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12 A WELSH PHONETIC READER
TONGUE POSITIONS OF THE WELSH VOWELS COMPARED WITH THOSE OF THE CARDINA
VOWELS
10. Table II shows graphically the positions of the highest point of the
tongue in pronouncing the most important Welsh vowel sounds as compared with
those of the eight cardinal vowels. The cardinal vowels are indicated by
black dots, the principal members of the
TABLE I
Front
1
1
Central
Back
u
u
0
0
Q
Front a Back
seven Welsh vowel-phonemes by red dots. The positions of £ and o (which are
important subsidiary members of the e and o phonemes) are shown by red
circles.
[Note.-The cardinal vowels are certain vowel-sounds
which have fixed tongue positions and known acoustic qualities. The tongue
positions are described in books on phonetics. The acoustic qualities have
been recorded on
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A WELSH
PHONETIC READER 13
gramophone records (No. B 804, in “His Master 's Voice “
catalogue).]
FURTHER DETAILS REGARDIN G THE WELSH SOUNDS
Consonants
11. The voiceless plosives p, t, k, are followed by
final voiced plosives
distinct “aspiration ''. Initial and
b, d, g, are only slightly voiced.
12 p, b. Articulation as in English.
t, 13.
d. t, d. Dental, not alveolar sounds like the English
14 k, g. Articulation rather further
back than in
English.
15. ts, tj, cS· Affricates, the last two are similar to the
sounds of ch and j in chain,J·am.
These sounds are only used in borrowed vords. A watch chain is generally
called tjain wa1j, and startj as well as starts are heard for starch.
cS occurs in a borrowed word like <Sam (J·am) and also in the mutated form
of tJ as in da <Sain (“thy chain”).
{See § 91.) English cS often becomes ts in Welsh, e.g. the plant named seicS
(sage) is called in Welsh saits.
16. m. As in English.
17. n. More dental than in English.
18. lJ . Similar to the sound of ng as in thing . The place of articulaton of
the members of this phoneme is determined by the sounds that precede or
follow, as in the case of k (§ 4).
19. Voiceless ip., IJ, followed by an aspirate may
occur initially in colloquial speech, as in mh£n:(“my head”),
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nha:d (''my father”), IJhallon (“my heart”).1 Generally,
however, it is only the first part of the nasal that is devoiced, the later
part as well as the whole of the h being voiced. It is unnecessary to use the
symbols:tp., l)., in practical transcriptions.
Where the nasals occur medially before the h-phoneme, as in kamhari (“to
compare”), brenhines (“queen”), alJhovjo (“to forget”), there is no trace of
devoicing.
20. 1. The 1 in Welsh has a resonance somewhere
between the dark variety (as in English ill), and the clear variety (as in
French il).
21. An unvoiced variant of this sound (written lwhere
necessary) occurs after p, t, k (§ 5, 11). This sound is about the same as
the French l in boucle (bukl) when the word is said with a pause following.
lbelongs to the I phoneme both in Welsh and French.
22. ll. This sound is a separate phoneme in Welsh,
and is to be carefully distinguished from the l. The whole of the tongue-edge
is in contact with the inner surface of the upper teeth near the teeth ridge,
except at a place on one side (left or right) in the region of the back
teeth. A strong current of air is
forced through the narrow aperture, giving the ear the impression of a strong
fricative. The ll is therefore best described as a voiceless
lateral-fricative; see Table I.
23. r. Welsh r is rolled, that is to say it is formed by the tongue-tip
tapping against the teeth ridge.
1 mhEn:, nha:d, IJhallon are mutated forms of p£n:, ta:d,
kallon. They do not occur initially in tl1e lterary language, which requ ires
that they should be preceded by a proclitic.
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A WELSH
PHONETIC READER 15
24. f · The breathed form of the preceding occurs
after p, t, k. It also occurs when followed by h initially as in rhu:d
(“rust”), and in the middle of words as in_ anrhegjon (“gifts”). Being a
member of the r phoneme, it will not be indicated by a separate symbol (cp.
m, n, IJ , § 19). The rh mutates into r (§ 91).
25. lu. 1u is the devoiced form of w (§ 34). Being voiceless, it is fricative
and not a semi-vowel. This sound does not occur frequently, e.g. i lua1j
(“her watch”).
26. f , v. As in English. v tends to disappear finally,
e.g., tre: for tre:v (“town”).
27. th. The sound of th in thing.
28. dd. The sound of th in those. It tends to disappear
finally, e.g., eiste for eistedd (“to sit”).
29. s. As in English.
30. s, z. Resemble the English sounds of sh in ship
and s in measure. These sounds are to be found in borrowed words like shop:
(“shop”) , ingan, or ingin (“engine”). Si in Welsh words is frequently pronounced sh,
e.g. sharad for siarad (“to speak”).
31. ç. Voiceless palatal fricative, similar to German
ch in ich. It is the devoiced form of j (§ 35) and rarely
occurs, e.g., i hiaith (“her language”).
32. h. A strong aspirate as in English. Between vowels the corresponding
voiced sound h is generally substituted; e.g. paham (“why”). So it may be
regarded as a member of the h-phoneme, and it is not necessary to use the
symbol h in phonetic texts.
33. x. A voiceless velar fricative, similar to the
German sound of ch in ach. It is pronounced with a slight
uvular vibration.
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16 A WELSH PHONETIC READER
34. w. This is the glide-sound of w in way . The tongue starts in the
position of u (§ 51), but with lips more rounded. Then it proceeds at once to
the succeeding vowel. w occurs in combination with other sounds; see § 41.
35. j. The English sound of y in yes. This is a friction
less glide-sound. The tongue starts near the position for i (§ 45) and
imlllediat ely proceeds to the position for the vowel following.
Consonants in Oombi1iatio·n
36. When 1, r come immediately after p, t , k in the
beginning of a syllable, they arepartially devoiced (§ 21, 24).
37. When n comes after k, as in knaud (“flesh”), it
remains voiced. The n is not formed until the explosion of the k is complete,
as is also the case in German (cp. German knabe).
38. _In the combination kt the k has full plosion; the
plosion of the k is heard particularly clearly at the end of a stressed
syllable. Compare the Welsh pronunciation of the word actau (“acts”) with the
normal English pronunciation actor (where the k is not exploded); and also
with German of takt, and French acte (where the k is exploded ).
39. b, g are completely devoiced a:fter s in the same
syllable: e.g., ko:sp (N. Wales), kosp (S. Wales), (“punishment”), ku:sk (N.
Wales), kusk (S. Wales), (“sleep”).
40. In the combinations mhl, nhl, lJhl, mhr, nhr, IJhr (which represent the
mutated forms of pl, tl, kl, pr, tr, kr) (§ 91), the remarks in §§ 19, 24
apply.
41. gwl, gwn, gwr, and their mutations lJWl, IJWn, 13wr
are really gl, gn, gr, IJl, IJll, IJr, pronounced with simul
taneous lip rounding.
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A WELSH PHONETIC READER 17
42. In the case xw as in xwe:x (''six”), it is
interesting
to note that the x does not have lip rounding. The x and w are pronounced
separately.
43. In the so-called doubling of the p, t , k, which
is so
characteristic a feature of Welsh (§ 78), it must be borne in mind that it is
the “stop“ or “occlusive element“ which is lengthened, there being only one
plosive element.
44. When two h's, two d's, two g's; or b and h,
d and h, g and h come together, the one at the end of a word a11d tl1e other·
at the beginning of the next word, the voiced plosives become completely
devoiced. The following are examples: ·
(a) anhe{J 'fJlu:iv drui 'vi:n a 'kle:5 (“An unf air wound by the edge of the
s'vord”). The two g's in anhe:g and glu:iv lose their voice, and thus
alliterate witl1 k in kle:<S.
(b) bargo 'hail goriux 'bri:g 'ton: (“A sun's edge above a wave's crest”) .
The d in bargod alliterates with the t in ton:. This illustrates one of the
rules of y gynghanedd
in \Velsh poetry.
Voioels
45. i. A close front vowel ·with tongue position slightly lower than cardinal
vo,vel No. I(see Table II). It is thus similar to the sound of ee in see but
with no tendency to diphthongization into ij.
46. e. Slightly more open than cardinal No. 2. Rather
lil{e the French e “moyen “as in mechant.
47. £, More open than the Southern English e in ten.
· It is an important member of the Welsh e-phoneme.
48. a. Situated between cardinal vowels No. 4 and
2
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WELSH PHONETIC READER
No. 5, but some'hat nearer to No. 4. Rather more
forward than the ordinary a of father.
49 o. Somewhat opener than cardinal No. 6 (see
Table II), but not so open as the English vowel in hot.
An important member of the Welsh o-phoneme.
50. o. Rather more open than cardinal No. 7 (see
Table II). Similar to the Scottish pronunciation of o in home.
51. u. A close back vowel with tongue position somewhat lower than cardinal
vowel No. 8. Resembles the English sound of oo in too, but has no tendency to
diphthongization into uw.
52. i. This sound is a close central vowel (see Table
II); by this we mean that the middle of the tongue is raised so as to come
near the palate; the lips are tense and some times slightly rounded. The
vowel is intermediate between and m (unrounded u). (1) There is no sound like it in English. To
acquire it, practise w and then aim at a sound between this and i. The use of
iis characteristic of North Welsh. In South Welsh the sound is generally
replaced by i.
53. a. A central vowel similar to the first vowel
in ago. In unstressed syllables a slightly closer variety
is used (see Table II).
54. Vowels in the region between half close and half open show a curious
instability in a vowel system which on the whole is strikingly stable. The
quality of the vowels in this region varies appreciably with the degree of
stress. In the word gofyn (“to ask”), for example, the o may vary in
different pronunciations from cardinal o
1/ w represents the vowel obtained by placing the
tongue as for U and the lips as for i.
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A WELSH
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(govin) to ·a more open cardinal o (govvin). Similarly the e in melyn
(“yellow”), and melus (“sweet”) may vary from cardinal e (melin, melis) to
cardinal £ (mEllin, mEllis).
It is interesting to compare the two a's in kaf 9llai
(“horses”).
There is sometimes a strong tendency to centralization of the o in some
words, such as dodui (dodwy , “to lay eggs”), troux, trowch (“turn”).
Diphthongs
55. A diphthong, as here considered, is a glide from a vowel of greater to a
vowel of equal or less relative
perceptibility . Thus in the diphthong ai the organs of speech start in the a
configuration and proceed at once by the shortest r9ute in the direction of
i. So that the second element in the transcription of diphthongs indicates
the direction of the glide rather than the final configuration. When the rate
of change in the configuration of the speech organs is at first slow, the first
element of the diphthong is called long. With these conventions, it may be
said that the following diphthongs occur in Welsh:-
ai, oi, ni (S.,V.), ui, ai; iu, eu, au, iu, au; ai, oi, ui, ai.
The first element in many of the diphthongs may be long
(§ 75).
-····
SOUND AT'l'RIBUTES
Stress
56. Three well-marked degrees of stress (force·-accent)
may be readily distinguished in Welsh. They may be termed “strong'', “medium “,
“weak''. It is only necessary to mark the strong accents in broad phonetic tests.
This is represented by placing the mark ' at the
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20 A
WELSH PHONETIC READER
beginning of the strong syllable . When necessary , before
the syllable may be used to mark medium stress.
57. The strong stress in Welsh is more marked than
th-e strong stress in English.
58. There is a distinct relation between stress and vowel length in Welsh,
but weakening of stress does not obscure the quality of vowels as in English,
where mse:n (man) is reduced to man in the word <tEntlman (gntleman).
A vowel may, however, be dropped altogether in sy1lables
with weak stress (see § 61).
59. The syllable which bears the strong stress is as a rule the last but one:
e.g. '4uinog (“fox”) <lui'nog od (“foxes”).
60. A good many words, however, have tb.e strong stress on the last syllable;
e.g. kam'ra:ig (“Welsh”), is'lau (“below”); cf . fi'fossofi (“philosophy },
'f enestr (“window”).
61. Pretonic syllables have weak stress, and the vowel frequently disappears.
ka 'lonnai (“hearts”) and para 'toi (“to prepare”) are commonly pronounced
'klonnai, par 'toi.
62. The stress on the syllable following the strongly stressed syllable is
medium tending towards strong. This leads to the introduction in colloquial
speech of the so called epenthetic vowel between the sounds l and r and a
preceding consonant. 'pobl (“people”) is more usually pronounced pobol, aml
(“often”) becomes amal. Contrast th.is with 'f ene;st from 'f enestr
(“window”), where the strong stress is on the first syllable.
In a few words of two syllables terminating in other
sounds the final vowel is elided; e.g. mind from maned
(‘‘to go”).
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A WELSH
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63. In deliberate speech, when the strong stress is on
the last syllable but one, the first syllable of words of more than three
syllables has medium stress, e.g. ,goreram 'derai (“oppressions”). The same
thing occurs in words of more than two syllables when the strong stress is on
the last syllable, e.g. para 'toi (“to prepare”). It is interesting in this
connexion to note a Welshman's pronunciation of English words of four or more
syllables, such as a.dministra tion, f amiliarity , examination; he is
liable to say these words with medium stress on the first syllable instead of
on the second.
Length
64. Most vowels and consonants can have different degrees of length. These degrees
of length are easily distinguishable, viz. long, half -long, and short.
65. When a sound is long the fact is indicated in the
phonetic transcriptions by placing the mark: immediately after the symbol of
the sound. Placed after a plosive consonant the mark: is to be taken to
indicate a prolongation of the ''Stop”or ''Occlusive”element of that
consonant. Half -length is marked when necessary by ·.
66. Length is an important element of speech in Welsh. Many words are
distinguished by the presence or absence of length\ in a vowel or a
consonant.
ta:l (“payment”) tal: (“tall”)
hi:n (“sleep”) hin: (“this”)
ka·ni (“singing”) kanni (“bleaching”)
gu:n (“robe”) gun: (“I know”)
67. The vowels i, e, a, o, u, ican be long, half -long or short, but o, £ are
never long in Welsh, and a is only fully long in the name of the last letter
of the alphabet (y).
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22 A WELSH PHONETIC READER
After long vowels 'there is frequently heard a distinct
uh-glide. This is particularly noticeable after o:, i:, u:.
68. The vowels o, e only occur in closed (1)
syllables with strong stress. They are important subsidiary members of the o
and e phonemes respectively.
69. It is only in monosyllabic words and final
syllables
with strong · stress that vowels can occur fully long. Dyn [di:n] (“man”), is
[i:s] (“under”), bach [ba:x] (“small, hook”), Cymraeg [kuhm'ra:ig] (“Welsh”).
70.
Stressed vowels in final positions (i.e. wh n followed
by a pause) are always long, e.g. ki:(“dog”), ki:(“amiable”), ti: (“house”).
71. Should
syllables become penultimate by the
addition of a suffix, diIUinution of length of the v·owel occurs. It becomes
half -long if the suffix begins with a vowel, short if the suffix begins with
a consonant.
Compare
the lengths of the vowels in the following:
mo:r (“sea”) mo·roitS (“seas”) . morjo (“sailing”)
ta:n (“fire”) ta·nai (“fires”) tanci-id (“fiery”)
With
long vowels followed by s, the case is different; e.g.
no:s (“night”) nossi (“becoming night”) kra:s (“dry”) krassi (“baking”)
The explanation of this anomaly is to be found in the history of these words
(see Sir John Morris-Jones' Welslt Gr ammar ,2 p. 137).
I A syllable is said to be “open “when it ends in a vowel . Thus ta 'rani ( '
' thundering”) is n1ade up of three open syllables. A syllable is said to be
“closed “when it ends in a con sonant. Th11s, tar<Si (‘‘issuing”) is n1ade
u p of a closed syllable tar and an open 011e iSi. The point of syllable
di,rision in the . groups mh, nh, Ijh, rh should be noticed: ke l 'nhad l le
( conference”),
dal 'mheg l jon ( parables”), dia I'rhe lbol (“proverbial”).
a Oxf ord , 1913.
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A WELSH
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72. In words of more than one syllable, vowels are
short · in closed syllables, evn when strongly stressed,
e.g. blinder (“fatigue”), pentur (“heap”), akku (“there”), hofter
(“fondness”), dundur (“noise”), ixter (“height”), ci-amdra (“poverty”). In
monosyllabic words ending in long or double consonants the vowels are short,
tending to half-long; examples:-
xwim: (“nimble”) cl-en: (“veil”) cl-an: (“church”)
cl-on: (“happy”) cl-um:(“poor”) cl-in:(“lake”)
73. There are some exceptions, e.g. muin'ha:nt (“they enjoy”), ku:sg (“sleep”),
ko:sb (North Welsh) (“punish ment”), ha:ci-t (North Welsh) (“salt ad}. ). In South Welsh these last three
words follow the rule and are pronounced kusg, kosb, haci-t.
74. All vowels in syllables which are not strongly
stressed are short.
75. In respect to length in diphthongs, usage varies.
As a general rule it may be said that the only diphthongs in which the first
element may be long are ai, oi, ui representing orthographic ae, oe, wy
respectively; examples: cae (“field”), doe
(“yesterday”), dwy (“two”). Note that the diphthong eu, as in gwneud
(“to do”), is always short.
76. The length of the diphthongs in pairs of words
such as the following should be compared:-
gwaeth (“worse”) gwaith (“work”)
llaeth (“milk”) llaith (“damp”)
troed (“foot”) troid (past imperfect, impersonal
form of troi, to turn)
77. In South Welsh a:i is replaced by ai or â, thus
llaith or llâth (“milk”); o:i is replaced by oi or ô, thus troid or trôd
(“foot”).
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78. p, t, k, m, lJ , ci-1are always lengthened (or doubled)
(§ 43) 'vhen they follovv a stressed vowel and are not
followed by another consonant; e.g.:-
poppe8 (“everything”) mammai(“mothers”)
kip: (“glance”) mam: (“mother”)
attal (“to stop”) ci-OIJIJai(“ships”)
htt: (“hat”) ci-oIJ: (“ship”)
sikkan (“gruel”) daci-: (“blind”)
knok: (“knock”) daci-ci-i (“blinding”)
This rule also applies to s (§ 68), when it is intervocalic;
e.g. kossi (“scratching”).
Sentence Stre8s
79. In a sentence, the most important words from the point of view of
meaning, receive the strong stress. Less important words tend to lose such
stress as they would have if pronounced alone. Such reduction of stress is
accompanied by a reduction in the length of a long sound.
80. Thus in the sentence y mae hwn yn caru
pechaduriaid (“This one loves sinners”), the important words are hun: (“this
one”) and pechaduriaid (“sinners”). But to alter the meaning slightly it
might be necessary to stress mae (“is”). The a in maw would then have the
length it would have if said by itself .
Intonation
81. Intonation is the term used to denote the successive pitch changes of the
voice in speech. Its counterpart in song is melody.
1 In N.W. except in hôll, ôll (“all”). In S.W. the
final ll of monosyllabic words is not lengthened except in a few cases; e.g.
dull: (''manner”).
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A. WELSH PHONETIC READER 25
82. Since pitch and stress in speech are but effects
of the same cause, viz., expenditure of energy in utterance, it will be
readily understood that they are closely associated, the one with the other.
Although the two things are different, it is a matter of common observation
that increase in stress is almost always accompanied by a definite change of
pitch (generally a rise) .
83. So intimate is the relation that some
phoneticians
have employed the term ''Physiological Intensity”to denote a combination of
the two factors (pitch and stress). It will be necessary to bear this in mind
in order to under stand properly why the peaks on intonation curves so
frequently coincide with positions of strong stress; cf. Jones' Intonation
Curves and Outline of English Phonetics; also Armstrong and Ward's Handbook
of English Intonation and Klinghardt's Übungen im englischen Tonfall.
84. The rules governing intonation in Welsh have not yet been fully worked out.
The following points may, ho\vever, be noted:-
(1) Welsh intonation often reaches a higher pitch than English intonation,
and the lowest li1nit of the voice is hardly ever reached in \Velsh. vVelsh consequently
has the general eff ect of being spoken at a higher average pitch of the
voice than English.
(2) In the pronunciation of words said by them
selves:-
(a) When the strong stress is on the last syllable but one it is said with
mid pitch, and the weaker following syllable has a falling pitch which
generally starts higher
. than the mid pitch. Example:-
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26 A
WELSH PHONETIC READER
rhi'daxen
Oxford.
(b) When the word is ·a monosylla ble, there is a high falling intonation on
it. Example:-
a
The
'di:n
man.
(c) When the word has the strong stress on the last
syllable, that syllable has a high-falling intonation on
it. Example:-
kair 'di:<S
Cardiff .
..._,........-
(3) In simple statements containing no words of special
prominence, the highest pitch is on the first stressed syllable; after that
there is a gradual fall in the intonation. Syllables precedi11g the first stressed
syllable a;re lower
than it in pitch. Example:-
---
•-•----
-------
9',,
mi 'gasgais
I slept
'dru:i r pra 'nhaun
through the afternoon.
(4) When a word is given prominence there is a rising
falling intonation on it.
If the prominen t word is a word of two or more syllables
with the strong stress on tl1e last syllable but one, that
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A WELSH
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syllable has a mid-rising pitch and the weaker syllable
which follows has a high-falling pitch.
If the prominent word is a monosyllable, the whole word takes the
rising-falling intonation.
If the prominent word has the strong stress on the last syllable, that
syllable takes the rising-falling intonation.
Thus, if in the examples given above, prominence be
given to 'g asgais the intonation would be
' ' -=-...
mi 'gasgais drui r pranhaun.
If prominence be given to 'dru:i, the intonation would be
mi gasgais 'dru:i r pranhaun.
If prominence be given to pra 'nhaun, the intonation would be
mi gasgais drui r pra 'nhaun.
(5) When a sentence contains a word which has already been used in the
preceding sentence or has been implied in what precedes, that word takes a
rising intonation.
Example:-
a -••
ZU¢2 . ....,.,_ aw .t W . L!X a Ci ..:llOJi . . •_ x z::::emt ,..
'brenin oi5 'davi5
David was a king
( 'davi having been previously mentioned or implied .) This intonation is
also used to express surprise.
Exainple:-
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------------ ------- ----------- ·-=--
/
a mai 'aira ar a 'mani<S
There is snow on th 6 Inountain.
(6) When two words are contrasted, one of them has a rising intonation, as it
comes under the preceding rule.
Example:-
nid 'di: nnd 'gwin:
Not black but white.
'gwin: i1id 'di:
'Vhit e not black.
(7) When it is intended to draw attention to something surprising, the
prominent word has a rising-falling intona
tion on it. Example:-
•
?L . w; , _.,
e'draxux ar a 'mu:g
Look at the smoke.
85. It may be of interest to mention here the word tippin, the meaning of
which depends on the intonation with which it is uttered. If it is said with
the tone of
pri•mary prom 1•nence
'tippin ·
it means “rather much ''. On the other hand, should
it be uttered with a low rising tone
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(delwedd F6504) (tudalen 029)
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A WELSH
PHONETIC READER 29
e /
'tippin
it means “only a fair amount .
86. Intonation in Questions:-
(a) Questions beginning with interrogative particles (a, ai, onid, etc.) expressed
or understood have a rising i•ntonati•on.
·
a ois
'eira a1· 3 mani<S 1
Is there sno\v 011 the mountai11?
(b) Questions beginning with specific interrogative
words (pa:, pu:i, etc.) have a falling intonation.
.>.
pui
Who
si<S
IS
ar a 'mani<S 1
on the mountain ?
87. Commands have a fa]li11g into1J ation.
·
'eux 'ammaie !
Go away !
1iUTATION
88. Certain consonants at the beginnings of words change into certain other
consonants (§ 19). The phenomenon is called mutation ; it was once a case of
assimilation.
89. A consonant is capable of mutation only into another consonant having the
same place of articulation.
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(delwedd F6505) (tudalen 030)
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30 A ·
WELSH PHONETIC READER
Thus mutation proceeds along the columns in Table I. For example, the
unvoiced plosive k in ki: (“dog”) becomes the voiced plosive g in de gi:
(“thy dog”), the nasal lJ in ve IJhi: (“my dog”), and the unvoiced fricative
x in ixi: (“her dog”). These examples show that changes in the velar sound k
develop along the velar column. The same thing applies to the other mutable
consonants. In some instances, however, slight deviations from this principle
of mutation in columns occur. They are as follows:-
(1) The bi-labialsj p, b, and m, instead of changing into the bi-labials F, u
respectively change into the labiodentals f, v, e.g., the p in p£n: (“head”)
changes into f in if£n: (“her head”), the b in baxg en (“boy”) into v in
ivaxg en (“his boy”), and the m in m£rx (“daughter”) into v in
. da VErx (“thy daughter”).
(2) The velar plosive g, instead of changing into the velar voiced fricative
g., disappears, e.g., garts (“garden”) becomes arlS in de ar<S (“thy
garden”).
(3) In the process of mutation of t, d into n and of cl into 1, there is a
very slight deviation from the dental column into the alveolar column .
90. The conditions governing mutations are given in grammars of the language.
Although recorded in the orthography of Welsh, the mutated forms of the word
are not given in dictionaries. The radical forms only are given. It is
necessary, therefore, to know not only the consonants that are capable of
undergoing mutation, but also the consonants resulting from these mutations.
91. The following is a list of initial or radical sounds
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(delwedd F6506) (tudalen 031)
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A WELSH
PHONETIC READER 31
which are subject to mutation: p, b, t, d, k, g, 1j, m, cl-,
rh, w, j. Their mutations are as f ollows:-
S
ou11d. Voice-
mutation . Nasal- n1utation . Fricative-
m utation .
---
p b m (h) f
b
t d m
n (h) v [u] 1
e
d n lS
-·-···- --:
----
k g lJ (h) x
g lJ [g.] 1
1J
m v [u] 1
cl- 1
rh r
w h>
J Q
ABBREVIATIO
NS USED IN THE TRAN SLATIONS
In the literal translations, the mark * indica.tes that the word following is
a proper name. Two or more English words joined by hyphens are translations
of a single Welsh word. Words in brackets are explanatory, e.g. (3 = . . .)
means that the three preceding words in the literal transla
tion are more accurately translated by . . .; (= 3)
meansthat the preceding word in the translation represents three words in the
phonetic text. p. means an un
translatable particle.
1 Cf. § 89.
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(delwedd F6507) (tudalen 032)
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1 Hide (of ) the Elephant
"p. saw one of-you hide (of an) elephant ever?" asked examiner in
school occasion ago (= 2).
"Yes, sir, I saw, I,"" says boy small six age.
"In-what-place?" says the examiner."
"About (= 2) the elephant himself" (= 2), says the" boy with
every seriousness.
2 John William
When was John William and his family p. eating their dinner, came stone down
(= 2) from top the woodedslope and through the roof, and fell on trencher
John William, and destroyed his potatoes and his meat.
He-gave swear because its being after destroying (4 = it had destroyed) his
meat. p. was the stone p. too big to its rolling out through the door, and
was necessity to-them breaking hole in-middle the floor, and its burying.
3 Olwen
Tunic of silk flame-red was about under-her (3 = about her), and torque of
ruddy-gold and pearls emerald was about her neck.
Yellower was her head than flowers the broom, and whiter her skin than foam
the wave. Fairer was her two-hand and her fingers than flowers in foam
fountain
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(delwedd F6508) (tudalen 033)
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TEXTS
1 Croen y Cawrfil
"A welodd un
ohonoch groen cawrfil erioed?" gofynnai arholwr mewn ysgol dro'n ôl.
"Do, syr, mi welais I," medd bychan chwech oed.
"Ymhle?" medd yr arholwr.
"O
gwmpas y cawrfil ei hun," medd y bachgen gyda phob difrifwch.
2 Siôn Wiliam
Pan oedd Siôn Wiliam a'i deulu'n bwyta (e)u ciniaw, daeth carreg i lawr o ben
yr allt a thwy'r to, a disgynnodd ar dreinsiwr Siôn Wiliam a difethodd (e)i
datws a'i gig.
Rhoddodd rheg am (e)i bod wedi
difetha (e)i gig.
Roedd y garreg yn rhy fawr i'w dreiglo allan trwy'r drws, a bu gorfod iddynt
dorri twll ynghanol y llawr, a’i chladdu.
3 Olwen
Camse o sidan fflamgoch oedd amdani, a thorch o ruddaur a pherlai emrald oedd
am (e)i gwddf.
Melynnach oedd (e)i phen na blodau'r banadl a gwynnach (e)i chroen nag ewin y
don, tecach oedd (e)i dwylo a'i bysedd na blodau yn ewin fynnon gweirglodd.
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(delwedd F6509) (tudalen 034)
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34 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
meadow. Brighter was her
eyes than glance the hawk and the falcon. Whiter was her two-breast than
breast swan white, redder her two-cheek than the foxgloves reddest.
The whosoever that her saw filled would-be of her love.
(There were) four of trefoils white that grew in mark her foot (3 = her
footsteps) which way ever where shewalked; and for that p. there-was-calling
her Olwen.
4 Proof satisfactory
Went gentleman once from considerable distance to visiting with farmer was p.
proverbial for his strength, for sake having proof on-it.
p. was the gentleman p. man big, tall and appearance dignified on-him.
After tying his horse to tree adjacent, he-approached to the man, and said,
“I-came here from considerable distance for sake having proof of your
strength, about the which I-am after hearing (4 = I have heard) so-much of
talking.”
“So p. true,”said the farmer; and he-seized in-him, and he-threw him over top
the hedge to the field other, and he-went forward with his job.
After little he-raised his head and he-asked, “p. youwould-like you to me
doing more to you?" "Well, perhaps p. you-will-be so-good as
throwing the horse to me again," quoth the gentleman."
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(delwedd F6510) (tudalen 035)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 35
disgleiriach oedd (e)i
llygaid na golwg y gwalch a'r hebog, gwynnach oedd (e)i dwyfron na bron
alarch gwyn, cochach ei deurydd na'r ffion cochaf.
Y sawl a'i gwelai
cyflawn fyddai o’i serch.
Pedair o feillion gwynion a dyfent yn ôl (e)i throed pa ffordd bynnag y
cerddai ac am hynny y gelwid hi Olwen.
4 Prawf boddhaol
Aeth gwrbonheddig unwaith o gryn bellder i ymweld â ffermwr oedd yn
ddiarhebol am ei nerth, er mwyn cael prawf arno.
Roedd y
gwrbonheddig yn ddyn mawr tal a golwg urddasol arno.
Wedi clymu (e)i geffyl wrth goeden gyfagos, neshaodd at y gw^r, a dywedodd,
“Daedhum (?) (> daethum) yma o gryn bellder er mwyn cael prawf o'ch nerth,
am yr hwn rwyf wedi clywed cymaint o siarad.”
“Felly'n wir,” ebe'r ffermwr; ac ymaflodd ynddo, a thaflodd ef dros ben y
glwyd i'r cae arall, ac aeth ymlaen a'i orchwyl.
Ymhen ychydig cododd (e)i ben a
gofynnodd, "A garech chwi i mi wneud chwaneg i chwi?" "Wel,
hwyrach y byddwch cystal a thaflu'r ceffyl i mi eto," ebe'r gwrbonheddig.
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(delwedd F6511) (tudalen 036)
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36 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
5 The Child and the
Snake
p. was once boy little p. living in somewhere yonder, whom (=3)
there-was-losing from the house every day on time morning-meal.
As-soon as p. he-used-to-have his food, namely p. chief [ly] milk and whey,
used-to-go the little-one always (= 2) out with his cup and his bread in his
hand.
He-did so for considerable time without nobody p. thinking nothing about the
thing, but being the child p. choosing going to shelter hedge fair, or into
face sun, for taking his meal.
But from the last (3 = at last), by seeing his being p. going out so p.
regular every morning, as that was the morning p. coming, there-was-watching
him, and therewas-looking without knowing to-him, to what place where
he-was-going; and there-was-finding him in nook rather secret without being
p. not-far from the house, and who was there p. drinking-together and p.
eating-together with him from his cup but fine-creature of snake speckled!
There-was-holding to noticing on-them at their morning meal. They
used-to-eat-together p. wonderful friendly; but if would-be the snake
occasional time (2 = occasionally) p. coming rather p. too often to the cup,
would-give the child tap gentle to-her with his spoon, and would-say to-her
about ceasing going with more than her share.
Took she the hint with every gentleness, and would-come again to asking for
her drink. That-was the time last for-them eating-together; not they-met
more: for when there-was-understanding habit the
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(delwedd F6512) (tudalen 037)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 37
5 Y Plentyn a'r Neidr
Roedd unwaith fachgen bychan yn byw'n rhywle draw, ’r hwn a gollid o'r ty^
bob dydd ar amser boreufwyd.
Cynted ag y caffai (e)i fwyd, sef yn bennaf llaeth a maidd, ai y bychan yn
wastad allan a'i gwpan a'i fara'n (e)i law.
Gwnaeth felly am gryn amser, heb neb yn meddwl dim am y peth, ond bod y
plentyn yn dewis mynd i gysgod clawdd teg, neu i wyneb haul, i gymeryd (e)i
bryd.
Ond o'r diwedd, wrth weld (e)i fod yn mynd allan felly'n rheolaid bob bore,
fel roedd y bore'n dod, gwylwyd ef, ac edrychwyd heb wybod iddo, i ba le yr
elai, a chafwyd ef mewn cornelyn lled ddirgel heb fod yn nepell o'r ty^, a
phwy oedd yno'n cydyfed ac yn cydfwyta ag ef o'i gwpan ond llafnes o neidr
fraith!
Dalwyd i sylwi arnynt wrth (e)u boreufwyd. Cydymborthent yn hynod gyfeillgar;
ond os byddai'r neidr ambell waith yn dyfod braidd yn rhy fynych i'r cwpan,
rhoddai y plentyn gnipws tirion iddi â'i lwy a dywedai wrthi am beidio mynd â
mwy na'i chyfran.
Cymerai hithau'r awgrym gyda phob adfwynder a deuai drachefn i ymofyn am (e)i
lymaid. Dyna'r tro diweddaf iddynt gydfwyta; ni chyfarfuant mwy; canys pan
deallwyd arfer y plentyn, gwyliwyd
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(delwedd F6513) (tudalen 038)
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38 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
child,
there-was-watching the snake; and when she came to the place the time usual,
there-was-killing her.
But from the day that out pined he daily and nightly from sorrow for his old
friend coiled, and was dead consequently ( = 3).
6 Conference the Mice
In old farmhouse p. was cat after killing many of mice.
Came the remainder which there-was-leaving p. alive to one-another (= 2) to
hold meeting for considering in-what manner that they-could make-safe
themselves (= 2) against the cat.
Was there debating great on every plan which there-wasbringing before ( = 2)
the meeting but not there-wasobtaining one which gave satisfaction general.
From the end (3 = at last) rose rat young up (= 2) and said, "is with-me
plan which-is p. sure of being p. effective, and I know that will-be everyone
who-is here p. present p. agreeing after to-them its hearing, thatnot
there-is-able having its better.
p. I-am p. offering being bell I to its hanging about neck the cat. Then,
when p. makes she the movement smallest, I (it is) we that shall-hear sound
the bell, I and will-be this p. warning to us to flee to our holes."
There-was-receiving the offer with shouts loud of approval, and
there-was-passing it p. unanimous.
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(delwedd F6514) (tudalen 039)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 39
y neidr, a phan daeth
i'r fan yr amser arferol, lladdwyd hi.
Ond o'r dydd hwnnw allan dihoenodd yntau beunydd a beunos o alar am (e)i hen gyfeilles
dorchog, a bu farw o'r herwydd.
6 Cynhadledd y llygod.
Mewn hen ffermdy roedd cath wedi lladd lawer o lygod.
Daeth y gweddill a adawyd yn fyw at (e)i gilydd i gynnal cyfarfod i ystyried
ymha fodd y gallent ddiogelu (e)u hunain rhag y gath.
Bu yno ddadleu mawr ar bob cynllun a dygwyd ger bron y cyfarfod. Ond ni
chafwyd un a roddai foddlonrwydd cyffredinol.
O'r diwedd cododd llygoden ieuanc i fyny, a dywedodd, "Mae gennyf
gynllun sy'n sicr o fod yn effeithiol, ac mi wn y bydd pawb sydd yma'n
bresennol yn cytuno wedi iddynt (e)i glywed nad ellir cael (e)i well.
Rwy'n cynnig fod cloch i'w chrogi am wddf y gath. Yna, pan y gwnai hi'r
symudiad lleiaf, ni a glywn sw^n y gloch, a bydd hyn yn rhybudd i ni i ffoi
i'n tyllau."
Derbyniwyd y cynhigiad gyda bloeddiau uchel o gymeradwyaeth a phasiwyd e'n
unfrydol.
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(delwedd F6515) (tudalen 040)
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40 A WELSH PHONETIC READER
After having silence,
rose old rat up ( = 2) that-not was till in this after speaking (who up till
now had not spoken) a word, and said as the following:- "Is the plan p.
one remarkable skilful, I and not I-am p. doubting that-not will-be it p.
successful; but before going further, I-should-like asking one question, who
that-is p. going to hanging the bell about neck the cat?"
There-was-seeing at once being the thing p.impossible, and there-was-breaking
the meeting up (= 2) without deciding nothing. ·
7 City the flowers
I-was p. roaming through the streets the afternoon; not astonishing being the
city p. having its calling p. city the flowers and p. city the beauty; not is
there street without something to charm the eye. p. was the roads p. full of
flowers the spring, and p. was colour so rich on flowers that I-was p.
acquainted-with lily the valleys, and flowers the snow, and hair the maiden
so that hardly that I-believed that my old friends they-were.
And about beauty appearance and complexion notI know about anywhere better
for its seeing than Florence. p. is the men p. darker their hair and their
eyes than the Germans, p. taller and p. more-beautiful their skins than the
French. p. is the gait the girls p. light and natural, their eyes p. dark of
the darkest, and smile sunny every time on their faces, where there remains
blush health and feeling.
Not they-are p. taking-offence for to strangers looking on-them; deepens
their blush and plays pride innocent in their eyes; they walk p. more-upright
than ever, p. queens the earth,
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(delwedd F6516) (tudalen 041)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 41
Wedi cael distawrwydd
cododd hen lygoden i fyny, nad oedd hyd yn hyn wedi siarad un gair, a
dywedodd fel y canlyn: - "Mae y cynllun yn un hynod gywrain, ac nid wy'n
ameu na fydd e'n llwyddiannus; ond cyn mynd ymhellach, carwn ofyn un
cwestiwn, pwy sy'n mynd i grogi’r gloch am wddf y gath?” Gwelwyd ar unwaith
fod y peth yn amhosibl, a thorrwyd y cyfarfod i fyny heb benderfynu dim.
7 Dinas y blode.
Bûm yn crwydro trwy'r ystrydoedd y prynhawn; nid rhyfedd fod y ddinas yn cael
(e)i galw'n ddinas y blode ac yn ddinas y tlysni. Nid oes yno ystryd heb
rwybeth i swyno’r llygad. Roedd yr heolydd yn llawn o flode'r gwanwyn, ac
roedd lliw mor gyfoethog ar flode roeddwn yn adnabod - lili'r dyffrynnoedd, a
blode'r eira, a gwallt y forwyn - fel mae prin y credwn mai fy hen gyfeillion
oeddynt.
Ac am harddwch pryd a gwedd, nis gwn am unlle gwell i'w weled na Fflorens. Y
mae'r dynion yn dduach (e)u gwallt a'u llygaid na'r Almaenwyr, yn dalach ac
yn lanach (e)u crwyn na'r Ffrancod. Y mae cerddediad y merched yn ysgafn a
naturiol, (e)i llygaid yn dduon o'r dduaf, a gwên heulog bob amser ar (e)u
hwynebau, lle'r erys gwrid iechyd a theimlad.
Nid ydynt yn digio am i ddieithriaid edrych arnynt; dyfnhâ (e)i gwrid a
chwarae balchder diniwed yn (e)i llygaid; cerddant yn sythach erioed, yn
freninesau'r ddaear.
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(delwedd F6517) (tudalen 042)
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42 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
Not there-is-able
going to the train, not there-is-able walking through road nor market, not
there-is-able being ten minute in tram, without seeing face that-is like
miracle of beauty.
8 Easy Slumber Soup Turnips
Time long ago (= 2) I p. was two neighbours p. living under the same-roof, p.
near to the mountain in farm-house (on summer pasture), and with every one of
them host of children.
Small was their gain, and as that there-could-be thinking, hard was on one
of-them. Soup turnips and bread hardgrey was their food oftenest.
In the house other p. was broth fat, and plenty of meat sheep, but p. was
considerable doubt about honesty the family that, and many p. thinking
that-not was sheep the neighbours p. having quiet with-them.
What manner ever (3 = however), one night in depth the winter there-is
knocking at the door the farmers and officers justice p. coming for searching
the house and there-was-having sufficient of marks theft for taking the man
to prison middle night. At hearing the sound and the commotion in the house,
woke family the house next.
"Well, well," said the wife, "p. was-I p. fearing that like
that it-would-have-been p. coming ‘from long-evil comes great-evil'. Get-up
Gruffudd!”
"Let quiet to me," said Gruffudd, "easy slumber" soup
turnips." And he-put his head on the pillow and he-slept p. quiet till
the morning.
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(delwedd F6518) (tudalen 043)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 43
Ni fedrir mynd i'r
trên, ni fedrir cerdded trwy heol na marchnad, nis gellir bod deng munud mewn
tram, heb weled gwyneb sydd fel gwyrth o brydferthwch.
8 Esmwyth cwsg, potes maip
Amser maith yn ôl, roedd dau gymydog yn byw dan yr unto, yn agos i'r mynydd
mewn hafod, a chan bob un ohonynt liaws o blant.
Bychan oedd (e)u hennill, ac fel y gallesid meddwl, caled ydoedd ar un
ohonynt. Potes maip a bara caledlwyd oedd (e)u hymborth fynychaf.
Yn y ty^ arall roedd cawl bras, a chyflawnfer o gig defaid. Ond roedd cryn
amheuaeth am gonestrwydd y teulu hwnnw, a llawer yn meddwl nad oedd defaid y
cymdogion yn cael llonydd ganddynt.
Pa fodd bynnag, un noswaith yn nyfnder y gaeaf, dyna guro wrth y drws - y
ffermwr a swyddogion cyfiawnder yn dyfod i chwilio'r ty^ - a chafwyd digon o
olion lladrad i gymeryd y gw^r i garchar ganol nos. Wrth glywed y sw^n a'r
terfysg yn y ty^, dihunodd teulu'r ty^ nesa.
"Wel, wel" meddai'r wraig, "roeddwn i'n ofni mai fel yna
buasai'n dod, 'o hirddrwg daw mawrddrwg.'
Codwch, Grufudd.”
"Gad lonydd i mi," ebai Gruffudd, "esmwyth cwsg potes
maip" a rhoddodd (e)i ben ar y gobennydd, a chysgodd yn dawel hyd y
bore.
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(delwedd F6519) (tudalen 044)
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44 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
9 How P Went Arthur
Away ( == 2)
In battle Camlan, ago many age, there-was-wounding Arthur Great. (It is) the
traitor Modred who him wounded.
Lest to Arthur dying, carried two soldiers him from the battle to shore lake
at-hand.
Drew Arthur his sword, and said to one of the soldiers, "Go, throw the
sword this into the lake."
Went the soldier to shore the lake. But, when he-saw being the sword p.
beautiful, and being many gem in its hilt, he-hid it in the rushes, and
he-went to Arthur back (= 2).
"p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur.
"Yes," said the soldier. "What-thing sawest thou?"
"Not saw I nothing but the waves." "Not thou-art p. saying the
truth, go again, throw the sword into the lake."
Went the soldier to shore the lake the second time. But p. was the sword so
beautiful, and the gems so pretty, so that-not he-was-able its throwing into
the lake. He-hid it the second time in the rushes, and he-came to Arthur back
(= 2).
"p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur.
"Yes." "What-thing that thou-sawest?" "The waves p.
chasing each-other (= 2) towards the shore." "p. thou-art p. saying
falsehood. Go on haste, throw the sword into the lake lest to me dying before
that thou-doest."
Went the soldier to shore the lake the third time. He threw the sword to
middle the lake. And behold hand white
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(delwedd F6520) (tudalen 045)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 45
9 Fel yr aeth Arthur i
ffwrdd
Ym mrwydr Camlan, ers llawer oes, clwyfwyd Arthur Fawr. Y bradwr Modred a’i
clwyfodd.
Rhag i Arthur farw, cariodd dau filwr ef o'r frwydr i lan llyn ger llaw.
Tynnodd Arthur (e)i gledd, ac ebai wrth un o'r milwyr, "dos, tafl y
cleddf hwn i'r llyn."
Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn ond, pan welodd fod y cledd yn hardd, a fod llawer
gem yn (e)i garn, cuddiodd ef yn yr hesg, ac aeth at Arthur yn ôl.
"A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do,"
ebai'r milwr. "Beth welaist ti?" "Ni welais i ddim ond y
tonnau." "Nid
wyt yn dweud y gwir, dos eto, tafl y cledd i'r llyn."
Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn yr ail
waith. Ond roedd y cledd mor hardd, a'r gemau mor dlysion, fel nas gallai
(e)i daflu i'r llyn. Cuddiodd ef yr ail waith yn yr hesg, a daeth at Arthur
yn ôl.
“A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do."
"Beth a welaist?" "Y
tonnau'n ymlid (e)u gilydd tua'r lan." "Rwyt yn dweud anwiredd. Dos
ar frys, tafl y cledd i'r llyn rhag i mi farw cyn y gwnei."
Aeth y milwr at lan y llyn y drydedd waith. Taflodd
y cledd i ganol y llyn, ac wele law wen yn dod o'r
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(delwedd F6521) (tudalen 046)
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46 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
p. coming from the
lake, and p. seizing in the sword, and p. its drawing into the water. And
came the soldier to Arthur back ( = 2)
p. didst-throw thou the sword into the lake?" said Arthur.
"Yes." "What-thing sawest thou?"Hand white p. coming from
the lake, and p. seizing in the sword." "p. thou-art p. saying the
truth from the last" (3 = at last) said Arthur, "carry me to edge
the water."
There-was-carrying Arthur to edge the water. And behold ship of glass, and
three queens in-it, p. coming towards the shore.
There-was-putting Arthur great on breast the ship, and yonder-are the three
queens p. sailing away (= 2).
10 The Family Fair (3 = The Fairies)
People small small is the family fair, smaller than children and people
pretty very, with face white white, and hair yellow yellow. Where are-they p.
living? Under the mountain big; but they-come out, when may-be p. light moon
for singing and for dancing.
p. was boy small in our country us some occasion, of the name Ivor. Not
he-learnt in the school, and for that beat the master him.
Ran he away (= 2) to valley between two mountain, and there p. he-was in the
wood.
He-was there for two-days and two-nights without nothing food. And came the
family fair to-him. "Boy little, p. wilt-come thou with me? not is
nothing but singing and playing in our country us." And went the boy on
their track (3 = after them) to country the family fair.
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(delwedd F6522) (tudalen 047)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 47
llyn, ac yn cydio'n y
cledd, ac yn (e)i dynnu i'r dw^r, a daeth y milwr at Arthur yn ôl.
"A deflaist ti'r cledd i'r llyn?" ebai Arthur. "Do."
"Beth welaist ti?" "Llaw wen yn dod o'r llyn, ac yn cydio'n y
cledd." "Rwyt yn dweud y gwir o'r diwedd," ebai Arthur,
"cludwch fi at fin y dw^r."
Cludwyd Arthur at fin y dw^r, ac wele llong o wydr, a thair brenhines ynddi,
yn dod tua'r lan.
Rhoddwyd Arthur Fawr ar fron y llong, a dacw'r tair brenhines yn hwylio i
ffordd.
10
Y Tylwyth Teg.
Pobl fach fach yw'r tylwyth teg, llai na phlant, a phobl dlws iawn, gyda
wyneb wyn gwyn, a gwallt melyn melyn. Ble maent yn byw? Dan y mynydd mawr;
ond dônt allan, pan fo'n olau leuad i ganu ac i ddawnsio.
Roedd bachgen bach yn ein gwlad ni rhyw dro, o'r enw Ifor. Ni ddysgai'n yr
ysgol, ac am hynny curodd yr athraw ef.
Rhedodd yntau i ffwrdd i gwm rhwng dau fynydd, ac yno roedd yn y coed.
Bu yno am ddeuddydd a dwynos heb ddim bwyd. A daeth y tylwyth teg ato.
“Fachgen bach, a ddoi di gyda mi? Does dim ond canu a chware’n ein gwlad
ni." Ac aeth y bachgen ar (e)u hôl i wlad y tylwyth teg.
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(delwedd F6523) (tudalen 048)
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48 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
Under the mountain p.
was the country that, and not saw the boy little that, country so pretty
ever. p. was there mountain and hill, and river and lake and trees, some small
pretty like the people.
Went the boy Ivor before (= 2) the king, and said the king, "thou
shalt-have playing with my son me." And p. was Ivor p. playing with son
the king.
Pleased was Ivor at playing with children the family fair. p. was with-them
ponies swift small, and greyhounds spotted small. Not was no-one ever p.
saying word unkind at the other, and not could no-one saying but the truth.
One day remembered Ivor about his mother; and came over-him longing great
about under-her. And he-went home to her seeing, and to saying history
country the family fair.
"Is there gold?" said she. "Yes, plenty," said he.
"When thou-comest home the occasion next," said the mother,
"come with gold with thee."
Went Ivor back (= 2) to country pretty the family fair, and was p. pleased
there, as formerly. But came onhim longing for his mother after-that. And
he-remembered her word about the gold. He-took ball gold, ball son the king,
and went with that to his mother. But, when at door house his mother, he-lost
the ball gold; p. was one of the family fair after coming on his track for
searching for the ball.
Was Ivor p. searching much for country the family fair after this, but in
vain.
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(delwedd F6524) (tudalen 049)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 49
Tan y mynydd yr oedd y
wlad honno, ac ni welodd y bachgen bach hwnnw wlad mor dlos erioed. Roedd yno
fynydd a bryn, ac afon a choed, rhai bach tlws fel y bobl.
Aeth y bachgen Ifor o flaen y brenin, ac ebe'r brenin, "Ti gei chware
gyda fy mab i." ac roedd Ifor'n chwarae gyda mab y brenin.
Llon oedd Ifor wrth chware gyda plant y tylwyth teg, Roedd ganddynt ferlod
bychain bychain, a milgwn brithion bach. Doedd neb byth yn dweud gair cas wrth
y llall, ac ni fedrai neb ddweud ond y gwir.
Un dydd cofiodd Ifor am (e)i fam, a daeth drosto hiraeth mawr am dani. Ac
aeth adref i'w gweld, ac i ddweud hanes gwlad y tylwyth teg.
"Oes yno aur?" ebe hi. "Oes, ddigon," ebe yntau.
"Pan ddoi adre'r tro nesa," ebe'r fam, "tyrd ag aur gyda
thi."
Aeth Ifor yn ôl i wlad dlos y tylwyth teg, bu yn llon yno, fel cynt. Ond
daeth arno hiraeth am (e)i fam wedyn. A chofiodd (e)i gair am yr aur. Cydiodd
bêl aur, pêl mab y brenin, ac aeth â honno i'w fam. Ond pan wrth ddrws ty^
(e)i am, collodd y bêl aur; roedd un o'r tylwyth teg wedi dyfod ar (e)i ôl i
chwilio am y bêl.
Bu Ifor yn chwilio lawer am wlad y tywyth teg wedi hyn, ond yn ofer.
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(delwedd F6525) (tudalen 050)
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50 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
11 The Pitcher-Full of
Gold
Ago a-long-time p. was some man I used-to-be p. going to the wood every day
for cutting wood.
But not was the wage for the work but small very, and often p. used-to-be he
p. complaining because its being so hard on-him.
But some evening (= 3) when p. drawing towards home p. weary, there-is lady
handsome, in dress white, p. his meeting on one of glades green the wood.
In the place (3 = immediately) uncovered he his head after (= 2) custom
people good the country, while wishing her night good-to-you (2 = good
night).
"Good-night ( = 2) to thou-also, goodman, what dost thou here so
late?" "Cutting fuel in the wood," said he, "but craft
ill very is she."
"If I-were p. filling the pitcher here that-is in thy hand with gold, p.
wouldst-be thou p. content?" asked she, while casting eye on the pitcher
small in which (= 2) that he-was-accustonied carrying his food.
"Oh! I-would-be p. true, my lady."
"From the best (3 = very well) then, draw the cover and look to
in." He-drew the cover and he-looked to in, and behold p. was the
pitcher p. full of pieces bright!
At the first, p. he-was as after some half perplexing from pride by such (=
2) riches. But in the place (3 = bye and bye) said-he to-him himself (= 2),
"If hadbeen with-me pitcher bigger, the same amount of trouble
precisely (= 2) would-have-been to the fairy filling that."
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(delwedd F6526) (tudalen 051)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 51
11 Yr ystenaid o aur.
Ys talwm roedd rhyw ddyn fyddai'n mynd i'r wig bob dydd i dorri coed.
Ond nid oedd y gyflog am (e)i gwaith ond
bach iawn, a mynych y byddai yntau'n cwyno am (e)i bod mor galed arno.
Ond rhyw gyda'r nos, pan yn tynnu tua chartre'n lluddedig, dyna foneddiges
brydweddol, mewn gwisg wen, yn (e)i gyfarfod ar un o lanerchau gleision y
goedwig.
Yn y fan,
diosgodd yntau (e)i ben, yn ôl arfer pobl dda y wlad, gan dymuno iddi
"Nos dawch."
"Nos dawch i tithau, wrda,
beth wnei di yma mor hwyr?" "Torri tanwydd yn y coed," eb
yntau, "ond crefft sâl iawn yw hi."
"Pe bawn yn llenwi'r stên yma sy'n dy law ag aur, a fyddit ti'n
foddlon?" gofynnau hithau, gan daflu llygad ar y stên fach yn yr hon yr
arferai gario (e)i fwyd.
"O! byddwn yn wir f'arglwyddes."
"O'r gore ynte, tyn y ceuad ac edrych i mewn." Tynnodd y ceuad ac
edrychodd i mewn; ac wele'r oedd y stên yn llawn o ddarnau disglair!
Ar y cynta, roedd fel wedi rhyw hanner drysu o falchder at y fath gyfoeth.
Ond yn y man meddai wrtho'i hun, "Pe buasai gennyf stên fwy, 'run faint
o drafferth yn union fuasai i'r wion lenwi honno."
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(delwedd F6527) (tudalen 052)
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52 A WELSH PHONETIC
READER
And he-commenced
scratching his head, and he-said, "thanking p. great to you, my lady,
but pitcher small very is she, and I-shall-be p. sure of spending the whole
p. quick very. I would-be p. liking p. great having running home to fetch one
bigger.”
"As that thou-willst," said the" fairy.
Away with him force his heels (3 = as fast as his heels could carry him)
towards the cottage, with hastening back (= 2) to the glade, and bringing in
his hand the bowl large with which (= 2) that he-was p. raising water from
the well; and he-was-thinking a such mass of gold wouldbe that p. its
holding. But when he-retu
rned to the place that he-saw the family fair, p. was she after disappearing
(2 = disappeared) and the only thing there-could its seeing (3 = could be
seen) was bundle of moss yellow p. growing in crevice the rock near, which (
= 2) that there-was-calling ever after, the "Hole Gold".
And when he-looked into his pitcher small, in place the gold yellow, bright,
not was there but bit of scrapings his broth.
And so, he-turned towards home p. sad enough, because losing what (= 2)
had-given the family fair to-him at the first, p. punishment for being p. too
greedy."
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(delwedd F6528) (tudalen 053)
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A WELSH PHONETIC
READER 53
a dechreuodd gosi (e)i
ben, ac meddai, "diolch yn fawr i chwi, f'arglwyddes, ond stên fechan yw
hi, a byddaf yn siwr o wario'r cyfan yn fuan iawn. Mi fuaswn yn caru'n fawr gael rhedeg adre i nôl un
fwy.”
"Fel y mynnot," ebai’r wion.
Ffwrdd ag ef nerth (e)i sodlau tua'r bwthyn, gan brysuro 'n ôl i'r llannerch,
a dwyn yn (e)i law y cawg mawr a'r hwn y byddai'n codi dw^r o'r pydew; a
meddyliai y fath grynswth o aur fuasai hwn yn (e)i ddal.
Ond pan ddychwelodd i'r lle a gwelsai'r tylwyth teg, roedd hi wedi diflannu;
a'r unig beth ellid (e)i weld oedd sypyn o fwswg melin yn tyfu'n agen y graig
gerllaw, ’r hwn a elwid byth wedyn y Twll Aur.
A phan edrychodd i’w stên fach,
yn lle'r aur melyn, disglair, doedd yno ond tipyn o greifion (e)i gawl.
Ac felly, trodd tuag adre'n bendrist ddigon, o herwydd colli'r hyn roddasai'r
tylwyth teg iddo ar y cynta, yn gosb am fod yn rhy drachwantus.
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(delwedd F6531a) (tudalen 056a)
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56
a, a (generally used before consonants), and.
a, a (bef ore consonants), as.
a:, a (bef ore consonants) ,
with.
a:, a, 3rd sing. pres. of
maned or mind.
adnabod, adnabod , to know, to recognize.
adre, adrev, ad,re, adref ,
home.
atsvuinder, a.ddf wynder,
gentleness.
ag, ag (before vowels), as. ag, ag (bef ore vowels), with. agen, agen, f .,
crevice.
agor, agor, to open.
agorassant , agorasant, 3rd
plur. aor. of agor. agos, qgos, near.
ai, a'i, and his, and h.er. ai, interrogative particle. ai, w·hether, or.
a:i, di, 3rd sing i. of maned. ail, ail, nurn. adj., second. air, aur , gold.
aie, a,eth, 3rd sing. aor. of
maned or mind.
ak, ac (generally before
vowels), and. akku, acw, yonder. alarx, ala.rch, swan.
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(delwedd F6531b) (tudalen 056b)
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56
*almainwir, Al11iaenwyr ,
G·erlllans.
ac:J.-ci-an, allan, out.
aci-t, allt, f ., a wooded slope.
am, am, round, about, for. ambei, ambell, occasional. ammai, ameu) to doubt.
amhaiaie, amheuaeth, doubt. amhossibl, amhosibl, illl-
possible.
aml, ammal; aml, amal,
frequent.
amser, amser, time.
anwire<S, anwiredd, false-
hood.
ar, a.r, on; ar gaver (ar
gyfer ), opposite. arai, arall, other.
arglui<Ses, arglwyd des, f .,
lady.
arholur, arholwr, exaininer. arjan,- arian, silver,. money. arno, arrio,
pron. prep., on
him.
arnom, arnom, pron. prep.,
Oll US
ar11int, arnynt, pron. prep.;
on th em.
aros, aros, to. stay.
*areir, Arthur, Arthur King
of Britain.
arver, arfer, to accustom.
arverai, arferai, 3rd sing. i.
of arver.
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(delwedd F6532a) (tudalen 057a)
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57
arverol, arf erol, usual.
atebai, atebai, 3rd sing. i. of atteb (ateb) , to answer.
aerau, athraw. teacher.
augrim, awgrym, hint.
avon, afon, £., river.
balxter, balchter, pride.
banadl, banadl, broom. bara, bara, bread. ba:e, bath, kind, sort.
baun, bawn, 1st sing. i.
subj. of bo:d.
ba:x, bach, small. baxg en, bachgen , boy. beru, berw, seething.
be:e, beth (= pa beth), what 1
(= what thing ? )
bexan, bechan, f. of baxan. ba<Sav, byd daf , 1st sing. pres.
(habitual) of bo:d. ·
ba<Sai, byd dai, 3rd sing. i. (habitual), of bo:d.
ba<Sit, byd dit, 2nd sing. i.
(habitual) of bo:d.
ba<Sun, bydd wn, lst sing. i.
(habitual) of bo:d.
ba<Sux, byd dwch, 2nd plur.
pres. (habitual) of bo:d.
baini<S, beunydd, daily. bainos, beunos, nightly. bannag , bynnag, -ever,
e.g.
pui ba11nag, whoever.
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(delwedd F6532b) (tudalen 057b)
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57
basseiS, bysed d, pl. of bi:s
finger.
baxan, bycha .n, small.
bi:, bu, 3rd sing. aor. of bo:d.
bian, biain, buan, bua.in
swift (sing. and pl.).
biassai, buasai, 3rd sing. plup. of bo:d.
biassun, buaswn, 1st sing.
plup. of bo:d.
bi:<S, byd d, 3rd sing. pres. (habitual) of bo:d.
bi0:, byt h, ever.
biu, by ·w, to live.
bim,bum, lst sing.aor. of bo:d. bla:in, blaen, top, end; o
vla:in, before.
blainai, blaenau, tops, ends. ble:, ble, where.
blana5oi<S, blynyd doedd, pl. of
blui<Sin.
blodai, blode, blodau, blode,
:flowers.
bloi<Sjai , bloeddia·u, f .,shouts; pl. of blo:i<S, shout.
blui<Sin, blywd dyn , f ., year. bo:, bo, 3rd sing. pres. st1bj.
of bo:d.
bo:d, bod, to be.
bo:<S, bodd will, consent.
bo<Slonrui<S, boddlonrwyd d,
satisfaction.
bone<Sur, boneddwr, gentle man.
I
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(delwedd F6533a) (tudalen 058a)
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58
bonetsig es, boneddiges,f.,lady.
bore, bore, morning. boraivuid, boreufwyd , morn-
ing meal.
bo5lon, boddlon, content.
bradur, bradwr, traitor. brai<S, braidd, scarcely.
brai0, bra1£th, fein. of b1i:8,
speckled, spotted. braix, braich, f ., arm. bra:s, bras, fat, thick. brenin,
brenin, king.
brenhines, brenhines, £.}
queen.
breninessai, breniriesau ,
queens.
bri0jon, brithion, pl. of
bri:e.
bron:, bron, f ., breast. brin:, bryn , hill.
bri:s, brys , haste.
bruidir, b·rwyd yr , f ., battle. buid, bwyd , food.
buitta, bwyta , to eat. bu0in, bwthyn , cottage.
d, 'd , == n1d (bef ore verbs
beginning with a vowel).
dakku, dacu,, yonder is, yonder a.re.
daux, dawch ( == da 'Uwch),
good to-you.
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(delwedd F6533b) (tudalen 058b)
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58
dairi<S, deurudd, two cheeks.
damino, dymuno, to wish.
. damma, dyma, here is, here
are. ·
danjon, dynion, pl. of di:n. dana, dyna,there is, there are. dasga1, dysgai ,
3rd sing.
i. of dasgi (dysgu ), to
learn. I'
davnder, dyf nder, depth.
davn'ha:, dyf nha, 3rd sing.
pres.of davnha:i(dyfnhau), to deepen.
davod, dyfod , to come.
davroi5, dyfroed d , pl. of duvr. dawed, dy ived , 3rd sin.g. and sing. imp.
of dawedid
or dwaid.
dawedai, dywed ai, 3rd sing.
i. of dawedid.
dawedid, dywed yd , to say.
dawedo5, dywed odd, 3rd sing.
aor. of dawedid.
daxran11i, dychrynnu, to
frighten.
daxwelo5, dychwelod d, 3rd
sing. aor. of daxwelid
(dychwel yd ) , to return.
diarhebol, diarhebol, pro-
verbial.
diai0rjaid, dieitliriaid ,
strangers.
digjo, digio, to take offence,
to off end.
digon, digon , enough.
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(delwedd F6534a) (tudalen 059a)
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59
daiai, deuai, 3rd sing.
irnperf . of davod or do:d. daiar, daear, earth.
dihareb, dihareb, £., proverb.
dihino<S, dihunodd , 3rd sing.
aor. of dihino (dihuno) , to awaken .
dim:, dim, nothing.
dinas, dinas, f., city. diniued, diniwed , harillless. diogeli, diogelu, to
rnal{e
secure.
diolx, diolch, to thank.
dfosgo<S, diosgodd , 3rd sing.
i. · of diosg (diosg) , to
undress. ·
dirgeI, dirgel, adj., secret. disgano<S, · disgynodd, 3rd
sing. aor. of disgin (disgyn ),
to fall.
disglair, disglair , bright. disglairjax, disgleiriach,
brighter.
disglairjo,disg leirJ·o,toglitter. disguil, disgwyl , to expect·.
distauruiCS, distawrwyd d.
silence.
div£00o<S, difethodd , 3rd sing. aor. of diveeea (divetlia) ,
to destroy.
divlanni, diflannu, to vanish.
divrivux difrifwch, serious
ness.
diwe<S, diwedd, end; o r diwe<S, at last.
diwetsav, diweddaf, last.
diax, duach, darker; colllp. of di: (du).
edraxuid, edrychw yd , aor.
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(delwedd F6534b) (tudalen 059b)
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59
diav, duaf , darkest; superl.
of di: (du).
di:<S, dydd, day. di:n, dyn, nian.
dion, duon, dark; pl. of
di: (du).
di:r, dur, steel.
do:, do, yes (in answer to
a question in the aor.). do:d, dod, see davod.
doi, doi,. 2nd sing. pres. ind.
of davod.
do:nt, dont, 3rd pl. pres. of do:d.
do:s, dos, sing. illlp. of maned or mind.
do:v, dof , 1st sing. pres. of
do:d.
drau, draw, yonder.
drassi, drysu , to puzzle. dru:s, drws, door.
duilau, dwylaw (lit. == two
hand), pl. of a:u.
duivron, dwyf ron, two
breasts, breast. duin, dwyn, to bear.
du:r, duvr, dwr, dwfr, water.
dwaid, dweyd , see dawedid.
eaIJ , ean.g, broad.
e:b, ebai, ebe, eb, ebai, ebe,
said he, she.
edraxo<S, edrychodd, 3rd sing.
aor. of EdrixA
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(delwedd F6535a) (tudalen 060a)
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60
impers. of Edri-x.
efai0jol , eff eithiol, effectual. elai, elai, 3rd sing. i. subj. of
n1aned or mind.
enu, enw, na me.
er, er, for, since, in spite of Edrix, edrych , to look.
Einrald, ernrald , emerald.
ennici, ennill, to earn; profit (n.).
Er 'jo:id, erioed , ever. Ers, er's (== er ys) , ago. Esmui0, esmwyth, soft.
Etto, eto, again.
a, y , the (before a con
son ant); pre-verbial par ticle; rel. pron.
adiu, yd yw , 3rd sing. pres.
ind. of bo:d.
adint , yd ynt, 3rd pl. pres.
of bo:d.
adoHS, yd oedd, 3rd sjng. i.
of bo:d.
a1•n, ei•n, our.
01•ra, ei•ra, snow. aisjai , eisieu, want. aiste5, eisted d , to sit.
amagor, ymagor, to open.
amavlo<S, ymaflod d , 3rd sing.
aor. of amavlid (ymafl yd ) ,
to take hold.
ambore, ymborth., food.
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(delwedd F6535b) (tudalen 060b)
|
60
a 'mh£n:, ym hen, after.
amh£'1-iax, yrrihellach,
further.
a 'mla:i11, ymlaen , forward. a 'mhle: ymhle, where. amma, yma , here.
ammil, y 1nyl , edge.
amovin, ymofyn, to inquire. amweled, ymweled , to visit. an, yn , in, into;
particle (pre-verbial,pre-noun,and
pre-adjectival).
ana, yna , there, then, that.
an<Si, ynddi, pron. prep., in
her, in it.
an<So, ynd do, pron. prep., in hiin. in it.
ano, yno , there.
antai, yntau, he, him.
ante, ynte, then; pui ante 1
who then 1
aIJhanol, ynghanol, amidst.
a 'IJhilx, ynghylch, about.
ar, yr , = a (before vowels
or h).
as, ys , as; also = £rs.
asgavn, y sgaf n, light (in
weight ) .
astarjed, yst yried , to con-
sider.
astradoiCS, y stryd oedd, pl. <)f
a 'stri:d.
a 'stri:d, ystr yd , £., street.
ftrmdi, ffermdy, farmhouse.
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(delwedd F6536a) (tudalen 061a)
|
61
fannon, ff ynnon, f ., well)
spring.
fl.amgox, ffi amgoch , flame-
coloured.
fton, ffion, foxgloves.
foi, ff oi, to flee.
* fraIJkod, Ff rctncod , French
men.
· fur<S, ff wrdd, away.
ga:d, gad , imp. sing. of
gadail.
gadauid, gadawyd , aor. illlpers. · of gadail.
gadail, gad ael, to permit.
gair, gair, word. galar, galar, sorrow. galu, galw, to call.
galwo5, galwod d , 3rd sing.
aor. of galu.
gaci-ci-ai, gallai, 3rd sing.i.. of
gaci-H.
gaci-cient, gallent, 3rd pl.
i. of gaci-ci-i.
gaciessid, gallesid , plup. impers. of gaci-cii.
gacicii, gallu , to be able
(= can); ability. gan, gan, with, by.
gan5int, ganddynt, pron.
prep., with them.
ger, ger , near.
9£ci-ci-id, g ellid , i. impers. of
gaci-cii.
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(delwedd F6536b) (tudalen 061b)
|
61
gEci-ci-ir, gel ler, pres. illlpers.
of gacicH.
gtmmai, gemau, pl. of gtm:. gelwid, gelwyd , aor. irnp,ers.
of galu.
gEm:, gem, gem.
g£nniv, gennyf , pron. prep., with me.
gaiav, gaeaf , Winter.
gida, gyd a, bef ore cons.,
with.
gidag, gydag , before vowel,
with.
gili5, gilycld , one another.
glan, glan, f ., shore.
glanax, glanach, coinp. of gla:n (gl<1n), beautiful. glaisjon, gleision,
pl. of gla:s
(glas), blue.
gloiu, gloyw , gloew, bright.
gobEnni5, gobennyd d , pillow.
golai, goleu , light.
golug, golwg , appearance.
gonEstruiCS, gonestryud d,
honesty.
gorai, goreu, best.
govannai, gofynnai, 3rd sing.
i. of govin.
govanno, gof ynnod d, 3rd sing. aor. of govin.
govin, gofyn, to ask.
goci-4u1J, gollung, to let go. g rseCS, gorsedd, £., throne. gorxuil,
gorchwyl , task.
*grifi<S, Gruffudd .
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(delwedd F6537a) (tudalen 062a)
|
62
gu:r, gwr, man, husband. gun:,gwn, 1st sing. pres. ind.
of gwibod.
guv, gwd df , neck. gurda, gwrd a, good man. gwa:g, gwag, empty. gwai8,
gwaith, work. gwa:i , gwae, woe.
gwalx, gwalch , hawk.
gwaci-t (S.W.), gwa:tl-t (N.W.).
gwa llt, hair.
gwan:, gwan, weak.
gwanwi•n, gwanwyn, spri•ng.
gwared (i), gwared (u), to
deliver.
gwarjo, gwario, to spend.
gwast ad, gwastad , level, con
stant.
gwaur, gwawr , dawn.
gwe:5, gwedd, f ., com plexion.
gwe5ici-, gwed dill, remainder.
gwe:l, gwel , 3rd sing. pres.
of gweled or gw£ld.
gwelai, gwelai, 3rd sing. i.
of gweled.
gwelaist, gwelaist , 2nd sing.
aor. of gweled.
gwelav, gwelaf , 1st sing.
pres. of gweled.
gweled, gweled , to see.
gweli, gweli, 2nd sing. pres.
of gweled.
gwelotS, gwelod d, 3rd sing.
aor. of gweled.
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(delwedd F6537b) (tudalen 062b)
|
62
gweluid, gwelwyd , impers.
aor. of gweled.
gwe:ci- (S.W.), gwell , better. gwe:n, gwen, smile.
gwEld, gweld , see gweled.
gw£lsai, gwelsai, 3rd sing.
plupf. of gweled or
gweld.
gwtlsant, gtvelsant, 3rd pl.
plupf. of gweled or
gwEld. .
gwEci-: (N.W.), gwell, better.
gwairglots giveirglod d , f .,
Ineadow.
gwanjon, gwynion, pl. of gwi•n:.
gwannax, gwynnach, colllp.
of g'\\rin:.
gwi:g, gwig, f ., a wood. gwion, gwion, f ., fairy. gwi:r, gwir, true, truth.
gwisg (S.W.), gwi:sg (N.W.),
gwisg , f ., dress.
gwibod, gwybod , to know. gwidr, gwidir, gwyd r, glass. gwiljui d, gwylwyd ,
aor.
impers. of gwiljed or
gwiljo, -to watch.
gwin:, gwyn, white.
gwineb, gwyneb see uineb. gwinebai, gwynebau, pl. of
gwineb.
gwir0, gwyrth, f ., miracle. gwi:x, gwych , fine.
gwla:d, gwlad , f ., country.
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(delwedd F6538a) (tudalen 063a)
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63
gwna: gwna, 3rd pres1;
impers. sing. of gwnaid or
gwnai0ir.
gwna:ie, gwnaeth, 3rd sing. aor. of gwnaid or gwnai0ir. gwnai, gwnei, 2nd
sing. pres.
of gwnaid or gwnai0ir.
gwna id, gwnai0ir, gwneyd , gwneuthur, to do.
gwraig, gwra,ig , f ., \vornan ,
wif e.
gwri:d, gwrid , blusl1.
l1anes, ltanes, history, story.
hanner, hanner (n. and adj.),
half .
hail, haul, sun.
har<S, hardd, beautif ul.
har<Sux, harddwch, beauty. havod, hafod , £., summer
·far1n dwelling. heh, heb, without.
hebog, hebog, falcon.
hailog, heilog , sunny.
heolitS, heolyd d, £., pl. of
heol, road.
he:n, hen, old.
he:sg (N.W.), hesg, £., rushes.
·htlm, helm, helmet ..
hErwi<S, herwyd d , according to.
htsg (S.W.), hesg, see he:sg.
hailog, heulog, sunny. hanni, hynny , that. hanod, hyn od, remarkable.
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(delwedd F6538b) (tudalen 063b)
|
63
hi:, hi, she, her, it.
hi:r, hir, long.
hiraie, hiraeth, longing.
hir<Srug , hird drwg, continued
evil.
hi00ai, hithau, she, her. hi:d, hyd, length, till. hi:n, hun, self .
hi:n, hyn, colllp. of he:n.
hino, huno, to sleep.
hinux, hunuc7t, i1np. pl. of
hino.
hogin, hogyn, lad.
hon:, lion, £., this.
honno, honno, f. adj. and
pron., that.
huiljo, hwylio, to sail.
hu:ir, hivyr , late.
hun:, hivn, this.
hunnu, hwnnw, adj. and
pron., that.
· i, i, to, for.
i, i, I, me.
i, ei, his, her; eu, their.
i, 'i, his, her, its (after a vowel); hiin, her, it (after
rel. pr. a).
i5i, iddi, pron. prep., to her, to it.
ilSint, iddgnt, pron. prep.,
to them.
i<So, iddo, pron. prep., to him,
to it.
inig,unig, alone; an inig,only.
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(delwedd F6539a) (tudalen 064a)
|
64
injon, union,straight, just; an
injon, precisely, presently. iu, yw , 3rd sing. pres. of
· bo:d.
*ivor, !f or.
i•-:n, un, one, same. inci-e, unlle, anywhere. into, u1ito, same roof.
invra dol, unfryd ol, unani -
mous.
inwai0, unwa,ith, once. ir3asol, urddasol, dignified. iux 'la:u, uwchla,w,
over,
above.
ixel, uchel, high.
jaun, iawn, adj. and n., right
iechyd , health.
kadarn, cadarn, firm, strong.
kaduid, cadwyd , aor. impers. of kadu, to keep.
ka:i, cae, field.
ka:il, cael, to have.
kaled, caled , hard. kalEdluid, caledlwyd , hard
and grey.
*kamlan, Camlan.
kamse, camse, tunic. kanis, canys, f or, because. kanlin, canlyn , to follow.
kani, canu, to sing.
kano<S, canodd, 3rd sing. aor..
of kani.
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(delwedd F6539b) (tudalen 064b)
|
64
kanol, canol, middle.
karex, carech, 2nd pl. i. of
kari.
kari, caru, to love.
karjo, cario, to carr.y.
karjo<S, cariodd, 3rd sing·. aor. of karjo.
karn, earn, hoof , handle,
heap.
kartrev, cartref , home.
karwn, cariv,n, 1st sing. i. of
kari.
karxar, carchar, prison.
ka:s, cas, unkind. ka:e, cath, f ., cat. kaug, cawg, bowl. kaul, cawl, broth.
kaurvil,· cawrjil , elephant.
kavuid, cafioyd , aor. irnpers. of ka:il.
ker<SEdjad, cerddediad , gait.
kEffil, ceff yl , horse.
kEr<Sai, cerddai, 3rd sing. i.
of kEr<Sed, to walk.
ker<Sant , cerdda.nt, 3rd pl. pres. of kcrCSed, to walk.
kadjo, cydio, to take hold.
kaf ar<Sit , cyff yrd it, 2nd sing. of kafur<S.
kaf urCS , cyff wrdd, to touch.
kafredinol, cyff redinol,
general.
kai, cei, 2nd sing. pres. ind.
of ka:il.
kaiad, caead , lid, closed.
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(delwedd F6540a) (tudalen 065a)
|
65(opposite of wrong). jexid,
kalammi, cylymu, to tie.
kammaint , cymaint, as many,
of equal size. kameraduiaie, cyniera-
dwyaeth , recommendation,
applause.
kamerai, cymerai, 3rd sin.g.
i. of kemerid.
kamerid, cymeryd , to take.
·kamadog, cymyd og, neigh
bour.
kamdogjon, cymyd ogion, pl.
of kamadog.
*kamro, Cymro, Welshman.
*kamri, Cymru, f ., Wales.
kanhadle<S, cyn had ledd, f .,
conf erence.
kanci-in, cynll yn , plan. kannal, cynnal , to hold. kannig , cynnyg , to
offer; to
propose.
kanhigjad, kanhagjad, cyri- hygiad, proposal.
kantav, cyntaf, first.
kasgi, cysgu , to sleep.
kasgo<S, cysgod d, 3rd sing.
aor. of kasgi.
ka,etal, cystal , comp. of eq.
. of da: ( da), good.
katino, cytuno, to agree. kaurain, cywrain, ingenious. kavagos, cyfagos,
adjacent. kavan, cyfan, whole, entire. kavarvod, cyf arvod, to meet,
a meeting.
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(delwedd F6540b) (tudalen 065b)
|
65
. kavarviant, cyf a·1fuan t, 3rd
pl. aor. of kavarvod.
kavaicl-es, cyfe illes, £., friend,
f. of kavaicl- (cyf ai.ll).
kavaici-gar, cyfeil lgar,
friendly.
kavai4jon, cyf eillion, pl. of
kavail.
kavjaunder, cyfiawn der,
justice.
kavlog, cyflog; f ., wages. kavoi0, cyf oeth, wealth.
kavoi0og, cyfoet hog , wealth.y.
kavlaun, cyflawn , complete. kavran, cyf ran, f ., portion. ki:g , cig ,
meat.
kin:, cy1'i , bef ore.
kinjau, ciniaw, dinner.
kidaved, cyd yf ed , to drink
together.
kidambor0ent, cyd ymbort hent,
3rd pl. i. of kidambor0i ,
-to take food together.
kidvuitta, cydf wyt a, to eat
together.
ki:o, cudd, hidden.
ki<Sjo, cuddio, to hide.
ki<Sjo<S, cuddiodd, 3rd sing.
aor. of ki<Sjo
kint, cynt, formerly.
kiro, curo, to knock.
kiroCS, curodd, 3rd sing. aor.
of kiro.
klau<S, clawdd, hedge,
dyke.
5
..
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(delwedd F6541a) (tudalen 066a)
|
66
klatsi, claddu, to bury.
kle:<S, cledd, sword.
kle iv, cleddyf , sword. klammi, see kelammi. klewed, clywed , to hear.
klaun, clywn , lst sing. pres.
of klawed.
kliduid,cludwyd , aor. iinpers. of klido (cludo), to carry. klidux, cludwch,
imper. plur.
of klido.
klo:x, clock , f ., bell. kloCSjo, cloddio, to dig.
kluivo, clwyf odd , 3rd sing.
aor. of kluivo (clwyfo ),
to wound.
kluivuid, clivyf wyd , aor. impers. of kluivo.
knippus, cnipws, a slight
blow.
kodi, codi, to rise.
kodots, cododd, 3rd sing. aor.
of kodi.
kodux, cod·wch, imper. pl. of
· kodi.
ko:id, coed , pl. of koideii. koron, coron, £., crown. kornelin, cornelyn ,
nook. ko:sb(N.W.), cosb, f ., punish-
ment.
koiden, coetien, f ., tree. koidwig, coedwig , f ., forest. kaci-ci-i, colli,
to lose.
koci-ci-id, collid, i. impers. of
ko<i-ci-i .
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(delwedd F6541b) (tudalen 066b)
|
66
kosb (S.W.), cosb, £., punish
ment.
kossi, cosi, to scratch.
kovjo 5, cofiodd, 3rd sing.aor.
of kovjo, to remember. kra:f, craff , keen.
kraig , craig , f ., rock.
kredun, credwn, 1st sing. pres.
of kredi, to believe.
krtf t , creff t, £., handcraft. kraivjon, c1eifion, parings. kranni, crynnu,
to tremble. kransue, crynswth, mass.
kri:v, cryf , strong. krin:cryn , considerable. krogi, crogi, to hang.
kro:in, croen skin.
kron:, cron, f. of krun: (C'rwn),
round.
kruidro, crwyd ro, to roam. kru:in, crwyn , pl. of kro:in. kusg (S.W.), ku:sg
(N.W.),
cwsg , sleep.
kubl, cwbl, whole.
kuino, cwyno, to compla.in. kum:, cum, valley.
kumpas, cwmpas, compass,
o gumpas, around. kuppan, cwpan, cup.
kwtstjun, cwestiwn,question.
lili, lili, f.,lily.
ci-adrad, lladrad , theft.
ci-a:<S, lladd , to kill.
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(delwedd F6542a) (tudalen 067a)
|
67
cialSuid, lladdwyd , aor. im-
pers. of ci-a:<S.
ci-ai, llai, comp. of ba:x.
clais, llais, voice.
ci-a:i0, llaeth, milk.
ci-aci-: (N.W.) , ci-a:ci- (S.W.),
llall, other.
ci-annerx, llannerch, f ., glade. ci-a:u, llaw, f ., hand.
ci-auer, llawer, many. ci-aun, llawn, full.
ci-aur, llawr, floor.
ci-avnes, llafn es, £.,well-grown
feIUale.
ci-e:, lle, place.
ci-e:d, lled, rather, fairly.
<l-Enwi, llenwi,to fill. ci-agad, llygad , eye.
ci-agaid, llygaid,sing.of cl-agad. ci-a god, llygod , pl. of ci-agoden.
ci-agoden, llygod en, f ., rat,
mouse.
claiav, lleiaf , least
ci-aiad, lleuad , f ., moon,
ci-ammaid, llymaid, drop to drink -
ci-iaus, lliaws, throng, host.
ci-iu, lliw, colour.
H:, llu: multitude.
H<Sedig , lluddedig , wearjed. Hn:, llyn , lake.
ci-onits, llonyd d , quiet. cl-on:, llon, pleased.
ci-oIJ:, llong , £., ship.
ci-u:i, llwy , f ., spoon.
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(delwedd F6542b) (tudalen 067b)
|
67
4-ui<Sjanni s, llwyd diannus,
successful.
mai, mai (conj.) , that.
maiCS, maidd , whey.
maint, maint, size, quantity.
maip, maip, f ., pl. of maipen
(meipen), a turnip.
maie, maith, long.
ma:i. mae, 3rd sing. pres.
of bo:d.
ma:int, maent, 3rd pl. pres.
of bo:d.
mam:, mam, f ., mother.
man:, man, f ., place.
ma:n, man, finely-divided.
maru, marw, to die, dead.
marxnad, marchnad , £.,
market.
maur, mawr, great.
maure<Sog ,mawreddog, grand , majestic.
metsai, meddai, 3rd sing. i.
of def ective verb, me:<S
('medd) , sa.ys.
me<Saljai, nieddyli ai,3rd sing.
i. of me<Sul.
me<Sul, meddul, to think.
melanax, melynach, comp.
of melin.
melin (mEllin), melyn ,
yellow.
melis (mEllis), melus, sweet. meun, mewn, within, in. mEdrai, medrai, 3rd
sing,. i.
of m£dri, to be able.
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(delwedd F6543a) (tudalen 068a)
|
68
m£drir, medrir, impers. pres.
of m£dri.
mErlod, m.erlod , pl. of mErlin
(merlyn ) , pony.
mErxed, rrierched , f ., pl. of
mtrx (merch) , girl.
maici-jon, meillion, f ., pl. of
maici-jonen, tref oil. maned, myned , to go.
manaxav, mynychaf , superl.
of manix.
mani<S, mynydd, mountain.
manix, mynych , often.
mannot, myn not, 2nd sing. pres. subj. of manni (mynnu), to will.
mi, mi, I, me.
milgun, milgwn, pl. of milgi
(milgi), greyhound. miloid, miloedd, thousands. milur,· milwr, soldier.
milwir, milwyr , pl. of milur.
mi:n, min,.-/edge, lip. mind, mynd , see maned. minid, munud , f ., minute.
mor, mor, as.
mo:r, mar, sea.
moruin, morwyn, f ., maiden.
*modred, M odred , one of
Arthur 's knights.
mu:i, mwy, comp. of maur. mu:in, mwyn, gentle, sake. muiav, mwyaf , superl.
of
maur.
mussug, mioswg , moss.
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(delwedd F6543b) (tudalen 068b)
|
68
n, 'n, in, our (after a vowel);
us (after rel. pr. a).
na, na, not, nor, neither, than. nad, nad, not, that-not.
nag, nag, than.
nas:, nas, not , that-not. natirjol , natariol, natural. nak:, nae, no, not,
nor,
neither.
ne:s, nes, comp. of agos.
nessav, nesaf , superl. of agos.
neshao5, rieshaod d , 3rd sing. aor. of nes'ha:i (neshau), to approach.
nEppeci-, nep ell, not far.
nEr0, nerth, strength.
nEs:, nes, until.
naidjent, n.eidi·ent, 3rd pl. i.
of naidjo.
naidjo, neidio, to jump .
nai , neu, or.
n1•:, ni•., we, us.
ni, nid, nis:, ni,nid , nis, not.
no:l, nol, to fetch.
no:s, nos, f ., night.
naswai0, noswai'.th, f ., night.
o, o, of , from.
oh rwi<S, oherwyd d, because.
ohonint, ohonynt, pron. prep.,
of , from them.
ohono, ohono, pron. prep., of , from him.
ohonox, ohonoch, pron. prep.,
of , from you.
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(delwedd F6544a) (tudalen 069a)
|
69
ogov, ogof , £.,
o:l, ol, mark, cave. track, an o:l,
according to, ago.
o:ci-, oll, whole.
o:i<S, oedd, 3rd sing. i. ind.
of bo:d.
oi<Sint, oeddynt, 3rd pl. i. ind. of bo:d.
o:is, oes, 3rd sing. pres. ind.
of bo:d.
o:is, oes, £., age. over, ofer, in vain.
oljon, olion, pl. of o:l.
*olwen, Olwen. ond, ond , but. s:, OS, if .
ovni, ofni, to fear. oxr, ochr, f ., side.
pa:, pa , what, which (inter
rogative).
paid, paid, cessation.
paid, paid, imp. sing. of
paidjo.
pan, pan , when.
pasjuid, paJuid, pasiwyd , aor. impers. of pasjo, paJo (pas io), to pass.
paub, pawb , everybody. pe, pe , if .
pedair, pedair, fem. of
p£dwar (p edwar) , four.
pe:l, pel , f ., ball.
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(delwedd F6544b) (tudalen 069b)
|
69
penderva i, penderfynu, to
decide.
pe:e, peth, thing.
p£4-: (N.W.), pe:cJ:. (S.\V.),
p ell, far.
pEcJ:.t er, p ellte1·, distance.
pEn:, pen, n. and a., head. pEndrist, pendrist, sad. p£nnav, pennaf, superl.
of
pEn:.
pEntur, pentwr, heap.
pErlai, perlau, pl. of p£rl,
pearl.
padeu, pydew , a well. paidjo, peidio, to cease. plant, plan t, pl. of
plEntin. pl£ntin, plen tyn , child. po:b, pob, every.
pobl, pobl, people.
pottes, pate s, soup.
prauv, prawf , a proof . presennol, presen nol,present. pra 'nhaun, prynhawn,
after-
noon.
pradv£r0ux, pr ydf erthwch,
beauty.
prasiro, prysuro, to hasten. prin:, prin, hardly, scanty. pri:d, pr yd ,
coniplexion. pridwelSol pryd weddol,
comely.
pu:i, pwy, inter. pron., who.
r, 'r, = e, ar (f ollowing
a vowel).
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(delwedd F6545a) (tudalen 070a)
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70
rhag, rhag, lest, against.
rhaid, rhaid, needf ul.
rhedeg, rhedeg, to run.
rhedoCS, rhedodd, 3rd sing. aor. of rhedeg.
rhe:g, rheg, f ., a curse. rheolai, rheolaidd, orderly. rhabiCS, rhybudd,
warning. rhaveCS, rhyfed d, strange. rhiu, rhyw , some.
rhiule, rhywle , somewhere.
rhiubeth, rhywbe th, some- thing.
rhi:, rhy , too.
rhiCSair, rhuddaur, ruddy
gold.
- rhoai, rhoddai, 3rd sing. i.
of rho<Si.
rhoCSassai, rhoddasai, 3rd
sing. plup. of rho<Si.
rho5i, rlwddi, to give, to
put.
rho5oCS, rhoddodd, 3rd sing.
aor. of rholSi.
rh oCSuid, rhoddwyd , aor. impers. of rhoCSi.
rhuIJ:, rhwng , between.
sa:l, sal, poor.
saul, sawl , he that. seren, seren, f ., star. se:v, sef, namely. strx,
serch, affection.
samidjad, symudia.d, move-
ment.
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(delwedd F6545b) (tudalen 070b)
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70
sanni, synnu, to be amazed.
sa8ax, sythach, comp. of
si-:e (syth), upright. sidan, sidan, silk. sikr, sikir, sicr, sure.
sjarad, Jarad, siarad , to talk.
*sjo:n, Jo:n, sion, John.
sju:r, Ju:r, siwr, sure.
si:, su, murmur.
si:<S, si:, syd d, sy , 3rd sing. pres. of bo:d, relatival form,.
sodlai, sod lau, f ., pl. of
saudl (sawd l), heel. ste:n, sten, pitcher. su:n, sWn, sound.
sui<Sogjon, swyd dogion, sing. of sui<Sog .(swyd dog ) , officer.
suino, swyno, to charm.
Jarad, see sjarad.
*Io:n, see sJ.o:n.
Ju:r, see sju:r.
tair, tair, f. of tri:(tri), three.
ta:l, tal, £., pay.
tallax, talach, comp. of tal:
(tal), tall.
talum, tal,wm, a long time. tan:, tan, till, under. tanwi<S, tanwyd d ,
fuel.
tarauoCS, tarawodd, 3rd sing. aor. of taro (taro), to
strike.
tattus, tatws, pl. of tatten
(taten), potato.
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(delwedd F6546a) (tudalen 071a)
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71
tavl, tafl, imp.sing. of tavli. tavli, taflu, to throw.
tauel, tawel, quiet.
tavlo<S, taflodd 3rd sing. aor.
of tavli.
te:g, teg, fair.
t£kkax, tecach, comp. of te:g . t£rvin, terf yn , end, boun-
dary.
ttrvisg, terf ysg , commotion. t£vlaist, teflais t, 2nd sing.
aor. of tavli.
taili, teulu, family.
talui0, tylwyth, kinsfolk,
family.
taci-ci-ai, tyllau , pl. of tuci-:. taimlad, teimlad , sensation. tanni,
tynnu, to draw.
tannolS, tynnodd, 3rd sing.
aor. of tanni.
tavent, tyfen t, 3rd pl. i. of tavi (tyf u), to grow.
ti:, ti, thee, thou.
tippin, tipyn, a bit. tirjon, tirion, gentle. ti00ai, titliau, thee, thou.
ti:, ty , house.
ti:, tu, side.
tia. tiag, tua, tuag, towards. tin:, tyn, tight.
tird (tared), tyrd (tyred ),
come.
tlasjon, tlys ion, pl. of tlu:s.
tlasni, tlysni, beauty.
tlo:s, tlos, f. of tlu:s.
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(delwedd F6546b) (tudalen 071b)
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71
tlu:s, tlws, pretty. ton: ton, f ., wave.
tonnai, tonnau, pl. of ton:.
torraist , torraist, 2nd sing. aor. of torri, to break.
torruid, torrwyd , aor. impers.
of torri.
torx, torch, f ., torque, coil.
torxog , torchog , coiled. traf ere, trafferth, trouble. tra:id, traed , feet.
tram:, tram, tramcar.
traxwantis, trachivantus,
greedy.
tra 'x£vn, trachefn, again.
tre:n, tren, train.
trade<S, tryd edd, f. of tradits (tryd yd d ) , third.
trainsjur, trainJur., treinsiwr,
trencher. .
traiglo, treiglo, to drag.
trassor, trysor , treasure.
tro·:, tro, turn, occasion.
tro:<S, trodd, 3rd sing. aor. of
troi (troi) , to turn. tro:id, troed , foot. tros:, tros, over.
tru:i, trwy , through.
truioi, trwyd di, through her or it.
tuci-:, (N.W.), tu:ci- (S.W.),
tivll, hole.
u, 'w, its, his, her.
uineb, 1vyn eb, face.
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(delwedd F6547a) (tudalen 072a)
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72
uinebai, wynebau, pl. of uineb.
u:it, wyt , 2nd sing. pres. ind.
of bo:d.
u:iv, wyf , 1st sing. pres. ind.
· of bo:d.
ure, wrth, by, to.
ur0i, wrthi, by or to her
or it.
ureo,w'rtho,by or to him or it.
wedi, wede, after.
wedin, wedyn, after that.
wele, wele, behold.
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(delwedd F6547b) (tudalen 072b)
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72
w£1:, wel, well !
*wiljam, William.
vel, fel , as, like.
vt'i-H, j elly , thus.
va,f y , my.
vani-, f yny, up.
x, 'ch, your (after vowel);
you (after rel. pr. a). xware, chware, to play. xweri, chwery , 3rd sing.
pres. of xware.
xwiljo, chwilio, to look for.
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https://translate.google.com/
B5237: 
yn 
aith δ δ £