Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya
The Wales-Catalonia Website

Y Gwe-eiriadur
An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

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(delw 6668) 2009-04-11 2009-03-17

1580e A | 2709e AR | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI | 1040e CR | 1075e CY | 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E | 1077e F | 1021e G | 1042e GW | 1038e H | 1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e L | 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N | 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL | 1026e R | 1070e S | 1024e T | 1076e TR | 1025e U,V | 1731e W, X | 1586e Y, Z |

∆
:_______________________________.

A, a ‹aa› feminine noun
1) first letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) first letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y

:_______________________________.

a
The letter “a” in Welsh words:
This can represent the long vowel ‹aa› in certain environments; in unusual envirionments it tis written with a circumflex “â”.

1 As a consequence of the long vowel shift in English of the 1400s, ‹aa› ultimately gave rise to the ‹ei› in the English of today. Many loans from English took place before the sound shift and have ‹aa› in Welsh, spelt “â”or “a”

plât ‹plaat› (= plate) < English “plate” ‹plaat›, now ‹pleit›
pâl ‹paal› (= pole) < English “pale” ‹paal›, now ‹peil›
ras ‹raas› (= race, stream) < English “race” ‹raas›, now ‹reis›

An “a” in a tonic syllable is sometimes written “y” to represent a dialect pronunciation - ‹a› loses its quality to become an obscure vowel ‹ə›

:_______________________________.

à
1 the grave accent indicates a short vowel where in a long vowel environment
The ‘a’ in monosyllables in Welsh with final –b, -d, -g is long
mag ‹maag› (North) fry of fish, tiny fish
mab ‹maab› son
tad ‹taad› father

However English words taken into Welsh with the same pattern (monosyllables, final consonant g, b, d) but with a short vowel retain the short vowel in Welsh.
bàg bag
càb (crane) cab, enclosed part where a crane operator controls the movements of the machine
fflàg flag

:_______________________________.

a

1 tonic a > y ‹ə›
Calan Gaeaf (= All Saints, “(the) calend (of) winter”)
> C’langaea / Clangaea
> Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a›

2 final -a in certain words in southern Welsh is from an original -gh; in northern Welsh there is no -a

British *kalg- > Welsh *calgh- > cala (south), cal (north) (= penis)
British *kolg- > Welsh *colgh- > cola (south), col (north) (= beard of corn; spike, point)
British *bolg- > Welsh *bolgh- > bola (south), bol (north) (= belly)

3 a in a final syllable < e.
This e can be original (halen = salt), or a reduction of the diphthong au (pethe < pethau = things), ai (cader < cadair = chair), ae (chware < chwarae = to play)
It is typical of three areas
1) South-east Wales
2) North-west Wales
3) northern Sir Ddinbych and Sir y Fflint in north-east Wales

:_______________________________.

-ae-

(delw 7396)

:_______________________________.

a > o
An original a has become o in a final syllable in certain words
Examples from standard Welsh:
Amrath > Amroth (SN1607, place name, Penfro county)
Lleisian > Lleision man’s name, from llais (= voice) + suffix -an
sbectal > sbectol (= spectacles, glasses)

Other instances occur in COLLOQUIAL WELSH , and are not standard:

(1) adladd (aftermath, aftergrass = a second crop of grass which grows in the same season after the first mowing) > adlodd

(2) afal (= apple) > afol

(3) (an- negating prefix) + (gras = grace) > anras > andras > andros (North Wales, = ‘great, great big, enormous’ in qualifying a noun – andros o ffŵl = a great fool)

(4) crochan (= cooking pot, cauldron) > crochon

(5) dafad (= sheep)
Studies in Welsh Phonology / Samuel J. Evans / 1909 / t19 “In Anglesey and Carnarvonshire dafad is regularly pronounced dafod.”

(6) gofal (= care) > gofol

(7) hóspital (= hospital) > hóspitol

(8) neuadd (= hall) > neuodd

(9) penwag (= herring) > *penwog > pennog

(10) gleuad (= cow pats) > gluod (North Wales)

ALSO:
(a + wy) has become (o + wy)
older Welsh marthwyl > modern Welsh morthwyl (= hammer)
older Welsh nadwydd > modern Welsh nodwydd (= needle)

:_______________________________.

a < o
An a has replaced an original o in a final syllable in certain words

..a/ Bedwas (village name, Caerffili county, south-east Wales) < bedwos (small birch trees)

..b/ ofan (South Wales) < ofon < ofn (= fear)

..c/ Wernas-deg locality in Beddgelert (county of Gwynedd): y wernas deg < y wernos deg (“fair small alders”)

..d/ rwân (North Wales) (= now) < yr awron < yr awr hon (= this hour, “the hour this”)

a < e
A final -a in south-east Wales and North-west Wales which in colloquial Welsh along a broad south-west to north-east axis is -e
This vowel change in the final syllable of a word is found in three areas – south-east Wales, north-west Wales, and the coastal strip of the counties of Dinbych and Y Fflint.

Thus bachgen (= boy) > bachgan

Since in much of Wales final ae, ai, au in final syllables are reduced to e, this also occurs as a in these areas

tafodiaith (= dialect) > tafodieth > tafodiath
gwasanaeth (= service) > gwasaneth > gwasanath
pethau (things) > pethe > petha
South–east Wales: esgidiau (= shoes) > sgitsha

1 Examples of final a place names in North Wales:
..a/ Acaryforwyn (“Accar-y-Forwyn”)
Street name in Dinbych, north-east Wales
“(the) acre (of) the maid” = “Virgin Mary’s acre”
(acer) + soft mutation + (y definite article) + (morwyn = maid; maiden; the Virgin Mary )

..b/ Alafowlia, from ala fowliau (= bowling alley, skittle alley)
In Dinbych, north-east Wales there is a street called Parc Alafowlia (Post Code LL16 3HZ)

(ala = alley) + soft mutation + (bowlia, a form of bowliau = bowls, plural of bowl = bowl)

-a-
1 An –a- in a final syllable in south-east Wales and North-west Wales corresponds to the –e- which occurs along a broad south-west to north-east axis.
In many cases –a corresponds to the plural suffix –au :

2 Examples of final -a in place names in South-east Wales:

(in many cases it corresponds to the plural suffix –au)

..a/ Y Blaena
The south-eastern pronunciation of blaenau [ˡbləinai] (= upland; sources of streams) is blaena [ˡbləina] . The English spelling of the town’s name is Blaina [ˡblainə] , which might in fact be a Welsh spelling to suggest a local pronunciation [ˡblaina]

..b/ Y Brynna
The south-eastern form of bryniau (= hills) is brynnau, without the semi-consonant i- at the start of the final syllable, a general feature of the Welsh in this part of the country. The colloquial pronunciation is Brynna.

..c/ Y Bwlcha

The Gwentian pronunciation of bylchau (“passes, gaps”), the plural form of bwlch (= pass, gap”).

It occurs in the place name Pen Bwlcha east of Pont-y-gwaith ST0897 pen y bylchau “(the) top / end (of) the passes / gaps”

..d/ Y Caia ‹ə kai-a› farm in Sain Nicolas, county of Bro Morgannwg < y caeau ‹ə kei-ai› = the fields

..e/ Y Castella <ə ka-STE-lha> [ə kaˡstɛɬa] place by Llantrisant, Rhondda Cynon Taf < y castellau <ə ka-STELH-ai> [ə kaˡstɛɬaɪ] = the castles. Nowadays spelt with -au

A Topographical Dictionary of Wales / Samuel Lewis / 1849:

(Llantrisant) To the north of the town the appearance of the country becomes more rugged, and assumes a wilder aspect, which is in some degree enlivened by the pleasing appearance of Castella, an ancient seat, that forms a lively and cheerful object in a landscape, of which the prevailing character is that of sombre magnificence.

..f/ Y Cefan

From Y Cefen < Y Cefen, the short form of names with cefn (= hill) as the first element

1 Cefncoedycymer (also Y Ciefan, with a palatalised c)

2 Cefncribwr

..g/ Y Cwarra
Clos y Cwarra street name in Llanbedr y Fro (“(the) close (of) the quarries”) < cwarrau (= quarries)

..h/ Y Cymar
Y Porth in Dyffryn Rhondda (The Rhondda Valley) was originally known as Y Cymer (the confluence), a short form of Cymer-rhondda (the confluence of the Rhondda river, where the Rhondda Fach river joins the Rhondda Fawr river). Y Cymer now forms part of Y Porth. The local pronunciation is (or was) Y Cymar.

..i/ Y Darran (various places)
Tarren is a rocky slope.

Excerpt from a comment (retrieved 2008-10-18) in the forum at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/walks/pages/twmbarlwm.shtml

BBC South-east Wales Walks: Pant yr Eos / Twm Barlwm

How many people were on Twmbarlwm before me who are still going? My grandfather George Morton who farmed the Darran Farm carried me before I could walk along the top of the Darran Rocks and I was able to point out later on, when I grew a bit the large rock along the coiker [coeca, coetgae – upland grazing] where we rested. On that occasion I can't claim to have climbed to the tump, but in my youth my pals and I were always up there always refreshed by the marvellous view. My most recent climb was last year, not bad for 85!

..j/ Y Felindra
In Caer-dydd.

A house name noted by John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911)

VELINDRE, Y Felindre (the mill hamlet), often inaccurately spelt "Velindra." A copyhold tenement consisting of a house and garden in the manor of Llystalybont and parish of Llanishen. In 1700 it was devised by Gabriel Lewis. In 1902 it was purchased from the Booker family by the Corporation, for the purposes of an Asylum.

..k/ Llambad <LHAM-bad> [ˡɬambad]
1 A local form of Llanbedr (“(the) church (of) (Saint) Peter”).

Iit is used for example for Llanbedr y Fro ST0876 (county of Bro Morgannwg)
(English name: Peterstone-super-Ely)

“the Llanbedr which is in Y Fro (= the Lowland)”

Y Fro is a short form of Bro Morgannwg “(the) lowland (of) Morgannwg”

..l/ Llanedarn ‹lhan-EE-darnd›

(“(the) church (of) Edern”).

A Topographical Dictionary of Wales / Samuel Lewis / 1849:

LLANEDARN (LLAN-EDEYRN), a parish, in the poor-law union of Cardiff, hundred of Kibbor, county of Glamorgan, South Wales, on the banks of the Romney, 4 miles (N. E. by N.) from Cardiff; containing 354 inhabitants. This parish, which lies on the eastern confine of the county, comprises about 2550 acres of land, partly arable and partly pasture.

http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=47848#s2

The current name is is the incorrect Llanedeyrn, where it has been altered to suggest some connection with the Welsh word teyrn (in early Welsh names, ‘king, ruler’; though in modern Welsh it means ‘tyrant’).

The local form was probably Llanetarn, with the devocing of the consonant at the head of the final syllable, a typical feature of the historical south-eastern dialect

..m/ Y Llwyna ‹ə LLuIN-a›

Name of a farm in Llantrisant by Brynbuga, county of Mynwy (“the bushes”)

..n/ Y Mynydda ‹ə mə-nə-dha›

South-eastern form of Y Mynyddau, the uplands of the old territories of Morgannwg and Gwent (more or less the uplands of the present-day counties of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, Rhondda Cynon Taf, Caerffili, Merthyrtudful, Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen) .

In English these areas were known by the English translation 'The Hills'. The name referred to the areas at the heads of the valleys where the first ironworks and coalmines were situated.

Later on, as coal mines opened down in the valleys, the bulk of the population became were valley dwellers, and so the industrial area became known Y Cymoedd (the Valleys), though whether this expression first took hold in English, and so Y Cymoedd is the translation of an English expression; or the English name is a translation of the Welsh expression; or both came about concurrently still needs to be investigated.

In modern Welsh the plural of mynydd (= upland; mounatain) is mynyddoedd, but historically the plural termination was -au.

..o/ Y Panta ST5099 near The Cot, west of Dindyrn / Tintern (Mynwy) seems to be Y Pantiau (hollows)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/491838 Y Panta - arwydd / sign

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/301254 Y Panta - ffermdy / farmhouse

..p/ Y Snawdra ‹ə snau-dra› feminine noun
Local form of Ynysawdre, a locality in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
NOTE:
..1/ transposition of the n so that it occurs after the s;
..2/ the a instead of e in a final syllable is a normal feature of South-eastern Welsh

“ynys Hafdref”, “(the) meadow (of the place called) Hafdre”; hafdre (= summer homestead), with a later changer of [v] > [w] hawdre

..q/ Y Tircalad
A house name noted by John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911) “TIR-CALAD (the hard land.) A free tenement in the parish of Roath and manor of Roath-Keynsham (1702.) A ruined house and land named in the Heath Enclosure Award of 1809. In 1840 it was called Coed Tir Caled, hard-land wood.”
“y tir caled” (y definite article) + (tir = land) + (caled = hard).

..r/ Y Tonna
The village of Tonnau (“pastures, pasture lands, meadowlands”) in Castell-nedd ac Aberafan county is pronounced locally Tonna, which is in fact the offical form of this community.

..s/ Y Tyla

....1/ In Dyffrynrhondda (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) there is a street called Heol y Tyla (“(the) street (of) Y Tyla”) . Y Tyla = the hill

.....2/ Y Tyla is the name of a farm ST2482 (“Tyla Farm”) by Llanfihangel y Fedw (“Michaelston-y-Fedw”), in Casnewydd / Newport county

..t/ Y Tyla-gwyn SS9188 hamlet south of Pont-yr-hyl (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“white hill”) (tyle = hill)

:_______________________________.

-a
1 verb suffix, especially in verbs with the sense of ‘gathering (something)’, the suffix being added to the noun which is the material being gathered

gwlân (= wool)
gwlana < gwlán-ha (= to gather wool; South-east: also, to daydream)

See -ha

:_______________________________.

-a
1 -a is added to the stem of certain verbs to form the second person singular imperative both in the colloquial language and in the literary language
hola! ask! enquire!
gwena! smile!

2 in colloquial Welsh –a, the second person singular imperative of certain verbs, has been generalised to most other verbs

Though it is added to the stem of certain verbs to form the second person singular imperative in colloquial Welsh, in the literary language however the stem serves as the imperative

cana sing! (literary Welsh: cân = sing!)

creda fi! ‹kree-da vii› Believe me (literary form: cred fi ‹kreed vii›)

caea dy ben! shut your mouth! (literary form: cae dy ben)

siarada! speak (literary form, siarad)
Bachan, siarada sens, w. Talk sense, mun! (bachan = man. boy, not translated into English)

:_______________________________.

-a

1 suffix for making a female name from a male name

Eifion (m) ‹EIV yon›, Eifiona (f) ‹eiv YOO na›

Ifan (m) ‹II van›, Ifana (f) ‹i VAA na›

Illtyd, Illtyda

Iŏlo (m) ‹YO lo›, (pet form of Iorwerth), Iŏla (f) ‹YO-la›

Meirion (m) ‹MEIR yon›, Meiriona (f) ‹meir YOO na ›

:_______________________________.

-a

1 (child language) diminutive suffix in titles of relations

ewa < ewythr (= uncle)

bopa < modryb (= aunt)

neina < nain (= grandmother)

teida < taid (= grandfather)

:_______________________________.

a 1 ‹AA, A› (conjunction)
1 and;
Aberystwyth a Dolgellau = the towns of Aberystwyth and Dolgellau;

before a vowel, ac;
Dolgellau ac Aberystwyth; the towns of Dolgellau and Aberystwyth.

With a determiner - for example,
a’ch ‹akh› and your
(contraction of “a” + “eich”)

2 in forming linking adverbials (ac ‹aag› before a vowel)
..1/ a bod yn onest to be honest

..2/ a chysidro all things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation

..3/ a defnyddio'r hen air Cymraeg to use the old Welsh word

Mae yna lawer o bobl yn cael trafferth i dyfu persli neu bersyll, a defnyddio'r hen air Cymraeg
A lot of people have trouble growing parsley or “persyll”, to use the old Welsh word

..4/ ac ystyried yr amgylchiadau all things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation

3 used to link qualifying adjectives
a deep narrow valley > a valley narrow and deep
cum cul a dwfn
:_______________________________.

a 2 ‹A› interrogative particle
a oeddech chwi ‹a OI dhe khi› were you?
a oedd ef ‹a OIDH e; OO dhe› was he?
a oedden ni ‹a OI dhe ni› were we?
a oeddet ti ‹a OI dhe ti› were you?
a oedd hi ‹a OIDH hi; OO dhi› was she?
a oeddwn i ‹a OI dhe ni› was I?
a oeddynt hwy ‹a OI dhint hui› were they?

:_______________________________.

a 3 ‹A› relative pronoun; with a determiner - for example, y wraig a’ch (= a + eich) gwelodd - the woman who saw you

Used without a subject in sayings; = (the person) who; whosoever, whoever; (the thing) that , whatsoever, whatever, what

A fyn Duw a fydd (motto) What God wills shall be

:_______________________________.

â
1 for comments on words with “a” plus circumflex (plât, tân, mâs, etc) see “a”

:_______________________________.

â 1 ‹A›
1 he goes, she goes, it goes (literary Welsh) in COLLOQUIAL WELSH , aiff (South Wales), eith (North Wales)

:_______________________________.

â 2 ‹A› (preposition)
1 as

Comparisons:
..a) â’r graig (“as the rock”)
bod mor sefydlog â’r graig be as steady as a rock

..b) â'r nant i'r afon (“as the stream to the river”)
mor sicr â'r nant i'r afon no doubt about it “as sure as the stream to the river”

..c) â’r oen (“as the lamb”)
bod mor fwynaidd â’r oen be as gentle as a lamb
-------------------------------------------------------------------
:_______________________________.

â 3 ‹AA› preposition
1 with (should have a circumflex accent - often omitted in the popular press)
gwneud cyfiawnder â’r dasg rise to the occasion, be up to the job (“do justice to the task”)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
:_______________________________.

â 4
Latin “â” - words in Welsh of Latin origin

1 Latin “â” > British “â” > Welsh “aw”.

..1/ fâg-us > *ffaw > ffawydden (ffaw = beech) + (gwydden = tree) (= beech tree)

..2/ In a final syllable in modern Welsh this has been reduced to “o”
cauitât-em > ceudawd > ceudod (= cavity)
diurnât-a > diwrnawd > diwrnod (= day)
Februâr-ius > Chwefrawr > Chwefror (= February)
fontân-a > ffynnawn > ffynnon (= well)
excûsât-io > esgusawd > (esgusod) > esgusodi (= to excuse)
extrân-eus > estrawn > estron (= foreign)
Mariân-us > Meiriawn > Meirion (= Marian – man’s name)
parât-us > parawd > parod (= ready)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
:_______________________________.

“aa” ‹-›
1 used in this dictionary to represent the simplification (mostly in monosyllables, and mostly in southern Welsh) of the diphthong “ae” ‹aai› into a long vowel ‹aa›
For example, blaen > blaan
The usual way of representing this is either with a circumflex (blân) or (nowadays the recommended form) with an apostrophe (bla’n).

The use of “aa” though has advantages
...(1) it is immediately apparent that the vowel is long

...(2) since a double vowel is not ordinarily used in Welsh, it is immediately apparent that the word so spelt is a dialect form

...(3) In south-east Wales, ‹aa› is modified to a long ‘open e’ sound, which can be represented as “ää”. Usually in popular texts the sound is written as “ê” and in more scientific texts as a+e ligature, but these obscure the relationship with the underlying ‹aa›.
blaen > blaan > blään

The disadvantages of “a’” are
...(1) it is not immediately clear that the vowel is long
ma’n ‹maan› < maen = stone

...(2) because of frequent syllable ommissions and contractions in popular Welsh, the apostrophe is overworked.

The disadvantages of “â’” are
...(1) It is not immediately apparent that a word is a local form
These are local forms:
blân (blaen = top, end),
mân (maen = stone),
dâr (daer, southern for fox’s earth)

But the following are standard forms, and so are not phonological variants:
tân = fire,
mân = small,
dâr = oak tree.

See also “oo”(coed > co’d / côd / cood)

Examples of words in aa
aath < aeth (= he / she went)
baadd < baedd (= boar)
blaan < blaen (= tip, end) (See also in this list: ’mlaan)
caa < cae (= field)
caa ‹dy ben›! < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)
caal < cael (= to get)
caar < caer (in place names) (= hillfort) e.g. Y Gaar < Y Gaer,
daath < daeth (= she / he came)
daar < daear (= earth) (via a monosyllabic form “daer”)
draan < draen (= thorns)
graan < graen (= grain ‹of wood› ; appearance)
gwaad < gwaed (= blood)
gwaath < gwaeth (= worse)
haan < haen (= stratum, layer)
llaath < llaeth (= milk)
maan < maen (= stone)
maa < mae (= is, there is)
maas < maes (= field)
’maas < i maes (= outside)
’mlaan < ymláen (= forward) (see: blaan)
naath < gwnaeth / wnaeth (= he / she / it did; he / she / it made)
saar < saer (= carpenter)
saath < saeth (= arrow)
traad < traed (= feet)
traath < traeth (= beach)

South-east Wales:
ääth (= he / she went) / bäädd (= boar) / blään (= tip, end) / (See also in this list: ’mlaan) / cää (= field) / caa ‹dy ben›! < cää ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!) / cääl (= to get) / cäär (in place names) / (= hillfort) / e.g. Y Gäär / dääth (= she / he came) / dääar (= earth) / drään (= thorns) / grään (= grain ‹of wood›; appearance) / gwääd (= blood) / gwääth (= worse) / hään (= stratum, layer) / llääth (= milk) / mään (= stone) / mää (= is, there is) / määs (= field) / ’maas < i määs (= outside) / ymláen (= forward) / (see: blaan) / gwnääth / wnääth (= he / she / it did; he / she / it made) / säär (= carpenter) / sääth (= arrow) / trääd (= feet) / trääth (= beach)

:_______________________________.

aa <aa> [ɑː]
..1/ In many loan words from English, Welsh has <aa> [ɑː] “â”, “a”
from medieval English <aa> [ɑː] , corresponding to modern English <ei> [ɛi]

As a consequence of the long vowel shift in English of the 1400s, <aa> [ɑː] ultimately gave rise to the [ɛi] in the English of today. Many loans from English occurred before this change in the vowel, and maintain the <aa> [ɑː] in Welsh.

pâl <paal> [pɑːl] (= pole) < English “pale” <paal> [pɑːl] , now <peil> [pɛil]

plas <plaas> [plɑːs] (= mansion) < English “place” <plaas> [plɑːs] , now <pleis> [plɛis]

plât <plaat> [plɑːt] (= plate) < English “plate” <plaat> [plɑːt] , now <pleit> [plɛit]

ras <raas> [rɑːs] (= race, stream) < English “race” ras <raas> [rɑːs] , now ras <reis> [rɛis]

..2/ Certain Welsh words (generally place names) with ‹aa›, first used in English before the sound change took place, have become ‹ei› in their English form

..a/ Iâl > “Yale”. The name of an upland in the north-east, and the name of a local landowning family; origin of the name Yale in the United States (university)

..b/ Y Clas ‹klaas› in Llangyfelach (county of Abertawe) is “Clase” ‹kleiz› in English

:_______________________________.

aa ‹aa›
1 British aa ‹aa› (also spelt as â) > modern Welsh aw ‹au›
The corresponding words in Irish have ‹aa›
..a/ dawn (= talent) < British *daan- (Corresponds to Irish dán = poetry, formerly gift)
..b/ llawr (= floor) < British *laar- (Corresponds to Irish lár = ground, floor; middle, centre)

:_______________________________.

aath ‹ aath ›
1 southern form of aeth (= he / she / it went)
Usually spelt âth / a’th
See aa
:_______________________________.

ääth ‹ ääth ›
1 south-eastern form of aeth (= he / she / it went)
Usually spelt êth / æth
See aa / aath

:_______________________________.

ab <ab> [ab] in patronymics, a form of “mab” = son; used before a vowel

ab Emwnt <ab E-munt> [ab ˡɛmʊnt] = son of Edmond

ab Iorwerth <ab YOR-werth> [ab ˡjɔrwɛrθ] son of Iorwerth

ab Edward <ab-ED-ward> [ab ˡɛdward] son of Edward

ab Ifan <ab-II-van> [ab ˡiˑvan] son of Ifan / John

ab Owain <ab-O-wain, wen> [ab ˡɔʊaɪn, ˡɔʊɛn] son of Owain

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abad <AA-bad> [ˡɑˑbad] masculine noun
PLURAL abadau <a-BAA-dai, -de> [aˡbɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 abbot = head of an abbey

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Latin abbas, abbât- < Aramaic abba (= father), a title given to bishops in the Coptic, the Ethiopian and the Syrian Churches.

This is a learned borrowing from Latin directly into early Welsh - regular borrowing in the British period would have given *afawd > *afod

From the same British root: Breton abad (= abbot).

:_______________________________.

a ballu <a BA-lhi> [a ˡbaɬɪ]
1 North Wales and so on, et cetera, and suchlike, and things like that
Mi eish i i brynu siampw a sebon a ballu
I went to buy shampoo and soap and things like that

ETYMOLOGY: Form of “a rhywbeth felly” = “and something like this”;
(1) In north-west Wales, an ‘e’ in a final syllable becomes ‘a’; thus rhywbeth > rhywbath. Colloquially this is reduced to rwbath (loss of the aspiration in rh, simplification of yw > w <u> [ʊ]

(2) A number of two-syllable words drop the accented first syllable in COLLOQUIAL WELSH
(yma > ma, yna > na, acw > cw, etc; and in the same way felly > lly)

(3) So a rhywbeth felly > a rwbath felly > a (rw)ba(th) (fe)lly / ’ba’ ’lly > a ballu
NOTE: Sometimes written as a single word aballu

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abaty <a-BA-ti> [aˡbatɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL abatai <a-BA-tai> [aˡbataɪ]
1 abbey = monastery headed by an abbot
2 abbey church = church which was formerly an abbey

ETYMOLOGY: (abad = abbot) + soft mutation + (ty = house) abad-dy > abaty (d + d) = (t)

:_______________________________.

*Abaty-nedd <a-BA-ti NEEDH> [aˡbatɪ ˡneːð]
1 incorrect form for Mynachlog-nedd (qv) (‘monastery by the river Nedd’ – a district in Castell-nedd).

Mynachlog Nedd, the name of the monastery, is “Neath Abbey” in English – either a tranlsation from Welsh, or a name which came about independently in English.

Apparently some Welsh-speakers unaware of the correct Welsh form use a translation of the English name, with ‘abaty’ to translate “abbey”.

:_______________________________.

ábdomen <AB-do-men> [ˡabdɔmɛn] masculine noun
1 abdomen

:_______________________________.

aber <AA-ber> [ˡɑˑbɛr] feminine noun
1 estuary, rivermouth (as in the place name Aberystwyth - mouth of the river Ystwyth)

2 (inland) confluence, meeting place of a streams, of a stream and a river, as in the name Abercynon - the Cynon stream flows into the river Taf at this point

3 (North Wales) stream
Yr oedd asyn un tro yn croesi aber fechan Once upon a time an ass was crossing a small stream

Aber-las (“Aber Las”)
Street name in Y Fflint
aber las “blue stream” (aber) + soft mutation + (glas = blue)

NOTE: In place names, where aber is followed by the name of a stream or river, or by some other element, the vowel becomes short <A-ber> [ˡabɛr]
:_______________________________.

Aberdyfi <a-ber-DƏ-vi> [abɛrˡdəvɪ]
1 place name (estuary of the river Dyfi)

Ffoto: http: //www.bangor.ac.uk/ysgolion/aberdyfi/gem.htm

:_______________________________.

Aber Dyfrdwy <a-ber DƏVR-dui> [abɛr ˡdəvrdʊɪ]
1 The estuary of the river Dyfrdwy. English name: The Dee Estuary

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/217891 SJ1886 Aber Dyfrdwy

(delw 7438)

:_______________________________.

Aberaeron <a-ber-EI-ron> [abɛrˡəɪrɔn] feminine noun
1 place name (estuary of the river Aeron)

:_______________________________.

Aberangell <a-ber-A-ngelh> [abɛr ˡaŋɛɬ]
1 (SH8410) locality in Meirionnydd (Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: (aber = confluence) + (Angell = river name). It is where the Angell river joins the Dyfi river

:_______________________________.

Aber Eiddon <a-ber-EI-dhon> [abɛrˡəɪðɔn]
1 Confluence in Rhyd-y-main, a village north-east of Dolgellau (Gwynedd)

“(the) confluence (of) (the) Eiddon (and the river Wnion)”

2 Abereiddon street name in the village of Rhyd-y-main (“Aber Eiddon”)

3 Abereiddon a grange of Cymer Abbey

Aber Iddon Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: The Efflux of the Iddon

:_______________________________.

Abérffraw (colloquial form: Y Berffro) <a-BER-frau / ə-BER-fro> [aˡbɛrfraʊ / ə ˡbɛrfrɔ)] feminine noun
1 place name (estuary of the river Ffraw)

:_______________________________.

Abergafenni <a-ber-ga-VE-ni> [abɛrgaˡvɛnɪ] feminine noun
1 (History) a cwmwd (kúmmud) of the cantref (kántrev) of Gwent Uwch Coed, South-east Wales

2 name of a town here – the “English” name of the town is Abergavenny; in Welsh however the name has become Y Fenni <ə VE-ni> [ə ˡvɛnɪ]

ETYMOLOGY: “confluence (of the river) Gafenni (and the river Wysg)” (aber = confluence) + (Gafenni, a river name)

(delw 7383)
:_______________________________.

Aber-gwaun <a-ber-GWAIN> [abɛrˡgwaɪn]
1 (town in the south-west) “(estuary of the river Gwaun”)

The local pronunciation is Aber-gweun <a-ber-GWEIN> [abɛrˡgwəɪn]

:_______________________________.

Aber-gweun <a-ber-GWEIN> [abɛrˡgwəɪn] settlement name
1 local pronunciation of Aber-gwaun

:_______________________________.

Abergwenffrwd <a-ber-GWEN-ffrud> [abɛrˡgwɛnfrʊd]
1 SO5306 A village in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth. English name: Whitebrook.

The Gwenffrwd stream is mentioned in Llyfr Llan-daf / The Book of Llandaff c. 1125

(delw 7065)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/493354 Abergwenffrwd

ETYMOLOGY: “aber Gwenffrwd” “(the) confluence (of the) Gwenffrwd (stream) (and the river Gwy / Wye”)

Gwenffrwd is “white torrent” (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white) + (ffrwd = torrent, hillside stream)

:_______________________________.

Abergwyngregyn <a-ber-gwən-GREE-gin> [abɛrgwənˡgreˑgɪn] 1 SH 6572 original name of the village of Aber (county of Conwy)

ETYMOLOGY: “aber Gwyngregyn” the mouth of the Gwyngregyn stream (here it enters Afon Menai, the strait between the mainland and the island of Môn)

:_______________________________.

Aberhafesb <a-ber-HAAV-esp> [abɛrˡhɑˑvɛsp]
1 (SH0792) locality in the county of Powys, (in the district of Maldwyn) 4km west of Y Drenewydd
2 The stream name is to seen in the name Bedo Hafesb (fl. 1567-85), a poet from this area

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/540188 Eglwys Wynnog / Gwynnog’s Church

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/540375 Afon Hafren / River Severn

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

ETYMOLOGY: “the confluence of the Hafesb stream (and the river Hafren)”
(aber = confluence) + (Hafesb).

The name Hafesb means “dry in summer”;
hafesb, feminine form of hafysb < haf-hysb “dry in summer’,
(haf = summer) + (hysb = dry).

The Hafesb stream joins the river Hafren below the parish church.

NOTE: The spelling used in English Aberhafesp is from an incorrect Welsh spelling (with final p instead of final b)

:_______________________________.

Aberhonddu <a-ber-HON-dhi> [abɛrˡhɔnðɪ] feminine noun
1 place name (“(the) confluence (of the river) Honddu” (– the affluent - and the Wysg – the main river at this place)

(aber = confluence) + (Honddu = river name)

:_______________________________.

Aber Mynwy <a-ber-MƏ-nui> [abɛrˡmənʊɪ] non-settlement name
1 confluence of the river Mynwy (English name: Monnow) and the river Wysg (English name: Usk).

Here the town of Trefynwy is situated (English name: Monmouth) .

Monmouth is in fact an early direct English translation of Aber Mynwy

It is (‘Monnow’ English form of the river name Mynwy) + (‘mouth’, translation of aber = confluence, river-mouth)

The use of ‘mouth’ in English to denote a confluence of a streams is very unusual – normally it refers only to the place a river enters the sea
Although Monnow [ˡmɔnou] appears to be very different from the Welsh name Mynwy [ˡmənui] , it is probably a fairly good representation of the local Welsh pronunciation when Welsh was the language of the area.
Final –wy [ui] in COLLOQUIAL WELSH is generally reduced to –w [ʊ] . Hence Mynwy [ˡmənʊ] .

ETYMOLOGY: (aber = river mouth, confluence) + (Mynwy river name)

:_______________________________.

Yr Aber-oer <a-ber OIR> [abɛrˡɔɪr] feminine noun
1 SJ2849 Farm name

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=314466 map

ETYMOLOGY: “the cold stream” (yr definite article) + (aber = stream (North Wales)) + (oer = cold)

:_______________________________.

Aberpandy <a-ber-PAN-di> [abɛrˡpanðɪ] feminine noun

1 fictional (and most unlikely!) Welsh name for a pit village in the Morgannwg coalfield

ETYMOLOGY: aber pandy < aber y pandy “(the) confluence (of) the fulling mill” (aber = river mouth, confluence) + (y definite article) + (pandy fulling mill).

Although Aberpandy was probably coined for its euphonious effect, using two common place name elements which are easy for English-speakers to recognise and pronounce, this combination of elements sounds in fact very unnatural since Aber names are almost invariably followed by the name of a lesser stream when it means “confluence of a tributary with a main stream or river”, or the name of the river when it means “confluence with the sea”.

The name occurs in the play “Change” (1913) by the English-language playwright J. O. Francis (John Oswald Francis) (1882 Dowlais – 1956 London). (Interestingly, in middle age J.O. Francis, though by now living in London, learned to speak Welsh fluently, and his plays have been translated into Welsh).

The action of the Play takes place in the living-room of the Prices' Cottage on the Twmp, Aberpandy... “I remember Aberpandy before ever the Powell-Griffiths sank the first pit, and the sheep of Pandy Farm were grazing quiet where the Bryndu Pit is now.”

NOTE: This fictional village has been revisited in a 4-part series of humorous BBC adverts for the Six nations Rugby Championship of 2009. The scenes are filmed in the bar of the Aberpandy Rugby Football Club.

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Abertawe <a-ber-TAU-e> [abɛrˡtaʊɛ] feminine noun
1 City in south-east Wales.

Called Swansea by the English – a name of Norse origin..

Ymddiriedolaeth Brifysgol y Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol Abertawe Bro Morgannwg

<əm-dhi-ri-e-DOO-laith briv-ə-skol ə gwa-SAA-naith YEE-khiid G^wLAA-dol a-ber-TAU-e BROO mor-GA-nug>

[əmðɪrɪɛˡdoˑlaɪθ brɪvˡəskɔl ə gwaˡsɑˑnaɪθ jeˑxɪd g^wlɑˑdɔl abɛrˡtaʊɛ broː morˡganʊg]

The Abertawe Bro Morgannwg National Health Service Trust

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) estuary (of the river) Tawe (aber = estuary / confluence) + (Tawe).

:_______________________________.

aberth <AA-berth> [ˡɑˑbɛrθ] masculine noun
PLURAL aberthau, ebyrth <a-BER-thai, -e, EE-birth> [aˡbɛrθaɪ, -ɛ, ˡeˑbɪrθ]

1 sacrifice = an offering of a victim to a god to appease the god

2 victim = the person or animal who is sacrificed in a religious rite

3 sacrifice = symbolic offering to a god

Lefiticus 7:11 Dyma hefyd gyfraith yr ebyrth hedd a offryma efe i’r Arglwydd... (7:18) Ac os bwyteir dim o gig offrwm ei ebyrth hedd ef o fewn y trydydd dydd, ni byddir bodlon i’r hwn a’i hoffrymo ef, ac nis cyfrifir iddo, ffieiddbeth fydd; a’r dyn a fwyty ohono, a ddwg ei anwiredd.
Leviticus 7:11 And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings, which he shall offer unto the Lord... (7:18) And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity.

aberth hedd, peace offering

Numeri 7: 88 A holl ychen yr aberth hedd oedd bedwar ar hugain o fustych, trigain o hyrddod, trigain o fychod, trigain o hesbyrniaid
Numbers 7: 88 And all the oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings were twenty and four bullocks, the rams sixty, the he-goats sixty, the lambs of the first year sixty

Also: hedd-aberth peace offering

Leviticus 7: 13 Heblaw’r teisennau, offrymed fara lefeinllyd, yn ei offrwm, gyda’i hedd-aberth o ddiolch
Leviticus 7: 13 Besides the cakes, he shall offer for his offering leavened bread with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace offerings

Hedd-aberth Street name in the village of Onllwyn (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan), South-east Wales

4 sacrifice = the act of giving something at great personal cost (love, attention, time, money, etc) in order to benefit somebody else

5 sacrifice = death in a war;
Eu haberth nid â’n angof = inscription on war memorials (“their sacrifice shall not be forgotten”)
‹eu = their, aberth = sacrifice, nid = not, aa = will go, yn = “in” (linking particle), angof = no-memory, state of forgetting, oblivion›

6 mynd yn aberth i fall victim to
myned yn aberth i’w drachwant be the victim of his greed / thirst (e.g. die from drinking too much in a drinking session)

7 yr aberth, the host, the bread consecrated in the Eucharist (the English word is from Old French “oiste” from Latin “hostia” = victim) Also: aberth yr offeren (‘the host of the mass’)

8 hunan-aberth self sacrifice

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic, based on bher- (= to carry); the element ‘bher-’ is to be found in other Welsh words, such as aber (= estuary), cymer (= confluence)

:_______________________________.

aberthu <a-BER-thi> [aˡbɛrθɪ] verb
1 sacrificar
2 aberthu eich bywyd er mwyn... (rhywbeth) sacrifice your life for (something)

:_______________________________.

Aber-wysg <a-ber-UISK> [abɛrˡʊɪsk]
1 place name (estuary of the river Tawe), Casnewydd / Newport. District south of the city; it forms the western part of the village of Trefonnen / Nash

The English call it Uskmouth.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/356135

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) mouth (of the river) Wysg / Usk. Here it flows into Môr Hafren / the Severn estuary

(aber = estuary / confluence) + (Wysg = river name).

:_______________________________.

abid <AA-bid> [ˡɑˑbɪd]

feminine noun
PLURAL abidau <a-BII-dai, -e> [aˡbiˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 habit = clothes of a monk, nun

ETYMOLOGY: 1300-1400 from English habit, now [hábit], but formerly [abit] - the initial h was at first silent in this words in English) < Old French habit (silent h) < Latin habitus < habêre (= to have).

It may however though have come directly from French into Welsh.

:_______________________________.

abl <AA-bal> [ˡɑˑbal] adjective
1 able, capable

:_______________________________.

abl.
1 abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = abladol ablative

:_______________________________.

abladol <ab-LAA-dol> [abˡlɑˑdɔl] adjective
1 ablative
Abbreviation: abl.

:_______________________________.

Ábraham <A-BRA-ham> [ˡabraham] masculine noun
1 man's name

2 (Hen Déstament / Old Testament) Abraham = the first of the patriarchs, father of Isaac, and progenitor of the Hebrews

mynwes Ábraham Abraham’s bosom, the place of rest after death for those who have led a just life

Luc 16:22 A bu, i’r cardotyn farw, a’i ddwyn gan yr angylion i fynwes Abraham. A’r goludog hefyd a fu farw, ac a gladdwyd.
Luke 16:22 And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham’s bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried.

:_______________________________.

Abram <A-bram> [ˡabram] masculine noun
1 Abraham

:_______________________________.

abred <A-bred> [ˡabrɛd] masculine noun
1 (obsolete) delivery, release

2 diabred withheld, held back, refused, denied

In the north of the county of Powys, between Caer-sŵs and Llandinam, there is land originally called Rhos Ddiabred (literally “moor which has been held back”, apparently referring to ownership). Nowadays the name is Rhos Ddiarbed (the result of confusion with the word diarbed = ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting)

3 (South-east Wales) disorder
yn abred gwyllt in wild confusion (“in wild disorder”)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *ad-brit-â (= 'that which is carried to the outside')
cf the ETYMologies of aber (= estuary), aberth (= sacrifice)

:_______________________________.

absen <AB-sen> [ˡabsɛn] masculine or feminine noun
1 absence, being away
Angof pob absen Out of sight, out of mind (“(it-is) oblivion every absence”)

2 slander, malicious talk of someone in their absence
diabsen who refrains from speaking badly of others (“without slander”)

ETYMOLOGY: 1300-1400 Welsh < a learnèd borrowing from Latin absentia (= absence)

:_______________________________.

absennol <ab-SE-nol> [abˡsɛnɔl] adjective
1 absent

:_______________________________.

absenoldeb <ab-se-NOL-deb> [absɛˡnɔldɛb] masculine noun
1 absence
yn f’absenoldeb in my absence

2 cennad absenoldeb leave of absence

ETYMOLOGY: (absenol- < absennol = absent) + (-deb suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

abwth <AA-buth> [ˡɑˑbʊθ] masculine noun
1 (South-east Wales) injury
cääl abwth ar ei arddwrn injure his wrist

2 (South-east Wales) shock, fright

3 (county of Preseli) caal loos ac abwth be hurt and shocked

4 (county of Preseli) abwth iddo stuff him!

ETYMOLOGY: abwth, possibly a variant of the dialect form adwth < adwyth (= illness, misfortune)

:_______________________________.

abwyd <AA-buid> [ˡɑˑbʊɪd] masculine noun
1 bait
2 deintio’r abwyd nibble the bait

:_______________________________.

ac <AAG, AG> [ɑːg, ag] (conjunction)
1 and (before a vowel)

:_______________________________.

ac.
1 abbreviation (in a dictionary entry)
acen accent
aceniad accentuacion
acennog stressed, accented

:_______________________________.

academaidd <a-ka-DE-maidh, medh> [akaˡdɛmaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 academic

:_______________________________.

ac ati <ag-A-ti> [ag ˡatɪ] phrase
1 and so on

:_______________________________.

acen, PLURAL: acenion <A-ken,-a-KEN-yon> [ˡakɛn,aˡkɛnjɔn] feminine noun
1 accent
Abbreviation: (in a dictionary entry) ac.

acen bwys <a-ken -BUIS> [ˡakɛn ˡbʊɪs] stress accent (“accent (of) stress / weight”)
acen ddisgynedig <A-ken dhi-skə-NEE-dig> [ˡakɛn ðɪskəˡneˑdɪg] grave accent (“descending accent”)
acen ddyrchafedig <A-ken dhər-kha-VEE-dig> [ˡakɛn ðərxaˡveˑdɪg] acute accent (“rising accent”)
acen drom <a-ken DROM> [ˡakɛn ˡdrɔm] grave accent (“heavy accent”)
acen grom <a-ken GROM> [ˡakɛn ˡgrɔm] circumflex (“hunched accent”)
acen lem <a-ken LEM> [ˡakɛn ˡlɛm] acute accent (“sharp accent”)

2 sound, note, song

Acen Colomen “(the) note (of) (a) dove”. Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: The Cooing of the Dove

:_______________________________.

aceniad <a-KEN-yad> [aˡkɛnjad] masculine noun
1 accentuation
Abbreviation: (in a dictionary entry) ac.

:_______________________________.

acennog <a-KE-nog> [aˡkɛnɔg] adjective
1 stressed, accented
Abbreviation: (in a dictionary entry) ac.

:_______________________________.

acennu <a-KE-ni> [aˡkɛnɪ] verb
1 to stress, to accent

:_______________________________.

acer <A-ker> [ˡakɛr] feminine noun
1 acre

2 Acaryforwyn
Street name in Dinbych (incorrectly spelt as “Accar-y-Forwyn”)
“acre / field (of) the Virgin (Mary)”
(acer) + soft mutation + (y definite article) + (morwyn = maid; maiden; the Virgin Mary )

:_______________________________.

ach, PLURAL: achau <AAKH, AA-khai, -khe> [ɑːx, ˡɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 genealogical relationship

2 remove = a degree of separation in kinship
Mae e’n gefnder imi o fewn dwy ach He’s my cousin at two removes (= the grandson of my cousin)

:_______________________________.

-ach <AKH> [ax] suffix
(also –iach)
1 diminutive suffix added to collective nouns or singular nouns

..1/ arian (= money), ariannach (USA: float) (Englandic: petty cash)

..2/ darn (= part), dernyn (= fragment), dernynnach (= small fragments)

..3/ gwlân (= wool), gwlaniach (= fine wool, scraps of wool); gwlaniach ysgall (= thistle down) (“fluff (of) thistle”)

..4/ gwydr (= glass), gwydrach (= bits of broken glass, small pieces of broken glass, fragments of glass)

..5/ tamaid (= fragment), tameidiach (= tiny fragments)

2 diminutive suffix sometimes added to a singular noun instead of the usual plural suffix
(South-east Wales) peth (= thing), pethach (= things). Standard pethau (= things).

3 sometimes with a hint of contempt, suggesting unimportance, smallness

.....(1) baw (= dirt), bawiach or bawach (= (people) riff-raff, trash, low-life, scum)

.....(2) cagl sheep droppings, caked dirt; caglach (= cakes of dirt; dirty people)

...(3) cig (= meat), cigach (= bad pieces of meat)

.....(4) crachen (= blood clot, scab; crachach (= (South Wales) contemptous for well-to-do middle-class people)

.....(5) dimai (= ha’penny, halfpenny); dimeiach (= small copper coins, worthless small change)

.....(6) dynion (= men), dynionach (= vile men)

.....(7) gêr (= gear, equipment), geriach (= bits of gear)

.....(8) gwellt (= straw), gwelltach (= remnants of straw, useless bits of straw)

.....(9) manionach insignificant finer points, unimportant demands

.....(10) pobl > y bobl (= the people, the general public; y boblach (= the common people, the people with no importance)

.....(11) pryfed (= insects), pryfetach (= creepy-crawlies)

The idea of contempt also expressed by prefixing hen (literally ‘old’; followed by soft mutation):
Be di’r hen weiriach ’ma sy hyd dy gôt di? (example from Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary, page 1622)
What are these wisps of straw all over your coat?

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *-akkos

:_______________________________.

â'ch <AAKH> [ɑˑx]
1 “with your”
See the following phrases:
â’ch pen yn eich plu dejected
â’ch cynffon yn eich gafl dejected
â’ch pen yn y cymylau with your head in the clouds

:_______________________________.

acha (= ar uchaf) ‹A kha› (preposition) (South-east Wales)
1 on

:_______________________________.

achau <AA-kha> [ˡɑˑxa] (plural noun)
1 lineage

:_______________________________.

â’ch cynffon yn eich gafl <aakh KƏN-fon ən əkh GAA-fal> [ɑˑx ˡkənfɔn ən əx ˡgɑˑfal]
1 dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen, with your tail between your legs, cowed

ETYMOLOGY: (“with your tail in your crotch / between your legs”)
(â’ch = with your) + (cynffon = tail) + (yn = in) + (eich = your) + (gafl = crotch; colloquially gafal)

:_______________________________.

Achil <AA-khil> [ˡɑˑxɪl] masculine noun
1Achilles (Əkíliz), a noted Greek warrior in the Trojan war and hero of Homer's Iliad. Achilles was killed by Paris, who wounded him in his heel, his vulnerable spot
sawdl Achil Achilles heel
gwäell y ffêr / gweyllen y ffêr Achilles tendon

:_______________________________.

achles <AKH-les> [ˡaxlɛs] masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL achlesau <akh-LE-se> [axˡlɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
1 refuge, protection, shelter
rhoi achles i give shelter to, give protection to

2 support, help
Bu yn achles i ddyheadau ein cenedl It was a help for the aspirations of our nation

3 (South Wales) manure (the sense development is “protection, support” > “help, aid” > “aid for the land, manure”)

4 achlysur ( = “occasion” in modern Welsh, but “shelter” in older Welsh); < *achlesur < (achles = refuge, protection) + (suffix –ur)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *ad-klissâ, from the root *kel (= to hide, as in modern Welsh celu = to hide)

:_______________________________.

achlesu <akh-LE-si> [axˡlɛsɪ] (verb amb objecte)
1 to protect, to shelter

2 to support, to help, to encourage

3 (South Wales) to manure

ETYMOLOGY: (achles = help, aid; manure) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

achlod <AKH-lod> [ˡaxlɔd] feminine noun
1 disgrace, dishonour

2 Yr achlod i ti Shame on you! (“the disgrace to you”)

3 Rachlod (expression of suprise) My God! (contraction of yr achlod = the disgrace)

4 Rachlod fawr! My God!
(yr = the) + (achlod) + soft mutation + (mawr = big) (“the great disgrace”)

ETYMOLOGY: literally “dis-praise, un-praise” (a- = negative prefix) + spirant mutation + (clod = praise)

:_______________________________.

achludd <AKH-lidh> [ˡaxlɪð] verb
1 obsolete hide, conceal

2 obsolete (masculine noun) hiding, concealment

3 survives in modern Welsh in the verb machlud (= (sun) to set, go down), and the noun phrase machlud haul (= sunset)

Origin: (ym- prefix for forming reflexive verbs + achludd)
> ymachludd
> machludd (loss of the pretonic syllable)
> machlud (change of dd <dh> [ð] > d <d> [d]

For similar changes see the entries y and d

ETYMOLOGY: achludd < British < Latin occlûdere (= to close), (ob- intensifying prefix) + (claudere = to close)

:_______________________________.

achlust <AKH-list> [ˡaxlɪst] masculine noun
PLURAL achlustiau <akh-LIST-yai, -ye> [axˡlɪstjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 rumour
cael achlust o get to know of
gwrando’n astud am achlust keep your ear close to the ground, listen out for any rumours (“listen intently for a rumour”)

2 tip-off
rhoi achlust i (rywun) give (somebody) a tip-off, tip somebody off

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- intensifying prefix) + spirant mutation + (clust = ear)
*ad-chlust > a’chlust > achlust

:_______________________________.

achlysur <akh-LƏ-sir> [axˡləsɪr] m
PLURAL achlysuron <akh-lə-SII-ron> [axləˡsiˑrɔn]
1 occasion = the time when something takes place

2 occasion = circumstance, the combination of time and place and other
factors which can influence an event
Ar ba achlysur fydde chi'n fodlon dweud celwydd? On what occasion would you be willing to tell a lie?

3 bod yn deilwng o’r achlysur be equal to the occasion, rise to the occasion (“be worthy of the occasion”)

4 event
Ers rhai blynyddoedd bellach tyfodd y rasus marathon enfawr yn achlysuron
blynyddol poblogaidd iawn. Over the past few years mass marathon races have become very popular annual events

ETYMOLOGY: ( = “occasion” in modern Welsh, but “shelter” in older Welsh); < *achlesur < (achles = refuge, protection) + (suffix –ur)
:_______________________________.

achlysurol <akh-lə-SII-rol> [axləˡsiˑrɔl] adj
1 occasional, sporadic, happening now and then

ETYMOLOGY: (achlysur = occasion) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

achos (1), PLURAL: achosion ‹A khos, a KHOS yon› masculine noun
1 cause = origin, the reason for the existence of something,
a thing which causes an effect

2 cause = movement advancing a principle or belief
bradychu’r achos betray the cause

3 fault
nid + cael achos yn / mewn not find any fault in
Sant Ioan 18:38 Peilat a ddywedodd wrtho, Beth yw gwirionedd? Ac wedi iddo ddywedyd hyn, efe a aeth drachefn at yr Iddewon, ac a ddywedodd wrthynt, Nid wyf fi yn cael dim achos ynddo ef.
John 18:38 Pilate saith unto him, What is truth? And when he had said this, he went out again unto the Jews, and saith unto them, I find in him no fault at all.

4 charge, accusation
Sant Mathew 27:37 A gosodant hefyd uwch ei ben ef ei achos yn ysgrifenedig, HWN YW IESU, BRENIN YR IDDEWON
Matthew 27:37 And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS.

5 Llwyddiant i'r achos! Good luck! (“success for the cause”)

6 case
Uned Ddamweiniau ac Achosion Brys Accident and Emergency Unit (section of a hospital) (“unit (of) accidents and urgent cases”)
:_______________________________.

achos (2) ‹A khos› (conjunction)
1 (= o achos) because

:_______________________________.

achosi ‹a KHO si› verb
1 to cause

2 achosi cost i rywun cause somebody to go to great expense, cause somebody great expense (“cause cost to somebody”)

achosi i rywun wneud rhywbeth cause somebody to do something

achosi marwolaeth drwy yrru'n beryglus cause death by dangerous driving

Beth sy'n achosi newid hinsawdd? What causes climate change?
:_______________________________.

â’ch pen yn eich plu ‹aakh kən-fon ən əkh ga-fal›
1 dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen

ETYMOLOGY: (“with your head in your feathers”)
(â’ch = with your) + (pen = head) + (yn = in) + (eich = your) + (plu = feathers)

:_______________________________.

â’ch pen yn y cymylau ‹akh pen ən ə kə-mə-le›
1 Mae â’i ben yn y cymylau He lives in a dream world (“he is with his head in the clouds”)

:_______________________________.

achub ‹A khib› verb
1 to save
achub rhàg angau save from death

2 (Christianity) save, deliver, redeem = preserve from sins

3 bad achub ‹baa DA khib› masculine noun lifeboat

:_______________________________.

achubydd ‹a-khii-bidh› masculine noun
PLURAL achubwyr ‹a-khib-wir›
1 saviour

Deuteronomium 22:27: Oblegid yn y maes y cafodd efe hi; gwaeddodd y llances oedd wedi ei diweddïo; ac nid oedd achubydd iddi
Deuteronomium 22:27: Deuteronomy 22:27 For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.

ETYMOLOGY: (achub = to save) + (-ydd = agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

achwyniad ‹a- khuin -yad › masculine noun
PLURAL achwyniadau ‹a-khwuin- yaa -de›
1 complaint, denunciation
dwyn achwyniad (yn erbyn) present / lodge a complaint (against)
gwneud achwyniad (yn erbyn) present / lodge a complaint (against)

ETYMOLOGY: (achwyn = to complain) + ( -i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

Acipenseridae
1 styrsiynod sturgeons

:_______________________________.

act PLURAL: actau ‹AKT, AK te› feminine noun
1 act (of a play)

:_______________________________.

actifadu ‹ak-ti-vaa-di › verb
1 activate
Meddalwedd wedi ei actifadu gan lais Voice-activated software

Mae ffôn arbennig y gellir ei actifadu trwy fotwm larwm There is a special phone which can be activated by means of an alarm button

Maent yn cael eu actifadu gan llygoden y cyfrifiadur They are activated by the computer mouse

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English verb activate. First example 1988

:_______________________________.

actio ‹AKT yo› verb
1 to act

:_______________________________.

actor, PLURAL: actorion ‹AK tor, ak TOR yon› masculine noun
1 actor

:_______________________________.

actores, PLURAL: actoresau ‹ak TO res, ak to RE se› feminine noun
1 actress, actor (female)

:_______________________________.

acw ‹A ku› (adverb)
1 here
2 yma ac acw ‹Ə ma ag A ku› (adverb) here and there

:_______________________________.

Acwin ‹a -kwin› masculine noun
1 Sant Tomos o Acwin Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and philosopher (1225-1274)

:_______________________________.

ad Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gad = leave! (second person singular, from gadu / gadael)

:_______________________________.

ad- ‹ad› prefix
NOTE: causes soft mutation of the following consonant.
There are nine soft mutations in Welsh:
c > g,
p > b,
t > d,
g > (gh) > zero,
d > dd,
b > f,
m > f,
ll > l,
rh > r

..1/ Before an original b- the prefix ad- has the form at-
(ad + p) > (ad-b) > (atb...)
(plygu = fold, atblygol = reflexive, etc)

..2/ Before an original c-, the prefix ad- has the form at-
(ad + c) > (ad-g) > (atg...)
(cof = memory, atgof = memory, etc)

..3/ Before chw- the prefix ad- has the form at-
(chwel- = turn; obsolete as an independent element; atchweliad = reversion, etc)

..4/ Before an original d-, the prefix ad- has the form at-
(ad + d) > (ad-dd) > (att) > (at...)
(dodi = put, atodi = append, etc)

..5/ Before s- the prefix ad- has the form at-
(sain = sound, atsain = echo, etc)

..6/ in some words ad + c- > ach-
achanu (obsolete) to murmur (ad + canu- = to sing)
acharu (obsolete) to love (ad + caru- = to love)
achlust rumor / rumour, tip-off (ad + clust- = ear)
achlwm tight knot (ad + clwm = knot)
achre shivering (ad + cre- = shiver)
achudd (obsolete) seclusion (ad + cudd = hidden)

1 intensifier: “very”
..1/ cas = odious; atgas = detestable
..2/ cof = memory; atgof = memory (something remembered)
..3/ dal = to hold, “ád-ddal” > atal = to stop
..4/ dodi = to place, “ad-ddodi” > atodi = to append

2 denotes repetition: similar to the prefix re- in English
..1/ argraffu = print; adargraffu = reprint
..2/ byw = live, adfywio = resuscitate
..3/ cyfodi (codi) = get up; atgyfodi = resurrect
..4/ cyweirio = rectify, atgyweirio = repair
..5/ ennill = win; adennill = regain
..6/ “heb” obsolete element = say; ateb = answer
..7/ lladd = cut, adladd = aftermath, second crop of hay in the same season after the first is cut
..8/ llais = voice; adlais = echo
..9/ llofnodi = sign ; adlofnodi = countersign
..10/ porthi = feed, adborthi = to feed back
..11/ print = print, adbrint = off-print
..12/sain = sound, atsain = reverberation
..13/ talu = pay; ad-dalu = repay
..14/ ysgrif = written document; adysgrif = transcription

3 bad
..1/ blas (= taste), adflas (= aftertaste)
..2/ byd (= world, situation); adfyd (= adversity)
..3/ dyn (= man), adyn (= scoundrel)bad

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh ad < British -ate
From the same Celtic root: Irish ath- = re-, for a second time

:_______________________________.

⁺adael Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gadael = to leave

:_______________________________.

adain = aden ‹A den› feminine noun
1 wing
2 gosod gwynt o dan adenydd (rhywun) give an impulse to somebody (in some enterprise) (“put wind under the wings of (someone)”)

:_______________________________.

adar ‹a -dar›
1 birds; plural of aderyn = bird

:_______________________________.

adara ‹a- daa -ra› verb
1 catch birds
ci adara (also ci adar) gundog, one trained to work with hunters who shoot birds

ETYMOLOGY: (adar = birds) + (-a suffix for forming verbs, especially with the sense of collecting, hunting)

:_______________________________.

adarwr ‹a-daa-rur› masculine noun
PLURAL adarwyr ‹a-dar-wir›
1 birdcatcher, fowler

Diarhebion 6:5 Gwared dy hun fel yr iwrch o law yr heliwr, ac fel aderyn o law yr adarwr.
Proverbs 6:5 Deliver thyself as a roe from the hand of the hunter, and as a bird from the hand of the fowler.
2 ornithologist

ETYMOLOGY: (adar = birds) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

Adar-y-môr ‹AA-dar ø MOOR›
1 house name, Y Barri (county of Bro Morgannwg) (“Adar y Môr”)

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) birds (of) the sea”, “sea birds”

(adar = birds) + (y = definite article) + (môr = sea):

:_______________________________.

⁺adawiad Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gadawiad =

:_______________________________.

Adda ‹AA dha› masculine noun
1 Adam
2 bod yn hen fel Adda to be as old as the hills (“be old like Adam”)

:_______________________________.

addas ‹AA -dhas› adjective
1 appropriate, suitable, adequate

2 anaddas inappropriate, unsuitable

3 goroesiad yr addasaf survival of the fittest

4 pennu cosb addas i’r trosedd make the punishment fit the crime (“set an adequate punishment for the crime”)

ETYMOLOGY: Old Irish adas (= worthy, apt) < (*ad- = to organise)

:_______________________________.

addasu ‹a DHA si› verb
1 to adapt

:_______________________________.

addef ‹AA dhe› verb
1 acknowledge, admit
2 cymal addef concessive clause

:_______________________________.

addef ‹aa -dhev› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) home, abode, dwelling

ETYMOLOGY: Corresponds to Irish adhbha (= dwelling, abode)

NOTE: A variant of addef (= abode, dwelling, home.) is haddef
The initial h could be

..a/ from the use of the word in a phrase such as “yn ei haddef” (“in her home”),

..b/ an initial h which has occurred before an accented first syllable in certain words (hun, hunan = self; un ar hugain “one on twenty”;

..c/ from the intensifying prefix hy- (hy-addef > h’addef) – there’s an example in Old Irish of a form with initial so- which corresponds to Welsh hy-.

Modern Irish has adhbha (= dwelling, abode; a literary word). The Old Irish form would be in modern Irish *soadhbha

Haddef is found as a house name in Ffordd Llanberis, Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd) (in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)

:_______________________________.

addewid, PLURAL: addewidion ‹a DHEU id, a dheu ID yon› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 promise
2 tor addewid breach of promise

:_______________________________.

ad-drefnu ‹ad DREV ni› verb
1 to reorganise, to rearrange

:_______________________________.

addo ‹AA dho› verb
1 to promise
2 addo môr a mynydd ‹A dho MOOR a MƏ nidh› verb to promise the earth (lit: promise sea and mountain)
In some districts addo has been mistaken for a soft-mutated form, and a radical form gaddo is used

:_______________________________.

addoldy ‹a- dhol -di› masculine noun
PLURAL addoldai ‹a- dhol -dai›
1 place of worship, chapel, church

Sometimes seen denoting the denomination of a chapel on chapel signs
Addoldy y Bedyddwyr = (the) Baptist Chapel

ETYMOLOGY: (addol-, stem of the verb addoli = to worship) + soft mutation + (ty = house)

:_______________________________.

addoli ‹a DHOO li› verb
1 to worship

:_______________________________.

addoliad ‹a DHOL yad› masculine noun
1 worship

:_______________________________.

addolwr, PLURAL: addolwyr ‹a DHOO lur, a DHOL wir› masculine noun
1 worshipper

:_______________________________.

adduned, PLURAL: addunedau ‹a DHII ned, a dhi NEE dai -e› feminine noun
1 vow

:_______________________________.

addurniad, PLURAL: addurniadau ‹a DHIRN yad, a dhirn YAA de› masculine noun
1 decoration

:_______________________________.

addurno ‹a DHIR no› verb
1 decorate

:_______________________________.

addysg ‹A dhisk› feminine noun
1 education

:_______________________________.

Addysg Grefyddol ‹A dhisk gre VƏ dhol› feminine noun
1 Religious Instruction (RI), Religious Education (RE)

:_______________________________.

ad-drefniant ‹ad-drev-nyant› masculine noun
PLURAL ad-drefniannau ‹ad-drev-ni-aa-ne›
1 rearrangement

ad-drefniant cábinet cabinet reshuffle; a reorganisation of ministers in a government, generally as a result of a crisis

ad-drefniant y cábinet the cabinet reshuffle

ETYMOLOGY: (ad-drefn- stem of ad-drefnu = reform, rearrange) + (-iant suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

ad-drefnu ‹ad-drev-ni› verb
1 reorganise, restructure

2 ad-drefnu’r cábinet (verb) to reshuffle the cabinet; (masculine noun) cabinet reshuffle; a reorganisation of ministers in a government, generally as a result of a crisis

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (trefnu = to organise)

:_______________________________.

adeg, PLURAL: adegau <AA-deg, a-DEE-gai, -e> [ˡɑˑdɛg, aˡdeˑgaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 period, occasion

:_______________________________.

adeilad, PLURAL: adeiladau <a-DEI-lad, a-dei-LAA-dai, -e> [aˡdəɪlad, adəɪˡlɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 building

:_______________________________.

adeiladu <a-dei-LAA-di> [adəɪˡlɑˑdɪ] verb
1 to build
llain adeiladu building plot

:_______________________________.

adeiladwr, PLURAL: adeiladwyr <a-dei-LAA-dur,-a-dei-LAD-wir> [adəɪˡlɑˑdʊr,adəɪˡladwɪr] masculine noun
1 builder

:_______________________________.

adeiniog <a-DEIN-yog> [aˡdəɪnjɔg] adjective
1 winged
2 (Swimming) strôc adeiniog butterfly stroke (“winged stroke”)
3 nyten adeiniog wingnut

:_______________________________.

aden, PLURAL: adenydd <AA-den, a-DEE-nidh> [ˡɑˑdɛn, aˡdeˑnɪð] feminine noun
ALSO: adain
1 wing

2 naill adain one-winged
Used of a man whose wife has died or a woman whose husband has died;

bod yn naill adain = be at a real loss, find it hard to live alone, be all alone

(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary, tudalen / page 2550): Druan fach, naill aden fydd hi nawr, wedi colli’i gŵr
The poor thing, she’ll find it hard now / she’ll be at a loss now after losing her husband

:_______________________________.

adennill <ad-E-nilh> [adˡɛnɪɬ] verb
1 win back

2 (plural noun) adenillion returns
Deddf Adenillion Lleihaol Law of Diminishing Returns

:_______________________________.

aderyn, PLURAL: adar <a-DEE-rin, AA-dar> [aˡdeˑrɪn,ˡɑˑdar] masculine noun
1 bird

2 aderyn ysglyfaethus bird of prey

3 esgidiau dala adar = sneakers, rubber-soled shoes (“shoes (of) catching birds”)

4 ci adar (“dog (of) birds”) gundog, one trained to work with hunters who shoot birds
Also ci adara (“dog (of) bird-hunting”)

5 Mae eisiau aderyn glân i ganu Don’t accuse others of faults which you yourself have (“there is need of a clean bird to sing”)

Deryn Glân i Ganu novel title (Sonia Edwards)

6 aderyn and adar are found in certain names of houses and streets
In the following street names:

..1 Sŵnyradar (“(the) sound (of) the birds”)
….a/ Pen-y-fai (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Adar”)

..2 Sŵnyraderyn (“(the) sound (of) the bird”)
….a/ Mynyddcynffig (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Aderyn”)

..3 Cân yr Aderyn house name, Caernarfon “(the) song (of) the bird”, birdsong

7 Adar o’r unlliw a hedant i’r unlle birds of a feather flock together (“birds of the same colour fly to the same place”)

NOTE: Often only the first part used of the saying is used: Adar o’r unlliw..., the rest being understood

8 Gwell aderyn mewn llaw na dau yn y llwyn A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush (“[it is] better a bird in a hand than two in the bush”)

NOTE: Often only the first part used of the saying is used: Gwell aderyn mewn llaw..., the rest being understood

9 Mae e’n dipyn o deryn (said of someone who is no quite reliable or not very responsible, someone who is carefree and mischievous but is likeable and amusing) He’s a bit of a lad

NOTE: A very common phenomenon in Welsh is the loss of a pretonic syllable, hence colloquially aderyn > ’deryn

:_______________________________.

aderyn drycin, PLURAL: adar drycin <a-DEE-rin DRƏ-kin> [aˡdeˑrɪn ˡdrəkɪn] masculine noun
1 storm petrel

:_______________________________.

aderyn du, PLURAL: adar duon <a-DEE-rin DII, AA-dar DII-on> [aˡdeˑrɪn ˡdiː, ˡɑˑdar ˡdiˑɔn] masculine noun
1 blackbird

:_______________________________.

aderyn y bwn <a-DEE-rin-ə-BUN> [aˡdeˑrɪn ə ˡbʊn] masculine noun
1 bittern

(Bitterns form a monophyletic subfamily in the heron family, or the Botaurinae.)

:_______________________________.

aderyn y to, PLURAL: adar y to <a-DEE-rin ə TOO> [aˡdeˑrɪn ə ˡtoː] masculine noun
1 house sparrow

:_______________________________.

⁺adewir Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gadewir =

:_______________________________.

adfail <AD-vail> [ˡadvaɪl] masculine noun
PLURAL adfeilion <ad-VEIL-yon> [adˡvəɪljɔn]
1 ruin

ETYMOLOGY: (ad-) + (bel- = unknown element) + (some unknown suffix with –i which has caused the diphthongisation of the preceding vowel) > ad-fel-(i) > adfeil > adfail

:_______________________________.

adfeilion <ad-VEIL-yon> [adˡvəɪljɔn]
1 ruins; plural of adfail

:_______________________________.

adfer <AD-ver> [ˡadvɛr] verb
1 to restore

:_______________________________.

adferiad <ad-VER-yad> [adˡvɛrjad] masculine noun
PLURAL adferiadau <ad-ver-YAA-dai, -de> [advɛrˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 recovery (of health)

Gobeithiai gael adferiad hyd y ddau ddiwrnod olaf y bu fyw
He hoped to recover from his illness (“hoped to get recovery”) until the last two days he was alive

2 y tu hwnt i adferiad irredeemable, beyond help, beyond redemption (“beyond restoration”)

:_______________________________.

adfyd <AD-vid> [ˡadvɪd] masculine noun
1 adversity, distress, affliction

2 adfyd a loes pain and distress, pain and anguish
yn ei hadfyd a'i loes
in her pain and anguish

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = bad ) + soft mutation + ( byd = situation, coindition; world)

:_______________________________.

adlach <ad-LAKH> [adˡlax] feminine noun
PLURAL adlachiau <ad-LAKH-yai, -ye> [adˡlaxjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 backlash

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (llach = whiplash)

:_______________________________.

adladd <AD-ladh> [ˡadlað] masculine noun
1 aftermath, second growth of grass after mowing

:_______________________________.

adlam <AD-lam> [ˡadlam] masculine noun
PLURAL adlamau <ad-LA-mai, -me> [adˡlamaɪ, -ɛ]
1 rebound

2 recoil (gun)

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (llam = jump)

:_______________________________.

adloniant <ad-LON-yant> [adˡlɔnjant] masculine noun
1 entertainment

:_______________________________.

adnabod <ad-NAA-bod> [adˡnɑˑbɔd] verb
1 know

2 O’r braidd ’mod i’n ei nabod I hardly know her
O’r braidd rw i’n ei nabod I hardly know her

3 (Bible) know = have sexual intercourse with

Samuel-1 1:19 A hwy a gyfodasant yn fore, ac a addolasant gerbon yr Arglwydd; ac a ddychwelasant , ac a daethant i’w tŷ i Rama. Ac Elcana a adnabu Hanna ei wraig; a’r Arglwydd a’i cofiodd hi. (1:20) A bu, pan ddaeth yr amser o amgylch, wedi beichiogi o Hanna, esgor ohoni ar fab; a hi a elwodd ei enw ef Samuel...
Samuel-1 1:19 And they rose up in the morning early, and worshipped before the LORD, and returned, and came to their house to Ramah: and Elkanah knew Hannah his wife; and the LORD remembered her. (1:20) Wherefore it came to pass, when the time was come about after Hannah had conceived, that she bare a son, and called his name Samuel...

NOTE: Colloquially the clipped form ’nabod is used (the first syllable is lost)

:_______________________________.

adnabyddadwy ‹ad-na-bə-DHAA-dui › [adnabəˡðɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 recognisable

ETYMOLOGY: (adnabydd-, stem of adnabod = to know) + (-adwy adjectival suffix equivalent to English ‘-able’)

:_______________________________.

adnabyddiaeth <ad-na-BƏDH-yaith, -yeth> [adnaˡbəðjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1 knowledge, acquaintance
colli nabyddieth ar (rywun) forget who (someone) is (“lose acquaintance on somebody”)

Ma blynydde lawer er pan weles i Dai, a wi wedi braidd colli nabyddieth arno
It’s many years since I saw Dai, and I wouldn’t really know him now

ETYMOLOGY: (adnabydd-, stem of adnabod = to know) +(-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

NOTE: the colloquial form of adnabyddiaeth és nabyddieth, with the loss of the first syllable and simplification of final ae > e

:_______________________________.

adnabyddus <ad-na-BƏ-dhis> [adnaˡbəðɪs] adjective
1 well-known

Roedd yn adnabyddus drwy Gymru gyfan
he was well known through the whole of Wales

Yr oedd William Griffith yn adnabyddus am ei ddoethineb
William Griffith was well-known for his wisdom

Nid yw’r planhigyn hwn mor adnabyddus yng Nghymru
This plant is not so well-known in Wales

2 well-known (used preceding a name)

Ei gyd-letywr yn y stafell yn y cartref i’r henoed oedd yr adnabyddus John Hughes, Y Wern
His fellow resident in the room in the old people’s home was the well-known John Hughes, Y Wern...

3 anadnabyddus unknown

ETYMOLOGY: (adnabydd-, stem of adnabod = to know (somebody)) + (-us, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

adnau <AD-nai, -ne> [ˡadnaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL adneuon <ad-NEI-on> [adˡnəɪɔn]
1 (Hire Purchase) deposit

2 (Banking) deposit
adneuon bancwyr banker’s deposits
adneuon arbennig special deposits

3 cyfrif adnau = (American: savings account) (Englandic: deposit account) an account in which money cannot be withdrawn except after an agreed period, and which yields interest, unlike a current account in which interest is not given and money may be withdrawn at any time

4 ar adnau = on deposit, in one’s bank account

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic; cf Irish aithne (= acquaintance, knowing)

:_______________________________.

adneuo <ad-NEI-o> [ˡadˡnəɪɔ] verb
1 deposit (money)
2 deposit (documents)
adneuo’r gweithredoedd eiddo deposit the title deeds

ETYMOLOGY: (adnau = deposit) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

adnod, PLURAL: adnodau

<AD-nod,- ad-NOO-dai, -de> [ˡadnɔd, adˡnoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 verse (from the Bible)

:_______________________________.

⁺ado Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gado =

:_______________________________.

adran, PLURAL: adrannau <A-dran,-a-DRA-nai, -ne> [ˡadran, aˡdranaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 department

2 department = division of a local council
yr adran addysg the education department
yr adran lanháu the cleansing department

:_______________________________.

adrannol <a-DRA-nol> [aˡdranɔl] (adjective)
1 department (attributive), departmental
siop adrannol department store

ETYMOLOGY: (adran = department) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

adref / adre <A-drev, A-dre> [ˡadrɛv, ˡadrɛ] adverb
1 home = towards home
2 talu’r echwyn adref give tit for tat (“pay the loan home”)

:_______________________________.

adrodd <A-drodh> [ˡadrɔð] verb
1 recite
2 ailadrodd <ail-A-drodh> [aɪlˡadrɔð] repeat

:_______________________________.

adroddiad, PLURAL: adroddiadau <a-DRODH-yad,-a-drodh-YAA-dai, -de> [aˡdrɔðjad, adrɔðˡ jɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 report

:_______________________________.

⁺adu Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gadu =

:_______________________________.

aduniad <ad-IN-yad> [adˡɪnjad] masculine noun
PLURAL aduniadau <ad-in-YAA-de> [adɪnˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 reunion = bringing together again

2 reunion = social gathering for old friends or work colleagues to renew acquaintance and friendship
aduniad cyn-ddisgyblion school reunion = gathering of ex-pupils of a school
aduniad cyn-ddisgyblion Ysgol Tregaron school reunion for ex-pupils of Ysgol Tregaron
aduniad cyn-fyfyrwyr university reunion = gathering of ex-students of a university

ETYMOLOGY: (adun- stem of the verb aduno = reunite, become reunited) + (-iad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

aduno <ad-II-no> [adˡiˑnɔ]
verb with an object
1 reunite = cause to come together
verb without an object
2 reunite = come together, meet

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = again) + (uno = unite, become reunited)

:_______________________________.

-adur <AA-dir> [ˡɑˑdɪr]
1 suffix which forms nouns

(a) kind of book, reference book

1 (a) kind of book, reference book
..1/ blwyddiadur yearbook
..2/ bywgraffiadur biographical dictionary
..3/ cyfeiriadur directory
..4/ digwyddiadur events list (concerts, lectures, films, religious services, etc)
..5/ geiriadur dictionary
..6/ gigiadur list of gigs, performances by a singer or group
..7/ gwyddoniadur encyclopedia
..8/ gwyliadur calendar of religious festivals
..9/ holiadur questionnaire
..10/ newyddiadur newspaper
..11/ odliadur rhyming dictionary
..12/ orgraffiadur spelling dictionary
..13/ swyddiadur job directory
..14/ teithiadur itinerary, guidebook for travelers
..15/ treigladur mutation handbook (one showing the circumstances in which mutations are used, i.e. the phonetic changes of initial consonants in Welsh),

(b) kind of device (sometimes words with this meaning
are adaptations of English words with -ator)
..1/ carpiadur shredder
..2/ cyfrifiadur computer
..3/ cylchdroadur revolution counter
..4/ teipiadur typewriter
..5/ gwniadur thimble
..6/ percoladur coffee percolator
..7/ pladur scythe < paladur (palu = to dig) + (adur noun-forming suffix, indicating an implement or a book).
..8/ rheiddiadur radiator
..9/ generadur generator

(c) person
..1/ cofiadur recorder (= clerk who records details of meetings, etc)
..2/ curadur museum curator
..3/ procuradur procurator
..4/ penadur chief, leader

ETYMOLOGY: Detached from a word of Latin origin with final -adur and used as a suffix.
Cf Welsh pechadur < British < Latin peccât-ôr-(em) (= sinner)
NOTE: sometimes -i-adur

:_______________________________.

adwerthu <ad-WER-thi> [adˡwɛrθɪ] verb
1 to retail, to sell direct to the customer

ETYMOLOGY: (ad- prefix = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (gwerthu = to sell)

:_______________________________.

adwerthwr <ad-WER-thur> [adˡwɛrθʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL adwerthwyr <ad-WERTH-wir> [adˡwɛrθwɪr]
1 retailer = person or business that sells directly to a customer

ETYMOLOGY: (adwerth-, stem of the verb adwerthu = to retail) + (-wr, suffix for forming nouns, = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

adwy, PLURAL: adwyau <AA-dui, a-DUI-ai, -e> [ˡ ɑˑdʊɪ, aˡdʊɪaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 gap, breech

dod i'r adwy come to the rescue, save the day (“come to the breech / come to the gap”)

camu i'r adwy come to the rescue, save the day (“step into to the breech / step into the gap”)

Dyma hi i’r adwy eto She came to the rescue yet again (“you-see-here her to the breech / to the gap again”)

neidio i'r adwy come to the rescue (“jump into the breech / jump into the gap”)

taflu eich hun i ganol yr adwy rush to help (“throw yourself into the middle of the breech”)

2 gap between hills

Adwy-wynt (“Adwy Wynt”)
Street name in Y Fflint
“gap (of) wind”
(adwy) + soft mutation + (gwynt = wind)
Equivalent to the English name ‘Windy Gap’

:_______________________________.

-adwy <AA-dui> [ˡɑˑdʊɪ] suffix
1 adjective-forming suffix
(a ) originally a future passive termination added to a verb (credadwy = to be believed);
from (cred- stem of credu = to believe),

(b) now equivalent to the English termination -able, -ible (= which can be)
(credadwy = believable, which can be believed)

Other examples:
..1/ credu = believe, credadwy = believable
..2/ deall = understand, dealladwy = understandable
..3/ ofni = be scared of, ofnadwy = fearful
..4/ trethu = to tax, trethadwy = taxable

:_______________________________.

-adwyaeth <ad-UI-eth> [adˡʊɪaɪθ, -ɛθ] suffix
1 found in abstract nouns formed from adjectives with the suffix -adwy (= -able) to which is added the abstract noun suffix -aeth
annibynadwyaeth unreliability

:_______________________________.

adwyth <AAD-uith> [ˡɑˑdʊɪθ] masculine noun
PLURAL adwythau <ad-UI-thai, -e> [adˡʊɪθaɪ, -ɛ] 1 plight, misfortune
chwilio am lwybr allan o’ch adwyth look for a way out of your misfortune

2 illness
Rho gôt gynnes amdanat, rhag iti gael rhyw adwyth
Put on a warm coat in case you get a cold (“get some illness”)

ETYMOLOGY: ad wyth (ad- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyth (the ‘w’ is a vowel) = anger)
NOTE: the form abwth (= injury, illness, shock) in South Wales appears to be a dialectal variant of the word adwyth

:_______________________________.

adwythig <ad-UI-thig> [adˡʊɪθɪg] (adjective)
1 malignant
melanoma adwythig malignant melanoma
tyfiant adwythig malignant tumor

ETYMOLOGY: (adwyth = illness, misfortune) + (-ig suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

adyn <AA-din> [ˡɑˑdɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL adynod <a-DƏ-nod> [aˡdənɔd]
1 wrongdoer, criminal
adyn caletaf hardened criminal

2 rascal = disreputable person; ruffian (USA: hoodlum)
Achubais ef rhag adyn o Almaenwr mewn ysgarmes yn y bar
I saved him from some German ruffian in a fight in the bar

3 lout

4 fiend = inhumanly wicked person

ETYMOLOGY: (ad prefix = bad) + soft mutation + (dyn = man) > ad-ddyn > adyn

:_______________________________.

-ae-

(delw 7396)

:_______________________________.

ae
Grapheme in many words of English origin, spelt ai / ay in English
haels shot (Middle English hail)
mael gain < fael (Middle English vail, a clipped form of avail = advantage, use)
staer stair
aer air
aer heir
bae bay (geographic feature)
bae bay tree
ffrae argument, dispute (fray, a clipped form of affray)
maentumio maintain
pae pay
plaen plain
trafael travail

:_______________________________.

aeaf Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gaeaf = winter

:_______________________________.

aeafgwsg Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gaeafgwsg = hibernation

:_______________________________.

aeafgysgu Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gaeafgysgu = to hibernate

:_______________________________.

aeafol Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gaeafol = wintry

:_______________________________.

aed <AID> [aɪd] verb
1 went (“it was gone”), aed â = (he/she/it) was taken (“it was gone with”)

2 Aed ag ef i’r carchar He was taken to prison

yr aed a'i gorph i'w osod mewn bedd oer yn y fynwent
his corpse was taken to be placed in a cold grave in the cemetery

:_______________________________.

aeddfed <EIDH-ved> [ˡəɪðvɛd] adjective
1 mature, ripe

anaeddfedd unripe, immature

:_______________________________.

aeddfedrwydd <eidh-VED-ruidh> [əɪðˡvɛdrʊɪð] (m)
1 maturity, ripeness

2 blaenaeddfedrwydd [blein-eidh-VED-ruidh] [bləɪnəɪðˡvɛdrʊɪð] (m)
“pre-maturity” (blaen = front, top; pre-) + (aeddfedrwydd = maturity)

ETYMOLOGY: (aeddfed = ripe, mature) + (-rwydd noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

ael, PLURAL: aeliau [AIL, EIL-yai, -e] [aɪl, ˡəɪljaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 brow

Top of Form

2 eyebrow

:_______________________________.

ael <AIL> [aɪl] (f)

PLURAL: aeliau <EIL-yai, -e> [ˡəɪljaɪ, -ɛ]
1 = eil, eiliau aisle (church, chapel, cinema, theatre)

ETYMOLOGY: English aisle < Middle English ele < Old French < Latin ala (= âla)

:_______________________________.

Aeleg Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See Gaeleg = Scottish, Scottish Gaelic, Gaelic

:_______________________________.

aelod, PLURAL: aelodau <EI-lod, ei-LOO-dai, -e> [ˡəɪlɔd, əɪˡloˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 member
2 aelod seneddol member of parliament (“parliamentary member”) (abbreviation: A.S.) (= M.P.)

:_______________________________.

aelodaeth <ei-LOO-daith, -deth> [əɪˡloˑdaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
1 membership
tâl aelodaeth membership fee

ETYMOLOGY: (aelod = member) + (-aeth noun suffix)
:_______________________________.

Aelwen <EIL-wen> [ˡəɪlwɛn] feminine noun
1 woman’s name (“fair brow”)

ETYMOLOGY: feminine form of aelwyn (= fair-browed)

NOTE: The name Eilwen ‹EIL wen› is possibly a spelling variant of this name. The pronunciation remains the same, at least in Southern Welsh

(Penult ae is pronounced “eu” <eɨ> [əɨ] in the North and “ei” <ei> [əɪ] in the South)

:_______________________________.

aelwyd, PLURAL: aelwydydd <EI-luid, ei-LUI-didh> [ˡəɪlʊɪd, əɪˡlʊɪdɪð] feminine noun
1 hearth

:_______________________________.

aelwyn <EIL-win> [ˡəɪlwɪn] adj
1 fair-browed

ETYMOLOGY: (ael (f) = brow) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white; fair, attractive)

:_______________________________.

aer (1) <AIR> [aɪr] masculine noun
1 air

:_______________________________.

aer (2) aerion <AIR, EIR-yon> [aɪr, ˡəɪrjɔn] masculine noun
1 heir

:_______________________________.

aeres, PLURAL: aeresau <EI-res, ei-RE-sai, -e> [ˡəɪrɛs, əɪˡrɛsaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 heiress

:_______________________________.

Aeron <EI-ron> [ˡəɪrɔn] feminine noun
1 river name

2 (History) in names of two medieval districts or kántrevs in Ceredigion - (kántrev = cantref, literally: one hundred trêvs)

..a/ Ceredigion Is Aeron “Ceredigion below (the river) Aeron”, that is, “the main part of Ceredigion, where the court is, bounded by the river Aeron”.

..b/ Ceredigion Uwch Aeron “Ceredigion above (the river) Aeron”, “the far part of Ceredigion”

:_______________________________.

Aerona <ei-ROO-na> [əɪˡroˑna] feminine noun
1 woman’s name

:_______________________________.

Aeronwen <ei-RON-wen> [əɪˡrɔnwɛn] feminine noun
1 woman’s name

ETYMOLOGY: Based on the name of the river Aeron in Ceredigion.
‘the river Aeron’ (Aeron) + (suffix –wen (qv), used to form female forenames)

:_______________________________.

Aeronwy <ei-ROO-nui> [əɪˡroˑnʊɪ] feminine noun
1 woman’s name
ETYMOLOGY: Based on the name of the river Aeron in Ceredigion.
‘the river Aeron’ (Aeron) + (suffix –wy, meaning river)

However, an interesting footnote can be added to this.

There was a tendency in the 1800s for some literati to ‘correct’ the names of rivers by adding the suffix -wy (the soft-mutated form of gwy), which they presumed had been part of the river name but had been worn away over the passage of time.

Indeed, the fact that other river names end in -wy (Elwy, Conwy, Mynwy, etc) and that one important river was actually called simply Gwy (in English, the Wye) led them to believe that all river names had had it, but not all had maintained it.

William Owen-Pughe’s dictionary published from 1797 onwards was to a great extent to blame for this misconception, as he included the word gwy (said by him to mean fluid or water, but really the product of his imagination) in his Dictionary of Welsh and English dictionary published gradually from 1797 onwards and into the first decade of the 1800s. .

Though many river names do end in –wy, there are a variety of explanations, depending on the particular name, and indeed it may be some kind of suffix in some names, but it certainly does not mean ‘fluid’ or ‘water’.

In his dictionary, on page 195, under gwy, which William Owen-Pughe marks as a masculine noun with the plural gwyon, he states that it is: A fluid, or liquid; water. This word, and Aw, are in the composition of a great number of terms, which relate to fluidity; and especially the names of rivers; as Dyfrdonwy, Edwy, Efyrnwy, Llugwy, Mawddwy, Mynwy and Tredonwy.
Dyfrdonwy is his entirely fanciful correction for Dyfrdwy (Dee in English), and Tredonwy is a mystery – or at least, to me.

But since there was a general conception amongst many that there was a suffix –wy meaning ‘fluid’, ‘water’, and hence ‘river’, it is not incorrect to say that Aeronwy means ‘river Aeron’ (Aeron) + (suffix -wy meaning river)

:_______________________________.

aerwy <EI-rui> [ˡəɪrʊɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL aerwyau, aerwyon <ei-RUI-ai, -e, ei-RUI-on> [əɪˡrʊɪaɪ, -ɛ, əɪˡrʊɪɔn,]
1 collar, torque
2 (South-west Wales) eirw buwch neck-chain, cow collar, cow-house yoke

ETYMOLOGY: British *ad-reig-o < Celtic
Breton ere (= link)
Irish árach (= bond, i.e. fetter; and bond, i.e. security; advantage)

NOTE: Penult ae is pronounced “eu” in the North (“eurwy”) and “ei” in the South (“eirwy”).

A final “–wy” <ui> [ʊɪ] in the South regularly becomes “w” <u> [ʊ]
Hence aerwy > eirw

:_______________________________.

Yr Aes <ər-AIS> [ər ˡaɪs]
1 street in the centre of Caer-dydd
English name: The Hayes

According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911): “le heys. A part of the town near the east wall. To describe it in terms of the present day, it is a street running from south to north, from the north end of Bute Street to the Free Library. In 1550-1610 the Hayes (as its name implies) was open ground, largely consisting of gardens, with small detached tenements interspersed; yet it lay within the town wall. The name was applied particularly to one cottage and piece of ground (1817), approach to which was by a footpath and a stone stile (1820.) The Hays Close is named in a document of 1786. These premises were situate about where is now the Batchelor statue.”

Cf “The Hayes”, farm by Reynoldston (county of Abertawe / Swansea)

ETYMOLOGY: English haye < Old English haga = hedge

:_______________________________.

aeth <AITH> [aɪθ] verb
1 he / she / it went

:_______________________________.

aethnen <EITH-nen> [ˡəɪθnɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL aethnennau, aethnenni <eith-NE-nai, -ne, -ni> [əɪθˡnɛnaɪ, -ɛ, -ɪ]
1 aspen, trembling poplar (Populus tremula) tree of the genus Populus

pa bryd bynnag y gelwid arno i wneud hyny crynai fel aethnen

whenever he was called upon to do it he would shake like a leaf (“like an aspen”)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh aethn- < British *aktn-

:_______________________________.

aethnen ddu <EITH-nen DHII> [ˡəɪθnɛn ˡðiː] feminine noun
PLURAL aethnenni duon <eith-NE-nai, -ne, -ni DII-on> [əɪθˡnɛnaɪ, -ɛ, -ɪ ˡdiˑɔn]
1 black poplar (Populus nigra)

ETYMOLOGY: (aethnen = aspen) + soft mutation + (du = black)

:_______________________________.

-af <AV, A> [av, a]
superlative ending for adjectives; as in English -est

1 Colloquially the final <v> [v] in polysyllables is not pronounced
cyntaf = primer > cynta

2 –est, the most...
Often the superlative form is found in Welsh in a comparison between two, where in English the comparative form would be used. As an attributive adjective, corresponds to the English comparative form -er, more..

..1/ y rhyw wannaf (= women) the weaker sex (“the weakest sex”)

..2/ y tu clytaf i’r clawdd on the sheltered side of the hedgebank

..3/ Uchaf / Isaf in farm names or village names, literally “highest / lowest”, corresponds to English upper, higher / lower

Y Wern Uchaf Upper Wern farm
Y Wern Isaf Lower Wern farm
(wern < gwern, = alder swamp)

..4/ pen praffaf y ffon the thicker end of the stick, the thick end of the stick

3 (am + definite article and superlative adjective)
cystadleuaeth am y cryfaf a competiton to see who’s the strongest, a trial of strength

4 Since -af was originally -haf, final consonants b d g are devoiced by the following ‘h’ which is now lost
gwlyb > gwlypaf wet > wettest
caled > caletaf hard > hardest
gwag > gwacaf empty > emptiest

The comparative forms which have -ach have imitated the superlative forms in modern Welsh

gwlybach is now gwlypach (= wetter)
caledach is now caletach (= harder)
gwagach is now gwacach (= emptier)

ETYMOLOGY: -af < -haf (qv)

:_______________________________.

⁺afael Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gafael =

:_______________________________.

afaelgar Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gafaelgar =

:_______________________________.

afaeliad Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gafaeliad =

:_______________________________.

Afagddu <a-VAG-dhi> [aˡvagðɪ] (f)

1 The nickname (exact meaning unknown, though it seems to be based on du = black) of Morfran eil Tegid, the son of Ceridwen, referring to his terrible ugliness.

Utter darkness at night came to be compared to the extreme ugliness of Morfran, tywyll fel Afagddu, with the first syllable of the name becoming the obscure vowel (as has happened with several place names in Wales), and then understood as the definite article – tywyll fel y fagddu.

Cf Aber-ffraw > Abérffro > Y Beffro, Aber-mawdd > Abérmaw > Y Bermo

2 complete darkness, pitch blackness

yn dywyll fel y fagddu pitch dark

mor dywyll â’r fagddu pitch dark

Job 10:22 Tir tywyllwch fel y fagddu, a chysgod angau, a heb drefn; lle y mae y goleuni fel y tywyllwch.

Job 10:22 A land of darkness, as darkness itself; and of the shadow of death, without any order, and where the light is as darkness.

Eseia 59:9 Am hynny y ciliodd barnedigaeth oddi wrthym, ac ni’n goddiweddodd cyfiawnder: disgwyliasom am oleuni, ac wele dywyllwch; am ddisgleirdeb, ac yn y fagddu yr ydym yn rhodio.

Isaiah 59:9 Therefore is judgment far from us, neither doth justice overtake us: we wait for light, but behold obscurity; for brightness, but we walk in darkness.

Eseia 60:2 Canys wele, tywyllwch a orchuddia y ddaear, a’r fagddu y bobloedd: ond amat ti y cyfyd yr ARGLWYDD, a’i ogoniant a welir arnat.

Isaiah 60:2 For, behold, the darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people: but the LORD shall arise upon thee, and his glory shall be seen upon thee.

3 hell

:_______________________________.

afal, PLURAL: afalau <AA-val, a-VAA-lai, -e> [ˡɑˑval, aˡvɑˑlaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 apple
pren afalau apple tree (also: afallen)

2 calon afal apple core
craidd afal apple core

3 cael yr afal a’i fwyta have your cake and eat it (“get the apple and eat it”)
cael eich afal i chwarae ac i’w fwyta have your cake and eat it (“get your apple to play and to eat it”)
Chewch chi mo’ch afal i chwarae ac i’w fwyta You can’t have your cake and eat it

NOTE: Colloquially afalau > ’fale

pren ’fale apple tree

pwys o ’fale a pound of apples
:_______________________________.

afal Adda <AA-val AA-dha> [ˡɑˑval ˡ ɑˑða] masculine noun
1 Adam’s apple

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) apple (of) Adam” (afal = apple) + (Adda = Adam)

:_______________________________.

afallen, afallennau <a-VA-lhen, a-va-LHE-nai, -e> [aˡvaɬɛn, avaˡɬɛnaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 apple tree (Malus domestica)

Yr Afallennau (“the apple trees”) name of a series of penillion in the Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin / The Black Book of Carmarthen c.1250 beginning with the refrain "Afallen beren" (= sweet-apple tree; that is, not an afallen sur = crab-apple tree)

Yr Afallenchwerw SN9854 Farm near Cilmeri, Powys (= crab-apple tree, “bitter + apple tree”)

(Though the derivation could be another, since the farm is by Afon Chwerfri – the farm name may have something to do with the name of the river)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=228996

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same British root: Breton avalenn

:_______________________________.

Afallon <a-VA-lhon> [aˡvaɬɔn] feminine noun

1 Afallon ('Avalon') = the paradise of the Celts, in the form of an island in the western sea

Also Ynys Afallon

2 The Isle of Glastonbury, in Somerset (England). According to one legend, Arthur, the king of the British retreated to Afallon to recover from a wound sustained in battle against the invading English.

Twelfth-century authors sought to place Afallon in the west of the island of Britain and made an erroneous identification with Glastonbury

3 (figurative) Paradise
Byw yn Llundain yr oeddwn ar y pryd, ond roedd gen i Afallon bell, sef fferm Nhaid ym Meirionnydd
I was living in London at the time, but I had my own distant Paradise (“i had a distant Paradise”), my grandad's farm in Meirionydd

Uwchaled oedd bro fy mebyd. Ddeugain mlynedd yn ôl ymadewais â’r Afallon hon o Gymreictod a symud i Gaerdydd
Uwchaled was the district of my younger days. Forty years ago I deprated from that Paradise of Welshness and moved to Caer-dydd / Cardiff.

4 house name

..a/ House in Clydach, Abertawe

ETYMOLOGY: “cooked apple” (afal = apple) + (pob = cooked, baked; stem of the verb pobi = to cook. In Welsh, the verb stem often serves as a past participle)

:_______________________________.

afal pob (North Wales) <AA-val POOB> [ˡɑˑval ˡpoːb] masculine noun
1 cooking apple

ETYMOLOGY: “cooked apple” (afal = apple) + (pob = cooked, baked; stem of the verb pobi = to cook. In Welsh, the verb stem often serves as a past participle)
:_______________________________.

afal sur <AA-val SIIR> [ˡɑˑval ˡsiːr] masculine noun
1 crab apple

afallen sur crab-apple tree

:_______________________________.

afal taffi <AA-val TAA-fi> [ˡɑˑval ˡtɑˑfɪ] masculine noun
1 toffee apple

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) apple (of) toffee” (afal = apple) + (taffi = toffee)
:_______________________________.

Afan <AA-van> [ˡɑˑvan] feminine noun
1 river name

:_______________________________.

Afan <AA-van> [ˡɑˑvan]masculine noun
1 man’s name

:_______________________________.

afanc, PLURAL: afancod <AA-vangk, a-VANG-kod> [ˡɑˑvaŋk, aˡvaŋkɔd] masculine noun
1 beaver

:_______________________________.

afanen, PLURAL: afan (South Wales) <a-VAA-nen, AA-van> [aˡvɑˑnɛn, ˡɑˑvan] feminine noun
1 raspberry

:_______________________________.

afanen goch, PLURAL: afan cochion (colloquially pronounced “afan cochon”)
<a-VAA-nen GOOKH, AA-van KOKH-yon> ɑˑ[aˡvɑˑnɛn ˡgoːx, ˡɑˑvan ˡkɔxjɔn] feminine noun
(South Wales)
1 raspberry

:_______________________________.

affliw <A-fliu> [ˡaflɪʊ] masculine noun
1 (North Wales) particle, fragment

2 dim affliw not the least bit

dim affliw o (rywbeth) no (something) at all

Doedd dim affliw o syniad gen i I didn't have the least idea, I had no idea at all

3 affliw o ddim nothing at all

Doedd affliw o ddim ar ôl There wasn’t a morsel left

Dyw’r wasg Seisnig yn gwybod affliw o ddim am Gymru a’i hiaith
The English-language press knows nothing at all about Wales and its language

Does wnelo'r peth affliw o ddim ag arian The matter has nothing at all to do with money

ETYMOLOGY: possibly affliw < arlliw (= tint, shade), with the substitution of ‘ff’ for ‘r’ due to the influence of affaith (= effect)

:_______________________________.

Affrica / Yr Affrig <A-fri-ka, ər A-frig> [ˡafrɪka, ər ˡafrɪg] feminine noun
1 Africa

:_______________________________.

afiach <AV-yakh> [ˡavjax] adjective
1 unhealthy; sick

Yr iach a gach y bore,
Yr afiach a gach yr hwyr,
Yr afiach a gach bob yn dipyn bach
A'r iach a gach yn llwyr.

The healthy person shits in the morning

The unhealthy person shits in the evening

The unhealthy person shits little by little

And the healthy person shits completely

:_______________________________.

afiechyd <av-YEE-khid> [avˡjeˑxɪd] masculine noun
1 sickness

:_______________________________.

⁺afl Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gafl = crotch

:_______________________________.

aflan <AV-lan> [ˡavlan] adjective
1 unclean

:_______________________________.

aflendid <av-LEN-did> [avˡlɛndɪd] masculine noun
1 uncleanliness

:_______________________________.

aflêr <a-VLEER> [aˡvleːr] adjective
1 (obsolete) gluttonous

2 (North Wales) untidy, shabby, messy, scruffy (development of sense 1, because a glutton makes a mess while eating)

3 (North Wales) dirty

ETYMOLOGY: aflêr < aflerw
(af- = privative prefix) + soft mutation + (llerw = weak)

NOTE: Also: blêr < aflêr.

Cf southern bradu (= to waste) < afradu

:_______________________________.

afles <AV-les> [ˡavlɛs] masculine noun
1 detriment, disavantage, hurt

er afles i to the detriment of

Gweithredodd y sustem addysg er afles i’r iaith Gymraeg
The education system functioned to the detriment of the Welsh language

ETYMOLOGY: (af- = negative prefix ) + soft mutation + (lles = wellbeing)

:_______________________________.

aflesol <av-LE-sol> [avˡlɛsɔl] adjective
1 unwholesome
bwyd aflesol unwholesome food

:_______________________________.

afloyw <av-LOI-u> [avˡlɔɪʊ] adjective
1 opaque

:_______________________________.

aflwydd, PLURAL: aflwyddau, aflwyddion <AV-luidh, av-LUI-dhai, -e, av-LUIDH-yon> [ˡavlʊɪð, avˡlʊɪðaɪ, -ɛ, avˡlʊɪðjɔn] masculine noun
1 (North Wales) defect
Fe gafodd fy nghar ryw aflwydd My car broke down (“my car got some defect”)

bod aflwydd ar not work, not function
Mae rhyw aflwydd ar y peth The thing’s not working, It’s not working
Mae rhyw aflwydd arno It’s not working

:_______________________________.

aflym <AV-lim> [ˡavlɪm] adjective
1 retuse = (leaf) with a rounded apex and central depression

aflymddail retuse-leaved
helygen aflymddail(Salix retusa) retuse-leaved willow

ETYMOLOGY: (af- = negative prefix ) + soft mutaiton + ( llym = sharp)

:_______________________________.

afon, PLURAL: afonydd <AA-von, a-VOO-nidh> [ˡɑˑvɔn, aˡvoˑnɪð]
feminine noun
1 river

2 isafon tributary – minor river flowing into a main river
(is = lower, inferior) + (afon = river)

3 Examples of river names with soft mutation after the element afon
(In most cases there is no such mutation in modern Welsh, but a handful of examples occur, survivals from older Welsh)
..1/ (SH8449) Afon Conwy / Afon Gonwy river in Conwy county, north-west Wales
..2/ (SH8227) Afon Dyfrdwy /Afon Ddyfrdwy river in the north-east
..3/ (SH5167) Afon Menai / Afon Fenai = straits in Gwynedd, between Môn and Arfon, north-west Wales

4 mor sicr â'r nant i'r afon no doubt about it “as sure as the stream to the river”

5 troi afon o’i chwrs divert a river

6 Names of houses and streets

..1/ Tremyrafon / Trem yr Afon “view (of) the river”, river view
..2/ Tremafon / Trem Afon “view (of the) river”, river view

(The linking definite article is often omitted in place names)
House name, and also a street name in a number of places

..3/ Gwelafon river view (gwêl = view) + (afon = river)

..4/ Sŵnyrafon (“(the) sound (of) the river”)
Street name in
....a/ Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Swn yr Afon”)
....b/ Mynyddcyffig (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Afon”)
....c/ Y Gelli, Pentre (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn yr Afon”)
....d/ Treorci (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn-yr-Afon”)
....e/ Aberdulais (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn-y-Nant”)
....f/ Llanfechain (county of Powys)

..5/ House name: Llais yr Afon / Llaisyrafon (“(the) sound / voice (of) the river”)
Street name: Llaisafon Ffair-fach, Llandeilo (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Llais Afon”)

7 (adverb of place) yn is ar yr afon downstream, downriver

8 rhedai y dagrau yn afonydd i lawr ei gruddiau the tears ran in rivers down her cheeks

9 helygen yr afon (Salix fluviatilis) river willow

10 yr Afon Benwaig jocular name for “the sea” (“(the) river (of) herrings”, the Herring River)
mynd dros yr Afon Benwaig go over the sea

11 (Lampetra fluviatilis) llysywen bendoll yr afon (f), llysywod pendoll yr afon river lamprey

12 min afon riverside
caffi min afon riverside café

:_______________________________.

Afon Braint <AA-von BRAINT> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡbraɪnt] feminine noun
1 river in Môn

:_______________________________.

Afon Fach <AA-von VAAKH> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡvɑːx] feminine noun
1 river in Patagonia

:_______________________________.

Afon Conwy <AA-von KOO-nui> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡkoˑnʊɪ] feminine noun
1 river in North-west Wales

:_______________________________.

Afon Llynfi <AA-von LHƏN-vi> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡɬənvɪ]
1 name of two rivers in the south
..a/ SS 8983 A river rising north of the town of Maes-teg, runs southwards through the town and flows into the Ogwr 4 km north of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr

Cwm Llynfi the valley of the Llynfi river which passes through Y Caerau, Cymfelin, Llangynwyd and Y Ton-du

..b/ SO1738 A river rising 1km north of Y Bwlch (Powys), between Aberhonddu and Crucywel, which flows north into the lake known as Llyn Syfaddan; it leaves the lake flowing northwards and joins the river Gwy at Aberllynfi, near Y Clas ar Wy

Aberllynfi village 3km north of Talgarth (“(the) confluence (of) Llynfi (and Gwy)”)
English name: Three Cocks

(delw 7077)

ETYMOLOGY: Llynfi < Llyfni (llyfn = smooth) + (suffix -i)
Metathesis <nv> [nv] > <vn> [vn]

In the north there is a river with the original form of this name - Afon Llyfni SH4852 flowing west from the lake Llyn Nantlle Uchaf into the Bay called Bae Caernarfon, 4km south-west of Llandwrog

:_______________________________.

Afon Mynach <AA-von MƏ-nakh> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡmənax] feminine noun
1 SN7576 Afon Mynach river in Ceredigion, formed by the junction of the Myherin and Rhuddnant streams, and flowing west to join the river Rheidol north of Pontarfynach (Ceredigion)

2 SH9041 Afon Mynach river in the district of Meirionnydd which flows south into the river Tryweryn, 4km north-west of the town of Y Bala

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) river (of the) monk”; (afon = river) + (mynach = monk)

:_______________________________.

Afon-wen <AA-von WEN> [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡwɛn]
1 SJ1371 Village in the county of Y Fflint, south-east of Caerwys

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/996798 map

ETYMOLOGY: yr afon wen “(the) white river”; (afon = river) + soft mtuation + (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white)

:_______________________________.

⁺afr Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gafr = goat

:_______________________________.

afradlon <a-VRAD-lon> [aˡvradlɔn] adjective
1 prodigal = wasteful, spendthrift

:_______________________________.

afrad <AV-rad> [ˡavrad] adjective
1 wasteful
byw yn afrad live extravagantly

2 Afrad pob afraid What is not really essential is a waste
(“(it is) wasteful every unnecessary thing”)

3 Afrad pob ynfyd Sensible people are thrifty (“wasteful each fool”)

ETYMOLOGY: afrad = extravagance, originally (adjective) evil, (noun) evil; (af- = privative suffix ) + soft mutation + ( rhad = grace)

:_______________________________.

afradu <av-RAA-di> [avˡrɑˑdɪ] verb
1 waste, squander
afradu arian waste money, throw money down the drain

:_______________________________.

afraid <AV-raid> [ˡavraɪd] adjective
1 unnecessary

2 superfluous

3 (masculine noun) Plural: afreidiau something unnecessary

4 Cadw’ch afraid erbyn eich rhaid Be thrifty, Keep what you don't need now for possible future use; put something away for a rainy day; Waste not, want not = if you do not waste things, you won't be poor
“keep your unneeded against your need” (cadw = keep) + (’ch < eich = your) + (afraid (adjective) unnecessary, (noun) unnecessary things) + (erbyn = against) + (eich = your) + (rhaid necessity)

5 Afrad pob afraid What is not really essential is a waste

6 rhoi o'ch afraid give away what you don’t need

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (af- = privative suffix ) + soft mutation + ( rhaid = necessity)

:_______________________________.

afrwydd <AV-ruidh> [ˡavrʊɪð] adj
1 difficult

Afrwydd pob gorchwyl ar y cyntaf Every task is difficult at the outset (“difficult every task on the first”)

ETYMOLOGY: (af- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + ( rhwydd = easy)
:_______________________________.

afrwyddo <av-RUIDH-o> [avˡrʊɪðɔ]
(verb with an object)
1 hinder, obstruct

ETYMOLOGY: (afrwydd = difficult) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

afu, PLURAL: afuau <AA-vi, a-VII-ai, -e> [ˡɑˑvɪ, aˡviˑaɪ, -ɛ]
masculine noun
1 liver (South Wales).
2 In the North it is ‘iau’

:_______________________________.

ag = â <ag> [ag]
1 with (= â before a vowel)

:_______________________________.

ag a
1 as
Nid yw cynddrwg ag a ddywedoch chi He isn’t as bad you said / as you made him out to be

:_______________________________.

agen, PLURAL: agennau ‹AA gen, a GE ne› feminine noun
1 split, crevice
2 yr agen rhwng y bronnau cleavage between a woman's breasts (“the cleavage / split between the breasts”)

Historically this was gagen, but the soft-mutated form (loss of intial g-) has become the radical form. Irish has gág (f) (= crack, chink, crevice)
:_______________________________.

agenda, PLURAL: agendâu ‹a GEN da, a gen DAI› feminine noun
1 agenda

:_______________________________.

agerbeiriant ‹a-ger-beir-yant› masculine noun
PLURAL agerbeiriannau ‹a-ger-beir-ya-ne›
1 (literary word) (railway) steam engine

ETYMOLOGY: (ager = steam) + soft mutation + (peiriant = engine)

:_______________________________.

agendor, PLURAL: agennau ‹AA gen, a GE ne› masculine or feminine noun
1 gap

2 abyss

1620 Bible: Luc 16:26 Ac heb law hyn oll, rhyngom ni a chwithau y sicrhawyd gagendor mawr: fel na allo y rhai a fynnent, dramwy oddi yma atoch chwi: na’r rhai oddi yna, dramwy attom ni (In twentieth century editions, agendor is the form used - y sicrhawyd agendor.)
Luke 16:26 And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed: so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence.

Historically this was gagen, but the soft-mutated form (loss of intial g-) has become the radical form. See gagen (see above).

:_______________________________.

-agh- ‹- ›
1 British -ag- > Old Welsh -agh- > modern Welsh -ae-

..a/ CAE
Celtic > British *kag- > Old Welsh “kagh” > modern Welsh cae (“hedge”; now generally “field”)

..b/ DRAEN
Celtic > British *dragn- > Old Welsh “draghn” > modern Welsh draen (= thorn)

..c/ HAEL
Celtic > British *sagl- > Old Welsh “haghl” > modern Welsh hael (= generous)

..d/ MAEL
Celtic > British *magl- > Old Welsh “maghl” > modern Welsh mael (in old forenames, = chieftain, lord)

..e/ MAEN
Celtic > British *magn- > Old Welsh “maghn” > modern Welsh maen (= stone)

:_______________________________.

Agnatha (Genus)
1 (pysgodyn di-ên) jawless fish

:_______________________________.

agor ‹A gor› verb
1 to open

2 ar agor ‹a RA gor› open (eg sign in a shop window)

:_______________________________.

agored ‹a GO red› adj
1 obert

2 cadw drws agored keep open house, be very hospitable, welcome all and sundry “keep (an) open door”

:_______________________________.

agoriad, PLURAL: agoriadau ‹a GOR yad, a gor YA de› adjective
1 opening

:_______________________________.

agoriadol ‹a gor YA dol› adjective
1 opening, inaugural

:_______________________________.

agos ‹A gos› adjective
1 near

2 intimate

3 see agosaf = nearest

4 quasi-prefix nowhere near
Nid yw hon agos gymaint This is nowhere near as big (also: agos cymaint)
agos gystal â almost as good as (also: agos cystal)

5 Mae hi agos yn sicr It’s fairly certain

:_______________________________.

agosaf ‹a GO sa› adjective
1 nearest (colloquially ’gosa)
ffordd ’gosa improvised, makeshift, impromptu (“(the) nearest way”)
pryd ffordd ’gosa an improvised meal

2 bu + agosaf erióed has never been closer (“to have been closest ever”)
“Fan hon,” ychwanegai, gan gerdded yn ôl a blaen yn y set fawr, “y bu y nefoedd a’r ddaear agosaf erioed.
“Here,” he said, pacing to and fro by the big pew, “heavven and earth have never been closer”

:_______________________________.

agosáu ‹a go SAI› verb
1 to approach
agosáu at (rywun) approach (someone)

:_______________________________.

agosrwydd ‹a GOS ruidh› masculine noun
1 nearness, proximity

:_______________________________.

ag y ‹AAG ə›
1 as (after an equative form of the adjective)
gynted fyth ag y gellir as soon as possible, as soon as you possibly can
(“as-soon / ever / as / it-can-be (done)”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ag < â = with) + (y relative particle)

:_______________________________.

a hefyd ‹aa hee-vid›
1 and also...
Sometimes found incorrectly as ac hefyd

:_______________________________.

a hi ‹aa hii› conjunction
1 when it was

Genesis 15:17 A bu, pan fachludodd yr haul, a hi yn dywyll, wele ffwrn yn mygu, a lamp danllyd yn tramwyo rhwng y darnau hynny.
Genesis 15:17 And it came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces.

ETYMOLOGY: (a = and) + (hi = it)

:_______________________________.

-ai-

(delw 7396)
:_______________________________.

ai ‹ai›
1 ‹ai› in English. ‹ii› in Welsh

Words taken from English ‹ii› which have conserved ‹ii› in Welsh, but have undergone the long vowel shift in English c. 1500 ‹ii› > ‹ai›

..a/ Brid [BRIID] name of Irish saint; English “Saint Bride’s” [seint BRAIDZ]
Words with English ‹ii› taken from Welsh into English which have undergone the long vowel shift in English c. 1500 ‹ii› > ‹ai›

..b/ English “Pendine” [pen DAIN] (for Pen-din) [pen DIIN]. Village in Caerfyrddin.

..c/ Y Pil ‹ə piil› , village in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr; English “Pyle” ‹pail›

..d/ Rhys [HRIIS] > English surname “Rice” [RAIS]

:_______________________________.

ai

In non-standard spellings of place names in the south-east, possibly represents [ai] instead of the expected [ei] within the COLLOQUIAL WELSH of the area

Another possiblity is that it is an attempt to spell the sound <ei> [øi] a l’anglaise, as in ‘paint, saint, main, wait’ etc

..a/ BLAENAU

Y Blaena
The south-eastern pronunciation of blaenau [ˡbləinai] (= upland; sources of streams) is blaena [ˡbləina] . The English spelling of the town’s name is Blaina [ˡblainə] , which might in fact be a Welsh spelling to suggest a local pronunciation [ˡblaina]

..b/ CAEAU

Y Caia ‹ə kai-a› farm in Sain Nicolas, county of Bro Morgannwg < y caeau ‹ə kei-ai› = the fields

..c/ DRAENEN

A farm marked on maps as Pantyddrainan, near Coedelái, Rhondda Cynon Taf

Standard Welsh would be Pantyddraenen. The “a” in the final syllable is a typical feature of south-eastern Welsh.

:_______________________________.

aiatola ‹ai-a-too-la › masculine noun
PLURAL aiatolas ‹ai-a-too-las›
1 ayatollah = Shiite leader, member of the religious hierarchy who has an expert knowledge of Islamic law

ETYMOLOGY: Persian < Arabic “sign of Allah / God” (âyat = sign) + (Allah = God)

:_______________________________.

-aid ‹-ed › suffix
1 has the sense of 'full', 'the contents of'; similar to the use of the English suffix -ful; the amount a container will hold
bagaid o bapur a bagful of paper
barilaid o gwrw bROOTful of beer
basgedaid o flodau basketful of flowers
llwyaid o halen spoonful of salt
potaid o ddŵr a pot of water
potelaid o ddŵr bottle of water
sosbanaid o a saucepan full of
tyaid o blant houseful of children

2 In the north, normalment -aid > -ied (North-east) > -iad (North-west)
potaid (= potful) > potied / potiad

:_______________________________.

a i ddim ‹aa i DHIM › verb
1 A i ddim o’ ’ma (= ni af fi ddim oddi yma) I won’t go from here, I won’t leave here

ETYMOLOGY: (ni negative particle) + (af = I shall go) + (fi = I) + (ddim = not)

:_______________________________.

aiff ‹AIF › verb
1 colloquial form of the form â = she, he will go
Does gen i ddim aiff amdanoch chi
I’ve got nothing in your size, nothing that’ll fit you (“that will go around you”)

:_______________________________.

yr Aifft ‹ər aift› feminine noun
1 Egypt

2 Eifftiwr Egyptian

3 adjective Eifftaidd Egyptian (people, country)

4 (noun and adjective) Eiffteg Egyptian (language)

5 rhoi’r Aifft ar dân (“set Egypt on fire”) set the Thames on fire = do something wonderful and remarkable which will come to everybody’s attention (said of something unlikely to happen)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Aifft < Eifft < Ë’ifft < *Eghifft < British *egipt- < Latin egyptus (= Egypt)

:_______________________________.
ail ‹ ail › m, adjective
1 second
cyfeilio to second = give support to (a motion)
(cyf- prefix = together, eil- < ail = second, -io verbal suffix)

2 semblance, likeness, counterpart
Welas i mo’i hail hi rioed! I’ve not seen anybody like her ever before!

3 yr ail orau second best
bodloni ar yr ail orau settle for second best

4 nid oes ail i there's nothing that can compare with

5 am yn ail (+ noun) very second...
am yn ail ddydd Iau every second Thursday, every other Thursday
am yn ail (adverb) alternately, in turn
chwerthin a llefain am yn ail laughing and crying one after the other
am yn ail â alternating with

yfed diodydd di-alcohol am yn ail â diodydd alcoholig
alternating alcoholic drinks with non-alcoholic drinks

Mae'r ddogfen hon yn ddwyieithog gyda thudalennau am yn ail yn y Gymraeg a Saesneg This document is bilingual with alternate pages in Welsh and in English

6 bob yn ail (+ noun) very second...

bob yn ail ddydd Iau every second Thursday, every other Thursday

cael ei gyhoedd bob yn ail fis be published every two weeks

bob yn ail (adverb) alternatively, in turn

Ar ôl llifio’r boncyff, fe welid cylchoedd amlwg yn y pren, rhai

tywyll a golau bob yn ail After sawing the tree trunk, distinct rings were to be seen, dark ones alternating with light ones

7 bob yn ail (+ noun) very second...
bob yn ail ddydd Iau every second Thursday, every other Thursday

cael ei gyhoedd bob yn ail fis be published every two weeks

ar yn ail (adverb) alternatively, in turn

Canwyd rhai penillion yn Sbaeneg ac yn y Gymraeg ar yn ail
Some verses were sung alternately in Castilian and in Welsh

Trechwyd y Sais gan y Cymro, am y rheswm, fe ddywedir, fod Thomas Dafydd yn gallu taro ar yn ail â’r llaw chwith pan fyddai y llaw ddeheu wedi blino. The Englishman was beaten by the Welshman because, it is said, that Thomas Dafydd could strike alternatively with the left hand when the right hand was tired

8 gorfod derbyn yr ail orau have to take second best, have to make do with second best
son < second, like, similar to

9 heb ei hail = incomparable, be far ahead of any other (“without his second”)
Crydd heb ei ail oedd Sam yn ol barn ei gwsmeriaid
Sam was a shoemaker who far outshone any other, the opinion of his customers Other shoemakers weren’t a patch on Sam in the opinion of his customers

10 (obsolete) son < second, like, similar to
Dylan Ail Don = Dylan son of the wave - sea god in the 'Mabinogi'.
..a/ Dylan < dylanw (dy- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llanw = tide)
..b/ ail = second; in older Welsh, used with the sense of ‘son’
..c/ + soft mutation + Ton = sea

11 am yr eildro per segona vegada

12 the second (of a prince / primcess / king / queen etc with the same name as a previous monarch)
Ar Ragfyr 11 ryn ni'n dathlu Dydd Gŵyl Llywelyn yr Ail
On December the eleventh we celebrate the festival of Llywelyn II

ETYMOLOGY: Celtic *aljos
Gaulish al- (= other); Breton eil, Irish eile (= other)
The same as Latin alius (= other)

:_______________________________.

ail
1 (obsolete) son < second, like, similar to
Dylan Ail Don a sea god in the 'Mabinogi'
“Dylan son of Wave / son of Sea “

..a/ Dylan literally “great tide” < dylanw (dy- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llanw = tide)
..b/ ail = second; used as a noun in older Welsh, with the sense of ‘son’
..c/ + soft mutation + ton (= sea)

:_______________________________.

ailadrodd ‹ai LA drodh› verb
1 repeat

:_______________________________.

ailagor ‹ai LA gor› verb
1 reopen

:_______________________________.

ailargraffiad, PLURAL: ailargraffiadau ‹ai lar GRAF yad, ai lar graf YA de› masculine noun
1 reprint

:_______________________________.

ailasio ‹ai LA sho› verb reset (a broken bone)

:_______________________________.

ailddechrau ‹ail DHEKH re› verb
1 recommence, begin again

:_______________________________.

ailddosbarth ‹ail DHO sparth› adjective
1 second-class

:_______________________________.

ailddyfodiad ‹aildhə-vod-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ailddyfodiadau ‹aildhə-vod-yaa-de›
1 return, reappearance

2 Yr Ailddyfodiad the Second Coming, the Second Advent, the return of Jesus Christ to the world according to Christian belief

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (dyfodiad = coming)

:_______________________________.

aildroedio ‹ail- droid -yo› verb
1 walk again
aildroedio’r un llwybr retrace one’s steps, go back the way one has come (“retread the same path”)

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (troedio = tread, walk)

:_______________________________.

ailfeddwl ‹ail VE dhul› verb
1 rethink, think again

:_______________________________.

ailfodelu ‹ail vo-dee-li› verb
1 (building) remodel, refurbish
Yn ystod yr hydref eleni ailfodelwyd Siop y Siswrn
this autumn (the shop called) Siop y Siswrn has been remodelled

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-) + soft mutation + (modelu = to model, to shape)

:_______________________________.

ailfagu ‹ail- vaa -gi› verb
1 regain
ailfagu archwaeth regain one’s appetite

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-, a second time ) + soft mutation + (magu = to raise, to develop, to produce)

:_______________________________.

ailfywiocâd ‹ailviu-o-kaad› masculine noun
1 reanimation

ETYMOLOGY: (ailfywiog-, stem of ailfywiocáu reanimate, revive) + (-had suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

ailfywiocáu ‹ailviu-o-kai› verb
1 reanimate

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-) + soft mutation + (bywiog = lively) + (-hau suffix for forming nouns from adjectives)

:_______________________________.

ailgartrefu ‹ail gar TRE vi› verb
1 rehouse

:_______________________________.

ailglafychiad ‹ailgla-vəkh-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ailglafychiadau ‹ailgla-vəkh- yaa-de›
1 relapse

ETYMOLOGY: (ailglafych- stem of the verb ailglafychu = suffer a relapse) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

ailglafychu ‹ailgla-və-khi› verb
1 suffer a relapse

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = re-, for a second time) + soft mutation + (clafychu = fall ill)

:_______________________________.

ailgyfanheddu ‹ail gə va NHE dhi› verb
1 repopulate

:_______________________________.

ailhyfforddiant ‹ail hə FORDH yant› verb
1 retraining

:_______________________________.

ail law ‹ail LAU› adjective
1 second-hand

:_______________________________.

ail orau ‹ail oo-re› adjective
1 second best, good but not of the highest quality

Rhoddodd ei ffrog ail orau amdani
She but on her second-best frock

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = second) + soft mutation + (gorau = best)

:_______________________________.

ailwaeledd ‹ail wei -ledh› m
1 (Medecina) relapse = deterioration in the health of a sick person after an improvement

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = second) + soft mutation + (gwaeledd = sickness)

:_______________________________.

ailwaelu ‹ail wei -li› m
1 (Medicine) relapse = (health) deteriorate after an improvement

ETYMOLOGY: (ail = second) + soft mutation + (gwaeledd = become sick)

:_______________________________.

⁺aing Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gaing = chisel, wedge

:_______________________________.

⁺air Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gair = word

:_______________________________.

aitsh ‹aich› feminine noun
PLURAL aitshus ‹ai -chis›
1 name of the letter aich (H, h)
colli’ch aitsh drop your h’s (not pronounce an ‘h’ which is present in the standard language; a feature of the COLLOQUIAL WELSH of south-east Wales)

2 name of the letter aich (H) as the initial letter of a name

John Herbert Jones (Je Aitsh) a wnaeth waith mor nodweddiadol fel golygydd ‘Y Brython’
John Herbert Jones (J H) who did a notable job as editor of (the magazine) ‘Y Brython’

ETYMOLOGY: from English ‘aich’, from the French name of the letter (modern French = ache ‹ash›)

:_______________________________.

a laddo a leddir ‹aa laa –dho aa lee-dhir› -
1 he who lives by the sword will die by the sword

ETYMOLOGY: (a = (it is) the person who) + soft mutation + (laddo = kills, third person singular subjunctive of lladd = to kill) + (a (who is) the person who) + soft mutation + (lleddir it / she / he is killed / will be killed, impersonal form of the PRESENT-FUTURE CLASSICAL WELSH tense of lladd)

:_______________________________.

ala ‹aA-la › (f)
1 alley
Yr Ala name of a street in Pwllheli

:_______________________________.

ala fowlia ‹a-la voul -ya›
1 bowling alley, skittle alley
The modern expression for a bowling alley is alai fowlio (also as ala / ale / ali fowlio)
In Dinbych there is a street called Parc Alafowlia (Post Code LL16 3HZ)

ETYMOLOGY: (ala = alley) + soft mutation + (bowlia, a form of bowliau = bowls, plural of bowl = bowl)

:_______________________________.

⁺alanas Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galanas =

:_______________________________.

alanastra Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galanastra =

:_______________________________.

⁺alar Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galar =

:_______________________________.

alarch, PLURAL: elyrch/alarchod ‹A larkh, E lirkh / a LAR khod› masculine noun
1 swan

2 golchi traed alarch try to do the impossible (“wash (the) feet (of) (a) swan”)

3 Cwmalarch name of a street in Aberpennar (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(“Cwm Alarch” on maps)
“cwm yr alarch” (the) valley (of) the swan

Alarch Dof Cygnus olor Mute swan (= “tame swan”)

Alarch Du Cygnus atratus Black swan (Australia,and introduced in New Zealand to replace an extinct native black swan Cygnus (atratus) sumnerensis) (= “black swan”)

Alarch Gyddfddu Cygnus melanocoryphus Black-necked swan (South America) (= “black-necked swan”)

Alarch y Gogledd Cygnus cygnus Whooper swan (migrates to temperate Europe and Asia in winter, breeds in Iceland and subarctic Europes and Europe and Asia) (= “sawn (of) the north”)

Alarch Utganol Cygnus buccinator Trumpeter swan (North America) (= “trumpeting swan”)

Alarch Chwibanol, Cygnus (columbianus) columbianus Whistling swan (small northern North America) (= “whistling swan”)

Alarch Bewick Cygnus (columbianus) bewickii Bewick’s swan – a Eurasian bird similar to the North American whistling swan which migrates from Arctic Russia in the winter to western Europe and eastern Asia (Japan, China) (= “swan (of) Bewick”)

:_______________________________.

⁺alarnad Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galarnad =

:_______________________________.

alaru Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galaru =

:_______________________________.

alarus Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galarus =

:_______________________________.

alaw, PLURAL: alawon ‹A lau, a LAU on› feminine noun
1 melody

:_______________________________.

alaw werin, PLURAL: alawon gwerin ‹a lau WE rin, a LAU on GWE rin› feminine noun
1 folk song

:_______________________________.

Yr Alban ‹ər al -ban› feminine noun
1 Scotland
Eglwys Esgobol yr Alban Church of Scotland (“episcopal church of Scotland”)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
Scottish Alba (= Scotland)

:_______________________________.

Albaneg ‹al BA neg› feminine noun
1 Albanian

:_______________________________.

Albania ‹al BAN ya› feminine noun
1 Albania

:_______________________________.

álbatros, PLURAL: albatrosiaid ‹AL ba tros, Al ba TROS yed› masculine noun
1 albatross

:_______________________________.

alcam ‹al -kam› masculine noun
1 tin = metal
gwaith alcam stannary, tin mine, tinworks
NOTE: also alcan (influenced by the word can = white)

ETYMOLOGY: Middle English alcamy (= tin)

álcohol ‹AL ko hol› masculine noun
1 alcohol

:_______________________________.

alcoholaidd ‹al-ko- hoo -ledh› adjective
1 alcoholic
Dywedodd y meddyg wrth y claf alcoholaidd fod hwisgi yn niweidiol iddo
The doctor said to the alcoholic patient that whisky was harmful to him

ETYMOLOGY: (alcohol = alcohol) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

alcoholig ‹al-ko- hoo-lig › m
PLURAL alcoholigion, alcoholics ‹al-ko-ho- lig-yon, al-ko- hoo-liks›
1 alcoholic = person addicted to alcohol
Alcoholigion Anhysbys Alcoholics Anonymous
plentyn bychan ac alcoholig o fam a small child with an alcoholic mother

ETYMOLOGY: English alcoholic, with change of final c to g

:_______________________________.

Aled ‹aa-led› feminine noun
1 SH9260 Afon Aled river in the county of Conwy
Dyffryn Aled the valley of the river Aled

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/379114 Dyffryn Aled

2 Until its abolition in 1974, name of an administrative district (rural district) in the county of Dinbych
Dosbarth Gwledig Aled Aled Rural District

3 Is Aled ‹iis aa-led› History neighbourhood (cwmwd) of the hundred (cantref) of Rhufoniog (in the country of Gwynedd Is Conwy) “place on this side of the river Aled” (is = lower; below ) + (Aled)

4 Uwch Aled ‹iukh aa-led› History neighbourhood (cwmwd) of the hundred (cantref) of Rhufoniog (in the country of Gwynedd Is Conwy) “place on the other side of the river Aled” (uwch = higher; above, beyond) + (Aled)

5 Llyn Aled ‹lhin aa-led› SH9157 lake south of the village of Llansannan, in the county of Conwy (llyn = lake)

6 Bro Aled ‹broo aa-led› the area around Llansannan, a village in the county of Conwy on the river Aled
Eisteddfod Bro Aled, Llansannan, Dydd Sadwrn Hydref 20fed 2001
Eisteddfod of Bro Aled, (in the village of) Llansannan, 20 Octuber 2001

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish Aled in the place name: Lannaled (English name = Saint Germans)

:_______________________________.

Aled ‹A led› masculine noun
1 man’s name (from the river name)

:_______________________________.

⁺alfanedig Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galfanedig = galvanised

:_______________________________.

alfaneiddio Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galfaneiddio = to galvanise

:_______________________________.

alga ‹al-ga› masculine noun
PLURAL algâu ‹al-gaai›
1 alga
algâu algae = unicellular or multicellular freshwater or saltwater plants

“Mae algâu gwyrddlas yn wenwynig” yw’r neges ar arwyddion o gwmpas y llyn
“Green algae is poisonous” is the message on signs around the lake

ETYMOLOGY: English alga < Latin, of unknown origin

:_______________________________.

⁺all Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gall = he / she / it can

:_______________________________.

all- ‹alh› prefix
1 other

allfudo (qv) emigrate

allfwrw (qv) exorcise

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh all- < British *all- < Celtic *all-
From the same Celtic root: Irish all- (allúrach = stranger)

Cf Greek allos (= other, differen)t, and specialist words in many languages coined with Greek elements – as in English allotropy, allomorph, allophone, etc

:_______________________________.

⁺alla Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galla > gallaf = I can

:_______________________________.

⁺allaf Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gallaf = I can

:_______________________________.

alla i ddim ‹aa-lhai dhim› verb
1 I can’t
Alla i ddim deall eich meddwl chi I don’t know what you’re getting at, what you mean, what you want to say (“I can’t understand your mind”)

Alla i mo’i wneud I can’t do it

ETYMOLOGY: literary form ni allaf (ni = negative particle) + soft mutation + (gallaf = I can); colloquial form alla i ddim, with the loss of the particle ni, and the final f ‹v› of gallaf, and the addition of (i = I) + (ddim = not). Before a possessive determiner (my, your, her. his, its, etc) , ddim o (= nothing of) > mo

NOTE: Colloquially, in rapid speech, there is a tendency
for the first syllable to be dropped – ’lla i ddim

:_______________________________.

alla i mo... ‹a-lhai moo...› verb
1 I can’t + verb + direct object
alla i mo’i ddeall (matter, situation – maesculine noun) I can’t figure it out, I just don’t get it; (person) I can’t understand him

ETYMOLOGY: (literary form) ni allaf ei ddeall “not I-can its understanding” > (basis of the colloquial form) ni allaf fi ddim o’i ddeall “not I-can I anything of its understanding” > (colloquial form) alla i mo’ ddeall

:_______________________________.

alla i yn fy myw ‹a-lhai ən və miu› verb
1 I can't for the life of me

Alla i yn fy myw weld beth ydi'r dileit mewn rhedeg dros chwe milltir ar hugain mewn cylch
I can’t for the life of me see what the fun is in running over twenty-six miles in a circle
NOTE: More colloquially, ’y instead of fy – yn ’y myw

:_______________________________.

all-alaethol ‹alh a- lei -thol› adjective
1 extragalactic = from outside the galaxy

ETYMOLOGY: (all-, prefix = outside) + soft mutation + (morio = galactic)

:_______________________________.

allan <A-lhan> [ˡaɬan] (adverb)
1 out

2 y tu allan i ‹ə tii A lla ni› (preposition) outside
y tu allan i’r ty outside the house

3 o hyn allan from now on, henceforward
(o = from) + (hyn this (time)) + (allan = out)

4 (a) rhedeg allan run out
(South) rhedeg maas

(b) (commodity) rhedeg allan run out
(South) rhedeg maas
Mae’r llaeth wedi rhedeg allan The milk’s run out

(c) rhedeg allan o rywbeth run out of something
(South) rhedeg maas o rywbeth
Ryn ni wedi rydeg maas o de We’ve run out of tea

5 codi allan
..1/ (North Wales) be out and about after an illness
..2/ turn out = come out of one's house, go onto the stret (to see a procession, etc)
Mi glywson ni'r 'band' yn y dre heddiw. Yr oedd yno gantoedd o bobl wedi codi allan i'w clywed nhw
We heard the band in the town today. Hundreds of people had turned out to listen to them

6 dod allan ohoni get out of a difficulty (“get out of it”)

7 (North Wales) dysgu allan learn off by heart; learn Bible verses off by heart
Addysgid y plant i ddarllen y Beibl Cymraeg a dysgu allan Gatecism yr Eglwys The children were taught to read the Welsh Bible and learn by heart the Church (of England) Catechism

Sticker in a book advertised for sale on ebay, 2005-12-29 (Cyfres Ffynnon Loew / Hau a Medi sef nifer o hanesion dyddorol ac addysgiadol i blant ac eraill. Gan Edward Thomas, Llanrhaiadr. Hughes a'i Fab, Cyhoeddwyr, Gwrecsam, 1908):

"Ysgol Sabothol, Milner Road. - Cyflwynedig i Gwladys Owen am ffyddlondeb a dysgu allan. 1913. H. Trevor Williams. Ysg."
Sunday School, Milner Road: ‹this book was› Presented to Gwladys Owen for regular attendance and for learning ‹Bible verses› by heart. 1913. H. Trevor Williams. Secretary."

:_______________________________.

allanfa, PLURAL: allanféydd ‹a LHAN va, a lhan VEIDH› feminine noun
1 exit

allanfa dân, alllanféydd tân fire exit (sometimes seen on signs as “allanfa tân”, but this is incorrect)

ETYMOLOGY: (allan = outside) + (-fa suffix, = place)

:_______________________________.

allanol ‹a- lhaa -nol› adjective
1 exterior, outside, external; situated on the outside

2 trwydded allanol off licence = a permit which allows a shop to sell alcohol if it is taken away for consumption; a shop with this permit

cylch allanol outer circle

2 yn allanol - outwardly, on the face of it; in the eyes of the public
mi roedd hitha’n ddynas neis iawn – yn allanol she was a very nice woman – outwardly
ymddangos yn allanol yn gwbl hyderus appear outwardly very confident

3 (patient) not staying in a hospital
claf allanol outpatient
cleifion allanol outpatients
(Sign) Cleifion Allanol Outpatients, Outpatients’ Department
adran y cleifion allanol the outpatients’ department

4 barnu (rhywun) ar yr olwg allanol judge (somebody) by his appearance (“judge (somebody) on the external appearance”)

ETYMOLOGY: (allan = out) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

alldaith ‹alh -daith› feminine noun
PLURAL alldeithiau ‹alh- deith -ye›
1 expedition; See alltaith

:_______________________________.

allddodyn ‹alh- dhoo-din› masculine noun
PLURAL allddodion ‹alh- dhod-yon›
1 substitute, substance which takes the place of another
allddodyn siwgr sugar substitute

ETYMOLOGY: (alldod-, stem of the verb allddodi = substitute) + (-yn, suffix)

:_______________________________.

allech chi
1 allech chi...? could you..? (requesting a favour)
Allech chi ddangos imi’r ffordd i’r orsaf? Could you show me the way to the station?

2 could you? would you be able to?
3 could you? were you able to?

ETYMOLOGY: a allech chi

(a interrogative particle) + soft mutation + (gallech = you could) + (chi = you) (in COLLOQUIAL WELSH the particle a is dropped but the mutation remains)
:_______________________________.

allech chi ddim ‹a-lhekh khii dhim› verb
1 you couldn’t, you could not, you would not be able to
2 you couldn’t, you could not, you weren’t able to

ETYMOLOGY: a allech chi (a interrogative particle) + soft mutation + (gallech = you could) + (chi = you) (in COLLOQUIAL WELSH the particle a is dropped but the mutation remains)

:_______________________________.

allforio ‹alh-vor-yo› verb
1 export = send goods to another country
toll allforio export duty

ETYMOLOGY: (allfor-, stem of the verb allforio = to export) + (-io, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

allforion ‹alh- vor-yon› plural noun
1 exports
allforion anweledig = invisible exports, exports of services and payment abroad of incomes

ETYMOLOGY: (allfor-, stem of the verb allforio = to export) + (-io, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

allfro ‹ALH-vro› feminine noun
PLURAL allfroydd ‹alh-VROO-idh›
1 (poetic) foreign land

2 masculine noun foreigner
a phob un o’r trigolion bron, boed frodor neu allfro...
and every one of the inhabitants, whether native or foreigner...

ETYMOLOGY: (all- = altre) + soft mutation + (bro = land); cf Gaulish allo-brog-es, name of a Gaulish tribe

:_______________________________.

allfudiad ‹alh- vid -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL allfudiadau ‹alh-vid- yaa -de›
1 outmigration, emigration

ETYMOLOGY: (allfud-, stem of the verb allfudo = emigrate) + (-i-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

allfudo ‹alh- vii -do› verb
1 emigrate

ETYMOLOGY: (all-, prefix = outside) + soft mutation + (mudo = move, move house)

:_______________________________.

allfudwr ‹alh- vii -dir› masculine noun
PLURAL allfudwyr ‹alh- vid -wir›
1 emigrant

ETYMOLOGY: (allfud-, stem of the verb allfudo = emigrate) + soft mutation + (gwr = man)

:_______________________________.

allfwriad ‹alh- vur -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL allfwriadau ‹alh-vur-yaa-de›
1 exorcism

ETYMOLOGY: (allfwr-i- stem of the verb allfwrw = exorcise) + (-i-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

allfwriwr ‹alh- vur -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL allfwrwyr ‹alh- vur -wir›
1 exorcist

ETYMOLOGY: (allfwr-i- stem of the verb allfwrw = exorcise) + soft mutation + (gwr = man)

:_______________________________.

allfwrw ‹alh-VUU-ru› verb
1 exorcise

ETYMOLOGY: (all-, prefix = outside) + soft mutation + (bwrw = throw)

:_______________________________.

allor, PLURAL: allorau ‹A-lhor, a-LHOO-rai, -e› feminine noun
1 altar

:_______________________________.

allt, PLURAL: elltydd ‹ALHT, ELH tidh› feminine noun
1 hill

2 Y Felallt / Y Fēlăllt (SJ5458) Welsh name for the village of Beeston, Cheshire, England; 4km south of Tarporley
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (melallt = honey hill):
(mêl = honey) + (allt = hill)

3 Rallt place name. This is Y Rallt, a wrong division of Yr Allt (= the hill) with the loss of the definite article

....................................................

Rallt-goch / Răllt-gōch (“Rallt Goch”) (“the red hill”) name of a street in Llanberis (county of Gwynedd)
Pen-rallt / Pĕn-răllt (qv) (the top of the hill) place name and street name

....................................................

Pen-rallt Fach SN1942 Farm in Cilgerran (Penfro) (“Penrallt Fach”)

Pen-rallt Hywel SN1841 Farm in Cilgerran (Penfro) (“Penrallt Howel”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/430125

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Pen-rallt SH6343 Farm by Croesor, Gwynedd (“Penrallt”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1043872

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Penrallt SH3735 district of Pwllheli (Gwynedd)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1152921

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Y Rallt SS5294

Farm south-west of Llanmorlais, Abertawe

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=175042

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Tan-rallt house name (“below the hill”)

....................................................

In the South allt has been mistaken for a soft-mutated form, and a radical form gallt is used (and it has developed the additional meaing of “wood; wood on a hillside”)

4 moelallt <MOIL-alht> [ˡmɔɪlaɬt] bare hill

(moel = bare, treeless) + (allt = hill)
There is a Pen Moelallt SO0009 (“Penmoelallt”) north-west of Cefncoedycymer

“(the) peak (of) (the hill called) Moelallt”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=188494 Pen Moelallt

See Allteisteddfod, Alltwalis, Allt-y-gog

5 garwallt <GAR-wallt> [ˡgarwaɬt] rough hill

(garw = rough) + (allt = hill)

Yr Arwallt “the rough hill” SO3318, south of Llanfihangel Crucornau (Mynwy)

(on the Ordnance Survey map as “The Arwallt”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=196561

:_______________________________.

alltaith ‹alh -taith› feminine noun
PLURAL allteithiau ‹alh- teith -ye›
1 expedition = organised journey for military purposes

arweinydd yr alltaith Seisnig anfonwyd i Gymru i geisio darganfod Owain Glyndwr
the leader of the English expedition sent to Wales to try and find Owain Glyndwr

ETYMOLOGY: (all- = ex, outside) + soft mutation + (taith = journey) > alldaith > alltaith

:_______________________________.

Allteisteddfod ‹ alht- ei- stedh -vod›
1 street name, Gwynfryn, county of Wrecsam (“Allt Eisteddfod”)
= allt yr eisteddfod “(the) hill (of) the eisteddfod”

:_______________________________.

alltud ‹alh -tid› adjective
1 exiled

2 Cymry alltud Welsh people in exile, those from Wales who have left their country to seek a living elsewhere, especially outside the island of Britain

3 banned, banished
oherwydd ei gamweddau mae ef yn alltud o neuadd y pentre
because of his transgressions he is banned from the village hall

4 foreign
gair alltud a foreign word

ETYMOLOGY: See alltud (noun)

:_______________________________.

alltud ‹alh -tid› masculine and feminine noun
PLURAL alltudion ‹alh-tid-yon›
1 obsolete foreigner, alien, non-tribesman

2 exile = a person forced to abandon her or his country for political reasons

3 exile = a person who has left her or his country to make a better living

4 troi’n alltud become an exile

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh alltud < all-dud (all- = out) + soft mutation + (tud = people) < British *allo-touto

:_______________________________.

alltudio ‹alh TID yo› verb
1 to exile, to send into exile
2 ymalltudio go into exile (ym- = reflexive prefix ) + (alltudio = to exile)

:_______________________________.

Alltwalis ‹alht-wa -lis›
1 SN4431 hamlet 12km north of the town of Caerfyrddin (county of Caerfyrddin)

rhegi’r maer ar ben Alltwalis criticise from a safe distance (“swear at the mayor (of Caerfyrddin) on top of (the hill called) Alltwalis”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/551530 Yr Ysgol Gynradd / The Primary School

ETYMOLOGY:(allt = hill, wood) + ??

:_______________________________.

Allt-y-gog ‹alht ə goog ›
1 street name in the town of Caerfyrddin

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hill / wood (of) the cuckoo”

(allt = hill / wood) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (cog = cuckoo)

:_______________________________.

⁺allu Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See gallu =

:_______________________________.

alluog Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galluog =

:_______________________________.

alluogi Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galluogi =

:_______________________________.

allwch chi ddim ‹aa-lhukh khii dhim› verb
1 you can’t
Allwch chi ddim gwrthod ei gynnig You can’t refuse his offer

ETYMOLOGY: literary form ni allwch (ni = negative particle) + soft mutation + (gallwch = you can); colloquial form allwch chi ddim, with the loss of the particle ni and the addition of (chi = you ) + (ddim = not)

:_______________________________.

allwedd, PLURAL: alweddau ‹ALH wedh, alh WE dhe› feminine noun
1 key
2 allwedd Mair ashkey = winged seed of an ash tree (“(the) key (of) (the Virgin) Mary”)
Allwedd pob cist yw cwrw In vino veritas (“(it-is) (the) key (of) every chest that-is beer”, beer is the key to every chest)

:_______________________________.

Yr Almaen, PLURAL: ‹ə RAL main› feminine noun
1 Germany

:_______________________________.

Almaenaidd ‹al MEI nedh› adjective
1 German

:_______________________________.

Almaeneg ‹al MEI neg› f,adj
1 German (language)

:_______________________________.

Almaenes ‹al MEI nes› feminine noun
1 German woman

:_______________________________.

Almaenwr, PLURAL: Almaenwyr ‹al MEI nur, al NEIN wir› masculine noun
1 German (man)

:_______________________________.

Almaenwyr ‹al MEIN wir› plural noun
1 German people

:_______________________________.

Alosa alosa
1 herlyn (m), herlynod allis shad

:_______________________________.

Alosa fallax
1 gwangen (m), gwangod twaite shad

:_______________________________.

Alpau, PLURAL: Yr ‹ə RAL pe› plural noun
1 The Alps
2 helygen yr Alpau (Salix hegetschweileri) Alpine willow

:_______________________________.

Als ‹als› feminine noun
1 Alice (obsolete name)

:_______________________________.

Alun (1) ‹A lin› feminine noun
1 river name

:_______________________________.

Alun (2) ‹A lin› masculine noun
1 man’s name

:_______________________________.

⁺alwad Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galwad = call

:_______________________________.

alwedigaeth Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galwedigaeth = vocation, occupation

:_______________________________.

alwedigaethol Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See galwedigaethol = vocational, occupational

:_______________________________.

Alwen ‹AL wen› feminine noun
1 woman’s name

:_______________________________.

Alwena ‹al WE na› feminine noun
1 woman’s name

:_______________________________.

Alys ‹ a-lis› feminine noun
1 Alice
Alys yng Ngwlad Hud Alice in Wonderland

ETYMOLOGY: from English Alice

:_______________________________.

am ‹am› (preposition)
1 basic meaning: around; more usually corresponds to “for, at, about”, etc
am un o’r gloch ‹am IIN or GLOOKH› at one o’clock
siarad am y ffilm ‹SHA rad am ə FILM› to talk about the film

2 for = for the price of
gwerthu rhywbeth am ei gost sell something at cost price (“sell something for its cost”)
am bumpunt ‹am BIM pint› for five pounds

3 rhoi eich esgidiau am eich traed put on your shoes (“give your shoes around your feet”)

4 (price) for = in exchange for
codi crocbris am rywbeth charge the earth for something (“raise / charge a hanging price for”)
talu crocbris am rywbeth pay through the nose for something, pay the earth for something (“pay a hanging price for”)
am brisiau is o lawer at greatly reduced prices

5 mynd am (clothes) to fit
Does gen i ddim aiff amdanoch chi
(clothes) I’ve got nothing in your size, nothing that’ll fit you

(nid oes gennyf ddim a â amdanoch “that will go around you”)

6 (with definite article and superlative adjective)
cystadleuaeth am y cryfaf a competiton to see who’s the strongest, a trial of strength (“a competition for the strongest”)

7 cadw golwg am look out for something

8 dwyn dial (ar rywun) (am rywbeth) take revenge (on somebody) (for something), revenge oneself (on somebody) (for something)

9 sefyll eich prawf am be tried for, stand trial for (“stand your trail for”)

10 anghofio’r cwbl am completely forget about (“forget the totality about”)

11 around (body, part of the body)
Faint ych chi am eich cluniau? What’s your hip size?

12 (clothing) wearing, on
het fach las am ei phen a menyg lledr am ei dwylo a little blue hat on her head and leather gloves on her hands
Doos dim pilyn sych amdano! She hasn’t got a dry stitch of clothing on her

:_______________________________.

am ‹am›
1 (obsolete) with patronymics, before names beginning in “M”, a form of ab = son (of)

am Meurig son of Meurig / Morris

(One (unlikely) explanation for the origin of the name America is that is is so called after Richard Americk, Chief Customs Officer at Bristol, who invested in John Cabot’s 1497 voyage of exploration. Americk is an Englished form of am Meurig)

:_______________________________.

am- ‹am› prefix
also occurs as ym-
There is soft mutation after am- / ym-

1 around
to (= roof, covering), amdo (= shroud)
cau (= to close), amgáu (= to enclose)
cylch (= circle), amgylch (= circumference)

2 various, different
rhyw (= some), amryw (= various)

3 intensifier
mwys (= ambiguous), amwys (= ambiguous)
trech- (root of trechu) (= to defeat), ymdrech (= effort)

4 (Modern Welsh ym) from two sides; each other, one another
lladd (= cut, kill), ymladd (= fight)

5 (Modern Welsh ym) (reflexive) oneself
golchi (= wash), ymolchi (= wash oneself)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh am- and ym- < British ambi < Celtic;
Other Celtic languages:
(1) British: Cornish am- and om-, Breton am and em-,
(2) Hibernian: Irish im-, Scottish im-
(3) Gaulish ambi-,
Other Indo-European languages: Latin ambi- (= on both sides), < ambo (= both) (as in ‘ambidextrous’ etc);
Greek amphi- (= on both sides, at both ends, of both kinds) (as in ‘amphitheatre’, etc)

:_______________________________.

amaeth ‹a -maith› masculine noun
1 agriculture = the practice of cultivating the land
Coleg Amaeth Glynllifon Glynllifon Agricultural College

2 (obsolete) husbandman, ploughman

3 rhodfa amaeth farm trail (trail for tourists in the countryside)

4 Y Weinyddiaeth Amaeth the Ministry of Agriculture

ETYMOLOGY: Celtic amb(i)-akt-os (ambi = modern Welsh am around), akt < *ag; equivalent to Latin ago (= to move forward, to do); actus (= action)

Cf Gaulish ambakt- (= serf) (taken into Latin as ambactus). From Latin,
..a/ German der Amt (= the official),
..b/ English ambassador, from the French word ambassador

:_______________________________.

..1 amau ‹a -me› verb
1 (verb with an object) (verb without an object) doubt = be inclined to disbelieve, regard as untrue
Ych chi’n amau? Don’t you believe me?

amau gair rhywun doubt somebody’s word, not accept the truth of what is said

Dy’ chi ddim yn ame 'ngair i, y’ chi?
You don't doubt my word, do you?

2 doubt = be uncertain about the existence of

Rw i’n amau yn fawr eu doethineb a'u synnwyr cyffredin
I greatly doubt his wisdom and common sense, I have great doubts about his wisdom and common sense,

3 diamau undisputable
diamheuol undisputable

4 roeddwn i'n rhyw amau... I half suspected, I somehow imagined
roeddwn i'n rhyw amau braidd I half suspected it, I somehow imagined it

5 amau dim be in no doubt, not be a bit surprised
rw i’n amau dim nad yw e wedi mynd yno wedi’r cwbl I have no doubt that he hasn’t gone there after all :

ETYMOLOGY: (am = around) and an element heu (apparently = to turn); the same element is found in yn ddiau (= without any doubt) and dihéu (= to long for)

:_______________________________.

..2 amau ‹a -me› masculine noun
PLURAL amheuon ‹a-mhei-on›
1 doubt; in modern Welsh normally as a plural - amheuon

(a) taflu amheuon ar (= cast doubt on),
codi amheuon ynghylch (rhywbeth) (= call ‹something› into question)

(b) and in the adverb yn ddiamau (= doubtlessly)

:_______________________________.

ambell ‹AM belh› adjective
1 an occasional (thing)
2 ambell waith ‹am belh WAITH› (adverb) sometimes

:_______________________________.

am ben ‹am BEN› (preposiiton)
1 over the head of; onto (a person)
2 taflu dŵr oer am ben = throw cold water over (somebody)

:_______________________________.

am bensiwn ‹am BEN-shun ›
1 for all the tea in China, for anything in the world
wnawn i mohoni am bensiwn I wouldn’t do it for all the tea in China

ETYMOLOGY: (“for a pension”) (am = for) + soft mutation + (pensiwn = pension)

:_______________________________.

ambi ‹am-bi›
1 preposition in British; in modern Welsh this is am (preposition and prefix)
2 The modern Welsh prefix dym- is from British *do-ambi
dymchwel = to overturn, to upset
dymuno = to wish
In other Indo-European languages, equivalents are:
(1) Latin ambi- (= on both sides), < ambo (= both) (as in 'ambidextrous' etc);
(2) Greek amphi- (= on both sides, at both ends, of both kinds) (as in 'amphitheatre', etc)
See am

:_______________________________.

ámbiwlans ‹am -biu-lans› masculine noun
PLURAL ambiwlansiau ‹am-biu- lans -ye›
1 ambulance
gwasanaeth ámbiwlans ambulance service
gyrrwr ámbiwlans ambulance driver
dyn ámbiwlans ambulance man (member of an ambulance crew)

ETYMOLOGY: English ambulance ‹ámbyələns, ámbyuləns› < French (ambul + -ance, < {hôpital} ambul{ant}, walking hospital) < Latin ambulâre (= to walk, to stroll)

:_______________________________.

am bris yn y byd ‹am briis ən ə biid › adverb
1 even if you paid me to
Chymerwn i mohono am bris yn y byd
I wouldn’t take it even if you paid me to, I wouldn’t take it even if you gave it to me
(“I would take anything of it for a price in the world”)

ETYMOLOGY: (am = for) + soft mutation + (pris = price) + (yn y byd = in the world)

:_______________________________.

amdani (preposition) about it / about her
1 rwyt ti amdani! you’re for it! you’re pay dearly for this!

:_______________________________.

amdano ‹am DA no› (preposition)
1 about it / about him

:_______________________________.

amddifaty ‹am-dhi-VA-ti› masculine noun
PLURAL amddifatai ‹am-dhi-VA-tai›
1 orphanage = house where orphans are cared for

ETYMOLOGY: (amddifad = orphaned) + soft mutation + (-ty = house); amddifád-dy > amddifaty

:_______________________________.

amddifedi ‹am-dhi-Vê-di› masculine noun
1 orphanhood = the state of being an orphan

ETYMOLOGY: (amddifad = orphaned) + (-i suffix for forming abstract nouns) (causes change in the penultimate vowel a > e – vowel affection)

:_______________________________.

amddiffyn ‹am DHI fin› verb
1 to defend
2 Gorau amddiffyn, ymosod The best form of defence is attack (“best defending, attacking”)

:_______________________________.

am ddim ‹am DHIM›
1 free of charge, for free
cludiad am ddim / danfoniad am ddim carriage paid; post free; delivery free

:_______________________________.

amdo ‹am-do› masculine noun
PLURAL amdoeau ‹am-dooi-e›
1 shroud, winding-sheet = piece of cloth in which a dead body is wrapped

ETYMOLOGY: (am- prefix = around) + soft mutation + (to ceiling, covering)

:_______________________________.

amdói ‹am-doi› verb
1 put (a corpse) in a shroud, enshroud
bod wedi eich amdói = be covered by a shroud

2 shroud = cover with something as if covering with a shroud
bod wedi eich amdói = be covered by something as if by a shroud

yr oedd y bibell ddwr wedi ei hamdói mewn crystyn o rew
the hosepipe was shrouded in a covering (a crust) of ice / frost

ETYMOLOGY: (amdo = shroud) + (-i = suffix for forming verb s)

:_______________________________.

am dro
1 mynd am dro ‹mind am DROO› go for a walk

:_______________________________.

amén ‹a-MEN› f
1 amen

2 bod yn amen ar rywun to have had it, to be the end of someone

Mae'n rhaid i chi fod yn garcus bob amser wrth fynd ar hyd glan y nant hwnnw neu mae'n amen arnat ti

You need to be careful every time you go along the bank of that stream or it’ll be goodbye and amen.

(::2)amenio(2::)
(::3)[ çç Xççç ](3::)
(::4)(;;verb;;)(4::)

CAT-Y XXXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y say amens ENG-Z

CAT-Y XXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y ??thank God ENG-Z
TES-Y mi ro'n i'n amenio wrth i CPJ diolch ar Ocsiwnia... fod yna rywun
wedi dyfalu mai... Golwg 05 08 93 (REF:) TES-Z

CAT-Y XXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y ??parry ENG-Z
TES-Y amenio pob swadan gan bastwn y plismon
(:REF) =
=

CAT-Y XXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y agree, concur ENG-Z
TES-Y Mi wn y buasai... yn cytuno ac yn amenio
(:REF)Llafar Gwlad 38 1993
(:REF)(REF:) TES-Z
TES-Y Y drwg yw ein bod yn gwybod na chymerir unrhyw sylw o'r hyn
sydd gan wrandawyr nac adolygwyr i'w ddweud;
bydd y cynhyrchwyr yn amenio ac yn cagio ac yn symud o un droed i'r
llall gan gymryd arnynt wrando
(:REF)Cymro 26 10 94 (REF:) TES-Z
TES-Y Ni ellir ond amenio hynny
(:REF)Cymro 31 05 1995 (REF:) TES-Z

CAT-Y XXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y approve ENG-Z
TES-Y Cyfeiriodd Mr Parri wedyn at arddull rhai o gyflwynwyr
y newyddion. A pharagraff a ddylai gael ei amenu gan bawb -
y syrffed o JINGLES swnllyd, fel ochneidiau'r colledig rhwng
paragraffau a thu ôl i benawdau
(:REF)Cymro 20 07 1994 (REF:) TES-Z

TES-Y "Ddarllenwyr hoff," mae'n rhaid eich bod chi'n hynod o hoffus - tri mis o ragfarnau noeth o law y cwilsyn yma a dim ond un ateb bythygiol. A bod yn onest Dim Un nodyn yn amenio chwaith!) (:REF) Cymro 22 Mai 1996 (REF:) ENG-Z

CAT-Y XXXXXX CAT-Z
ENG-Y amenio barn un = go along with ENG-Z
(::e) També: çç Xççç(e::)
amenu

(::a)ETYMOLOGY: (ççAMENççç) + (çç-IOççç) (a::)
(::b)ETYMOLOGY: (b::)

(::c)NOTA: (c::)
(::d)NOTE: (d::)

(::2)amenu(2::)
(::3)[ çç Xççç ](3::)
(::4) X (4::)

CAT-Y (::e)Vegeu: çç ççç(e::) CAT-Z
ENG-Y (::f)See: çç ççç(f::) ENG-Z
amenio
Mae'n rhaid i chdi fod on the ball neu mae'n amen arnach di.

:_______________________________.

América, PLURAL: Yr Amerig ‹a ME ri ka, ə ra ME rig› feminine noun
1 America
2 Caeamérica street name in Llanfairfechan (county of Conwy) (“Cae America”)
Apparently “(the) field (of) America” (cae = field) + (América = America)

:_______________________________.

Americanaidd ‹a me ri NAN edh› adjective
1 American
2 marchlyffant Americanaidd (Rana catesbeiana) American bullfrog

:_______________________________.

Americanes, PLURAL: Americanesau ‹a me ri KAA nes, a me ri ka NE se› feminine noun American woman

:_______________________________.

Americanwr PLURAL: Americanwyr ‹a me ri KAA nur, a me ri KAN wir› [amɛrɪˡkaˑnʊr, amɛrɪˡkaˑnwɪr] masculine noun
1 American (man)
2 Americanwyr Americans

:_______________________________.

am faint? ‹am VAINT› [am ˡvaint] interrogative
1 for how long?
2 for how much money?

:_______________________________.

amffétamin, PLURAL: amffetaminau ‹am FE ta min, am fe ta MII ne› masculine noun [amˡfɛtamɪn, amfɛtaˡmiˑnai, - ɛ] masculine
1 amphetamine

:_______________________________.

amffibiad, PLURAL: amffibiadau ‹am FIB yad, am fib YAA de› [amˡfɪbjad, amfɪbˡjaˑdai, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 amphibian

:_______________________________.

amffibus ‹am FII bis› [amˡfiˑbɪs] adjective
1 amphibious

:_______________________________.

amffitheatr ‹am-fi- theE -atr› [amfɪˡθeˑat^ər] masculine noun
PLURAL amffitheatrau ‹am-fi-the-a-trai, -e› [amfɪθɛˡatrai, -ɛ]
1 (American: amphitheater) (Englandic: amphitheatre) = circular building with tiered seats around an arena
Amffitheatr Caerllion the Caerllion Amphitheatre, the Roman amphitheatre to the south-east of the village

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English amphitheatre < Latin (amphi- = on both sides, < Greek) + (Latin theâtrum < Greek theatron place for looking / watching / seeing / viewing < theastai = to look)

:_______________________________.

am ffortiwn ‹am FOR-tjun › [am ˡfɔrtjʊn]
1 for all the tea in China, for anything in the world, if you paid me
Wnawn i mohoni am ffortiwn I wouldn’t do it for all the tea in China,
I wouldn’t do it if you paid me

ETYMOLOGY: (“for a fortune”) (am = for) + soft mutation + (ffortiwn = fortune)

:_______________________________.

amgaeëdig ‹am gei EE dig› [amgəɪˡeˑdɪg] adjective
1 enclosed

:_______________________________.

amgáu ‹am GAI› <am-GAI> [amˡgaɪ] verb
1 to enclose

:_______________________________.

amgen ‹AM gen› [amˡgɛn] adjective
1 different

2 dweud yn amgen say otherwise (“say differently”)
a phwy bynnag a ddywedo yn amgen, dyweud celwydd y mae
and anybody who says otherwise is a liar

3 neb amgen na none other than (“nobody different than”)
Roedd y gadair yn perthyn i neb amgen na Iolo Morgannwg ei hun The chair belonged to none other than Iolo Morgannwg

:_______________________________.

amguedd ‹am-GII-edh› [amˡgiˑɛð] masculine noun
1 obsolete things held dear; property, wealth, treasure;
A dyna fu fy hanes innau, fel eraill o’m cydweithwyr sy’n fawr eu dyled i gynheiliaid traddodiad diwylliedig yng Nghymru. Darganfod y trysor sydd o’n cwmpas - ein ‘hamguedd’. Ac wedi darganfod trysor o’r fath, ein braint a’n dyletswydd yw ei ddiogelu (“Llafar Gwlad”, Rhif 60, Haf 1998)
And that has been my story, like others of my fellow workers who are greatly indebted to the upholders of our cultural tradition in Wales. To discover the treasure which is around us - our ‘amguedd’. And after finding a treasure of this sort, our privilege and duty is to protect it (“Llafar Gwlad” (‘folk speech’), Number 60, Summer 1998)

ETYMOLOGY: (am- = prefix, literally “around”) + soft mutation + (cuedd = affection, love); (cu adjective = dear, loved) + (-edd = suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

amgueddfa ‹am-gi-EDH-va› [amgɪˡɛðva] feminine noun
PLURAL amgueddféydd ‹am-gi-edh-VEIDH› [amgɪɛðˡvəið]
1 museum

ETYMOLOGY: (amguedd = treasure) + (-fa, suffix = place); a word coined by the lexicographer William Owen-Pughe, found in his 1793 dictionary (“A Welsh and English Dictionary”)

:_______________________________.

amgueddfaol <am-gi-edh-VAA-ol> [amgɪɛðˡvaˑɔl] adjective
1 (qualifier) museum
Pam maent hwy wedi gadael i reolaeth prif sefydliadau amgueddfaol Cymru fynd i ddwylo rhai mor ddibrys o’n hiaith?
Why have they let the control of the major museum institutions in Wales fall into the hands of people so contemptuous of our language?

ETYMOLOGY: (amgueddfa = museum) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

amgueddfa werin <am-gi-EDH-va WEE-rin> [amgɪˡɛðva ˡweˑrɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL amgueddféydd gwerin <am-gi-edh-VEIDH GWEE-rin> [amgɪɛðˡvəɪð ˡgweˑrɪn]
1 folk museum

ETYMOLOGY: (amgueddfa = museum) + soft mutation + (gwerin = common people, ordinary people, folk)

:_______________________________.

Amgueddfa Werin Cymru <am-gi-EDH-va WEE-rin KƏM-ri> [amgɪˡɛðva ˡweˑrɪn ˡkəmrɪ] feminine noun
1 the Museum of Welsh Life (formerly the English name was ‘The Welsh Folk Museum’) (at Sain Ffagan, Caer-dydd)

ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ‘amgueddfa werin’ (of) Wales”).

:_______________________________.

am gydol y flwyddyn ‹am gəə-dol ə vlui-dhin› [am ˡgədɔl ə ˡvluiðɪn] feminine noun adverb
1 all year round

ETYMOLOGY: “during (the) whole (of) the year” (am = around; during, for) + soft mutation + (cydol = whole) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (blwyddyn = year)

:_______________________________.

amgyffred ‹am- gə-fred› [amˡgəfrɛd]
verb with an object
1 comprehend, take in the significance of a thing

:_______________________________.

amgyffred ‹am- gə-fred› [amˡgəfrɛd] masculine noun
PLURAL amgyffredion ‹am-gə-fred-yon› [amgəˡfrɛdjɔn]
1 grasp, comprehension, understanding

ETYMOLOGY: (am- = prefix) + soft mutation + (cyffred = course), (cyfr- = complete) + soft mutation + (rhed = run)

:_______________________________.

amgylch ‹am -gilkh› [ˡamgɪlx] masculine noun
PLURAL amgylchoedd, amgylchion ‹am- gəl –khoidh, -odh; am-gəlkh-yon› [amˡgəlxoið, -ɔð; amˡgəlxjɔn]

1 obsolete circumference

2 amgylchoedd surroundings

Brehinoedd-2 23.5 yn ninasoedd Jwda, ac yn amgylchoedd Jerwsalem
Kings-2 23.5 in the cities of Judah, and in the places round about Jerusalem

Adgofion (= atgofion) am Donyrefail a’r Amgylchoedd
Reminiscences of Tonyrefail and the places around it
(article in “Tarian y Gweithiwr” 1888)

3 o amgylch around

ETYMOLOGY: (am- = prefix) + soft mutation + (cylch = circle)

:_______________________________.

amgylchiad ‹ am- gəlch -yad› [amˡgəlxjad] m
PLURAL amgylchiadau ‹am-gəlch- yaa -de› [amgəlxˡjaˑdai, -ɛ]
1 circumstance
amgylchiadau dirgel ei marwolaeth the mysterious circumstances of her death

2 incident, event
amgylchiad mewn oes once in a lifetime event
Gofiwch chi’r amgylchiad? Do you remember the event? Do you remember it?

3 ac ystyried yr amgylchiadau all things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation

dan yr amgylchiadau all things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation

4 condition, state

amgylchiadau conditions = circumstances

Roedd y gwaith yn galed a'r amgylchiadau'n arw iawn, gan ei fod yn gweithio hyd at y canol mewn dŵr yn y pwll The work was hard and the conditions were bad since he was working up to his waist in water in the pit

5 pregnancy
Er mai yn y Rhyl y maged ef nid yn y dref honno y ganed ef. Gwelodd olau dydd gyntaf yn Rhos-lan, Eifionydd, yng nghartref ei daid a'i nain oedd. Adeg ei eni, aeth ei mam adref dros yr amgylchiad Though he was brought up in Rhyl he wasn’t born in the town. He first saw light of day in Rhos-lan, Eifionydd, in the home of his grandfather and grandmother. At the time of his birth, his mother had gone home during her pregnancy.

ETYMOLOGY: (amgylch- ‹ə› < amgylch ‹i› = circumference) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

amheuaeth ‹a-mhei-aith, -eth› [amˡhəiaiθ / amˡhəiɛθ]
feminine noun
1 doubt
2 bwrw amheuaeth ar (rywbeth) cast doubts on something, throw something into doubt
3 y tu hwnt i bob amheuaeth beyond doubt (“beyond all doubt”)

:_______________________________.

amheuon ‹am-hei-on› [amˡhəiɔn]
1 plural of the noun amau (= doubt)

:_______________________________.

amheus ‹a-MHEIS› [amˡhəis] adjective
1 doubtful
2 helygen amhéus (Salix ambigua) ambiguous willow

:_______________________________.

amhlantadwy ‹am-hlan-TAA-dui› [amhlantˡaˑdui] adjective
1 barren, unable to conceive

Genesis 11:30 A Sarai oedd amhlantadwy, heb blentyn iddi.
Genesis 11:30 But Sarai was barren; she had no child

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (plantadwy = able to produce children)

:_______________________________.

amhosibl (amhosib’) ‹am HO sibl, -sib› [amˡhɔsɪbl, amˡhɔsɪb] adjective
1 impossible

2 yr amhosibl (m) the impossible = something which cannot be done
ceisio gwneud yr amhosib’ try to do the impossible

:_______________________________.

amhreswyliadwy ‹a-mhres-uil-yaa-dui› adjective
1 uninhabitable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (preswyliadwy = habitable)

:_______________________________.

aml (amal) ‹A mal› adjective
1 often

2 (before a noun) many a
Mae aml lwyth wedi troi yn y porth
Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched / There’s many a slip ‘’twixt cup and lip
(“many a load has rolled over at the (city) gate”)

:_______________________________.

amldra ‹A məl-dra› adjective
1 plenty, abundance
Genesis 41:53 Darfu'r saith mlynedd o amldra
And the seven years of plenteousness.... were ended

:_______________________________.

amlen, PLURAL: amlenni ‹AM len, am LE ni› feminine noun
1 envelope

:_______________________________.

amlgymharus ‹a-məl-gə- mhaa -ris› adj
1 promiscuous

ETYMOLOGY: (aml-, prefix = multi ) + soft mutation + (çcymharus);
cymharus: (cymhar- penultimate syllable stem < cymar = pair) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

amlosgiad ‹am-losk-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL amlosgiadau ‹am-losk-yaa-de›
1 cremation = act of burning the body of a dead person

ETYMOLOGY: (amlosg-, stem of amlosgi = cremate) + soft mutation + (-iad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

Amlwch ‹AM lukh› feminine noun
1 place name: (the) edge (of) (the) lake

:_______________________________.

amlwg <AM-lug> [ˡamlʊg] adjective
1 evident, clear
2 anamlwg inconspicuous
(an- = negative prefix) + (amlwg = obvious )

:_______________________________.

amneidio <am-NEID-yo> [amˡnəɪdjɔ] verb
1 to nod
2 amneidio ar rywun i wneud rhywbeth signal to somebody (with a nod of the head) to do something (“to nod on somebody to do something”)

:_______________________________.

amnewidyn <am-neu-II-din> [amnɛʊˡiˑdɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL amnewidynnau <am-neu-i-DƏ-nai, -ne> [amnɛʊɪˡdənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 substitute replacement, substance which takes the place of another
amnewidyn llaeth milk substitute

ETYMOLOGY: (amnewid-, stem of the verb amnewid = substitute) + (-yn, suffix)

:_______________________________.

amod, PLURAL: amodau <A-mod,-a-MOO-dai, -de> [ˡamɔd, aˡmoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine or feminine noun
1 condition
2 cymal amod conditional clause

:_______________________________.

amor <A-mor> [ˡamɔr] masculine noun
1 (obsolete) fate, fortune, success

Occurs in the expression Hawddamor! Good fortune! Good luck!

Used in the University of Wales graduation ceremony
Hawddamor, wrda Good luck, worthy man
Hawddamor, wreigdda Good luck, worthy woman

2 (obsolete) farewell
canu hawddamor i say farwell to (“sing success to”)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

amrant <AM-rant> [ˡamrant] masculine noun
PLURAL amrantau, amrannau <am-RA-nai, -e, am-RAN-tai, -te> [amˡran aɪ, -ɛ, amˡrantaɪ, -ɛ]
1 eyelid

2 llid yr amrant conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva (= transparent membrane over the eyeball and under the surface of the eyelid) (“inflammation (of) the eyelid”)

3 ar drawiad amrant / ar darawiad amrant instantly (“on (a) bat (of a) eyelid”)

Syrthiodd carreg fawr yn union ar ei gefn, a llethwyd ef i farwolaeth ar darawiad amrant.
A large stone fell right onto his back, and he was crushed to death instantly

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
from the same British root: Breton abrant (= parpella)

:_______________________________.

amrantiad, PLURAL: amrantiadau <am-RANT-yad,-am-rant-YAA-dai, -de> [amˡrantjad,amrantˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 “(the) (movement) (of) (an) eyelid”, wink / blink of the eye
2 ar amrantiad ‹a ram RANT yad› (adverb) instantly “on (the) (movement) (of) (an) eyelid”

:_______________________________.

amrwd <AM-rud> [ˡamrʊd] adjective
1 raw

:_______________________________.

amrydedd <am-RƏ-dedh> [amˡrədɛð] masculine noun
1 crudity = lack of refinement
2 (cooking) rawness = lack of cooking, insufficient cooking

ETYMOLOGY: (amryd-, penult form of amrwd = raw) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

amryfal <am-RƏ-val> [amˡrəval] adjective
1 various

:_______________________________.

amryw <AM-riu> [ˡamrɪʊ] (adverb)
1 some

2 (quantifier) amryw o = various, several, a number of, many

Fel plentyn yr oeddwn yn gwrthod bwyta nionod a madarch a ffa ac amryw o bethau yr wyf, erbyn hyn, yn eu hoffi'n fawr
When I was little I refused to eat onions and mushrooms and beans and many things that now I’m very fond of

Roedd efo ni Gwerfyl, y ddau hogyn, ac amryw o'r teulu
Gwerfyl was there, (and) the two boys, and various family members

Gyda llaw, yr oedd amryw o Gymry yn byw yn Judson, ond dim ond tri ohonynt a fedrai siarad iaith ein gwlad yn hwylus
By the way, there were several Welsh people living in Judson, but only three of them were able to speak the language of our country without difficulty

3 amryw byd o very many
Mae gen i amryw byd o bethe i’ neud heddi I’ve got hundreds of things to do today

:_______________________________.

amrywiaeth, PLURAL: amrywiaethau <am-RIU-yaith, -yeth, am-riu-YEE-thai, -the> [amˡrɪʊjaɪθ, -jɛθ, amrɪʊˡjeˑθaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 diversity
undeb mewn amrywiaeth unity in diversity

:_______________________________.

amrywio <am-RIU-yo> [amˡrɪʊjɔ] verb
1 vary

:_______________________________.

amrywiol <am-RIU-yol> [amˡrɪʊjɔl] adjective
1 various

:_______________________________.

amser, PLURAL: amserau / amseroedd <AM-ser, am-SEE-rai, -e, am-SEE-roidh, -rodh> [ˡamsɛr, amˡseˑraɪ, -ɛ, amˡseˑrɔɪð, -ɔð] masculine noun
1 time

2 Dyna fuan yr â’r amser heibio How time passes / flies!
Dyna fynd y mae’r amser How time passes / flies!

3 bwrw'r amser heibio while away the time

4 colli amser lose time
heb golli gormod o amser without spending too much time (doing it)

Carwn eu gweled, os gallaf, ar fy nhaith tua Chymru, heb golli gormod o amser.
I’d like to see them, if I can, on my way to Wales, without losing too much time

5 bod yn eich oed a’ch amser be well on in years, be well on in life, be of advanced years, be of mature years (“be in your age and your time”)

Mae e yn ei oed a’i amser He’s well on in years

6 yn nhrefn amser with the passage of time, over time (“in (the) order (of) time”)
gydag amser with the passage of time, over time (“with time”)

7 cyfyngiad amser caeth strict time-limit

:_______________________________.

amser hamdden <am-ser HAM-dhen> [amsɛr ˡhamðɛn] masculine noun
1 leisure time

:_______________________________.

amseriadur <am-ser-YAA-dir> [amsɛrˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL amseriaduron <am-ser-ya-DII-ron> [amsɛrjaˡdiˑrɔn]

1 timer = a clock that measures an interval of time and emits a signal when this interval is over

2 timer = regulator that switches on or off a mechanism at stipulated times

ETYMOLOGY: (amser-, atem of amseru = to time) + (-i-adur noun-forming suffix, indicating a device)

:_______________________________.

amserlen, PLURAL: amserlenni <am-SER-len, am-ser-LEE-ni> [amˡsɛrlɛn, amsɛrˡleˑnɪ] feminine noun
1 timetable

:_______________________________.

amserol <am-SEE-rol> [amˡseˑrɔl] adjective
1 timely

:_______________________________.

amwyll <A-muilh> [ˡamʊɪɬ] adjective
1 (literary Welsh) mad, foolish

Llidiog, amwyll, digymod ydyw dyn...
(it is) angry, foolish, uncompromising (that) mankind is (“Camwedd” T. Twynog Jeffreys, 1912)

ETYMOLOGY: (am- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (pwyll = sense) > ám-mhwyll > amwyll

:_______________________________.

amwys <A-muis> [ˡamʊɪs] adjective
1 ambiguous
2 diamwys = unambiguous

ETYMOLOGY: amwys < *amfwys (am- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (mwys = ambiguous, < Latin mênsa = table)

:_______________________________.

Amwythig <a-MUI-thig> [aˡmʊɪθɪg] feminine noun
1 Shrewsbury - a town in Shropshire, England

:_______________________________.

am y...
1 am y gwelwch chi as far as the eye can see

:_______________________________.

â mynach [a ˡmənax]
1 bod mor ddifrifol â mynach be deadly serious

Tybiai ei frawd a’r gweinidog mai cellwair oedd, ond yr oedd Ifan mor ddifrifol â mynach His brother and the minister thought that he was joking, but Ifan was deadly serious (“as serious as a monk”)

:_______________________________.

amynedd <a-MƏ-nedh> [aˡmənɛð] masculine noun
1 patience

2 Caffed amynedd! Be patient!

(from the New Testament Caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith = let patience have her perfect work)
Epistol Iago yr Apostol 1.4 Ond caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith; fel y byddoch berffaith a chyfan, heb ddiffygio mewn dim.
Epistle of James the Apostle But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.

3 diffyg amynedd impatience

:_______________________________.

amyneddgar ‹a-mə-NEDH-gar› [aməˡnɛðgar] adjective
1 patient

:_______________________________.

am yr eildro <am ər EIL dro> [am ər ˡəɪldrɔ] adverb
1 for a second time, for the second time
also: yr eildro

priodi am yr eildro / priodi’r eildro get married for the second time

NOTE: Also: am yr eiltro

:_______________________________.

..1 an- <AN> [an] prefix
1 negative prefix, which caues a spirant mutation of initial letters p t c d in the base word

P parod (= ready, prepared); amharod (= unprepared)

T trugarog (= merciful), anhrugarog (= unmerciful)

C caredig (= kind), angharedig (= unkind)

D democrataidd (= democratic), annemocrataidd (= undemocratic)

2 the prefix an causes no mutation with ll rh
LL llythrennog (= literate), anllythrennog (= illiterate)
RH rhamantus (= romantic), anrhamantus (= unromantic)

3 soft mutation with of intial consonants b g m

G gobeithiol (= hopeful), anobeithiol (= hopeless)

B bodlon (= satisfied), anfodlon (= dissatisfied), barddonol (= poetic), anfarddonol (= unpoetic)

M mantais (= advantage), anfantais (= disadvantage)

4 sometimes used in a way similar to the English prefix ‘non-’ with adjectives or nouns;

(a) equivalent to English ‘non-’ as a negative
anfodolaeth non-existence
anfolcanig non-volcanic

(b) equivalent to English ‘non-’ meaning ‘forming part of a specified category’
ieithoedd an-Ewropeaidd non-European languages
anymladdwr = non-combatant

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic < Indoeuropean *n;
Cornish an-, Breton an-; Irish in-;
Corresponds to Latin in-

:_______________________________.

..2 an- <AN> [an] prefix
1 equivalent to English “in”; followed by nasal mutation. The following may date from British, but they are shown with their constituent parts in modern Welsh

(1) angladd (= funeral)
(an- = in) + (cladd = burial)

(2) anian (= nature, disposition, temperament)
Of British origin (*eni-gen-), equivalent to modern Welsh (an- = in) + soft mutation + (gen- as in geni = to be born, gan- as in ganwyd = was born)

Cf Latin ingenium (= inborn character), from which English ingenious derives – this is (in = in, inside) + (gen-, root of past participle genitus of the verb gignere = to engender, to bring into being) < Indo-European gen- (= to give birth, to give birth to), found in very many words in English, among others –
From Germanic: king, kin, kind (= type), kind (= warm-hearted), kindergarten;
Ultimately from Greek: gene, gonad, genealogy, genocide, heterogeneous, genesis
From Latin: gender, general, generate, generous, genre, generous, degenerate, engender, genius, indigenous, genune, germ.gentle, genteel, gentry, jaunty, genital, congenital, genitive, progeny, nature, naive, cognate, naal, renaissance, nation, benign, malign

(3) Annwfn (= Hell)
(an- = in) + nasal mutation + (dwfn = deep)

(4) ansawdd (= quality)
(an- = in) + (sawdd)
sawdd is possibly a form of Indo-European *stâ, as in English stand, Latin stâre, status, català estar; or from Indoeuropan *sed- (= sit)

ETYMOLOGY: an < British *eni; cf Latin in-

:_______________________________.

an- <AN> [an] prefix

1 intensifying prefix (+ soft mutation)
..1/ anad (= in preference to) < án-ghnad (an-) + soft mutation + (gnad)
In modern Welsh in the preposition yn anad... (= nore than, above)
..2/ anfon (= to send)
..3/ angerdd (= passion) (modern a-ngerdd, but historically an-gerdd) (cerdd = craft)
..4/ anchwant (obsolete; = pleasant; greedy) (chwant = desire)
..5/ annedd (= dwelling)
..6/ anrheg (= present)
..7/ anial (= desert)

2 no mutation (or the mutation has been lost) with ll-, rh-;
(1) anllad = lewd, unseemly (related to the word llawd = heat (of a sow))
(2) anrheg = present

3 also as en- if htere is i or y in the following syllable
(enwyn, enfys, enllib, enllyn, enbyd) – the result of vowel affection
..1/ enbyd (= danger)
(an-) + soft mutation + (pyd) > *anbyd > enbyd. Obsolete Welsh pyd( = danger), apparently from Latin puteus (= hole, well) The same word puteus has also given pydew (= well) in Welsh

..2/ enfys = (rainbow)
(an-) + soft mutation + (bys = finger); Cf Breton envez (= ring)

..3/ enllib (= calumny, libel, slander) (= an-) + soft mutation + (llib = element aparently with the sense of ‘to catch’) > *enlib > enllib (loss of the mutation)

..4/ enllyn (= something eaten with bread (eg butter, cheese, meat), something to make plain food more palatable)
(an = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llyn = liquid) > *enlyn > enllyn (loss of the mutation)

..5/ enwyn = buttermilk
‘very white’ (an- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white)

ETYMOLOGY: Cornish an- (= negative prefix), Breton an- (= negative prefix);
British ande- < Celtic ande-
Gaulish also had ande- (Anderoudos)

:_______________________________.

..4 an- <AN> [an]
1 (an- + vowel) is sometimes a misspelling for (an + n- + vowel)
annatod = that cannot be untied (not *anatod)
annaturiol = unnatural, etc (not *anaturiol)

:_______________________________.

..1 -an <AN> [an] suffix
1 diminutive suffix. A non-productive suffix - not used spontaneously in modern Welsh to produce new words.
Many words with -an are literary words and not generally used in the spoken language.
The suffix does not change the gender of the root word.

arth (bear) > arthan (bear cub) (obsolete) (it is also a proper name Arthan)
awel (breeze) > awelan (gentle breeze) (obsolete)
awr (hour), awran (hour) (obsolete)
baril (barrel), barilan (keg) (obsolete)
croes (cross) > croesan (little cross) (obsolete)
din (fort) > dinan (little fort) (in the place name Llandinam < llan y dinan) (obsolete)
dyn (man) > dynan (little man) (obsolete)
gwraig (woman) > gwreigan (little woman) (in use)
heol (road) > heolan (lane) (obsolete)
hun (oneself) > hunan (oneself) (in general use)

2 diminutive suffix with adjectives
*bych (small), bychan (small, tiny)

3 names from the British period (apparently only male names)
Arthan (arth = bear),

Brychan (British: *Brokk-agn-) (broch = badger)

Cïan (ci = dog, warrior),

Corfan (British: *Korb-agn-) (place names: Cwm Carfan, Llancarfan)

Cynan (cyn-, form of ci = dog, warrior)

Dyfnan (dwfn = deep; it must also have meant “world” in British. This meaning is conserved in Irish – domhan (= world), domhain (= deep). The Irish common noun domhán (= little world) is equivalent to this Welsh name.

Lleisian (now Lleision, surviving as a surname, anglicised as “Leyshon”), (llais = voice)

Maelan (British: *Magl-agn-) (mael = lord, great man)

Rheithan (place name: Llanrheithan) (rhaith = law)

4 names in recent periods (male and female):
Dafydd (David) > Dei > Deian
Elísabeth (Elizabeth) > Betsi (Betsy) > Betsan
Elísabeth (Elizabeth) > Bèth > Bethan
Gwen (= Gwenllian) > Gwennan
Margred (Margaret) > Mèg > Megan

Saran (Sarah) > Saran

5 In place names:

carnan (f) (= little cairn)
(carn = cairn, pile of stones, grave marker) + (-an diminutive suffix added to nouns)

Pencarnan, county of Penfro SM7225

........................................................

cilan (m) (= recess, nook; cove, small bay; creek, inlet of sea)
(cil = nook, recess, creek) + (-an diminutive suffix added to nouns)

........................................................

crugan (m) (= little mound)
There is a “Crugan Avenue” (which would be Coedlan y Crugan / Coedlan Crugan or Rhodfa’r Crugan in Welsh) in Baecinmel (SH9880) (county of Conwy). Crugan is “little mound”
(crug = mound, tumulus) + (-an diminutive suffix added to nouns)

........................................................

dinan (m) (= little fort): Llandinam (Powys)

........................................................

ffrydan <FRƏ-dan> [ˡfrədan] (f) (= small stream)
Ffrydan name of a stream by Y Bala
(ffryd- penult form of ffrwd = torrent) + (-an diminutive suffix)

........................................................

maenan (m) (= little stone)

........................................................

gogerddan (= little slope): Gogerddan (Ceredigion)

........................................................

rhosan (f) (= little moor) Y Rhosan ar Wy (Welsh name of Ross on Wye)

........................................................

6 The suffix is also added to adjectives to form nouns:

Cledan < Caledan (caled = hard; strong, swift-flowing) + (-an diminutive suffix added to adjectives). Name of a stream “little / fast-flowing / (stream)”

tegan (= toy, plaything)
(teg = beautiful, fair) + (-an diminutive suffix added to adjectives).

ETYMOLOGY: . Welsh -an < -a’n < -aghn < British -agn < Celtic *-a-gno-
From the same British root: Cornish -an, Breton -an;
From the same Celtic root: Irish -án

:_______________________________.

anabl (= anábl) <an-AA-bal> [anˡɑˑbal] adjective
1 disabled, incapacitated
gweithwyr anábl disabled workers

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (abl = able)

:_______________________________.

anabledd <an-A-bledh> [anˡablɛð] masculine noun
1 disability, disablement;
anabledd corfforol physical disability
anabledd difrifol serious disability
anabledd parhaol permanent disability

2 pensiwn anabledd disabilty pension = allowance paid to people unable to work because of a disablity
Also: lwfans anabledd disablity allowance
lwfans anabledd difrifol serious disablity allowance

3 bathodyn anabledd disability badge, disability sticker; car badge with a wheelchair symbol which indicates that the driver is disabled and so may park the car in places reserved for disabled drivers only
4 chwaraeon anabledd disability sport

ETYMOLOGY: (anabl = unable, incapable) + (-edd abstract noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

anachronistaidd <a-na-khro-NI-staidh, -stedh> [anaxrɔˡnɪstaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
see anacronistaidd

:_______________________________.

anacronistaidd <a-na-kro-NI-staidh, -stedh> [anakrɔˡnɪstaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 anachronistic = incorrect for a certain time period, being in the wrong position in a sequence or chronology

2 anachronistic = seeming to belong to an earlier time, belonging to a past time and out of place in the present time

Mae'n siŵr gen i bod pawb yn gwybod bod baner Jac yr Undeb yn fflag anacronistaidd
I’m sure everybody knows that The Union Jack is an anachronistic flag

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English word anachronistic (ənakrənístik), < Latin < Greek anakhronismos = mistake in a time sequence or chronology, from the verb anakhronizein = be mistaken about the time < (ana = negative prefix) + (khronos = time); (anacronist-) + (-aidd)

:_______________________________.

anacronistiaeth <a-na-kro-NIST-yaith, -yeth> [anakrɔˡnɪstjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL anacronistiaethau <a-na-kro-nist-YEI-thai, -the> [anakrɔnɪstˡjəɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1 anachronism = something which belongs to a past time and is out of place in the present time

Anacronistiaeth yw Ty’r Arglwyddi The House of Lords is an anachronism

ETYMOLOGY: (anacronist-, from the adjective anacronistaidd = anachronistic) + (-i-aeth)

:_______________________________.

anad <AA-nad> [ˡɑˑnad] preposition
1 before, more than, rather than

yn anad neb more than anyone else

yn anad dim above all

yn anad un more than anything else

arferer geiriau gwir Gymráeg yn anad pob rhyw air alltud
use (“let there be used”) proper Welsh words rather than all kinds of foreign words

2 obsolete; adjective special

ETYMOLOGY: anad < *anghnad
(an- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gnad = ??);

Breton has anat (= evident, obvious ).

This is British *ate-gnat- > aznat > (a’nat with the loss of the “z”) > anat

:_______________________________.

anaddas ‹an-AA-dhas› [anˡɑˑðas] adjective
1 inappropriate, unsuitable, unfit, unseemly, unworthy

atal pobl anaddas rhag gweithio gyda phlant a phobl ifanc
preventing unsuitable people from working with children and young people

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (addas = appropiate)

:_______________________________.

anadferadwy <an-ad-ve-RAA-dui> [anadvɛˡrɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 irreparable, beyond repair, written off, unmendable

Achosodd hyn rwyg anadferadwy rhyngddo â’i ferch
This caused an irrevocable split between him and his daughter

2 chwalfa anadferadwy (marriage) irretrievable breakdown , irremediable breakdown

TAW anadferadwy irrecoverable VAT, Value-Added Tax that cannot be reclaimed from the tax authorities because an individual or institution was not exempt from the tax, though meriting exemption from this tax; or the amount should not have been paid by an individual, institution, etc, but the money paid in is considered non-returnable by the tax authority

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (adferadwy = mendable, repairable)

:_______________________________.

anadl <AA-nadl> [ˡɑˑnadl] masculine noun
1 breath

2 â’ch anadl yn eich dwrn <akh AA-nadl ən əkh DURN> [ax ˡɑˑnadl ən əx ˡdʊrn] out of breath, breathless (“with your breath in your fist”)

3 Mae gwynt drwg ar ei anadl He’s got bad breath, his breath smells (“there’s a bad smell on his breath”)
Also: Mae gwynt cas ar ei anadl (“there’s a nasty smell on his breath”)

NOTE: Southern anaddl > ana’l <AA-nal> [ˡɑˑnal]

:_______________________________.

anadlu <a-NAD-li> [aˡnadlɪ] verb
1 to breathe
iawndal i gyn-lowyr sy’n dioddef o broblemau anadlu
compensation for miners with (“suffering from”) breathing problems

anadlu’n drwm breathe heavily

anadlu’n ddwfn breathe in deeply

2 anadlu i lawr gwegil rhywun breathe down one's neck, be close in pursuit of someone

ETYMOLOGY: (anadl = breath) + (-u verbal suffix)

:_______________________________.

anaele <a-NEI-le> [aˡnəɪlɛ] masculine noun
1 pain, suffering

2 (adj) fatal

3 (adj) dire, terrible
trychineb anaele terrible tragedy
poen anaele a terrible pain

4 extremely (follows an adjective)

ETYMOLOGY: (an = intensifying prefix) + (aele = pain, suffering);
aele = British *ad-le.
The second element is in modern Welsh lle (= sad, heavy), though this word is not in use

NOTE: Also anaelau

:_______________________________.

anaf, PLURAL: anafau <AA-nav,-a-NAA-vai, -ve> [ˡɑˑnav, aˡnɑˑvaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
1 injury, wound

1 cael anaf hurt oneself, injure oneself

y rhai oedd wedi cael anaf neu'n mynd yn sâl
the people who had received an injury or had become ill

cael anaf i'r goes receive an injury to the leg

cael anaf i’ch asennau isaf receive an injury to your lower ribs

2 rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult to injury (“put an insult in the top of an injury”)

3 dianaf uninjured, unhurt

ETYMOLOGY: From British. Irish has ainimh (= defect)

:_______________________________.

anafiad ‹a-NAV-yad› [aˡnavjad] masculine noun
PLURAL anafiadau [anavˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 injury, lesion

2 (Football) amser anafiadau injury time

3 cael aniafiadau i'w ben suffer head injuries

ETYMOLOGY: (anaf = injury) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

anafu <a-NAA-vi> [aˡnɑˑvɪ] verb
1 to injure, wound

:_______________________________.

-anaidd <A-naidh, -nedh> [ˡanaɪð, -ɛð]
1 (-an + -aidd) In adaptations od English adjectives with final -an
Affricanaidd African
Americanaidd American
Awstalianaidd Australian
cosmopolitanaidd cosmopolitan
Mecsicanaidd Mexican

:_______________________________.

anair <AA-nair> [ˡɑˑnaɪr] masculine noun
1 slander, calumny
rhoi anair i blacken the name of (somebody), demonize (someone), give (someone) a bad name
dwyn anair ar (rywun) (“bring slander on”) give (someone) a bad name

ETYMOLOGY:
Either:
..1 ( an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + ( gair = word),
án-ghair > án-’air > anair

or:
..2 if based on a British / Welsh equiavalent to the Irish word náire (= shame)
( an- intensifying prefix) + ( *nair = shame);

:_______________________________.

anallu <an-A-lhi> [anˡaɬɪ] masculine noun
1 inability
2 anallu rhywiol impotence, sexual impotence

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gallu = ability)
:_______________________________.

anamlwg <an-AM-lug> [anˡamlʊg]

<A-NAP> [ˡaˡnap]

adjective
1 inconspicuous

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (amlwg = obvious )

:_______________________________.

anap ‹A -nap› [ˡɑˑnap]

masculine noun
1 (South-east Wales) accident
cael anap tost have a bad accident

ETYMOLOGY: southern colloquial pronunication of anhap (loss of the h is a typical south-eastern feature)
“un-luck”(an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (hap = chance, luck; happening)
NOTE: See anhap

:_______________________________.

anarwrol <a-na-RUU-rol> [anaˡruˑrɔl] adjective
1 unheroic

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (arwrol = heroic)

:_______________________________.

anatod <a-NA-tod> [aˡnatɔd] adjective
1 undetachable, intrinsic

hanfodol ac anatod essential and intrinsic

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (datod = to detach, to undo)

:_______________________________.

Andreas ‹an-DREE-as› [anˡdreˑas]
1 Andrew

:_______________________________.

andros ‹AN-dros› m
1 (North Wales) used to in qualify a noun – ‘great, great big, enormous’ - or adjective – enormously

cael andros o sioc get a hell of a shock

cael andros o syndod get an enormous surprise

bod yn andros o bwysig be enormously important

bod yn andros o ddiolchgar (i rywun) be extremely thankful (to somebody) bod yn andros o hwyl be great fun

andros o ffŵl a great fool

andros o ryfadd mighty strange, extremely odd (= north-western form of rhyfedd)

andros o gostus extremely expensive

andros o forthwl mawr a massive hammer, a great big hammer

ETYMOLOGY: “misfortune; wickedness, evil”

(an- negating prefix) + (gras = grace) > anras > andras > andros

The inclusion of a [d] in the cluster –nr- occurs colloquially in some other words in Welsh;

the change of final a > o is also a feature of colloquial Welsh

:_______________________________.

andwyol ‹an-DUI-ol› adjective
1 harmful, pernicious

effeithio’n andwyol ar have a harmful effect on (“affect harmfully on”)

cael effaith andwyol ar have a harmful effect on

:_______________________________.

anefelychadwy ‹an-e-vel-əkh-aa -dui› adjective
1 inimitable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (efelychadwy = imitable)

:_______________________________.

Aneirin ‹a NEI rin› masculine noun
1 man’s name; sixth-century Welsh-language poet

:_______________________________.

anelu ‹a NE li› verb
1 aim

:_______________________________.

anerchiad ‹a- nerkh -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL anerchiadau ‹a-nerkh- yaa -de›

1 address, speech (= formal talk given in public)

Fu erioed y fath anerchiad! Yr oedd fel chwa o awel iach
There was never a speech such as that! It was like a breath of fresh air.

rhoi anerchiad give a speech

2 announcement, pronouncement, message
Yr oedd gan brif weinidog Lloegr anerchiad pwysig i’r wlad am 9 o’r gloch y nos
The Prime Minister of England had an important announcement for the country at nine in the evening

ETYMOLOGY: (anerch-, penult form of the verb annerch = make a speech) + (-iad, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

anesmwytho ‹a-ne- smui -tho›
verb with an object
1 make uneasy, disturb, upset

Yr hyn sydd yn anesmwytho pobl yw’r ffaith fod cymaint o arbenigwyr yn dweud fod y cemegyn hwn yn berygl
The thing which makes people uneasy is the fact that so many experts say that this chemical is a danger

Verb without an object
2 become uneasy, become restless, become discontented
Maent yn dweud y bydd pobol Gogledd Lloegr yn anesmwytho nes cael cynulliad fel un Cymru
They say the people of Northern England will be discontented until they get an assembly (parliament) like the one in Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (anesmwyth = uncomfortable) + (-o = suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

anfaddeuol ‹ an-va- dhei -ol› adjective
1 unpardonable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + ( maddeuol = pardonable)

:_______________________________.

anfadwaith ‹ an- vad -waith› masculine noun
1 atrocity

2 evil deed, foul play, crime

3 abomination
Pam mae rhaid y fath anfadwaith ieithyddol?
Why is such an abomination of language necessary?

4 bomb attack, bombing, shooting, outrage, attentat

Bu'r gwledydd eraill yr Undeb Ewropeaidd yn galw'n ar Lywodraeth Ffrainc i gollfarnu'r anfadwaith
The other countries called on the government of France to condemn the attack

5 vandalism, vandalistic act

ETYMOLOGY: (anfad = atrocious ) + soft mutation + ( gwaith = act, work )

:_______________________________.

anfanteisiol ‹an-van- teis -yol › adjective
1 disadvantageous
bod yn anfanteisiol i be to the detriment of, be disfavourable towards

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (manteisiol = advantageous)

:_______________________________.

anferth ‹AN verth› adjective
1 enormous

:_______________________________.

anffaeledigrwydd ‹an-feil-e- dig -ruidh› masculine noun
1 infallibility = condition of never being wrong

bod yn sicr o anffaeledigrwydd eich barn be convinced that you are dead right
(“be sure of (the) infallibility (of ) your opinion”)

anffaeledigrwydd y Pab the infallibility of the Pope

ETYMOLOGY: ( anffaeledig = infallible) + ( -rwydd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

anffawd <AN-faud> [ˡanfaʊd] femenine noun
PLURAL anffodiau <an-FOD-yai -ye> [anˡfɔdjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 bad luck, mischance, misfortune, misadventure, ill fortune, ill luck

2 mishap, accident misadventure; fate, unlucky incident
marwolaeth trwy anffawd death through misadventure (that is, by accident, not as a result of a crime or negligence)

Gobeithio na ddigwyddiff dim anffawd iddi I hope she doesn’t come to grief / have an accident

3 anffawd ni ddaw ei hunan troubles never come singly (“a misfortune doesn’t come alone”)

4 seren anffawd unlucky star

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ffawd = fate)

:_______________________________.

anfferus <an-FEE-ris> [anˡfeˑrɪs] adjective
1 non-ferrous
metel anhaearnaidd non-ferrous metal

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (fferus = ferrous)

:_______________________________.

anffodus <an-FOO-dis> [anˡfoˑdɪs] adjective
1 unfortunate

:_______________________________.

anffurfiad <an-FIRV-yad> [anˡfɪrvjad] masculine noun
PLURAL anffurffiadau <an-firv-YAA-dai, -de> [anˡfɪrvjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]

1 deformation

ETYMOLOGY: (anffurf- stem of anffurfio = twist out of shape, bend out of shape, deform) + (-i-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

anffurfiant <an-FIRV-yant> [anˡfɪrvjant] masculine noun
1 deformity

ETYMOLOGY: (anffurf- stem of anffurfio = twist out of shape, bend out of shape, deform) + (-i-ant suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

anffurfio <an-FIRV-yo> [anˡfɪrvjɔ] verb
1 disfigure, deform, distort, twist out of shape

2 strain = (structure, material) cause to deform through stress

3 (masculine noun) deformation

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ffurfio = to form)

:_______________________________.

anffyddlon <an-FƏDH-lon> [anˡfəðlɔn] adjective
1 unfaithful

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ffyddlon = faithful)
:_______________________________.

anffyddlondeb <an-FƏDH-lon, an-fədh-LON-deb> [anˡfəðlɔn, anfəðˡlɔndɛb] masculine noun
1 infidelity

:_______________________________.

anfodd <AN-vodh> [ˡanvɔð] masculine noun
1 unwillingness, displeasure

2 o'ch bodd neu o’ch anfodd whether you like it or not (“of your satisfaction or of your dissatisfaction”)
(o = from) + (eich = your) + (bodd = satisfaction) + (neu = or) + (o) + (eich) + (anfodd = dissatisfaction)

:_______________________________.

anfoddog <an-VOO-dhog> [anˡvoˑðɔg] adjective
1 unsatisfied

:_______________________________.

anfoesgar <an-VOIS-gar> [anˡvɔɪsgar] adjective
1 impolite, discourteous

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (moesgar = courteous, polite)

:_______________________________.

anfoesgarwch <an-vois-GAAR-ukh> [anvɔɪsˡgɑˑrʊx] masculine noun
1 discourtesy

ETYMOLOGY: (anfoesgar = discourteous, impolite) + (-wch noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

anfon <AN-von> [ˡanvɔn] verb
1 to send

2 Onis danfonir, dychweler at yr anfonydd
If undelivered, please return to sender

:_______________________________.

anfonydd ‹an-VOO-nidh› [anˡvoˑnɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL anfonyddion ‹an-vo-NƏDH-yon› [anvɔˡnəðjɔn]
1 sender
Onis danfonir, dychweler at yr anfonydd
If undelivered, please return to sender

ETYMOLOGY: (anfon stem of the verb anfon = to send) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)

:_______________________________.

ang- <ANG> [aŋ] prefix
1 a form of the negative prefix an- before c and g

an + nasal mutation + cof (= memory) > ang_nghof > anghof > angof = oblivion
an + nasal mutation + cytuno (= to agree) > ang_nghytuno > anghytuno = disagree

:_______________________________.

angau <A-ngai, -nge> [ˡaŋaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL angheuoedd <a-NGHEI-oidh, -odh> [aˡŋhəɪɔɪð]. -ɔð]
1 death = end of life

2 hyd oni wahaner ni gan angau till death us do part

3 (South Wales) gwarged angau a pile of bones (“(a) remnant (of) death”)
Also: gwarged yr angau

4 gwared rhàg angau save from death
arbed rhàg angau save from death
achub rhàg angau save from death

5 ciprys ag angau dice with death

6 safn angau the jaws of death (“(the) mouth (of) death”)

7 hyd angau until death
Datguddiad 2:10 Bydd ffyddlon hyd angau, ac mi a roddaf i ti goron y bywyd
Revelations 2:10. Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
The phrase is found used on gravestones.

8 yn un yn yr angau united in death (eg of a married couple who have both died, or a parent and a child who have died)

9 Angau : Death; the Grim Reaper; personification of death; often a skeleton holding a scythe as a symbol of death
Angau a’i Gleddau Glas the Grim Reaper (“death with his grey sword”)
Angau y Gwastatäwr Mawr Death the Great Leveller

10 the colour of death personified
yr Angau melyn Death (“the yellow death”)

11 comparisons
(south-east) mor siwrad ag angau as sure as death

12 (south-east) Ma fa'n trafeilu anga He's near death

13 gwely angau death bed
ar ei wely angau on his death bed

14 angheuol deadly, fatal 15 Ni edrych angau pwy decaf ei dalcen death is no respecter of persons (“ not + looks death who (is) fairest his forehead”)

15 dod i'w hangau to die (“come to his death”)
Daeth i'w angau o'r llwch ar ei frest He died from dust disease (“from the dust on his chest”)

16 Glyn Cysgod Angau the valley of the shadow of death

Salmau 23: 4 Ie, pe rhodiwn ar hyd glyn cysgod angau, nid ofnaf niwed: canys yr wyt ti gyda mi; dy wialen a’th ffon a’m cysurant.
Psalms 23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.

Gorweddai ar ei wely angau, ond er hyny ni lwfrhaodd. Gwynebodd y glyn yn ddedwydd a digyffro
He lay on his death bed, but in spite of that he didn’t lose heart. He faced death (“the Valley”) cheerfully and calmly.

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *ankow- < Celtic < Indo-European
From the same British root: Breton ankou = (death), Cornish ankow (= death);
Hibernian Celtic: Irish éag (m) (= death)

Other Indo-European languages:
..a/ Greek nekros (= corpse) (and derived forms in English – necropolis necrology, necrosis, etc),
..b/ Latin nex (= violent death, murder, execution), necâre (= to kill), from a root *nek-

:_______________________________.

angel, PLURAL: angylion <A-ngel,-a-NGƏL-yon> [ˡaŋɛl, aˡŋəljɔn] masculine noun
1 angel

:_______________________________.

Angell <A-nghelh> [ˡaŋɛɬ]
1 Afon Angell (SH8111) river in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)

2 Aberangell (SH8410) locality in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
(aber = confluence) + (Angell = river name). It is where the Angell river joins the Dyfi river

3 Tremangell street name in Aberangell < “trem Angell” “(the) view (of the river) Angell

(Street names with no element denoting street or road are treated as habitative names, and these in Welsh are spelt as a single word. Hence “Tremangell”. This would seem to be the form in actual use too - at least the street name is spelt correctly as a single word in street directories)

:_______________________________.

angel pen ffordd, a diawl pen pentan <A-ngel pen FORDH a DYAUL pen PEN-tan> [ˡaŋɛl pɛn ˡfɔrð aˡdjaʊl pɛn ˡpɛntan]
1 foul-tempered at home but sweet to people in public; friendly to strangers but a real tyrant with the family

ETYMOLOGY: “angel (of) (the) head (of the) road, and (a) devil (of) (the) head (of) (the) mantelpiece”
(angel = angel), (pen ffordd = head (of) road), (a = and), (diawl = devil), (pen = head, end), (pentan = mantelpiece)

NOTE: South-east Wales angal pen ’ewl a jiawl pen pentan

:_______________________________.

angen <A-ngen> [ˡaŋɛn] masculine noun
PLURAL anghenion <a-NGHEN-yon> [aˡŋhɛnjɔn]
1 necessity, need = lack of something

Does mo'i angen It's not needed (“there is nothing of its need”)

Does mo'i angen arna i I don’t need it (“there is nothing of its need on me”)

ffeiliau nad oes mo’u hangen bellach files which aren’t needed now / needed any more

hen offer nad oes mo’u hangen mwyach old tools which aren’t needed any more

angen mawr great need, crying need (= something needing attention)

Faint sydd ei angen arnoch? How much do you need? (“(it-is) how-much its necessity on you”)

Mae arna i ’i angen fel angen pigyn yn y clust I need it like a hole in the head (i.e. I don’t need it at all, it would not be pleasant to have it) (“I need it like a pain in the ear”)

bod angen (gwneud rhywbeth) be necessary (to do something)

Mae angen dangos y llythyr iddynt It is necessary to show them the letter

gwneud y gwaith â mwyaf o'i angen do the work which is most needed (“the work with most of its need”)

3 gwir angen real necessity

Mae arnaf fi ei wir angen I really need it (“there-is on me its true need”)

Byddwn yn gwario arian ar bethau nad oedd eu gwir angen arnaf
I used to spend money on things I didn’t really need (“I spent money on things that-not there-was their true need on-me”)

4 yr union beth y mae ei angen just what is needed, exactly what is required (“the very thing that there-is its need”)

dyma’r union beth yr oedd ei angen it’s just what we needed, it’s exactly what we had to have

5 anghenion swyddfa office supplies

6 angen a ddysg i hen redeg necessity can make people perform wonders (“need teaches the old people to run”)

7 anghenrhaid necessity, need
(anghen- penult syllable form of angen = need) + soft mutation + (rhaid) > *anghenraid > anghenrhaid

8 mae angen llyfr tebyg i hwn arno i I need a book similar to this one
yr wyf wedi cael digon o gyngor - does dim angen rhagor arnaf I have had enough advice – I don’t need any more

9 angen yw mam dyfais necessity is the mother of invention

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic;
In languages in the British branch of Celtic: Cornish anken (= misery, grief, trouble), Breton anken (= pain);
In the Hibernian branch: Irish éigean (= need)

NOTE: in the north-west and the south-east (zones e > a in the final syllable) angen > angan

:_______________________________.

angenfilod <a-ngen-VII-lod> [aŋɛnˡviˑlɔd]
1 monsters; plural form of anghenfil

:_______________________________.

angerdd <A-ngerdh> [ˡaŋɛrð] masculin noun
1 ardour, passion; = intense emotion

2 passion = great enthusiasm
Mae pawb yn cofio ei hangerdd dros degwch cymdeithasol
Everybody remembers her great passion for social justice

3 angerdd (obsolete) = craft; cerdd (obsolete) = craft;

4 obsolete anger

5 obsolete strength, force

Job 20:23 Pan fyddo efe ar fedr llenwi ei fol, Duw a ddenfyn arno angerdd ei ddiogofaint; ac a’i glawia hi arno ymysg ei fwyd
Job 20:23 Job 20:23 When he is about to fill his belly, God shall cast the fury of his wrath upon him, and shall rain it upon him while he is eating.

Daniel 8:6 Ac efe a ddaeth hyd at y hwrdd deugorn a welswn i yn sefyll wrth yr afon, ac efe a redodd ato ef yn angerdd ei nerth
Daniel 8:6 And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power

6 obsolete violence

Hebreaid 11:33 Y rhai trwy ffydd a oresgynasant deyrnasoedd, a wnaethant gyfiawnder, a gawsant addewidion, a gaeasant safnau llewod, (11:34) A ddiffoddasant angerdd y tân, a ddianghasant rhag min y cleddyf, a nerthwyd o wendid, a wnaethpwyd yn gryfion mewn rhyfel, a yrasant fyddinoedd yr estroniaid i gilio.
Hebrews 11:33 Who through faith subdued kingdoms, wrought righteousness, obtained promises, stopped the mouths of lions, (11:34) Quenched the violence of fire, escaped the edge of the sword, out of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of the aliens.

7 obsolete steam, vapour, now ager

8 ar ei angerdd (referring to a masculine noun) / ar ei hangerdd (referring to a feminine noun) at its worst, at its most intense
Oodd y dolur ar ’i angardd nithwr (south-eastern Welsh)
The pain was at its worst last night

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh angerdd (ang-erdd) < angerdd (ang-gerdd)
(an- = prefix) + soft mutation + (cerdd = craft)

The change ang-g [aŋg] > ang- [aŋ] is due to the influence of the words
angau (= death) ‹A-ngai› [ˡaŋɛ, ˡaŋaɪ]
angen (= need, necessity) ‹A-ngen› [ˡaŋɛn]

NOTE: North-west Wales angerdd [ˡaŋɛrð] > angardd [ˡaŋarð] > angar ‹a-ngar› [ˡaŋar]

:_______________________________.

anghaffael ‹a- NGHAA –fail, -fel› [ aˡŋhaˑfaɪl, aˡŋhaˑfɛl] masculine noun
PLURAL anghaffaelion ‹a-ngha-FEIL-yon › [aŋaˡfəiljɔn]
1 breakdown, malfunctioning
Fe gafodd fy nghar ryw anghaffael My car broke down
lori anghaffaelion breakdown lorry

2 mishap

3 flaw, defect

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (caffael = acquisition, gain; to obtain, to get )

:_______________________________.

Angharad <a-NGHAA-rad> [aˡŋhɑˑrad] feminine noun
1 woman’s name

:_______________________________.

angharedig <a-ngha-REE-dig> [aŋhaˡreˑdɪg] adjective
1 unkind

:_______________________________.

anghenfil <a-NGHEN-vil> [aˡŋhɛnvɪl] masculine niun
PLURAL angenfilod <a-ngen-VII-lod> [aŋɛnˡviˑlɔd]
1 monster = grotesque being, part animal (often with components from different animals) and part human

2 monster = grotesque being as above, but with no human component

3 monster = freak, abnormal human or animal

4 monster = something unnatural

5 monster = unpleasant person; wicked, cruel person

6 monster = something huge

ETYMOLOGY: There are two possible derivations
..1/ (angen = giant) + soft mutation + (mil = animal)
angen < (an- = in) + nasal mutation + (cen = kind, type)
Cf Latin ingens (= enormous)

..2/ a form of anghenedl (= monster) with the final syllable changed to fil < mil (= animal) to give meaning to the word once the sense of its original form had become obscured.
(an- = negative prefix ) + nasal mutation + (cenedl = tribe, clan; sort, kind)

A possible development is
anghenedl > angheneddl > anghene’l / anghenel

This development is typical of the south; compare
..a/ anadl (= breath) anaddl > ana’l / anal;
..b/ boddlon (= content) > bo’lon / bolon
..c/ banadl (= broom) > banaddl > bana’l / banal

Then anghenel > anghyngel (n > ng through the influence of the previous ng) > anghyngyl (final e > y)

Later there was recomposition of the word using familiar elements
1) instead of anghyn, the form anghen- was used < angen (= need)
2) the following syllable was perceived as being fil, from mil (= animal, beast).

Cornish has enkénethel (= monster), which corresponds to the Welsh original form anghenedl

:_______________________________.

anghenion <a-NGHEN-yon> [aˡŋhɛnjɔn] 1 (plural form) needs; see angen

:_______________________________.

anghofio <a-NGHOV-yo> [aˡŋhɔvjɔ] verb
1 to forget
maddau ac anghofio forgive and forget
gwell anghofio hynny it’s best to forget about it / about that
hawdd ei anghofio (m), hawdd ei hanghofio (f) easy to forget (“easy its / his / her forgetting”)
anghofio rhywbeth forget something

2 anghofio am rywbeth forget about (something)
anghofio’r cwbl am rywbeth completely forget about (something)

:_______________________________.

anghofus ‹a-NGHOO–vis › [aˡŋhoˑvɪs] adjective
1 forgetful, absent-minded
mynd yn anghofus become absent-minded, get forgetful
bod yn anghofus have a short memory, have a bad memory
ar eiliad anghofus in a moment of forgetfulness

ETYMOLOGY: (anghof- = stem of anghofio = to forget) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

anghyfannedd <a-nghə-VA-nedh> [aŋhəˡvanɛð] adjective
1 uninhabited, abandoned
tref anghyfannedd ghost town

● (AN- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (CYFANNEDD (noun) inhabited place; (adjective) inhabited) > AN-NGHYFANEDD > ANGHYFANEDD

CYFANEDD (obsolete word) is (CYf- prefix = together, con-) + (ANNEDD = house, dwelling)

:_______________________________.

anghyfforddus <a-nghə-FOR-dhis> [aŋhəˡfɔrðɪs] adjective
1 uncomfortable

:_______________________________.

anghyffredin <a-nghə-FREE-din> [aŋhəˡfreˑdɪn] adjective
1 unusual, extraordinary, remarkable = not ordinary, beyond what is usual

2 extraordinary = terrible
Mi deimlais loes anghyffredin pan godais i’r garreg ‘na
I felt a terrible pain when I lifted that stone

3 cael blas anghyffredin really enjoy it, have a wonderful time
cael blas anghyffredin ar really enjoy (something)

4 anghyffredin o (+ soft mutation + adjective) extremely, extraordinarily, unusually

afiechyd neu anabledd - mae yna bobl anghyffredin o ddewr yn y wlad fach yma
illness or disability - there are some extraordinarily brave people in this small country
glaw anghyffredin o drwm exceptionally heavy rain

5 adjective + anghyffredin extremely, extraordinarily, unusually
maen nhw yn eiddigeddus anghyffredin they are terribly jealous

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyffredin = common, general)

:_______________________________.

anghyfiaith <a-NGHƏV-yaith> [aˡŋhəvjaɪθ] adjective
1 foreign, alien

2 speaking another language

3 non-Welsh speaking, English-speaking
y dylifiad anferth o estroniaid anghyfiaith sy’n symud i fyw i ardaloedd cwbwl Gymraeg
the enormous influx of non-Welsh-speaking foreigners who are moving into wholly Welsh-speaking areas

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyfiaith = having the same language)

:_______________________________.

anghyfiawn <a-NGHƏV-yaun> [aˡŋhəvjaʊn] adjective
1 unjust, unfair

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyfiawn = just)

:_______________________________.

anghyfiawnder <a-nghəv-YAUN-der> [aŋhəvˡjaʊndɛr] masculine noun
1 injustice

2 defect, failing

Peth digon cyffredin yw clywed pobl Dyfed a Gwynedd yn difrïo iaith Morgannwg a chyhoeddi ei hanghyfiawnderau a’i diffygion fel petae eu hiaith hwy yn safon llên y genedl (Tafodieithoedd Morgannwg 1911)
It’s fairly usual to hear the people of Dyfed and Gwynedd maligning the language of Morgannwg and exposing its failings and its defects as if their language was the literary standard of the nation

ETYMOLOGY: (anghyfiawn = injustice) + (-der)

:_______________________________.

anghyfnewidiol <a-nghəv-neu-ID-yol> [aŋhəvnɛʊˡɪdjɔl] adjective
1 inalterable, immutable, irrevocable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyfnewidiol = alterable)

:_______________________________.

anghyfnewidioldeb <a-nhəv-neu-id-YOL-deb> [aŋhəvnɛʊɪdˡjɔldɛb] masculine noun
1 inalterability

ETYMOLOGY: (anghyfnewidiol = inalterable) + (-deb suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

anghyfreithlon <a-nghə-VREITH-lon> [aŋhəˡvrəɪθlɔn] adjective
1 illegitimate, illegal
2 plentyn anghyfreithlon illegitimate child

(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyfreithlon = legal)

:_______________________________.

anghymen <a-NGHƏ-men> [aˡŋhəmɛn] adjective
1 untidy

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cymen = tidy)

:_______________________________.

anghymhleth <a-NGHƏ-mhleth> [aˡŋhəmhlɛθ] adjective
1 uncomplicated

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cymhleth = complicat)

:_______________________________.

Anghymréig <a-nghəm-REIG> [aŋhəmˡrəɪg] adjective
1 un-Welsh

(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (Cymréig = Welsh)

:_______________________________.

anghymwys <a-NGHƏ-muis> [aˡŋhəmʊɪs] (adj)
1 unsuitable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cymwys = suitable)

:_______________________________.

anghymwyso <a-nghə-MUI-so> [aŋhəˡmʊɪsɔ] masculine noun
1 disqualify, deem unsuitable
anghymwyso rhywun i wneud rhywbeth disqualify someone for something

ETYMOLOGY: (anghymwys = unsuitable) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

anhywel <an-HƏ-wel> [anˡhəwɛl] adjective
1 invisible, imperceptible, inconspicuous

2 Anhywel
House name in Aber-soch (county of Gwynedd)
(in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hywel = prominent, visible)

:_______________________________.

anghywir <a-NGHƏ-wir> [aˡŋhəwɪr] adjective
1 incorrect
Rych chi’n gwbl anghywir
You’re quite wrong, you’re entirely wrong, you’re very much mistaken

:_______________________________.

angladd <ANG-ladh> [ˡaŋlað] masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL angladdau <ang-LAA-dhe> [aˡŋlɑˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 South Wales funeral = ceremony for the burying or cremation of a dead person

2 South Wales funeral procession, a group of mourners following the coffin of a dead person from the home to the place where the burial or cremation will take place

South-east Wales Pryd ma’r anglodd yn cwnnu? When does the funeral leave the house? (“when does the funeral rise”)

3 trefnydd angladdau funeral director

4 parlwr angladdau (American: funeral home) (Englandic: funeral parlour, funeral home) place where a body is prepared for burial or cremation and from where a funeral procession or cortège leaves to the place of the funeral ceremony

5 South Wales carden angladd funeral card, card with the date of birth and death of a dead person and a religious verse given to funeral mourners

6 South Wales heol angladd public right of way (from the belief that a way became public if a funeral passed along it)

ETYMOLOGY: (an- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cladd = burial) <
From the same British root: Cornish ankladhva = cemetery. See cladd

NOTE: in the south-east anglodd (a > o in the final syllable of some words). The northern equivalents are: North-east claddedigaeth > cligeth; North-west cynhebrwng > cnebrwng

:_______________________________.

angladdol <ang-LAA-dhol> [aˡŋlɑˑðɔl] adjective
1 belonging to a funeral
gorymdaith angladdol funeral procession

:_______________________________.

anhreuliedig <a-nhreil-YEE-dig> [anhrəɪlˡjeˑdɪg] adjective
1 indigestible
2 undigested
3 imperishable
4 unspent

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + nasal suffix + (treuliedig = worn, digested)

:_______________________________.

angof <A-ngov> [ˡaŋɔv] masculine noun
1 oblivion, forgetting

2 gadael (rhywbeth / rhywun) yn angof forget all about (somebody / something)

3 yn angof ni chânt fod (inscription on war memorials)
we shall remember them (“in oblivion they shall not get to be”)

4 gollwng yn angof forget (“drop into oblivion”)

5 mynd yn angof become forgotten
gadael i'r gorffennol fynd yn angof let bygones be bygones (“let the past become forgotten”)

6 na-ad-fi'n-angof = (Myosotis scorpioides) forget-me-not, plant with small blue flowers
(“do not leave me forgotten”)

7 mynd yn angof be forgotten, fall into oblivion
mynd yn angof gan forget

Gwelais rywbeth yno nad â byth yn angof gennyf
I saw something there that I shall never forget

mynd bron yn angof have almost been forgotten

Y mae enwau Cymraeg yr hen fro wedi mynd bron yn angof
The Welsh names of the old district have almost been forgotten

8 angof pob anwel out of sight, out of mind
angof pob absen out of sight, out of mind (“oblivion every absence”)

ETYMOLOGY: angof < anghof (an- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cof = memory)

:_______________________________.

angor, PLURAL: angorau / angorion <A-ngor, a-NGO-rai, -re, a-NGOR-yon> [ˡaŋɔr, aˡŋɔraɪ, -ɛ, aˡŋɔrjɔn] masculine noun
1 anchor
gollwng angor cast anchor, lower the anchor, drop anchor
codi angor weigh anchor
gorwedd wrth angor lie at anchor

:_______________________________.

angorfa <a-NGOR-va> [aˡŋɔrva] f
1 anchorage

House name in Aber-soch (Gwynedd)
House name in Blaenau Ffestiniog (Gwynedd)
House name in Aberdyfi (Gwynedd)

House name in machylleth (Powys)

House name, near Llangoed (Ynys Môn)

In Litchfield (Caerlwytgoed) in Stafaordshire in England there is a street called Angorfa Close

ETYMOLOGY: (angor, stem of angoru = to anchor) + (-fa = place)

:_______________________________.

angori <a-NGOR-i> [aˡŋɔrɪ] f
1 anchor (vt) = to keep (a ship) from moving off by putting out an anchor

2 anchor (vi) = put out an anchor to keep a ship from moving off

3 anchor (vi) = to remain in a place secured by an anchor ENG-Z
Bydd hi’n helynt ar y llongau yn angori draw yn y Rôd pan ddaw’r storm
The ships anchoring in the Roadstead will be in trouble when the storm comes

:_______________________________.

anhaearnaidd ‹ an-hei- arn -edh› adjective
1 non-ferrous
metel anhaearnaidd non-ferrous metal

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (haearnaidd = ferrous)

:_______________________________.

anhapus ‹an HA pis› adjective
1 unhappy

:_______________________________.

anhawsa’ ‹an HAU sa› adjective
1 most difficult

:_______________________________.

anhawster, PLURAL: anawsterau ‹an HAU ster, an au STE re› masculine noun
1 difficulty = something hard to overcome, snag, impediment, rub,
obstacle

ymgodymu ag anawsterau contend with difficulties, struggle with problems

2 goresgyn anhawster overcome a difficulty

:_______________________________.

anheddau ‹an-hee-dhai - e›
1 dwellings, residences, houses; plural of annedd

:_______________________________.

anhepgor ‹an-hep-gor› adjective
1 indispensable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hepgor = omit; omitted)

:_______________________________.

anhoffter ‹an-hof-ter› masculine noun
PLURAL anhoffterau ‹an-hof-tee-re›
1 dislike

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hoffter = like, something liked)

:_______________________________.

anhuddo ‹ an- hii -dho›
1 (fire) bank = cover a fire (cover with ashes or fuel at night
to cause it to burn slowly and last until the morning, rake up the fire; damp down)
anhuddo’r tân / ’nhuddo’r tân / ’nuddo’r tân bank up the fire

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = intensifying prefix) + (huddo = cover, hide)

NOTE: Colloquially the first syllable is lost ’nhuddo, 'nuddo
The variant enhuddo is a form devised by Wiliam Owen-Puw c. 1800, who thought that
an- could only be a negative prefix;

:_______________________________.

anhyfryd ‹an- hə -vrid› adjective
1 unpleasant
gwên anhyfryd an unpleasant smile, a nasty smile

2 (sound) unpleasant, grating, harsh, unpleasant

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hyfryd = agreeable)

:_______________________________.

anhrefn ‹A-nhrevn›

<A-NHREVN> [ˡaˡnhrɛvn] masculine noun
1 disorder
2 anarchy

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (trefn = order)

:_______________________________.

anhrefnu ‹a-NHREV-ni›

<A-NHREV-NI> [ˡaˡnhrɛvnɪ] verb
1 mess up, leave (something) in a mess, disarrange
anhrefnu byddin throw an army into disarray

ETYMOLOGY: (anhrefn = disorder) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

anhrefnus

<a-NHREV-nis> [aˡnhrɛvnɪs] adjective
1 disordered

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (trefnus = ordered, tidy)

:_______________________________.

anhrethadwy <a-nhreth-AA-dui> [anhrɛθˡɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 tax deductible

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (trethadwy = taxable)

:_______________________________.

anhunanol <an-hin-AA-nol> [anhɪnˡɑˑnɔl] adjective
1 unselfish

:_______________________________.

Anhuniog <an-HUN-yog> [anˡhʊnjɔg] feminine noun
1 medieval territory (South-east)

:_______________________________.

anhyedd ‹an hii -edh› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) supplicating, beseeching, request
ymnhedd (occurs in 1620 Bible) < ymanhedd = beseech, implore (ym + anhyedd)

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = prefix intensificador) + (hyedd, element derived from the root *seg = to entreat)

:_______________________________.

anhyfrydwch ‹an-hə-vrə-dukh› masculine noun
(In South-east Wales in the form nyfytwch)
1 dirt, filth

2 (food) disgusting mess, crap

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hyfrydwch = something agreeable, pleasantness).
nyfytwch < *nhyfrydwch < anhyfrydwch = something disagreeable, unpleasantness

The changes are

(1) loss of the first syllable (a characteristic phenomenon in Welsh)

(2) the change d > t (the unvoicing of the consonant at the beginning of a final syllable is typical of the language of the south-east)

(3) nh > n loss of aspiration – typical of the language of the south-east

(4) loss of the ‘r ’

:_______________________________.

anhygoel ‹an HƏ gol› adjective
1 incredible

:_______________________________.

anhywedd ‹an-hə-wedh› adjective
1 wild, unruly, uncontrollable, difficult to control
dau geffyl digon anhywedd two horses fairly difficult to control

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (hywedd = trained, domesticated)

:_______________________________.

anial ‹AN yel› masculine noun
1 wilderness, desert
pinwydden anial (Pinus pinea) stone pine (“pine (of) wilderness”)
Yn y Dwyrain Canol, yn yr anial a elwir Ras al Khaima In the Middle East, in the desert called Ras al Khaima

:_______________________________.

anialwch ‹a ni A lukh› masculine noun
1 desert
2 helygen yr anialwch (Chilopsis linearis) desert willow or flowering willow

:_______________________________.

anifail, PLURAL: anifeiliaid ‹a NI vel, a ni VEIL yed› masculine noun
1 animal
2 brenin yr anifeiliaid the king of beasts, the king of the animals, the lion

:_______________________________.

anifeiliaid ‹a ni VEIL yed›
1 animals; plural of anifail

:_______________________________.

anlynol ‹an- lə -nol› adjective
1 non-stick
padell anlynol, pl. padellau / padelli / pedyll anlynol non-stick pan

ETYMOLOGY: (an = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (glynol = sticking)

ann-
The result of the negative prefix an- before a word beginning with d- (an- causing the nasal mutation d > n)
Similarly annh- the result of the negative prefix an- before a word beginning with t- (an- causing the nasal mutation t > nh)

This double consonant is maintained even when it is not in the prepenult syllable and thus seems to go against the spelling rule which disallows this, and requires nn (double n) to become n (single n) in this position. But to indicate that a word is preceded by this negative prefix, in this case the double n is retained.
Thus
dibynnol (= dependent), annibynnol (= independent), rather than anibynnol
duwiol (= godly), annuwiol (= ungodly), rather than anuwiol
terfynol (= final), annherfynol (= endless), instead of anherfynol

:_______________________________.

:_______________________________.

Ann ‹an› feminine noun
1 Ann

:_______________________________.

annaearol ‹ a-nei- aa -rol› adj
1 (sound) unearthly, eerie
Clywais i sgrech annaearol hear an unearthly shriek

2 (shape) eerie, weird
Fe welai ffurfiau annaearol yn ymddangos yn y gwyll he could see unearthly figures appearing in the gloom

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + ( ) + (daearol earthly, terrestrial)

:_______________________________.

annaele ‹ a- nəi--le› adj
1 poor spelling for anaele = pain, grief

:_______________________________.

annarbodus ‹a-nar-boo-dis› adjective
1 improvident

ETYMOLOGY: (an = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (darbodus = provident)

:_______________________________.

annedd <A-nedh> [ˡanɛð] (f)
PLURAL anheddau <a-NHEEDH-ai, -e> [aˡneˑðaɪ, -ɛ]

1 house, dwelling, abode, residence, (dwelling) place
ty^ annedd dwelling house

Ar hyn o bryd nis oes angen caniatâd cynllunio i droi ty^ annedd yn dy^haf. .
At present there is no need for planning permission to turn a dwelling house into a holiday home

Yn y dyddiau hynny cynhelid y cyfarfodydd mewn tai annedd neu ysguboriau,
In those days the meetings were held in dwelling houses or barns
Tudalen 5 / Hanes Bywyd Siencyn Penhydd /Edward Matthews (1850)

annedd wag an empty dwelling

2 aneddfa dwelling place (anedd- < annedd) + (-fa = place)
aneddle dwelling place (anedd- < annedd) + (-le = place)

3 anghyfannedd uninhabited
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (cyfannedd = (noun) inhabited place; (adjective) inhabited, occupied). Cyfannedd is (cyf- prefix = together) + (annedd = dwelling)

4 yn yr anheddau on the premises

5 In house names:

Annedd name of a care home in Llanybydder (Ceredigion)

Hafannedd house name: "summer home" (haf = summer) + (annedd = dwelling)

Maesannedd

..a/ house name in Llandanwg, Harlech (“Maes Annedd”)

..b/ street name in Derwen, near Corwen (county of Dinbych) (“Maes Annedd”)

maes yr annedd (maes = field) + (yr definite article) + (annedd = dwelling)

Maesyrannedd street in Treganna, Caer-dydd (“(the) field (of) the abode”) (“Maes yr Annedd”)

(maes = field) + (yr definite article) + (annedd = dwelling)

Morannedd “dwelling / abode by the sea” (môr = sea) + (annedd = dwelling)

Tegannedd ‹ teg- a-nedh› house name, Corwen
“fair abode” (teg = fair) + (annedd = abode)

See entries below with annedd as the first element

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh annedd < annhedd < British
From the same British root: Cornish annedh, Breton annez

:_______________________________.

Annedd-bach <A-nedh BAAKH> [ˡanɛð ˡbɑːx]
1 house name SO3133 (Rockyfold Farm on the Ordnance Survey map) in Llanfihangel / Michaelchurch Escley, Herefordshire

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/451645 map

ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd bach = “the little house / dwelling / residence / home”
(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + (bach = small)

Probably a mistake, since one would expect yr annedd fach, with soft mutation of the first consonant of the adjective
yr annedd fach (yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + soft mutation + (bach = small).

It should be said however that in North Wales, though not in the south, the adjective bach does not mutate after a feminine singular noun. If the name were to be found in the north it would not seem so unusual.

:_______________________________.

Annedd Dan Yr Eglwys <A-nedh dan ər E-gluis> [ˡanɛð dan ər ˡɛglʊɪs]

1 house name in Gilwern (county of Mynwy)

ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd dan yr eglwys “(the) home below the church”
(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + (dan = under) + (yr eglwys = the church)

:_______________________________.

Annedd-deg <A-nedh DEEG> [ˡanɛð ˡdeːg]
1 house name
ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd deg = “the fair house / dwelling / residence / home”
(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + soft mutation + (teg = fair, beautiful)

:_______________________________.

Annedd-glyd <A-nedh GLIID> [ˡanɛð ˡgliːd] 1 house name
ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd glyd = “the cosy house / dwelling / residence / home”
(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + soft mutation + (clyd = cosy, sheltered)

:_______________________________.

Annedd-lon <A-nedh-LON> [ˡanɛð ˡlɔn]
1 house name
ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd lon = “the happy home / house / dwelling / residence”
(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + soft mutation + (llon = merry, happy)

:_______________________________.

Annedd Ni <a-nedh NII> [anɛð ˡniː] noun
1 house name

ETYMOLOGY: “our abode of-us”, our place; a shortened form of ein hannedd ni

(ein = our) + prefixed h triggered by the possessive determiner ein + (annedd = residence, abode) + (ni = of-us).

In fact, a name following the pattern of the common house name Tŷ Ni, a short form of (ein = our) + (tŷ= house) + (ni = of-us).
:_______________________________.

Annedd-wen <A-nedh WEN> [ˡanɛð ˡwɛn]
1 house 4km south-west of Crymych SN1833 (county of Penfro)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/539331

2 house in Wern-ddu, Rhydaman (Caerfyrddin)

3 house in Llandrillo (county of Dinbych)

4 house in Bangor (Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: yr annedd wen “the white house / dwelling / residence / home”

(yr = the) + (annedd = dwelling) + soft mutation + (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white)

:_______________________________.

Annedd-y-bryn <A-nedh ə BRIN> [ˡanɛð ə ˡbrɪn]
1 house in Llanhari, by Pont-y-clun (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Annedd-y-Bryn”)

ETYMOLOGY: annedd y bryn = “(the) house / dwelling / residence / home (of) the hill; hill house” (annedd = dwelling) + (y = the) + (bryn = hill)

:_______________________________.

Annedd-y-graig <a-nedh ə GRAIG> [ˡanɛð ə ˡgraɪg]
1 house in Carmel, Llanelli (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Annedd y Graig”)

ETYMOLOGY: annedd y graig = “(the) house / dwelling / residence / home (of) the rock; rock house” (annedd = dwelling) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig = rock)

:_______________________________.

Annell <A-nelh> [ˡanɛɬ]
1 (SN6537) Afon Annell = river in the county of Caerfyrddin, at Caeo

ETYMOLOGY: Annell < *Riannell < Ariannell
(ariann- < arian = silver) + (-ell suffix found in certain stream or river names)

NOTE: See also Trerannell (locality in Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) < tref + Ariannell

:_______________________________.

annemocrataidd <a-ne-mo-KRA-taidh, -tedh> [anɛmɔˡkrataɪð, -ɛð]
1 undemocratic

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (democrataidd = democratic)

:_______________________________.

annengar <a-NEN-gar> [aˡnɛngar] adjective
1 (offer) unattractive

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (dengar = attractive)

:_______________________________.

anneniadol <a-nen-YAA-dol> [anɛnˡjɑˑdɔl] adjective
1 (offer) unattractive

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (deniadol = attractive)

:_______________________________.

Annes <A-nes> [ˡanɛs] feminine noun
1 Agnes

:_______________________________.

annhêg <a-NHEEG> [aˡnheːg] adjective
1 unfair

:_______________________________.

annhrigiadwy <a-nhrig-YAA-dui> [anhrɪgˡjɑˑdʊɪ] adjective
1 uninhabitable

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (trigiadwy = habitable)

:_______________________________.

annhryloyw <a-nhrə-LOI-u> [anhrəˡlɔɪʊ] adjective
1 opaque
ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (tryloyw = transparent)
:_______________________________.

annibengi <a-ni-BEN-gi> [anɪˡbɛngɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL annibengwn <a-ni-BEN-gun> [anɪˡbɛngʊn]
South Wales
1 scruff, scruffy person

ETYMOLOGY: (anniben = untidy, scruffy) + soft mutation + (ci = dog)

:_______________________________.

annibennu ‹a-ni-BE-ni› [anɪˡbɛnɪ] verb
(South Wales)
1 make a mess of, make untidy, disarrange

ETYMOLOGY: (annibenn- stem of anniben = in disorder, messed up ) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

annibynnol <a-ni-BƏ-nol> [anɪˡbənɔl] adjective
1 independent

:_______________________________.

anniddorol <a-ni-DHOO-rol> [anɪˡðoˑrɔl] adjective
1 uninteresting

:_______________________________.

annioddefgar <a-ni-o-DHEV-gar> [anɪɔˡðɛvgar] adjective
1 intolerant
anioddefgar tuag at intolerant of

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + aspirate mutation + (dioddefgar = tolerant)

:_______________________________.

annoeth <A-noith> [ˡanɔɪθ] adjective
1 unwise, imprudent

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + aspirate mutation + (doeth = wise) > án-noeth > annoeth

:_______________________________.

annoethineb <a-noi-THII-neb> [anɔɪθˡiˑnɛb] masculine noun
1 indiscretion, frailty, fault from human weakness, folly

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (deothineb = prudence, wisdom)

:_______________________________.

annog <A-nog> [ˡanɔg] verb
1 to exhort

:_______________________________.

annorm.
1 abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = annormal abnormal

:_______________________________.

annormal <a-NOR-mal> [aˡnɔrmal] adjective
1 abnormal
Abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) annorm.

:_______________________________.

Annwfn <A-nuvn> [ˡanʊvn] masculine noun
NOTE: Colloquially Annwn ‹a-nun›
1 the nether regions, the netherworld, the otherworld, the underworld,
hell - the mythical Celtic underworld; Hades

2 Preiddiau Annwfn poem in the Book of Taliesin ('the spoils of Annwfn (the Otherworld)') and written between 900-1000
(preiddiau, plural of praidd = booty) + (Annwfn = the nether world)

3 cŵn Annwfn / cŵn Annwn (folk belief) the hounds of hell, hunting dogs which are supposed to cross the sky at night

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Annwn < Annwfn < British *andubn-
If its elements are analysed as if a compound formed in modern Welsh we have:
(an- = in) + aspirant mutation + (dwfn = (obsolete word) world)

:_______________________________.

Annwfn <A-nuvn> [ˡanʊvn] adj
1 CLASSICAL WELSH shallow.
It occurs in this englyn in oral lore in the Menai area:

Pwll Ceris, pwll dyrys drud -- pwll yw hwn
Sy'n gofyn cyfarwydd;
Pwll annwfn yw, pwll ynfyd,
Pella o'i go' o'r pylla' i gyd.

Pwll Ceris (“The Whirlpool of Ceris”, possibly a personal name), a confused violent whirlpool – this is a whirlpool
Which demands guidance (cyfarwydd also means knowledgeable person)
It is a shallow whirlpool (perhaps as a pun, because the related word Annwfn is also the Celtic underworld, hell; hence it suggests too “a pool of hell”), a mad pool
(The) furthest out of its mind (i.e. the maddest, the craziest) of all the whirlpools.

(an- = negative prefix) + aspirant mutation + (dwfn = deep)

:_______________________________.

Annwn <A-nun> [ˡanʊn]
1 See: Annwfn

:_______________________________.

annwyd <A-nuid> [ˡanʊɪd] masculine noun
1 a cold

mae annwyd arna i <mai A-nuid arnai> [maɪ ˡanʊɪd arnaɪ] I’ve got a cold
Annwyd gei di You’ll catch a cold (“(it-is) (a) cold (that) you-will-get you”)

cadw rhag annwyd escape a cold

:_______________________________.

annwyl <A-nuil> [ˡanʊɪl] adjective
1 dear

2 (after a name in addressing somebody) dear, beloved, favourite

Ymlaen, Llaneurwg anwyl Continue (with your sermon), my dear Llaneurwg (= The Reverend David James, Llaneirwg)
(COFIANT A PHREGETHAU Y DIWEDDAR BARCH. DAVID JAMES LLANEURWG, THOMAS REES, A D. M. PHILLIPS 1896 t59)

:_______________________________.

anobaith <an-OO-baith, -beth> [anˡoˑbaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine noun
1 desperation, despair

2 mewn dwfn anobaith in the depths of despair (“in (a) deep despair”)
mewn anobaith dwfn in deep despair, plunged in despair

3 ymollwng i anobaith sink into despair

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative particle) + soft mutation + (gobaith = hope)

:_______________________________.

anobeithio <a-no-BEITH-yo> [anɔˡbəɪθjɔ] verb
1 to despair

:_______________________________.

anobeithiol <a-no-BEITH-yol> [anɔˡbəɪθjɔl] adjective
1 hopeless

:_______________________________.

anodd <A-nodh> [ˡanɔð] adjective
1 difficult

2 anodd gan ‘difficult with’

bod yn anodd gan be difficult for

Mae’n anodd gen i gredu’r si I find it difficult to believe the rumor

Bydd yn anodd gennych gredu hyn You’ll find this hard to believe

Fe fydd yn anodd gennych ei gredu You won’t believe it, You just won’t believe it (“it will be difficult with you its believing”)

2 mentro ar dir anodd tread on delicate ground, be in a delicate situation

3 2 Anodd pobi heb flawd “(it is) difficult baking without flour” No bricks without straw, Even the Israelites could not make bricks without straw, you can’t make bricks without straw

E. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. To attempt to do something without having the necessary material supplied. The allusion is to the Israelites in Egypt, who were commanded by their taskmasters so to do. (Exodus v. 7.)

:_______________________________.

anodda’ <a-NOO-dha> [aˡnoˑða] adjective
1 (colloquial) the hardest, the most difficult
Literary Welsh: anhawsaf
:_______________________________.

anoddun <a-NOO-dhin> [aˡnoˑðɪn] adjective
1 (obsolete) very deep, bottomless

2 (m) PLURAL: anoddunoedd

..a/ depth, abyss

..b/ vortex, bottomless pit

This word, with the loss of the first syllable (anoddun > ’noddun), occurs in the place name Ffos Noddun (‘deep ditch’) near Betws-y-coed SH7956 (county of Conwy); English name ‘Fairy Glen’ (!!)

Wrth y miloedd ânt / I annoddyn llyngclyn llif duloes chwyrn
(Nicander = Morris Williams 1809-74 / “Yr Adgyfodiad” = The Resurrection / 1851)
In their thousands they go into (the) vortex (of) a whirlpool (with a) violent flux of intense pain (“black-pained”)

ETYMOLOGY: equivalent to (obsolete) anoddyfn

(an = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (go = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (dyfn, variant of dwfn = deep)

anoddyfn (“y” = <i> [ɪ]) > (loss of the [v]) anoddy’n / anoddyn <a-NOO-dhin> [aˡnoˑðɪn] anoddun <a-NOO-dhin> [aˡnoˑðɪn] (anoddyn = anoddun - same pronunciation)

Cf Cymry (= Welsh people), Cymru (= Wales), which are pronounced the same (essentially Cymru is a respelling of Cymry, to denote the country, taking advantage of the loss of the vowel u’s distinctiveness and its convergence with the vowel y)

:_______________________________.

anoddyn <a-NOO-dhin> [aˡnoˑðɪn] adjective
1 poor spelling for anoddun (= very deep, bottomless; depth, abyss; vortex)

:_______________________________.

ánorac, PLURAL: ánoracs <A-no-rak,-A-no-raks> [ˡanɔrak,ˡanɔraks] masculine noun
1 anorac

:_______________________________.

anrheg, PLURAL: anrhegion <AN-hreg,-an-HREG-yon> [ˡanhrɛg,anˡhrɛgjɔn] feminine noun
1 present
2 anrheg briodas wedding present

:_______________________________.

anrheoledig <an-hre-o-LEE-dig> [anhrɛɔˡleˑdɪg] adjective
1 involuntary = not subject to the control of the will
cyhyryn anrheoledig involuntary muscle

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + (rheoledig = controlled)

:_______________________________.

anrhydedd, PLURAL: anrhydeddau <an-HRƏ-dedh, an-hrə-DEDH-yon> [anˡhrədɛð, anhrəˡdɛðjɔn] masculine noun
1 honor / honour

2 (title)
Eich Anrhydedd Your Honour, Your Honours
Ei Hanrhydedd Her Honour
Ei Anrhydedd His Honour

:_______________________________.

ans.
1 abbreviation (in a dictionary entry) = ansicr uncertain

:_______________________________.

ansawdd <AN-saudh> [ˡansaʊð] masculine noun
PLURAL ansoddiau <an-SODH-yai, -ye> [anˡsɔðjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 quality

2 quality = good quality
o ansawdd = of good quality
dewis eang o ddodrefn o ansawdd extensive choice / wide range of quality furniture

3 o ansawdd da good-quality, of good quality

4 o’r ansawdd gorau top-quality, of the best quality

5 o ansawdd uchel = of a high quality
Mae Coleg Menai yn Goleg Addysg Bellach sydd yn darparu addysg a hyfforddiant o ansawdd uchel ar gyfer y gymuned mae’n ei gwasanaethu
Coleg Menai is a further education college which provides education and training of a high quality for the community it serves

6 o ansawdd gwael bad-quality

7 rheoli ansawdd quality control

8 ansoddiad obsolete structure (ansawdd) + (-iad)

9 cyfansoddiad constitution (cyf-) + (ansoddiad)

10 dadansoddiad analysis (dad- = prefix negatiu) + (ansoddiad)

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = Celtic eni ‘on, in’) + (sawdd, either from the Indoeuropean root *stâ- = to stand, or the Indo-European root *sed- = to sit)
NOTE: It can also be a feminine noun, e.g.

ansawdd da (= good quality) > ansawdd dda,

ansawdd gorau (= best quality) > ansawdd orau,

ansawdd gwael (= bad quality) > ansawdd wael

:_______________________________.

ansicr <an-SI-kir> [anˡsɪkɪr] adjective
1 uncertain
Abbreviation: ans. (used for example in a dictionary to indicate an uncertain derivation or base form, etc)

:_______________________________.

ansicrwydd <an-SI-kruidh> [anˡsɪkrʊɪð] masculine noun
1 uncertainty, indecision

Yr oedd ansicrwydd yn llais Rhiannon There was uncertianty in Rhiannon’s voice

:_______________________________.

anterth <AN-terth> [ˡantɛrθ] masculine noun
1 zenith

:_______________________________.

anthem, PLURAL: anthemau <AN-them, an-THE-mai, -me> [ˡanθɛm, anˡθɛmaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
1 anthem

yr anthem genedlaethol the national anthem

:_______________________________.

anthem genedlaethol, PLURAL: anthemau cenedlaethol <AN-them ge-ned-LEI-thol, an-THE-me-ke-ned-LEI-thol> [ˡanθɛm gɛnɛdˡləɪθɔl, anˡθɛmaɪ, -ɛ kɛnɛdˡləɪθɔl] feminine noun
1 national anthem

:_______________________________.

antic <AN-tik> [ˡantɪk] masculine noun
PLURAL antics <AN-tiks> [ˡantɪks]
1 antics = antics, absurd behaviour

chwarae eich antics / chwarae’ch antics be up to one’s antics, be engaged in absurd behaviour

antics dau aelod o’r cynulliad sy’n ganolbwynt y cómedi newydd
the antics of two members of the (Welsh) parliament are at the centre of the new comedy

ETYMOLOGY: English antic < Italian antico grotesque thing < ancient thing (from the Roman sculptures and carvings found in Roman ruins) < Latin antîcus (= ancient) < ante (= before)

:_______________________________.

antîc <an-TIIK> [anˡtiːk] masculine noun
PLURAL antîcs <an-TIIKS> [anˡtiːks]
1 Englishism antique (the standard expression is hen beth = old thing)

ETYMOLOGY: English antique < French antique < Latin antîquus (= ancient), variant of antîcus (= primitive) < ante (= before)

:_______________________________.

anudon <a-NII-don> [aˡniˑdɔn] masculine noun
1 false oath, perjury
tyngu yn anudon swear falsely

Lefiticus 6:3 Neu os cafodd beth gwedi ei golli, a dywedyd celwydd amdano, neu dyngu yn anudon; am ddim o'r holl bethau a wnelo dyn, gan bechu ynddynt:
Leviticus 6:3 Or have found that which was lost, and lieth concerning it, and sweareth falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein:

ETYMOLOGY: (an- negative prefix) + (ud) + (-on),

(ud) = British *oit-

:_______________________________.

antur, PLURAL: anturion <AN-tir,-an-TIR-yon> [ˡantɪr, anˡtɪrjɔn] masculine noun
1 adventure; venture, enterprise

2 cynnig ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“attempt at random”)
dyfaliad ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“guess at random”)

3 Caer Antur “(the) fort (of) (the) venture” town founded in 1865 by the Welsh settlers in the Welsh settlement in Patagonia. The later Welsh name was Tre Rawson / Trerawson. The Castilian name is Rawson, taken from the Welsh name. The town is is now the administrative capital of the province of Chubut.

The name Tre Rawson commemorates Dr. Guillermo Rawson, the Argentine Minister of the Interior of that time (born in Buenos Aires; his mother was from San Juan province on the Chilean border and his father was from the USA). In 1862 he had met two of the promoters of a Welsh settlement, Captain Love-Jones Parry and Lewis Jones, who were travelling to Patagonia to see if it was a suitable place for such a venture. They came to an agreement about settling the area, and Rawson was supportive of Welsh immigration to Patagonia.

Caer Antur is (caer = fort) + (antur = venture) (probably in imitation of numerous Welsh place names with caer as the first element, where it usually indicates a Roman fort – Caer-dydd, Caerfyrddin, Caernarfon, Caer, Caerffili, etc).

According to the conventions of modern Welsh spelling for names of settlements – farms, houses, villages - it would be a single word – Caerantur

4 cae antur adventure playground

ETYMOLOGY: English antur < aventure < Old French (in modern French it is also aventure).
In English the word antur was lost before 1600. It was replaced in English by adventure, a reformation of aventure with the Latin preposition ad-

:_______________________________.

anturiaeth ‹an-TIR-yAITH, -yeth› [anˡtɪrjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun
PLURAL anturiaethau ‹an-tir-YEI-thai, -the› [antɪrˡjəɪθaɪ, -ɛ]
1 adventure

ETYMOLOGY: (antur = venture) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

anwahaniaethol <an-wa-han-YEI-thol> [anwahanˡjəɪθɔl] adjective
1 nondiscriminatory

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gwahaniaethol = discriminatori)

:_______________________________.

anwastad <an-WA-stad> [anˡwastad] adjective
1 uneven
llawr pridd anwastad an uneven earthern floor

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gwastad = flat, even)

:_______________________________.

anwedd <AN-wedh> [ˡanwɛð] m
PLURAL anweddau ‹an-WEE-dhai, -dee› [anˡweˑðaɪ, -ɛ]

1 water vapour, steam
anwedd dŵr water vapour

anwedd fflamadwy, anweddau fflamadwy inflammable vapour

atalfa anwedd (f) atalfeydd anwedd vapour barrier

synhwyrydd anwedd vapour detector

echdynnydd anwedd vapour extractor

2 fumes

anwedd petrol petrol fumes

anwedd arian byw mercury fumes

3 (South Wales) condensation (= condensed water vapour).

In North Wales the corresponding word is angar ‹ANG-gar› [ˡaŋgar]

Mae lleithder anwedd yn achosi llwydni Condensation dampness causes mould

4 evaporation

anwedd-drydarthiad (m) evapotranspiration.

5 (adj) evaporated

In fact, here anwedd is the stem of the verb anweddu (= to evaporate) used as a past participle adjective.

llaeth anwedd evaporated milk

See anweddu

ETYMOLOGY: Celtic *wed < *we (= to blow)

Related words: gwynt (= wind), awel (= wind, breeze)

English wind, German Wind [vint] (= wind)

:_______________________________.

anweddiad <an-WEDH-yad> [anˡwɛðjad] masculine noun
1 evaporation

:_______________________________.

anweddu <an-WEE-dhi> [anˡweˑðɪ] v
1 evaporate

2 (m) evaporation

3 anwedd (adj) evaporated (stem of the verb anweddu used as a past participle adjective).

llaeth anwedd evaporated milk

See anweddu

:_______________________________.

an-wedd <an-WEEDH> [anˡweːð] adj
(North-east Wales)
1 extraordinary

2 extraordinarily, exceedingly, extremely
Mae hi’n oer an-wedd It’s extremely cold

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gwedd = yoke)
:_______________________________.

Anwen <AN-wen> [ˡanwɛn] feminine noun
1 woman’s name

:_______________________________.

anwiredd <an-WII-redh> [anˡwiˑrɛð] masculine noun
PLURAL anwireddau <an-wi-REE-dhai, -dhe> [anˡwɪˡreˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 lie, untruth, falsehood
clamp o anwiredd a whopping lie

profi anwiredd (rhywun) give the lie to (somebody), show that (somebody) is lying (“to prove the untruth of someone”)

coelio ei anwireddau ei hun to believe his own lies

Peidiwch â dweud ych anwiredd Don’t lie (“don’t say your untruth”)

Job 13:7 A ddywedwch chi anwiredd dros DDUW? ac a ddywedwch chwi dwyll er ei fwyn e?
Job 13:7 Will ye speak wickedly for God? and talk deceitfully for him?

2 iniquity = absence of correct behaviour, of spiritual values; wickedness, sin, evil act

Lefiticus 7:18 (Ac os bwyteir dim o gig offrwm ei ebyrth hedd ef o fewn y trydydd dydd, ni byddir bodlon i’r hwn a’i hoffrymo ef, ac nis cyfrifir iddo, ffieiddbeth fydd; a’r dyn a fwyty ohono, a ddwg ei anwiredd.)
Leviticus 7:18 And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his iniquity .

Genesis 4:13 Yna y dywedodd Cain wrth yr ARGLWYDD , Mwy yw fy anwiredd nag y gellir ei faddau.
Genesis 4:13 And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear.

Amos 1:3 Fel hyn y dywed yr ARGLWYDD; Oherwydd tair o anwireddau Damascus, ac oherwydd pedair, ni throaf ymaith ei chosb hi: am iddynt ddyrnu Gilead ag offer dyrnu o heyrn.
Amos 1:3 Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron:

ETYMOLOGY: (anwir = false) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

anwybodaeth <an-ui-BOO-daith, -deth> [anʊɪˡboˑdaɪθ, -ɛθ] adjective
1 ignorance

Nid yw anwybodaeth o’r gyfraith yn esgus
Ignorance of the law is no excuse / no defence

Rhieni yn codi eu plant mewn anwybodaeth hollol o’u mamiaith
Parents who raise their children in total ignorance of their mother tongue

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gwybodaeth = knowledge)

:_______________________________.

⁺anwyd Soft-mutated form - the radical form has initial g-.
See ganwyd = he / she / it was born

:_______________________________.

anwylyd, PLURAL: anwyliaid ‹a-NUI-lid, a-NUIL-yaid› [aˡnʊɪlɪd, aˡnʊɪljaɪd / - ɛd] masculine noun
1 darling, dear

:_______________________________.

anwyw <an-UI-u> [anˡʊɪʊ] adjective
1 non-fade
2 evergreen
derwen anwyw (Quercus ilex) holly oak, holm oak, Mediterranean oak

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (gwyw = withered, faded)

:_______________________________.

anymladdol <an-əm-LAA-dhol> [anəmˡlɑˑðɔl] adjective
1 non-combatant
Fe’i gonsgriptiwyd yn aelod anymladdol o Gorfflu’r Arloeswyr
He was conscripted into the Pioneer Corps as a non-combatant member

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ymladdol = fighting)

:_______________________________.

anymladdwr <an-əm-LAA-dhur> [anəmˡlɑˑðʊr] feminine noun
PLURAL anymladdwyr <an-əm-LADH-wir> [anəmˡlaðwɪr]
1 non-combatant, member of a military formation who does not take part directly in battles

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ymladdwr = fighter)

:_______________________________.

anymwybodol <an-əm-UI-boo-dol> [anəmˡʊɪboˑdɔl] adj
1 unconscious

Cafodd ei daro’n anymwybodol gan garn reiffl un o’r milwyr
He was struck unconscious with the butt of a rifle of one of the soldiers

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ymwybodol = conscious)

:_______________________________.

anynad <a-NƏ-nad> [aˡnənad] adjective
1 peevish, irritable, petulant

gwraig o natur anynad a woman of an irritable temperament

Diarhebion 21:9 Gwell yw bod mewn congl yn nen tŷ, na bod gyda gwraig anynad mewn tŷ eang.
Proverbs 21:9 It is better to dwell in a corner of the housetop, than with a brawling woman in a wide house .

ETYMOLOGY: (an- = negative prefix) + (ynad, yngnad)

:_______________________________.

anystywallt <an-ə-STƏ-walht> [anəˡstəwaɬt] adjective
1 unmanageable, difficult, unruly
plant anystywallt unruly children

ETYMOLOGY: anystywallt < anystywall < anystywell
This could be
..1/ (an- negative prefix) + (ystywell, word no longer existing independently, apparently “meaning steady, manageable”. William Owen-Pughe has it (“ystywell”) in his dictionary of 1803 (“steady, steadfast, manageable”).

..2/ The likehood however is that the situation is the reverse, and that anystywell(t) (= unmanageable) came first, and ystywell(t) has been deduced from it.

:_______________________________.

ap <ap> [ap]
1 son, a form of ab = son (of); Used in patronymics. The form ab continues to be used before vowels; ap (with devoicing of the b) was originally used before an aspirate – names with h (Harri, Henri, Hwmffre, etc), and rh (Rhobert, Rhys, Rhoser, etc), but is now used before all consonants.

2 am (obsolete) with patronymics, before names beginning in “M”, a form of ab = son (of)
am Meurig son of Meurig / Morris

3 Examples of ap:
..1/ ap Dafydd ‹ap DA vidh› masculine noun son of Dafydd, anglicised as the surname “David, Davies”

..2/ ap Gwilym ‹ap GWI lim› masculine noun son of Gwilym, anglicised as the surname “Williams”

..3/ ap Harri ‹ap HA ri› masculine noun son of Harri, anglicised as the surname “Parry, Harris”

..4/ ap Henri <ap HEN-ri> [ap ˡhɛnrɪ] masculine noun son of Henri, anglicised as the surname “Penry”

..5/ ap Hopcyn <ap HOP-kin> [ap ˡhɔpkɪn] masculine noun son of Hopcyn, anglicised as the surname “Popkin, Hopkin, Hopkins”

..6/ ap Huw <ap HIU> [ap ˡhɪʊ] masculine noun son of Huw, anglicised as the surname “Puw, Hughes”

..7/ ap Hwmffre <ap HUM-fre> [ap ˡhʊmfrɛ] masculine noun son of Hwmffre, anglicised as the surname “Pumphrey, Humphries”

..8/ ap Hywel <ap HƏ-wel> [ap ˡhəwɛl] masculine noun son of Hywel, anglicised as the surname “Howell, Howells, Powell”

..9/ ap Iwan <ap IU-an> [ap ˡɪʊan] masculine noun son of Iwan
..10/ ap Lewis <ap LEU-is> [ap ˡlɛʊɪs] masculine noun son of Lewis, anglicised as the surname “Lewis”

..11/ ap Lleision <ap LHEI-shon> [ap ˡɬəɪʃɔn] masculine noun son of Lleision, anglicised as the surname “Leyshon”

..12/ ap Llywelyn <ap lhə-WE-lin> [ap ɬəˡwɛlɪn] masculine noun son of Llywelyn, anglicised as the surname “Llewellyn”

..13/ ap Madog <ap MAA-dog> [ap ˡmɑˑdɔg] masculine noun son of Madog, anglicised as the surname “Madock”

..14/ ap Maredudd / ap Meredydd <ap ma-REE-didh, ap me-REE-didh> [ap maˡreˑdɪð,ap mɛˡreˑdɪð] masculine noun son of Maredudd, anglicised as the surname “Meredith”

..15/ ap Meurig <ap MEI-rig> [ap ˡməɪrɪg] masculine noun son of Meurig, anglicised as the surname “Meyrick”

..16/ ap Morgan <ap MOR-gan> [ap ˡmɔrgan] masculine noun son of Morgan, anglicised as the surname “Morgan”

..17/ ap Rhisiart <ap HRI-shart> [ap ˡrhɪʃart] masculine noun son of Rhisiart, anglicised as the surname “Pritchard, Richards”

..18/ ap Rhoser <ap HRO-ser> [ap ˡhrɔsɛr] masculine noun son of Rhoser, anglicised as the surname “Proger, Rogers”

..19/ ap Rhys <ap HRIIS> [ap ˡhriːs] masculine noun son of Rhys, anglicised as the surname “Reece, Price, Preece”

..20/ ap Siencyn <ap SHEN-kin> [ap ˡʃɛnkɪn] masculine noun son of Siencyn, anglicised as the surname “Jenkins”

..21/ ap Siôn <ap SHOON> [ap ˡʃoːn] masculine noun son of Siôn, anglicised as the surname “Jones”

..22/ ap Tomos <ap TO-mos> [ap ˡtɔmɔs] masculine noun son of Tomos, anglicised as the surname “Thomas”

..23/ ap Watcyn <ap WAT-kin> [ap ˡwatkɪn] masculine noun son of Watcyn, anglicised as the surname “Watkins”

:_______________________________.

aped <A-ped> [ˡapɛd] masculine noun
1 form of ateb = answer

mynd i’w aped meet his death (“go to his answering”, i.e. answering for one’s actions during life at the Day of Judgement)

ETYMOLOGY: aped < abed < abet < ateb
NOTE: South-east Wales (a “e-in the-final-syllable is-a” area) aped > apad

:_______________________________.

apelio <a-PEL-yo> [aˡpɛljɔ]
verb
1 appeal

apelio at rywun appeal to somebody

..............................................................
“APHERESIS”

Examples of apheresis in Welsh are numerous.
An initial pretonic syllable is lost.
..1/ In the common vocabulary these are usually spoken forms; the full form is retained in the literary language
.....a/ falle < efallai (= perhaps),
.....b/ ffedog < arffedg (= apron) (arffed = lap)
.....c/ ffyle < ceffylau (= horses)
.....d/ redig < aredig (= to plough),

Some are English borrowings, with the same meaning as in English
.....e/ piniwn < English opinion
.....f/ pwyntment < English appointment

..2/ Some clipped forms have become standard
.....a/ (machlud = to set; sunset) was originally ymachlud

..3/ In some place names (usually minor names, such as farm names) the clipped form is colloquial but not standard
.....a/ Lygan < Helygain
..b/ Nhadog locality in Blaenau Dolwyddelan = Danhadog < danhadlog place of nettles

..c/ Nant ’Lygi > Nant Helygi “Luggy Brook” SJ1803, near Berriw (Powys)

in others, it is now the accepted form on maps
.....b/ Foty < Hafoty (= hut on summer pasture),
.....c/ Feidiog < Defeidiog (= sheepwalk)

..4/ In the case of English borrowings, sometimes the apheresis took place in English; but these clipped forms in many cases are no longer used or known in English, the full form having reappeared and having displaced them
.....a/ prentis < English prentice / apprentice (though this does survive as the English surname Prentice)
.....b/ seilam (= asylum, mental hospital) < English ’sylum < asylum

..5/ Again in the case of English borrowings, the apheresis took place in English and has remained in English, the full form not having reemerged
.....a/ ciwt (= clever, sharp, ingenious) < English cute (originally acute, which of course still survives with other senses in English)
.....b/ ffens (= fence) < English fence (originally defence, which of course still survives with other senses in English)
.....c/ larwm (= alarm) < English larum (originally alarum; now replaced by the full form alarm)
.....d/ restio (= arrest) < English rest (originally rest; now replaced by the full form arrest)

..6/ loss of the preposition i

i bant (adverb = away) > bant
i ffwrdd (adverb = away) > ffwrdd
i fyny (adverb / preposition = up) > fyny
i fynydd (South Wales) (adverb = up) > fynydd
i lan (adverb / preposition = up) > lan
i lawr (adverb / preposition = down) > lawr
i mewn (adverb = in, inside) > mewn (South: miwn)
i maes (adverb = out) > maes > maas

..............................................................

:_______________________________.

ap Hwmffre <ap HUM-fre> [ap ˡhʊmfrɛ]
1 patronymic = “son of Hwmffre”

2 The Anglicised forms (Pumphrey, Humphrey, Humphreys) are used as fixed surnames, and as such come to mean “(descendent of) the son of Hwmffre”
ADAPTATION OF THE WELSH FORM:
ap Hwmffre > Pwmffre > Pumphrey
ap Hwmffre > Hwmffre > Humphrey

TRANSLATION OF THE WELSH FORM:
ap Hwmffre (“son (of) Humphrey”) > Humphrey’s son” > Humphrey’s > Humphreys

ETYMOLOGY: “son of Hwmffre” (ap = son, < ab < fab, soft-mutated form of mab = son) + (Hwmffre)

:_______________________________.

ap Rhydderch <ap HRƏ-dherkh> [ap ˡhrəðɛrx]
1 patronymic = “son of Rhydderch”

2 The Anglicised forms (Protheroe, Protherough) are used as a fixed surname. The spelling th represents [dh], as in this, that, the other

ap Rhydderch > Prydderch > Protheroe, Protherough

ETYMOLOGY: “son of Prydderch” (ap = son, < ab < fab, soft-mutated form of mab = son) + (Prydderch)

:_______________________________.

apostol <a-PO-stol> [aˡpɔstɔl] masculine noun
PLURAL apostolion <a-po-STOL-yon> [apɔˡstɔljɔn]
1 apostle
y deuddeg apostol the twelve apostles
apostol y cenhedloedd the apostle to the Gentiles (name given to Saint Paul)

ETYMOLOGY: apostol < abóstol < *abostól < British < Latin apostolus
Apostol (with p) shows the influence of the Latin word on the original Welsh form

:_______________________________.

apwyntiad, PLURAL: apwyntiadau <a-PUINT-yad, a-puint-YAA-dai, -de> [aˡpʊɪntjad, apʊɪntˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] masculine noun

1 appointment

:_______________________________.

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An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English