechyd a theimlad. Nid ydynt yn digio am i ddieithriaid edrych arnynt; dyfnhâ (e)i gwrid a chwarae balchder diniwed yn (e)i llygaid; cerddant yn sythach erioed, yn freninesau'r ddaear.
(delwedd F6517) (tudalen 042)	42 A WELSH PHONETIC READER Not there-is-able going to the train, not there-is-able walking through road nor market, not there-is-able being ten minute in tram, without seeing face that-is like miracle of beauty. 8 Easy Slumber Soup Turnips Time long ago (= 2) I p. was two neighbours p. living under the same-roof, p. near to the mountain in farm-house (on summer pasture), and with every one of them host of children. Small was their gain, and as that there-could-be thinking, hard was on one of-them. Soup turnips and bread hardgrey was their food oftenest. In the house other p. was broth fat, and plenty of meat sheep, but p. was considerable doubt about honesty the family that, and many p. thinking that-not was sheep the neighbours p. having quiet with-them. What manner ever (3 = however), one night in depth the winter there-is knocking at the door the farmers and officers justice p. coming for searching the house and there-was-having sufficient of marks theft for taking the man to prison middle night. At hearing the sound and the commotion in the house, woke family the house next. "Well, well," said the wife, "p. was-I p. fearing that like that it-would-have-been p. coming ‘from long-evil comes great-evil'. Get-up Gruffudd!” "Let quiet to me," said Gruffudd, "easy slumber" soup turnips." And he-put his head on the pillow and he-slept p. quiet till the morning.
(delwedd F6518) (tudalen 043)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 43 Ni fedrir mynd i'r trên, ni fedrir cerdded trwy heol na marchnad, nis gellir bod deng munud mewn tram, heb weled gwyneb sydd fel gwyrth o brydferthwch. 8 Esmwyth cwsg, potes maip Amser maith yn ôl, roedd dau gymydog yn byw dan yr unto, yn agos i'r mynydd mewn hafod, a chan bob un ohonynt liaws o blant. Bychan oedd (e)u hennill, ac fel y gallesid meddwl, caled ydoedd ar un ohonynt. Potes maip a bara caledlwyd oedd (e)u hymborth fynychaf. Yn y ty^ arall roedd cawl bras, a chyflawnfer o gig defaid. Ond roedd cryn amheuaeth am gonestrwydd y teulu hwnnw, a llawer yn meddwl nad oedd defaid y cymdogion yn cael llonydd ganddynt. Pa fodd bynnag, un noswaith yn nyfnder y gaeaf, dyna guro wrth y drws - y ffermwr a swyddogion cyfiawnder yn dyfod i chwilio'r ty^ - a chafwyd digon o olion lladrad i gymeryd y gw^r i garchar ganol nos. Wrth glywed y sw^n a'r terfysg yn y ty^, dihunodd teulu'r ty^ nesa. "Wel, wel" meddai'r wraig, "roeddwn i'n ofni mai fel yna buasai'n dod, 'o hirddrwg daw mawrddrwg.' Codwch, Grufudd.” "Gad lonydd i mi," ebai Gruffudd, "esmwyth cwsg potes maip" a rhoddodd (e)i ben ar y gobennydd, a chysgodd yn dawel hyd y bore.
(delwedd F6519) (tudalen 044)	44 A WELSH PHONETIC READER 9 How P Went Arthur Away ( == 2) In battle Camlan, ago many age, there-was-wounding Arthur Great. (It is) the traitor Modred who him wounded. Lest to Arthur dying, carried two soldiers him from the battle to shore lake at-hand. Drew Arthur his sword, and said to one of the soldiers, "Go, throw the sword this into the lake." Went the soldier to shore the lake. But, when he-saw being the sword p. beautiful, and being many gem in its hilt, he-hid it in the rushes, and he-went to Arthur back (= 2). "p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur. "Yes," said the soldier. "What-thing sawest thou?" "Not saw I nothing but the waves." "Not thou-art p. saying the truth, go again, throw the sword into the lake." Went the soldier to shore the lake the second time. But p. was the sword so beautiful, and the gems so pretty, so that-not he-was-able its throwing into the lake. He-hid it the second time in the rushes, and he-came to Arthur back (= 2). "p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur. "Yes." "What-thing that thou-sawest?" "The waves p. chasing each-other (= 2) towards the shore." "p. thou-art p. saying falsehood. Go on haste, throw the sword into the lake lest to me dying before that thou-doest." Went the soldier to shore the lake the third time. He threw the sword to middle the lake. And behold hand white
(delwedd F6520) (tudalen 045)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 45 9 Fel yr aeth Arthur i ffwrdd Ym mrwydr Camlan, ers llawer oes, clwyfwyd Arthur Fawr. Y bradwr Modred a’i clwyfodd. Rhag i Arthur farw, cariodd dau filwr ef o'r frwydr i lan llyn ger llaw. Tynnodd Arthur (e)i gledd, ac ebai wrth un o'r milwyr, "dos, tafl y cleddf hwn i'r llyn." Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn ond, pan welodd fod y cledd yn hardd, a fod llawer gem yn (e)i garn, cuddiodd ef yn yr hesg, ac aeth at Arthur yn ôl. "A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do," ebai'r milwr. "Beth welaist ti?" "Ni welais i ddim ond y tonnau." "Nid wyt yn dweud y gwir, dos eto, tafl y cledd i'r llyn." Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn yr ail waith. Ond roedd y cledd mor hardd, a'r gemau mor dlysion, fel nas gallai (e)i daflu i'r llyn. Cuddiodd ef yr ail waith yn yr hesg, a daeth at Arthur yn ôl. “A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do." "Beth a welaist?" "Y tonnau'n ymlid (e)u gilydd tua'r lan." "Rwyt yn dweud anwiredd. Dos ar frys, tafl y cledd i'r llyn rhag i mi farw cyn y gwnei." Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn y drydedd waith. Taflodd y cledd i ganol y llyn, ac wele law wen yn dod o'r
(delwedd F6521) (tudalen 046)	46 A WELSH PHONETIC READER p. coming from the lake, and p. seizing in the sword, and p. its drawing into the water. And came the soldier to Arthur back ( = 2) p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur. "Yes." "What-thing sawest thou?"Hand white p. coming from the lake, and p. seizing in the sword." "p. thou-art p. saying the truth from the last" (3 = at last) said Arthur, "carry me to edge the water." There-was-carrying Arthur to edge the water. And behold ship of glass, and three queens in-it, p. coming towards the shore. There-was-putting Arthur great on breast the ship, and yonder-are the three queens p. sailing away (= 2). 10 The Family Fair (3 = The Fairies) People small small is the family fair, smaller than children and people pretty very, with face white white, and hair yellow yellow. Where are-they p. living? Under the mountain big; but they-come out, when may-be p. light moon for singing and for dancing. p. was boy small in our country us some occasion, of the name Ivor. Not he-learnt in the school, and for that beat the master him. Ran he away (= 2) to valley between two mountain, and there p. he-was in the wood. He-was there for two-days and two-nights without nothing food. And came the family fair to-him. "Boy little, p. wilt-come thou with me? not is nothing but singing and playing in our country us." And went the boy on their track (3 = after them) to country the family fair.
(delwedd F6522) (tudalen 047)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 47 llyn, ac yn cydio'n y cledd, ac yn (e)i dynnu i'r dw^r, a daeth y milwr at Arthur yn ôl. "A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do." "Beth welaist ti?" "Llaw wen yn dod o'r llyn, ac yn cydio'n y cledd." "Rwyt yn dweud y gwir o'r diwedd," ebai Arthur, "cludwch fi at fin y dw^r." Cludwyd Arthur at fin y dw^r, ac wele llong o wydr, a thair brenhines ynddi, yn dod tua'r lan. Rhoddwyd Arthur Fawr ar fron y llong, a dacw'r tair brenhines yn hwylio i ffordd. 10 Y Tylwyth Teg. Pobl fach fach yw'r tylwyth teg, llai na phlant, a phobl dlws iawn, gyda wyneb wyn gwyn, a gwallt melyn melyn. Ble maent yn byw? Dan y mynydd mawr; ond dônt allan, pan fo'n olau leuad i ganu ac i ddawnsio. Roedd bachgen bach yn ein gwlad ni rhyw dro, o'r enw Ifor. Ni ddysgai'n yr ysgol, ac am hynny curodd yr athraw ef. Rhedodd yntau i ffwrdd i gwm rhwng dau fynydd, ac yno roedd yn y coed. Bu yno am ddeuddydd a dwynos heb ddim bwyd. A daeth y tylwyth teg ato. “Fachgen bach, a ddoi di gyda mi? Does dim ond canu a chware’n ein gwlad ni." Ac aeth y bachgen ar (e)u hôl i wlad y tylwyth teg.
(delwedd F6523) (tudalen 048)	48 A WELSH PHONETIC READER Under the mountain p. was the country that, and not saw the boy little that, country so pretty ever. p. was there mountain and hill, and river and lake and trees, some small pretty like the people. Went the boy Ivor before (= 2) the king, and said the king, "thou shalt-have playing with my son me." And p. was Ivor p. playing with son the king. Pleased was Ivor at playing with children the family fair. p. was with-them ponies swift small, and greyhounds spotted small. Not was no-one ever p. saying word unkind at the other, and not could no-one saying but the truth. One day remembered Ivor about his mother; and came over-him longing great about under-her. And he-went home to her seeing, and to saying history country the family fair. "Is there gold?" said she. "Yes, plenty," said he. "When thou-comest home the occasion next," said the mother, "come with gold with thee." Went Ivor back (= 2) to country pretty the family fair, and was p. pleased there, as formerly. But came onhim longing for his mother after-that. And he-remembered her word about the gold. He-took ball gold, ball son the king, and went with that to his mother. But, when at door house his mother, he-lost the ball gold; p. was one of the family fair after coming on his track for searching for the ball. Was Ivor p. searching much for country the family fair after this, but in vain.
(delwedd F6524) (tudalen 049)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 49 Tan y mynydd yr oedd y wlad honno, ac ni welodd y bachgen bach hwnnw wlad mor dlos erioed. Roedd yno fynydd a bryn, ac afon a choed, rhai bach tlws fel y bobl. Aeth y bachgen Ifor o flaen y brenin, ac ebe'r brenin, "Ti gei chware gyda fy mab i." ac roedd Ifor'n chwarae gyda mab y brenin. Llon oedd Ifor wrth chware gyda plant y tylwyth teg, Roedd ganddynt ferlod bychain bychain, a milgwn brithion bach. Doedd neb byth yn dweud gair cas wrth y llall, ac ni fedrai neb ddweud ond y gwir. Un dydd cofiodd Ifor am (e)i fam, a daeth drosto hiraeth mawr am dani. Ac aeth adref i'w gweld, ac i ddweud hanes gwlad y tylwyth teg. "Oes yno aur?" ebe hi. "Oes, ddigon," ebe yntau. "Pan ddoi adre'r tro nesa," ebe'r fam, "tyrd ag aur gyda thi." Aeth Ifor yn ôl i wlad dlos y tylwyth teg, bu yn llon yno, fel cynt. Ond daeth arno hiraeth am (e)i fam wedyn. A chofiodd (e)i gair am yr aur. Cydiodd bêl aur, pêl mab y brenin, ac aeth â honno i'w fam. Ond pan wrth ddrws ty^ (e)i am, collodd y bêl aur; roedd un o'r tylwyth teg wedi dyfod ar (e)i ôl i chwilio am y bêl. Bu Ifor yn chwilio lawer am wlad y tywyth teg wedi hyn, ond yn ofer.
(delwedd F6525) (tudalen 050)	50 A WELSH PHONETIC READER 11 The Pitcher-Full of Gold Ago a-long-time p. was some man I used-to-be p. going to the wood every day for cutting wood. But not was the wage for the work but small very, and often p. used-to-be he p. complaining because its being so hard on-him. But some evening (= 3) when p. drawing towards home p. weary, there-is lady handsome, in dress white, p. his meeting on one of glades green the wood. In the place (3 = immediately) uncovered he his head after (= 2) custom people good the country, while wishing her night good-to-you (2 = good night). "Good-night ( = 2) to thou-also, goodman, what dost thou here so late?" "Cutting fuel in the wood," said he, "but craft ill very is she." "If I-were p. filling the pitcher here that-is in thy hand with gold, p. wouldst-be thou p. content?" asked she, while casting eye on the pitcher small in which (= 2) that he-was-accustonied carrying his food. "Oh! I-would-be p. true, my lady." "From the best (3 = very well) then, draw the cover and look to in." He-drew the cover and he-looked to in, and behold p. was the pitcher p. full of pieces bright! At the first, p. he-was as after some half perplexing from pride by such (= 2) riches. But in the place (3 = bye and bye) said-he to-him himself (= 2), "If hadbeen with-me pitcher bigger, the same amount of trouble precisely (= 2) would-have-been to the fairy filling that."
(delwedd F6526) (tudalen 051)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 51 11 Yr ystenaid o aur. Ys talwm roedd rhyw ddyn fyddai'n mynd i'r wig bob dydd i dorri coed. Ond nid oedd y gyflog am (e)i gwaith ond bach iawn, a mynych y byddai yntau'n cwyno am (e)i bod mor galed arno. Ond rhyw gyda'r nos, pan yn tynnu tua chartre'n lluddedig, dyna foneddiges brydweddol, mewn gwisg wen, yn (e)i gyfarfod ar un o lanerchau gleision y goedwig. Yn y fan, diosgodd yntau (e)i ben, yn ôl arfer pobl dda y wlad, gan dymuno iddi "Nos dawch." "Nos dawch i tithau, wrda, beth wnei di yma mor hwyr?" "Torri tanwydd yn y coed," eb yntau, "ond crefft sâl iawn yw hi." "Pe bawn yn llenwi'r stên yma sy'n dy law ag aur, a fyddit ti'n foddlon?" gofynnau hithau, gan daflu llygad ar y stên fach yn yr hon yr arferai gario (e)i fwyd. "O! byddwn yn wir f'arglwyddes." "O'r gore ynte, tyn y ceuad ac edrych i mewn." Tynnodd y ceuad ac edrychodd i mewn; ac wele'r oedd y stên yn llawn o ddarnau disglair! Ar y cynta, roedd fel wedi rhyw hanner drysu o falchder at y fath gyfoeth. Ond yn y man meddai wrtho'i hun, "Pe buasai gennyf stên fwy, 'run faint o drafferth yn union fuasai i'r wion lenwi honno."
(delwedd F6527) (tudalen 052)	52 A WELSH PHONETIC READER And he-commenced scratching his head, and he-said, "thanking p. great to you, my lady, but pitcher small very is she, and I-shall-be p. sure of spending the whole p. quick very. I would-be p. liking p. great having running home to fetch one bigger.” "As that thou-willst," said the" fairy. Away with him force his heels (3 = as fast as his heels could carry him) towards the cottage, with hastening back (= 2) to the glade, and bringing in his hand the bowl large with which (= 2) that he-was p. raising water from the well; and he-was-thinking a such mass of gold wouldbe that p. its holding. But when he-retu rned to the place that he-saw the family fair, p. was she after disappearing (2 = disappeared) and the only thing there-could its seeing (3 = could be seen) was bundle of moss yellow p. growing in crevice the rock near, which ( = 2) that there-was-calling ever after, the "Hole Gold". And when he-looked into his pitcher small, in place the gold yellow, bright, not was there but bit of scrapings his broth. And so, he-turned towards home p. sad enough, because losing what (= 2) had-given the family fair to-him at the first, p. punishment for being p. too greedy."
(delwedd F6528) (tudalen 053)	A WELSH PHONETIC READER 53 a dechreuodd gosi (e)i ben, ac meddai, "diolch yn fawr i chwi, f'arglwyddes, ond stên fechan yw hi, a byddaf yn siwr o wario'r cyfan yn fuan iawn. Mi fuaswn yn caru'n fawr gael rhedeg adre i nôl un fwy.” "Fel y mynnot," ebai’r wion. Ffwrdd ag ef nerth (e)i sodlau tua'r bwthyn, gan brysuro 'n ôl i'r llannerch, a dwyn yn (e)i law y cawg mawr a'r hwn y byddai'n codi dw^r o'r pydew; a meddyliai y fath grynswth o aur fuasai hwn yn (e)i ddal. Ond pan ddychwelodd i'r lle a gwelsai'r tylwyth teg, roedd hi wedi diflannu; a'r unig beth ellid (e)i weld oedd sypyn o fwswg melin yn tyfu'n agen y graig gerllaw, ’r hwn a elwid byth wedyn y Twll Aur. A phan edrychodd i’w stên fach, yn lle'r aur melyn, disglair, doedd yno ond tipyn o greifion (e)i gawl. Ac felly, trodd tuag adre'n bendrist ddigon, o herwydd colli'r hyn roddasai'r tylwyth teg iddo ar y cynta, yn gosb am fod yn rhy drachwantus.

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(delwedd F6529) (tudalen 054)

54 A WELSH PHONETIC READER VOCABULARY NOTES ON THE VOCABULARY I. The Alphabetic order of the symbols is as follows: a, b, d, <S, e, E, e, f, g, h, i, j, i, k, 1, cl-, m, n, lJ , o, o, p, r, s, J, t, e, u, w, v, x. ii. Mutated forms have not been inserted in this vocabulary. The rules of initial mutation, given in § 92 of the introduction, are sufficient to enable one to find out the corresponding radical forms. For instance, words beginning with x in the texts if not found under x in the vocabulary, must be looked for under k, which in certain circumstances changes {Inutates) into x. Similarly initial m, etc., should be sought first under m, etc., and then under p, etc. iii. In giving the meanings of verbs, one forni only has been given, e.g. adnabod (“to know”). The substantival nature of the verb, frequently called in Welsh gram m.ars the “verb-noun '', would, however, be brought out more strongly if the meaning knowing were also given. To economize space this has not been done. iv. Except in a few verbs like bo:d, davod or do:d, gwnaiOir or gwnaid, ka:il, maned or mind, there are no separate forllls for the imperf ect tense of the subjunctive mood in Welsh. This mood will therefore only be given when necessary, it being assumed that in cases not mentioned the Inood is the indicative. v. Although a verb has been put in the vocabulary as present indicative, this form frequently has a future meani•ng.

(delwedd F6530) (tudalen 055)

A WELSH PHONETIC READER 55 vi. The term Aorist is employed in Welsh grammars to mean the “preterite “and the “perf ect “tenses. vii. The parts of speech have not been mentioned except where there is a danger of confusion, the meaning being considered a sufficient indication. viii. Nouns have two genders in Welsh, viz., masculine and feillinine. The feminine nouns only have been IUarked. ix. The strong stress is as a rule on the last syllable but one in words of more than one syllable. Sometim.es how ever, the strong stress is on the last syllable, and it is only in such cases that the stress has been indicated in the vocabulary. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE VOCABULAR Y aor. (aorist tense). comp. (comparative). eq. (equality). f. (feminine). i. (imperf ect tense). iinp. {iIUperative). impers. (impersonal). N.W. (North Wales). pl. (plural). plup. (pluperf ect). prep. (preposition). pres. (present tense). pron. prep. (pronominal pr eposjti on). sing. (singular ). subj. (subjunctive) . super]. (superlative). S.W. (South Wales) . 56 a, a, interrogative particle. a, a, rel. pron., who, which, that.

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(delwedd F6531a) (tudalen 056a)	56 a, a (generally used before consonants), and. a, a (bef ore consonants), as. a:, a (bef ore consonants) , with. a:, a, 3rd sing. pres. of maned or mind. adnabod, adnabod , to know, to recognize. adre, adrev, ad,re, adref , home. atsvuinder, a.ddf wynder, gentleness. ag, ag (before vowels), as. ag, ag (bef ore vowels), with. agen, agen, f ., crevice. agor, agor, to open. agorassant , agorasant, 3rd plur. aor. of agor. agos, qgos, near. ai, a'i, and his, and h.er. ai, interrogative particle. ai, w·hether, or. a:i, di, 3rd sing i. of maned. ail, ail, nurn. adj., second. air, aur , gold. aie, a,eth, 3rd sing. aor. of maned or mind. ak, ac (generally before vowels), and. akku, acw, yonder. alarx, ala.rch, swan.
(delwedd F6531b) (tudalen 056b)	56 *almainwir, Al11iaenwyr , G·erlllans. ac:J.-ci-an, allan, out. aci-t, allt, f ., a wooded slope. am, am, round, about, for. ambei, ambell, occasional. ammai, ameu) to doubt. amhaiaie, amheuaeth, doubt. amhossibl, amhosibl, illl- possible. aml, ammal; aml, amal, frequent. amser, amser, time. anwire<S, anwiredd, false- hood. ar, a.r, on; ar gaver (ar gyfer ), opposite. arai, arall, other. arglui<Ses, arglwyd des, f ., lady. arholur, arholwr, exaininer. arjan,- arian, silver,. money. arno, arrio, pron. prep., on him. arnom, arnom, pron. prep., Oll US ar11int, arnynt, pron. prep.; on th em. aros, aros, to. stay. *areir, Arthur, Arthur King of Britain. arver, arfer, to accustom. arverai, arferai, 3rd sing. i. of arver.
(delwedd F6532a) (tudalen 057a)	57 arverol, arf erol, usual. atebai, atebai, 3rd sing. i. of atteb (ateb) , to answer. aerau, athraw. teacher. augrim, awgrym, hint. avon, afon, £., river. balxter, balchter, pride. banadl, banadl, broom. bara, bara, bread. ba:e, bath, kind, sort. baun, bawn, 1st sing. i. subj. of bo:d. ba:x, bach, small. baxg en, bachgen , boy. beru, berw, seething. be:e, beth (= pa beth), what 1 (= what thing ? ) bexan, bechan, f. of baxan. ba<Sav, byd daf , 1st sing. pres. (habitual) of bo:d. · ba<Sai, byd dai, 3rd sing. i. (habitual), of bo:d. ba<Sit, byd dit, 2nd sing. i. (habitual) of bo:d. ba<Sun, bydd wn, lst sing. i. (habitual) of bo:d. ba<Sux, byd dwch, 2nd plur. pres. (habitual) of bo:d. baini<S, beunydd, daily. bainos, beunos, nightly. bannag , bynnag, -ever, e.g. pui ba11nag, whoever.
(delwedd F6532b) (tudalen 057b)	57 basseiS, bysed d, pl. of bi:s finger. baxan, bycha .n, small. bi:, bu, 3rd sing. aor. of bo:d. bian, biain, buan, bua.in swift (sing. and pl.). biassai, buasai, 3rd sing. plup. of bo:d. biassun, buaswn, 1st sing. plup. of bo:d. bi:<S, byd d, 3rd sing. pres. (habitual) of bo:d. bi0:, byt h, ever. biu, by ·w, to live. bim,bum, lst sing.aor. of bo:d. bla:in, blaen, top, end; o vla:in, before. blainai, blaenau, tops, ends. ble:, ble, where. blana5oi<S, blynyd doedd, pl. of blui<Sin. blodai, blode, blodau, blode, :flowers. bloi<Sjai , bloeddia·u, f .,shouts; pl. of blo:i<S, shout. blui<Sin, blywd dyn , f ., year. bo:, bo, 3rd sing. pres. st1bj. of bo:d. bo:d, bod, to be. bo:<S, bodd will, consent. bo<Slonrui<S, boddlonrwyd d, satisfaction. bone<Sur, boneddwr, gentle man. I
(delwedd F6533a) (tudalen 058a)	58 bonetsig es, boneddiges,f.,lady. bore, bore, morning. boraivuid, boreufwyd , morn- ing meal. bo5lon, boddlon, content. bradur, bradwr, traitor. brai<S, braidd, scarcely. brai0, bra1£th, fein. of b1i:8, speckled, spotted. braix, braich, f ., arm. bra:s, bras, fat, thick. brenin, brenin, king. brenhines, brenhines, £.} queen. breninessai, breniriesau , queens. bri0jon, brithion, pl. of bri:e. bron:, bron, f ., breast. brin:, bryn , hill. bri:s, brys , haste. bruidir, b·rwyd yr , f ., battle. buid, bwyd , food. buitta, bwyta , to eat. bu0in, bwthyn , cottage. d, 'd , == n1d (bef ore verbs beginning with a vowel). dakku, dacu,, yonder is, yonder a.re. daux, dawch ( == da 'Uwch), good to-you.
(delwedd F6533b) (tudalen 058b)	58 dairi<S, deurudd, two cheeks. damino, dymuno, to wish. . damma, dyma, here is, here are. · danjon, dynion, pl. of di:n. dana, dyna,there is, there are. dasga1, dysgai , 3rd sing. i. of dasgi (dysgu ), to learn. I' davnder, dyf nder, depth. davn'ha:, dyf nha, 3rd sing. pres.of davnha:i(dyfnhau), to deepen. davod, dyfod , to come. davroi5, dyfroed d , pl. of duvr. dawed, dy ived , 3rd sin.g. and sing. imp. of dawedid or dwaid. dawedai, dywed ai, 3rd sing. i. of dawedid. dawedid, dywed yd , to say. dawedo5, dywed odd, 3rd sing. aor. of dawedid. daxran11i, dychrynnu, to frighten. daxwelo5, dychwelod d, 3rd sing. aor. of daxwelid (dychwel yd ) , to return. diarhebol, diarhebol, pro- verbial. diai0rjaid, dieitliriaid , strangers. digjo, digio, to take offence, to off end. digon, digon , enough.
(delwedd F6534a) (tudalen 059a)	59 daiai, deuai, 3rd sing. irnperf . of davod or do:d. daiar, daear, earth. dihareb, dihareb, £., proverb. dihino<S, dihunodd , 3rd sing. aor. of dihino (dihuno) , to awaken . dim:, dim, nothing. dinas, dinas, f., city. diniued, diniwed , harillless. diogeli, diogelu, to rnal{e secure. diolx, diolch, to thank. dfosgo<S, diosgodd , 3rd sing. i. · of diosg (diosg) , to undress. · dirgeI, dirgel, adj., secret. disgano<S, · disgynodd, 3rd sing. aor. of disgin (disgyn ), to fall. disglair, disglair , bright. disglairjax, disgleiriach, brighter. disglairjo,disg leirJ·o,toglitter. disguil, disgwyl , to expect·. distauruiCS, distawrwyd d. silence. div£00o<S, difethodd , 3rd sing. aor. of diveeea (divetlia) , to destroy. divlanni, diflannu, to vanish. divrivux difrifwch, serious ness. diwe<S, diwedd, end; o r diwe<S, at last. diwetsav, diweddaf, last. diax, duach, darker; colllp. of di: (du). edraxuid, edrychw yd , aor.
(delwedd F6534b) (tudalen 059b)	59 diav, duaf , darkest; superl. of di: (du). di:<S, dydd, day. di:n, dyn, nian. dion, duon, dark; pl. of di: (du). di:r, dur, steel. do:, do, yes (in answer to a question in the aor.). do:d, dod, see davod. doi, doi,. 2nd sing. pres. ind. of davod. do:nt, dont, 3rd pl. pres. of do:d. do:s, dos, sing. illlp. of maned or mind. do:v, dof , 1st sing. pres. of do:d. drau, draw, yonder. drassi, drysu , to puzzle. dru:s, drws, door. duilau, dwylaw (lit. == two hand), pl. of a:u. duivron, dwyf ron, two breasts, breast. duin, dwyn, to bear. du:r, duvr, dwr, dwfr, water. dwaid, dweyd , see dawedid. eaIJ , ean.g, broad. e:b, ebai, ebe, eb, ebai, ebe, said he, she. edraxo<S, edrychodd, 3rd sing. aor. of EdrixA
(delwedd F6535a) (tudalen 060a)	60 impers. of Edri-x. efai0jol , eff eithiol, effectual. elai, elai, 3rd sing. i. subj. of n1aned or mind. enu, enw, na me. er, er, for, since, in spite of Edrix, edrych , to look. Einrald, ernrald , emerald. ennici, ennill, to earn; profit (n.). Er 'jo:id, erioed , ever. Ers, er's (== er ys) , ago. Esmui0, esmwyth, soft. Etto, eto, again. a, y , the (before a con son ant); pre-verbial par ticle; rel. pron. adiu, yd yw , 3rd sing. pres. ind. of bo:d. adint , yd ynt, 3rd pl. pres. of bo:d. adoHS, yd oedd, 3rd sjng. i. of bo:d. a1•n, ei•n, our. 01•ra, ei•ra, snow. aisjai , eisieu, want. aiste5, eisted d , to sit. amagor, ymagor, to open. amavlo<S, ymaflod d , 3rd sing. aor. of amavlid (ymafl yd ) , to take hold. ambore, ymborth., food.
(delwedd F6535b) (tudalen 060b)	60 a 'mh£n:, ym hen, after. amh£'1-iax, yrrihellach, further. a 'mla:i11, ymlaen , forward. a 'mhle: ymhle, where. amma, yma , here. ammil, y 1nyl , edge. amovin, ymofyn, to inquire. amweled, ymweled , to visit. an, yn , in, into; particle (pre-verbial,pre-noun,and pre-adjectival). ana, yna , there, then, that. an<Si, ynddi, pron. prep., in her, in it. an<So, ynd do, pron. prep., in hiin. in it. ano, yno , there. antai, yntau, he, him. ante, ynte, then; pui ante 1 who then 1 aIJhanol, ynghanol, amidst. a 'IJhilx, ynghylch, about. ar, yr , = a (before vowels or h). as, ys , as; also = £rs. asgavn, y sgaf n, light (in weight ) . astarjed, yst yried , to con- sider. astradoiCS, y stryd oedd, pl. <)f a 'stri:d. a 'stri:d, ystr yd , £., street. ftrmdi, ffermdy, farmhouse.
(delwedd F6536a) (tudalen 061a)	61 fannon, ff ynnon, f ., well) spring. fl.amgox, ffi amgoch , flame- coloured. fton, ffion, foxgloves. foi, ff oi, to flee. * fraIJkod, Ff rctncod , French men. · fur<S, ff wrdd, away. ga:d, gad , imp. sing. of gadail. gadauid, gadawyd , aor. illlpers. · of gadail. gadail, gad ael, to permit. gair, gair, word. galar, galar, sorrow. galu, galw, to call. galwo5, galwod d , 3rd sing. aor. of galu. gaci-ci-ai, gallai, 3rd sing.i.. of gaci-H. gaci-cient, gallent, 3rd pl. i. of gaci-ci-i. gaciessid, gallesid , plup. impers. of gaci-cii. gacicii, gallu , to be able (= can); ability. gan, gan, with, by. gan5int, ganddynt, pron. prep., with them. ger, ger , near. 9£ci-ci-id, g ellid , i. impers. of gaci-cii.
(delwedd F6536b) (tudalen 061b)	61 gEci-ci-ir, gel ler, pres. illlpers. of gacicH. gtmmai, gemau, pl. of gtm:. gelwid, gelwyd , aor. irnp,ers. of galu. gEm:, gem, gem. g£nniv, gennyf , pron. prep., with me. gaiav, gaeaf , Winter. gida, gyd a, bef ore cons., with. gidag, gydag , before vowel, with. gili5, gilycld , one another. glan, glan, f ., shore. glanax, glanach, coinp. of gla:n (gl<1n), beautiful. glaisjon, gleision, pl. of gla:s (glas), blue. gloiu, gloyw , gloew, bright. gobEnni5, gobennyd d , pillow. golai, goleu , light. golug, golwg , appearance. gonEstruiCS, gonestryud d, honesty. gorai, goreu, best. govannai, gofynnai, 3rd sing. i. of govin. govanno, gof ynnod d, 3rd sing. aor. of govin. govin, gofyn, to ask. goci-4u1J, gollung, to let go. g rseCS, gorsedd, £., throne. gorxuil, gorchwyl , task. *grifi<S, Gruffudd .
(delwedd F6537a) (tudalen 062a)	62 gu:r, gwr, man, husband. gun:,gwn, 1st sing. pres. ind. of gwibod. guv, gwd df , neck. gurda, gwrd a, good man. gwa:g, gwag, empty. gwai8, gwaith, work. gwa:i , gwae, woe. gwalx, gwalch , hawk. gwaci-t (S.W.), gwa:tl-t (N.W.). gwa llt, hair. gwan:, gwan, weak. gwanwi•n, gwanwyn, spri•ng. gwared (i), gwared (u), to deliver. gwarjo, gwario, to spend. gwast ad, gwastad , level, con stant. gwaur, gwawr , dawn. gwe:5, gwedd, f ., com plexion. gwe5ici-, gwed dill, remainder. gwe:l, gwel , 3rd sing. pres. of gweled or gw£ld. gwelai, gwelai, 3rd sing. i. of gweled. gwelaist, gwelaist , 2nd sing. aor. of gweled. gwelav, gwelaf , 1st sing. pres. of gweled. gweled, gweled , to see. gweli, gweli, 2nd sing. pres. of gweled. gwelotS, gwelod d, 3rd sing. aor. of gweled.
(delwedd F6537b) (tudalen 062b)	62 gweluid, gwelwyd , impers. aor. of gweled. gwe:ci- (S.W.), gwell , better. gwe:n, gwen, smile. gwEld, gweld , see gweled. gw£lsai, gwelsai, 3rd sing. plupf. of gweled or gweld. gwtlsant, gtvelsant, 3rd pl. plupf. of gweled or gwEld. . gwEci-: (N.W.), gwell, better. gwairglots giveirglod d , f ., Ineadow. gwanjon, gwynion, pl. of gwi•n:. gwannax, gwynnach, colllp. of g'\\rin:. gwi:g, gwig, f ., a wood. gwion, gwion, f ., fairy. gwi:r, gwir, true, truth. gwisg (S.W.), gwi:sg (N.W.), gwisg , f ., dress. gwibod, gwybod , to know. gwidr, gwidir, gwyd r, glass. gwiljui d, gwylwyd , aor. impers. of gwiljed or gwiljo, -to watch. gwin:, gwyn, white. gwineb, gwyneb see uineb. gwinebai, gwynebau, pl. of gwineb. gwir0, gwyrth, f ., miracle. gwi:x, gwych , fine. gwla:d, gwlad , f ., country.
(delwedd F6538a) (tudalen 063a)	63 gwna: gwna, 3rd pres1; impers. sing. of gwnaid or gwnai0ir. gwna:ie, gwnaeth, 3rd sing. aor. of gwnaid or gwnai0ir. gwnai, gwnei, 2nd sing. pres. of gwnaid or gwnai0ir. gwna id, gwnai0ir, gwneyd , gwneuthur, to do. gwraig, gwra,ig , f ., \vornan , wif e. gwri:d, gwrid , blusl1. l1anes, ltanes, history, story. hanner, hanner (n. and adj.), half . hail, haul, sun. har<S, hardd, beautif ul. har<Sux, harddwch, beauty. havod, hafod , £., summer ·far1n dwelling. heh, heb, without. hebog, hebog, falcon. hailog, heilog , sunny. heolitS, heolyd d, £., pl. of heol, road. he:n, hen, old. he:sg (N.W.), hesg, £., rushes. ·htlm, helm, helmet .. hErwi<S, herwyd d , according to. htsg (S.W.), hesg, see he:sg. hailog, heulog, sunny. hanni, hynny , that. hanod, hyn od, remarkable.
(delwedd F6538b) (tudalen 063b)	63 hi:, hi, she, her, it. hi:r, hir, long. hiraie, hiraeth, longing. hir<Srug , hird drwg, continued evil. hi00ai, hithau, she, her. hi:d, hyd, length, till. hi:n, hun, self . hi:n, hyn, colllp. of he:n. hino, huno, to sleep. hinux, hunuc7t, i1np. pl. of hino. hogin, hogyn, lad. hon:, lion, £., this. honno, honno, f. adj. and pron., that. huiljo, hwylio, to sail. hu:ir, hivyr , late. hun:, hivn, this. hunnu, hwnnw, adj. and pron., that. · i, i, to, for. i, i, I, me. i, ei, his, her; eu, their. i, 'i, his, her, its (after a vowel); hiin, her, it (after rel. pr. a). i5i, iddi, pron. prep., to her, to it. ilSint, iddgnt, pron. prep., to them. i<So, iddo, pron. prep., to him, to it. inig,unig, alone; an inig,only.
(delwedd F6539a) (tudalen 064a)	64 injon, union,straight, just; an injon, precisely, presently. iu, yw , 3rd sing. pres. of · bo:d. *ivor, !f or. i•-:n, un, one, same. inci-e, unlle, anywhere. into, u1ito, same roof. invra dol, unfryd ol, unani - mous. inwai0, unwa,ith, once. ir3asol, urddasol, dignified. iux 'la:u, uwchla,w, over, above. ixel, uchel, high. jaun, iawn, adj. and n., right iechyd , health. kadarn, cadarn, firm, strong. kaduid, cadwyd , aor. impers. of kadu, to keep. ka:i, cae, field. ka:il, cael, to have. kaled, caled , hard. kalEdluid, caledlwyd , hard and grey. *kamlan, Camlan. kamse, camse, tunic. kanis, canys, f or, because. kanlin, canlyn , to follow. kani, canu, to sing. kano<S, canodd, 3rd sing. aor.. of kani.
(delwedd F6539b) (tudalen 064b)	64 kanol, canol, middle. karex, carech, 2nd pl. i. of kari. kari, caru, to love. karjo, cario, to carr.y. karjo<S, cariodd, 3rd sing·. aor. of karjo. karn, earn, hoof , handle, heap. kartrev, cartref , home. karwn, cariv,n, 1st sing. i. of kari. karxar, carchar, prison. ka:s, cas, unkind. ka:e, cath, f ., cat. kaug, cawg, bowl. kaul, cawl, broth. kaurvil,· cawrjil , elephant. kavuid, cafioyd , aor. irnpers. of ka:il. ker<SEdjad, cerddediad , gait. kEffil, ceff yl , horse. kEr<Sai, cerddai, 3rd sing. i. of kEr<Sed, to walk. ker<Sant , cerdda.nt, 3rd pl. pres. of kcrCSed, to walk. kadjo, cydio, to take hold. kaf ar<Sit , cyff yrd it, 2nd sing. of kafur<S. kaf urCS , cyff wrdd, to touch. kafredinol, cyff redinol, general. kai, cei, 2nd sing. pres. ind. of ka:il. kaiad, caead , lid, closed.
(delwedd F6540a) (tudalen 065a)	65(opposite of wrong). jexid, kalammi, cylymu, to tie. kammaint , cymaint, as many, of equal size. kameraduiaie, cyniera- dwyaeth , recommendation, applause. kamerai, cymerai, 3rd sin.g. i. of kemerid. kamerid, cymeryd , to take. ·kamadog, cymyd og, neigh bour. kamdogjon, cymyd ogion, pl. of kamadog. *kamro, Cymro, Welshman. *kamri, Cymru, f ., Wales. kanhadle<S, cyn had ledd, f ., conf erence. kanci-in, cynll yn , plan. kannal, cynnal , to hold. kannig , cynnyg , to offer; to propose. kanhigjad, kanhagjad, cyri- hygiad, proposal. kantav, cyntaf, first. kasgi, cysgu , to sleep. kasgo<S, cysgod d, 3rd sing. aor. of kasgi. ka,etal, cystal , comp. of eq. . of da: ( da), good. katino, cytuno, to agree. kaurain, cywrain, ingenious. kavagos, cyfagos, adjacent. kavan, cyfan, whole, entire. kavarvod, cyf arvod, to meet, a meeting.
(delwedd F6540b) (tudalen 065b)	65 . kavarviant, cyf a·1fuan t, 3rd pl. aor. of kavarvod. kavaicl-es, cyfe illes, £., friend, f. of kavaicl- (cyf ai.ll). kavaici-gar, cyfeil lgar, friendly. kavai4jon, cyf eillion, pl. of kavail. kavjaunder, cyfiawn der, justice. kavlog, cyflog; f ., wages. kavoi0, cyf oeth, wealth. kavoi0og, cyfoet hog , wealth.y. kavlaun, cyflawn , complete. kavran, cyf ran, f ., portion. ki:g , cig , meat. kin:, cy1'i , bef ore. kinjau, ciniaw, dinner. kidaved, cyd yf ed , to drink together. kidambor0ent, cyd ymbort hent, 3rd pl. i. of kidambor0i , -to take food together. kidvuitta, cydf wyt a, to eat together. ki:o, cudd, hidden. ki<Sjo, cuddio, to hide. ki<Sjo<S, cuddiodd, 3rd sing. aor. of ki<Sjo kint, cynt, formerly. kiro, curo, to knock. kiroCS, curodd, 3rd sing. aor. of kiro. klau<S, clawdd, hedge, dyke. 5 ..
(delwedd F6541a) (tudalen 066a)	66 klatsi, claddu, to bury. kle:<S, cledd, sword. kle iv, cleddyf , sword. klammi, see kelammi. klewed, clywed , to hear. klaun, clywn , lst sing. pres. of klawed. kliduid,cludwyd , aor. iinpers. of klido (cludo), to carry. klidux, cludwch, imper. plur. of klido. klo:x, clock , f ., bell. kloCSjo, cloddio, to dig. kluivo, clwyf odd , 3rd sing. aor. of kluivo (clwyfo ), to wound. kluivuid, clivyf wyd , aor. impers. of kluivo. knippus, cnipws, a slight blow. kodi, codi, to rise. kodots, cododd, 3rd sing. aor. of kodi. kodux, cod·wch, imper. pl. of · kodi. ko:id, coed , pl. of koideii. koron, coron, £., crown. kornelin, cornelyn , nook. ko:sb(N.W.), cosb, f ., punish- ment. koiden, coetien, f ., tree. koidwig, coedwig , f ., forest. kaci-ci-i, colli, to lose. koci-ci-id, collid, i. impers. of ko<i-ci-i .
(delwedd F6541b) (tudalen 066b)	66 kosb (S.W.), cosb, £., punish ment. kossi, cosi, to scratch. kovjo 5, cofiodd, 3rd sing.aor. of kovjo, to remember. kra:f, craff , keen. kraig , craig , f ., rock. kredun, credwn, 1st sing. pres. of kredi, to believe. krtf t , creff t, £., handcraft. kraivjon, c1eifion, parings. kranni, crynnu, to tremble. kransue, crynswth, mass. kri:v, cryf , strong. krin:cryn , considerable. krogi, crogi, to hang. kro:in, croen skin. kron:, cron, f. of krun: (C'rwn), round. kruidro, crwyd ro, to roam. kru:in, crwyn , pl. of kro:in. kusg (S.W.), ku:sg (N.W.), cwsg , sleep. kubl, cwbl, whole. kuino, cwyno, to compla.in. kum:, cum, valley. kumpas, cwmpas, compass, o gumpas, around. kuppan, cwpan, cup. kwtstjun, cwestiwn,question. lili, lili, f.,lily. ci-adrad, lladrad , theft. ci-a:<S, lladd , to kill.
(delwedd F6542a) (tudalen 067a)	67 cialSuid, lladdwyd , aor. im- pers. of ci-a:<S. ci-ai, llai, comp. of ba:x. clais, llais, voice. ci-a:i0, llaeth, milk. ci-aci-: (N.W.) , ci-a:ci- (S.W.), llall, other. ci-annerx, llannerch, f ., glade. ci-a:u, llaw, f ., hand. ci-auer, llawer, many. ci-aun, llawn, full. ci-aur, llawr, floor. ci-avnes, llafn es, £.,well-grown feIUale. ci-e:, lle, place. ci-e:d, lled, rather, fairly. <l-Enwi, llenwi,to fill. ci-agad, llygad , eye. ci-agaid, llygaid,sing.of cl-agad. ci-a god, llygod , pl. of ci-agoden. ci-agoden, llygod en, f ., rat, mouse. claiav, lleiaf , least ci-aiad, lleuad , f ., moon, ci-ammaid, llymaid, drop to drink - ci-iaus, lliaws, throng, host. ci-iu, lliw, colour. H:, llu: multitude. H<Sedig , lluddedig , wearjed. Hn:, llyn , lake. ci-onits, llonyd d , quiet. cl-on:, llon, pleased. ci-oIJ:, llong , £., ship. ci-u:i, llwy , f ., spoon.
(delwedd F6542b) (tudalen 067b)	67 4-ui<Sjanni s, llwyd diannus, successful. mai, mai (conj.) , that. maiCS, maidd , whey. maint, maint, size, quantity. maip, maip, f ., pl. of maipen (meipen), a turnip. maie, maith, long. ma:i. mae, 3rd sing. pres. of bo:d. ma:int, maent, 3rd pl. pres. of bo:d. mam:, mam, f ., mother. man:, man, f ., place. ma:n, man, finely-divided. maru, marw, to die, dead. marxnad, marchnad , £., market. maur, mawr, great. maure<Sog ,mawreddog, grand , majestic. metsai, meddai, 3rd sing. i. of def ective verb, me:<S ('medd) , sa.ys. me<Saljai, nieddyli ai,3rd sing. i. of me<Sul. me<Sul, meddul, to think. melanax, melynach, comp. of melin. melin (mEllin), melyn , yellow. melis (mEllis), melus, sweet. meun, mewn, within, in. mEdrai, medrai, 3rd sing,. i. of m£dri, to be able.
(delwedd F6543a) (tudalen 068a)	68 m£drir, medrir, impers. pres. of m£dri. mErlod, m.erlod , pl. of mErlin (merlyn ) , pony. mErxed, rrierched , f ., pl. of mtrx (merch) , girl. maici-jon, meillion, f ., pl. of maici-jonen, tref oil. maned, myned , to go. manaxav, mynychaf , superl. of manix. mani<S, mynydd, mountain. manix, mynych , often. mannot, myn not, 2nd sing. pres. subj. of manni (mynnu), to will. mi, mi, I, me. milgun, milgwn, pl. of milgi (milgi), greyhound. miloid, miloedd, thousands. milur,· milwr, soldier. milwir, milwyr , pl. of milur. mi:n, min,.-/edge, lip. mind, mynd , see maned. minid, munud , f ., minute. mor, mor, as. mo:r, mar, sea. moruin, morwyn, f ., maiden. *modred, M odred , one of Arthur 's knights. mu:i, mwy, comp. of maur. mu:in, mwyn, gentle, sake. muiav, mwyaf , superl. of maur. mussug, mioswg , moss.
(delwedd F6543b) (tudalen 068b)	68 n, 'n, in, our (after a vowel); us (after rel. pr. a). na, na, not, nor, neither, than. nad, nad, not, that-not. nag, nag, than. nas:, nas, not , that-not. natirjol , natariol, natural. nak:, nae, no, not, nor, neither. ne:s, nes, comp. of agos. nessav, nesaf , superl. of agos. neshao5, rieshaod d , 3rd sing. aor. of nes'ha:i (neshau), to approach. nEppeci-, nep ell, not far. nEr0, nerth, strength. nEs:, nes, until. naidjent, n.eidi·ent, 3rd pl. i. of naidjo. naidjo, neidio, to jump . nai , neu, or. n1•:, ni•., we, us. ni, nid, nis:, ni,nid , nis, not. no:l, nol, to fetch. no:s, nos, f ., night. naswai0, noswai'.th, f ., night. o, o, of , from. oh rwi<S, oherwyd d, because. ohonint, ohonynt, pron. prep., of , from them. ohono, ohono, pron. prep., of , from him. ohonox, ohonoch, pron. prep., of , from you.
(delwedd F6544a) (tudalen 069a)	69 ogov, ogof , £., o:l, ol, mark, cave. track, an o:l, according to, ago. o:ci-, oll, whole. o:i<S, oedd, 3rd sing. i. ind. of bo:d. oi<Sint, oeddynt, 3rd pl. i. ind. of bo:d. o:is, oes, 3rd sing. pres. ind. of bo:d. o:is, oes, £., age. over, ofer, in vain. oljon, olion, pl. of o:l. *olwen, Olwen. ond, ond , but. s:, OS, if . ovni, ofni, to fear. oxr, ochr, f ., side. pa:, pa , what, which (inter rogative). paid, paid, cessation. paid, paid, imp. sing. of paidjo. pan, pan , when. pasjuid, paJuid, pasiwyd , aor. impers. of pasjo, paJo (pas io), to pass. paub, pawb , everybody. pe, pe , if . pedair, pedair, fem. of p£dwar (p edwar) , four. pe:l, pel , f ., ball.
(delwedd F6544b) (tudalen 069b)	69 penderva i, penderfynu, to decide. pe:e, peth, thing. p£4-: (N.W.), pe:cJ:. (S.\V.), p ell, far. pEcJ:.t er, p ellte1·, distance. pEn:, pen, n. and a., head. pEndrist, pendrist, sad. p£nnav, pennaf, superl. of pEn:. pEntur, pentwr, heap. pErlai, perlau, pl. of p£rl, pearl. padeu, pydew , a well. paidjo, peidio, to cease. plant, plan t, pl. of plEntin. pl£ntin, plen tyn , child. po:b, pob, every. pobl, pobl, people. pottes, pate s, soup. prauv, prawf , a proof . presennol, presen nol,present. pra 'nhaun, prynhawn, after- noon. pradv£r0ux, pr ydf erthwch, beauty. prasiro, prysuro, to hasten. prin:, prin, hardly, scanty. pri:d, pr yd , coniplexion. pridwelSol pryd weddol, comely. pu:i, pwy, inter. pron., who. r, 'r, = e, ar (f ollowing a vowel).
(delwedd F6545a) (tudalen 070a)	70 rhag, rhag, lest, against. rhaid, rhaid, needf ul. rhedeg, rhedeg, to run. rhedoCS, rhedodd, 3rd sing. aor. of rhedeg. rhe:g, rheg, f ., a curse. rheolai, rheolaidd, orderly. rhabiCS, rhybudd, warning. rhaveCS, rhyfed d, strange. rhiu, rhyw , some. rhiule, rhywle , somewhere. rhiubeth, rhywbe th, some- thing. rhi:, rhy , too. rhiCSair, rhuddaur, ruddy gold. - rhoai, rhoddai, 3rd sing. i. of rho<Si. rhoCSassai, rhoddasai, 3rd sing. plup. of rho<Si. rho5i, rlwddi, to give, to put. rho5oCS, rhoddodd, 3rd sing. aor. of rholSi. rh oCSuid, rhoddwyd , aor. impers. of rhoCSi. rhuIJ:, rhwng , between. sa:l, sal, poor. saul, sawl , he that. seren, seren, f ., star. se:v, sef, namely. strx, serch, affection. samidjad, symudia.d, move- ment.
(delwedd F6545b) (tudalen 070b)	70 sanni, synnu, to be amazed. sa8ax, sythach, comp. of si-:e (syth), upright. sidan, sidan, silk. sikr, sikir, sicr, sure. sjarad, Jarad, siarad , to talk. *sjo:n, Jo:n, sion, John. sju:r, Ju:r, siwr, sure. si:, su, murmur. si:<S, si:, syd d, sy , 3rd sing. pres. of bo:d, relatival form,. sodlai, sod lau, f ., pl. of saudl (sawd l), heel. ste:n, sten, pitcher. su:n, sWn, sound. sui<Sogjon, swyd dogion, sing. of sui<Sog .(swyd dog ) , officer. suino, swyno, to charm. Jarad, see sjarad. *Io:n, see sJ.o:n. Ju:r, see sju:r. tair, tair, f. of tri:(tri), three. ta:l, tal, £., pay. tallax, talach, comp. of tal: (tal), tall. talum, tal,wm, a long time. tan:, tan, till, under. tanwi<S, tanwyd d , fuel. tarauoCS, tarawodd, 3rd sing. aor. of taro (taro), to strike. tattus, tatws, pl. of tatten (taten), potato.
(delwedd F6546a) (tudalen 071a)	71 tavl, tafl, imp.sing. of tavli. tavli, taflu, to throw. tauel, tawel, quiet. tavlo<S, taflodd 3rd sing. aor. of tavli. te:g, teg, fair. t£kkax, tecach, comp. of te:g . t£rvin, terf yn , end, boun- dary. ttrvisg, terf ysg , commotion. t£vlaist, teflais t, 2nd sing. aor. of tavli. taili, teulu, family. talui0, tylwyth, kinsfolk, family. taci-ci-ai, tyllau , pl. of tuci-:. taimlad, teimlad , sensation. tanni, tynnu, to draw. tannolS, tynnodd, 3rd sing. aor. of tanni. tavent, tyfen t, 3rd pl. i. of tavi (tyf u), to grow. ti:, ti, thee, thou. tippin, tipyn, a bit. tirjon, tirion, gentle. ti00ai, titliau, thee, thou. ti:, ty , house. ti:, tu, side. tia. tiag, tua, tuag, towards. tin:, tyn, tight. tird (tared), tyrd (tyred ), come. tlasjon, tlys ion, pl. of tlu:s. tlasni, tlysni, beauty. tlo:s, tlos, f. of tlu:s.
(delwedd F6546b) (tudalen 071b)	71 tlu:s, tlws, pretty. ton: ton, f ., wave. tonnai, tonnau, pl. of ton:. torraist , torraist, 2nd sing. aor. of torri, to break. torruid, torrwyd , aor. impers. of torri. torx, torch, f ., torque, coil. torxog , torchog , coiled. traf ere, trafferth, trouble. tra:id, traed , feet. tram:, tram, tramcar. traxwantis, trachivantus, greedy. tra 'x£vn, trachefn, again. tre:n, tren, train. trade<S, tryd edd, f. of tradits (tryd yd d ) , third. trainsjur, trainJur., treinsiwr, trencher. . traiglo, treiglo, to drag. trassor, trysor , treasure. tro·:, tro, turn, occasion. tro:<S, trodd, 3rd sing. aor. of troi (troi) , to turn. tro:id, troed , foot. tros:, tros, over. tru:i, trwy , through. truioi, trwyd di, through her or it. tuci-:, (N.W.), tu:ci- (S.W.), tivll, hole. u, 'w, its, his, her. uineb, 1vyn eb, face.
(delwedd F6547a) (tudalen 072a)	72 uinebai, wynebau, pl. of uineb. u:it, wyt , 2nd sing. pres. ind. of bo:d. u:iv, wyf , 1st sing. pres. ind. · of bo:d. ure, wrth, by, to. ur0i, wrthi, by or to her or it. ureo,w'rtho,by or to him or it. wedi, wede, after. wedin, wedyn, after that. wele, wele, behold.
(delwedd F6547b) (tudalen 072b)	72 w£1:, wel, well ! *wiljam, William. vel, fel , as, like. vt'i-H, j elly , thus. va,f y , my. vani-, f yny, up. x, 'ch, your (after vowel); you (after rel. pr. a). xware, chware, to play. xweri, chwery , 3rd sing. pres. of xware. xwiljo, chwilio, to look for.

Gweler hefyd: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267789086_FILM_FROM_A_PHONETICS_LABORATORY_OF_THE_1920s

….….

Sumbolau: 

a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ / i I / o O / u U / w W / y Y /
MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ɛ̄ Ɛ̄ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ / 
MACRON + ACEN DDYRCHAFEDIG: Ā̀ ā̀ , Ḗ ḗ, Ī́ ī́ , Ṓ ṓ , Ū́ ū́, (w), Ȳ́ ȳ́
MACRON + ACEN DDISGYNEDIG: Ǟ ǟ , Ḕ ḕ, Ī̀ ī̀, Ṑ ṑ, Ū̀ ū̀, (w), Ȳ̀ ȳ̀
MACRON ISOD: A̱ a̱ , E̱ e̱ , I̱ i̱ , O̱ o̱, U̱ u̱, (w), Y̱ y̱
BREF: ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ Ĭ / ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ / B5236:  B5237: 
BREF GWRTHDRO ISOD: i̯, u̯
CROMFACHAU: ⟨ ⟩ deiamwnt

ˡ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ a: / æ æ: / e eˑe: / ɛ ɛ: / ɪ iˑ i: / ɔ oˑ o: / ʊ uˑ u: / ə / ʌ / 
ẅ Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ / ŵ Ŵ / 
ŷ Ŷ / ỳ Ỳ / ý Ý / ɥ
ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / £
ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ
Hungarumlaut: A̋ a̋
U+1EA0 Ạ U+1EA1 ạ
U+1EB8 Ẹ U+1EB9 ẹ
U+1ECA Ị U+1ECB ị
U+1ECC Ọ U+1ECD ọ
U+1EE4 Ụ U+1EE5 ụ
U+1E88 Ẉ U+1E89 ẉ
U+1EF4 Ỵ U+1EF5 ỵ
gyn aith δ δ £
wikipedia, scriptsource. org
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ǣ
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Y TUDALEN HWN: www. []kimkat.org []/amryw/1_testunau/testunau-saesneg_261_welsh-phonetic-reader_stephen-jones_1926_3224k.htm
---------------------------------------
Creuwyd: 22-05-2019
Ffynhonnell: archive.org
Adolygiad diweddaraf: 22-05-2019
Delweddau:

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