08-04-2017 A Welsh to English Dictionary in page format
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Cybi <KƏ-bi> [ˡkəbɪ] (masculine
noun)
1 Celtic saint (male) (occus in place names: Caergybi, Ynys Cybi,
Llangybi)
2
revived as a man’s name c. 20c.
:_______________________________.
cybolfa <kə-BOL-va> [kəˡbɔlva] (feminine
noun)
1 mess (North)
y gybolfa = the mess
:_______________________________.
cyboli <kə-BOO-li> [kəˡboˑlɪ] (verb)
1 say stupid things (North)
:_______________________________.
cybolwr, cybolwyr <kə-BOO-lur, kə-BOL-wir> [kəˡboˑlʊr,
kəˡbɔlwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 (North) person who botches things
:_______________________________.
cybôl <kə-BOOL> [kəˡboːl] (masculine
noun)
1 (North Wales) nonsense
:_______________________________.
cybydd, cybyddion <KƏ-bidh, kə-BƏDH-yon> [ˡkəbɪð,
kəˡbəðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 miser
Hen gybydd, dyna wyt ti An old miser, that’s what you are
Tipyn o gybydd oedd e He was a bit of a miser
gwledd y cybydd the miser’s feast (a potato, onion and bacon
stew)
ETYMOLOGY: Latin cupīdus (= desirous) < cupīdō (= desire)< cupere (= to desire)
:_______________________________.
cybydd-dod <kə-BƏDH-dod> [kəˡbəðdɔd] (masculine
noun)
1 miserliness
:_______________________________.
cybydd-dra <kə-BƏDH-dra> [kəˡbəðdra] (masculine
noun)
1 miserliness
:_______________________________.
cychod <KƏ-khod> [ˡkəxɔd] (plural
noun)
1 boats (plural of cwch)
:_______________________________.
cychwyn <KƏKH-win> [ˡkəxwɪn] (verb /
masculine noun)
1 (vi) start,
have as its origin
Mae Cwm Cadlan yn cychwyn
rhwng mynyddau y Cadlan a’r Glog, yn Sir Frycheiniog
Cwm Cadlan (valley of the
Cadlan stream) begins between the hills of Y Cadlan and Y Glog, in the county
of Brycheiniog
2 (vi) (journey, race) to begin, to set
off
arwydd cychwyn starting signal
rhoi’r arwydd cychwyn to give the starting signal
bloc cychwyn starting block
llinell gychwyn starting line
cychwyn cam false start
cychwyn i’r môr set out
to sea (“begin to the sea”)
cychwyn am adre set off for home, set
off home
cychwyn ar dramp set off on a wander, start out on an excursion
...cychwyn ar dramp i
wlad tramor set off
on a journey to a foreign country
cychwyn ar gyflymdra set off at speed, speed off
...cychwyn ar
gyflymdra o’r goleuadau traffig set off at speed from the ttraffic lights
cychwyn ar ôl rhywun set off after somebody, begin to follow somebody
postyn cychwyn (horse racing) starting post (“post
(of) starting”)
gadael (ceffyl) wrth y postyn cychwyn
(in a horse race) - to leave (a horse) standing, rush ahead before another
horse has, or other horses have, started to move off
cychwyn
ar eich taith i set off on one's
journey to / towards
ar gychwyn about to start
Mae’r gystadleuaeth dynnu
rhaff ar gychwyn The tug-of-war competition is about to begin
cychwyn tua make for = begin to walk in the direction of
Cychwynnodd tua'r drws He made for the door
3 (vi) start =
begin to function
Bydd y gwasanaeth newydd yn
cychwyn ar y cyntaf o Fehefin
The new service will
begin on the first of June
Bydd Cwrs Hyfforddi llawn
amser yn cychwyn ym mis Tachwedd
A full-time training
course will begin in November
4 (vi) cychwyn ar eich gwaith begin a job, undertake a task
Bydd y gweithgor yn
cychwyn ar ei waith y mis nesaf The executive committee will begin its work
next month
cychwyn ar eich gyrfa begin
one's career, begin one's working life
Dywedir iddo gychwyn
ar ei yrfa fel prentis yn Ffowndri Glaslyn
It is said that he
began his working life as an apprentice in the Glaslyn Foundry
5 (vt)
start, begin, set up, establish, set in motion
Cychwynnodd Cangen
Merched y De i hyrwyddo'r achos dirwestol
He began the South
Wales Women’s Branch to promote the cause of teetotalism / abstinence from
alcohol
Bu’n obaith ganddo ers amser i
gychwyn siop newydd yn y pentref
It
had been a long-time hope of his to start a new shop in the village
cychwyn
busnes set up a business
cychwyn terfysg start a riot
gychwyn gwely winwns start an
onion bed, prepare a small patch of land to grow onions
5 (vt) set
(somebody) on a path
cychwyn (plentyn) i’w wely get (a child) off to bed (“start a
child to his bed”)
cychwyn
(rhywun) ar lwybr dinistr set somebody off on the road to ruin
6 (m) beginning = start, outset
7 (m) start = place where a journey, a
race begins
8(m) leap,
jump
Y ddraig goch ddyry
cychwyn The red dragon gives a leap Welsh motto; see “draig”. The probable
reference is to a bull mounting a cow.
Cf English start which has the senses of
“jump” and “begin” (a word of Scandinavian origin with “jump” as the original
meaning)
9 (m) go = energy, iniciative, impetus (in a person)
(North Wales) Does cychwyn arno He’s
got no go in him (“there’s no starting / initiative on him”)
digychwyn lacking impetus or
initiative
Un digychwyn ’di o He’s got no go in
him
10 (m) (Welsh Laws) movable goods
11 ar y cychwyn at
first, at the beginning
Meddyliais ar y cychwyn fod y llwynog
wedi dianc trwy’r drws
At first I thought the fox had escaped through
the door
ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix) + (chwyn).
The element chwyn (< British <
Celtic) is from Celtic *skwin.
Cf Irish scinn (= start, spring; dart,
rush; escape, depart suddenly)
Cf Latin ascendere
(= to climb up), (a- = prefix) + (-scendere; a
form of scandere = to climb).
This has given Welsh esgyn (= ascend),
and also English ascend.
Scandere is also “scan verse” , as in Welsh sganio (from
English scan)
NOTE: Page 46 / A Welsh Grammar -
Historical and Comparative / John Morris-Jones (1864-1929) /1913:
The following words may be mentioned as those most commonly
mispronounced: wy is the
falling diphthong in cer
n ‘vat’,
disgl, ‘look,
expect’, Gnedd
‘Venedotia’, Gndid, id.,
morn
‘maiden’, tern ‘
fervent’; it is the rising diphthong in oher
dd
‘because of’, cych
n, ‘rise,
start’, erchn
‘protector, [bed]-side’, deddd ‘happy’
:_______________________________.
cychwynfa
<kə-KHWƏN-va> [kəˡxwənva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cychwynféydd <kə-khwən-VEIDH> [kəxwənˡvəɪð]
1 start, starting
place
ETYMOLOGY: (cychwynn- stem of cychwyn
= to begin) + (-fa suffix = place)
:_______________________________.
cychwyniad <kə-KHWƏN-yad> [kəˡxwənjad] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cychwyniadau <kə-khwən-YAA-dai,
-de> [kəxwənˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 start, beginning
2
origin, birth
gwlad eich cychwyniad your country
of origin (“(the) country (of) your beginning”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cychwynn- stem of cychwyn = to begin) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
cychwynnydd
<kə-KHWƏ-nidh> [kəˡxwənɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cychwynwyr <kə-KHWƏN-wir> [kəxˡwənwɪr]
1 starter (person
who gives the signal to begin a race)
gwn cychwynnydd starting pistol (“gun (of) (a) starter”)
gwn y cychwynnydd the starting pistol (“(the) gun (of) the
starter”)
:_______________________________.
cyd- <kiid> [kiːd] (prefix)
1 “together”, con-
In modern coinings, used as an equivalent of the Latin prefix con- (= with) (see below cytref, cytsain, cytser)
2
(cyd + t) > (cyd-d) >
(cyt-)
..a/ cytew (North Wales)
..........(adj) (liquid) thick, stiff;
.......... (m) egg batter (flour, eggs, milk)
cytew < cyd-dew (cyd- prefix =
together) + soft mutation + (tew =
fat; thick)
..b/ cytir common land (wood,
pasture or waste)
cytir < cyd-dir (cyd- = joint) +
soft mutation + ( tir = land)
..c/ cytref conurbation
cytref < cyd-dref (cyd- prefix =
together) + soft mutation + (tref =
town)
3 (cyd + s) > (cyt-s-)
cytsain
(= consonant),
cytser
(= constellation)
:_______________________________.
cyd-adrodd <kiid-A-drodh> [kiːdˡadrɔð] (verb)
1 recite together
:_______________________________.
cyd-daro <kiid-DAA-ro> [kiːdˡdɑˑrɔ] v
1 coincide
2 cyd-drawiad (qv) coincidence
ETYMOLOGY: “hitting together” (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (taro = to hit, to strike)
:_______________________________.
cyd-ddweud <kiid-DHWEID> [kiːdˡðwəɪd] verb
1 say to each other
Hebryngwyd ef at ei dadau i fynwent plwyf Llanbrynmair, gan
dyrfa
fawr o wŷr bucheddol, mewn teimladau drylliog; a
phawb yn
cyd-ddyweud fod “tywysog a
gŵr mawr wedi cwympo
yn
Israel." (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan
Jones / 1892 / t11)
He was taken to lie with his forefathers in the cemetery of the parish of
Llanbrynmair, by a great crowd of non-chapel people, overcome with emotion;
everybody said to each other that a ‘prince and a great man had fallen in
Israel’.
ETYMOLOGY: (cyd = together) + soft mutation + (dweud = to say)
:_______________________________.
cyddwyso <kə-DHUI-so> [kəˡðʊɪsɔ] verb
1 condense = change from gas to liquid in contact with a cold surface
ETYMOLOGY: (cy- intensifying prefix, form of cyf-) + soft mutation + (dwyso = intensify)
Cf. cywasgu (= to
compress) < gwasgu (= to press, to squeeze)
:_______________________________.
cyddwysydd <kə-DHUI-SIDH> [kəˡðʊɪsɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyddwysyddion <kə-DHUI-sədh-yon> [kəðʊɪˡsəðjɔn] 1 condenser =
apparatus for converting vapour into liquid
ETYMOLOGY: (cyddwys- stem of cyddwyso = to condense) (-ydd
noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)
:_______________________________.
cyd-drawiad <kid-DRAU-yad> [kɪdˡdraʊjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyd-drawiadau
<kid-drau-YAA-dai, -e> [kɪddraʊˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 coincidence
Nid cyd-drawiad yw bod… it’s no coincidence that
ETYMOLOGY: (cyd-draw- stem of cyd-daro = to coincide) +(i-ad noun suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyd-drefnedig
<kid-drev-NEE-dig> [kɪddrɛvˡneˑdɪg] adj
1
co-ordinated
ETYMOLOGY: (cyd-drefn- stem of cyd-drefnu = coordinar) + (-edig suffix for forming a past
participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
cyd-enwadol <kiid-en-WAA-dol> [kiːdɛnˡwɑˑdɔl] (adjective)
1 interdenominational
:_______________________________.
cyd-hyd
<kiid-HIID> [kiːdˡhiːd] masculine noun
1 of the same
length
bod gyd-led gyd-hyd be as long as it
is broad
(bod = to be) + soft mutation + (cyd-led = co-length) + soft mutation +
(cyd-hyd = co-width). There is soft
mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases. hence cyd > gyd
:_______________________________.
cydio <KƏD-yo> [ˡkədjɔ] (verb)
1 cydio mewn (+ indefinite noun) get hold of
cydio yn (+ definite noun) get hold of; pick up
cydio yn rhywun gerfydd ei goler
grab someone by the collar
cydiais
mewn cylchgrawn oedd ar y bwrdd I
picked up a magazine that was on the table
cydia yn hwnna get
hold of that
cydiodd yn y pysgodyn gerfydd ei gynffon he picked up the fish by its tail
South Wales: citsho
Parry-Williams, Thomas Herbert; Some points of similarity in the phonology of Welsh and Breton (1913): “In S[outh]. W[ales]. a palatalised d has become dsh
or dj, or even tsh, citsio or citsho (cydio)
[= get hold of], sgidje, or sgitshe (esgidiau) [= shoes].
Cf. jawl for diawl [= devil]”
citsha
yn'o fa (south-east Wales) catch hold of it (= cydia
ynddo fe)
North Wales: also cydiad
2 (fire) catch = start to burn
dyw’r tân ddim yn cydio – mae’r pren yn rhy wlyb the fire’s not catching – the wood’s too wet
3 (mechanism) catch = take
hold
dyw clo’r drws ddim yn
cydio – rhaid imi ei oelio the door lock isn’t catching – I’ll have to oil
it
4 cydio wrth stick
to, get stuck to
mae’r omled wedi cydio
wrth y ffrimpan the omelette’s got stuck to the frying pan
:_______________________________.
cyd-led
<kiid-LEED> [kiːdˡleːd] masculine noun
1 of the same width
bod gyd-led gyd-hyd be as long as it
is broad
(bod = to be) + soft mutation + (cyd-led = co-length) + soft mutation +
(cyd-hyd = co-width). There is soft
mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases. hence cyd > gydd
:_______________________________.
cydlynu
<kəd-LƏ-ni> [kədˡlənɪ] verb
1
cohere = stick together in a mass
2
co-ordinate
Fe fydd yn gyfrifol am gyd-lynu
gweithgareddau marchnata'r coleg
He’ll be the one responsible for co-ordinating the colleges’s marketing
activities
ETYMOLOGY: 'stick together' (cyd-
prefix = together) + soft mutation + (glynu
= to stick) Calque on English cohere
< Latin cohaerêre (= stick
together), (co- = together) + (haerêre = adhere)
:_______________________________.
cydlynus
<kəd-LƏ-nis> [kədˡlənɪs] adj
1
coherent
fframwaith cydlynus coherent
framework
strategaeth gydlynus coherent strategy
ETYMOLOGY: (cydlyn- stem of cydlynu = cohere) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cydnabod <kəd-NAA-bod> [kədˡnɑˑbɔd] (verb)
1 to recognise
:_______________________________.
cydnabyddedig
<kəd-bə-DHEE-dig> [kədnabəˡðeˑdɪg] (adj)
1 recognised
cymhares gydnabyddedig (f), cymaresau cydnabyddedig common-law
wife (“recognised wife”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cydnabydd- stem of cydnabod = recognise) + (-edig past participle suffix,
equivalent to English -ed)
:_______________________________.
cydol
<KƏ-dol> [ˡkədɔl] masculine or feminine noun
1 totality, whole (in use only in a number of set expressions)
trwy gydol y nos all night long
am gydol y flwyddyn all year long
ETYMOLOGY: noun ‘the whole’ < adjective ‘total, entire, whole’;
(cyd < cy’yd < cyhyd = so
long, as long) + (-ol suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyd-orwedd
<kiid-OR-wedh> &[kiːdˡɔrwɛð] verb
1 cyd-orwedd
â to lie together with, to lie alongside
:_______________________________.
cydradd [KƏD-radh] [ˡkədrað] (adjective)
1 of equal rank
2 cymal cydradd co-ordinating clause
:_______________________________.
cydran,
cydrannau <KƏ-dran,
kə-DRA-nai, -e>
[ˡkədran, kəˡdranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 component (for a car)
y gydran = the component
:_______________________________.
cydrannol <kə-DRA-nol> [kəˡdranɔl]
1 shared
2 wal gydrannol party wall
ETYMOLOGY: (cyd prefix = together) + soft mutation + (rhannol =
partial)
:_______________________________.
cyd-synio <kiid-SƏN-yo> [kədˡsənjɔ] (verb)
1 to agree with
cyd-synio â rhywun to agree
with somebody
:_______________________________.
cydweddiad,
cydweddiadau <kəd-WEDH-yad,
kəd-wedh-YAA-dai, -e> [kədˡwɛðjad,
kədwɛðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 analogy
2 camgydweddiad false analogy
:_______________________________.
cyd-weithfa, cyd-weithféydd <kiid-WEITH-va, kiid-weith-VEIDH> [kiːdˡwəɪθva,
kiːiˑdwəɪθˡvəɪð] (feminine
noun)
1 cooperative
y gyd-weithfa = the cooperative
:_______________________________.
cyd-weithio <kiid-WEITH-yo> [kiːdˡwəɪθjɔ] (verb)
1 to cooperate
:_______________________________.
cyd-weithredu <kiid-weith-REE-di> [kiːdwəɪθˡreˑdɪ] (verb)
1 to collaborate
:_______________________________.
Cydweli <kəd-WEE-li> [kədˡweˑlɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 village, south-west; see Cedweli
:_______________________________.
cydymaith,
cymdeithion <kə-DƏ-maith,
-meth, kəm-DEITH-yon> [kəˡdəmaɪθ, -ɛθ
kəmˡdəɪθjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 travelling companion
:_______________________________.
cyfaddasiad
<kə-va-DHAS-yad> [kəvaˡðasjad] masculine
noun
PLURAL cyfaddasiadau <kə-va-dhas-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəvaðasˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 adaptation
2 abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = cfdds.
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfaddas-, stem of cyfaddasu = to adapt) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfaddef <kə-VAA-dhev, kə-VAA-dhe> [kəˡvɑˑðɛv,
kəˡvɑˑðɛ] (verb)
Colloquially; cyfadde’
1 to confess
:_______________________________.
cyfadran,
cyfadrannau <kə-VA-dran,
kə-va-DRA-nai, -e> [kəˡvadran, kəvaˡdranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 university faculty
y gyfadran= the faculty
:_______________________________.
cyfagos <kə-VAA-gos> [kəˡvɑˑgɔs] (adjective)
1 nearby
:_______________________________.
cyfaill
<KƏ-vailh, -velh> [ˡkəvaɪɬ,
ˡkəvɛɬ] masculine noun
PLURAL cyfeillion <kə-VEILH-yon> [kəˡvəɪɬjɔn]
1 friend
cwrdd â hen gyfeillion meet old
friends
cyfeillion bore oes childhood
friends (“friends (of) morning (of) life”)
cyfaill mynwesol bosom friend
cyfaill calon bosom friend (“friend
(of) heart”)
cyfaill ysgol school friend
cyfaill tywyllodrus a false friend,
a friend who deceives (“a deceitful friend”)
2 some phrases with cyfaill i
(friend + to)
bod yn gyfaill i mi be a friend of
mine, be friends with me, be my friend (“be a friend to me”)
Dyw e ddim yn gyfaill i mi He’s not
my friend, He’s no friend of mine
bod yn hen gyfaill i mi be an old
friend of mine
mynd yn gyfaill i mi become my
friend, become friends with me
cyfaill i’r teulu a friend of the
family (“(a) friend to the family”)
cyfaill o artist i mi an artist
friend of mine (“(a) friend of artist to me”)
3 Cyfaill ynteu gelyn?
(Soldier on watch duty challenging someone unknown) Friend or foe?
4 friend = patron, sponsor, benefactor
cyfaill i’r tlodion a friend of the
poor
As cyfeillion ‘friends’ in titles of
support groups for some cause or instituion
Cyfeillion yr Amgueddfa Friends of
the Museum (society to raise funds for a museum)
5 bod â chyfeillion yn y llys
to have friends at court, to know people in an influential position who can
help
6 Y cyfaill gwir yn yr ing
fe’i gwelir A friend in need is a friend indeed
(“the true friend, in the anguish he is seen” - i.e. he will appear when you
are in an anguished situation)
7 Cyfaill Friend, Quaker
Cymdeithas Grefyddol y Cyfeillion
The Religious Society of Friends or Cymdeithas
y Cyfeillion The Society of Friends - the proper designation of the
Christian body founded by George Fox (1624-91) known popularly as the Quakers
8 as part of the title of certain books, almanacs, magazines in the
1800s
Cyfaill Defnyddiol “Useful Friend”
Cyfaill yr Aelwyd (“(the) friend
(of) the fireplace / hearth”) magazine 1881-1894
9 Christianity y Cyfaill gorau gaed said of Jesus
(“the best friend that was ever had”)
10 Christianity Cyfaill Duw The Friend of God =
Abraham, a patriarch of the Old Testament and founder of the Hebrew people
Iago 2:23 A chyflawnwyd yr ysgrythur yr
hon sydd yn dywedyd, Credodd Abraham i Dduw, a chyfrifwyd iddo yn gyfiawnder: a
Chyfaill Duw y galwyd ef
James 2:23 And the Scripture was fulfilled which saith, Abraham believed God,
and it was imputed unto him for righteousness: and he was called the Friend of
God
11 (in addressing a friend or friends),
gyfaill, friend!, gyfeillion! friends
(in Welsh there is generally soft mutation of the initial in vocative forms)
Einion, gyfaill da My good friend
Einion (in beginning a letter)
ETYMOLOGY: cyfaill < cyfaillt
(cyf- prefix) + (aillt) < British *kom-alt-jos (= joined together; joined
in friendship)
The element alt is to be seen
(1) in obsolete Welsh cyfalle (=
union, joining together; spouse) < cyfalledd
< British *kom-alt-ijâ
(2) in Cornish kevals (= joint,
articulation) (British kom-alt),
(3) and in the Irish words alt (=
joint, articularion); comhalta (=
foster brother, foster sister; member);
and comhaltas (= association)
NOTE: cyfeilles (= female friend) (cyfaill + -es, suffix denoting a
female);
y gyfeilles the (female) friend
:_______________________________.
cyfaint <KƏ-vaint> [ˡkəvaɪnt] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfeintiau <kə-VEINT-yai,
-ye> [kəˡvəɪntjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 volume = space in a container
occupied by a liquid or gas
space holding cubical content
ETYMOLOGY:
(cy- < cyf- prefix = ‘together’)
+ soft mutation + (maint = size)
:_______________________________.
cyfair <KƏ-vair -ver> [ˡkəvaɪr, ˡkəvɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfeiriau <kə-VEIR-yai,
-ye> [kəˡvəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (obsolete) direction
2 region, place, spot
From this sense is the preposition ar gyfer (= opposite; ar
“facing” + soft mutation + cyfer / cyfair (= direction,
place). Cf Scottish fa chomhair (= opposite, literally: “under” +
“direction” )
3 acre = measure of land, 4,840
square yards
4 acre = land measuring an acre
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British.
From the same British root: Breton keñver, keñver-douar (= acre)
From the same Celtic root: Irish comhair in the preposition phrase faoi
chomhair (= for, intended for); Scottish fa chomhair (= opposite)
:_______________________________.
cyfalaf
<kə-VAA-lav> [kəvˡɑˑlav] masculine noun
1 capital = wealth
used for the production of more wealth
2 capital = a person’s savings
byw ar eich cyfalaf live off one’s
capital (“live on one’s capital”)
3 capital, = money invested
croniad cyfalaf capital accumulation
(“accumulation / gathering (of) capital”)
cyfalaf cyfrandaliadau share capital
(“capital (of) shares”)
cyfalaf gweithredol working capital
(“capital + working, operative”)
dibrisiad cyfalaf capital
depreciation (“depreciation (of) capital”)
enillion cyfalaf capital gains
(“gains / earnings (of) capital”)
gwariant cyfalaf capital expenditure
(“expenditure (of) capital”)
treth ar enillion cyfalaf capital
gains tax (“tax on earnings (of) capital”)
4 Capital = the capitalist class and its interests (cf Llafur = labour)
cyfalaf a llafur capital and
labour
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together) + (alaf (obsolete) = herd of cattle)
:_______________________________.
cyfalafiaeth
<kə-va-LAV-yaith
-yeth> [kəvaˡlavjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1 capitalism =
economic system where wealth used for production is owned by individuals and
not the state
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-i-aeth, suffix to form abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyfalafol
<kə-va-LAA-vol> [kəvaˡlɑˑvɔl] adjective
1 capitalist
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-ol = suffix to form adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfalafwr
<kə-va-LAA-vur> [kəvaˡlɑˑvʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfalafwyr <kə-va-LAV-wir> [kəvaˡlavwɪr]
1 capitalist =
person who owns capital; private owner, as opposed to a a state (as an agent of
public ownership)
2 capitalist = supporter of capitalism
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfalaf = capital) + (-wr, suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cyfan <KƏ-van> [ˡkəvan] (adjective)
1 whole, total, all
mentro’r cyfan go for
broke (“venture the whole lot”)
2 y cyfan o, the whole of, all
bron y
cyfan o almost all,
nearly all
Mae e’n treulio bron y cyfan
o'i amser hamdden yn y tafarn
He spends nearly all of his leisure time in the pub
y cyfan
bron o almost all, nearly
all
:_______________________________.
cyfandir,
cyfandiroedd <kə-VAN-dir,
kə-van-DII-roidh, -rodh> [kəˡvandɪr,
kəvanˡdiˑrɔɪð -ɔð] (masculine
noun)
1 continent
:_______________________________.
cyfandirol <kə-van-DII-rol> [kəvanˡdiˑrɔl] (adjective)
1 continental
:_______________________________.
cyfanfor <kə-VAN-vor> [kəˡvanvɔr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfanforoedd <kə-van-VOO-roidh,
-rodh> [kəvanˡvoˑrɔɪð -ɔð]
1 ocean
Dros Gyfanfor a Chyfandir
(‘over ocean and continent’) title of a book by William Davies Evans (Aberystwyth
1883) relating his travels in the USA in 1881-2
There is an on-line edition of this book
in our website: Type kimkat, gyfanfor
into Google search box
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfan = entire,
complete) + soft mutation + (môr =
sea)
:_______________________________.
cyfannedd
<kə-VA-nedh> [kəˡvanɛð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfanheddau
<kə-va-NHEE-dhai, -e> [kəvaˡnheˑðaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 dwelling place
Habacuc 1:6 Canys wele fi yn codi y
Caldeaid, cenedl chwerw a phrysur, yr hon a rodia a r hyd lled y tir, i
feddiannu cyfanheddoedd nid yw eiddynt
Habakkuk 1:6 For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation,
which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the
dwellingplaces that are not theirs
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + (annedd = dwelling)
:_______________________________.
cyfannol
<kə-VA-nol> [kəˡvanɔl] adj
1
integrated
Rheoli Ansawdd Cyfannol Integrated Quality Management
cylched gyfannol (f) plural cylchedau cyfannol integrated circuit
Rhaglen Ymchwil Gyfannol
Integrated Research
Programme
cludiant cyfannol integrated
transport
trafnidiaeth gyfannol integrated
transport
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfann- penultimate
syllable form of cyfan = complet) (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfansoddi
<kə-van-SOO-dhi> [kəvanˡsoˑðɪ] (verb)
1 to compose
:_______________________________.
cyfansoddiad
<kə-van-SODH-yad> [kəvanˡsɔðjad] (masculine
noun)
PLURAL: cyfansoddiadau
<kə-van-sodh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvansɔðjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 constitution
2 composition
:_______________________________.
cyfanswm,
cyfansymiau <kə-VAN-sum,
kə-van-SƏM-yai, -e> [kəˡvansʊm, kəvanˡsəmjaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 total amount
:_______________________________.
cyfar <KƏ-VAR> [ˡkəvar] masculine noun
1 (obsolete) joint ploughing, co-tillage
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = co-, together) + (âr = tillage)
Cornish kevar (= joint tillage ), Breton keñver (= direction;
arpent – unit of length)
Cf Irish: comhar (= combined work, co-operation)
:_______________________________.
cyfarch <KƏ-varkh> [ˡkəvarx] verb
1 greet = say hello
to
2 cyfarch ei gilydd say
hello to each other, greet each other
ni chyfarchodd yr un o’r ddau ei gilydd
neither of the two greeted the other
3 cyfarch (rhywun) fel “chi” use the “chi”
form with someone (the polite way of saying “you”, equivalent in use to French
“vous”, Catalan “vos”, as distinct from the familiar form “ti”, equivalent to
French “tu”, Catalan “tu”)
4 cyfarch gwell i to
greet
cyfarch gwell i’w gilydd to greet
each other
ETYMOLOGY: the verb is from the noun cyfarch
= greeting
:_______________________________.
cyfarch <KƏ-varkh> [ˡkəvarx] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarchion <kə-VARKH-yon> [kəˡvarxjɔn]
1 greeting
cyfarchion oddi wrth... greetings
from...
cyfarchion y tymor (in Christmas
cards, etc) compliments of the season, season’s greetings
2 attributive
complimentary = given free as a courtesy;
copi cyfarch complimentary copy
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = each
other) + (-arch = order)
:_______________________________.
cyfarchfa
<kə-VARKH-va> [kəˡvarxva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfarchféydd <kə-varkh-VEIDH> [kəvarxˡvəɪð]
1 (obsolete)
reception place
y gyfarchfa =
the reception place
2 possibly “hailing place, place on a riverbank to call a ferry boat
from the other bank”
Cyfarchfa Lost place name in Caer-dydd
According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911):
“CYFARCHFA (the hailing-place.) An old thatched cottage on the east bank of the
river Taff, a little south of Llandaff bridge.”
If this interpretation is correct (hailing place, hallowing point, place on a
riverbank to call a ferry boat from the other bank) it is equivalent to the
American place name “Hallowing Point”, which George R. Stewart, in “American
Place-Names” 1970 notes as occuring in Maryland and Virginia, and defines it as
“a place at one end of a ferry passage... where a person had to stand and
“hallow”, i.e. halloo or shout to gain the attention of the ferryman on the
other side.”
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarch, stem of the
verb cyfarch = greet; call, hail,
summon) + (-fa suffix = place)
:_______________________________.
cyfarchiad,
cyfarchion <kə-VARKH-yad,
kə-VARKH-yon>
[kəˡvarxjad, kəˡvarxjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 greeting
:_______________________________.
cyfardir <KƏ-VAR-dir> [ˡkəvarˡdɪr] masculine noun
1 (obsolete) joint ploughland
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfar = co-tillage) + soft mutation + (tir = land)
:_______________________________.
cyfarfod <kə-VAR-vod> [kəˡvarvɔd] (verb)
1 to meet
:_______________________________.
cyfarfod,
cyfarfodydd <kə-VAR-vod, kə-var-VOO-didh> [kəˡvarvɔd,
kəvarˡvoˑdɪð] (masculine
noun)
1 meeting
:_______________________________.
cyfartal <kə-VAR-tal> [kəˡvartal] (adjective)
1 equal
bod yn
gyfartal â’r gofynion be equal to the
occasion (“be equal to the requirements”)
2 (football match)
drawn
:_______________________________.
cyfarth <KƏ-varth> [ˡkəvarθ] (verb)
1 to bark
2 gwaeth
eich cyfarth na’ch brath your bark
is worse than your bite;
(she) gwaeth ei chyfarth na’i brath her bark… her bite
(he) gwaeth ei gyfarth na’i frath his bark… his bite
Gwaeth ei gyfarth na’i frath is said of a man whose angry words are worse
than any action he may do, that is, of man who can be very angry but who won’t
really carry out any threats he makes
(gwaeth = worse) + (eich = your) + (cyfarth = bark) + (na
= than) + (eich) + (brath = bark)
:_______________________________.
cyfarthiad
<kə-VARTH-yad> [kəˡvarθjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarthiadau <kə-varth-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəvarθˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 bark; barking
cyfarthiad ci ar y lleuad the barking
of a dog at the moon – said of some action which has no effect whatsoever
Ni effeithia fwy arnynt na chyfarthiad
ci ar y lleuad
It won’t effect them any more than the barking of a dog at the moon
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarth-, stem of cyfarth = to bark) + (-iad prefix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyfarwydd <kə-VAA-ruidh> [kəˡvɑˑrʊɪð] (adjective)
1 familiar
:_______________________________.
cyfarwyddiadau <kə-va-ruidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvarʊɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 instructions
:_______________________________.
cyfarwyddo <kə-va-RUI-dho> [kəvarˡʊɪðɔ] (verb)
1 instruct, advise, guide
2 clinig cyfarwyddo plant child
guidance clinic
:_______________________________.
cyfarwyddwr
<kə-va-RUI-dhur> [kəvarˡʊɪðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfarwyddwyr <kə-va-RUIDH-wir> [kəvarˡʊɪðwɪr] 1 director
Cyfarwyddwr Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru
The director of the University of Wales
cyfarwyddwr addysg director of
education
cyfarwyddwr gweithredol executive
director
cyfarwyddwr ariannol financial
director
2 supervisor = tutor supervising the research work of a student
3 guide
cyfarwyddwr ysbrydol spiritual guide
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfarwydd- stem of cyfarwyddo = direct; advise; instruct)
+ (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cyfatal <kə-VA-tal> [kəˡvatal] (adjective)
variable (weather)
:_______________________________.
cyfathrach <kə-VATH-rakh> [kəˡvaθrax] (feminine
noun)
1 intercourse
y gyfathrach =
intercourse
2 sexual intercourse
cyfathrach rywiol sexual intercourse
cyfathrach eneuol oral sex
cyfathrach refrol anal sex
:_______________________________.
cyfathrebu <kə-va-THRE-bi> [kəvaˡθreˑbɪ] (verb)
1 to communicate
:_______________________________.
cyfeb
<KƏ-veb> [ˡkəvɛb] adjective
1 pregnant (mare,
ewe); in foal; in lamb
ETYMOLOGY: “with horse” (cyf- =
with) + (eb = horse)
:_______________________________.
Cyfeiliog <kə-VEIL-yog> [kəˡvəɪljɔg] (feminine
noun)
1 locality, north-east
:_______________________________.
cyfeillgar <kə-VEILH-gar> [kəˡvəɪɬgar] adjective)
1 friendly
:_______________________________.
cyfeillion <kə-VEILH-yon> [kəˡvəɪɬjɔn] (plural
noun)
1 friends; plural of cyfaill
:_______________________________.
cyfeiliorn <kə-VEIL-yorn> [kəˡvəɪljɔrn] masculine noun
1 stray
buwch gyfeiliorn PLURAL: buchod cyfeiliorn stray cow
ETYMOLOGY: cyfeiliorn < cyfeiriorn < British *kom-are-org-n;
Dissimilation of the sequence r-r,
which becomes l-r
(kom = modern Welsh cym-, cf Latin cum = with),
(are = in front of, modern Welsh ar);
as regards the element org-n cf dilorni < dyfal-orni (dyfal- < dyfalu = mock) + (orn = blame)
+ (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyfeilydd, cyfeilyddion <kə-VEI-lidh, kə-vei-LƏDH-yon> [kəˡvəɪlɪð,
kəvəɪˡləðjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 accompanyist
:_______________________________.
cyfeiriad,
cyfeiriadau <kə-VEIR-yad,
-kə-veir-YAA-dai, -de> [kəˡvəɪrjad,
kəvəɪrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 direction, address
i gyfeiriad croes i’r
cloc in an anti-clockwise direction
:_______________________________.
cyfeirio <kə-VEIR-yo> [kəˡvəɪrjɔ] (verb)
1 to refer
2 to direct
cyfeirio’ch ymdrechion tuag at (ryw nod)
direct your efforts towards (some goal)
arwydd cyfeirio direction sign
:_______________________________.
cyfelin
<kə-VEE-lin> [kəˡveˑlɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfelinau <kə-ve-LII-ne> [kəvɛˡliˑnaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 ell, the length
between the elbow and the hand
y gyfelin the ell
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together)
+ (elin = elbow)
:_______________________________.
cyfenw, cyfenwau
<kə-VEE-nu,
kə-VEN-wai, -we> [kəvˡeˑnʊ, kəvˡɛnwaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 surname
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together)
+ (enw = name)
:_______________________________.
cyferbyniol <kə-ver-BƏN-yol> [kəvɛrˡbənjɔl] (adjectiu)
1 cyferbyniol
i opposed to, contrary to
yr oll sydd gyferbyniol i ryddid, dyna
yw Toriaeth
everything that goes against freedom, that’s what Toryism is
:_______________________________.
cyff, cyffion <KIIF, KƏF-yon> [kiːf,
ˡkəfjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 stump of tree;
2 cyffion
= shackles
:_______________________________.
cyffaith,
cyffeithiau <KƏ-faith
/ KƏ-feth, kə-FEITH-yai, -ye> [ˡkəfaɪθ /
ˡkəfɛθ, kəˡfəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 toffee
:_______________________________.
cyffes, cyffesau
<KƏ-fes,
kə-FE-sai, -se>
[ˡkəfɛs, kəˡfɛsaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 confession
:_______________________________.
cyffesu <kə-FE-si> [kəˡfɛsɪ] (verb)
1 confess
2
cyffesu’ch pechodau confess your
sins
:_______________________________.
cyffin <KƏ-fin> [ˡkəfɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffiniau <kə-FIN-yai,
-ye> [kəˡfɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 boundary
2 cyffiniau bounds,
confines
cyfyngu i gyffiniau’r ysgol restrict
to the area of the school, to within the bounds of the school
3 y cyffiniau = the area,
the locality, the surrounding district
Tir Iarll a’r Cyffiniau Tir Iarll
and the surrounding district
4 Y Gyffin SH7776 (‘the frontier’) locality in the
county of Conwy (a suburb on the south side of the town of Conwy)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin confînium
(con- = with, finis = limit, boundary, end)
:_______________________________.
cyffiniwr
<kə-FIN-yur> [kəˡfɪnjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffinwyr
<kə-FIN-wir> [kəˡfɪnwɪr]
1 borderer, border
dweller, one who lives on the border
2 Cyffinwyr De Cymru
South Wales Borderers, name of a Welsh regiment based in Aberhonddu / Brecon
since 1873 (in the former county of Sir Aberhonddu / Breconshire, in
south-eastern Wales, bordering on England)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffin = frontier) + (-i-wr suffix = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
cyffordd
<KƏ-fordh> [ˡkəfɔrð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyffyrdd <KƏ-firdh> [ˡkəfɪrð]
1 (railway)
junction
y gyffordd = the junction
Wedi i’r trên gyrraedd cyffordd y
Gaerwen
after the train reached Gaerwen junction
2
(railway) junction = station where
railway lines come together
Cyffordd Llandudno (qv) station on
the North Wales coastal railway route;
English name: Llandudno Junction
3 road junction
Ym Maes y Frenhines y mae Capel y Morfa,
ar gyffordd Heol Portland a Morfa Mawr, gyferbyn â Neuadd y Dref
Morfa Chapel is in (the square called) Maes y Frenhines, at the junction of
(the road called) Heol Portland and (the road called) Morfa Mawr, opposite the
town hall
4 motorway junction, place where one can join or leave a motorway
Mae yn hawdd ei gyrraedd o gyffordd 48
yr M4
It’s easy to reach from Junction 48 on the M4 motorway
ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) +
(ffordd = road)
:_______________________________.
Cyffordd
Llandudno <KƏ-fordh
lhan-DID-no> [ˡkəfɔrð ɬanˡdɪdnɔ]
1 station on the
North Wales coastal railway route.
English name: Llandudno Junction
2 locality in the county of Conwy, by Cyffordd Llandudno railway station.
English name: Llandudno Junction
(If the general rule for settlement names were
to be applied, of spelling them as a single word wherever possible, Cyfforddllandudno would be the form)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) junction (for) Llandudno” i.e. the junction formed by a
branch line off the main Chester to Caergybi (Holyhead) railway line which goes
in a northerly direction to the town of Llandudno (cyffordd = junction) + (Llandudno
= name of the town to which the branch line goes).
The Welsh name is a direct translation of the English name.
:_______________________________.
cyfforddus <kə-FOR-dhis> [kəˡfɔrðɪs] (adjective)
1 comfortable
:_______________________________.
cyffredin <kə-FRE-din> [kəˡfreˑdɪn] (adjective)
1 usual, common, general, frequent
2 Dibarch rhy gyffredin Familiarity breeds
content (“(it-is) without-respect (a thing) (which-is) too common”)
Ni bydd hybarch rhy
gyffredin
Familiarity breeds contempt (“It is not venerable (the thing) too usual”)
3 canfod tir cyffredin find common ground
4
metel cyffredin base metal
:_______________________________.
cyffredinol <kə-fre-DII-nol> [kəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl] (adjective)
1 general
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffredin = common, general)
+ (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyffro <KƏ-fro> [ˡkəfrɔ] (m)
1
excitement, commotion, uproar, furore
Aeth yn gyffro trwy’r ystafell
pandemonium broke out in the room
2
cyffro meddyliol mental disturbance
:_______________________________.
cyffroi <kə-FROI> [kəˡfrɔɪ] (v)
1 excite, stir
Er hyn oll prin y cyffry neb;
In spite of all this almost nobody stirs
(Nicander = Morris Williams 1809-74 / “Yr
Adgyfodiad” = The Resurrection / 1851)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffro = excitement) + (-i verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyffrous <kə-FROIS> [kəˡfrɔɪs] (adjective)
1 exciting
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffro = excitement) + (-us adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyffty <KƏF-ti> [ˡkəftɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfftai <KƏF-tai> [ˡkəftaɪ]
1 log cabin, log
house
ETYMOLOGY: (cyff- < cyff = stump,
log) + soft mutation + (tŷ= house) > cýff-dy > cyffty (mutation
annulled through the influence of preceding voicelss consonant)
:_______________________________.
cyffur,
cyffuriau <KƏ-fir,
kə-FIR-yai, -ye> [ˡkəfɪr, kəˡfɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 drug
2 tawddgyffur suppository (tawdd-, stem of toddi =
to melt) + soft mutation + (cyffur = drug)
:_______________________________.
cyffurgi <kə-FIR-gi> [kəˡfɪrgɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffurgwn <kə-FIR-gun> [kəˡfɪrgʊn]
1 junkie, drug
addict
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffur = drug) + soft
mutation + (ci = dog)
:_______________________________.
cyffurio
<kə-FIR-yo> [kəˡfɪrjɔ] verb
1
drug (somebody)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffur = drug) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyffwrdd (â) <KƏ-furdh> [ˡkəfʊrð] (verb)
1 to touch
:_______________________________.
cyffylog <kə-FƏ-log> [kəˡfəlɔg] (m)
PLURAL cyffylogod <kə-fə-LOO-god> [kəfəˡloˑgɔd]
1 Scolopax rusticola, woodcock
ETYMOLOGY: cyffylog < ceffylog (noun) < ceffylog (adj,
‘horse-like’, ‘resembling a horse’) (ceffyl = horse) + (-og adjectival suffix) < British *kappilâk-
From the same British
root; Breton kefeleg
NOTE: In Penfro county cwffwlog
:_______________________________.
cyffyrddiad
<kə-FƏRDH-yad> [kəˡfərðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyffyrddiadau <kə-fərdh-YAA-dai,
-de> [kəfərðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 touch = act of
touching
2 touch = light contact
Teimlodd gyffyrddiad ar ei ysgwydd
He felt a touch on his shoulder
3 y cyffyrddiad touch =
sense of touch, sensation by which contact is felt
4 touch = application of gentle pressure
Roedd y maen chwyf yn siglo gyda’r
cyffyrddiad lleiaf
The rocking stone moved with the lightest touch
5 touch = (art) stroke with a pen, pencil or brush
cyffyrddiad ysgafn a light touch, a
light stroke
6 touch = contact
cadw mewn cyffyrddiad â keep in
touch with, keep in contact with
7 cyffyrddiad olaf
finishing touch
8 touch = small detail which improves an object
Dyma wneud wyneb ar dop y pwdin â
cheirios siwgwr. Ac yn wir roedd y cyffyrddiad bach yno yn fodd i wneud y pwdin
bach dinod yn llwyddiant mawr
Then I made a face on top of the pudding with glacé cherries. And indeed this
little touch was a means to make the insignificant little pudding into a great
success
cyffyrddiad bach chwithig an
unfortunate touch, small detail which spoils something
Mae’r parc wedi eu gweddnewid, ond mae
pob arwydd yn uniaith Saesneg. Cyffyrddiad bach chwithig y dylai’r cyngor
feddwl amdano o ddifri
The park has been transformed, but all the signs are in English only. An
unfortunate touch that the council should give serious consideration to
ETYMOLOGY: (cyffyrdd- penult stem of
cyffwrdd = to touch) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyffyrddus <kə-FƏR-dhis> [kəˡfərðɪs] = cyfforddus
:_______________________________.
cyfiau <KƏV-yai> [ˡkəvjaɪ]
1 (obsolete) joint field, field in the ownership of more than one person.
Common in old field names in Wrecsam and Y Waun, north-east Wales
2 Cyfiau name of a farm in Carno, Caer-sŵs, Powys
ETYMOLOGY: “joint plough(land)” (cyf- prefix
= together, joint) + (iau = a
plough)
Cf Old English “plog”, which meant both “plough” (the implement) and
“ploughland (a measure of land; probably based on “the amount of land that can
be ploughed in one day”)
:_______________________________.
cyfiawn <KƏV-yaun> [ˡkəvjaʊn] (adjective)
1 just
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together, joint) + (iawn = right, just)
:_______________________________.
cyfiawnder <kəv-YAUN-der> [kəvˡjaʊndɛr] (masculine
noun)
1 justice
2 gwneud cyfiawnder â’r dasg
rise to the occasion, be up to the job (“do justice to the task”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfiawn = just) + (-der noun
suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfiawnháu <kəv-yaun-HAI> [kəvjaʊnˡhaɪ] (verb)
1 justify
2 Mae’r diben yn cyfiawnháu’r
modd The end justifies the means
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfiawn = just) + (-háu suffix
for forming verbs from adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfieithiad,
cyfieithiadau <kəv-YEITH-yad,
kəv-yeith-YAA-de> [kəvˡjəɪθjad,
kəvjəɪθˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 translation
2 camgyfieithiad mistranslation
3 cyfieithiad
rhydd a loose translation, a rough translation (“free translation”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfieith-, stem of cyfieithu = translate) + (-i-ad noun suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfieithu <kəv-YEI-thi> [kəvˡjəɪθɪ] (verb)
1 to translate
2 camgyfieithu mistranslate
:_______________________________.
cyfieithydd, cyfieithyddion <kəv-YEI-thidh,
kəv-yei-THƏDH-yon> [kəvˡjəɪθɪð,
kəvjəɪˡθəðjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 translator
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfieith-, stem of cyfieithu = translate) + (-ydd noun suffix denoting an agent)
:_______________________________.
cyflafar
<kəv-LAA-var> [kəvˡlɑˑvar]
1 noisy
2 (m) speaking together, parley, conference
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together)
+ soft mutation + (llafar = loud,
noisy; spoken)
:_______________________________.
cyflafaredd
<kəv-la-VAA-redh> [kəvlaˡvɑˑrɛð] masculine noun
1 (obsolete)
conversation
2 discussion, conferring, settling differences, reconciliation,
parley, arbitration
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafar-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together,
confer, arbitrate) + (-edd suffix
for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyflafareddiad
<kəv-la-va-REDH-yad> [kəvlavarˡɛðjad] masculine noun
1 arbitration
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together,
confer, arbitrate) + (-i-ad abstract
noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyflafareddu
<kəv-la-va-REE-dhi> [kəvlavarˡeˑðɪ] verb
1 arbitrate
2 (m) arbitration
cyflafareddu rhyngwladol
international arbitration
llys cyflafareddu court of
arbitration
cymal cyflafareddu arbitration
clause
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd = dicussion)
+ (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyflafareddwr
<kəv-la-va-REE-dhur> [kəvlavarˡeˑðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflafareddwyr <kəv-la-va-REDH-wir> [kəvlavarˡɛðwɪr]
1 arbitrator
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflafaredd-, stem of cyflafareddu = discuss together,
confer, arbitrate) + (-i-ad abstract
noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyflaith
<KƏV-laith -leth> [ˡkəvlaɪθ,
-ɛθ] masculine noun
1 toffee, treacle
toffee; a sweet made of black treacle, sugar and butter
cyflaith du treacle toffee
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf-, prefix = together)
+ soft mutation + (probably llaith =
humid, damp, wet)
NOTE: cyflaith – literary pronunciation
<KƏV-laith> [ˡkəvlaɪθ]
In the “e-final” districts and in standard
colloquial pronunciation cyfleth <KƏV-leth> [ˡkəvlɛθ],
In the “a-final” districts cyflath <KƏV-lath> [ˡkəvlaθ]
:_______________________________.
cyflawni <kəv-LAU-ni> [kəvˡlaʊnɪ] (verb)
1 commit
2 cyflawni trosedd commit
a crime
3 cyflawni hunanladdiad commit
suicide
4 cyflawni hunanddistryw gwleidyddol
commit politicial suicide
5 cyflawni pechod commit
a sin, to sin
:_______________________________.
cyfle
<KƏV-le> [ˡkəvlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfleoedd <kəv-LEE-oid,,
-odh> [kəvˡleˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1 opportunity,
chance, occasion, break (= opportunity)
y cyfle cyntaf a gewch chi at the earliest opportunity, as soon as ever you
can
Fe’i gwnaeth y cyfle cyntaf a gafodd
He did it at the first opportunity he had
cael digon o gyfle have plenty of
opportunity (“get plenty of opportunity”)
Trueni na fuaset ti’n setlo lawr i wneud
rhyw waith pendant. Rwyt ti wedi cael digon o gyfle
It’s a pity you haven’t settled down to do some definite job. You’ve had plenty
of opportunity
bod â’ch llygad ar eich cyfle be on the lookout for your chance (to do
something), have an eye on the main chance
y cyfle gorau a fu erióed (it was)
the chance of a lifetime
ar y cyfle cyntaf at the first opportunity, the first
opportunity you get (to do something)
2 cyfle euraid golden
opportunity = a very advantageous opportunity
3 achub ar gyfle seize an opportunity
bachu ar gyfle seize an opportunity
dal ar gyfle seize an opportunity
4 cael y cyfle i get the
chance to, get the opportunity to
5 cael cyfle i get a
chance to
Os ca i gyfle If I get the chance,
If I get the opportunity
6 gwneud yn fawr o’r cyfle
make the most of the opportunity (“make greatly of the opportunity”)
7 cyfle coll lost
opportunity
8 obsolete place
9 (in the district of Dwyfor, North-west Wales)
caethgyfle fix (eg inability to get
down from a tree, cliff), predicament
(caeth = restricted) + soft mutation
+ (cyfle = position, place)
bod wedi mynd i gaethgyfle end up in
a blind alley, end up in a real fix
mewn caethgyfle in a fix
y caethgyfle yr oedd Ffrainc ynddo yn
ddiweddar the difficult situation that France was in recently
10 neidio ar y cyfle jump
at the chance = seize an opportunity with enthusiastically
neidio ar y cyfle i (wneud rhywbeth)
jump at the chance (to do something)
11 Chaiff e fawr o gyfle
He won’t get much of a chance
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyf-, prefix =
intensifier) + soft mutation + (lle
= place)
:_______________________________.
cyflenwad,
cyflenwadau <kəv-LEN-wad,
kəv-len-WAA-dai, -de> [kəvˡlɛnwad,
kəvlɛnˡwɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 supply
2 atal y cyflenwad dŵr cut off the water
supply
:_______________________________.
cyflenwr
<kəv-LEN-ur> [kəvˡleˑnʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflenwyr <kəv-LEN-wir> [kəvˡlɛnwɪr]
1 supplier = person
or company providing a product or service
2
cyflenwr adeiladwyr builders’
merchant (“supplier (of) builders”)
3
cyflenwr llongau ship’s chandler
(“supplier (of) ships”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflenw-, stem of cylenwi = provide, supply) + (-wr, suffix = agent)
:_______________________________.
cyfléus
<kəv-LEIS> [kəvˡləɪs] adj
1
convenient
2
cyfléus gan convenient for
os bydd hi'n gyfléus gennyt ti if
it's convenient for you
anghyfléus inconvenient
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfle = oportunity) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfleuster,
cyfleusterau <kəv-LEI-ster,
kəv-lei-STEE-re> [kəvˡləɪstɛr,
kəvləɪsˡteˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 convenience
2 cyfleusterau cyhoeddus ‹kəv
lei STE re kə HOI
dhis› (plural noun) <kəv-lei-STE-rai, -re kə-HOI-dhis> [kəvləɪsˡteˑrai
-ɛ kəˡhɔɪðɪs]
public convenience
:_______________________________.
cyfliw
<KƏV-liu> [ˡkəvlɪʊ] adjective
1 obsolete of the same colour,
homochromous
2 pan fo gyfliw gŵr a
llwyn
at nightfall, at dusk (“when man and bush are the same colour”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft
mutation + (lliw = colour)
:_______________________________.
cyflo
<KƏF-lo> [ˡkəflɔ] adjective
1 (cow) in calf
buwch gyflo, PLURAL: buchod cyflo cow in calf, cows in calf
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft
mutation + (llo = calf)
cf Breton kevleue = in calf
:_______________________________.
cyflog
<KƏV-log> [ˡkəvlɔg] masculine and feminine noun
PLURAL: cyflogau
<kəv-LOO-gai, -ge> [kəvˡloˑgaɪ,
-ɛ]
North Wales - masculine noun y cyflog
South Wales - feminine noun y gyflog
1 salary = payment for one’s work or service
Fe’i penodwyd yn athro cynorthwyol am
gyflog o £20,000 y flwyddyn
He was appointed as an assistant teacher at a salary of £20,000 a year
2 cyflog mwnci = derisory
pay, peanuts (“salary (of) (a) monkey”)
cael cyflog mwnci be paid peanuts
talu cyflog mwnci pay peanuts
3 reward
Rhufeiniaid 6:23 Canys cyflog pechod yw
marwolaeth; eithr dawn Duw yw bywyd tragwyddol, trwy Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd
Romans 6:23 For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life
through Jesus Christ our Lord
Pedr-2 2:13 Ac a dderbyniant gyflog anghyfiawnder
Peter-2 2:13 And shall receive the reward of unrighteousness
4 South Wales employment
agreement, terms for hiring, engagement for service (an agreement made between
a farmhand / servant / maid, and a master or mistress)
torri ar eich cyflog (employee)
break one’s agreement
South Wales gwneuthur cyflog gwas take on a servant, hire a servant (“make (an)
agreement (of) servant”)
South Wales gwneuthur eich cyflog hire onself out as a servant, enter into an
agreement as a servant (“make your agreement”)
5 adjective = hired,
employed
gwas cyflog = hired servant
Dw i ddim ond gwas cyflog I’m only
doing my job (“I’m just a hired servant” – i.e. I can only do what I’ve been
told to do)
morwyn gyflog = hired maid
6
isafswm
yr Isafswm Cyflog Cenedlaethol the
National Minimum Wage, the minimum salary which employers must pay workers in
in the English state
(isaf = lowest) + (swm = sum, total, quantity
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = together) + soft
mutation + (llog = profit, wage)
:_______________________________.
cyflogadwy
<kəv-lo-GAA-dui> [kəvlɔˡgɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 employable
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-aeth = adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyflogaeth
<kəv-LOO-gaith
-geth> [kəvˡloˑgaɪθ, -ɛθ]
feminine noun
1 employment
2 cyflogaeth lawn full
employment
3 gorgyflogaeth
overemployment - the situation of people having to work too many hours for a
subsistence income
4 tangyflogaeth
underemployment - the situation of people working only partially or being
overqualified for a low-paying job
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-aeth = suffix for forming abstract
nouns
:_______________________________.
cyflogai
<kəv-LOO-gai> [kəvˡloˑgaɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflogeion <kəv-lo-GEI-on> [kəvlɔgˡəɪɔn]
1 (USA: employe)
(Englandic: employee)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-ai = suffix, person who is the object
of an action
:_______________________________.
cyflog clir
<KƏV-log-KLIIR> [ˡkəvlɔg
ˡklɪr] masculine noun
1 take-home pay,
net salary
ETYMOLOGY: ‘clear salary’
:_______________________________.
cyflogedig
<kəv-lo-GEE-dig> [kəvlɔˡgeˑdɪg] adjective
1 (person)
stipendary, receiving a salary
ynad cyflogedig stipendary
magistrate
2 (work, employment) gainful = paid
gwaith cyflogedig = paid work,
gainful employment
3 hunan-gyflogedig
self-employed
4 masculine noun : Bible hired
person
Malachi 3:5 A mi a nesâf atoch chwi i
farn; a byddaf dyst cyflym yn erbyn yr hudolion, ac yn erbyn y godinebwyr, ac
yn erbyn yr anudonwyr, ac yn erbyn camatalwyr cyflog y cyflogedig
Malachi 3:5 And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift
witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false
swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-edig = suffix, past participle,
passive)
:_______________________________.
cyflogi
<kəv-LOO-gi> [kəvˡloˑgɪ]
verb with an object
1 employ = make use of a person’s labour in return for payment
2 take on, hire = engage a person to work
Gwn am ysgolion sy’n ei chael yn
wirioneddol anodd cyflogi staff
I know of schools which are finding it a real problem to hire staff
3 hire = give payment for borrowing something
Yr unig ffordd i deithio yn Wisconsin y pryd hwnnw ydoedd cyflogi gwedd neu
gerdded
The only way to travel in Wisconsin in those days was to hire a pair (of oxen
and a cart) or to walk
verb without an object
4 hire servants for the year
ffair gyflogi hiring fair (where
farm labourers and servants would go in the hope of being taken on for a year
by a farmer) (until the early 1900s)
5 engage oneself as a servant / farmhand / maid, enter service with
Mi gyflogodd o efo Jôs Pen-bryn am flwyddyn
He hired himself out to Jones of Pen-bryn
farm for a year
6 Adran Gyflogi
Department of Employment (government department)
7 swyddfa gyflogi employment agency;
employment office
NOTE: a colloquial form
is clogi / c’logi <KLO-gi> [ˡklɔgɪ]
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog = salary) + (-i suffix to form verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyflogwr
<kəv-LOO-gur> [kəvˡloˑgʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflogwyr <kəv-LOG-wir> [kəvˡlɔgwɪr]
1 employer
2 y cyflogwyr the
employers
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflog-, stem of cyflogi = to employ) + (-edig = agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyflói
<kəv-LOI> [kəvˡlɔɪ] verb
1 (cow) calve
‘Myswynog’ neu ‘byswynog’ a ddywedir am
fuwch heb gyfloi, ac o ganlyniad ddim yn llaetha
‘Myswynog’ or ‘byswynog’ is the word used for a cow which has
never calved, and so does not give milk
2 impregnate (bull impregnating a cow)
Job 21:10 Y mae eu tarw hwynt yn cyfloi,
ac ni chyll ei had; ei fuwch ef a fwrw lo, ac nid erthyla
Job 21:10 Their bull gendereth, and faileth not; their cow calveth, and casteth
not her calf.
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflo = in calf) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyfluniad
<kəv-LIN-yad> [kəvˡlɪnjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfluniadau <kəv-lin-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəvlɪnˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] 1 configuration = form given to a programme or
computer system so that it is appropriate for specific purposes
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflun-, stem of cyflunio = configure) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyflunio
<kəv-LIN-yo> [kəvˡlɪnjɔ] verb
1 configure = insert information to shape a program or computer
system
Nid yw'r porwr wedi ei gyflunio i fedru
anfon post-e The browser isn’t configured to send e-mail
2 cyflunio yn shape into, transform into,
make into
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = intensifying
prefix) + soft mutation + (llunio =
to shape, to form)
:_______________________________.
cyflusg <KƏV-LISK> [ˡkəvˡlɪsk] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflusgion <kəv-LƏSK-yon> [kəvˡləskjɔn]
1 (music) slur
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutaiton + (llusg =
dragging)
:_______________________________.
cyflusgo <kəv-LƏ-sko> [kəvˡləskɔ] verb
1 (music) slur
cyflusgo
dau nodyn slur two notes
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (llusg =
to drag)
:_______________________________.
cyflwr
<KƏV-lur> [ˡkəvlʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyflyrau <kəv-LƏ-rai,
-re> [kəvˡləraɪ, -ɛ]
1 condition =
situation, state, existing circumstances
mewn cyflwr
gwael in a bad state, in a bad way, serious condition
Yr
oedd y
ty
newydd
ar y
pryd
mewn llawer gwaeth cyflwr
nag yr
hen dy
At the time the new house was in a far worse state then the old house
Mae pryder am gyflwr y coedwigoedd hyn
There is concern about the condition of these woods
2 (health) condition, state
mewn cyflwr gwael in a serious condition, very poorly, in a pretty bad way,
in quite a bad state,
3 (grammar) case
cyflwr meddiannol genitive case
cyflwr traws o’r gair hwn an oblique
case of this word
4 condition = ailment
cost y cyffuriau a ragnodir yn fynych
gan feddygon ar gyfer cyflyrau fel arthritis rhiwmatoid
the cost of the drugs often prescribed by doctors for conditions such as
rheumatoid arthritis
bod yn fodlon i’ch cyflwr be satisfied with your lot in life
(Apocrypha) Eccelsiasticus 40:18 Melys yw buchedd yr
hwn a weithio, ac a fyddo bodlon i'w gyflwr; gwell na'r ddau yw yr hwn a gaffo
drysor.
(Apocrypha) Eccelsiasticus 40:18 To labour, and to be content with that a man hath, is a sweet life: but he that findeth a
treasure is above them both.
ETYMOLOGY: (1400-; cyflwr < cyflwrw (cyf-, prefix, ‘together’) + soft mutation + (llwrw = path, form)
:_______________________________.
cyflwyno <kəv-LUI-no> [kəvˡlʊɪnɔ] (verb)
1 to present
2
cyflwyno (rhywun i rywun arall) introduce
(somebody) to (someone else)
Cyflwynodd ei frawd i’r offeiriad. He
introduced his brother to the vicar
:_______________________________.
cyflychwyr
<kəv-LƏKH-uir> [kəvˡləxʊɪr] (m)
1
twilight, dusk
Yn llwydni'r cyflychwyr ddiwrnod talu'r
rhent t25 Plant y Gwrthrwm / Gwyneth Vaughan / 1908 In the greyness of the
dusk of the rent payment day
ETYMOLOGY: cyflychwyr < cyflychwr (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (llychwr = (obsolete)
daylight, light, brightness).
wr > hwyr under the influence of the word hwyr (= evening).
:_______________________________.
cyflymder <kəv-LƏM-der> [kəvˡləmdɛr] (m)
1 speed
2 pace
gosod y cyflymder to set the pace
pennu’r cyflymder to set the pace
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflym- < cyflym = fast,
quick, rapid) + (-der noun sufix)
NOTE: Also cyflymdra
:_______________________________.
cyflymdra <kəv-LƏM-dra> [kəvˡləmdra] (m)
1 speed
2 pace
gosod y cyflymdra to set the pace
pennu’r cyflymdra to set the pace
ETYMOLOGY: (cyflym- < cyflym = fast,
quick, rapid) + (-dra noun sufix)
NOTE: Also cyflymder
:_______________________________.
cyflymu <kəv-LƏ-mi> [kəvˡləmɪ] (verb)
1 to go quicker, to accelerate; to make go quicker, to accelerate
:_______________________________.
cyflym <KƏV-lim> [ˡkəvlɪm] (adjective)
1 quick, rapid, fast
:_______________________________.
cyfnerthedig
<kəv-ner-THEE-dig> [kəvnɛrθˡeˑdɪg] adjective
1 reinforced
concrid cyfnerthedig reinforced
concrete
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfnerthu = strengthen)
+ (-edig = past participle passive
suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfnewid <kəv-NEU-id> [kəvˡnɛʊɪd] (m)
1 exchange
cyfnewid teg fair exchange
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together)
+ (newid = to change)
:_______________________________.
cyfnewidfa <kəv-neu-ID-va> [kəvnɛʊˡɪdva] (m)
PLURAL: cyfnewidféydd <kəv-neu-id-VEIDH> [kəvnɛʊɪdˡvəɪð] (m)
1 interchange = highway intersection
Cyfnewidfa’r Gabalfa the Gabalfa Interchange ST1679
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/39500
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together)
+ (newid = to change)
:_______________________________.
cyfnewidiol <kəv-neu-ID-yol> [kəvnɛʊˡɪdjɔl] (adjective)
1 (weather) changeable
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfnewid-i- stem of cynewid = to change, to exchange) + (-ol = adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfnither,
cyfnitheroedd <kəv-NII-ther,
kəv-ni-THEE-roidh, -rodh> [kəvˡniˑθɛr,
kəvnɪˡθeˑrɔɪð, -rɔð] (feminine
noun)
1 female cousin
y gyfnither = the cousin
Often reduced colloquially to c’nither /
y g’nither
:_______________________________.
cyfnod, cyfnodau
<KƏV-nod,
-kəv-NOO-dai, -de> [ˡkəvnɔd, kəvˡnoˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 period
:_______________________________.
cyfnodol <KƏV-NOO-DOL> [ˡkəvˡnoˑdɔl] adjective
1 periodic
2 staggered = arranged in a series of time periods instead of all at
once
mynediad
cifnodol staggered entry
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfnod = period) + (-ol suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfoethog
<kə-VOI-thog> [kəˡvɔɪθɔg] (adjective)
1 rich
:_______________________________.
cyfoglyn
<kə-VOG-lin> [kəˡvɔglɪn] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cyfoglynnoedd,
cyfoglynnau <kə-vog-LƏ-noidh -nodh, -nai, -ne> [kəvɔgˡlənɔɪð
-ɔð, kəvɔgˡlənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 emetic = a
medicine to induce vomiting
ETYMOLOGY: (first recorded example: 1708) (cyfog-
stem of cyfogi = to vomit) + soft
mutation + (llyn = liquid )
:_______________________________.
cyfr-
<KƏVR> [kəvr] prefix
1
intensifying prefix = completely, very
cyfrwys cunning (cyfr- + unknown
element gwys <gwiis> [gwiːs] )
cyfrgoll completely lost
amgyffred (= to understand) (am = around) + (cyfr = complete) + rhed- =
to run) > (cyffred-)
cyffredin (= general) (cyfr = complete) + (rhed- = to run) + (-in adjectival suffix)
ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-ro < *kom-pro
Cf Latin cum (= with), pro (= for)
:_______________________________.
cyfradd
<KƏV-radh> [ˡkəvrað] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau <kəv-RAA-dhai,
-dhe> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 rate = price,
charge per unit;
y gyfradd = the rate
cyfradd gyfnewid = rate of exchange;
cyfradd unffurf = flat rate
2 rate = comparative amount, proportional measure
cyfradd genedigaethau birth rate
3 rate = price with reference to a standard
cyfradd llog rate of interest
4 rate = relative speed of change of a variable
cyfradd trydarthu = transpiration
rate
5
cyfradd wahaniaethol differential
rate
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (gradd = degree)
:_______________________________.
cyfradd adennill <KƏV-radh
ad-E-nilh> [ˡkəvrað adˡɛnɪɬ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau
adennill <kəv-RAA-dhai, -dhe ad-E-nilh> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ
-ɛ adˡɛnɪɬ]
1 rate of return =
the amount of profit generated
y gyfradd adennill = the rate of
return
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + (adennill earn again)
:_______________________________.
cyfradd benodol
<KƏV-radh
be-NOO-dol> [ˡkəvrað bɛˡnoˑdɔl] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau
penodol <kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe pe-NOO-dol> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ
-ɛ pɛˡnoˑdɔl]
1 set rate
y gyfradd benodol = the set rate
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + soft
mutation + (penodol = fixed)
:_______________________________.
cyfradd cyfnewid
<KƏV-radh
kəv-NEU-id>
[ˡkəvrað kəvˡnɛʊɪd] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau
cyfnewid <kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe kəv-NEU-id> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ
-ɛ kəvˡnɛʊɪd]
1 rate of exchange
y gyfradd cyfnewid = the rate of
exchange
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + (cyfnewid = change)
:_______________________________.
cyfraddiad
<kəv-RADH-yad> [kəvˡraðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddiadau <kəv-radh-YAA-dai,
-de> [kəvraðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 rating = process
of establishing a rate
2 rating = score
:_______________________________.
cyfradd leol
<KƏV-radh LEE-ol> [ˡkəvrað
ˡleˑɔl] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyfraddau lleol <kəv-RAA-dhai –dhe ɬeˑɔl> [kəvˡrɑˑðaɪ -ɛ
ɬeˑɔl]
1 local rate =
price for making a local telephone call
y gyfradd leol = the local rate
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfradd = rate) + soft
mutation + (lleol = local)
:_______________________________.
cyfraith,
cyfreithiau <KƏV-raith,
-reth, kəv-REITH-yai, -ye> [ˡkəvraɪθ / ˡkəvrɛθ,
kəvˡrəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 law
y gyfraith = the law
2 gweithredu’r gyfraith
apply the law, enforce the law
rhoi’r gyfraith mewn grym apply the
law, enforce the law
parch at y gyfraith respect for the
law
3 cymryd y gyfraith yn eich
dwylo eich hunan take the law into your own hands
4 rhoi’r gyfraith ar (rywun)
take (someone) to court, prosecute (someone)
5 yn enw’r gyraith in the
name of the law
6 cyfreithiwr lawyer / cyfreithiol
legal / cyfreithlon legal / anghyfreithlon illegal
7
cyfreithiau gorthrymus repressive
laws
cyfreithiau gormesol repressive laws
:_______________________________.
cyfranc <KƏV-rangk> [ˡkəvraŋk] feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrangau
<kəv-RANG-ai, -e> [kəvˡraŋaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 (obsolete) tale,
history, story.
y gyfranc / y cyfranc = the story
It occurs in the name of the seventh tale in the Mabinogion compilation,
Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys <KƏV-rank LHIIDH a lhe-VEE-lis> [ˡkəvraŋk
ˡɬiːð a ɬɛˡveˑlɪs] (‘the
tale of Lludd {and his brother} Llefelys”)
ETYMOLOGY: cyfranc = (1) tale <
(2) history of a battle < (3) battle.
(cyf- prefix = ‘together’) +
soft mutation + (the obsolete element *rhanc
= satisfaction < Celtic *ro-ank-, probably meaning ‘reaching,
attaining’).
*Rhanc is the basis of the verb in the expression rhyngu
bodd (= to gratify, to please)
There is a corresponding word in Irish: comhrac (= battle, encounter)
:_______________________________.
Cyfranc Lludd a
Llefelys <KƏV-rank
LHIIDH a lhe-VEE-lis> [ˡkəvraŋk ˡɬiːð a
ɬɛˡveˑlɪs]
1 tale in the
Mabinogion (‘the tale of Lludd {and his brother} Llefelys”)
:_______________________________.
cyfrandaliwr,
cyfrandalwyr <kəv-ran-DAL-yur,
kə-vran-DAL-wir> [kəvranˡdaljʊr, kəvranˡdalwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 shareholder
:_______________________________.
cyfraniad,
cyfraniadau <kəv-RAN-yad,
kəv-ran-YAA-dai, -de> [kəvˡranjad, kəvranˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 contribution
:_______________________________.
cyfrannedd <kəv-RA-nedh> [kəvˡranɛð] masculine noun
1 proportion
mewn cyfrannedd gwrthdro â inversely
proportional to (“in an inverse proportion with”)
mewn cyfrannedd union â directly
proportional to (“in an direct proportion with”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrann- = penult form
before a vowel of cyfran = portion)
+ (-edd suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfrannu <kəv-RA-ni> [kəvˡranɪ] (verb)
1 contribute
:_______________________________.
cyfrdy
<KƏVR-di> [ˡkəvrdɪ] m
1
(obsolete) beerhouse, tavern
ETYMOLOGY: cyfrdy < cyrfdy (penult form of cwrf = beer) + soft mutation + (tŷ = house). Modern Welsh cwrw (= beer) < cwrwf < *cwryf < cwrf
:_______________________________.
cyfredol <kəv-REE-dol> [kəvˡreˑdɔl] adjective
1 current
yn ystod y flwyddyn ariannol gyfredol during the current financial year
:_______________________________.
cyfrei <KƏV-rei> [ˡkəvrəɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cyfreion <kəv-REI-on> [kəvˡrəɪɔn]
1 (obsolete) leash
= a rope or chain for restraining a dog, etc
fel cŵn ar gyfreion straining
at the leash (“like dogs on leashes”): eager to begin
some task
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a variant of cyfrwy
(qv) (= saddle).
Breton has kevre (= leash, tether)
:_______________________________.
cyfreithiol <kəv-REITH-yol> [kəvˡrəɪθjɔl] (adjective)
1 legal
:_______________________________.
cyfreithiwr,
cyfreithwyr <kə-VREITH-yur, kə-VREITH-wir> [kəˡvrəɪθjʊr,
kəˡvrəɪθwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 lawyer
:_______________________________.
cyfreithlon <kəv-REITH-lon> [kəvˡrəɪθlɔn] (adjective)
1 legal
:_______________________________.
cyfres, cyfresi <KƏ-vres, kə-VRE-si> [ˡkəvrɛs,
kəˡvrɛsɪ] (feminine noun)
1 series
y gyfres = the series
2 drama gyfres <DRA-ma GƏV-res> [ˡdrama
ˡgəvrɛs] (feminine noun)
drama which is part of a series (on radio, TV)
:_______________________________.
cyfrif (‘cyfri’)
<KƏV-ri> [ˡkəvrɪ] (verb)
1 to count
2 Peidiwch â chyfri’r cywion
cyn iddyn nhw ddeor
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched
(“cease with counting the chickens before to-them them hatching”)
:_______________________________.
cyfrif, cyfrifon
<KƏV-ri,
kəv-RII-von>
[ˡkəvrɪ, kəvˡriˑvɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 account
2 ar sawl cyfrif in many
respects
ar lawer cyfrif in many respects
3
ar gyfrif yn y byd on any account
:_______________________________.
cyfrifiad
<kəv-RIV-yad> [kəvˡrɪvjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrifiadau <kəv-riv-YAA-dai,
-de> [kəvrɪvˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 census = a count
of a population
2 census = information from a count of the population, with
additional information such as place of birth, age, sex, occupation, (and in
Wales, ability to speak Welsh) and so on
3 census = any official count (eg traffic census)
4 computation, counting, reckoning
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrif-i = stem of cyfrif = to count) + (-ad, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyfrifiadur
<kəv-riv-YAA-dir> [kəvrɪvˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfrifiaduron <kəv-riv-ya-DII-ron> [kəvrɪvjaˡdiˑrɔn]
1 computer
ETYMOLOGY: “counter”, “computer”, “reckoner” (cyfrif-i = stem of cyfrif
= to count, to compute, to reckon) + (-adur
= suffix indicating a machine)
:_______________________________.
cyfrifiadureg <kəv-riv-ya-DII-reg> [kəvrɪvjaˡdiˑrɛg] (feminine
noun)
1 computer science
:_______________________________.
cyfrifol <kəv-RII-vol>
<kəvˡriˑvɔl> (adjective)
1 responsible
:_______________________________.
cyfrifoldeb <kəv-ri-VOL-deb> [kəvrɪˡvɔldɛb] (masculine
noun)
1 responsibility = obligations
2 responsibility = liablity, ability to be responsible for one’s
conduct
cyfrifoldeb lleihaëdig dimished
responsibility
3 Bonedd a ddwg gyfrifoldeb
Noblesse oblige, to be born into the nobility implies just behaviour and the
need to act according to high moral principles
(“(it is) nobility which brings responsibility”)
:_______________________________.
cyfrifydd
<kəv-RII-vidh> [kəvˡriˑvɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyfryddion,
cyfrifwyr <kəv-RƏDH-yon, kəv-RIV-wir> [kəvˡrəðjɔn,
kəvˡrɪvwɪr]
1 accountant =
person who maintains and audits the accounts of businesses
2 cyfrifydd siartredig
chartered accountant
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrif- stem of cyfrif = to count) + (-ydd agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyfrinach,
cyfrinachau <kə-VRII-nakh,
-kə-vri-NAA-khai, -e> [kəˡvriˑnax,
kəvrɪˡnɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 secret
y gyfrinach =
the secret
2 Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r
gyfrinach I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on
my oath to keep the secret”)
3 gollwng cyfrinach let
out a secret, reveal a secret, let a secret slip out, let slip a secret
datgelu cyfrinach (i rywun) reveal a
secret (to someone), let (someone) into a secret
4
cael cyfrinach o groen rhywun prise
/ wheedle a secret out of somebody (“get a secret from the skin of someone)”
5
Nid cyfrinach ond rhwng dau, rhwng tridyn,
cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it becomes
everybody’s secret (“(it is) not a secret except between two; between three
people, one hundred people will hear it”)
Rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn,
cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it becomes
everybody’s secret (“secret of two people, (it is) (a) secret that-it-is;
secret of three people, one hundred people will hear it”)
6 chapel society meeting
Un noson digwyddodd fod
yno gyfrinach anarferol o faith
One night there happened
to be a meeting there [that was] unusually long
:_______________________________.
cyfrinachedd <kə-vri-NAA-khedh> [kəvrɪnˡɑˑxɛð] (masculine noun)
1 secrecy
perygl i gyfrinachedd security risk
(“(a) danger to secrecy”)
:_______________________________.
cyfrinachgar <kə-vri-NAKH-gar> [ˡkəvrɪnˡaxgar] adjective
1 secretive
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrinach = secret) + (-gar suffix for forming
adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, < car-, the root of caru = to
love)
:_______________________________.
cyfrinair,
cyfrineiriau <kə-VRII-nair,
kə-vri-NEIR-yai, -e> [kəˡvriˑnaɪr,
kəvrɪˡnəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 password
:_______________________________.
cyfrol, cyfrolau
<KƏ-vrol,
-kə-VRO-lai, -e> [ˡkəvrɔl, kəˡvrɔlaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 volume (= book)
y gyfrol=
the volume
:_______________________________.
cyfrwy, cyfrwyau <KƏ-vrui,
kə-VRUI-ai, -e>
[ˡkəvrʊɪ,
kəˡvrʊɪaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 saddle = leather seat for a horse rider
lliain cyfrwy saddle-cloth ("cloth (of) saddle")
bod yn y cyfrwy be in the saddle = be in a
commanding position, in control, in power
2 saddle = seat on a bicycle
2 (landscape)
saddle = saddle-shaped hill, col (= saddle-like formation, dip between two
higher parts of a ridge), pass between hills
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together)
+ soft mutation + (rhwy)
Cf modrwy (= ring), aerwy (in Breton the corresponding word is kevre = leash, tether, tie, bond)
NOTE: Variants are:
cyfrwydd <KƏ-vruiɪdh> [ˡkəvrʊɪð] (county
of Ceredigion) -dd is added at the end;
cowrw <KƏ-vruiɪdh, kə-VRUIDH-ai, -e> [ˡkəvrʊɪɪð,
kəˡvrʊɪɪðaɪ, -ɛ] (South-west
Wales) final wy reduced to –w (a typical development
in southern Welsh), [v] becomes [w], and the obscure vowel becomes “o”. Cf taflu (= to throw) > towlu in the south
:_______________________________.
Y Cyfrwy
<KƏ-vrui> [ˡkəvrʊɪ] (masculine noun)
1 “the saddle” SH7013 a mountain in Gwynedd
(Height: 811 metrres)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/358687
(here the saddle shape is clearly seen)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/358653
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1025875
ETYMOLOGY: “The saddle”. See previous entry
:_______________________________.
cyfrwydd,
cyfrwyddau <KƏ-vruɪdh,
kə-VRUIDH-ai, -e> [ˡkəvrʊɪð,
kəˡvrʊɪðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 See cyfrwy
:_______________________________.
cyfrwysgall
<kə-VRUIS-galh> [kəˡvrʊɪsgaɬ] adjective
1
crafty, wily, cunning
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrwys = wily, cunning)
+ soft mutation + ( call = sensible)
:_______________________________.
cyfrwyso
<kə-VRUIS-o> [kəˡvrʊɪsɔ] verb
1
become crafty, wily, cunning
2
make crafty, wily, cunning
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfrwys = astute,
cunning, wily, crafty) + (-o suffix
for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyfryngol
<kə-VRƏ-ngol> [kəˡvrəŋɔl] adj
1
media (qualifier)
y cwmnïau cyfryngol blaenllaw yng
Nghymru the leading media companies in Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfryng- < cyfrwng = medium, cyfryngau = media) + (-ol
suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfuchlin
<kə-VIKH-lin> [kəˡvɪxlɪn] m
PLURAL: cyfuchlinau <kə-vikh-LIN-yai,
-e> [kəvɪxˡlɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
contour line
map cyfuchlin = contour map
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfuch- = equal height)
+ soft mutation + ( llin = line )
:_______________________________.
cyfun
<KƏ-vin> [ˡkəvɪn] adjective
1 comprehensive = including everything
ysgol gyfun
comprehensive school (school for pupils of all abilities, instead of the
traditional English model of a ‘grammar school’ ysgol ramadeg for academically competent students who are expected
to stay at school until the age of 18 and enter tertiary education, and the
‘secondary modern’ school (ysgol
uwchradd fodern) for students who are prepared for work at 16.
2 combined, united
(Teyrnas Gyfun Prydain Fawr a Gogledd
Iwerddon – translation of the official English name for the English state
‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’)
Y Deyrnas Gyfun “the United Kingdom”
= a short title for the English state, sometimes as an initialism – y D.G. (ə dee eg)
3 prefix = integrat, combinat
(a) trefn = order, cyfundrefn = system
(b) rhif = number, cyfunrhif = combination, number of a
combination lock (of safe, etc)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix = together)
+ (un = one)
:_______________________________.
cyfundrefn <kə-VIN-drevn> [kəˡvɪndrɛvn] feminine
noun
PLURAL: cyfundrefnau <kə-vin-DREV-nai,
-e> [kəvɪnˡdrɛvnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 system
y gyfundrefn nerfol the nervous
system
y gyfundrefn heulol the solar system
2 organisation
Cyfundrefn y Cenhedloedd Unedig (CCU)
the United Nations Organisation (UNO)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfun = joint ) + soft
mutation + (trefn = order)
:_______________________________.
cyfuno <kə -VII-no> [ˡkəˡviˑnɔ] verb
1 (verb with an object) join together, combine, bring together
cyfuno
busnes â phleser combine business with pleasure
2 (Chemistry)
(verb without an object) combine = to come together and form a new compound
(verb with an object) combine = to cause to come together and form a new
compound
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- = prefix, ‘together’) + (uno = combine, unite)
:_______________________________.
cyfunol
<kə-VII-nol> [kəˡviˑnɔl] adjective
1 collective
fferm gyfunol collective farm (farm
organised on the the principle of collectivism – the political theory that the
means of production belong to every individual; or the practical application of
this by placing a workplace under government control, though supposedly it is
in the ownership of the workers who work there )
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfun = united) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives); or
(cyf- prefix = together) + (unol = united)
:_______________________________.
cyfunrhywiol
<kə-vin-HRIU-yol> [ˌkəvɪnˡhriujɔl] adjective
1 homosexual, gay
ETYMOLOGY: (cyfunrhyw = same sex) +
(-iol, suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyfuwch <KƏV-iukh> [ˡkəviux]
NOTE: colloquially cuwch <KII-ukh> [ˡkiˑux]
1 so high, as high,
of equal height
cyfuwch â as high as, the same height as, equal in height to
2 cuwch ysgwydd shoulder
high
Y diwetha' welais i ar Jack oedd ei weld
e'n cael ei gario cuwch ysgwydd trwy'r stryd (Hen Wlad fy Nhadau / Jack
Jones, translated into Welsh by Kitchener Davies (1902–1952)
/ 1938 t74)
The last thing I saw of Jack was that he was being carried shoulder high
through the street
ETYMOLOGY: (cyf- prefix indicating
equality) + (uwch = higher, < uchel = high)
:_______________________________.
cyfweld (â) <kəv-WELD> [kəvˡwɛld] (verb)
1 to interview
ETYMOLOGY: cyfwéld < cyfwel’d < cyfweled
“see together” (cyf- prefix, =
together) + soft mutation + (gweled = to see)
:_______________________________.
cyfweliad,
cyfweliadau <kəv-WEL-yad,
kəv-wel-YAA-dai, -e> [kəvˡwɛljad,
kəvwɛlˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 interview
:_______________________________.
cyfwelydd, cyfwelwyr <kəv-WEE-lidh,
kəv-WEL-wir>
[kəvˡweˑlɪð, kəvˡwɛlwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 interviewer
:_______________________________.
cyfwlch
<KƏ-vulkh> [ˡkəvʊlx] adj
1 (obsolete)
complete, entire, whole
2 Cyfwlch
old Welsh personal
name
3 cyfylchi (qv) (in place names) circular fort
ETYMOLOGY: cyfwlch is (cyf- prefix = together) + (an unknown
element wlch, with a possible meaning of ‘circle’)
:_______________________________.
cyfylchi <kə-VƏl-xi> [kəˡvəlxɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 round fort, circular fort
There are three places in Wales where the name appears:
..a/ In the south-east, by Pont-rhyd-y-fen in Castell-nedd ac Aberafan county:
Y Gyfylchi (= the fort), Bwlch y Gyfylchi (= the pass of Y Gyfylchi), Craig y Gyfylchi (= the rock of Y Gyfylchi), Capel y Gyfylchi (= the chapel of Y Gyfylchi)
..b/ In the south-east, in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth, between Llaneuddogwy
and Tryleg:
Y Gyfylchi
..c/ In the
north-west there is Dwygyfylchi
[dui gə vəl khi] Village
(SH7377) in Conwy, between Penmaen-mawr and Penmaen-bach
Thers is mention of the place in the 1500s as y ddwy gyfylchi “the two forts” (y definite article) + soft mutation +
(dwy = two) + soft mutation + (cyfylchi = fort)
..d/ Gyfylchau, farm near Llanerfyl, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/314131
map
(delwedd 7012)
ETYMOLOGY: cyfylchi
< (cyfylch- < cyfwlch = complete, perfect; circle) + (-i
noun suffix)
Cyfwlch is (cyf- prefix = together) + (an unknown element wlch,
with a possible meaning of ‘circle’)
NOTE: Is –i a pluralising suffix? Possibly the meaning is ‘(two) concentric
circles’ or ‘(two) circles side by side’. In Ar Draws Gwlad – Ysgrifau ar Enwau
Lleoedd / Gwasg Carreg Gwalch / 1997, Gwynedd O. Pierce - although he gives no
explanation of the name cyfylchi - suggests that the soft mutation here is one that
occurred in older Welsh after the definite article to denote a dual form.
The soft mutation was formerly used in dual plurals – that is, to indicate that
a plural form was referring to ‘two only; no more than two’
There is a vestige of this old dual plural in the plural form gefelliaid
(twins) from gefell (= twin)
<GEE-velh, ge-VELH-yaid, -yed>
[ˡgeˑvɛɬ,
gɛˡvɛɬjaɪd, -jɛd]
Although after the
definite article the expected form “y gefeilliaid” is generally used, “yr
efelliaid”, with soft mutation of the initial ‘g’, occurs too,.
:_______________________________.
cyfyng
<KƏ-ving> [ˡkəvɪŋ] masculine
noun
1 hardship, distress
2 (obsolete) strait; narrow place
Place names examples:
..1/ Y Cyfyng – narrow passage by Yr
Wybrnant in the parish of Dolwyddelan; here there is Pontcyfyng (SJ7357) (between Capelcurig
and Betws-y-coed, North-west Wales)
< Pont y Cyfyng (bridge of Y Cyfyng)
..2/ Y Cyfyng, Ystalyfera (SN7608);
here there is “Cyfyng Road” (which would be Heol y Cyfyng in Welsh) between Ystalyfera and Pant-teg to the
south
ETYMOLOGY: from the adjective cyfyng
(= narrow)
:_______________________________.
cyfyngedig <kə-və-NGEE-dig> [kəvəˡŋeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1 limited, restricted
:_______________________________.
cyfyng-gyngor <KƏ-ving-GƏ-ngor> [ˡkəvɪŋ
ˡgəŋɔr] (masculine noun)
1 tight spot, problem
bod ar gyfyng-gyngor <bood ar GƏ-ving-GƏ-ngor> [boːd ar
ˡgəvɪŋ ˡgəŋɔr] be in a
fix, be in a bit of a fix
:_______________________________.
cyfyngiad,
cyfyngiadau <kə-VƏNG-yad,
-kə-vəng-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡvəŋjad,
kəvəŋˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 restriction
2 cyfyngiad
amser time limit
cyfyngiad amser caeth strict time
limit
:_______________________________.
cyfyngol <kə-VƏ-ngol> [kəˡvəŋɔl] (adjective)
1 restrictive
:_______________________________.
cyfyngu <kə-VƏ-ngi> [kəˡvəŋɪ] (verb)
1 to restrict
:_______________________________.
cyfyrder, cyfyrdyr <kə-VƏR-der, kəv-VƏR-dir> [kəˡvərdɛr,
kəˡvərdɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 second cousin (male)
:_______________________________.
cyfyrderes,
cyfyrderesau <kə-vər-DEE-res,
-kə-vər-de-RE-sai, -e> [kəvərˡdeˑrɛs,
kəvərdɛˡrɛsaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 second cousin (female)
:_______________________________.
cyhoedd <KƏ-hoidh> [ˡkəhɔɪð] (m)
1 public
y cyhoedd the public
nueadd y cyhoedd public hall
:_______________________________.
cyhoeddi <kə-HOI-dhi> [kəˡhɔɪðɪ] (verb)
1 to publish
2 to make public
cyhoeddi’ch gwarth eich hun to cry
stinking fish (“make public your own shame”)
3 cyhoeddi rhywun yn euog declare somebody
guilty
:_______________________________.
cyhoeddiad,
cyhoeddiadau <kə-HOIDH-yad,
-kə-hoidh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡhɔɪðjad,
kəhɔɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 publication
ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoeddi =
to make public, to publish) + (-iad noun
suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyhoeddus <kə-HOI-dhis> [kəˡhɔɪðɪs] (adjective)
1 public = not private
2 public = for the benefit of the public, available to the public
(for example, provided by a local or central administration)
cerbyd cyhoeddus public service vehicle
y farn gyhoeddus public opinion
llyfrgell gyhoeddus public library
trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus public transport
siarad yn gyhoeddus (n) public speaking; (v) speak in public
ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoedd = the public) + (-us adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cyhoeddwr
<kə-HOI-dhur> [kəˡhɔɪðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyhoeddwyr <kə-HOIDH-wir> [kəˡhɔɪðwɪr]
1 publisher = a
person who produces and distributes periodicals or books
2 publisher = a firm in the publishing business; publishing house,
publishing firm, publishing company
Hughes a’i Fab, Cyhoeddwyr, Gwrecsam
Hughes and Son, Publishers, Wrecsam (imprint in the book ‘Perlau Awen Islwyn’,
1909)
3 announcer = person who makes the announcements (about forthcoming
services and visiting preachers, chapel activities, etc) in a Nonconformist
chapel
Cyhoeddwr ym Methania oedd William Jones
William Jones was an announcer in Bethesda chapel
ETYMOLOGY: (cyhoedd-, stem of cyhoeddi = to publish) + (-iad agent suffix, = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
cyhuddiad <kə-HIDH-yad> [kəˡhɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyhuddiadau <kə-hidh-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəhɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 accusation = an
assertion that someone has done wrong
2 charge = formal accusation that a person is is guilty of an
offence or crime
taflu pob cyhuddiad at throw the book at (“throw every accusation
at”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyhudd-, stem of cyhuddo = to accuse) + (-iad suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyhuddo <kə-HII-dho> [kəˡhiˑðɔ] (verb)
1 to accuse
2
cyhuddo (rhywun) o fod yn (gwneud rhywbeth)
accuse (somebody) of (doing something)
:_______________________________.
cyhydedd
<kə-HƏ-dedh> [kəˡhədɛð] m
PLURAL: cyhydeddau <kə-hə-DEE-dhai, -e> [kəhəˡdeˑðaɪ,
-ɛ]
1
equator
2
equinox
Gwyl Fair y Cyhydedd 25 March, Lady
Day “feast (of) Mary (at) the equinox”
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyhŷd = of
the same length) + (-edd) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
Cf Breton keheder
:_______________________________.
cyhydeddol
<kə-hə-DEE-dhol> [kəhəˡdeˑðɔl] adj
1
equatorial
Gini Gyhydeddol = Equatorial Guinea
ETYMOLOGY: (cyhydedd = equator) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cylch, cylchoedd
<KILKH, KƏL-khoidh,
-khodh> [kɪlx, ˡkəlxɔɪð, -ɔð] (masculine
noun)
1 circle = geometric shape
2 circle, group of people who meet for a specific purpose
cylch trafod discussion group
3 trogylch (tro= turn, turning ) + soft mutation +
( cylch = circle )
..1/ (USA: traffic circle, roundabout) (Englandic: roundabout) = central island
at a road junction around which traffic circulates in one direction; junction
with such an island
..2/ circus = circular area where streets converge
4
theatr gylch theatre in the round
5 orbit (but the usual
word is trogylch)
:_______________________________.
cylched
<KƏL-khed> [ˡkəlxɛd] (feminine noun)
PLURAL: cylchedau <kəl-KHEE-dai,
-e> [kəlˡxeˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
circuit = path of an electric current
y gylched = the circuit
2
cylched gyfannol (f) plural cylchedau cyfannol integrated
circuit
ETYMOLOGY: (cylch- [ə] penultimate-syllable
form of cylch [ɪ] =
circle) + (suffix -ed
:_______________________________.
cylchfa, cylchféydd
<KƏLKH-va,
kəlkh-VEIDH>
[ˡkəlxva, kəlxˡvəɪð] (feminine noun)
1 zone
y gylchfa =
the zone
2 cylchfa ragod buffer
zone
:_______________________________.
cylchfan <KƏLKH-van> [ˡkəlxvan] masculine
or feminine noun
PLURAL: cylchfannau <kəlkh-VA-nai,
-e> [kəlxˡvanaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (USA: traffic
circle) (Englandic: roundabout) = central island at a road junction around
which traffic circulates in one direction; junction with such an island
y cylchfan / y gylchfan = the
roundabout
Also: trogylch
ETYMOLOGY: (cylch- [ə],
penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + soft mutation + ( man = place)
:_______________________________.
cylchffordd
<KƏLKH-fordh> [ˡkəlxfɔrð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cylchffyrdd
<KƏLKH-firdh> [ˡkəlxfɪrð]
1 (American: beltway) (Englandic:
ring road) road around the periphery of a town or city
y gylchffordd = the beltway
ETYMOLOGY: ("circle-road", circular road)
(cylch- [ə],
penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + ( ffordd = road)
:_______________________________.
cylchgrawn,
cylchgronau <KƏLKH-graun,
kəlkh-GROO-nai, -e> [ˡkəlxgraʊn, kəlxˡgroˑnaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 magazine, journal, periodical
ETYMOLOGY: ("circle-hoard /
treasure") (cylch- [ə],
penult form of cylch [ɪ] = circle ) + soft mutation + (crawn = hoard / store / accumulation /
treasure). i.e. circulating collection of articles
:_______________________________.
cylionen, cylion
[kəlˡjoˑnɛn, ˡkəljɔn] (feminine
noun)
1 fly
y gylionen the
fly
wedi ei chwythu gan gylion fly-blown = full of eggs or larvae of flies, full of
maggots
â chwyth cylion arno fly-blown
:_______________________________.
cyll <KILH> [kɪɬ] plural
1 hazel trees;
plural of collen
llwyn cyll hazel grove
coed cyll hazel wood
:_______________________________.
cyll <KILH> [kɪɬ] verb
1 (he / she) will lose < colli to lose
Third person singular indicative present-future (literary form – the colloquial
form would be colliff / collith)
Rhy lawn, a gyll Grasp all, lose all (“too full, he will-lose”)
:_______________________________.
cyllell, cyllyll <KƏ-lhelh, KƏ-lhilh> [ˡkəɬɛɬ,
ˡkəɬɪɬ] (feminine
noun)
1 knife (colloquially: cylleth, cyllyth)
y gyllell =
the knife
blaen y gyllell the thin end of the
wedge, a small beginning of a process which will lead to worse things (“the tip
of the knife”)
cyllell lem a sharp knife
2 cyllell boced, cyllyll poced <KƏ-lhelh-BO-ked,
KƏ-lhilh PO-ked> [ˡkəɬɛɬ ˡbɔkɛd,
ˡkəɬɪɬ ˡpɔkɛd] (feminine
noun)
pocket knife
3 bod â’ch cyllell yn (rhywun) have your
knife in somebody, be constantly hostile or unfair towards somebody
Mae e â’i gyllell ynof
o hyd He’s always getting at me (“He has his knife in me constantly”)
4 Cystal
bys a bawd â chyllell a fforc Fingers were made before forks (in excusing
oneself for not eating with a knife and fork) (“(it-is) as-good (a ) finger and
thumb as (a) knife and fork”)
:_______________________________.
cyllid, cyllidau
<KƏ-lhid,
kə-LHII-dai, -e> [ˡkəɬɪd, kəˡɬiˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 budget
:_______________________________.
cyllido <kə-LHII-do> [kəˡɬiˑdɔ] (verb)
1 to finance
2 cwmni cyllido finance
company, one which finances HP (higher-purchase) sales
:_______________________________.
cylltyrau <kəlh-TƏ-rai, -e> [kəɬˡtəraɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 coulters; see cwlltwr
:_______________________________.
cyllyll <KƏ-lhilh> [ˡkəɬɪɬ] (plural
noun)
1 knives; see cyllell
:_______________________________.
cymain <KƏ-main> [ˡkəmaɪn] masculine
noun
1 a form of cymaint = so
much, as many
cymain un everyone, all without
exception
Ephesiaid 5:33 Ond chwithau hefyd
cymain un, felly cared pob un ohonoch ei wraig, fel ef ei hunan; a'r wraig
edryched ar iddi berchi ei gŵr
Ephesians 5:33 Nevertheless
let every one of you in particular so love his wife even as himself; and the
wife see that she reverence her husband.
:_______________________________.
cymaint <KƏ-maint, KƏ-mint> [ˡkəmaɪnt,
ˡkəmɪnt] (masculine noun)
1 as much, so much
cymaint â as big /
much / many as
cymaint arall <KƏ-mint AA-ralh> [ˡkəmɪnt
ˡɑˑraɬ] as much again
cymaint arall (o rywbeth) the same
amount again (of something)
2 hanner cymaint half as big / much /
many
Rhowch hanner cymaint imi eto Give me
half as much again
hanner cymaint â half as big / much / many as
hanner cymaint eto half as big / much / many again
3 dwywaith cymaint twice as big
bod ddwywaith cymaint â be twice as
big as
teirgwaith cymaint â three
times as big as
teirgwaith cymaint o (bobl) three
times as many (people)
bod deirgwaith cymaint o (bobl) three
times as many (people)
pedair gwaith cymaint â four times
as big as
bod bedair gwaith cymaint â four
times as big as
pum gwaith cymaint â five times as
big as
bod bum gwaith cymaint â be five times the size of
bod bum gwaith cymaint
o (bobl) be five times
as many (people)
bod bum gwaith cymaint o (hylif) be
five times as much (liquid)
chwe gwaith cymaint â six
times as big as
bod chwe gwaith cymaint o (bobl) six
times as many (people)
4 y tri chymaint a
quantity three times as much
mae ef yn mynnu cael
mwy na'r tri
chymaint ag a roes i mi
he wants to have more than
three times what he gave me
5 cymaint ddwywaith twice as big
bod cymaint ddwywaith
â be twice as big
as
bod cymaint ddwywaith arafach â be
twice as slow as
cymaint deirgwaith â three times as big as
cymaint deirgwaith o (bobl) three
times as many (people)
cymaint bedair gwaith â four times as big as
cymaint bedair gwaith o (bobl) four
times as many (people)
cymaint bum gwaith â five times as big as
cymaint bum gwaith o (bobl) five times
as many (people)
cymaint chwe gwaith â six times as big as
cymaint chwe gwaith o (bobl) six
times as many (people)
6 yn gymaint â insomuch as, but
rather
Nid tref yw Wrecsam, yn gymaint â phentre mawr
Wrecsam isn’t a town insomuch as a large village
7 cymaint fyth a fynnoch
chi as much / many
as you like
Cymaint ag y gall e wneud fydd (gwneud rhywbeth)
He’ll find it hard to, he’ll find it an effort to, he’ll find it a job to,
he’ll have his work cut out to..., it’ll be one helluva job for him to...
(“it’ll be as much as he can do to...”)
8
lawn cymaint just as much, to the
same extent
Rw i’n hoffi’r darlun bach ‘ma – ond rw
i’n hoffi’r darlun arall lawn cymaint
I like this small picture – but I like the other picture just as much
(lawn fully < llawn = full) + (cymaint so much, the same quantity). There is soft mutation of an
initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence dydd > ddydd (d > dd)
9
so much
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence cymaint > gymaint (c > g)
(= so often) Pam mae e gymaint ar ei ben
ei hunan? Why is he alone so much?
y naill gymaint â’r llall one as
much as the other, equally
Rwy i’n hoffi’r naill gymaint â’r llall
I like them both equally, I like one as much as the other
:_______________________________.
cymal <KƏ-MAL> [ˡkəmal] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymalau <kə-MAA-lai,
-le> [kəˡmɑˑlaɪ, -lɛ]
1 (anatomy) joint = place where two bones meet
cymal y glun hip joint
2 knuckle
3 cymal cyflafareddu
arbitration clause
4 (plant stem) joint = part of stem
from which a branch or leaf grows
5 (mechanical device) joint =
articulation, place where two parts are joined, either rigidly or allowing
movement
6 (meat) joint = portion of a carcass
of a size suitable for cooking
7 (grammar) clause
cymal
addef concessive clause
cymal
amod conditional clause
cymal
canlyniad
consecutive clause
cymal
cydradd
co-ordinating clause
cymal
isradd subordinating clause
cymal
perthynol relative
clause
8 (legal document) clause
9 (car) part
10 cryd cymalau rheumatism (“fever
(of) joints”)
11 (South Wales) dod i’ch cymal get into one’s
stride (in some task)
cael eich cymal get into one’s stride (in some task)
12 (North Wales) hel eich chymalau walk, get moving
13 limb, branch
torri’n gymalau dismember
14 (county of Penfro) ymladd cymalau fight with the bare
fists
15 ystwytho cymalau bestir oneself
(“flex joints”)
16 trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth “by that which every
joint supplieth”, (the nerves and ligaments in ancient medical science were
considered to give life)
Epistolau Sant Paul at y Effesiaid 4:16 O'r hwn y mae'r holl
gorff wedi ei gydymgynnull a'i gydgysylltu, trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth, yn ôl y nerthol
weithrediad ym
mesur pob rhan, yn
gwneuthur cynnydd y corn, i'w
adeiladu ei hun mewn cariad
Ephesians 4:16 From whom the whole body fitly joined together and
compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual
working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the
edifying of itself in love
ETYMOLOGY: (cym- < cyn = together) + (*mal = member);
*mal < British < Celtic *mel-so < mel- (member; to join)
Cornish mell (=articulation; link of a chain; vertebra), Breton mell
(= articulation; vertebra),
cf Greek mélos
(= song)
:_______________________________.
cymalwst <kə -MAA-lust> [ˡkəˡmɑˑlʊst] masculine noun
1 gout = inflamation of the big toe
from uric acid deposited in the joint
ETYMOLOGY: (cymal = joint, articulation ) + soft mutation + (gwst
= pain)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa <kə-MAN-va > [kəˡmanva] (feminine
noun)
PLURAL:
cymanfaoedd
<kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 assembly,
convention, meeting, congress
y gymanfa the
assembly
Cymanfa'r Cenhedloedd
Unedig (qv) United
Nations Assembly
Deuteronomium
9:10 ççA rhoddes yr Arglwydd ataf y ddwy
lech faen, wedi eu hysgrifennu â bys Duw; ac arnynt yr oedd yn ôl yr holl
eiriau a lefarodd yr Arglwydd wrthych yn y mynydd, o ganol y tân, ar ddydd y
gymanfaççç
Deuteronomy 9:10 And the LORD delivered unto me
two tables of stone written with the finger of God; and on them [was written]
according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of
the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly.
2 district assembly of representatives of the
Baptist Church
3 district assembly of representatives of the
Congregational Church
4 cymanfa
ganu, cymanfaoedd canu (qv) <kə-MAN-va GAA-ni, kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, KAA-ni> [kəˡmanva
ˡgɑˑnɪ, kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð,
-ɔð, ˡkɑˑnɪ] hymn-singing
festival. See the separate entry below
5 cymanfa garolau (qv) <kə-MAN-va ga-ROO-lai, -e> [kəˡmanva
gaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ] carol
service
6 cymanfa
ysgolion (qv) <kə-MAN-va ə-SKOL-yon> [kəˡmanva
əˡskɔljɔn] school-choir festival
5 profusion
Daw’r ffiwsia yn wreiddiol o Dde America ac y mae iddi gymanfa o flodau
piwsgoch The fuchsia comes originally from South America and it has a
profusion of purplish-red flowers
ETYMOLOGY: (cyman = society) + (-fa suffix = place)
NOTE: Some Points of Similarity in the Phonology of Welsh and Breton,
T.H. Parry-Williams, 1913In W[elsh], however, the interchange of f and dd is quite common, especially in the dial[ect]s…One example given of the change f > dd is cymanfa (a congregation, convention) > cymandda
:_______________________________.
cymanfa bwnc
<kə-MAN-va BUNGK> [kəˡmanva
ˡbʊŋk] (feminine noun)
PLURAL:
cymanfaoedd
pwnc <kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh, PUNGK> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡpʊŋk]
1 a gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture previously
studied
See also: cymanfa holi, cymanfa ysgolion
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (pwnc =
subject, theme, matter)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa ddirwest <kə-MAN-va DHIR-west> [kəˡmanva
ˡðɪrwɛst] (feminine noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd dirwest <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, DIR-west> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð,
-ɔð, ˡdɪrwɛst]
1 temperance meeting = gathering with speeches and hymn-singing in
order to support the cause of abstinence from alcoholic drink
Also as cymanfa ddirwestol <kə-MAN-va dhir-WEST-ol> [kəˡmanva ðɪrˡwɛstɔl]
Cymanfa d[d]irwest yn
Nefyn a Sais yn gofyn i hen gymeriad beth oedd ar fynd yn y capel, ac yntau'n
ateb: 'O it is a sing-song against the beer.' Llafar Gwlad, 1986, Rhif 10
A temperance meeting in Nefyn and an Englishman
asks an old character what was going on in the chapel, and the latter answers, 'Oh,
it is a sing-song against the beer.’
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (dirwest =
teetotalism, abstinence from alcoholic drink)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa ganu <kə-MAN-va
GAA-ni> [kəˡmanva ˡgɑˑnɪ] (feminine
noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd canu <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, KAA-ni> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð,
-ɔð, ˡkɑˑnɪ]
1 hymn-singing festival, community singing (= gathering to sing hymns)
In the United States a cymanfa ganu is
referred to in English by non-Welsh-speaking Welsh descendants in the
soft-mutated form, gymanfa ganu, resulting in the unfortunately
incorrect title of the organisation promoting this kind of event as the WNGGA,
the Welsh National Gymanfa Ganu Association, when it should be the WNCGA, the
Welsh National Cymanfa Ganu Association.
http://www.wngga.org/
(2008-12-06)
“The Welsh National Gymanfa Ganu Association,
North American Welsh cultural organization. Promotion of everything Welsh,
particularly the Gymanfa Ganu (Guhmonva Gonee) or Welsh Singing Festival.”
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + soft mutation + (canu =
singing)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa garolau <kə-MAN-va ga-ROO-lai, -e > [kəˡmanva
gaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd carolau <kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh, ka-ROO-lai, -e > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð,
kaˡroˑlaɪ, -ɛ]
1 carol service
Ar nos Sul, Rhagfyr 5ed 1993, cynhaliwyd Cymanfa Garolau yng Nghapel Gwynfil,
Llangeitho
On Sunday night, 5
December 1993, a carol service was held in Gwynfil Chapel, Llangeitho
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly)
+ soft mutation + (carolau = carols, plural of carol = carol)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa gyffredinol <kə-MAN-va gə-fre-DII-nol > [kəˡmanva
gəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl]
(feminine noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd gyffredinol <kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh, gə-fre-DII-nol > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð, kəfrɛˡdiˑnɔl]
1 general assembly = supreme governing body (of the Presbyterian Church in
Wales, formerly the Calvanistic Methodists)
Cymanfa Gyffredinol yr Eglwys
Bresbyteraidd the general assembly
of the Presbyterian Church
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly)
+ soft mutation + (cyffredin = general)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa holi <kə-MAN-va
HOO-li > [kəˡmanva ˡhoˑlɪ] (feminine
noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd holi <kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh, HOO-li> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð,
ˡhoˑlɪ]
1 gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture
previously studied
See also: cymanfa bwnc, cymanfa ysgolion
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly)
+ (holi = to ask; to catechise)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa’r Cenhedloedd Unedig <kə-MAN-var ken-HED-loidh, -odh,
i-NEE-dig > [kəˡmanvar kɛnˡhɛdlɔɪð, -ɔð, ɪˡneˑdɪg]
(feminine noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd y Cenhedloedd Unedig <kə-man-VAA-oidh,
-odh, ə ken-HED-loidh, -odh, i-NEE-dig > [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð,
-ɔð, ə kɛnˡhɛdlɔɪð, -ɔð, ɪˡneˑdɪg]
1 United Nations Assembly
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + (Y Cenhedloedd Unedig =
The United Nations)
:_______________________________.
cymanfa ysgolion <kə-MAN-va ə-SKOL-yon> [kəˡmanva
əˡskɔljɔn] (feminine noun)
PLURAL: cymanfaoedd ysgolion <kə-man-VAA-oidh, -odh, ə-SKOL-yon
> [kəmanˡvɑˑɔɪð, -ɔð,
əˡskɔljɔn]
1 a gathering of Sunday schools for discussing parts of Scripture previously
studied
See also: cymanfa bwnc, cymanfa holi
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanfa = assembly) + (ysgolion = schools,
plural of ysgol = school), ysgol being uderstood as
meaning Ysgol Sul (= Sunday school)
:_______________________________.
cymantoledd <kə-man-TOO-ledh> [kəmanˡtoˑlɛð] (m)
1 equilibrium
cymantoledd economaidd economic equilibrium
:_______________________________.
cymanwlad <kə-MAN- ulad> [kəˡmanwlad] (feminine
noun)
PLURAL: cymanwledydd <kə-man-uLEE-didh > [kəmanˡwleˑdɪð]
1 commonwealth = group of countries united for certain common purposes
2
commonwealth = federation of states and territories with certain
responsibilities carried out by a central government, and others by the smaller
governments
ETYMOLOGY: (cyman = society) + soft mutation + (gwlad = country)
:_______________________________.
Cymanwlad Awstralia <kə-MAN- ulad au-STRAL-ya> [kəˡmanwlad aʊˡstralja] (feminine noun)
1 the Australian Commonwealth, the title of the federation of Australian states
seren y Gymanwlad commonwealth Star = the Australian seven-pointed star,
approved 1908
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanwlad = commonwealth) + (Awstralia = Australia)
:_______________________________.
Cymanwlad Lloegr <kə-MAN- ulad LHOI-ger> [kəˡmanwlad ˡɬɔɪgɛr] (feminine noun)
1 the English Commonwealth,
a loose alliance of the English state (United Kingdom) and its dependencies and
ex-colonies
ETYMOLOGY: (cymanwlad = commonwealth) + (Lloegr = England)
:_______________________________.
cymar
<KƏ-mar> [ˡkəmar] masculine
or feminine noun
PLURAL: cymheiriaid <kə-MHEIR-yaid,
-yed> [kəˡmhəɪrjaɪd, -ɛd]
1
companion
2
spouse, marriage partner,
husband
3
spouse, marriage partner,
wife
4
counterpart
5
(animal, bird) mate
6
equal
7
partner in a dance
Roedd yn gymar perffaith iddi yn y
ddawns
He was a perfect partner for her in the dance
8
amlgymharus promiscuous
(aml-, prefix = multi ) + soft
mutation + (cymharus)
cymharus: (cymhar- penultimate
syllable stem < cymar = pair) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
9
Mae i bob celwydd ei gymar One lie
leads to another (“there is to every lie its partner”)
ETYMOLOGY: cymar < cymhar < British *compar- < Latin compar-em (< adjective = equal to
each other) < (com- together) + (par equal);
cymheriaid < (cymhar- penultimate syllable stem) + (-iaid sufix plural)
:_______________________________.
cymaroldeb
<kə-ma-ROL-deb> [kəmaˡrɔldɛb] masculine noun
1 comparability
ETYMOLOGY: (cymarol- / cymharol
= comparative) + (-deb suffix for
forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
cymdeithas,
cymdeithasau <kəm-DEI-thas,
kəm-dei-THA-sai, -e> [kəmˡdəɪθas,
kəmdəɪˡθasaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 society
y gymdeithas = the society
2 Cymdeithas Dafydd ap Gwilym <kəm-DEI-thas DAA vidh ap GWII-lim>
[kəmˡdəɪθas
ˡdɑˑvɪð ap ˡgwiˑlɪm]
‘the society of Dafydd ap Gwilym’, a Welsh literary society formed in the late
1800’s by Welsh students at the University of Oxford, England. Dafydd ap Gwilym
was the foremost medieval Welsh poet
3 Cymdeithas yr Iaith
Gymráeg <kəm-DEI-thas ər yaith
gəm-RAIG> [kəmˡdəɪθas ər jaɪθ
gəmˡraɪg]
‘the society for the Welsh language’ - a pacificist direct-action organisation
founded in the 1960’s to campaign for the linguistic rights of Welsh-speakers http://www.cymdeithas.com/cartref.htm
4
cymdeithas rieni ac athrawon PLURAL cymdeithasau rhieni ac athrawon parent-teacher association
:_______________________________.
cymdeithas tai
<kəm-DEI-thas-TAI> [kəmˡdəɪθasˡtaɪ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymdeithasau
tai <kəm-dei-THA-se TAI> [kəmdəɪˡθasɛ
ˡtaɪ]
1 housing
association = non-profit organisation providing rented housing for a community
ETYMOLOGY: “association (of) houses” (cymdeithas
= association) + (tai = houses,
plural of ty = house)
:_______________________________.
cymdogaeth,
cymdogaethau <kəm-DOO-geth,
-kəm-do-GEI-thai, -e> [kəmˡdoˑgaɪθ, -ɛθ
kəmdɔˡgəɪθaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 neighborhood (Englandic: neighbourhood)
y gymdogaeth the neighborhood
plismona cymdogaeth to police a neighbourhood
:_______________________________.
cymdogion <kəm-DOG-yon> [kəmˡdɔgjɔn] (plural
noun)
1 neighbors (Englandic: neighbours); see cymydog
:_______________________________.
cymell <KƏ-melh> [ˡkəmɛɬ] (verb)
1 to urge
:_______________________________.
cymedrol <kə-ME-drol> [kəˡmɛdrɔl] (adj)
1 moderate
2 unadventurous
Rhywbeth cymedrol
iawn yw hi, ynte
She's very unadventurous, isn't she?
:_______________________________.
cymen <KƏ-men> [ˡkəmɛn] (adj)
1
tidy
2 anghymen untidy
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal
mutation + (cymen = tidy)
:_______________________________.
cymer
<KƏ-mer> [ˡkəmɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymerau <kə-MEE-rai,
-e> [kəˡmeˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1 confluence
2
a frequent element in place names;
..1/ Pentrellyncymer (“village by the lake of the confluence”),
..2/ Pontycymer (“bridge by the confluence”),
..3/ Rhydcymerau (“ford of the confluences”) etc
ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-ber (kom = together) + (ber = carry, take; flow).
This is also the basis of the Welsh verb cymeryd
/ cymryd (= to take).
From the same British root: Cornish kemmer
(= confluence), Breton kember (=
confluence), and the Breton place name Kemper
(called by the French “Quimper”).
Besides cymer and cymeryd, the element ber occurs too in the following words
in Welsh:
(a) aber (= confluence, river mouth,
estuary),
(b) adfer (= restore),
(c) arfer (= practise),
(d) diabred (= withheld, held back,
refused),
(e) diferu (= to drip),
(f) gofer (= run-off, ditch,
stream).
It is related to
(a) Irish beir (= carry),
(b) English to bear (= to carry),
(c) Greek pherein (= to carry, to
bring, as in the English word of Greek origin “paraphernalia” – miscellaneous
items, but originally ‘personal property of a married woman’; para = alongside, beyond)
NOTE: in South-west Wales the plural cymerau
is colloquially cwmere ‹ku-mê-re›
:_______________________________.
Y Cymer
<ə KƏ-mer> [ə
ˡkəmɛr]
1 locality in the
county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan (SS
8696)
...1961: population: 4,551; proportion of
Welsh-speakers: 17%
...1971: population: 4,470; proportion of
Welsh-speakers: 9%
2
(SH 7219) monastery in Llanelltud
(district of Meirionnydd in the county of Gwynedd)
3
(ST 0290) locality in the county of
Rhondda-Cynon-Taf <HRON-dha
KƏ-non TAAV>
[ˡhrɔnða ˡkənɔn ˡtɑːv]
Also: Cymer Rhondda
:_______________________________.
cymêr
<kə-MEER> [kəˡmeːr] masculine noun
North Wales
1 character, real character = a person with an interesting eccentric
personality
Collwyd cymêr pan fu farw Stan Bevan
(Phylip Hughes) yng Nghwmderi
Cwmderi (fictional
village in a long-running drama series on Welsh-language TV) saw the loss of a
real character with the death of Stan Bevan (played by Phylip Hughes) (“it was lost a character
when Stan Bevan died...”)
ETYMOLOGY: short form of cymeriad =
character
:_______________________________.
cymeradwyaeth <kə-me-ra-DUI-aith -eth> [kəmɛraˡdʊɪaɪθ,
-ɛθ] (feminine noun)
1 approval, recommendation
y gymeradwyaeth the
approval
:_______________________________.
cymeradwyo <kə-me-ra-DUI-o> [kəmɛraˡdʊɪɔ] (verb)
1 approve, recommend
:_______________________________.
cymeriad,
cymeriadau <kə-MER-yad,
kə-mer-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡmɛrjad,
kəmɛrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 character
Mae hynny’n groes i’w gymeriad It’s
out of character for him (“that is contrary to his character”)
2
(North Wales) tenancy, agreement, lease, contract
Mae Robert Gruffudd wedi’i droi allan
o’r Hafodolau a mae John Thomas, y Siop Goch, wedi cael y cymeriad
Robert Gruffudd has been turned out of / evicted from Hafodolau and John
Thomas, from Siop Goch (i.e. red shop of the carpenter), has got the tenancy
:_______________________________.
cymeryd <kə-MEE-rid> [kəˡmeˑrɪd] (verb)
1 to take, variant of cymryd
:_______________________________.
cymesur <kə-ME-sir> [kəˡmɛsɪr] (adjective)
1 cymesur â commensurate
with, in proportion to, in proportion with
heb fod yn gymesur â out of proportion to, out of
proportion with
Nid yw’r gyflog yn gymesur ag urddas y
swydd The salary is not commensurate with the importance (“dignity”) of the
job
:_______________________________.
cymesuredd <kə-me-SII-redh> [kəmɛˡsiˑrɛð] masculine noun
1 proportion =
correct relationship
colli’ch synnwyr cymesuredd lose
your sense of proportion
colli pob amcan am gymesuredd lose
all sense of proportion
2
symmetry
ETYMOLOGY: (cymesur = equitative,
symmetrical) + (-edd, suffix)
:_______________________________.
cymesurol <kə-me-SII-rol> [kəmɛˡsiˑrɔl] adjective
1 proportional
ETYMOLOGY: (cymesur = equitative,
symmetrical) + (-ol, suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cymhedrol <kəm-HE-drol> [kəmˡhɛdrɔl] (adjective)
1 moderate
:_______________________________.
cymhleth <KƏ-mhleth> [ˡkəmhlɛθ] (adjective)
1 complicated
:_______________________________.
cymdda
<KƏM-dha> [ˡkəmða] masculine noun
South-east Wales
1 For more information on the following place names see cimdda (= common land) (of which cymdda is a variant)
(1) Y Cymdda-bach – formerly the
name of a cottage in Llan-daf (Caer-dydd).
(2) Y Cymdda-bach - formerly the
name of a small thatched house blown down in a storm in 1895 on the south side
of Parc y Rhath (Caer-dydd).
(3) Nant Cymdda Bach (= nant y
cymdda bach) stream between Llantrisant and Beddau (county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf)
(4) Coed y Cymdda name of a wood
east of Gwenfô (county of Bro Morgannwg)
(5) Y Cymdda SS9183 common land south
of Y Sarn (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
A street by this place has the same
name: Y Cymdda
:_______________________________.
cymhares
<kəm-HAA-res> [kəmˡhɑˑrɛs] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymaresau <kə-ma-RE-sai,
-e> [kəmaˡrɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
1 companion
y gymhares =
the companion
2
wife
cymhares gydnabyddedig (f), cymaresau cydnabyddedig common-law
wife (“recognised wife”)
3 counterpart
4
(animal, bird) mate
5
peer, equal
6
(dance) partner
ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar (= partner) before a final element of one
syllable) + (-es noun suffix
indicating a female)
:_______________________________.
cymhariaeth
<kə-MHAR-yaith
-yeth> [kəˡmharjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymariaethau <kə-mar-YEI-thai,
-e> [kəmarˡjəɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1 comparison
y gymhariaeth the
comparison
2 cymariaethol
comparative
ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar- < cymharu = to compare) + (-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cymharol
<kə-MHAA-rol> [kəˡmhɑˑrɔl] adj
1 comparative
gradd gymharol (adjectives)
comparative degree
2
comparatively, fairly
cymharol fychan comparatively small
cymharol fyr fairly small
3 cymaroldeb comparability
ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar- < cymharu = to compare) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cymharu
<kə-MHAA-ri> [kəˡmhɑˑrɪ] verb
1 (verb with an object) compare
2 mate, pair off
Mae ysgyfarnogod yn cymharu rhwng
Chwefror a Medi gan esgor ar dri neu bedwar torllwyth
Hares mate between February and September and produce three or four litters
ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar ‹= partner› before a final element of one
syllable) + (-u suffix for forming
verbs)
:_______________________________.
cymharus
<kə-mhaa-ris> [kəmhɑˑrɪs] adj
1 compatible
ieuo’n gymharus (of a man and woman)
make a good match (“yoke compatibly”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cymhar-, a form of cymar ‹= partner› before a final element of one
syllable) + (-us suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cymhedrol
<kəm-HE-drol> [kəmˡhɛdrɔl] adjective
1 erroneous form of cymedrol.
Etymologically there is no ‘h’. Influenced by similar words where the ‘h’ is
indeed present –
cymhelliad (= motive) < cymell (= urge)
cymhennu (= tidy up) < cymen (= tidy)
cymhlethu (= to complicate) < cymhleth = complex, complicated)
cymhwyso (= adapt) < cymwys (= suitable)
cymhorthdal (= subsidy, literally
‘help payment’) < cymorth (=
help) etc
:_______________________________.
cymla
<KƏM-la> [ˡkəmla] masculine noun
1 (Place names,
South-east Wales) common land. Variant of cimla
(qv)
:_______________________________.
cymod
<KƏ-mod> [ˡkəmɔd] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymodau <kə-MOO-dai,
-e> [kəˡmoˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 atonement
gwneud cymod am (rywbeth) make
atonement for
2
reconciliation
3
Cymdeithas y Cymod <kəm-DEI-thas
ə KƏ-mod>
[kəmˡdəɪθas ə
ˡkəmɔd] Fellowship
of Reconciliation
4
Dydd y Cymod Day of Atonement
(Jewish festival)
ETYMOLOGY: (cym- prefix = together)
+ soft mutation + (bod = being) >
*cymfod > cymod
:_______________________________.
cymodi
<kə-MOO-di> [kəˡmoˑdɪ] verb
1 reconcile = cause to leave aside a dispute
2
become reconciled, make it up, make up, patch up one’s differences with
3
dygymod â reconcile oneself to,
resign oneself to, come to terms with, accept and be content with, come round
to
(dy- intensifying prefix ) + soft
mutation + (cymod = to reconcile , a variant of cymodi = reconcile)
ETYMOLOGY: (cymod = reconciliation)
+ (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cymoedd <KƏ-moidh -modh> [ˡkəmɔrð,
ˡkəmɔð] (plural noun)
1 valleys; see cwm
:_______________________________.
cymorth,
cymhorthau <KƏ-morth,
kə-MHOR-thai, -e> [ˡkəmɔrθ,
kəˡmhɔrθaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 help, aid
:_______________________________.
Cymraeg
(“Cymráeg”) <kəm-RAIG> [kəmˡraɪg] (feminine
noun)
1 Welsh
y Gymraeg =
the Welsh language
gwraig Gymraeg ei hiaith a Welsh-speaking woman, a woman
whose language is Welsh (“Welsh her language”)
see Cymraeg eich iaith below
2 in broken Welsh, in bad Welsh, in
halting Welsh
mewn Cymraeg
bratiog (= ragged) <kəm-RAIG
BRAT-yog> [kəmˡraɪg ˡbratjɔg]
mewn Cymraeg drylliog (= shattered)
mewn Cymraeg clapiog (= lumpy) <kəm-RAIG KLAP-yog> [kəmˡraɪg
ˡklapjɔg]
mewn Cymraeg cerrig calch (= “Welsh
(of the) limestone (quarries)”) <kəm-RAIG
KE-rig-KALKH> [kəmˡraɪg ˡkɛrɪg ˡkalx] - from
the Welsh spoken by limestone quarry workers in the south-east in the 1700s,
1800s who were immigrants to Wales from Somerset)
Cymráeg ceffylau
<kəm-RAIG
ke-FƏ-lai, -e>
[kəmˡraɪg kɛˡfəlaɪ, -ɛ] bad
Welsh, poor Welsh, broken Welsh ( = “Welsh (of) horses”. i.e. (query) ?Welsh
like the neighing of horses)
3
Cymraeg carbwl garbled Welsh,
mangled Welsh
siarad Cymraeg carbwl speak bad
Welsh
4
Does fawr o Gymráeg rhyngddyn nhw
They’re not speaking to each other, They’ve fallen out, They’re not on good
terms with each other (“there’s not much Welsh between them”)
:_______________________________.
Cymraeg
(“Cymráeg”) <kəm-RAIG> [kəmˡraɪg] adjective
1 Welsh
yr Iaith Gymraeg the Welsh language
2 Welsh-speaking = (territory) having
Welsh as its language
Maelor Gymraeg medieval division
('cwmwd') of the country (‘gwlad’) of Powys
“(the part of the district called) Maelor (which is) English-speaking /
inhabited by English people”
:_______________________________.
Cymraeg eich
iaith (“Cymráeg”) <kəm-RAAIG əkh YAITH> [kəmˡrɑˑɪg
əx ˡjaɪθ] adjective
1 Welsh-speaking =
(person) able to speak Welsh
pobl ifainc Cymráeg eu hiaith young
Welsh-speakers
2
Welsh-speaking = (community) using Welsh as the usual language
Rhaid sicrháu mai’r Gymráeg yw’r unig gyfrwng dysgu yn yr ardaloedd Cymráeg eu
hiaith
We must ensure that Welsh is the sole medium of instruction in Welsh-speaking
areas
ETYMOLOGY: Cymraeg eich iaith =
“Welsh your language”. See eich for
other examples of this construction
:_______________________________.
Cymraeg
Patagonia (“Cymráeg”) <kəm-RAAIG
pa-ta-GON-ya> [kəmˡrɑˑɪg pataˡgɔnja] feminine noun
1 the Welsh of Patagonia - the variant of the language spoken by the
descendents of the Welsh immigrants who arrived in 1865 and after,
characterized originally by a phonology resembling northern Welsh (apparently
through the influence of Welsh teachers and chapel leaders mostly from the
North), but nowadays with a heavily Castilianised phonology amongst the
youngest speakers; with a lexis including a few words which are nowadays
obsolete in the Welsh of modern Wales, some neologisms from the nineteenth
century which gained currency here but did not gain acceptance in the ordinary
language in Wales, and loan words from Castilian; for examples of this latter
category, see hecterw (= hectare), tshacra (= farm), naffta (= petrol)
:_______________________________.
Cymraes
(“Cymráes”) <kəm-RAIS> [kəmˡrɑɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL: Cymraësau,
Cymryesau <kəm-ra-E-se, kəm-ri-E-sai, -e> [kəmraˡɛsaɪ,
-ɛ, kəmrɪˡɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
1 Welshwoman = woman born in Wales;
y Gymráes =
the Welsh woman
cyd-Gymráes = fellow-Welshwoman
Cymráes iaith cyntaf = a Welshwoman
whose first language is Welsh, native Welsh speaker
2
Welshwoman = woman of Welsh descent (parents, grandparents, great-grandparents,
etc)
Nid Saesnes go iawn mohoni. Cymráes yw
hi o dras - cafodd ei thad-cu ei eni yn Llangynwyd
3 Welshwoman = a person who speaks Welsh
4
Welshwoman = a person who lives in Wales and considers herself Welsh even
though she was not born in Wales and is not of Welsh descent
5
Welshwoman = inhabitant of the ‘Hen Ogledd’ - the Old North, Welsh territories
before the invasion of the Anglians around the 900s, especially Ystrad Clud
(now Strathclyde, Scotland) and Rheged (now Cumbria, England)
6
Cymráes lân a thorough Welshwoman
(“a pure Welshwoman”)
Cymráes lân loyw a thorough
Welshwoman (“a pure and clear Welshwoman”)
Cymráes o waed coch cyfa a thorough
Welshwoman (“a Welshwoman of complete red blood”)
7 ...o
Gymráes = Welsh (“of (a)
Welshwoman”)
mam o Gymráes a Welsh mother
8
Cymráes o’r De a southerner
(“Welshwoman from the south”)
9
Cymráes uniaith Welshwoman who
speaks only Welsh, monoglot Welshwoman
Cymráes ddi-Gymraeg
non-Welsh-speaking Welshwoman, a Welshwoman who doesn’t know the language of
her own country
10
Cymráes Gymraeg Welsh-speaking
Welshwoman - an expression which reflects the state of the Welsh language
today, after centuries of official policy to eradicate it, where four out of
five inhabitants of Wales are unable to speak the language of their country.
The same expression applied to the English would sound odd in the extreme - an
English-speaking Englishwoman
11
Cymráes Llundain one of the London Welsh, London Welshwoman
Cymráes Patagonia a Welshwoman from
Patagonia
ETYMOLOGY: British *kom-brog-issâ
> Welsh Cym|râ|es > Cym|ráes.
For the meaning of *kom-brog- see Cymro
NOTE: in the South, the form Cymreiges is common instead of Cymráes
:_______________________________.
Cymreig (“Cymréig”) <kəm-REIG> [kəmˡrəɪg] (adjective)
1 Welsh (people, country; not the
language, which is Cymraeg)
pabi Cymréig (Meconopsis cambrica)
Welsh poppy
2 pro-Gymréig pro-Welsh
gwrth-Gymréig
anti-Welsh
3 ffug-Gymreig
pseudo-Welsh
4
helygen Gymreig (Salix fragilis var
decipiens) Welsh willow
:_______________________________.
Cymreigaidd
<kəm-REI-gaidh
-gedh> [kəmˡrəɪgaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 Welsh in language
and character, not Anglicised
siroedd Cymreigaidd fel Ceredigion, Dinbych
a Chonwy, a rhai Seisnigaidd fel Casnewydd, Caerffili a Rhondda Cynon Taf
Welsh (non-Anglicised) counties such as fel Ceredigion, Dinbych and Conwy,
and English (Anglicised) ones like Casnewydd, Caerffili and Rhondda
Cynon Taf
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig adjective = Welsh) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigedig
<kəm-reig-EE-dig> [kəmrəɪgˡeˑdɪg] adjective
1 Welshified
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig-i-, stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise, make Welsh) +
(-edig, suffix for forming
adjectives with a passive past particle meaning)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigeiddiad
<kəm-rei-GEIDH-yad> [kəmrəɪˡgəɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigeiddiadau <kəm-rei-geidh-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəmrəɪgəɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 Cymricisation,
Welshification, Wallicisation
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreigeidd-i-, stem of Cymreigeiddio = to Cymricise, make
Welsh) + (-ad, suffix for forming
nouns)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigeiddio
<kəm-rei-GEIDH-yo> [kəmrəɪˡgəɪðjɔ] verb
1 Cymricise
Nid enw Cymraeg mo ‘Rhyl’ yn y bôn ond
gair Saesneg wedi ei Gymreigeiddio
‘Rhyl’ isn’t a Welsh name in origin but an English word that has been
Cymricised
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreigaidd = Welsh) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
Cymreiges
<kəm-REI-ges> [kəmˡrəɪgɛs] feminine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigesau <kəm-rei-GE-sai,
-e> [kəmrəɪˡgɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
South Wales
1 Welshwoman
y Gymreiges = the Welsh woman
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig adjective =
Welsh) + (-es noun suffix to
indicate a female)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigiad
<kəm-REIG-yad> [kəmˡrəɪgjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigiadau <kəm-reig-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəmrəɪgˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 Cymricisation,
adaption = giving a Welsh form to a foreign word
Prin y gellid disgwyl gweld y gair
Cymraeg am “prion” yn ein geiriaduron. Efallai y byddai “preion” yn gystal
Cymreigiad â’r un
You’re hardly likely to find the Welsh word for “prion” in our
dictionaries. Maybe “preion” would be as good an adaptation as any
2
Cymricisation; Cymricised form; a word which has been adapted into Welsh from
another language
3
translation into Welsh
Cyhoeddodd Gymreigiad gan Dyfed o rai o
emynau Sankey, dan y teitl Y Tlws Cerddorol
(The poet) Dyfed published a Welsh translation of some of Sankey’s hymns,
under the title “Y Tlws Cerddorol” (the musical treasure)
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig-i-, stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise, make Welsh) +
(-ad, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigio
<kəm-REIG-yo> [kəmˡrəɪgjɔ] verb
1 translate into
Welsh
2
Cymricise = (visually) introduce Welsh on signs, etc; (socially) encourage
Welsh society to use the Welsh language
ymgyrch i Gymreigio siopau’r dref
a campaign to Cymricise the town’s shops
3
(institution, administration, business) adopt a Welsh-language policy
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig = Welsh) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs). The
adjective Cymreig however means
‘Welsh but without reference to the Welsh language’ (with the meaning of
‘Welsh-language’ the adjective is the same as the name of the language, Cymráeg)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigiwr
<kəm-REIG-yur> [kəmˡrəɪgjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigwyr <kəm-REIG-wir> [kəmˡrəɪgwɪr]
1 person skilled in
Welsh, Welsh scholar
2
person who has great love for the Welsh language and Welsh literature
3
Welsh speaker
4
‘Cymriciser’, person who seeks to introduce the Welsh language into ambits from
which it has been excluded, person who seeks to make an institution or
community Welsh in sentiment and language
Cymreigiwr y gyfraith. Ym marw Syr
William Mars-Jones, collodd Cymru un o’r gwyr cyfraith mwyaf ei ymroddiad i
Gymreigio’r system gyfreithiol yng Nghymru (Cymro 20 01 99)
Cymriciser of the law. With the death of Sir William Mars-Jones Wales has lost
one of the lawyers with the greatest dedication / commitment to Cymricising the
legal system in Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig- stem of Cymreigio = to Cymricise) + (-i-wr = agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigrwydd
<kəm-REIG-ruidh> [kəmˡrəɪgrʊɪð] masculine noun
1 Welshness =
(person) characteristics which show a person to be Welsh - such as knowledge of
the Welsh language, always using the language in Wales, loyalty to one’s
district and country, identification with the people of Wales, interest and
involvement in Welsh cultural life, or religious life, or Welsh politics
Yr oedd rhai o’r modelau’n ‘priodi’n
dda’ chwedl hwythau. Bronwen Pugh yn priodi’r Arglwydd Astor cefnog (ac
anghofio’i Chymreigrwydd yn llwyr) (Cymro 27 04 94)
Some of the models ‘married well’ as they put it. Bronwen Pugh married the rich
Lord Astor (and forgot her Welshness completely)
Sawl gwaith a ydym ni wedi gweld
cyd-Gymry oedd yn bleidiol i’r iaith yn ei hieuenctyd yn diosg eu Cymreigrwydd
cyn gynted ag yr oedd gwneud hynny yn fantais i’w gyrfa?
How many times have we seen fellow Welsh people who were supporters of the
language in their youth divesting themselves of their Welshness as soon as
doing so was advantageous to their career?
2
Welshness = Welsh language and culture
rhaid achub ar bob cyfle i hybu
Cymreigrwydd
we must seize every opportunity to promote Welshness
3
(community) Welsh-speaking, Welsh in character and outlook
Ac yntau’n lle mor Seisnig erbyn heddiw,
mae’n syndod sylweddoli Cymreigrwydd Cwm-bach Aber-dâr yr adeg honno
With it being such an English place today, it’s surprising to realise the
Welshness of Cwm-bach (by) Aber-dâr at that time
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig = Welsh) + (-rwydd, suffix for forming abstract
nouns)
:_______________________________.
Cymreigydd
<kəm-REI-gidh> [kəmˡrəɪgɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymreigyddion
<kəm-rei-GƏDH-yon> [kəmrəɪˡgəðjɔn]
1 person with great knowledge of Welsh, Welsh
scholar
2
person who has great love for the Welsh language and Welsh literature; devotee
Cyhoeddwyd “Ystên Sioned” yn 1882 gan
Silvan Evans. Gwnaeth y Cymreigydd hylon hwn wasanaeth mawr i’r wlad trwy
gyhoeddi’r gyfrol glodwiw hon
“Ystên Sioned” was published in 1882 by Silvan Evans. This cheerful devotee of
the Welsh language did the country a great service by publishing this
commendable book
3 (nineteenth century) Y Cymreigyddion a Welsh literary and
historical association (“the Welshmen / the Welsh scholars”)
Mae yn y brif-ddinas lawer o gannoedd o
Gymry, ond nid oes dros ugain, un amser, yn ymgyfarfod yn ystafell y Cymreigyddion
Seren Gomer 1835. Diffyg
Gwladgarwch yn Mhlith y Cymry, ac Adfeiliad y Gymraeg.
There are in the capital city (= London) many hundreds of Welsh people, but
there are no more at any one time than twenty who meet in the room of the
Cymreigyddion
Seren Gomer 1835 (“The Lack of Patriotism among the Welsh, and the Decay of the
Welsh Language”)
Cymdeithas Cymreigyddion y Fenni
Abergavenny Welsh Society, established in 1833 (“(the) society (of) (the) Welsh
scholars (of) Y Fenni”)
Neuadd y Cymreigyddion Cymreigyddion
Hall, a meeting place for members of a Cymreigyddion society; such a place is
mentioned as being above the Llew Gwyn (White Lion Inn) in Merthyrtudful in
1846
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymreig
adjective, = Welsh) + (-ydd = suffix
for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
CYMRICISED FORMS OF ENGLISH PLACE
NAMES
(INCLUDING PLACE NAMES IN WALES OF ENGLISH ORIGIN):
Bryste Bristol,
England (from the older English form Bristow).
Ednob <ED-nob> [ˡɛdnɔb] Locality in England near the Welsh border; a village
9km north-west of Colunwy (Clun), in the parish of Mainstone (SO2787) (county
of Shropshire). English name: Edenhope
Efsam <EV-sam> [ˡɛvsam] Evesham (Worcestershire, England)
Einsiob <EIN-shob> [ˡəɪnʃɔb] Evenjobb (SO2662), village in Powys, 6km south-east of Llanandras.
Henffordd <HEN-fordh> [ˡhɛnfɔrð] Hereford, England. The English name means ‘army road’;
the Welsh form is a reinterpretation of the name as “old road”.
Lerpwl Liverpool,
England (from an older English form Lerpool).
Llwydlo Ludlow, England
Llundain London,
England.
Prestatyn (county
of Flint, Wales).
Y Rhyl (county
of Dinbych, Wales).
:_______________________________.
Cymro
<KƏM-ro> [ˡkəmrɔ] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymry <KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] 1 Welshman = man born in Wales; (archaic, facetious: Cambrian)
cyd-Gymro = fellow-Welshman
Cymro iaith gyntaf = a Welshman
whose first language is Welsh, native Welsh speaker
Nid oes ond un o’r pedwar tiwtor ar ddeg
yn Gymro iaith gyntaf
Only one of the fourteen tutors is a native Welsh-speaker
2 Welshman = man of Welsh descent (parents, grandparents,
great-grandparents, etc)
Nid Sais go iawn mohono. Cymro yw e o
dras - cafodd ei dad-cu ei eni yn Llangynwyd
He’s not a real Englishman. He’s a Welshman by descent - his grandfather was
born in Llangynwyd
3 Welshman = a person who speaks Welsh
4 Welshman =
a person who lives in Wales and considers himself Welsh even though he was not
born in Wales and is not of Welsh descent
5 Welshman = inhabitant of the ‘Hen Ogledd’ - the Old North, Welsh
territories before the invasion of the Anglians around the 900s, especially
Ystrad Clud (now Strathclyde, Scotland) and Rheged (now Cumbria, England)
6 Sais-Gymro anglicised
Welshman, English Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people
(Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation
+ (Cymro = Welshman)
y Sais-Gymry the English Welsh
7 Cymro di-Gymraeg
(“Welshman without Welsh”) anglicised Welshman, English Welshman,
non-Welsh-speaking Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people
8 Cymro glân a thorough
Welshman (“a pure Welshman”)
Dewch Gymry glân / I wrando ar ein cân /
Fel bu y fordaith rownd yr Horn
Come fellow-Welsh (“you thorough Welsh people, you fine splendid Welsh
people, you true Welsh people”) / To listen to our song / How the voyage was
around the Horn (= tip of South America) (from the folk song “Rownd yr Horn”)
Cymro glân gloyw a thorough Welshman
(“(a) pure (and) clear Welshman”)
Cymro o waed coch cyfa a thorough
Welshman (“a Welshman of complete red blood”)
9 Name often given to a dog
(just as dogs in England have typical names cf Fido, Rover)
10 Name often given to a horse
‘Hwntw’ a ‘Cymro’ oedd enwau ceffylau
Llwyn-brith
The horses at Llwyn-brith farm were called ‘Hwntw’ (= southern Welshman)
and ‘Cymro’ (= Welshman)
11...o Gymro = Welsh (“of
(a) Welshman”)
tad o Gymro a Welsh father
tad a mam o Gymry a babi o Sais a
Welsh father and a Welsh mother and an English child (= English-speaking, who
doesn’t know Welsh)
yr actor o Gymro the Welsh actor
Y mae deng mlynedd ar hugain neu fwy ers
i mi weld yr actor o Gymro, Hugh Griffith, yn y ffilm ‘Tom Jones’
It’s thirty years or more since I saw the Welsh actor, Hugh Griffith, in the
film ‘Tom Jones’
12 tri chynnig i Gymro =
third time lucky (“three tries for a
Welshman”)
13
(vocative) Gymry = Welsh people, my
fellow Welsh people
A chofiwch, Gymry, gwlad yw Cymru â
thraddodiad a iaith ar wahân i unrhyw wlad arall
And remember, my fellow Welsh people, that Wales is a country with a tradition
and language different to any other country
14 yr hen Gymry, the
British = the ancestors of the Welsh people, before the Germanic conquest circa
500-800
Fe ddaethom ni wedyn i Gaer Gorun yr hen
Gymry - ‘Corinium’ y Rhufeiniaid neu ‘Cirencester’ y Saeson
After we arrived in Caer Gorun of the British - ‘Corinium’ according to the
Romans or ‘Cirencester’ according to the English
15 yr hen Gymry, the old
Welsh, the Welsh in days gone by, our Welsh forefathers, our ancestors
gwin yr hen Gymry facetious name for
spring water (“the wine of the old Welsh, the ancient Welsh”)
Trysorid y ‘glain nadroedd’, fel y’i
gelwir gan rai, gan lawer o’r hen Gymry.
The ‘adder stones’ (a kind of amulet) as they called them were regarded
as a treasure by many of the Welsh in days gone by
16 Cymro o’r De a
southerner (“Welshman from the south”)
Cymry o’r De southerners, Southern
Welsh, Welsh people from the south, South Walians
Cymry o’r De oedd y rhan fwyaf o
drigolion y pentref hwnnw ym Mhennsylfania
Most of the inhabitants of that village in Pennsylvania were southern Welsh
people
17 Gymro the Welshman, or
Welsh-speaker.
(soft mutation of Cymro = Welshman;
epithets had soft mutation of the first consonant)
Found as an epithet sometimes in parish registers, rolls, registers, etc. It
seems strange that a Welshman should have such a name within Wales, but it may
be that it occured in predominantly English environments such as fortified towns,
or in bilingual social groups, such as the gentry families which began to
abandon their native language and become English following the annexation of
Wales to England in 1536.
An individual who was unable to speak English may have been called this by
other Welsh-speakers to distinguish him from somebody of the same name who did
not speak Welsh, or who was bilingual in Welsh and English
(Welshmen able to speak English, or who perhaps had lived in England, sometimes
had the epithet Sais = Englishman; English-speaker, which has given rise
to the surname Sayce).
Examples of Gymro are:
(1) Dafydd Gymro name of an individual in the year 1326 in the village
of Cas-bwnsh (county of Penfro) (i.e. near the southern English-speaking area
of the county of Penfro)
(2) Siôn ap Rhys Gymro in Aberhonddu in the year 1538 (i.e. in a
Norman-English castletown)
(3) Gerallt Gymro Gerald the
Welshman, translation of “Giraldus Cambrensis”, (Gerald of Wales), the name
used by the Latin writer Gerald de Barri (c1146-1223), a Welshman of a mixed
Norman settler and native Welsh background
18 Gymro - in the county
of Penfro this in used in the sense of ‘home-made’, in reference to
agricultural implements. Here it has the form Gimro
arad Gimro home-made plough (= aradr
Gymro, if written in standard Welsh)
19 Cymro
uniaith Welshman who speaks only Welsh, monoglot Welshman
Cymro di-Gymraeg non-Welsh-speaking
Welshman, a Welshman who doesn’t know the language of his own country
20 Cymro Cymraeg
Welsh-speaking Welshman - an expression which reflects the state of the Welsh
language today, after centuries of official policy to eradicate it, where four
out of five inhabitants of Wales are unable to speak the language of their
country. The same expression applied to the English would sound odd in the extreme
- an English-speaking Englishman
Cymry Cymraeg - Welsh-speaking Welsh
people
21 Y Cymro (= the
Welshman) name of a Welsh-language weekly newspaper (see separate entry)
22 Cymru (qv) Wales - a
spelling variant of Cymry = Welsh
people
23 Y Cymry ar wasgar the
Welsh diaspora, the Welsh people scattered all over the world
24 Cymry Llundain the Welsh people who live in London, the London
Welsh
Cymry Patagonia the Welsh of
Patagonia, the Patagonian Welsh
25 Bro’r Cymry Welshry,
district occupied by the Welsh (im medieval times, in a territory divided
between Welsh and English inhabitants)
ETYMOLOGY: Literally ‘compatriot, fellow countryman’.
Cymro < British kom-brog- = person from the same country, compatriot; (kom- = together) + (brog- = country)
(in modern Welsh kom- survives as
the prefixes cy-, cym-, cyn-;
related to the Latin prefix co-, com-,
con-)
In modern Welsh it is equivalent to the elements
(cym- prefix) + soft mutation + (bro = district, country) > *Cymfro > Cymro (with the loss of [v]).
Breton: kenvroad, kenvroiz (=
compatriot, compatriots)
NOTE:
(1) Sometimes in South-east Wales Cymro
> Cwmro. <KUM-ro> [ˡkʊmrɔ]
This seems to be on the analogy of various southern words where the y in
standard Welsh indicates an underlying w, as in derivatives of words
with an original w – and possibly in particular the word cwm (=
valley); the plural is cymoedd (= valleys); southern cwmo’dd
(2) In the county of Penfro in the south-west Cymro > Cimro. <KIM-ro> [ˡkɪmrɔ]
(3) The name of the country - Cymru
(= Wales) - is an adapted spelling from the 1500s of Cymry (= the Welsh
people). Cymru is pronounced <KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ], exactly the same as Cymry.
(4) The Welsh name for ‘France’ (Ffrainc)
is also a plural noun referring to the inhabitants - literally it is ‘the
Francs’, from Ffranc (= a Frank).
:_______________________________.
Y Cymro
<ə-KƏM-ro> [ə
ˡkəmrɔ] masculine noun
1 A weekly
Welsh-language newspaper published since 1932 (“the Welshman”)
:_______________________________.
Cymroaidd <kəm-ROO-aidh
-edh> [kəmˡroˑaɪð, -ɛð] (adj)
1 (archaic) Welsh in character or behaviour; Cymric
Ar ei ddyfodiad atom yn
América yr oedd yn ei holl berson yn berffaith Gymroaidd
On his coming to us
in America he was in all his person perfectly Welsh
Y mae rhywbeth digon Cymreig neu
'Gymroaidd', fel y byddai'r Arglwyddes Llanofer yn ei ddweud, ynghylch y ffordd
y mae trigolion di-Gymraeg Blaenau’r Cymoedd yn byw
There is something quite Welsh or ‘Cymric”, as Lady Llanover would say,
about the way the English-speaking inhabitants of the Heads of the Valleys live
2 (obsolete) Welsh = of the Welsh people
Seren Gomer 1836, tudalen 340
Sefydliad Cymdeithas Gymroaidd yn y
Casbach
Mr. Gomer - Gan fod yn ddywenydd o'r mwyaf genych glywed, yn nghyd â'ch plant
gwasgaredig, am y Cymdeithasau Cymroaidd sydd yn cael eu sefydlu, o bryd i bryd,
gan feibion Gomer, yr ydym ni, tua Mynwy, wedi bod yn hir megys yn cysgu mewn
llonyddwch a difaterwch am ein Hiaith a'n cenedl, pan oedd canwyllau yn cael eu
goleuo mewn amryw fanau ar hyd y Dywysogaeth, a thrwy fod y cyfryw ganwyllau yn
taflu ychydig ddefnynau o'r goleu hyd atom ni, trwy gyfrwng y Cyhoeddiadau
clodwiw, deffrowyd rhai o honom er ys tymmor hir yn nghylch codi Cymdeithas
Gymroaidd,
The founding of a
Welsh Society in Cas-bach
(NOTE: In
English, Castleton. Cas-bach was originally yn Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire; now
administratively part of Caer-dydd / Cardiff).
Mr. Gomer, As you,
as well as your children scattered about, are very happy to hear aboput Welsh
Societies being founded, from time to time, by the sons of Gomer (NOTE: Welsh people), we, in Monmouthshire, have long been as it
were sleeping in peacefulness and indifference to our language and nation, when
candles were being lighted in various places throughout the Principality, and
since those candles have been casting glimmers of light towards us, by means of
praiseworthy publications, for quite some time now some of us have been
awakened in the matter of founding a Welsh Society.
:_______________________________.
cymrodedd
<kəm-ROO-dedh> [kəmˡroˑdɛð] (m)
1
compromise, agreement
Rhyw fath o gymrodedd rhwng y gramadegwr
a'r llenor yw Cymraeg safonol
Standard Welsh is a kind of compromise between the grammarian and the writer
ETYMOLOGY: cymrodedd < *cymrawdedd < *cymfrawdedd
(cym- = together) + soft mutation +
(brawd = judgement, verdict) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
Cymro di-Gymraeg
<KƏM-ro
dii-gəm-RAIG>
[ˡkəmrɔ diˑgəmˡraɪg] masculine noun
PLURAL: Cymry di-Gymraeg <KƏM-ri...> [ˡkəmrɪ...] 1 English Welshman, non-Welsh-speaking Welshman,
Welshman who doesn’t know the language of his country
2 Cymry di-Gymraeg
English Welsh people, non-Welsh-speaking Welsh people,Welsh people who don’t
know the language of their country
NOTE: Welsh became a minority language within Wales around 1900. Nowadays the
English Welsh, English immigrants, and English-speaking immigrants from other
countries form over 80% of the population of Wales. Slightly less than twenty
per cent are Welsh-speaking (Welsh people and assimilated immigrants).
(Recently (2007) there are indications of a modest increase in the percentage
of the inhabitants of Wales who have at least some ability in the language)
Before this unusual situation arose and when the majority of the inhabitants of
Wales were Welsh-speaking (many of them monoglot Welsh), there was no special
term for Welsh people ignorant of the language of the country, and they were
referred to simply as ‘Saeson’ (English people, English speakers). In
colloquial Welsh, this is often still the case.
ETYMOLOGY: (Cymro = Welshman) + (di-Gymraeg = ‘Welsh-less’)
:_______________________________.
Cymru
<KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] feminine noun
1 Wales, Cambria
A Celtic nation in the mountainous and hilly western
part of south central Britain. (‘Celtic’ is a linguistic term – meaning
‘speaking a language derived from the Common Celtic of the Continent’ and is
not an ethnic term).
The Welsh, like the Cornish and Bretons, are the surviving remnants of the
British-speaking peoples (in a sense ‘island Gauls’, being identical with the
Gauls who lived in what is present-day France, Northern Italy and Belgium).
These ‘island
Celts’ are probably pre-Celtic peoples who adopted the Celtic language (for
whatever motive) which had its origins in middle or eastern Europe. In Britain,
it was probably adopted from newcomers who had settled among the existing
population: Modern Celts (i.e. peoples speaking a Celtic language until the
present era) are unlikely to be the the descendents of invaders who replaced an
existing pre-Celtic population.
The British (i.e. these speakers of the British language) populated the whole
of the island until around 400 AD when waves of invaders came from the east,
this time Germanic peoples who began a centuries-long conquest and settlement.
Eventually
these newcomers (after some three hundred years) were in possession of most of
the territories of the British in the southern portion of the island of
Britain. A united kingdom, England, emerged.
The British
language underwent a profound change around the time of this invasion – in the
500s – and became recognisably today’s language, and is referred to as Old
Welsh.
(The British / Welsh territories of the north
of the island were overrun by the Scots, who had come over from Ireland moving
southwards and eastwards, and the Anglian English, moving northwards)
Again, much of the Germanic conquest may have been through subjugation and
assimilation, or merely sharing territory which resulted in the new arrivals
eventually assimilating the Welsh-speakers (British became Welsh at the time of
this conquest), rather than through killings or expulsion.
In spite of the loss of most of their territory, the independent Welsh were
able to resist foreign domination for over eight hundred years in the part of
the island which is today Wales – a broad mountainous western peninsula,
difficult for an invader to overrun and retain.
England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, who within a few years had
already secured a foothold in Wales, but it took two hundred years before the
English Normans managed to penetrate this last portion of land occupied by the
native British and bring it under their control.
The English Crown claimed the territory as its own through conquest, and under
the Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) (a castletown in the north-west of Wales), the
Welsh rulers recognised English domination of their lands.
Two hundred and fifty years later, between 1536 and 1542, the Welsh lands were
formally annexed to England (though the laws enacted were not laws of
annexation as such, but ones of extending English customs and adminstrative
practices into Wales)
Although now part of the English state, the territory of the Welsh retained the
name (‘Wales’) by which they had been known for centuries in English, though
this area was now regarded as a regional appendage to England.
(The Scottish portion of the English state is simply ‘Scotland’. The English
portion of it called officially “England and Wales”, although this does not
imply any kind of co-federation of equals, or any recognition of Wales as being
a country apart from England).
From the time of this annexation there was no government to represent Wales as
a whole; only local government was allowed to the Welsh, being a replica of the
local government system in England. (In fact, the territory in the more
troublesome western coastal fringe had already been divided into English-type
counties after 1284, some two hundred and fifty years before).
Wales is often referred to as a ‘principality’ though this is a meaningless
term administratively – it merely reflects an arrangement within the royal
family where the heir to the throne is known as the ‘Prince of Wales’, a title
dating from 1301 to indicate English supremacy over Wales after the military
defeat of the surviving independent Welsh leaders.
The English name “Wales” is literally “(the) foreigners”, from an obsolete
English word with the radical form “wal-”. The name has developed a locative
meaning “(the land of) (the) foreigners”.
The sense is
more exactly “people who are not Germanic like us” and it may have referred to
“people who speak a Celtic language”. However since it was not used to describe
the Irish, it may be that the name did not refer to the difference in language
but to the fact that these non-Germaninc tribes were “people of the Roman
Empire”.
At any rate
“wal- ” did not have the connotation that ‘foreigners’ may have in modern
English.
The same word is used in modern German – in Switzerland, ‘Welsch’ [velsh] refers to the French-speaking Swiss - and also to Romansch speakers.
The word though
does not seem to apply to any language they may have spoken, but to their
non-Germanic Romanised society, though it may have been first applied to them
when they were Celtic speakers (Gaulish). They later adopted Latin after the
conquest by the Romans of the Gauls and the incorporation of their lands into
the Roman Empire.
The element “wal-” occurs in English “walnut” (the foreign nut, the nut from
the south of Europe), and in numerous place names in England “Walton” (the
village of the Welsh people), from the time of the gradual English occupation
of Welsh lands. (In some cases, though, “wal-“ may be “wall, fence”)
Under the terms of the 1536-42 annexation, the Welsh were allowed to continue
to live in their home territory, but were discriminated against if they did not
adopt English language and culture. Welshmen could become administrators in
Wales only if they spoke English.
In reality, these prohibitions had little effect. Welsh was excluded from the
law courts and administration, but the people continued to speak their own
language outside these specialised ambits. Wales now posed no military threat
to England, and was not of any real concern for the English state, which had
other ‘domestic’ preoccupations – such as the subjugation of the Scots and the
Irish, and later on the establishment of an Empire across the globe.
Although the Welsh gentry had become progressively English in outlook and
language after the annexation (and some gentry families long before this), the
mass of the people remained monolingual Welsh.
Welsh identity was not seriously threatened until the latter half of the 1800s,
when the government of England embarked on a course of linguicide or cultural
genocide and began to apply measures aimed at eradicating Welsh (and the Scots
language, and Scottish) from what was considered to be English territory
(although the policy was presented as one of ‘enlightening’ the non-English
peoples of the islands.
This
destruction of Celtic languages as a form of ‘civilisation’ is still the
general English perception of the process; very few English people would accept
that it is cultural genocide). Many Welsh people, who could not see this policy
for what it was, were in favour of this extension of English in Wales – perhaps
not understanding that the state intended it to replace rather then complement
the native language.
As a result of this systematic eradication of the language – a process which
many Welsh people, both non-Welsh-speakers and Welsh-speakers, have come to
accept and even encourage in the belief that it represents ‘progress’ – there
are today no monoglot Welsh people (apart maybe from infants, and some adults
with diseases of senility who have lost competence in their second language,
English).
All Welsh people can speak English, and only one out of five of the population
of Wales is able to speak Welsh at all. (However, considering the massive
influx of outsiders into Wales in modern times, the percentage of
Welsh-speakers as a proportion of those born in Wales would be somewhat higher.
According to the 2001 Census, around a quarter of the population is
foreign-born, the vast majority being English people)
Indeed, to most Welsh people today it seems monstrous to suggest that anyone
should be monoglot Welsh, though the existence of monoglot English people, and
in surrounding countries monoglot Norwegians, Danes, Dutch, French, Icelanders,
or Germans is regarded as being completely natural! (There are though some
Welsh speakers in Patagonia who also speak Castilian but have no knowledge of
English. This is considered by English people in general to be exotic in the
extreme, since Welsh is always seen as secondary to the English language, and
Welsh bilingualism in another language is incomprehensible to them)
For many of these incomers, Wales is a part of Greater England, and the
language and culture of the native people are held in contempt (“Why do I have
to learn another language to live in my own country?” is a usual question). At
present, assimilation of English and other immigrants is very unusual – so unusual
as to be newsworthy in Welsh-language newspapers and magazines.
Another problem is that many Anglicised Welsh people also view with contempt
their native culture, or at least have no desire to see it being any other than
a folkloric vestige.
In part it can be explained a feeling of inferiority caused by their lack of
acceptance by the English as equals. Showing their dislike of their own
language endears them to the English, they believe. However the very fact of
being Welsh – even though an individual may be enthusiastically pro-English –
is enough to prevent one’s acceptance as being ‘just as English’ as the English
themselves. For in spite of their Anglophilia, often they are suspected by the
English as being crypto-Welsh speakers or secret Welsh patriots anyway, however
much they may profess their contempt for or indiffernce to the language of
their own country and its separate identity.
It seems that attitudes are beginning to change however, and prejudice against
the language is not as virulent today amongst native Welsh people (both
monoglot English and even bilinguals!) and long-established immigrants as it
was in the 1970s and 1980s. Recent immigrants (the great majority are English
people) tend to be the most aggressively anti-Welsh-language segment of the
inhabitants of Wales.
Continuing immigration of English-speaking people, especially into the
heartlands of the country which until now have resisted the imposition of
English language, culture, and values, and the exodus of Welsh-speakers partly
as a result of this influx, and partly due to the political and economic
policies of the English state which are neglectful of Wales, and rural Wales in
particular, remain a grave problem, and there is a great deal of pessimism in
these areas that Welsh will cease to be a community language (and hence a
‘normal’ language) within the next two decades (i.e. by 2020).
2 y Gymru Rydd Free
Wales, the future independent and free Wales, Wales free of English
overlordship
gwlad ffraegar a chynhennus iawn fydd y
Gymru Rydd (Cymro 24 06 92)
Free Wales will be a very quarrelsome and contentious country
Cymru Rydd slogan, graffito – Free
Wales (i.e. “(We want a) free Wales”, we want to be free from foreign
domination)
3 y Gymru Gymraeg,
Welsh-speaking Wales, Welsh-speaking people; the parts of the country or those
in Welsh society who have resisted the imposition of the language and culture
of England
4 Cymru gyfan the whole
of Wales
drwy Gymru gyfan throughout Wales
Roedd yn adnabyddus drwy Gymru gyfan
He was well known through the whole of Wales
5 yng Nghymru i gyd in
all Wales
6 Cymru am byth Wales for
ever (patriotic slogan)
7 gollwng deigryn dros Gymru
see a man about a dog, have a pee (“to shed a tear for Wales”)
8
Cumru Name of a township in Berks
County, Pennsylvania.
The first landowner was Hugh
Jones, who bought 1,000 acres of land in Cumru Township in Lancaster County in
the year 1732. (Berks County was formed out of Lancaster County in 1752)
The name is a form of Cymru (=
Wales), with the spelling of the vowel of the first syllable changed to “u”.
..a/ Although “y” is the obscure vowel (“mid central unrounded vowel”) , which
also exists in English of course, there is no special symbol for it in English.
Since the letter “u” in English can represent the half-open unrounded vowel
between back and front (phonetic symbol - an inverted “v”) (as in run, sun,
hunt, etc) has almost the same sound, in Anglicising spellings of Welsh place
names it is often seen.
Examples from Wales are Crymlyn >
“Crumlyn” (curved valley), Dyffryn
> “Duffryn” (= valley).
..b/ The final u of “Cymru / Cumru”,
pronounced as [i] in South Wales (and a variant [i] sound in the north) has been
misunderstood as an English “u”. If this place name “Cumru" had been spelt
“Cumri” in English it would have retained more of the original Welsh
pronunciation.
9 USED AS AN ATTRIBUTE
..a/ Welsh, of Wales, belonging to Wales, representing Wales, situated in
Wales; for Wales or the Welsh people (Note: no soft mutation after a feminine
noun)
..1/ Canolbarth Cymru (= Central
Wales)
..2/ Gardd Cymru (“(the) Garden
(of) Wales”), an epithet for Bro Morgannwg, the coastal lowland west of Caer-dydd
..3/ Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru
“(the) national library (of) Wales”, (llyfrgell
is a feminine noun)
..4/ Plaid Cymru = 'the party of
Wales', name of the nationalist party
(plaid (= political party) is a feminine noun)
..5/ plant ysgol Cymru Welsh
schoolchildren
..6/ Prifysgol Cymru “(the)
government (of) Wales”, the Welsh government (prifysgol is a feminine noun)
..b/ When
it is used with the meaning “made in Wales, produced in Wales, characteristic
of Wales / according to Welsh practice / of the type found in Wales” rather
than “belonging to Wales” the soft-mutated form Gymru
is found after singular feminine nouns
biff Cymru
...tramorwyr yn canu clodydd biff Cymru
people from abroad singing the praises of Welsh beef
cwrw Cymru Welsh beer, beer made in Wales
cynnyrch Cymru product or products made in Wales (“(a) product (of) Wales”)
gwlanen Gymru Welsh flannel (i.e. made in Wales, or
resembling the type found in Wales)
menyn Cymru Welsh butter
ETYMOLOGY: Cymru < Cymry = Welsh people. The spelling
change was introduced in the 1500s to differentiate the two senses of “Welsh
population” and “Welsh territory”
Cornish: Kembri (= Wales), Breton: Kembre (= Wales); (these are probably
late forms).
Note that Irish has An Bhreatain Bheag
“Little Britain” = Wales,
and An Bhreatainn Mhór “Big Britain”
(= the island of Britain). Brittany is An
Bhriotáin in Irish. Scottish has Cuimridh
(= Wales), an adaptation of the Welsh name Cymru.
NOTE:
(1) The name is a respelling of Cymry, literally “Welsh people”, used
in the sense of “Gwlad y Cymry” (the land of the Welsh). By the
1500s “u” and “y”, originally
representing different sounds, were both pronounced as “y”. The use of ‘u’ was a useful spelling
differentiation to indicate the country rather than its inhabitants.
(2) The Welsh word for France - Ffrainc
has a similar origin - ‘Franks’, the plural of Ffranc ‘a Frank’,
(3) Also Welsh Sweden < English Sweden < Scandinavian Sweden (= ‘the Swedes’)
(4) Cymru, like all names of
countries and towns in Welsh, is a feminine noun, and so there is soft mutation
of the initial consonant of a following adjective
rhydd = free; Cymru Rydd (qv) free Wales
Cymraeg = Welsh (in language); Cymru Gymraeg = Welsh-speaking Wales
:_______________________________.
Cymru a Lloegr
<KƏM-ri a
LHOI-ger> [ˡkəmrɪ a ˡɬɔɪgɛr]
1 England and Wales
(literally: Wales and England).
:_______________________________.
Cymru Coch
<KƏM-ri KOOKH> [ˡkəmrɪ
ˡkoːx] masculine noun
1 Y Cymru Coch popular
name for the magazine Cymru (1891-1927)
ETYMOLOGY: “the red Cymru” (from the colour of its cover). Cymru is a feminine noun, but since here Cymru is the magazine (cylchgrawn, a masculine noun), there is
no soft mutation after Cymru. See Cymru Goch
:_______________________________.
Cymru Goch
<KƏM-ri-GOOKH> [ˡkəmrɪˡ
goːx] feminine noun
1 name of a Welsh
Socialist organisation
ETYMOLOGY: “Red Wales” (Cymru =
Wales) + soft mutation + (coch =
red)
:_______________________________.
Cymry <KƏM-ri> [ˡkəmrɪ] (plural
noun)
1 Welshmen; Welsh people. See Cymru = Wales
:_______________________________.
cymryd <KƏM-rid> [ˡkəmrɪd] (verb)
1 take
- cymryd diddordeb mewn <KƏM-rid di-DHOR-deb meun> [ˡkəmrɪd
dɪˡðɔrdɛb mɛʊn] (verb)
take an interest in
2
cymryd arnoch ddiofryd tlodi take a
vow of poverty
3
cymryd hynny a wnaiff hi (container,
receptacle) take as much as it can hold
4
cymryd clap (actor at the end of a
performance) take a bow
5
cymryd trugaredd ar (rywun) take
pity on someone
6 Cymer e neu beidio Take it or leave it (“take it or refrain”)
7 cymryd
gormod o gegaid bite off more than you can chew (“take (an) excess of
mouthful”)
8
cymryd cam ffôl do something rash
(“take (a) foolish step”)
9
cymryd y gyfraith yn eich dwylo eich
hunan take the law into your own hands
:_______________________________.
cymudo <kə-MII-do> [kəˡmiˑdɔ] verb
1 commute = travel
regularly between two points, as between home and a place of work
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English word commute
(from Latin commutâre). Cymudo is
based on the verb mudo (= to move),
from British < Latin mutâre (= to
change).
(cym- Welsh prefix corresponding to
the Latin prefix com-) + (mud-) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cymudwr <kə-MII-dur> [kəˡmiˑdʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymudwyr
<kə-MID-wir> [kəˡmɪdwɪr]
1 commuter, a
person who commutes
ETYMOLOGY: (cymud-, stem of cymudo = to commute) + (-wr suffix denoting an agent for
forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cymun <KƏ-min> [ˡkəmɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cymunau <kə-MII-nai, -e> [kəˡmiˑnaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 Y Cymun (in full Y Cymun Bendigaid) Communion, Holy Communion = the celebration of
the Eucharist, commemoration of the Last Supper with the consecration of bread
and wine
derbyn eich cymun cyntaf receive
first communion
2 Holy Communion - name of a religious service
Eglwys Sant Eleth (Amlwch). 8am. Cymun
Bendigaid (Saesneg)
Saint Eleth’s Church (Amlwch). 8am. Holy Communion (English-language service)
(advert in Yr Herald, 06 08 94)
3 cwpan cymun communion
cup
4 bwrdd cymun communion
table; South Wales bord gymun communion table
5 Sul y Cymun Communion
Sunday = any Sunday on which communion takes place
ETYMOLOGY: Latin commûniô (= general
participation) < commûnis (=
common)
:_______________________________.
Cymun Bendigaid <KƏ-min ben-DII-gaid -ged> [ˡkəmɪn
bɛnˡdiˑgaɪd, -ɛd] masculine noun
1 Holy Communion.
See cymun = communion
:_______________________________.
cymundeb,
cymundebau <kə-MIN-deb,
kə-min-DEE-bai, -e> [kəˡmɪndɛb,
kəmɪnˡdeˑbaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 communion
:_______________________________.
cymuned
<kə-MII-ned> [kəˡmiˑnɛd] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymunedau <kə-mi-NEE-dai,
-e> [kəmɪˡneˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 community
y gymuned = the community
rhan o gymuned Gymraeg Llundain
part of the London Welsh community
“Cymuned”, mudiad a ffurfiwyd yn y flwyddyn
2001 i amddiffyn y cymunedau Cymraeg
“Cymuned” (= community), a movement which was formed in the year 2001 to defend
the Welsh-speaking communities
http://www.cymuned.org/
2 gofal yn y gymuned
community care (for example, help for people with mental illness who are able
to live within a community instead of being confined to a hospital)
3 community = administrative unit created in 1974
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English word community;
cym- = com(m)-, uned = unit(y)
:_______________________________.
cymwys <KƏ-muis> [ˡkəmʊɪs] (adjective)
1 apt, suitable
ymgeledd
cymwys helpmate
= helpful wife or husband, ‘help meet’
The English word ‘helpmate’ results from a misunderstanding of
'an helpe meet (= suitable) for him'
In Genesis 18:20
Hefyd yr
Arglwydd Dduw a ddywedodd, Nid da bod y dyn
ei hunan; gwnaf iddo ymgeledd cymwys
iddo...
(18:20) Ac Adda a enwodd enwau ar yr holl anifeiliaid, ac
ar ehediad y
nefoedd ac ar holl fwystfilod y maes;
ond ni chafodd efe i Adda ymgeledd cymwys
iddo
Genesis 18:20 And the Lord God said, It is not good that the
man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him...
(18:20) And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air,
and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not
found an help meet for him
Yn
y
flwyddyn 1797, yn mhen dwy flynedd wedi
ei urddiad, efe a gymerodd
Mary
Brees y
Coed, yn
ymgeledd
cymwys iddo ei
hun (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E
Pan Jones / 1892 / t12 )
In the year 1797, two years after his ordination, he took Mary Brees from Y
Coed as a wife (“suitable help”)
2 straight
mor gymwys â saeth (“as straight as
an arrow”) as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod Also: mor gymwys â'r saeth (“as straight as
the arrow”)
In the South: mor gwmws...
:_______________________________.
cymydau <kə-MƏ-dai, -e> [kəˡmədaɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 See: cwmwd
:_______________________________.
cymydog,
cymdogion <kə-MƏ-dog,
kəm-DOG-yon>
[kəˡmədɔg, kəmˡdɔgjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 neighbor
:_______________________________.
cymylau <kə-MƏ-lai, -e> [kəˡməlaɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 clouds; see: cwmwl
:_______________________________.
cymylog <kə-MƏ-log> [kəˡməlɔg] (adjective)
1 cloudy
:_______________________________.
cymynrodd
<kə-MƏN-rodh> [kəˡmənrɔð] feminine noun
PLURAL: cymynroddiau,
cymynroddion <kə-mən-RODH-yai, -ye, -yon> [kəmənˡrɔðjaɪ,
-jɛ, -jɔn]
1
legacy, bequest
Gadawodd gymunroddion mewn arian i’w
wasanaethyddion yn y Friog er cof am eu gwasanaeth cywir iddo (Plant y
Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910 t166)
He left bequests in money to his servants in the Friog in appreciation of (“in
memory of”) their honest service to him
ETYMOLOGY: cymynrodd < cymunrodd (cymun = communion ) + soft mutation + ( rhodd = gift, donation)
:_______________________________.
cymysgu <kə-MƏ-ski> [kəˡməskɪ] (verb)
1 mix up
:_______________________________.
cymysg <KƏ-misk> [ˡkəmɪsk] (adjective)
1 mixed up
2 (South-east) cymysg trachymysg mixed
together thoroughly
cyfuno dau beth gymysg trachymysg mix two things together thoroughly
:_______________________________.
cyn <KIN> [kɪn] (preposition)
1 before
cyn cinio <kin KIN-yo> [kɪn
ˡkɪnjɔ] before dinner
codi pais cyn piso first things
first (“lift a petticoat before pissing”)
2 equative comparisons = as
cyn ddistawed â’r bedd as silent as
the grave
cyn dloted â... <kin-DLO-ted> [kɪn
ˡdlɔtɛd] (adjective) as poor as
cyn gynted ag y... <kin-GƏN-ted ag ə> [kɪnˡgəntɛd
ag ə] (phrase) as soon as
cyn lleied â... <kin-LHEI-ed a> [kɪnˡɬəɪɛd
a] (adverb) as little as, as few as
cyn wynned â’r eira = as white as snow
3 cyn
y <kin ə> [kɪn
ə] (conjunction) before
:_______________________________.
..1 cyn- <KIN> [kɪn] prefix
1 pre-
clinig cyn geni ante-natal clinic
:_______________________________.
..2 cyn- <KƏN> [kən]
1 first element in
compound words or derivatives with the sense of ‘dog / warrior’.
Cf the modern word cŵn (= dogs), the plural form of ci (= ‘dog, hound’; formerly also
‘warrior’)
1/
cyndyn (= stubborn)
‘dog tight’ (cyn-) + soft mutation +
(tyn = tight)
2/
cynddaredd (= rage, rabies)
‘dog dizziness’ (cyn-) + soft
mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd suffix for forming nouns)
3/
cynffon (= tail)
‘dog stick’ (cyn-) + (ffon = stick)
4/
cynllyfan (literary word; dog’s
leash, dog’s lead)
‘dog rope’ (cyn-) + (llyfan = rope)
5/
cyndy (obsolete; = kennel)
‘dog house’ (cyn-) + soft mutation +
(ty = house)
6/
cyna (also cwna) be in heat (said of a bitch)
(“dog-seeking”)
7/
Cynon (man’s name)
(cyn- = warrior) + (-on = suffix used in names of deities)
:_______________________________.
-cyn <KIN> [kɪn]
1 diminutive suffix
bryncyn hillock (bryn
= hill)
Y Twyncyn (“the hillock “) district in Dinaspowys, county of Bro Morgannwg,
South-east Wales (twyn = hill)
:_______________________________.
cyna <KƏ-na> [ˡkəna] verb
NOTE: also: cwna
1 North Wales (bitch) be
in heat; mae’r ast yn cwna the bitch
is in heat
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, historical stem of
the word ci = dog) + (-a)
:_______________________________.
cynadledda
<kə-nad-LEE-dha> [kənadˡleˑða] verb
1 confer, talk
ETYMOLOGY: (cynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference, debate, talk)
+ (-a)
:_______________________________.
cynadleddau
<kə-nad-LEE-dhai,
-e> [kənadˡleˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 plural form of cynhadledd = conference
:_______________________________.
cynadleddfa <kə-nad-LEDH-va> [kənadˡlɛðva] feminine noun
PLURAL: cynadleddféydd <kə-nad-ledh-VEIDH> [kənadlɛðˡvəɪð]
1 conference room
ETYMOLOGY: (cynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference,
debate, talk) + (-fa suffix = place
:_______________________________.
cynadleddwr <kə-nad-LEEDH-ur> [ˡkənadˡleˑðʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynadleddwyr <kə-nad-LEDH-wir> [kənadˡlɛðwɪr]
1 person attending a conference,
conference-goer (USA: conferee)
Bydd llety ar gael yng Ngwesty Glan-y-môr ar gyfer
y cynadleddwyr
Accommodation will be available un the Glan-y-môr guest house for those
attending the conference
ETYMOLOGY: (cynadledd-, stem of cynhadledd = conference,
debate, talk) + (-wr suffix = person, man)
:_______________________________.
cynaeafu <kə-nei-AA-vi> [kənəɪˡɑˑvɪ] (verb)
1 to harvest
2
cynaeafu tra bo’n dywydd deg make
hay while the sun shines, make the most of an opportunity
(tywydd is usually masculine; in
some places, however, it is feminine)
:_______________________________.
cynaeafwr <kə-nei-AA-vur> [kənəɪˡɑˑvʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynaeafwyr
<kə-nei-AV-wir> [kənəɪˡavwɪr]
1 (person)
harvester
2
cynaeafwr gwair haymaker
ETYMOLOGY: (cynaeaf-, penult forma
of cynhaeaf = harvest) + (-wr agent suffix, ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
cynalath
<kə-NAA-lath> [kəˡnɑˑlaθ] feminine noun
South-east Wales
1 maintenance See: cynhaliaeth
:_______________________________.
cynal-i-
<kə-NA-li> [kəˡnalɪ]
1 a stem of cynnal = uphold, maintain, sustain
:_______________________________.
cynaliadwy
<kə-nal-YAA-dui> [kənalˡjɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 sustainable,
tenable, supportable;
datblygiad cynaliadwy sustainable development
ETYMOLOGY: (cynal-i-, prepenult form
of cynnal = to maintain) + (-adwy)
:_______________________________.
cynaliadwyaeth
<kə-nal-ya-DUI-aith,
-eth> [kənaljaˡdʊɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1 sustainability
y gynaliadwyaeth = the
sustainability
ETYMOLOGY: (cynaliadwy =
sustainable) + (-aeth, suffix for
forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyn-amserol
<kin-am-SEE-rol> [kɪnamˡseˑrɔl] adjective
1 premature,
untimely;
Ers ei farwolaeth gyn-amserol ym mis
Tachwedd... since his untimely death in November
:_______________________________.
Cynan
<KƏ-nan> [ˡkənan] masculine noun
1 man’s name
ETYMOLOGY: Equivalent to the elements in modern Welsh (cyn- = dog / warrior) + (-an,
diminitive suffix). Welsh < British *kun-agn-o-.
From the same British root: Cornish Konan,
Breton Kenan .
In the Hibernian branch of Celtic, the equivalent is Irish Conan
:_______________________________.
cynaniad
<kə-NAN-yad> [kəˡnanjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynaniadau <kə-nan-YAA-dai,
-e> [kənanˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 pronunciation
ETYMOLOGY: (cynan-, stem of cynanu = to pronounce) + (-iad)
:_______________________________.
cynaniadol
<kə-nan-YAA-dol> [kənanˡjɑˑdɔl] adjective
1 geiriadur cynaniadol pronouncing
dictionary
ETYMOLOGY: (cynaniad =
pronunciation) + (-ol)
:_______________________________.
cynanu
<kə-NAA-ni> [kəˡnɑˑnɪ] verb
1 verb with an object to pronounce
ETYMOLOGY: from the obsolete adjective cynnan
= eloquent: (cynan-) + (-u)
:_______________________________.
Cynarfon <kə-NARV-ron> [kəˡnarvrɔn]
1 a colloquial form
of Caernarfon
:_______________________________.
cyn belled <kin BE-lhed> [kɪn
ˡbɛɬɛd]
1 cyn belled â as
distant as...
2
cyn belled â on condition that, so long as, provided that
cyn belled â’n bod ni’n dallt ein gilydd
so long as we understand each other
:_______________________________.
cyn belled ag y
cyfarthodd ci <kin
BE-lhed ag ə kə-VAR-thodh KII> [kɪn
ˡbɛɬɛd ɑg ə kəˡvarθɔðˡ
kiː] adverbial
1 mynd cyn belled ag y cyfarthodd ci to
go far from home (“to go as far as a dog barked”)
:_______________________________.
cyn belled ag yr
wyf fi yn y cwestiwn <kin
BE-lhed ag ər uiv VII ən ə KWES-tyun> [kɪnˡ
bɛɬɛd ɑg ər ʊɪv ˡviː ən
ə ˡkwɛstjʊn]
adverbial
1 as far as I’m concerned
Wel, dyma fi o’r diwedd ar ffiniau
Rwsia, pen draw’r byd cyn belled ag yr oeddwn i yn y cwestiwn Well, at last
I reached the border with Russia, the far end of the earth as far as I was
concerned
:_______________________________.
cyn boethed â
moryn <kin BOI-thed a
MOO-rin> [kɪn ˡbɔɪθɛd ɑ
moˑrɪn]
See: cyn boethed â marworyn
:_______________________________.
cyn boethed â
marworyn <kin
BOI-thed a mar-WOO-rin> [kɪn ˡbɔɪθɛd ɑ
marˡwoˑrɪn]
1 red hot (“as hot
as an ember”)
:_______________________________.
cyn bo hir
<kin boo HIIR> [kɪn
boˑ ˡhiːr] adverbial
1 before long
(“before it-be long”)
:_______________________________.
Cyn-coed
<kin KOID> [kɪnˡkɔɪd]
1 district of
Caer-dydd (official spelling: Caerdydd, English Cardiff)
A Survey had and made of the said Lordshipp or Roth Kensam on the seventh
day of May in the yeare of our Lord God one thousand six hundred and fiftye...
for the lands late of David John William, [be]ing in Kenkoed
in the said parish of Lanederne, formerlie in the tenure of Wenllian [He]rbert
( /
ETYMOLOGY: cefn y coed (“(the) hill (of) the
wood”). the wooded hill
Note: The usual spelling is Cyncoed, although
this represents a pronunciation <KƏN-koid> KOID> [ˡkənkɔɪd]. Spelt according to the rules for such names
with a stressed final monosyllabic element (Cyn-coed) there is no doubt about
the pronunciation of this name. But more correctly still it would be Cin-coed,
or even more correctly Cín-coed, as the vowel needs to be marked as short – it
is usually long in this envioronent (blin, ffin, min, hin, tin)
Examples of Cincoed / Cin-coed:
The History of the
Parish of Llangurig. By
Edward Hamer, Esq., and H. W. Lloyd, Esq. 1875
CIN-COED, cin may be a corruption of Cefn, ce'n; in which case the word would mean the ridge of the
wood. It is the name of a hill in
the t.p. [township] of Glyn-Brochan, and also of several small f[arm]s. and tenements on its slopes.
See Cìn-coed.
:_______________________________.
cyndadau <kən-DAA-dai, -e> [kənˡdɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 forefathers, ancestors
:_______________________________.
Cyndaf <KƏN-dav> [ˡkəndav] (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
cyndda
<KƏN-dha> [ˡkənða] masculine noun
1 (Place names,
South-east Wales) common land.
2
Cyndda. According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff
Records’ (1889-1911): “Cyndda, or Cymdda, or Cymla Bach. A small thatched
house which stood on the side of Pen-y-waun Road, on the corner of Ninian Road,
by Roath Park. The name is Welsh and means “The Common.” In 1653 the house was
described as a messuage and land, partly common, in the manor of Llystalybont.
It was blown down in a storm (1895.)”
ETYMOLOGY: Variant of cimdda (qv)
:_______________________________.
cynddaredd
<kən-DHAA-redh> [kənˡðɑˑrɛð] feminine noun
1 rage, anger
y gynddaredd = the rage
...ebe fo, â’i wyneb yn goch gan
gynddaredd
...he said, with his face red with rage
Sylweddolodd mai dal yr oedd y meistr yn
ei gynddaredd
He realised that the master was still in a rage (“in his rage”)
2 y gynddaredd = rabies
ETYMOLOGY:
(1) (cyn- = hound, dog) + soft
mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd noun suffix)
(2) In Breton the equivalent word is kounnar
(= rage)
(3) The element dâr is also to be
seen in the (obsolete) Welsh word penddaredd
(= dizziness, giddiness)
(pen = head) + soft mutation + (dâr = ?giddy, dizzy) + (-edd noun suffix)
:_______________________________.
cynddilywaidd <kən-dhi-LƏU-aidh,
-edh> [kənðɪˡləʊaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 antediluvian, before the Flood
yn y byd cynddilywaidd in the world before
the Flood
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = before) + soft mutation + (dilyw) + (-aidd
suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cyn ddistawed
â'r bedd <kin
dhi-STAU-ed ar BEEDH> [kɪn ðɪˡstaʊɛd ar ˡbeːð]
1 as quiet as the
grave
ETYMOLOGY: (“ as silent as the grave”) (cyn
= as) + soft mutation + (distawed,
equivative form – addition of the termination -ed – of the adjective distaw
= silent) + (â = with, as) +
(definite article y, after a vowel ’r) + (bedd = tomb, grave)
:_______________________________.
cynddrwg
<KƏN-dhrug> [ˡkənðrʊg] adjective
1 as bad, so bad
Nid yw cynddrwg â’i olwg
He isn’t as bad as he looks (“not as bad as his look / appearance”)
Nid yw cynddrwg ag a ddywedoch chi He isn’t as bad you said / as you made him out to
be
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- < cyn = as, so) + soft mutation + (drwg = bad)
:_______________________________.
cynefin,
cynefinau <kə-NEE-vin,
kə-ne-VII-nai, -e> [kəˡneˑvɪn,
kənɛˡviˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 habitat
2
sheep pasture
3
familiar surroundings
bod yn ôl yn yn eich cynefin be back in familiar surroundings (“in your
familiar surroundings”)
:_______________________________.
cynfab
<KƏN-vab> [ˡkənvab] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cynfeibion <kən-VEIB-yon> [kənˡvəɪbjɔn]
1 (obsolete)
first-born son
Salmau 89:26 Efe a lefa arnaf, Ti yw fy
Nhad, fy NUW, a Chraig fy iachawdwriaeth. (89:27) Minnau a’i gwnaf yntau yn gynfab, goruwch brenhinoedd y ddaear.
Psalms 89:26 He shall cry unto me, Thou art my father, my God, and the rock of
my salvation. (89:27) Also I will make him my firstborn, higher than the kings
of the earth.
Genesis 46:8 A dyma
enwau plant Israel, y rhai a ddaethant i'r Aifft, Jacob a'i feibion Reuben,
cynfab Jacob.
Genesis 46:8 And these are the names of the children of Israel, which came into
Egypt, Jacob and his sons: Reuben, Jacob's firstborn.
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = before,
first) + soft mutation + (mab = son)
:_______________________________.
Cynfab
<KƏN-vab> [ˡkənvab] masculine
noun
1 man's name
2
■ Capelcynfab (Capel Cynfab) Name of a chapel of rest in Cynhordy,
on the road from Llanymddyfri to Llanwrtud. A former name for the area was Llangynfab.
(llan = church, + soft mutation + Cynfab).
2 Ysgol
Capel Cynfab. Name
of a primary school here, established in 1848
See the website for the school http://bsd.satproj.org.uk/~capelcyc/, where there is an englyn by Arwyn
Evans:
.....Yn ei hiard yng Nghynghordy - onid da
..........Gweld bod hwyl, bod Cymry,
..........A gweld bod hen ysgoldy
..........Yno'n dal heb droi yn dŷ?
(“In its yard in Cynhordy – is it not good
To see that there is fun / good atmosphere, that there are Welsh people
And to see that there is an old schoolhouse
There not converted into a house? (there continuing without turning into a
house)”)
ETYMOLOGY: see preceding entry
NOTE: ■ Capelcynfab unofficial
spelling
Officially Capel Cynfab, but if
written strictly according to the recommendations for place name
spelling it would be Capelcynfab
(one word) for the locality and Capel
Cynfab (separated elements) for the chapel by which the settlement grew.
:_______________________________.
Cynfael <KƏN-VAIL> [ˡkənvaɪl] masculine noun
1 man's name
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- < ci = dog; warrior; chieftain) + soft
mutation + (mael = chieftain)
The second element is from British magl- (= big) < Celtic.
It existed as a personal name in British Maglos; and in Gaulish names
the element maglo- is to be found;
In Irish mál (= prince);
Cf Latin magnus (= big); Lowlandic (English language of Scotland) mickle
(= gran)
NOTE: Corresponds to the forename Maelgwn which is made up of the same
elements but reversed
:_______________________________.
Cynfal <KƏN-VAL> [ˡkənval]
1 Afon Cynfal (SH7241) river in Meirionnydd
2 locality SH6101 in the district of
Meirionnydd, county of Gwynedd
3 house name in
..a/ Bangor (county of Gwynedd), and
..b/ Galbalfa (county of Caer-dydd) (in the list of members in “The
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
cynfardd,
cynfeirdd <KƏN-vardh,-KƏN-veirdh> [ˡkənvarð,
ˡkənvəɪrð] (m)
1 early poet, Welsh poet from the early period (500s to 1100)
2 gogynfardd Welsh poet from the 1100s to the 1300s (go- prefix,
quite) + soft mutation + (cynfardd = early poet) “quite early poet”
(i.e. not the earliest poet)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn- = previous) + soft mutation + (bardd = poet)
:_______________________________.
Cynffig <KƏN-fig> [ˡkənfɪg] (feminine
noun)
1 forename
Mynyddcynffig Kenfig
Hill “(the) upland (of) the (borough of) Cynffig”
ETYMOLOGY: A personal name. (cyn- =
dog; warrior) + (ffig unknown
element)
:_______________________________.
cynffon,
cynffonau <KƏN-fon,
kən-FOO-nai, -e> [ˡkənfɔn, kənˡfoˑnaɪ,
-ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 tail
y gynffon = the tail
2
â’ch cynffon yn eich gafl dejected,
miserable, unhappy, crestfallen, with your tail between your legs, cowed (“with
your tail in your crotch”)
Also: fel ci â’i gynffon rhwng ei afl (“like
a dog with its tail in its crotch / between its legs”)
3
blingo’r gath i’r gynffon
spend wildly, spend every last
penny, spend the lot (“skin
the cat to the tail”)
:_______________________________.
cyn-filwr <kin-VII-lur> [kɪnˡviˑlʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyn-filwyr
<kin-VIL-wir> [kɪnˡvɪlwɪr]
1 ex-soldier,
former soldier, ex-serviceman (American: vet, veteran)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, prefix = ex-) +
soft mutation + (milwr = soldier)
:_______________________________.
cyn-fyfyriwr <kin-və-VƏR-yur> [kɪnvəˡvərjʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyn-fyfyrwyr
<kin-və-VƏR-wir> [kɪnvəˡvərwɪr]
1 ex-student
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn-, prefix = ex-) +
soft mutation + (myfyriwr = student)
:_______________________________.
cyngerdd,
cyngherddau <KƏNG-erdh,
kəng-HER-dhai, -e> [ˡkəŋɛrð,
kəŋˡhɛrðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 concert
cyngerdd roc (m) cyngherddau roc rock
concert
:_______________________________.
cyngherddau <KƏNG-erdh, kəng-HER-dhai, -e> [ˡkəŋɛrð,
kəŋˡhɛrðaɪ, -ɛ] (plural
noun)
1 concerts; plural of cyngerdd
:_______________________________.
cynghori
<kəng-HOO-ri> [kəŋˡhoˑrɪ] verb
1
advise, to give advice, to give words of advice, to give a word of advice
cynghori rhywun i beidio â advise
somebody not to
2
counsel
Y mae yn gof genyf, pan oeddwn yn hogyn,
glywed Isaac yn cynghori yn y “Society”...
I remember, when I was a boy, hearing Isaac counselling in the Fellowship
Society / chapel meeting
3
ymgynghori â’i gilydd confer with
each other, consult each other
(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft
mutation + (cynghori = to consult)
ETYMOLOGY: (cynghor- penult syllable
form of cyngor = advice) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cynghrair,
cynghreiriau <KƏNG-hrair,
kəng-HREIR-yai, -e> [ˡkəŋhraɪr,
kəŋˡhrəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun; also masculine)
1 alliance
y gynghrair or
y gynghrair
= the alliance
2 Y
Cynghrair
Sanctaidd / Y Gynghrair Sanctaidd The Holy
Alliance, document signed in 1815 by Russia, Prussia and Austria agreeing to
government based on Christian principles
3 Y
Cynghrair Triphlyg The Triple Alliance
:_______________________________.
cyngor,
cynghorion <KƏNG-or,
kəng-HOR-yon>
[ˡkəŋɔr,
kəŋˡhɔrjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 counsel, advice
gael cyngor
gan rywun get
advice from somebody
rhoi cyngor
i rywun give advice
to somebody, give somebody advice
gair o gyngor a word of advice
cymryd gair o gyngor gan rywun to take somebody’s
advice (“to take somebody’s word of advice”)
2 piece of advice = one of a number of recommendations
Mae yntau'n
rhoi dau gyngor
- rhwbio'r ddafaden efo taten, neu ei rhwbio hi efo'r llefrith sydd mewn coesyn
dant y llew
He for his part gives two pieces of advice – to rub the wart with a potato, or
to rub it with the milk which is in the stem of a dandelion
3
“counsel”, the divine plan
tywyllu cyngor
..1/ (Bible) “darken counsel”, cast into doubt God’s purpose (by questioning
the fact that the wicked can be rich and the good reduced to poverty)
Job 38:2 Pwy yw hwn sydd yn tywyllu
cyngor ag ymadroddion heb wybodaeth?
Job 38:2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?
..2/ to cloud the issue
rhag tywyllu cyngor for the sake of
clarity, for clarity’s sake
Fel y soniwyd uchod, Gwyddeleg oedd
iaith yr ymfudwyr, ond rhag tywyllu cyngor cyfeirir at Wyddeleg yr Alban o hyn
ymlaen fel Gaeleg (Ieithoedd Celtaidd Prydain (= the Celtic languages
of Britain) / Brynley
F. Roberts (article in “Y Gymraeg yn ei Disgleirdeb”, 1997, Golygydd /
Editor: Geraint H. Jenkins t. 427)
As was mentioned above, Irish was the language of the invaders (= the people
who settled Scotland), but for the sake of clarity the Irish language of
Scotland from now on will be referred to (in this article) as Gaelic
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cyngor <
British kom-kor- (*kom- = together, *kor- = put, go) < Celtic
From the same Celtic root: Irish cogar (= whisper, plot), Scottish
(Gaelic) cagar
The sense development in Irish is (to put together) > (to confer) > (to
plot) > (to whisper)
:_______________________________.
cyngor,
cynghorau <KƏNG-or,
kəng-HOO-rai, -e> [ˡkəŋɔr,
kəŋˡhoˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 council = an elected or appointed body of people which administers
or legislates
2 council = governing authority of a town or city, or a county (Wales is
divided into 22 counties since 1996)
cyngor
y dre the town council
cyngor
y ddinas the city council
Swyddfa'r Cyngor The
Council Office
Ble mae swyddfeydd y Cyngor? Where are the Council offices?
3 council = association
Cyngor
Llyfrau Cymru Welsh Books Council
The 22 county councils are (2001 figures):
1 Abertawe
Title: Cyngor Dinas a Sir Abertawe ‹KƏ
ngor DI nas a siir a ber TAU e›
(= Abertawe city and county council) (English name: Swansea)
Administrative
centre: Abertawe
Size: 37,700
hectares. Fourteenth in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of
Powys,
Population: Fourth
of the 22 counties in population size 230,626; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
and Rhondda Cynon Taf
2 Blaenau Gwent
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeisdref Sirol Blaenau Gwent ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol blei ne GWENT› (= Blaenau Gwent county borough council)
Administrative
centre: Glynebwy
Size: 10,900 hectares.The smallest in size
of the 22 counties,
Population: Nineteenth
of the 22 counties in population size 73,600; about of quarter of the
population of the most populated, Casnewydd.
3 Bro Morgannwg
Title: Cyngor Bro Morgannwg ‹KƏ
ngor broo mor GA nug›
(= Bro Morgannwg county borough council) (English name: Vale of Glamorgan)
Administrative
centre: Y Barri
Size: 33,500
hectares. Fifteenth in size of the 22 counties, being one seventeenth of the
size of Powys,
Population: Twelfth
of the 22 counties in population size 119,500;
4 ●Caer-dydd (Caerdydd)
Title: Cyngor Sir Caerdydd ‹kə-ngor
shiir kâir-diidh›
(= Caer-dydd County
Council) (English name: Cardiff)
Administrative
centre: Caer-dydd
Size: 13,900
hectares. Twentienth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Second
of the 22 counties in population size 309,400; after Casnewydd
5 Caerffili
Title: Cyngor
Bwrdeistref Sirol Caerffili ‹KƏ ngor bur DEI strev SI rol kair FI li›
(= Caerffili county borough council) (English name: Caerphilly)
Administrative
centre: Ystradmynach
Size: 28,000
hectares. Seventeenth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Fifth
of the 22 counties in population size 230,626; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, and Abertawe 171,000;
6 Caerfyrddin
Title: Cyngor Sir Gaerfyrddin ‹KƏ
ngor siir gair VƏR dhin›
(= Caerfyrddin county council) (English name: Carmarthen )
Administrative
centre: Caerfyrddin
Size: 239,800
hectares. Third-largest of the 22 counties,
Population: Sixth
of the 22 counties in population size 169,000; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, and Caerffili. Just over half the populatioj of
Casnewydd.
7 Casnewydd
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Casnewydd ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol kas NEU idh›
(= Casnewydd county borough council)
(English name: Newport)
Administrative
centre: Casnewydd
Size: 19,056
hectares. Eighteenth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: This
is the county with the largest population - 317,700;
8 Castell-nedd Port Talbot
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Castell-nedd Port
Talbot ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol ka stelh NEEDH a be RA van›
(= Castell-nedd and Port Talbot county borough council) (English name: Neath
and Port Talbot)
Administrative
centre: Aberafan
Size: 44,000
hectares. Eleventh in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Eighth
of the 22 counties in population size 140,100; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint
9 Ceredigion
Title: Cyngor Sir Ceredigion ‹KƏ
ngor siir ke re DIG yon›
(= Ceredigion county council)
Administrative
centre: Aberaeron
Size: 179,400
hectares. Fourth-largest of the 22 counties, being a third the size of Powys,
the largest
Population: Twentieth
of the 22 counties in population size 69,700; similar to Blaenau Gwent and Ynys
Môn; about of quarter of the population of the most populated, Casnewydd.
10 Conwy
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol KO nui›
(= Conwy county borough council)
Administrative
centre: Conwy
Size: 112,995
hectares. Sixth-largest of the 22 counties,
Population: Fifteenth
of the 22 counties in population size 110,700; About a third of the population
of the most populated county, Casnewydd
11 Dinbych
Title: Cyngor Sir Ddinbych ‹KƏ
ngor siir DHIN bikh›
(= Dinbych county council) (English
name: Denbigh)
Administrative
centre: Rhuthun
Size: 83,875
hectares. Eighth in size of the 22 counties
Population: Seventeenth
of the 22 counties in population size 89,200;
12 Y Fflint
Title: Cyngor Sir y Fflint ‹KƏ
ngor siir ə
FLINT›
(= Fflint county council) (English name: Flint);
Administrative
centre: yr Wyddgrug
Size: 43,500
hectares. Twelfth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Seventh
of the 22 counties in population size 145,300; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili and Caerfyrddin
13 Gwynedd
Title: Cyngor Gwynedd ‹KƏ
ngor GWI nedh›
(= Gwynedd county council)
Administrative
centre: Caernarfon
Size: 254,600
hectares. Second-largest of the 22 counties, being half the size of Powys, the
largest
Population: Thirteenth
of the 22 counties in population size 118,000;
14 ●Merthyrtudful (Merthyr Tudful)
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Merthyr Tudful ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol mer thir TID vil›
(= Merthyrtudful county borough council) (English name: Merthyr Tydfil)
Administrative
centre: Merthyrtudful
Size: 11,054
hectares. The second-smallest in size of the 22 counties (Blaenau Gwent is the
smallest),
Population: Smallest
of the 22 counties in population size 60,000; less than a fifth of the most
populated, Casnewydd.
15 Mynwy
Title: Cyngor Sir Fynwy ‹KƏ
ngor siir VƏ
nui›
(= Mynwy county council) (English
name: Monmouth)
Administrative
centre: Cwm-brân
Size: 85,100
hectares. Seventh in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of
Powys, the largest
Population: Eighteenth
of the 22 counties in population size
84,200;
16 Penfro
Title: Cyngor Sir Benfro ‹KƏ
ngor siir BEN vro›
(= Penfro county council) (English name: Pembroke )
Administrative
centre: Hwlffwrdd
Size: 158,800
hectares. Fifth-largest of the 22 counties,
Population: Fourteenth
of the 22 counties in population size 117,700;
17 Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol pe nə BONT a RO gur› ;
(= Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr county borough council) (English name: Bridgend)
Administrative
centre: Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
Size: 28,500
hectares. Sixteenth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Ninth
of the 22 counties in population size 130,900; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a
Chastell-nedd
18 Powys
Title: Cyngor Sir Powys ‹KƏ
ngor siir POU is›
(= Powys county council)
Administrative
centre: Llandrindod
Size: 519,700
hectares. Largest of the 22 counties (almost fifty times as big as the
smallest, Blaenau Gwent)
Population: Tenth
of the 22 counties in population size 124,200; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a
Chastell-nedd, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
19 Rhondda Cynon Taf
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Rhondda Cynon Taf ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol RHON dha KƏ non TAAV›
(= Rhondda-Cynon-Taf county borough council)
English name: Rhondda Cynon Taff (!) (Not now used – the correct Welsh spelling
with Taf is now used)
Administrative
centre: Cwmclydach
Size: 42,600
hectares. Thirteenth in size of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of
Powys,
Population: Third
of the 22 counties in population size 240,117; after Casnewydd and
Caer-dydd ;
20 Torfaen
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Torfaen ‹KƏ
ngor bur DEI strev SI rol TOR vain›
(= Torfaen county borough council)
Administrative
centre: Pont-y-pŵl
Size: 16,600
hectares. Nineteenth in size of the 22 counties,
Population: Sixteenth
of the 22 counties in population size 90,700;
21 Wrecsam
Title: Cyngor Bwrdeistref Sirol Wrecsam ‹KƏ ngor
bur DEI strev SI rol WREK sam›
(= Wrecsam county borough council) (English name: Wrexham )
Administrative
centre: Wrecsam
Size: 50,000
hectares. Tenth in size of the 22 counties, being a one tenth of the size of
Powys,
Population: Eleventh
of the 22 counties in population size 123,500; after Casnewydd, Caer-dydd,
Rhondda Cynon Taf, Abertawe, Caerffili, Caerfyrddin, Y Fflint, Aberafan a
Chastell-nedd, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr and Powys
22 Ynys Môn
Title: Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn ‹KƏ
ngor siir Ə nis MOON›
(= Ynys Môn county council)
(English name: Isle of Anglesey)
Administrative centre: Llangefni
Size: 72,000 hectares. Ninth in size
of the 22 counties, being a sixth of the size of Powys,
Population: Second smallest, above
Merthyrtudful, of the 22 counties in population size 69,194
:_______________________________.
cyngor bwrdeistref, cynghorau
bwrdeistref ‹kə nghor bur DEI strev, kə
NGHO re bur dei STRE vi›
(masculine noun)
1 borough council
:_______________________________.
cyngor dinas ‹KƏ
ngor DI nas› (masculine
noun)
1 city council
:_______________________________.
cyngor dosbarth ‹KƏ
ngor DO sparth›
(masculine noun)
1 district council (administrative unit 1972-1996)
:_______________________________.
cyngor sir ‹KƏ
ngor SIIR› (masculine
noun)
1 county council
:_______________________________.
cyngor tref ‹KƏ
ngor TREE› (masculine
noun)
1 town council
:_______________________________.
cynhadledd ‹kən-had-leD› feminine
noun
PLURAL: cynadleddau
‹kə-nad-le-De›
1 conference = meeting for exchange
of information and discussion
y gynhadledd the conference
cynhadledd
ar leiafrifoedd Ewrop a conference on European minorities
cynadleddfa
conference room
trafodion cynhadledd conference proceedings
ystafell gynhadledd conference room
2 conference = a meeting, usually
annual, of the members of a political party to discuss matters of policy
3 conference = an assembly of the
clergy, or of the clergy and laymen, in many denominations, to discuss policies
cynhadledd
Fethodistaidd Methodist conference
4 cynhadledd undydd one-day
conference
5 uwchgynhadledd summit conference
6 cynadledda go to conferences
7 cynadleddwr
conference-goer
8 cynhadledd i'r wasg press
conference = (esp politicians, police) meeting with the press or other mass
media to give information
ETYMOLOGY: (cynhadl, penult form of cynnadl = debate) + (-edd
suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
cynhaeaf, cynaeafau
‹kə
NHEI a, kə nei
A ve› (masculine noun)
1 harvest
2
cynhaeaf llafur corn harvest
3 cynaeafu to harvest
4 cynaeafwr harvester
:_______________________________.
cynhaliaeth ‹kə
NHAL yeth› (feminine
noun)
1 sustenance
2 trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth “by that which every
joint supplieth”, (the nerves and ligaments in ancient medical science were
considered to give life)
Epistolau Sant Paul at y Effesiai) 4:16 O'r hwn y mae'r holl
gorff wedi ei gydymgynnull a'i gydgysylltu, trwy bob cymal cynhaliaeth, yn ôl y nerthol
weithrediad ym
mesur pob rhan, yn
gwneuthur cynnydd y corn, i'w
adeiladu ei hun mewn cariad
Ephesians 4:16 From whom the whole body fitly joined together and
compacted by that which every joint supplieth, according to the effectual
working in the measure of every part, maketh increase of the body unto the
edifying of itself in love
:_______________________________.
cynhemlad
‹kə-
nhem -lad› masculine
noun
1 (Christianity) contemplation = concentration of the mind and soul
on God
ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-,
stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) +
(-ad suffix for forming abstract
nouns)
:_______________________________.
cynhemlol
‹kə-
nhem -lol› adjective
1 (Christianity) contemplative = concentrating the mind and soul on
God
ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-,
stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) +
(-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cynhemlu
‹kə-
nhem -li› verb
1 (Christianity) contemplate = concentrate the mind and soul on God
ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) learnèd borrowing from Latin contemplor (= contemplate, examine)
:_______________________________.
cynhemlwr
‹kə-
nhem -lur› masculine
noun
PLURAL: cynhemlwyr
‹kə-
nheml -wir›
1 (Christianity)
contemplative = person who concentrates the mind and soul on God
ETYMOLOGY: (20th century) (cynheml-,
stem of cynhemlu = to contemplate) +
(-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cynhennau ‹kə NHE
ne› (plural noun)
1 disputes; see cynnen
:_______________________________.
cynhwynol
‹ kən- nhui -nol› adj
1
congenital
anffurfiad cynhwynol congenital
malformation
2
innate
gwybodaeth cynhwynol innate
knowledge
3
hereditary
4
native
siaradwyr cynhwynol yr iaith Lydaweg
native speakers of the Breton language
ETYMOLOGY: (cannh- / cynnh-) + (unknown element ?wyn) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cynhwysfawr ‹kən
HUIS vaur› (adjective)
1 comprehensive
:_______________________________.
cyn hyned â Methwsela ‹kin hə-ned aa me-thu-se-la›
1 (usually used in a derogatory sense) as old as Methuselah, as old as the
hills
Genesis 5:25 Methwsela hefyd a fu fyw saith mlynedd a phedwar ugain a chant, ac a
genhedlodd Lamech. (5:26) A Methwsela a fu fyw wedi iddo genhedlu
Lamech, ddwy flyneddd a phedwar ugain a saith gan mlynedd, ac a genhedlodd feibion a merched. (5:27) A
holl ddyddiau
Methwsela oedd, naw mlynedd a thrigain a naw can mlynedd, ac efe a fu farw.
Genesis 5:25 And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat
Lamech:(5:26) And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty
and two years, and begat sons and daughters: (5:27) And all the days of
Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn = as) + (hyned = so old, < hen
= old) + (â = with, as) + (Methuselah = Genesis 5:27, one of the
patriarchs, said to have lived 969 years)
:_______________________________.
cynhyrchiant
‹kə-nhərkh-yant
› masculine noun
1 productivity
ETYMOLOGY: (cynhyrch- penult stem of
cynhyrchu = to produce) + (-i-ant suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cynhyrchion ‹kə NHƏRKH
yon› (plural noun)
1 products; see cynnyrch
:_______________________________.
cynhyrchu ‹kən HƏR
khi› (verb)
1 to produce
:_______________________________.
cynhyrfiad,
cynhyrfiadau ‹kən HƏRV yad, kən hərv
YA· de› (masculine
noun)
1 excitement, agitation
cynhyrfiad rhywiol sexual
excitement
:_______________________________.
cynhyrfu ‹kən HƏR
vi› (verb)
1 excite; get excited
2 cynhyrfu ynghylch y pethau
lleiaf get excited about the least thing, get excited over nothing
:_______________________________.
cynhyrfu'r
dyfroedd ‹kə- nhər-vir də-vroidh› verb
1 set the cat among the pigeons, cause a bit of trouble, cause an
upset, stir things up
ETYMOLOGY: “agitate the waters” (cynhyrfu
= agitate) + (y = definite article)
+ (dyfroedd, plural of dŵr = water)
:_______________________________.
cyni <KƏ-ni> [ˡkənɪ] masculine noun
1 distress,
difficult circumstances, straitened circumstances, hardship, deprivation
mewn cyni badly off
ETYMOLOGY: (?cy-) + (?ni). The second syllable of cyni is likely to be related to Welsh nyddu (= to spin wool)
Cf Irish sníomh (= spinning, strain,
anxiety).
:_______________________________.
cynifer
<kə-NII-VER> [kəˡniˑvɛr] pronom
1 so many
cynifer
â hynny the same
amount, as many as that
Yr
oedd sôn mawr drwy’r wlad i gyd am y sawl ddybennai ei gynhaeaf gyntaf, a
chedwid ei enw yn
fyw am flwyddyn, o leiaf. Tybiwch fod deg neu bymtheg o ddynion ar y llethr yr ochr hyn,
a’r cwbl yn
gwaeddi’n unsain – “Yn
fore mi godes i, / Yn
hwyr mi dilynes
hi, / O’r diwedd mi ces hi.” Atebid hwy gan gynifer â hynny
drachefn ar y
llethr yr
ochr arall, y
rhai a berthynent
i fferm arall – “Beth a ge’st ti?” A dyna floedd fel taran – “Pen medi!”.
(Yn Nyffryn Tywi Sef,
Brasluniau o Fywyd Gwledig. Gan y Parch. D. Rhagfyr Jones, Pontargothi. Cyfaill
yr Aelwyd a’r Frythones. Cyfrol III (cyfres Newydd) 1894. Tudalen 335. Spelling
amended)
There was talk throughout the countryside about whoever who finished the
harvest first, and his name was remembered all year (“kept alive for a year”).
Suppose that ten or fifteen men are on the slope this side, and all of them
shout in unison – “I got up early / I followed her late / In the end I got
her”. They would be answered by as many men (“by as many as that again”) on the
slope on the other side, who belonged to another farm – “What did you get?” And
there comes a shout (“and there you have shout”) like a peal of thunder – “the
last tuft of corn” (Note: the reapers would set it up in the field and throw
their reaping hooks at it)
:_______________________________.
cynilo <kə-NII-lo> [kəˡniˑlɔ] (verb)
1 to save
2 cynilo ar gyfer eich
henaint save for your old age
:_______________________________.
Cynin <KƏ-NIN> [ˡkənɪn]
1 (SN2622) Afon Cynin = river in the
county of Caerfyrddin, west of the town of Caerfyrddin; it rises north of
Tre-lech and flows south through Dinas, Gelli-wen, and Castellgorfod, and into
the Taf at Sanclêr
:_______________________________.
cynjar ‹KƏN-jar› [ˡkənʤar]
PLURAL cynjars ‹KƏN-jars› [ˡkənʤars]
1 village sorceror, ‘conjurer’(standard Welsh: dyn hysbys)
See: cynsierwr
:_______________________________.
Cynllaith <KƏN-lhaith, -lheth> [ˡkənɬaɪθ,
-ɛθ] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name (obsolete);
2 occurs in the
town name Machynlleth
< Mynchynllaith ‘plain of Cynllaith’
:_______________________________.
Cynllo <KƏN-LHO> [ˡkənɬɔ]
masculine noun
1 (obsolete) man's name
2 saint’s name
..a/ Llangynllo (SN3543) locality in Ceredigion
..b/ Llangynllo (SO2171) locality in the district of Maesyfed
(county of Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
cynllun,
cylluniau <KƏN-lhin,
kən-LHIN-yai, -e> [ˡkənɬɪn,
kənˡɬɪnjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 plan
2 cynllun drafft draft
plan
:_______________________________.
cynllunio <kən-LHIN-yo> [kənˡɬɪnjɔ] (verb)
1 to plan
2 clinig cynllunio teulu
family-planning clinic
:_______________________________.
cynllunydd <kən-LHII-nidh> [kənˡɬiˑnɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllunwyr <kən-LHIN-wir> [kənˡɬɪnwɪr]
1 planner
2 cynllunydd dinesig town
planner
3 cynllunydd tai interior
designer
ETYMOLOGY: (cynllun-, stem of cynllunio = plan) + (-ydd agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
cynllwyn <KƏN-lhuin> [ˡkənɬʊɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllwynion <kən-LHUIN-yon> [kənˡɬʊɪnjɔn]
NOTE: (1) The colloquial form is cynllwyn
> cynllwn <KƏN-lhun> [ˡkənɬʊn] with wy > w; this reduction of the final
diphthong wy is usual in spoken
Welsh
1 plot, conspiracy
2
gwneud cynllwyn hatch a plot, plot,
conspire
3
(in criticism of others) rogue, devil, bugger, bastard, shit;
(The sense development is probably “person waiting to ambush or commit some
crime” > “rogue”)
yr hen gynllwn bach drwg the evil
bastard
Pwy oedd y cynllwyn a luniodd salwch y
môr, dywedwch?
Who was the devil who invented seasickness?
4 With soft mutation used as an emphatic after question words:
gynllwyn (but colloquially in fact gynllwn) on earth, in Heaven’s name,
the hell, the devil, etc,
Beth gynllwn wna i nawr? What the
hell will I do now?
Beth gynllwn wyt ti’n feddwl wrth hyn’na?
What do you mean by that?
Pam gynllwn...? Why on earth...?
Pwy gynllwn...? Who in God’s
name...?
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn prefix = in front
of) + soft mutation + (llwyn = bush,
wood);
cynlwyn > cynllwyn
Cf Latin (em = in) + (busc- < Late Latin bosc = wood) < Germanic;
origin of
..1/ Catalan emboscada (= ambush)
< Latin;
..2/ English ambush < medieval
French embusc- < Latin; (modern
French embuscade = ambush)
:_______________________________.
cynllwyn
<KƏN-lhuin> [ˡkənɬʊɪn] verb
1 plot, conspire
2 ambush, lie in wait for
Galarnad Jeremeia 4:19 Buanach yw ein
herlidwyr nag eryrod yr awyr; y maent yn ein herlid ni ar y mynyddoedd, yn ein cynllwyn yn yr anialwch
Lamentations 4:19 Our persecutors are swifter than the eagles of the
heaven: they pursued us upon the mountains, they laid wait for us in the
wilderness.
Diarhebion 1:11 Os dywedant, Tyred gyda
ni, cynllwynwn am
waed, ymguddiwn yn erbyn y gwirion yn ddiachos
Proverbs 1:11 If they say, Come with us, let us lay wait for blood, let us lurk
privily for the innocent without cause
Deuteronium 19:11
Ond os bydd gŵr yn casáu ei
gymydog, ac yn cynllwyn
iddo, a chodi yn ei erbyn, a’i ddienyddio fel y byddo farw, a ffoi i un o’r
dinasoedd hyn:
Deuteronomy 19:11 But if any man hate his neighbour, and lie in wait for
him, and rise up against him, and smite him mortally that he die, and fleeth
into one of these cities:
Micha 7:2 Darfu am y duwiol oddi
ar y ddaear, ac nid oes un uniawn ymhlith dynion; cynllwyn y maent oll am waed; pob un sydd yn hela
ei frawd â rhwyd.
Micah 72: The good man is perished out of the earth: and there is none
upright among men: they all lie in wait for blood; they hunt every man his
brother with a net.
Josua 8:4 Ac efe a orchmynodd iddynt,
gan ddywedyd, Gwelwch, chwi a gynllwynwch yn erbyn y ddinas;, o’r tu cefn i’r ddinas: nac ewch
ymhell iawn oddi wrth y ddinas, ond byddwch bawb oll yn barod.
Joshua 8:4 And he commanded them, saying, Behold, ye shall lie in wait against
the city, even behind the city: go not very far from the city, but be ye all
ready:
ETYMOLOGY: verb from the noun cynllwyn
(= ambush)
:_______________________________.
cynllyfan
<kən-LHƏ-van> [kənˡɬəvan] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynllyfannau
<kən-lhən-VA-nai, -e> [kənɬənˡvanaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 (literary word)
lead (of dog)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (cyn- = dog) + (llyfan = rope)
Corresponding to llyfan:
From the same British root: Cornish lovan
(= rope), Breton louan (= strip)
From the same Celtic root: Irish lomhain
(literary word; = leash, rope, halter)
:_______________________________.
cynnal <KƏ-nal> [ˡkənal] (verb)
1 hold
2 wal gynnal retaining wall
3 (piano) pedal
cynnal loud pedal (“sustaining pedal”)
4 (road) maintain, keep in good repair
cynnal heol maintain a road
cynnal
ffordd maintain a road
5
cynnal gwledd hold a feast
6
cynnal traddodiad uphold a tradition
:_______________________________.
cynnar <KƏ-nar> [ˡkənar] (adjective)
1 early
2
marw yn gynnar ar ei fywyd die
young, die early in life
:_______________________________.
cynnau <KƏ-nai, -e> [ˡkənaɪ,
-ɛ] (verb)
1 to light (a fire)
:_______________________________.
cynnen,
cynhennau <KƏ-nen,
kə-NHE-nai, -e>
[ˡkənɛn, kəˡnhɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 dispute
y gynnen = the dispute
:_______________________________.
cynnes <KƏ-nes> [ˡkənɛs] adjective
1 warm
(In South Wales the word twym is more general)
cyn gynhysed â neidr ym mol clawdd “as warm
as a snake at the bottom of a hedgebank”
2 warm = affectionate
Gyda'm
cofion cynnes (formula
for ending a letter) Warmest regards (“with my warm memories”)
3 warm = (clothing) conserving body
heat
Rhaid gwisgo'n gynhesach yr
amser hyn o’r flwyddyn
You have to wear warmer clothes this tine of year
4 warm (welcome)
croeso cynnes warm welcome
bod yn
gynnes eich
croeso i… to warmly welcome
5 cynhesrwydd warmth,
affection
cynhesu to warm,
to warm up
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cynnes < cynnhes< British *kon-tess-.
Equivalent to modern Welsh (cyn- form of the prefix cyf- before d / n / t/ =
together) + (tes = heat)
:_______________________________.
...1 cynnig <KƏ-nig> [ˡkənɪg] (verb)
1 to offer
2
ymgynnig volunteer (“offer
yourself”)
ymgynnig ar gyfer rhywbeth volunteer
for something
3
attempt, try;
rhoi cynnig ar = try, have a go
(“give a try on”)
rhoi cynnig ar rywbeth
arall try something else
:_______________________________.
cynnig, cynigion
<KƏ-nig,
kə-NIG-yon>
[ˡkənɪg, kəˡnɪgjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 offer
2 attempt
cynnig ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“attempt at random”)
3 codi cynnig i’r gwynt fly a kite, test
the weather = make a suggestion, start a rumour, leak information, carry out
part of a plan to see what kind of reaction is caused (“raise an offer / a try
to the wind”)
4 (South Wales) ddim llawer o
gynnig i not keen on, not like very much
(“not much offer for”)
Does gen i ddim llawer o gynnig
iddo
I’m not really keen on it
:_______________________________.
cynnil <KƏ-nil> [ˡkənɪl] (adjective)
1 thrifty
2 bod yn gynnil ar geiniog
look twice at every penny, be very careful with money
:_______________________________.
cynnwys <KƏ-nuis> [ˡkənʊɪs] (verb)
1 to contain
2 (North-west Wales) cynnwys
rhywun i wneud rhywbeth get somebody to do something
:_______________________________.
cynnydd <KƏ-nidh> [ˡkənɪð] (masculine
noun)
1 progess
:_______________________________.
cynnyrch,
cynhyrchion <KƏ-nirkh,
-kə-NHƏRKH-yon> [ˡkənɪrx, kəˡnhərxjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 product (mathematics); products (manufacturing)
:_______________________________.
Cynog <KƏ-nog> [ˡkənɔg] (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name; Celtic saint’s name (as in the village of Llangynog)
:_______________________________.
cynorthwywraig
cartref <kə-north-UI-wraig
–wreg KAR-trev -tre> [kənɔrθˡʊɪwraɪg
-rɛg ˡkartrɛv –trɛ] f
PLURAL: cynorthwywragedd cartref <kə-north-ui-wRAA-gedh...> [kənɔrθʊɪˡwrɑˑgɛð...]
1 home help (woman employed by the social services
department of a county coucil to do domestic tasks for sick people or aged
people)
(“help-woman (of) home”)
NOTE: More colloquially it would be cynorthwyreg cartre. The spontaneous form is
usually the expression “howm-hélp” < English home help)
:_______________________________.
cynorthwy-ydd
<kə-north-UI-idh> [kənɔrθˡʊɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cynorthwywyr <kə-north-UI-wir> [kənɔrθˡʊɪwɪr]
1 assistant
ETYMOLOGY: (cynorthwy-, stem of the
verb cynorthwyo = to help, to
assist) + (-ydd = agent suffix)
NOTE: According to spelling conventions in Welsh two ‘y’s cannot go together,
so they are separated by a hyphen
:_______________________________.
cyn pen ychydig
o funudau <kin pen
ə-KHƏ-dig o vi-NII-dai, -de> [kɪn pɛn
əˡxədɪg ɔ vɪˡniˑdaɪ -ɛ] adverbial
1 before a couple of minutes had passed / elapsed
ETYMOLOGY: ‘before (the) end (of) a few minutes’ (cyn = before) + (pen =
end) + (ychydig = a bit, a little) +
(o = of) + soft mutation + (munudau = minutes)
:_______________________________.
cynradd <KƏN-radh> [ˡkənrað] (adjective)
1 primary; ysgol gynradd = primary school
:_______________________________.
Cynrhi <KƏN-hri> [ˡkənhrɪ] m
1 man's name (not in current
use)
ETYMOLOGY: Of British orgin, corresponding to the modern Welsh elements (cyn-
< ci = dog, warrior) + soft mutation + (rhi = king) > *Cynri
> Cynrhi
:_______________________________.
cynrhonaidd <kin-HROO-naidh, -nedh> [kənˡhroˑnaɪð
-ɛð] adj
1 maggoty = resembling maggots
ETYMOLOGY: (cynrhon = maggots) + (-aidd = adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cynrhoni <kin-HROO-ni> [kənˡhroˑnɪ] adj
1 be infested with maggots, be crawling with maggots
NOTE:
(North Wales) cyrnoni, cynthroni
(South Wales) cyndroni, cindroni
:_______________________________.
cynrhonllyd <kin-HRON-lhid> [kənˡhrɔnɬɪd] adj
1 full of maggots, crawling with maggots
ETYMOLOGY: (cynrhon = maggots) + (-llyd = adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
cynrhonyn <kin-HROO-nin> [kənˡhroˑnɪn] m
PLURAL cynron <KƏN-ron> [ˡkənrɔn] m
1 grub, larva of insect, maggot, small caterpillar
cynrhonyn llyfr 1 (insect) bookworm; 2 bookworm = avid reader of books
Rydw i'n gnonyn llyfr, ac yn aelod y llyfrgell y sir a tri o glybiau llyfrau
I’m a bookworm, and a member of the county
library and three book clubs
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
Cornish kontronenn, Breton kontronenn
NOTE:
(North Wales) cynrhonyn > cnonyn;
(PLURAL) cynron > cynron, cyndron, cynthron
(South Wales) cynrhonyn > cyndronyn, cindronyn; (PLURAL) cynron
> cyndron, cindron
:_______________________________.
cynsail,
cynseiliau <KƏN-sail,
kən-SEIL-yai, -e> [ˡkənsaɪl, kənˡsəɪljaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 rudiment
2 foundation
3 precedent
4 digynsail unprecedented
di gynsail (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (cynsail = rudiment, foundation, precedent)
sefyllfa ddigynsail an unprecedented
situation
:_______________________________.
cyn sythed â
saeth <kin SƏ-thed a
SAITH> [kɪn ˡsəθɛd ɑ
ˡsaɪθ] 1 as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod (“as straight as an
arrow”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyn = as) + (sythed = as straight) + (â = with, as) + (saeth = arrow)
:_______________________________.
cyntaf / cynta’ <KƏN-tav, KƏN-ta> [ˡkəntav,
ˡkənta] (adjective)
1 first
2
Pethau cyntaf ymláenaf / Pethe cynta ’mlaena First things first
3
dosbarth cyntaf first class
teithio yn y dosbarth cyntaf travel
first class
4
ar y cyfle cyntaf at the first
opportunity, the first opportunity you get (to do something)
5
am y tro cyntaf for the first time
:_______________________________.
cyntedd,
cynteddau <KƏN-tedh,
kən-TE-dhai, -e> [ˡkəntɛð, kənˡtɛðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 vestibule
:_______________________________.
cyntefig <kən-TEE-vig> [kənˡteˑvɪg] (adjective)
1 primitive
:_______________________________.
cynt <kint> [kɪnt] (adjective)
1 quicker , faster, speedier
bod ddwywaith yn gynt na be twice as
fast as
2
gynt
before, previously
3 cyntun nap, short sleep, snooze, forty-winks
This is literally “first sleep” (cynt-
= first) + (hun = sleep)
cael cyntun have a nap
:_______________________________.
cyntun <KƏN-tin> [ˡkənˡtɪn] masculine noun
1 nap, short sleep, snooze,
forty-winks
cael cyntun have a
nap
cymryd
cyntun have a
nap
ail-gydio
yn eich cyntun resume your nap
ETYMOLOGY: “first sleep” (cynt- = first) + (hun = sleep)
:_______________________________.
cytûn <kə-TIIN> [kəˡtiːn] (adj)
1 in agreement, in harmony, united
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cytûn < cy|tú|un <
cyt|ddú|un < cyd-ddú|un < cyt-ddy|un (cyd- prefix = together)
+ soft mutation + (dy|un = ??)
(delwedd 7367)
:_______________________________.
cytuno <kə-TII-no> [kəˡtiˑnɔ] (verb)
1 agree
2 cytunwch chi neu beidio whether you agree or not
:_______________________________.
cynulleidfa,
cynulleidfaoedd <kə-ni-LHEID-va,
kə-ni-lheid-VAA-odh> [kənɪˡɬəɪdva,
kənɪɬəɪdˡvɑˑɔɪð, - ɔð] (feminine
noun)
1 audience
y gynulleidfa =
the audience
:_______________________________.
cynulliad,
cynulliadau <kə-NILH-yad,
kə-nilh-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡnɪɬjad, kənɪɬˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 assembly
gollwng cynulliad dismiss an
assembly
:_______________________________.
Cynwyd <KƏ-nuid> [ˡkənʊɪd]
1 village SJ0541 in the county of
Dinbych (formerly in Meirionydd)
2 Bala Cynwyd a village in southeastern
Pennsylvania, in Lower Merion Township.
It was originally two separate towns, but it came to be regarded as a single
community after the US Post Office used a single office called “Bala Cynwyd” to
serve both towns. However the railway still has two separate stations, Bala and
Cynwyd.
The area was settled by Quakers from Meirionydd three hundred and twenty years
ago, in the 1680s. It forms part of the old Welsh Tract by the city of
Philadelphia. This American Cynwyd is generally pronounced as KIN-wid, and by
some as KIN-wud, as if the name were Kinwood. (Information: wikipedia)
(delwedd 7062)
:_______________________________.
cynyddu <kə-NƏ-dhi> [kəˡnəðɪ] (verb)
1 to increase
2
cynyddu o lam i lam increase by
leaps and bounds
cynyddu bob yn llam increase by
leaps and bounds
:_______________________________.
cyplu <KƏ-pli> [ˡkəplɪ] (verb)
1 copulate
Aeth y ci a’r ast ati i gyplu’n hyglyw o
dan fwrdd y gegin
The dog and the bitch began to copulate noisily under the kitchen table
cyplu â copulate with
:_______________________________.
Cyprinidae
1
Scientific name for rhufelliaid roaches
:_______________________________.
Cyprinus carpio
1 Scientific name (genus + species) for cerpyn (m), carp carp
:_______________________________.
cyrch, cyrchau <KIRKH, KƏR-khai, -e> [kɪrx,
ˡkərxaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 attack, raid
2
sortie
dwyn cyrch ar make a sortie against
(“carry a raid on”)
:_______________________________.
cyrchu <KƏR-khi> [ˡkərxɪ] (verb)
1 go and fetch
2 cyrchu at y
nōd run towards the finishing line
Philipiaid 3:14 Yr ydwyf yn
cyrchu at y nōd, am gamp uchel alwedigaeth Duw yng
Nghrist Iesu.
Philippians 3:14 I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of
God in Christ Jesus.
:_______________________________.
cyrfau
<KƏR-vai, -ve> [ˡkərvaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 beers; a plural
of cwrw (= beer); also cwrwau
:_______________________________.
cyrff <KIRF> [kɪrf]
1 bodies; plural of
corff (= body)
:_______________________________.
cyrhaeddiad
<kər-HEIDH-yad> [kərˡhəɪðjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyraeddiadau
<kə-reidh-YAA-dai, -de> [kərəɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 achievement,
attainment
Nid oes unrhyw wahaniaeth rhwng brodorion
Awstralia a’r boblogaeth a ddaeth o Ewrop o ran maint yr ymennydd na’r
cyraeddiadau deallusol
There is no difference between the natives of Australia and the population
which came from Europe as regards the size of the brain nor intellectual
capacity (“intellectual attainments”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyrhaedd, penult form of
the verb cyrraedd = to arriver, to
reach) + (-iad suffix for forming
nouns)
:_______________________________.
cyrion <KƏR-yon> [ˡkərjɔn] (plural
noun)
1 corners, nooks; see cwr
:_______________________________.
Y Cyrion
Celtaidd <ə-KƏR-yon-KEL-taidh
-tedh> [ə ˡkərjɔn ˡkɛltaɪð,
-ɛð] (plural noun)
1 translation of “the Celtic Fringe” (dismissive term used in
England for the Celtic countries considered to be on its fringe - Cornwall,
Ireland, Scotland, Isle of Mann, Wales)
:_______________________________.
cyrlen
<KƏR-len> [ˡkərlɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrliau <KƏRL-yai, -ye> [ˡkərljai,
-jɛ]
1 curl = a coil of
hair
y gyrlen =
the curl
gwallt du yn twmlo dros ’i dalcen yn
gwrle mân
black hair tumbling over his forehead in little curls
Y Gyrlen Gain (“the elegant curl”)
name of a hairdressing salon in Llan-rŵst, 1999
ETYMOLOGY: (cyrl-, penult form of cwrl = curl) + (-en, diminutive suffix) cwrl
is English curl, and maintains the
former English pronunciation <kurl> [kʊrl] ; the
English word came 1400- from Dutch
NOTE: South Wales cwrlen, plural cwrle, cwrls
-iau becomes –ie colloquially,
and in the south the semi-vowel –i- is lost; the reduction w > y in the penult is
disregarded in may words in the south. Hence cwrle instead of cyrlie.
This is true at least for the south-west. In the south-east, -a replaces an –e in a
final syllable. Hence cwrla.
:_______________________________.
cyrn <KIRN> [ˡkɪrn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrnau <KƏR-nai,
-ne> [ˡkərnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 small heap, small
mound
In place names.
See curn
:_______________________________.
Cyrnarfon
<kər NAR-von> [ˡkərˡnarvɔn] feminine noun
1 a colloquial form
of Caernarfon (qv)
:_______________________________.
cyrnen
<KƏR-nen> [ˡkərnɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL: cyrnennau,
cyrnenni <kər-NE-nai, -ne, -ni> [kərˡnɛnaɪ
-ɛ, kərˡnɛnɛnɪ]
1 small heap
2
stook, sheaf
Cyrnen neu fwdwl o wair, sef tocyn o
wair wedi osod yn y fath fodd fel ei
fod yn dal dŵr a chadw'n sych (Llafar Gwlad 32 / 1991)
A “cyrnen” or stook of hay, that is a sheaf of hay placed in such a way that it
stops water getting in (“holds against water”) and keeps dry
cyrnen ŷd stook of corn
Fe ddaeth yr arwerthydd i’r gadlas mewn
pryd,
··········A’i swyddog a’i lyfr yn ei ganlyn;
Y teisi gwair werthodd, a phob cyrnen ŷd,
··········Fe’u prynwyd oll gan y dyeithrddyn.
(BUGEILGERDD (1863). GAN MR. WILLIAM POWELL (GWILYM PENANT). “Yr Eisteddfod” /
1865 / tudalen 369)
The vendor came to the farmyard in time / with his official and his notebook
following him / He sold the stacks of hay and every sheaf of corn / They were
all bought by the stranger
(Pastoral poem 1863 by Mr. William Powell “Gwilym Pennant”)
“Yr Eisteddfod” / 1865 / page 369)
ETYMOLOGY: (curn = pile, heap) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns),
with change in the tonic vowel u <i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]
:_______________________________.
cyrnos
<KƏR-nos> [ˡkərnɔs] plural
1 small heaps,
small mounds
With plural suffix -os (diminutives
with -os added to a feminine noun
behave as feminine singular nouns after the definite article – there is soft
mutation)
Found in place names in south Wales - cyrnos > Y Gyrnos
In Merthyrtudful, there is a
district marked on the Ordnance Survey map as “Gurnos” (i.e. Y Gurnos);
the farm to the north-west which gave its name to the district is marked
“Gyrnos Fm”, i.e. Y Gyrnos, which is the local form of Y Gurnos (the
reduction of a pretonic vowel or diphthong to the obscure vowel [ə] is a
common feature of Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY cyrnos < curnos (curn = pile, heap) + (-os
suffix for forming diminutives of collective nouns, especially those of certain
plants) with change in the tonic vowel u
<i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]
:_______________________________.
cyrnu verb
South Wales
1 to shiver, to quake; see crynu
:_______________________________.
cyrnyn
<KƏR-nin> [ˡkərnɪn] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cyrnynnau <kər-NƏ-nai,
-ne> [kərˡnənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 small heap
ETYMOLOGY: (curn = pile, heap) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns),
with change in the tonic vowel u <i> [ɪ] > y <ə> [ə]
:_______________________________.
cyrraedd <KƏ-raidh -redh> [ˡkəraɪð,
-ɛð] (verb)
1 to arrive
Pwy a gyrraedd gyntaf? Who will arrive first? (Classical
Welsh)
Pwy gyrhaeddiff gynta’? Who will arrive first? (Colloquial Welsh)
2 cyrraedd y
gwaelod eitha’ un reach rock bottom, hit rock bottom (“reach the
extreme bottom”)
3 (masculine noun) reach
o fewn cyrraedd (qv) within
reach
o fewn cyrraedd i within reach of
4 (masculine noun) go = energy, iniatitive
(South Wales) Does dim cyrraedd ynddo
He’s got no go in him
5
cyrraedd eithafnod dedwyddwch to
reach the peak of happiness
ROOT: cyrhaedd- (penult), cyraedd- (prepenult),
THIRD PERSON SINGULAR PRESENT-FUTURE
CLASSICAL WELSH cyrraedd “arrives / will arrive”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH cyrhaeddĭff “will arrive”
IMPERATIVE - SINGULAR
CLASSICAL WELSH cyrraedd “arrive!”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH cyrhaedda “arrive!”
IMPERATIVE - PLURAL: CLASSICAL WELSH cyrhaeddwch “arrive!”
COLLOQUIAL WELSH cyrhaeddwch “arrive!”
:_______________________________.
cyrri <KƏ-ri> [ˡkərɪ] (masculine
noun)
1 curry
:_______________________________.
cyrri cyw iâr <KƏ-ri kiu YAAR> [ˡkərɪ
kɪʊ ˡjɑːr] (masculine
noun)
1 chicken curry
:_______________________________.
cyrri llysiau <KƏ-ri LHƏS-yai –ye,
LHƏ-she> [ˡkərɪ ˡɬəsjaɪ,
ɬəsjɛ, ɬəʃɛ] (masculine noun)
1 vegetable curry
:_______________________________.
cyrsiau
<KƏRS-yai –e,
KƏR-she> [ˡkərsjaɪ, kərsjɛ, kərʃɛ] (plural
noun)
1 courses; see cwrs
:_______________________________.
cysawd
<kə-SAUD> [kəˡsaʊd] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodau <kə-SOO-dai, -ai, -e> [kəˡsoˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
system
cysawd yr haul solar system
2
computer system
Newid dyddiad ac amser y cysawd (To) change (the) system
date and time
ETYMOLOGY: c1794. Word coined
by Wiliam Owen-Pughe; cysawd < cys-sawd or cy-sawd, which is a form imitating the word gosawd (“go + sawd”).
The lexicographer believed that the word gosod (= to place) had an earlier form gosawd, since a common phenomenon in
Welsh is the reduction of a diphthong aw
to o in a final consonant.
In fact, “-sod” is an element (corresponding to
Latin sto / stâre (= to stand) and
English stand) which had an etymological “o”, and was never
originally “aw”.
:_______________________________.
cysegr <KƏ-segr> [ˡkəsɛgr]
PLURAL: cysegroedd,
cysegrau <kə-SE-groidh, -odh, kə-SE-grai, -e > [kəˡsɛgrɔɪð, -ɔð, kəˡsɛgraɪ, -ɛ,]
1 sanctuary, holy place, sacred place
Cysegr (“sanctuary”) name of a chapel in Brychdwn
Newydd / New Broughton, county of Y Fflint
2 Caniadaeth y Cysegr
"(the) singing (of the) holy place / sanctuary; chapel)”
Name of a radio programme of hymn singing, on BBC Radio
Cymru; hymnody, the singing of hymns
3 y
cysegr sancteiddiolaf
the most holy place
Exodus 26:34 Dod
hefyd y drugareddfa ac arch y dystiolaeth yn y cysegr sancteiddiolaf.
Exodus
26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the
most holy place.
4 chapel
Er mewn oedran teg dalia Mr Edwards i gymryd diddordeb mawr yn y cysegr a
bu'n hynod ffyddlon ar hyd y daith
Although he was well on in years Mr. Edwards continued to take an interst in
thr chapel and was very faithful throughout (“along the journey”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin : consecro
(consecrare, consecravi, consecratus) (=
dedictate, devote)
:_______________________________.
cysegru
<kə-SE-gri> [kəˡsɛgrɪ] (verb)
1 consecrate
2 dedicate
3 ymgysegru dedicate
ymgysegru i astudio dedicate
oneself to study
:_______________________________.
cysegr-ŵyl
<KƏ-se-gr uil> [ˡkəsɛgr
ʊɪl] feminine noun
1 feast of
dedication, feast of consecration
y gysegr-ŵyl = the feast of
dedication
Ioan 10:22 Ac yr oedd y gysegr-ŵyl
yn Jerwsalem, a’r gaeaf oedd hi
John 10:22 And it was at Jerusalem the feast of the dedication, and it was
winter
ETYMOLOGY: (cysegr = sanctuary) +
soft mutation + (gŵyl = feast,
festival)
:_______________________________.
cysgadrwydd
<kə-SKA-druidh> [kəˡskadrʊɪð] masculine noun
1 drowsiness,
doziness, sleepiness, somnulence = tendency to sleep
ETYMOLOGY: (cysgad- < cysgadur = dormidor) + (-rwydd suffix per formar substantius
abstractes)
:_______________________________.
cysglys <KƏSK-lis> [ˡkəsklɪs]
PLURAL: cysglysiau <kəsk-LƏ-syai
–ye, kəsk-LƏ-she> [kəskˡləsjaɪ, -ɛ, kəskˡləʃɛ] 1 (Papaver somniferum) opium poppy
Also pabi gwyn, llysiau’r cwsg
ETYMOLOGY: (cysg- < cwsg = sleep) + soft mutation + (llys = plant)
NOTE: There is a less correct form cwsglys,
without the change w > y in the tonic syllable
:_______________________________.
cysgod,
cysgodion <KƏ-skod,
kə-SKOD-yon>
[ˡkəskɔd, kəˡskɔdjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 shadow
2 shade
3 shelter
dan gysgod (adverb) under shelter
(preposition) under the shelter of, sheltered by
mynd i lawr dibyn serth dan gysgod Craig
y Widdon
go down a steep descent sheltered by Craig y Gwiddon (craig = crag, rock)
:_______________________________.
cysgodi <kə-SKOO-di> [kəˡskoˑdɪ] (v)
1 to shelter
2
llain gysgodi shelter belt, belt of
trees acting as a shelter for a field or building from the wind
:_______________________________.
cysgodol <kə-SKOO-dol> [kəˡskoˑdɔ] (adj)
1 sheltered
llecyn cysgodol wrth odre’r graig
a sheltered spot at the foot of the rock
:_______________________________.
Cysgodydderwen <KƏ-skod ə DHER-wen> [ˡkəskɔd ə ˡðɛrwɛn]
1 house name, Bangor (Gwynedd) (“Cysgod y Dderwen”)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) shade (of) the oak tree”
(cysgod = shade, shelter) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(derwen = oak tree)
:_______________________________.
cysgu <KƏ-ski> [ˡkəskɪ] (verb)
1 to sleep
cysgu yng nghlais y clawdd sleep in the ditch, sleep out under the stars,
sleep rough (“sleep in the ditch of the hedgebank”)
2 cysgu ddydd a nos sleep round the clock, sleep day and night
3 cysgu-bei <KƏ-ski-BEI> [ˡkəskɪ
ˡbəɪ] bye-byes (children’s word for sleep)
mynd i gysgu-bei (child language) go to bye-byes = go to sleep
“go to sleep” (mynd = to go) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (cysgu = to sleep) + (bei, apparently English “bye-bye”)
4 cysgu yn hwyr <KƏ-skin HUIR> [ˡkəskɪn
ˡhʊɪr] (masculine noun) oversleep, sleep
late
5
Similes:
cysgu fel ci bwtshwr pretend to be asleep
NOTE:
[ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
dogsleipin’: pretending to be asleep ]
cysgu fel craig yr oesoedd sleep
like a log (“sleep like the rock of ages”)
cysgu fel gwadd sleep like a log
(“sleep like a mole”)
cysgu fel hoelen sleep like a log
(“sleep like a nail”)
cysgu fel maten sleep like a log
(“sleep like a turf sod“)
cysgu fel mochyn sleep like a log
(“sleep like a pig”)
cysgu fel pathew sleep like a log
(“sleep like a dormouse”)
cysgu fel twrch sleep like a log
(“sleep like a mole”)
cysgu fel y clawdd sleep like a log
(“sleep like the hedgebank”)
cysgu’n gordyn sleep like a log
(“sleep like a cord (measure of cut wood)”)
:_______________________________.
cysidro <kə-SI-dro> [kəˡsɪdrɔ] (verb)
1 (Englishism) consider (the standard word is ystyried)
a chysidro all things considered,
considering the circumstances, in view of the situation
:_______________________________.
cysodedig <kə-so-DEE-dig> [kəsɔˡdeˑdɪg] adjective
1 typeset
ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-iad past participle suffix)
:_______________________________.
cysodi <kə-SOO-di> [kəˡsoˑdɪ] verb
1 (type) typeset
2 masculine noun typesetting,
layout
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a form of gosod
(= to put), (1) with a verbal suffix -i
added, and (2) with cy- taking the
place of go- in the first syllable,
maybe due to the influence of verbs such as cysoni (= reconcile, harmonize, arrange) or cyfansoddi (= constitute, compose).
William Owen-Pughe, in his dictionary of 1794 onwards, has cyssodi (= to constitute, compose), but as there is an example from
1595 of this verb and examples of derivative forms before the appearance of his
dictionary - cysodiad, 1600s, (=
composition), cysodwr 1707 (=
composer) - it cannot be an invention of his, like so many words in the
dictionary. Its inclusion however gave it currency in the modern language
See also cysawd
:_______________________________.
cysodiad <kə-SOD-yad> [kəˡsɔdjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodiadau <kə-sod-YAA-dai,
-e> [kəsɔdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 typesetting
ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-iad suffix)
:_______________________________.
cysodwr <kə-SOO-dur> [kəˡsoˑdʊr] masculine noun
1 = cysodydd
:_______________________________.
cysodydd <kə-SOO-didh> [kəˡsoˑdɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cysodyddion,
cysodwyr <kə-so-DƏDH-yon, kə-SOD-wir> [kəsɔˡdəðjɔn,
kəˡsɔdwɪr]
1 typesetter
ETYMOLOGY: (cysod- stem of cysodi = compose, set) + (-ydd agent suffix)
NOTE: also cysodwr, with the suffix
-wr instead of -ydd
:_______________________________.
cyson <KƏ-son> [ˡkəsɔn] (adjective)
1 constant
:_______________________________.
cystadleuaeth
<kə-stad-LEI-aith
-eth> [kəstadˡləɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL: cystadleuaethau, cystadlaethau
(or
cystadleuthau
) [kəstadləɪˡəɪθaɪ,
-ɛ, kəstadˡləɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1 competition =
rivalry, the act of competing;
y gystadleuaeth = the competition
2 contest = attempt by two rivals to
gain victory
3 competition = a contest for a
prize
cystadleuaeth harddwch beauty
contest
4 competition = rivalry between
commercial enterprises to win over customers and earn profits; cystadleuaeth annheg unfair competition
5 cystadleuaeth am y cryfaf a competiton
to see who’s the strongest, a trial of strength
ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838.
It is (cystadlu
= to compete) + (-aeth, suffix); in
imitation of dadleuaeth (= argument,
debate) < (dadlau = discuss,
dispute) + (-aeth, suffix)
NOTE: the plural form cystadlaethau
is the more common, wirh the double diphthong [əɪəɪ] reduced to one [əɪ] cystadleuaethau > cystadl’aethau / cystadlaethau
:_______________________________.
cystadleuaeth tynnu rhaff <kə-stad-LEI-aith, –eth TƏ-ni HRAAF> [kəstadˡləɪaɪθ,
-ɛθ ˡtənɪ ˡhrɑː f]
feminine noun
1 tug-of-war
contest (“competition (of) pulling (a) rope”)
:_______________________________.
cystadleuol
<kə-stad-LEI-ol> [kəstadˡləɪɔl] adjective
1 competitive =
characterised by competition; marchnad
gystadleuol a competitive market
2
cyfarfod cystadleuol “competitive
meeting” = event where people in a neighbourhood compete to win a prize for
solo singing, choral singing, solo recitations, group recitations, musical
groups, playing an instrument, toffee or cake making, painting, etc.
Ar un adeg bu yna dros saith o “gyfarfodydd
cystadleuol” yn cael eu cynnal mewn capeli bach o gwmpas Plwy Llanuwchllyn...
Mae’n rhoi cyfle i blant meithrin i fyny i oedolion ddangos eu doniau.
At one time there were over seven ‘competitive meetings’ held in small
chapels around the parish of Llanuwchllyn ... It gives an opportunity
for nursery-school children (and everyone) up to adults to display their
talents
ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838. (cystadlu
= to compete) + (-ol, suffix); in
imitation of dadleuol = debatable
< (dadlau = discuss, dispute) + (-ol, suffix)
:_______________________________.
cystadleuwr
<kə-stad-LEI-ur> [kəstadˡləɪʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL <kə-stad-LEI-wir> [kəstadˡləɪwɪr]
1 competitor,
participant, contestant
2 competitor = rival
ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use in 1838. (cystadlu
= to compete) + (-wr, suffix); in
imitation of dadleuwr = arguer,
debater < (dadlau = discuss,
dispute) + (-wr, suffix)
NOTE: also cystadleuydd
:_______________________________.
cystadleuydd
<kə-stad-LEI-idh> [kəstadˡləɪɪð] masculine noun
See: cystadleuwr
:_______________________________.
cystadlu
<kə-STAD-li> [kəˡstadlɪ] verb without an object
1 compete = engage in a contest; take part in a
competition
2
take part in an eisteddfod;
Rhoddwyd ‘gwobr’ i bawb oedd yn cystadlu
yn Eisteddfod y Rhondda
A ‘prize’ was given to everybody who competed in the Rhondda Eisteddfod
3
cystadlu am compete for
Cyfrol am y rhai sydd wedi cystadlu am
Gadair a Choron yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol er 1946...
A volume about the people who competed for the Chair and the Crown in the
National Eisteddfod since 1946
4
compete = be engaged with a rival for a prize
5
compete = (business) seek to secure customers and / or profit at the expense of
rivals
6
gallu cystadlu â be able to compete
with = be able to equal (a rival) in quality, advantages, usefulness, etc
Nid oes yr un iaith wneud a all gystadlu
ag Esperanto o safbwynt bod yn ymarferol
There is no artificial language which can compete with Esperanto from the
standpoint of being practical
7
cystadlu yn erbyn = compete against
8
bod cystadlu ar be entries for a
competition (“be competing on”);
Ni fu cystadlu ar ugain o
gystadleuaethau yn yr eisteddfod eleni
There were no entries for twenty of the competitions in the eisteddfod this
year
ETYMOLOGY: (cystadl, an earlier form
of cystal = equivalent, comparable)
+ (-u, suffix for creating verbs)
:_______________________________.
cystal <KƏ-stal> [ˡkəstal] (adjective)
1 as good
Mae un gair cystal â chant imi I can
take a hint (“one word is as good as a hundred to me”)
2 cystal â = as good as
esgus cystal â dim an excuse as good as any
3
cystadlu to compete (from cystadl, an earlier form of cystal)
:_______________________________.
Cystal bys a
bawd â chyllell a fforc <KƏ-stal
BIIS a BAUD a KHƏ-lhell a FORK> [ˡkəstal
ˡbiː s a ˡbaʊd a ˡxəɬɛll a
ˡfɔrk] 1 Fingers were made before forks (in excusing oneself for not eating with
a knife and fork)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(it-is) as-good (a ) finger and thumb as (a) knife and fork”)
:_______________________________.
Cystennin
<kə-STE-nin> [kəˡstɛnɪn] masculine
noun
1 man's name =
Constantine
Constantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus ?280-337. He converted to
Christianity after seeing a cross of light before a battle that he won in a a
war against his brother-in-law and co-emperor, Maxentius. Constantine later
became Roman emperor when he was 26 (306-337). He moved his capital from Rome
to Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople after himself (nowadays Istanbul,
Turkey)
Caergystennin Constantinople (“(the)
fort (of) Constantine”)
2
Maescwstennin street name in
Cyffordd Llandudno, county of Conwy
(“Maes Cwstennin”)
(“(the) field (of) Constantine”)
(maes = field) + (Cwstennin < Cystennin = Constantine)
3
Llangystennin ‹lhan-gə-STE-nin› [ɬangəˡstɛnɪn] A village
and parish in Conwy.
According to the wikipedia entry http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llangystennin
there is a variation of the name with “w” instead of “y”: Llangwstennin
The parish is south-east of the
parish of Llan-rhos (in which Llandudno is situated). Cyffordd
Llandudno (Llandudno Junction) is in Llangystennin parish.
4 Llangystennin Garth
Brenni ‹lhan-gə-STE-nin garth BRE-ni› [ɬangəˡstɛnɪn ˡgarθ ˡbrɛnɪ]
Welsh
Bicknor, Herefordshire SO5917
“(the) Llangystennin (which is at)
Garth Brenni”
Garth Brenni: (garth = hill) + (Brenni?)
Llangystennin: (llan =
church) + soft mutation + (Cystennin = Constantine)
(delwedd 7079)
ETYMOLOGY: Cystennin < Cystennyn < Custennyn < British < Latin Constantînus,
a diminutive form of Constantius
< constans (= constant)
Cornish has Costentin (=
Constantine)
:_______________________________.
cystrawen,
cystrawennau <kə-STRAU-en,
kə-strau-E-nai, -e> [kəˡstraʊɛn,
kəstraʊˡɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 sentence
y gystrawen = the sentence
:_______________________________.
cystuddiol
<kə-STIDH-yol> [kəˡstɪðjɔl] adjective
1 troubled
II Corinthiaid 4:8 Ym mhob peth yr ym yn
gystuddiol, ond nid mewn ing; yr ydym mewn cyfyng gyngor, ond nid yn ddiobaith
II Corinithians 4:8 We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are
perplexed, but not in despair
ETYMOLOGY: (cystudd = affliction,
grief) + (-iol)
:_______________________________.
cysur, cysuron <KƏ-sir, kə-SII-ron> [ˡkəsɪr,
kəˡsiˑrɔn] (masculine noun)
1 consolation
:_______________________________.
cysuro
<kə-SII-ro> [kəˡsiˑrɔ] verb
1 console = lessen
distress, sorrow, disappointment
2
comfort (a crying baby, etc)
ETYMOLOGY: (cysur = consolation) + (-o = suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cyswllt,
cysylltau <KƏ-sulht,
kə-SƏLH-tai, -e> [ˡkəsʊɬt,
kəˡsəɬtaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 connection
2 yn y cyswllt hwn as regards this, in
this context, in this regard
:_______________________________.
cysylltiad,
cysylltiadau <kə-SƏLHT-yad,
kə-səlht-YAA-dai, -e> [kəˡsəɬtjad,
kəsəɬtˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 connection
:_______________________________.
cysylltu <kə-SƏLH-ti> [kəˡsəɬtɪ] (masculine
noun)
1 to connect
cysylltu â to connect to; to contact
:_______________________________.
cyt <KƏT> [kət] masculine noun
PLURAL: cytiau <KƏT-yai,
-ye> [ˡkətjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 North Wales a cut, a wound
2 a channel made by digging
Y Cyt ger Felin yr Wyddfa, Porthmadog
the cut by Felin yr
Wyddfa (“Snowdon Mill”)
(Y Cyt was a canal linking Tremadoc with Porthmadog)
3 South Wales ostentation
ETYMOLOGY: English cut (= a wound made by cutting)
:_______________________________.
cytew
<KƏ-teu> [ˡkətɛʊ] adjective
(North Wales)
1 (liquid) thick, stiff
2 (masculine noun) egg batter (flour, eggs, milk)
ETYMOLOGY: cytew < cyd-dew (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tew = fat; thick)
:_______________________________.
cytgae
<KƏT-gai> [ˡkətgaɪ] masculine
noun
1 common boundary,
boundary hedgebank between two farms
2 agreement between neighbouring farmers to maintain and repair a
common boundary between their properties
ETYMOLOGY: cytgae < cýd-gae (cyd- < cyd- =
together) + soft mutation + ( cae =
hedge, hedgebank) (d-g > t)
:_______________________________.
cythlwng <KƏTH-lung> [ˡkəθˡlʊŋ] masculine noun
1 hunger
2 yr wyf (i) ar fy nghythlwng I’m hungry
yr wyt (ti) ar dy gythlwng you’re hungry
y mae (ef) ar
ei gythlwng he’s
hungry
y mae (hi) ar
ei chythlwng she’s
hungry
yr ydym (ni) ar ein cythlwng we’re hungry
yr ydych (chi) ar eich cythlwng you’re hungry
y maent (hwy)
ar eu cythlwng they’re
hungry
Ni byddai un ohonynt yn cael mynd ymáith ar ei
gythlwng Not one of them would be alllowed to leave without
having a bite to eat
ETYMOLOGY: cythlwng < *cynthlwng < British *kintu-long-
(= before eating)
Corresponds to Irish céalacan < céadlongadh (= morning fast).
Irish long (= eat, drink, consume) has a cognate llewa (= eat,
scoff, guzzle) in Welsh - that is, if we accept that llewa is from
Celtic long-; it may possibly however be formed from the noun llew
(= lion)
:_______________________________.
cythraul,
cythreuliaid <KƏ-thrail
/ KƏ-threl , kə-THREIL-yaid, -yed> [ˡkəθraɪl /
ˡkəθrɛl, kəˡθrəɪljaɪd,
-jɛd]
(masculine noun)
1 devil
2
gythrel damned, bloody, goddam
yr ast gythrel that goddam bitch
3
cythraul o = intensifier
Mae e’n gythraul o gelwyddgi
He’s a hell of a liar
dod dros gythraul o annwyd get over
a hell of a cold
4 Cythraul o waith yw e It’s a devil of a job, It’s one devil of a job
(“(it-is”) (a) devil of (a) job that-is it”)
5 tamaid y cythraul (Succisa pratensis)
devil's bit scabious
6 bod yn
gythraul am eich tin be sex mad (“be a devil for your (bit of) arse”)
bod yn gythraul am eich tamaid be
sex mad (“be a devil for your bit”)
7
I gythraul â (rhywun) Down with
(someone) (“to (a) devil with...”)
NOTE: In spoken Welsh, in the penultimate syllable au > e, with a further
development e
> a in the south-east and north-west - cythraul / cythrel / cythral
:_______________________________.
cythreulig <kə-THREI-lig> [kəˡθrəɪlɪg] (adjective)
1 devilish
:_______________________________.
cythru <KƏ-thri> [ˡkəθrɪ] (verb)
1 to rush, charge
2 (North Wales) cythru i (rywun) charge at
(someone)
:_______________________________.
cythruddo <kə-THRII-dho> [kəˡθriˑðɔ] (verb)
1 to annoy
:_______________________________.
cytir
<KƏ-tir> [ˡkətɪr] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cytiroedd <kə-TII-roidh,
-rodh> [kəˡtiˑrɔɪð,
kəˡtiˑrɔð]
1 common land
(usually wood, pasture and waste)
..a/ Y Cytir (SH8715) farm in the
county of Gwynedd (Meirionnydd district)
..b/ Maescytir street in Caergybi
(appears as “Maes Cyttir”), county of Môn (= “maes y cytir” the field in / by
the common land)
..c/ The word is to be seen in a street name in Bangor (SH5872) – “Cyttir Lane”
on maps, which is presumably for Lôn y
Cytir / Lôn Cytir
ETYMOLOGY: cytir < cyd-dir (cyd- = joint) + soft mutation + ( tir = land)
The combination of (final d [d]) + (d [d] resulting from soft mutation of t [t])
becomes t [t]
(d +d) > t
Cyttir, with a double t, is an erroneous nineteenth-century
Welsh spelling.
:_______________________________.
cytref
<KƏ-trev> [ˡkətrɛv] feminine
noun
PLURAL: cytrefi <kə-TREE-vi> [kəˡtreˑvɪ]
1 conurbation
ETYMOLOGY: cytref < cyd-dref (cyd- prefix = together) + soft mutation + (tref = town)
:_______________________________.
cytser <KƏT-ser> [ˡkətsɛr] masculine
noun
PLURAL: cytserau <kət-SEE-rai,
-e> [kətˡseˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1 constellation
ETYMOLOGY: (cyt- form of the prefix cyd- (= together) before the consonant s) + (sêr = stars)
:_______________________________.
cytundeb,
cytundebau <kə-TIN-deb,
kə-tin-DEE-bai, -be> [kəˡtɪndɛb,
kətɪnˡdeˑbaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 agreement
2
Cytundebau Genefa The Geneva
Conventions
3
Y Cytundeb Triphlyg The Triple
Entente
4 Abbreviation (for example, in a dictionary): ctn.
5
cytundeb barn consensus, general
agreement
cael cytundeb barn ar y mater reach
a consensus on the issue
:_______________________________.
cytuno <kə-TII-no> [kəˡtiˑnɔ] (verb)
1 to agree
cytuno â agree
with
2 Cytuno yw tewi Silence
gives consent, not speaking out against an injustice is approving this
injustice (“(it is) agreeing that-is keeping quiet”)
:_______________________________.
cyw <KIU> [kɪʊ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywion <KƏU-yon> [ˡkəʊjɔn]
1 North Wales the young of an animal
caseg â chyw a mare and foal
caseg drwm o gyw a mare heavy with
foal
cyw cwningen plural cywion cwningod = young rabbit
y cywion the young animals, the young ones, the young
Heol-y-cyw (qv) village by Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
2 chick, young bird
cywion gwyddau goslings
cywion hwyaid ducklings
cywion ieir chickens
Gwyn y gwêl y frân ei chyw
“(it is) white that the crow sees her chick”
Mothers can never believe that their offspring may be less than
honourable and angelic; a mother believes her child can do no wrong
3
(person) learner, apprentice = one learning a trade or profession
Cyw newyddiadurwr ar yr Herald Cymraeg
ydi o
He’s a trainee journalist on the Herald Cymraeg
Byddai amryw fathau o waith yn aros cyw
o golier
Many sorts of jobs awaited a collier learning the job
Mae ef yn ei ddisgrifio ei hun yn ‘gyw gŵr busnes’
He describes himself as an ‘apprentice businessman’
4
term of address for a child, a partner (eg wife or husband): dear, darling
Eistedd yn fanna, cyw, i aros
Sit there, darling, and wait
5
kid, baby, child
Does na’m syndod na chawson nhw ddim cyw
It’s not surprising they didn’t have children
rhoi cyw i ferch get a girl into
trouble (“give a girl a child / a young one”)
6
Mae naws y cyw yn y cawl
Like father like son (“there is the taste of the chicken in the soup”)
also: Mae natur y cyw yn y cawl
(“there is the nature of the chicken in the soup”)
Llygotwr da oedd yr hen gwrcath. Roedd
naws y cyw yn y cawl - maen nhw’n gweud taw llygotwraig dda oedd ei fam hefyd
The old tomcat was a good mouser - a chip off the old block. They say that his
mother was a good mouser too
7 lladd yr iâr a cholli’r
cywion to kill the goose that lays the golden eggs (“kill the hen and lose
the chicks”) – through greed, wanting everything at once, to destroy a source
of wealth
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kuw(os)
NOTE: In parts of South-west Wales, the plural form is cŵen < cywen
< cywain
:_______________________________.
cywain <KƏ-wain -wen> [ˡkəwaɪn,
ˡkəwɛn] (verb)
1 gather in the harvest
Gruffydd
oedd yn hau ac yn medi, yn cywain i’r ysgubor, ac yn dyrnu, yn prynu ac yn
gwerthu, ond Sam oedd yn gofalu am y rhent.
Gruffydd was the one who sowed and reaped, who gathered in the harvest to the
barn, who bought and sold, but Sam was the one who took care of the rent
:_______________________________.
(1) cywaith
<KƏ-waith, -weth> [ˡkəwaɪθ,
-ɛθ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyweithiau <kə-WEITH-yai,
-ye> [kəˡwəɪθjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 project = planned
undertaking
ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) +
soft mutation + (gwaith = work)
:_______________________________.
(2) cywaith
<KƏ-waith, -weth> [ˡkəwaɪθ,
-ɛθ] masculine noun
PLURAL: cyweithion <kə-WEITH-yon> [kəˡwəɪθjɔn]
1 (obosolete)
companion, colleague
ETYMOLOGY: (cy- prefix = together) +
soft mutation + (gwaith) <
British.
The element gwaith (feminine noun)
is from a British root (*vekt-).
This is equivalent to Latin vehere
(= to carry), from which came vehiculum
(= vehicle), vector (= carrier), as
in modern English vehicle (= means
of transport), vector (= carrier
organism; also a mathematical term for a variable quantity).
In modern Welsh gwaith < *vekt means ‘time, occasion’ (as in unwaith = once, dwywaith = twice, teirgwaith
= three times, etc).
It is possible that gwaith (feminine
noun) (= time, occasion) is originally the same word as modern Welsh gwaith (masculine noun) (= work)
:_______________________________.
cywarch
<KƏ-warkh> [ˡkəwarx] masculine noun
1 (planhigyn)
Cannabis sativa = hemp, the fibre of
which is used for making canvas and rope
edau gywarch hempen thread
pwll cywarch pool for treating hemp
siencyn cywarch (“Siencyn /
Jenkin (of) (the) hemp”) Another name for llinos
werdd (= greenfinch)
2 cannabis, marihuana, dope; narcotic drug from the cannabis plant
(in this sense usually cánabis in
Welsh)
NOTE: colloquial form: cwarch ‹ku-arkh›
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British. In Breton koarc’h
(= hemp)
:_______________________________.
Cywarch <KƏ-warkh> [ˡkəwarx] feminine noun
1 Abercywarch SH8615 district in Gwynedd
(“confluence (of the river) Cywarch”), At this point, at Aber Cywarch,
the Cywarch enters the river Dyfi. The settlement is 1 km north-east of Dinas
Mawddwy on the road to Llanymawddwy.
(“Aber-Cywarch” on the map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8615
map
2
Afon Cywarch SH8517 river in Gwynedd
3
Craig Cywarch the rock (above) (the
river) Cywarch
4
Cwm Cywarch the valley of the
Cywarch
5
Cywarch locality in Gwynedd SH8518
6
Glyncywarch SH6034 locality in the
district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) (“the valley of the
Cywarch”)
Short form: Y Glyn (“the valley”)
ETYMOLOGY: from the plant name cywarch
(Cannabis sativa = hemp). See the
previous entry
NOTE: The colloquial pronunciation of the name is Cwarch <KUU-arkh> [ˡkuˑarx]
:_______________________________.
cyweirio <kə-WEIR-yo> [kəˡwəɪrjɔ] verb
1 put right
(Northern USA and Midland USA: to redd)
2
cyweirio corff lay out a body =
prepare a corpse for burial
3
cyweirio’r ford lay the table
4
cyweirio’r gwely (1) make the bed
Job 17:13 Os disgwyliaf, y bedd sydd
fedd i mi: mewn tywyllwch y cywieirias fy ngwely
Job 17:13 If I wait, the grave is mine house; I have made my bed in the
darkness
cyweirio ei wely ‘make its bed’ -
said of snow falling which it seems will remain on the ground for a long time;
to settle
Mae arna i ofn ’i fod o’n cyweirio ’i
wely
(said of snow) I’m afraid it’s settling (“I’m afraid it’s making its bed”)
5
cyweirio ffordd repair a road;
(figurative) change one’s behaviour
Jeremeia 2:33 Paham yr wyt ti yn
cyweirio dy ffordd i geisio cariad?
Jeremiah 2:33 Why trimmest thou thy way to seek love?
6
county of Penfro cyweirio ty give gifts to newly-weds: (colloquially cwiro ty)
7
(musical instrument) tune
8
(voice) modulate, vary the pitch
trawsgyweirio = modulate
9
cyweirio eich gwallt to dress one’s
hair, to arrange one’s hair
10
repair (a net)
Mathew 4:21 Ac wedi mynd rhagddo oddi
yno, efe a welodd ddau frodyr eraill, Iago fab Sebedeus, ac Ioan ei frawd, mewn
llong gyda Sebedeus eu tad, yn cyweirio eu rhwydau...
Matthew 4:21 And going on from thence, he saw other two brethren, James the son
of Zebedee, and John his brother, in a ship with Zebedee their father, mending
their nets..
11
South Wales darn (a hole in stocking)
cyweirio twll mewn hosan
> (colloquially) cwiro twll miwn
hosan darn a hole in stocking
12
South Wales mend (clothes)
cyweirio dillad
> (colloquially) cwiro dillad
repair clothes
13
South Wales mend (shoes)
cyweirio esgidiau
> (colloquially) cwiro sgitsha
repair shoes
14
South Wales repair, do up (a
building)
cyweirio adeilad > (colloquially)
cwiro adeilad
repair a building
Cronicl-2 24:5 Ac efe a gynullodd yr
offeiriad a’r Lefiaid, ac a ddywedodd wrthynt, Ewch i ddinasoedd Jwda, a
chesglwch gan holl Israel arian i gyweirio ty eich Duw, o flwyddyn i flwyddyn...
Chronicles-2 24:5 And he gathered together the priests and the Levites, and
said to them, Go out unto the cities of Judah, and gather of all Israel money
to repair the house of your God from year to year
15
South Wales (wound) treat, dress, see
to
cyweirio’r anaf treat the wound
16
South Wales (building) make hay
cyweirio gwair > (colloquially) cwiro gwair make hay
17 (South Wales) hull (oats) = remove the seed covering
cyweirio
ceirch > (colloquially) cwiro cyrch
Yr oedd, er ys blynyddoedd yn ôl, lawer o gyrchu tua’r felin i gyweirio cyrch, neu yn iaith y plwyf i ‘gwyro’ Llanwynno (1888)
Glanffrwd (William Thomas 1843-1890)
There was, many years ago, much going to the mill to hull (‘cyweirio’) oats, or
in the language of the parish (of Llanwynno) ‘cwyro’
18 South-west Wales brew (drink)
19
South Wales cyweirio llaeth coagulate (add rennet to cause coagulation) >
(colloquially) cwiro llaath
20 South
Wales cyweirio ymenyn work
(butter) = wash, take out the water and milk, and mix in salt, make (butter)
> (colloquially) cwiro menyn
21 South
Wales make (cheese)
cyweirio caws > (colloquially) cwiro caws
22
(food) preserve (through salting or smoking)
23
cyweirio â halen to salt
Eseciel 16:4 Ac am dy enedigaeth, ar y dydd
y’th anwyd ni thorrwyd dy fogail, ac mewn dwfr ni’th olchwyd i’th feddalhau:
ni’th gyweiriwyd chwaith â halen, ac ni’th rwymwyd â rhwymyn
Ezekiel 16:4 As for thy nativity, in the day thou was born thy navel was not
cut, neither wast thou washed in water to supple thee; thou wast not salted at
all, nor swaddled at all
24
South Wales dress (skin, hide), treat
(leather)
cyweirio lledr > (colloquially) cwiro lletar treat leather
25
South Wales castrate
26
North Wales beat up. The spoken form
is always cweirio
From cweirio comes the noun cweir (= a beating-up, a going-over)
rhoi cweir i rywun beat someone up,
give someone a going-over
27
(Welsh Laws) cyweirio galanas
compensate the relatives of a murder victim
28
atgyweirio (qv) to repair (ad + soft mutation + cyweirio)
ETYMOLOGY: (cyweir- < cywair = good condition, proper
condition) + (-io suffix for forming
verbs)
Cf Irish cóirigh (= arrange, mend,
repair)
NOTE: North Wales cyweirio > cweirio; South Wales cyweirio > cweiro > cwiro
:_______________________________.
cyweithas
<kə-WEI-thas> [kəˡwəɪθas] masculine noun
1 obsolete society
2 used in the
phrase cyweithas y cenhedloedd
comity (of nations) (= mutual understanding and acceptance of laws, and
customs;
friendly recognition of a state of the usages and laws of another)
ETYMOLOGY: (cywaith = companion,
friend) + (-as suffix) < British
From the same British root: Cornish kowethas
(= association)
:_______________________________.
cywestach
<kə-WE-stakh> [kəˡwɛstax] masculine noun
1 orgy
ETYMOLOGY: (cywest = sleeping place)
+ (-ach suffix for forming abstract
nouns);
if not (cy-
= together) + soft mutation + (gwestach
= to lodge)
:_______________________________.
cyw iâr, cywion
ieir <kiu YAAR, kəu-yon
YEIR> [kɪʊ ˡjɑːr, kəʊjɔn
ˡjəɪr] (masculine noun)
1 chick, chicken
:_______________________________.
cywilydd <kə-WII-lidh> [kəˡwiˑlɪð] (masculine
noun)
1 shame = painful feeling
from having done something wrong or foolish
bod yn gywilydd
i gyd be throughly embarrassed
Mae'n amlwg nad oedd yn teimlo dim cywilydd
It’s evident that he felt no shame
bod cywilydd
ar be ashamed
Fe
ddylai fod cywilydd arnat
ti You should be ashamed of yourself (“there should be shame on you”)
codi cywilydd
ar to shame
2 Gwell angau na chywilydd <gweelh-A-nge-na-khə-WI-lidh> [gweːɬ
ˡaŋai na xəˡwiˑlɪð]
(on monuments to the war dead) ‘(it is) better death than shame’
3
o ran cywilydd out of shame, in
shame
Er nad oedd ganddo ran flaenllaw yn y
trosedd, yr oedd wedi ffoi i America, o ran cywilydd
Although he didn’t have a prominent part in the crime, he had fled to America
in shame
(o ran = from + part) + (cywilydd = shame)
4 Mae’n gywilydd gwlad It’s a downright
disgrace (It’s a disgrace (of) country”)
5 bod yn
destun cywilydd i’ch teulu be a disgrace to your family
6 teimlo cywilydd o be
ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
7
bod â chywilydd o be ashamed of /
about, feel ashamed of / about
8
bod gywilydd o (colloquial) be
ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
9
bod arnoch gywilydd o be ashamed of
/ about, feel ashamed of / about
(less idiomatic) bod gennych gywilydd o
be ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
10
gwneud cywilydd ar (rywun) (literary
Welsh) to shame (someone)
(“make shame on (someone)”)
11
digywilydd shameless, impudent,
insolent
(di- prefix = without) + soft
mutation + ( cywilydd = shame)
Colloquial form, three syllables > two syllables: cwilydd
:_______________________________.
cywilyddo
<kə-wi-LƏ-dho> [kəwɪˡləðɔ] verb
1 feel ashamed
2 shame (someone), put (someone) to shame
cywilyddo (rhywun) i wneud (rhywbeth)
shame (someone) into doing (something)
ETYMOLOGY: (cywilydd = shame) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cywir <KƏ-wir> [ˡkəwɪr] (adjective)
1 correct
:_______________________________.
cywiriad <kə-WIR-yad> [kəˡwɪrjad] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywiriadau <kə-wir-YAA-dai,
-de> [kəwɪrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 correction,
rectification
ETYMOLOGY: (cywir-, stem of cywiro = correct) + (-i-ad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cywiro <kə-WII-ro> [kəwiˑrɔ] (verb)
1 to correct
:_______________________________.
cywrain <KIU-rain -ren> [ˡkɪʊraɪn,
ˡkɪʊrɛn] (adjective)
1 skilful; curious, odd
:_______________________________.
cywydd <KƏ-widh> [ˡkəwɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL: cywyddau
<kə-WƏ-dhai,
-e> [kəˡwəðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 One of the
twenty-four traditional verse forms in Welsh poetry - seven-syllable rhyming
couplets,
2 a poem using this metre
3 obsolete - story, tale
(in this sense until about a hundred years ago in North Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British; related to Irish cuibhiúil (= decent, seemly, decorous)
Sumbolau: ā ǣ ē ī ō ū / ˡ ɑ æ ɛ ɪ
ɔ ʊ ə ɑˑ eˑ iˑ oˑ uˑ ɑː
æː eː iː oː uː / ɥ / ð ɬ
ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ ɪʊ aʊ
ɛʊ əʊ / ә ʌ ŵ ŷ ẃ
Y
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