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(delwedd F6554) (tudalen 00a)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS
BY
SAMUEL J. EVANS, M.A. (LOND.),
HEADMASTER OP THE COUNTY SCHOOL, LLANGEFNI,
AUTHOR OF Elements of Welsh Grammar,
Welsh and English Exercises, &c.
NEWPORT:
JOHN E. SOUTHALL, PRINTER AND PUBLISHER, DOCK ST.
1907.
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(delwedd F6555) (tudalen 00b)
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PREFACE.
Ever since the appearance of the Elements of Welsh
Grammar, with its attempt at evolving a system of
Welsh parsing and analysis, the author has been urged
from various quarters to amplify what is given there,
and to issue a separate book devoted entirely to
this branch of grammar. Hence the present essay.
No difficulty has been knowingly passed over, and
it is hoped that students will find the book useful in
their preparation for the Welsh Matriculation, King's
Scholarship, and the Examinations of the Central
Welsh Board.
The author has not trusted to his own rather wide
experience as teacher of Welsh. He has consulted
several Welsh scholars who regularly prepare candidates
for the above examinations, and desires to thank them
for indicating the difficulties usually experienced by
young students. To David Samuel, Esq., M.A., Headmaster of the County School,
Aberystwyth, he is further
indebted for reading through the proof-sheets and
suggesting improvements.
Any criticism likely to increase the usefulness of
the book will be thankfully received.
Llangefni,
Sept. 21st, 1907.
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(delwedd F6556) (tudalen 01)
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PARSING.
Formerly English Grammar, and therefore English
Parsing, were approached from a classical and especially
Latin standpoint.
In the time of the Tudors and later, English Grammar
was so neglected, that when schools devoted to the study
of Latin Grammar were founded, it was deemed sufficient
to call them " Grammar Schools," without more
closely defining their function. Latin Grammar, with
to a less extent Greek Grammar, was deemed the
only language-analysis worthy of serious study. In
course of time the claims of English became more
insistent, and a study of the ancient classics ceased to be
the only content of education. But the men that taught
the new Grammar approached it from a Latin standpoint
and forced upon English a terminology and system of
Grammar little adapted to the genius or at least the
present day condition of the language. English is as
essentially analytic as Latin is synthetic : the latter
expresses by means of inflections Avhat the former has
long come to convey by means of prepositions, auxiliaries,
and a somewhat rigid word order. English Grammar is
not rid of this incongruity to-day. In Latin it is a rule
that the adjective must agree with its noun in gender,
number and case, but in modern English to insist upon
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(delwedd F6557) (tudalen 02)
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2 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
this rule is merely to mystify the child, who is irresistibly driven to
believe that what he learns in school is
unreal, bearing no sort of relation to facts and his daily
experience. The'intelligent child will have noticed that
in English, adjectives with the exception of the two
demonstratives 'this' and 'that,' which are inflected
for number are indeclinable, possessing neither gender,
number nor case.
Welsh Grammar and especially Parsing seem to have
suffered much through their having been treated from a
similarly inappropriate standpoint. Students accustomed
to a careful analysis of Latin and of English Grammars
not unnaturally import into Welsh parsing a nomenclature or mixture of
nomenclatures often quite
inapplicable to the case.
The following observations and specimens of Welsh
Parsing are intended to help the student over the
difficulties usually experienced.
PARSING BASED ON FUNCTION.
Words are classified into Parts of Speech according to
their function. Care must be taken not to confuse
function with meaning : thus the meanings of llyfr, dyn,
gardd, aderyn, are various, but their function is
all one, namely, to denote an object, and so they are all
Nouns. Similarly du, gwyn, coch, da, have not the same
meaning, but the function of all these is to qualify or
limit the application of a noun or pronoun, and hence
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(delwedd F6558) (tudalen 03)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 3
they are all of one part of speech to which the name
Adjective is applied.
Further, the function of a word may vary in the
history of the language, or even in different sentences.
'Gilydd' was originally a noun meaning 'companion,'
like its cognate Irish 'cele,' but its function to-day is
essentially that of a reciprocal pronoun, and it should be
parsed as such. ' Eiddo ' was originally, and often is still,
the third person, singular, masculine, of the Possessive
Pronoun, but in modern Welsh it is sometimes a pure
noun as in
' Eiddo yr Arglwydd y ddaear.'
' Hun ' (self) was originally the numeral ' un.'
Examples might be multiplied of words passing from
one part of speech to another, and the fewer inflections
in a language the easier this transition. In English
where inflections are so few, the same word is often used
with three or four separate functions.
Hence in parsing the student must concentrate his attention upon the use made
of the
word in the sentence before him.
Not that a knowledge of the history of a word
is valueless ; on the contrary it is frequently
difficult to analyse a sentence in sufficient detail
to discover the particular function of a word without our knowing how the
sentence came to be so
constructed. This is especially the case with the relative
pronoun. Before Welsh was studied historically and in
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(delwedd F6559) (tudalen 04)
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4 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
its relation to other Celtic languages it was customary
to regard ' a ' in such a sentence as
' Os yr Arglwydd a'm ceidw '
as a ' verbal affirmative particle,' and colour was lent to
this conception by the dropping of ' a ' in a negative
sentence thus :
' Os yr Arglwydd ni'm ceidw.'
But a study of historical Welsh has disclosed the true
function of this 'a' that of a Relative Pronoun.
The above sentence is in origin complex and might be
rendered somewhat literally into English thus :
' If (it is) the Lord who will keep me.'
Experience proves, however, that much confusion is
caused to young students if one insists upon supplying
the understood verb, and parsing (e.g.) ' Arglwydd ' as
subject to it. It would seem fairly clear that functionally
and this is what counts in parsing 'Arglwydd ' is the
.subject of 'ceidw,' and that, though 'a' is a Relative
Pronoun in agreement with its antecedent 'Arglwydd.'
it does not enter into the syntax of the sentence ; that
is, ' a ' should be parsed as
Relative Pronoun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent ' Arglwydd,' nominative
case.
This view removes the serious difficulty that would
otherwise be experienced in parsing the negative : " Yr
Arglwydd ni'm ceidw."
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(delwedd F6560) (tudalen 05)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 5
The peculiarities and chief difficulties of Welsh
Parsing will now be dealt with in detail :
DEFINITE ARTICLE.
It seems hest to keep the Definite Article as a
separate part of speech, and not to merge it in the
adjective as is now generally done in English.
The student of French will know that the Definite
Article is kept apart in that language. In much of its
function the Welsh y, yr, bears a closer resemblance to
le, la, les, than to the English the. (See syntax in
Elements of Welsh Grammar,- and Introduction to Welsh
and English Exercises}.
NOUNS.
Gender :
As in French, and different from Latin and English,
there is no neuter gender in Welsh. Abstract nouns
and names of inanimate objects are either masculine, as
haearn, gwynt, llyfr, daioni, or feminine as Haw, allt,
gardd, Cymraeg.
Furthei', the gender of the names of certain lower
animals does not always correspond to the sex of the
object, thus eryr is always masculine, and is to be parsed
as such even in the phrase eryr beny w, for if it were
feminine it would govern the soft mutation in the
adjective eryr fenyw. Similarly colomen is always
feminine, hence the soft mutation of ' g ' in gwryw
colomen wryw (not gwryw).
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(delwedd F6561) (tudalen 06)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
The gender of two classes of words in many instances
may be gathered from their form :
() Most monosyllables containing the vowel 'w' or
'y' are masculine; eg., bwlch, pwn, bryn. Most
monosyllables containing the vowel 'o' or 'e' are
feminine, e.g., ffon, gwe"n. The student must beware
of thinking there are no exceptions to these rules.
Still the influence of the vowel in determining gender
is considerable : thus the North Wales word for
* table' is 'bwrdd,' inasc., while in South Wales it is
' bord,' fern., as ' Arthur a'r Ford Gron.' This
tendency to harmonise vowel and gender in monosyllables has led to a change
of gender in several
Welsh nouns : the Latin masculine pont(em) has
become the Welsh feminine 'pont,' and mediaeval
Welsh ' chwedl ' masculine is now feminine. So
' llys ' once feminine has become masculine on account
of its 'y.'
(b) Derivatives are another class of nouns the gender of
which may be inferred from their form : thus
derivatives in ' -ni ' are masculine, as egni, bryntni,
while those in '-eg,' are feminine, as Eidaleg, Llydaweg.
(See chapter on Derivatives in Elements of Welsh
Gramma/r).
NOTE. The gender cannot be ascertained of names of
inanimate objects, if used in the plural only, as
ymysgaroedd, ysgyfaint, for, having no singular
form, they afford none of the usual tests. (See
Grammar par. 1.32, 141 , ii). Parse these words as
common gender.
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(delwedd F6562) (tudalen 07)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 7
Case :
Welsh is singularly deficient in case-inflections, but it
has three distinct case relations : Nominative, Genitive,
and Accusative.
The function of the Nominative is the same as it is
in English.
The Genitive has a much wider range of use than the
English Possessive : it covers not only the latter, but
also the function of English 'of with the objective.
There is nothing to show that a word is in the Genitive
case except its position and function.
RULE. The latter of two nouns is said to be in the
Genitive case : Ty Dduw, the Jtouse of God ; pen y
bryn, the top of the hill ; tonnau'r mor, the waves. of the
sea.
N.B. The rule applies to verb-nouns as well, e.g.,
myned is genitive in oedi myned, delaying to go ;
gwerthu chwant gwerthu, a desire to sell ;
gweithio esgus gweithio, a pretence of working.
Similarly the pronoun is in the Genitive case when
added after a noun to explain or emphasize a possessive
adjective as 'i' in 'fy mhlanti'; 'ef in 'ei law ef;
' hun ' in ' dy ddwylaw dy hun.'
The Accusative covers all other case relations in
Welsh :
(a) Direct object to a transitive verb, personal and impersonal, e.g.,
'ffordd' in 'Dengys hwn y ffordd i'r
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(delwedd F6563) (tudalen 08)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
dref ' ; 'gwlad' in ' Gwelir y wlad i gyd o ben y
inynydd.'
NOTE i. Avoid the word 'after' when explaining the
accusative case, for the latter often precedes
the governing verb. The phrase should always
he accusative case governed by ' the verb.'
ii. The verb-noun never governs the accusative
case. (See above under Genitive).
(h) Direct object of a preposition, as ' droed ' in ' Wrth
droed y inynydd.'
(c) Adverbial accusative, as
' meddwl ' in ' Dyn treiddgar ei feddw!.'
' nos ' in ' Ctynhelir cyfarfod pregethu yina nos Fercher
' droion ' in ' Gwelais ef droion.'
'Hath' in 'Y mae'r ty gan Hath o'r 16n.'
NOTE. It would be quite correct to parse the examples
in (c) as Accusatives of Respect, Time, and
Distance, but on the whole the term " Adverbial Accusative" would
seetn simpler, and it
adequately defines the function.
(d) Cognate Accusative :
'Rhedvvn yr yrfa a osodwyd o'n blaen.'
RHEDWN : verb intransitive, regular, active voice,
imperative mood 1st person, plural number,
agreeing with its subject ' ni ' understood.
YRFA : common noun, feminine gender, singular
number, 3rd person, cognate accusative
used with ' rhedwn.'
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(delwedd F6564) (tudalen 09)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 9
ADJECTIVES.
Many adjectives in the positive are inflected for
Gender and for Number. Hence these should be
mentioned in parsing, for the sake of uniformity, even
where the adjective is indeclinable.
Note that Welsh adjectives have a Comparative of
Equality, and in this respect differ from English
adjectives.
NUMERALS.
As in Old English, Welsh numerals are very often
used as nouns ; e.g., while
' bum ' in ' Yr oedd yno bum dyn ' is an adjective,
'bump' in 'Yr oedd yno bump o ddynion' is a
numeral noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case,
subject to ' oedd.'
'Pump,' 'chwech,' and 'cant' are usually nouns,
while the shortened forms ' pum,' ' chwe,' and ' can ' are
always adjectives.
The higher the numeral the more frequently it is used
as a noun. ' Mil/ ' myrdd,' and ' myrddiwn ' are always
nouns.
For the sake of simplicity compound numerals like
' un-ar-ddeg,' should be parsed together even in such
expressions as ' un dyn ar ddeg.'
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(delwedd F6565) (tudalen 10)
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10 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE
ADJECTIVES.
As explained above, the Personal Pronoun, often
added in Welsh to explain a preceding Possessive
Adjective, is in the Genitive Case, e.g.,
' i ' in ' fy Haw i.
'ef in 4 ei ewyllys ef.'
Beginners often confuse the Post Vocalic Possessive
Adjective with the Post Vocalic Personal Pronoun : if
the word precedes a noun, including a verb-noun, or a
pronoun, it is an adjective, e.g.,
"rn ' in ' Ysgrifennais y llythyr a'm Haw fy hun.'
' 'i ' in ' Bu trailed mawr o'i golli.'
"u ' in ' Ymgomient a'u gilydd.'
It is a pronoun if a finite verb follows as ' 'm ' in
" Efe a'm gwelodd."
N.B. The Post Vocalic Personal Pronoun is always
in the accusative case governed by the verb.
Carant y naill y Hall.
Y : definite article qualifying ' naill.'
Y NAILL : indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
nominative case in
apposition to ' hwy ' understood.
Y : definite article qualifying ' Hall.'
Y LLALL : indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case governed
by 'carant.'
BB
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(delwedd F6566) (tudalen 11)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 1J
Gyda'n gilydd. t .
'N : post-vocalic possessive adjective qualifying
'gilydd.'
'N GILYDD : reciprocal pronoun, common gender, plural
number, 1st person, accusative case governed by
' gyda-'
Ymwaded ag ef ei hun.
Ei : possessive adjective qualifying 'him.'
El HUN : empliatic pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person,
accusative case in
apposition to 'ef.'
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
' a ' : subject or direct object of a verb.
Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad (subject).
Derbyniais bob peth a nodasoch (object).
' y,' 'yr ' are used for all other case relations :
Yn y ty hwn y'm ganesid adverbial accusative.
Pa fodd y'th arbedaf ? adverbial accusative.
Dyma'r gwaith y carwn ei wneud.
Y : relative pronoun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent
' gwaith,' genitive case dependent on ' vvneud.'
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(delwedd F6567) (tudalen 12)
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12 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
In such sentences as
' Hwy a'i gwatwarasant ef.'
' Fe a'm cipiodd i ymhell bell.'
the Relative does not enter into the syntax of the
sentence. It is noteworthy that the Relative is never
used in this kind of sentence in colloquial Welsh. Thus,
we say :
' Mi ddysgaf ' not ' Mi a ddysgaf.'
' Fe ddysg ' not ' Fe a ddysg.'
Even in sentences like
' Myfi a wnaeth hyn,'
though historically ' myfi ' is the subject of ' ys ' understood, it seems
more correct to treat it now as subject of
' wnaeth ' leaving the Relative ' a ' without syntactical
function.
Like the Relative Pronoun 'that' in English, 'a'
cannot be preceded by the verb that governs it, but
unlike ' that,' the Relative ' a ' cannot be governed by a
preposition.
'Y,' 'yr' cannot be governed by either transitive
verb or preposition.
' Bynnag ' should not be parsed separately from ' pwy '
or ' pa,' e.g. in
" Pwy bynnag a ddel, iris bwriaf ef allan ddim,"
'pwy bynnag ' is an Indefinite Relative Pronoun.
THE VERB.
There is no Infinitive Mood in Welsh. The Verb
noun, which most nearly resembles the English Infinitive,
though essential to the complete conjugation of a verb, is
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(delwedd F6568) (tudalen 13)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 13
to be parsed as a verb-noun and the ' yn,' ' wedi,'
'ar,' &c., which usually precede the verb-noun, govern it in the accusative
case. The verbal element in the verb-noun is often completely subordinated to
the substantival factor (see Elements of Welsh Grammar, 180), but in certain constructions
the verbal function is sufficiently prominent to allow of the word being
modified by an adverb,
e.g., in
' Siarad yn ynfyd '
' ynfyd ' is an adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying ' siarad ' ; in
' Rhedeg yn gyflym
' gyflym ' is an adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying 'rhedeg.'
NOTE. The verb-noun is always masculine gender and
singular number.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
The student should parse the words in a periphrastic
tense separately, thus
Yr wyf yn dysgu.
YR : introductory adverb modifying ' wyf.'
WYF : verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense 1st person,
singular number agreeing with its subject ' i '
understood.
YN : preposition governing ' dysgu ' in the accusative
case.
DYSGU : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by
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(delwedd F6569) (tudalen 14)
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14 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
' Regular ' and ' Irregular ' are used instead of the
' weak ' and ' strong ' of English parsing.
A verb is regular if the principal parts, i.e., the
present and the aorist, are formed on the model of
dysgaf clysgais, rhedaf rhedais, gwelaf gwelais. The
mutation of 'a' into 'e' as in 'cerais' from 'caraf/
' cenais ' from 'canaf,' 'bernais' from 'barnaf.' is not
an irregularity.
IMPERSONAL FORMS.
EXAMPLES : dysgir, dysgid, dysgwyd, dysgasid or
dysgesid, dysger.
Although 'dysgir fi ' (e.g.) is equivalent to the English
Passive, ' I am taught,' it is simpler and more correct to
parse the verb as active voice, impersonal form ; thus
Fe'm dysgir i
should be parsed :
FE : introductory adverb modifying 'dysgir.'
[Compare 'yr' in 'yr wyf yn dysgu," above,
and the English introductory adverb
' there ' which is pronominal in origin
in such sentences as ' There is no place
like home.']
'M : personal pronoun, post-vocalic form, common
gender, singular number, 1st person accusative
case governed by ' dysgir.'
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(delwedd F6570) (tudalen 15)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 15
DYSQin : verb transitive, regular, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, impersonal.
I : simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular
number, 1 st person accusative case in apposition
to "in.'
Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl.
YDYS : verb, , intransitive, irregular, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, impersonal.
DDISGWYL : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by 'yn.'
CONCORD OF VERB AND
SUBJECT.
In English the verb is said to agree with its subject
in number and person Avithout exception, and so it does
in Latin and in French.
In Welsh the verb does not agree with its subject
unless the latter be
either (a) a personal pronoun coming after the verb,
e.g., gwelaf fi, gwel efe, gwel yntau, gwelant
hwythau ;
or (b) a simple personal pronoun, in any position (i.e.,
before or after the verb), e.g., mi welaf, fe wel,
gweli di, hwy a welsant.
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(delwedd F6571) (tudalen 16)
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16 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
It does not agree in
i. Myfi sy'n magu'r babari.
ii. Llwyddodd yr ymgeiswyr.
iii. Rhed yr afon i'r mor.
iv. Gwelais y bechgyn a fu yii eich dosbarth.
In all these the verb is in the 3rd person singular and
though the subject may chance to be 3rd person singular
too, care must be exercised not to state that the verb is
in the 3rd singular in order to agree with the subject.
Yw, oes, mae, sydd or sy.
Some difficulty is experienced by many students in
knowing the Subject. In the Elements of Welsh
Grammar 197, the use of the above forms is explained.
The identification of the subject and of the complement of the predicate is
easy if the underlying principle
is understood : the subject is present in the mind, it is
that about which we give, seek, or receive the information
contained in the predicate; e.g., in 'pwy yw efeT and
its English equivalent ' who is he ? ' the subject is clearly
' efe ' ' he,' while in ' pwy yw,' ' who is,' we are seeking
further information about him. 'Pwy,' like 'who,' is
nominative case complement to the verb. In the following sentences the
Subject is printed in bolder type ; the
nouns and pronouns in italics are parsed " nominative
case complement to the verb " :
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(delwedd F6572) (tudalen 17)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 17
"Y mae'n sicr gennyf nad oes dim aflan ohono
ei him."
MAE : verb intransitive, irregular, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular number, subject, ' nad . . . hun.'
NOTE. Every word in the subject should be parsed
separately. The relation of the sentence to
' mae ' has been sufficiently indicated in the
parsing of the verb.
Mae ei dad yn Llydaw.
Pwy sydd yno 1 Ei dad sydd yno.
Pwy yw fy mrawd. Hwn yw dy frawd.
A oes arnoch awydd myned 1 Oes.
Cariad nid yw yn cenfigennu.
Dichon :
" Dichon y daw efe."
DICHON :
defective verb, intransitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular number, subject ' y daw efe.'
" A ddichon ffydd ei gadw ef ? "
DDICHON : defective verb, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular number, subject 'ffydd.'
Rhaid :
' Pthaid ' may be a noun or a verb.
(1) " Y mae yn rliaid iti fyned."
RHAID : abstract noun, masculine gender, singular
number nominative case complement to 'mae.'
N.B. Avoid |the term ' after ' as ' nominative
ease after mae,' for the complement often
precedes the verb, as in the following
sentence :
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(delwedd F6573) (tudalen 18)
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18 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Rhaid yw iti fyned."
RHAID : abstract noun nominative case complement to ' yw.'
FYNED : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case, subject to ' y\v.
(2) When the subject precedes, ' rhaid' is a verb :
"Pwy raid fyned."
RAID : defective verb, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular
number subject 'pwy.'
FYNED : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case, governed by
' raid.'
Atolwg :
" Dywed, atolwg, mai fy chwaer wyt ti." Gen. &ii, 13.
"Atolwg, Ian gyn'lleidfa, a gymerech chwi fardd i'ch
plith."
[Here ' atolwg ' is short for ' Yr wyf yn atolwg '
or 'Gan atolwg.']
ATOLWG : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case, governed
by ' gaii ' understood.
PRONOMINAL PREPOSITIONS.
Many prepositions in Welsh when governing simple
personal pronouns, take the latter in the form of suffixes
as 'gennyf from 'gan + fi,' ' wrtho' from Svrth+fo ' ('fo r
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(delwedd F6574) (tudalen 19)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 19
being another form of 'fe,' ' ef ') The number, gender,
and person should always be given in the parsing of these
pronominal prepositions ; e.g. :
GBNNYF : pronominal preposition, common gender,
singular number, 1st person.
WHTHO : pronominal preposition, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person.
It is clear that if the pronoun, instead of being a suffix,
was a separate word, as { gyda mi,' it would be in the
accusative case. Similarly a pronoun in apposition to
the pronominal suffix is in the accusative case, e.g.,
" Geimyf innau."
INNAU : conjunctive personal pronoun, common
gender, singular number, 1st person accusative
case in apposition to the pronoun in ' gennyf.'
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
as 'er mwyn,' 'ar hyd,' -ynghylch.'
Each word should be parsed separately ; even
'ynghylch' should be analysed, for to borrow a term
from natural science it is an unstable compound, and
the two words have to be kept apart when governing a
personal pronoun, as ' Yn ei gylch ef," which should be
parsed thus:
YN : preposition governing ' gylch ' in the accusative
case.
EI : possessive adjective, masculina gender, singular
number, 3rd person qualifying 'gylch.'
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(delwedd F6575) (tudalen 20)
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20 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
GYLCH : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by ' yn.'
EF : personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person genitive case dependent on
'gylch.'
"0 herwydd paham nid cywilydd ganddo eu
galw hwynt yn frodyr.'
: preposition governing ' herwydd ' in the accusative case.
HERWYDD : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by 'o.'
PAHAM : adverb of cause modifying ' nid.'
NID : adverb of negation modifying ' yw ' understood.
CYWILYDD : abstract noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case complement to ' yw.'
GANDDO : pronominal preposition, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person,
EU : possessive adjective, masculine gender, plural
number, 3rd person, qualifying ' galw.'
GALW : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to ' yw.'
YN : predicative 'yn ' introducing 'frodyr.'
FRODYR : common noun, masculine gender, plural
number, 3rd person genitive case in apposition
to 'hwynt.'
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(delwedd F6576) (tudalen 21)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 21
"Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad."
Y : definite article qualifying ' neb.'
Y NEB : indefinite pronoun, common gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case subject to
'welodd.'
A : relative pronoun common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent ' y
neb' nominative case subject to 'gwelodd.'
'M : simple personal pronoun, post-vocalic form,
masculine gender, singular number, 1st person
accusative case governed by 'gwelodd.'
GWELODD : verb, regular, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, aorist tense, 3rd person, singular number subject ' a.'
i : simple personal pronoun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person
accusative case in
apposition to ' ; m.'
A : relative pronoun common gender, singular number,
3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent ' y neb'
nominative case. (This 'a' does not enter
further into the syntax of the sentence, see paragraph on Relative Pronoun
above).
WELODD : verb, regular, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, aorist tense, 3rd person, singular number subject ' y neb.'
Y : definite article qualifying 'Tad.'
TAD : singular noun, masculine gender, 3rd person
accusative case governed by ' welodd.'
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(delwedd F6577) (tudalen 22)
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2 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn,
Boed ef ddu, boed ef wyn."
This is short for " Yn fyn glan y gwel, &c."
GLAN : qualitative adjective, positive degree, masculine gender, singular
number, qualifying ' fyn '
understood.
Y : relative pronoun masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent
' fyn ' adverbial accusative.
GAVEL : verb, regular, transitive, active voice, indicative mood, present
tense, 3rd person, singular
number subject 'afr.'
YR,: definite article qualifying 'afr.'
AFR : common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to
'gwel.'
El: possessive adjective, feminine gender, singular
number, 3rd person, qualifying 'myn.'
MYN : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by 'gwel.'
BOED : verb irregular, intransitive, active voice,
imperative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular, agreeing with its subject ' ef.'
EF : simple personal pronoun, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person nominative case,
subject to ' boed.'
UDU : qualitative adjective, positive degree, singular
number, masculine gender, qualifying ' ef.'
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(delwedd F6578) (tudalen 23)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 23
1< A laddo a leddir.''
.V : relative pronoun common gender, singular
number, 3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent
'yneb' understood, nominative case subject
to ' laddo.'
LADDO : verb, regular, transitive, active voice, subjunctive mood, present
tense, 3rd person,
singular number subject ' a.'
A : relative pronoun, common gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent
' y neb ' accusative case. (Compare above ' Y
neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad ').
LEDDIR : verb, regular, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, impersonal.
"A wado hyn, aed a hi,
A g waded i'r haul godi."
A : relative pronoun common gender, singular
number, 3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent
' y neb ' understood nominative case subject to
'wado.'
WADO : verb, regular, transitive, active voice, subjunctive mood, present
tense, 3rd person,
singular number subject 'a.'
HYN : demonstrative pronoun, common gender,
singular number, 3rd person accusative case
governed by ' wado.'
AED : verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice,
imperative mood, present tense, 3rd i person,
singular number subject 'y neb.'
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(delwedd F6579) (tudalen 24)
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24 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
A : preposition governing ' hi ' in the accusative case.
HI : personal pronoun, feminine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by 'a.'
A : conjunction joining 'aed a hi' and 'gwaded . . .
godi.'
GWADED : verb, regular, transitive, active voice,
imperative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular number, agreeing with 'ef or 'hi'
understood.
i : preposition governing ' haul ' in the accusative
case.
'R : definite article, post-vocalic form, qualifying
' haul.'
HAUL : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by 'i.'
GODI : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by
' gwaded.'
" Pam na ddywedi di dy feddwl yn hyf, a minnau
yn rhoi cennad i ti ? "
PAM : adverb of cause modifying ' na.'
NA : adverb of negation modifying ' ddywedi.'
DDYWEDI : verb, regular, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, 2nd person,
singular number, agreeing with its subject 'di.'
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(delwedd F6580) (tudalen 25)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 25
DI : simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 2nd person
nominative case
subject to ' ddywedi.'
DY : possessive adjective, common gender, singular
number, 2nd person, qualifying ' feddwl.'
FEDDWL : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by ' ddywedi.'
YN : predicative ' yn ' introducing ' hyf.'
HYF : adverb of manner, positive degree, qualifying
' ddywedi.'
A: conjunction joining 'pan . . . hyf and 'ninnau
. . . iti.'
MINNAU : conjunctive personal pronoun, common
gender, singular number, 1st person nominative
absolute.
YN : preposition governing ' rhoi ' in the accusative
case.
KHOI : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by
'yn.'
CENNAD : common noun, feminine gender, singular
number, 3rd person genitive case dependent on
' rhoi.'
i : preposition governing ' ti ' in the accusative case.
TI : simple personal pronoun, common gender, singular number, 2nd person - -
accusative case
governed by ' i.'
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(delwedd F6581) (tudalen 26)
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26 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
"Nis gwyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y
pwnc."
Nis : adverb of negation modifying ' gwyddys.'
GWYDDYS : verb, irregular, transitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, impersonal.
FOD : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number,
3rd person -- accusative case governed by
1 gwyddys.'
DIM : common noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive
case, dependent on
'fod.'
WEDI : preposition governing ' ysgrifennu ' in the
accusative case.
EI : possessive adjective masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person qualifying ' ysgrifennu."
YSGiiiFENNU : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person - accusative case governed
by ' wedi.'
AR: preposition governing 'pwnc' in the accusative
case.
Y: definite article,(qualifying '.pwnc.'
PWNC : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by'ar.'
"Son oeddid laned, gryfed gwr oedd efe."
SON : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number,
3rd person accusative case governed by ' yn '
understood.
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(delwedd F6582) (tudalen 27)
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WELSH
PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 27
OEDDID : verb, intransitive, irregular, active voice,
indicative mood, past-imperfect tense impersonal form.
LANED : qualitative adjective, comparative of equality,
qualifying ' gwr.'
GRYFED : qualitative adjective, comparative of
equality, qualifying ' gwr.'
G\VR : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person genitive case dependent on
' son.'
OEDD : verb, intransitive, irregular, indicative mood,
past-imperfect tense, 3rd person, singular number, agreeing with its subject
' efe.'
EFE : reduplicated personal pronoun, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person nominative case
subject to ' oedd.'
"Dowch i hedd, a da'ch haddef
Ddily slant anwylblant nef."
A: conjunction joining 'Dowch i hedd ddilysiant
anwylblant nef and ' da'ch haddef.'
DA : qualitative adjective, positive degree, masculine
gender, singular number, qualifying 'haddef.'
'CH : possessive adjective, post-vocalic form masculine gender, plural
number, 2nd person qualifying 'haddef.'
HADDEF : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case subject to
' yw ' understood.
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(delwedd F6583) (tudalen 28)
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28 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
DDILYSIANT : qualitative adjective, positive degree,
masculine gender, plural number, qualifying
'anwylblant.'
ANWYLBLANT : common noun, masculine gender,
plural number, 2nd person nominative case in
apposition to ' chwi ' understood.
NEF : common noun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person genitive case
dependent on
'anwylblaut.'
" Ynfyd y'th glywaf, Ddafydd,
Yn 1 awr yn 2 siarad, dan wydd."
YNFYD : adverb of manner modifying ' siarad.'
Y : relative pronoun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person, agreeing with its antecedent
' siarad (yn) ynfyd ' adverbial accusative.
'TH : post-vocalic personal pronoun, masculine gender,
singular number, 2nd person accusative case
governed by 'glywaf.'
DDAFYDD : proper noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 2nd person, accusative case in
apposition to "tb.'
YN 1 : preposition governing 'awr' in the accusative
case.
SIARAD : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person accusative
case governed by
'yn 2 .'
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(delwedd F6584) (tudalen 29)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 29
"A chofia, ddyn* iach, ofer
Nad oesf i ddyn ond oes fer."
*DDYN : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 2nd person nominative case in apposition to ' di ' understood.
f OES : verb, irregular, intransitive, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, 3rd person,
singular number subject 'oes.'
OND : adverb of degree, modifying ' fer.'
FER : quantitative adjective, positive degree, feminine gender, singular
number, qualifying ' oes.'
"Gwell i chwi ddyfod, a gore po gyntaf."
GWELL : adjective of quality, comparative degree,
qualifying 'ddyfod.'
DDYFOD : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person nominative
case subject to ' y w r
understood.
GORE : adjective of quality, superlative degree,
qualifying ' dyfod ! understood.
PO: adverb of degree modifying 'gyntaf.'
GYNTAF : adjective, superlative degree, qualifying
'dyfod' understood.
N.B. The construction is virtually this :
' A'r dyfod cyntaf yw'r dyfod gore.'
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(delwedd F6585) (tudalen 30)
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30 WELSH PAUSING AND ANALYSIS.
" Ys truan o ddyn wyf fi."
Ys : verb, intransitive, irregular, active voice,
indicative mood, present tense, impersonal form ;
verb-noun 'bod.'
TRUAN : attributive noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case complement
to 'ys.'
[NOTK. Adjectives are much more freely used as
nouns in Welsh than they are in English.
Compare note on Numerals above.]
" Ymadawodd yr ymwelwyr bob yn un ac un."
BOB : indefinite pronoun, masculine gender, plural
number, 3rd person nominative case in
apposition to ' ymwelwyr.'
YN : predicative ' yn ' introducing ' un.'
UN : cardinal numeral, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person -- nominative case in
apposition to ' bob.'
yn; yr, y.
The words occur so frequently and their functions
and government are so various that it seems best to
explain and illustrate them here.
Government : Initial ' 11-' and ' rh-' in words following the above are never
mutated, notwithstanding the
rules given below.
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(delwedd F6586) (tudalen 31)
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AVELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 31
yn.
A Preposition
(i) With a verb-noun. No mutation, e.g.,
' Yr oeddynt yno yn prynu ac yn gwerthu.'
YN : preposition governing ' prynu ' in the 'accusative
case.
PRYNU : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular number, 3rd person, accusative
case governed by
'yn.'
YN : preposition governing ' gwerthu ' in the accusative case.
GWERTHU : verb-noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by ' yn.'
NOTE. (a) Though the verb-noun governed by ' yn '
is equivalent to the present participle in
English, the two words should always be
parsed separately in Welsh as above.
(ft) The verb-noun is always masculine and singular.
(ii) With any other noun. Governs the nasal mutation :
e.g., yi\g Nghaer, y'Nghaer (from yn + Caer) ; yng ngardd
(yn+gardd); ym Mhenfro (yn + Penfro) ; ym mywyd
(yn+bywyd); yn nherfyn (yn + terfyn); yn niwedd
(yn + diwedd).
Parse thus :
YN : preposition governing 'niwedd' in the accusative
case.
NIWEDD : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case governed
by ' yn.'
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(delwedd F6587) (tudalen 32)
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32 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYH-.
B Predicative 'yn,' merely serving to introduce the
predicate.
Governs the soft mutation :
' Y mae hi yn chwaer i mi '
{' ch ' i.s not a mutable consonant, see Grammar).
YN : predicative ' yn ' introducing ' chwaer.'
CHWAER : common noun, feminine gender, singular
number, 3rd person nominative case complement to ' inae.'
Adwaen ef yn dda.
YN : predicativ| ' yn ' introducing ' dda.'
DDA : adverb of manner, positive degree, modifying
' adwaen.'
Yr oedd y ffordd yn faith.
YN : predicative 'yn' introducing 'faith.'
FAITH : adjective, positive degree, feminine gender,
singular number, qualifying ' fTordd.'
Mi a'i cefais yn ddyn o'r mwynaf,
'i : post-vocalic personal pronoun, masculine gender,
singular number, 3rd person accusative case
governed by ' cefais.'
YN : predicative ' yn ' introducing 'ddyn '
DDYN : common noun, masculine gender, singular
number, 3rd person accusative case in
apposition to ' 'i.'
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(delwedd F6588) (tudalen 33)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 3$
The difference of mutations in a verb-noun and in a
word used predicatively is well illustrated in the words
' byw ' and ' marw : ' in
Y mae efe yn byw,
Y mae efe yn marw,
' byw ' and ' marw ' are verb-nouns in the accusative
case governed by ' yn,' while in
Y mae efe yn fyw
Y mae efe yn farw
'fyw' and 'farw' are predicative adjectives qualifying
'efe.'
y. yr.
i. Yr Arglwydd yw fy mugail.
YR : definite article qualifying 'Arglwydd.'
ii. Yr oeddwn i yno.
YR : introductory adverb modifying ' oeddwn.'
iii. Gwn y bydd efe yno.
Y : conjunction joining ' gwn ' and 'bydd efe yno.'
iv. Dyma'r fan y 'i gwelais gyntaf.
Y : relative pronoun, feminine gender, singular number, 3rd person, agreeing
with its antecedent
' fan ' adverbial accusative.
NOTE. Just as the English adverbs 'when,' 'where/
&c., are in origin oblique cases of the pronoun ' who,' so
the Welsh relative pronoun ' y ' tends in certain contexts
to pass imperceptibly into a pronominal adverb merely
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(delwedd F6589) (tudalen 34)
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34 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS
summing up and repeating the preceding word or phrase ;
thus in
' Prin y gwelwn y llwybr '
the ' y,' though pronominal in origin, may justly be
regarded as an adverb.
In origin the ' y ' of (u). (iii), and (iv) is one and the
same, and it is interesting to note that similarly the
English neuter demonstrative ' that ' has now acquired
other functions such as that of a relative pronoun and
conjunction. Compare also the Latin conjunction
'quod ' which was originally the neuter relative pronoun
4 quod.'
NOTE.
The dash, if used intelligently, may be of great
.service in parsing. It is a common experience to find
pupils who will glibly parse a Relative Pronoun as
agreeing with its antecedent without realising what
this means or in what parts it does agree. Similarly
"agreeing with" a subject, and "governed by" are
phrases continually used, but the scope of the agreement
and government is not always known.
The dash, as may be seen in the above scheme, may
be used to detach the parts to which the terms apply.
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(delwedd F6590) (tudalen 35)
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ANALYSIS.
The difficulties are not numerous, but they .require
careful attention.
Perhaps the first difficulty for the beginner is that, as
in Latin, the Welsh verb often contains its own subject :
thus 'gwelwch ' ( = ' you see') is both subject and predicate in one. The
subject, however, may always be
separately expressed thus : ' gwelwch chwi,' and that
without any violation to the idiom of the language.
Hence it would seem simpler on the whole to supply the
subject thus
i
Predicate gwelwch
Subject (chwi)
inserting in brackets the word or words understood. :
Analysis is essentially a question of syntax, just as
on the other hand, parsing is in the main a matter of
accidence. Hence interjections like ' ffei ! ' ' aha ! ' have
no place in analysis. Even the Relative Pronoun in
Welsh does not always enter into the syntax of the
sentence and then it is to be left out in the analysis.
(See scheme below).
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(delwedd F6591) (tudalen 36)
|
WELSH PAUSING AND ANALYSIS.
An English noun clause is in Welsh
(a) Sometimes a clause, and
(6) Sometimes a phrase
x J Dywed i mi - - f pa bryd yr ymedy'r nos.
\ Princ. sentence.! Noun clause object to '
dywed.'
(6) Gwelais ei fod ar ymadael.
Simple sentence,
though the English equivalent would be complex:
J 1 saw f that he was about to leave.
\ Princ. sent. 1 Noun clause object to 'saw.'
The Welsh sentence should be analysed .
Predicate : gwelais
Subject : (i)
Object : ei fod ar ymadael.
The substitution of the verb-noun for finite tenses
constitutes a difficulty not met with in English. Thus
' Aeth y gwr adref yn llawn digofaint || a gosod
ei synnwyr ar waith '
contains only one finite verb, but there are two independent statements. It
is clear that it must not be
analysed as a simple sentence unless we do it violence.
and regard ' a gosod ei synnwyr ar waith ' as a part of
the predicate with ' aeth.'
On the other hand there seems to be no valid
argument against supplying a finite verb thus :
' Aeth y gwr . . . ei synnwyr ar waith ' (a wnaeth).
N.B. The student is warned against recasting a sentence
in order to eliminate his difficulties. Examiners
are justly severe on such evasion of problems submitted to the candidate.
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(delwedd F6592) (tudalen 37)
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WELSH PAKSING AND ANALYSIS. 37
Sentences fully analysed :
(1) Rhedwn yr yrfa a osodwyd o'n blaen.
(2) Carant y naill y llall.
(3) Dyma'r gwaith y carwn ei wneud.
(4) Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl.
(5) Y mae'n sicr gennyf nad
oes dim aflan ohono ei hun.
(6) A oes arnoch awydd myned ? Oes.
(7) Dichon y daw efe.
(8) Atolwg, Iân gyn'lleidfa, a gymerech chwi fardd i'ch plith ?
(9) Gwn y bydd efe yno.
(10) O herwydd paham nid cywilydd ganddo en galw hwynt
yn frodyr.
(11) Y neb a'm gwelodd i a welodd y Tad.
(12) Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn,
Boed ef ddu, boed ef wyn.
(13) A laddo a leddir.
(14) A wado hyn aed â hi,
A gwaded i'r haul godi.
(15) Pam na ddywedi di dy feddwl yn hy^f a minnau yn rhoi cennad i ti?
(16) Nis gwyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y pwnc.
(17) Sôn oeddid laned gryfed gvvr oedd efe.
(18) Dowch i hedd, a da'ch haddef,
Ddilysiant anwylblant nef.
(19) Ynfyd y'th glywaf, Ddafydd,
Yn awr yn siarad, dan wy^dd.
(20) A chofia, ddyn iach, ofer
Nad oes i fab ond oes fer.
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(delwedd F6593) (tudalen 38)
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38 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
I. ANALYSIS INTO CLAUSES.
(1) a Rhedwn yr yrfa Principal sentence.
b A osodwyd o'n blaen - Adj. clause qualifying
' yrfa ' in a.
(2) Carant y naill y llall - Simple sentence.
(3) <( Dyma'r gwaith Principal sentence.
b Y carwn ei wneud Adj. clause, qualifying
' gwaith ' in a.
(4) Yr ydys yn ei ddisgwyl Simple sentence.
(5) a Y mae'n sicr gennyf
h Nad oes dim aflan ohono ei hun Noun clause,
subject to ' mae ' in a.
(6) a A oes arnoch awydd myned ? Simple sentence.
b Oes Simple sentence, co-ordinate with a.
(7 ! a Dichon (y daw efe) Principal sentence.
b Y daw efe Noun clause subject to ' dichon ' in a.
(8) Atolwg, Ian gyn'lleidfa, .... i'ch plith ? Simple
sentence.
(9) a Gwn Principal sentence.
b Y bydd efe yno Noun clause, object to ' gwn'
in a.
(10) herwydd pahain . . . yu frodyr Simple sentence.
(11) a Y neb a welodd y Tad 'Principal sentence
b A'm gwelodd i Adj. clause, qualifying 'y neb
in a.
(12) a Glan y gwel yr afr ei myn Principal sentence
b Boed ef ddu Adverbial clause of concession
modifying ' glan ' in a.
c Boed ef wyn Adverbial clause of concession,
co-ordinate with b, modifying 'glan' in a.
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(delwedd F6594) (tudalen 39)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 39
(13) a A leddir Principal sentence.
b A laddo Adjective clause, qualifying ' y neb '
understood in a.
{14) ft Aed a hi Principal sentence.
b A gwaded i'r haul godi Principal sentence,
co-ordinate with a.
c A wado hyn Adjective clause qualifying ' y neb '
understood in a.
(15) Pam na ddywedi .... cennad i ti Simple sentence.
(16) Nis gwyddys .... pwnc Simple sentence.
(11) a Son oeddid laned gry fed gvr Principal sentence.
b Oedd efe Adjective clause, qualifying ' gwr ' in a.
(18) a Dowch i hedd ddilysiant
anwylblant nef Simple sentence.
b A da'ch haddef Simple sentence, co-ordinate
with (i.
(19) Ynfyd y th glywaf, Ddafydd,
Yn awr yn siarad dan wydd Simple sentence.
(20) a A chofia ddyn iach ofer Principal sentence.
b Nad oes i fab ond oes fer Noun clause, object to
' chofia ' in a.
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(delwedd F6595) (tudalen 40)
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Oon %% nective. %% II. DETAILED A NA LYSIS
OF CLAUSES. %% P·red.icate. S tibje ct.
Obj ect. Ex te·ns·ion of %% (1)
a %% b %% (2) %%
(3) a %% b %% (4) %%
rhedwn osodwyd %% cara11t
%% (gwel) %% carwn %%
ydys yn ei ddisgwyl %% (ni)
%% (hwy) y naill %% .di %%
(i) %% . %% yr yrfa %%
a %% y llall %% '1·gwaith %% y ei wneud %% o'n blaen (p lace) %% yma (plac e) %% yr (i1it1·odttct01·y ) %% (5) a
mae gennyf %% b oes aflan
%% (11ad oes . . . . . %% "-e, i hu11)" %% dim %%
awydd my 11ed %% (awydd myned)
%% "y (int1·oduct,wy)"
%% yn sicr (manne1·) %% nad (degt·ee) %% ohono ei hun %% (manne1·) %% (6) aaoes arnoch %% b"oes %% •" %%
(7) a %% b %% (8) %%
dichon %% y daw %%
a gymerech %% (y daw efe) efe
%% chwi lAn fa1·dd %% gyn'lleidfa %% i'ch plith (p lace) %% atolwg (condili<>n) %% \ %%
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(delwedd F6596) (tudalen 41)
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\ %% (9) a %% b %%
(10) %% ( 11) a %% b %%
(12) a %% - b %%
c %% gwn %% y bydd %%
i1id cywilydd ga11ddo · %% (yw)
%% . welodd gwelodd %% gwel %%
hoed ddi1 %% hoed wy11 %% (i) %%
efe %% eu galw hwynt %% y n frodyr %% y neb a %%
a %% yr afr %% ef %%
ef • %% y Tad %% 'm i %%
ei myn (yn fy11) %% gl&.n
%% yno (p lace) %% o herwydd paham %% (caitse) %%
"• ," %% • %%
(13) a %% b %% leddir %%
laddo %% • %% (y neb) %%
. %% a • %% (14) a aed %%
b a gwaded %% c
wado %% (y 11eb) %% (ef) %%
a %% i'r haul I11d.Obj .) %% godi (
ir.Obj .) %% l1yn %% ( 15)
di %% • %% • %%
dy feddwl %% - . . %%
• .. %% Pam (cause) %% na ( deg1·ee) %% yn hyf (man1ie1·) %% • • • %%
a minn.au'n rhoi cennad iti (conditWn) %% • .
-··- -
..- - · . . •
•4 -·• • • •• •
• • • • %% ...
. . ...... ... %% ..411••
• • %%
• •• • • %% %% .. -
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(delwedd F6597) (tudalen 42)
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"II. DETAILED ANALYSIS OF CLAUSES ( Continiud)."" ·"
%% ". .. . ,-"
%% •
• • %% •
nective. Pred icate. %% . Stibj
ect. %% . . ..Obj ect. %% .. ...
. . %% . .
Ext enaion of %% · · P1·edicate. %% (16) %%
(17) a %% b %% (18; a %%
b %% (19) %% • %%
gwyddys %% sn oeddid oedd
%% dowcl1 %% a da (yw) · %% glywaf %%
efe %% (chw i) ddilysiant
%% a11wylbla11t nef %% 'cl1h1tddef %% (fi) . %%
fod dim 'vedi ei ysgrifenn u ar y pw11c %% "la11ed, gryfed· gwr" %% • %%
'tl1Dafydd %% . %% • %%
ihedd (p lace) %% y11 sia1ad
(y11) ynfyd %% (manne11·) %% yn awr ( time) %% dan wydd (p lace) %% (20) a %%
b %% a chofia %%
oes %% (di) ddyn iacl1ofer
%% ond oes fer ifab (Ind. 0.) %% • %%
• %% nad (degree) %%
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(delwedd F6598) (tudalen 43)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 43
EXERCISES IN PARSING AND
ANALYSIS.
Parse :
(1) Gwypo, cymerth, rhoes, tyred, moeswch.
(2) Dysgir, cymerodd, clywaist, gwnaf, daethum.
(3) Gwyddom, elych, gwneled, adwaen, byddwch.
(4) G^yr. bwyty, edrydd, clybu, pery, dyry, ys.
Parse and Analyse :
(1) Ni bydd arnynt eisiau dim (adj.) daioni.
(2) Ni ddiangant Irwy ddim (adv.)
(3) Nid oes dim 1 yn ei logell.
1 Noun, subject to ' oes.'
(4) Nid oes ganddo ddim bwyd.
(5) Y mae llawer (noun) o bobl yn y dref.
{6) Gwelwyd llawer (adj.) dyn yn gwneud hyn.
(7) O'i blegid 1 ef 2 y daethum.
1 Noun,
accusative case governed Ijy 'o.' 2 Genitive.
(8) Nid adwaen ai mo Joseph.
NOTB. Analyse ' mo ' into (eldi)in adv. and ' o '
preposition governing ' Joseph ' in the
accusative case.
(9) Y mae wedi marw ers talm.
(10) Hwn yn an ad (adj.) dim, sydd fwyaf ei rym
i wneuthar hynny.
(11) Mor llygredig oedd ei wedd yn anad neb, a'i bryd
yn anad meibion dynion.
(12) Rhuthrwch. arno fel y byddo'r wlad yn eiddo (noun)
ein hunain (genitive case).
(13) Nid oedd hon ddim ond gwal bridd o f6r i for ac
ambell (adj.) d#r neu gastell yma ac acw.
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(delwedd F6599) (tudalen 44)
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44 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
(14) Ond yn y cyfaraser efe a drodd yn benlleidr ei hun
ac yn fradwr idd 1 ei feistr.
1 Preposition doublet of ' i.'
(15) Dylai pob un 1 wybodei feddwl ei hun (genitive
case)
1 Nom. case, subject to ' dylai. 2 Accus. case, governed by ' dylai.'
(16) Llawer dydd (adverbial accus.) y bum beb fwyd.
(17) Cyfrifir y bobl bob deng mlynedd.
(18) Y plant 1 ufuddhewch i'ch rbieni.
1 Nom. case, in apposition to ' chwi ' understood,
(19) Allan o olwg, allan o feddwl.
(20) Cyflog pechod yw marwolaeth.
(21) Bob yn dipyn fe aeth i ben y daith.
(22) Brysiwch yn ol (accus. case, governed by ' yn ').
(23) Beth yw hi o'r gloch ?
(24) Dywedodd wrthyf y rheswm pahain.
(25) Nid oedd ond deug mlwydd oed 1 pan fu fanv 'i dad.
1 Genitive case, dependent on ' mlwydd.'
(26) Mae'r Gymraeg yn ddigon goludog i dalu pob
echwyn adref (adverb).
(27) Tyrd i'm cartref ' a chroesaw 2 iti.
1 Noun. 2 Nom. case, subject to ' bydd ' understood.
(28) Gartref (adv.) y mae adnabod pob dyn.
(29) A wnel 1 mad, mad a ddyly. 2
1 Subjunctive. 2 3rd, sing., pres., indie, of ' dylwn.'
(30) Nid wyf wedi darllen y llyf'r a gefais gennyt.
(31) Nis gAvyddys fod dim wedi ei ysgrifennu ar y pwnc.
(32) Ni chlywodd neb erioed ddim tebyg i hyn.
(33) Ni chredaf i neb glywed gair oddiwrtho er y dydd
yr aeth o'r wlad.
(34) Bum yn eistedd ar ben y bryn a \veli draw.
(35) Tybiais dy fod yn deall y peth a ddywedais wrthyt.
(36) Gwelais dy dy frawd pan fum yn y gogledd.
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(delwedd F6600) (tudalen 45)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 45
(37) Nos da i'r ynys dywell,
Ni wn oes un ynys well.
(38) Mae llofruddio liyd yn oed lofrudd yn ysgelerder y
dylid ei gosbi gan farmvyr.
<-'>9) Cenfigen at ei hvyddiant oedd gwraidd y fradwriaeth
lion.
(40) Rhuthrodd y milwyr Hog hyu ar y parthau cyfagos
o F6n.
(41) Disgwyliai'r Deheuwyr lawer o les oddiwrth deyrna
siad Rhys fel un o hiliogaeth ddiyrmvad Hywel
Dda.
(42)
Ofnwn na ddylid ei dderbyn 1 fel hanes. 2
1 Accusative, governed by ' ddylid.' 2 Genitive, dependent on ' dderbyn.'
(43) Gyda'ch cennad, pwy sydd yn byw yn y ty hwn ?
(44) A hwy a grogasant eu telynau ar yr helyg.
(45) Dylid cofio bod 1 y Gymraeg 2 yn llawer" mwy 3 ffigyrol
na'r Saesneg, ac y 4 gellir felly arfer geiriau
ffigyrol yn fwy rhwydd lie y bo termau gwyddonol yn brinion.
1 Genitive, dependent on ' cotio.' 2 Genitive, dependent on 'bod.'
3 Adverb. 4 Conjunction.
(46) Disgwyl yr ydys y bydd y Gymraeg yn union deg
yn iaith gwyddor a chelf, fel y mae yn iaith
barddas.
(47) A'u cymeryd 1 at eu gilydd chwi fedrech gael eu
gwaeth. 2
1 Nominative absolute. 2 Noun.
(48) Clywai ei gyfeillion am ry w gyfeddach a rhy fynych
dramwy i Lerpwl.
(49) Nac edrych ar y gvvin pan fyddo coch yn y cwpan.
(50) Efe
a welai ^n ar gefn march coch ac arfau cochion
am dano.
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(delwedd F6601) (tudalen 46)
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46 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS.
(51) Yr offeiriad yn unig a fwytai o'r bara gosod.
(52) Ynghyd a bara croyw a dail chwerwon y bwytant 1
61. imperative.
(53) A Saul a gauodd mewn udgorn tnvy 'r holl dir, gan
ddywedyd, Clywed 1 yr Hebreaid.
1 Imperative, 3rd, singular.
(54) Ond llawenycher 1 y rhai cyfiawn, a gorfoleddant 2
ger bron Duw, a byddant 2 hyfryd o lawenydd.
1 Imperative, impersonal, 2 Imperative, 3rd, plural.
(55) Trymhaer y gwaith ar y gwyr, a gweithiant ynddo.
(56) Myfyriai ar ei oreu 1 bob amser. 2
1 Noun. 2 Adverbial accusative.
(57) Poed gwir a fo'r gair.
(57a) ! na bae 1 'n haf o hyd.
1 Subjunctive.
(576) Henffych 1 well, ymerodres Rhufain.
1 Subjunctive.
(58J Duw a'm dyco o'u mysg i nef neu Gymru, yr un a
welo yn oreu.
(59) Casglaf y bobl atat fel y gwnelont gyfamod a thi ac
y teyrnasech di ar yr hyn oil a chwennych dy
galon.
(60) " Menna eto fydd dy fun
Gad y pruddglwyf iddo'i hun ;
Cwyd dy galon, bydd yn ddyn,'
Meddai Clychau Aberdyfi.
(61) Dynion sy'n gwneud dau wyneb,
Duw ni wnaeth ond un i neb
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(delwedd F6602) (tudalen 47)
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WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS. 41
(62) Bum yn claddu hen gydymaith 1
A 2 gododd yn fy mhen i ganwaith ;
Ac 'r 3 wy'n ameu, er 4 ei briddo 5
Y cyfyd yn fy mhen i eto.
1 Genitive case. 2 Relative Pronoun, subject to ' gododd.'
3 Introductory Adverb. 4 Preposition. 5 \'erb-noun._ (^Conjunct
(63) Dod dy law, ond wyd yn coelio
Dan fy mron, a gwilia 'mrifo
Ti gei glywed, 1 os gwrandewi
Swn 2 y galon 2 fach yn torri.
1 Accusative Case. 2 Genitive Case.
(64) Mae'r ffrydlif fach ar ben y bryn
Yn rhedeg megy,s crwydryn.
(65) Un noson aeth ein lesu
Ar daith dros y garw-for du.
(66)
Awyr a hvnc mor a'i li,
Yf yr haul o f6r heli.
(67) Canu, dwsmel a thelyn,
Yn hardd a wnai'r gwiwfardd gwyn
(68) Nid oes, f Arglwydd, a wyddiad 1
Ei dymp, onid Ef a'i Dad.
1 3rd, singular, past imperfect, indicative.
(69) Dyn a garo gnvth a thelyn,
Sain cynghanedd, can ac englyu,
A gar y pethau mwyaf tirion
Sy'n y nef ymhlith angylion.
(70) " Hen \frr, hen ^r ! mae'th wallt yn wyn,.
Ac oer yw'r awel hon ;
Paham y crwydri wlad mor bell
Oddiwrth d' aneddle Ion' ? "
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(delwedd F6603) (tudalen 48)
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48 WELSH PARSING AND ANALYSIS
(71) Is yr ywen ddu, gaughennog,
Twmpath gwyrddlas gwyd ei ben
Pel i dderbyn o goronog
Addurniadau gvvlith y nen ;
Llavver troed yn anystyriol
Yn ei fathru'n fynnych gawd,
Gan ysigo'i laswellt siriol :
Dyna fedd y dyn tylawd.
(72) Gwnewch i mi feddrod wrth ffrydlif y mynydd
Na cherfiwch un llinell i adrodd fy hynt ;
Ac yno telored glas donnau'r afonydd
Eu cerddi yn gymhlith a chwiban y gwynt.
(78) Uchel-gaer uwch y weilgi, gyr y byd
Ei gerbydau drosti ;
Chwithau holl longau y Hi,
Ewch o dan ei chadwyni.
(74) Troir ei gain lydain aelwydau 'n erddi
A gvvyrddion weirgloddiau ;
A mynych, yr ych o'r iau
A bawr lavvr ei barlyrau.
(75) Mon gynnes, man i ganu, Mon weddaidd
Mae'n addurn i Gymru ;
Ym mhob lien ac awen gu,
Sir F6n sy ar i fyny.
(7(>) Y nos dywell yn distewi caddug
Yn cuddio Eryn,
Yr haul yng ngwely'r heli
A'r lloer yn ariannu'r Hi.
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(delwedd F6604) (tudalen 49)
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WELSH READERS.
DRINGO'R ANDES.
Hanes anturiaeth yn y Paith, Amerig Deheuol.
Gan ELUNED.
Gyda Rhagdraeth gan IFANO.
PHs - - 1/
" Y mae'n un o'r llyfrau rnwyaf dyddorol yn yr iaith."
Cymru.
" By one of the most picturesque of Welsh writers,
and we most cordially recommend it for use as
a Welsh reader." The Nationalist.
HANES A CHAN STORY AND SONG.
By J. M. EDWARDS, M.A., County Sehool, Holywell.
Price - - 1/6 nett.
This book is recommended for the Junior Course in
Welsh by the Central Welsh Board.
DANTE.
Translated into Welsh .verse by DANIEL EEES ;
late of the Herald Office, Carnarvon.
With separate introductions to ANNWN, PURDAN,
and PARADWYS.
Students Edition - - 3/
Art Paper Covers.
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(delwedd F6605) (tudalen 50)
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HISTORY OF WALES to 1283.
Suitable for Elementary Schools and Junior Forms
in County Schools.
By THOMAS JONES, Tonypandy Council School.
Price - - 1/6 nett.
" It seems exceedingly well done, and is sure to
become popular." L. J. Roberts, M.A.
WELSH GRAMMAR.
By S. J. EVANS, M.A., County School, Llangefni.
Price - - 1/6 nett.
This is par excellence the Grammar for Students in
County Schools, Pupil Teachers' Centres, &c.
WELSH EXERCISES.
By S. J. EVANS, M.A.
To accompany the Grammar.
Price - - 1/6
EIN GWLAD, neu CYMRU.
Rhan L Ei DAEAR.
II. Ei HANES.
Gyda darluniau. III. Ei LLEN.
Price ..... 2/3
Rhan III, yn unig - 1
DARLUNIAU LLIWIEDIG.
Being a set of nine Coloured Pictures, 30-in. x 40-in.,
for a conversational course in Welsh.
Price - . 16/
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