_____________________
o
a > o
1 Studies in Welsh Phonology / Samuel
J. Evans / 1909 / t19 “In Anglesey and Carnarvonshire dafad is regularly
pronounced dafod.”
Cf southern Welsh yn wastad > ’wastod (= always)
:_______________________________.
o < y
In a handful of words, preceding a consonantal w, y becomes o, though
not in standard Welsh; this is a change that is centuries old
Hywel > Howel (forename)
ap Hywel / Pywel > Powel (patronymic)
mynwent (= cemetery) > monwent
mynwes (= bosom) > monwes
mynach (= cemetery) > monach
A possibility too is Mynwy (river name, in English as Monnow) > *Monwy
> *Monw
:_______________________________.
o < aw
Regularly in a final syllable, but the aw reemerges in the penultimate
syllable of derivative forms
athro (= male teacher) < athraw
athrawon (= teachers), athrawes (= female teacher)
In some words it is not reduced
Ionawr (= January) in standard Welsh, though colloquially Ionor
Also in stress shift, especially noticeble in pplace names with an original mawr
/ fawr (= big)
crug-máwr (great heap / lump) > crúg-mawr > Crugmor (SN2047 farm
in Llangoedmor)
Crug mawr was the name of the hill now known as Banc y Warren
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/54234
The change often obscures
one-syllable words in derivative forms:
anodd (= difficult) < anawdd
< án-hawdd (an = negating prefix) + (hawdd
= easy)
difrod (= damage) < difrawd
(di- prefix = without) + soft
mutation + (brawd = judgement)
Many words have the reduction in
the penultimate syllable
sawdl (= heel), sodlau (=
heels)
caws (= cheese), cosyn (=
a cheese)
:_______________________________.
o in monosyllables
G:
(long vowel) clog / glog, cog / gog,
llog / log
(short vowel) (generally words taken from Englsh) lòg, ffòg
:_______________________________.
o < dialect English o
Some loan words from English have o
whereas standard English has a
This o was a feature of north-midland
English dialects
In Welsh mon for man, used as a suffix
(though sometimes the compound word is
direct from English)
postmon (= postman)
porthmon (= cattle drover)
ponc (= hillock) < bonc < dialect
English bonk (standard English bank = slope, hillock)
In Welsh, the initial b has been taken
for a soft-mutated initial consonant, and a radical form ponc has
resulted
In the south-east, sblot (= patch of
ground) < English splot < earlier splat (= patch of ground)
:_______________________________.
O, o ‹oo› feminine noun
1) tenth letter
of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
..1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) nineteenth
letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
..1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
o
‹OO›
(preposition)
(1) ohono i ‹o HO
noi› (first person singular)
from me
(2) ohonon ni ‹o HO no ni› (first
person plural)
from us
(3) ohonot ti ‹o HO no ti› (second
person singular)
from you
(4) ohonoch chi ‹o HO no khi› (second
person plural)
from you
(5) ohono fe / fo ‹o HO no ve / vo› (third person singular masculine)
from him
(6) ohoni hi ‹o HO ni
hi› (third person singular feminine)
from her
:
(7) ohonyn nhw (literary Welsh: ohonynt hwy) ‹o HO ni nu / o HO nint hui› (third person plural)
from them
There is soft mutation after the
preposition o
1 from
o + hyd (= from + until)
o wawr hyd fachlud from dawn to dusk “from dawn to sunset”
o Gaer-dydd from Caer-dydd
/ Cardiff
2 un o…. one of (a gretaer number)
Mae hi’n canu’n well na’r un ohonyn nhw She sings better than any of
them (“than the one of them”)
3 (quantity, amounts)
digon (pronoun) enough
digon o enough (+ noun)
Mae gen i ddigon o arian I have
enough money
hen ddigon more than enough
Mae hen ddigon ohoni There’s enough
and to spare, There’s more than enough of it (“there’s old sufficiency of it”)
amryw byd (pronoun) very many things
/ people
amryw byd o very many (+ noun)
Mae gen i amryw byd o bethe i’ neud
heddi I’ve got hundreds of things to do today
4 (material) wedi'i ei wneud
o bren ‹WE di WNEUD o BREN›
made of wood
5 gwybodaeth o (rywbeth)
knowledge of (something)
Mae ei gwybodaeth o Gatalaneg o fudd
mawr iddi
Her knowledge of Catalan is a great advantage for her
6 of =
representing (picture, map, sculpture, etc)
delw
o’r Forwyn a Madonna (a staue of the
Virgin Mary)
cerflun o’r Forwyn a Madonna (a
staue of the Virgin Mary)
llun
o’r Forwyn a Madonna (a picture of
the Virgin Mary)
map o Gymru a map of Wales
map o’r byd a map of the world
portread o Gwyn Thomas a portrait of Gwyn Thomas
portread Gwyn Thomas a portrait
belonging to Gwyn Thomas, in the possession of Gwyn Thomas
7 to the extent of
Mae’n rhy fach o dri maint It’s
three sizes too small
8 in forming linking adverbials
o ystyried all things considered,
considering the circumstances, in view of the situation (“from considering”)
9 by itself, all by itself
Mae’n diffodd ohono’i hun It
switches itself off, it goes off by itself
10 for… = considering that somebody is..., taking into account that
somebody is...
Mae e’n siarad Cymraeg yn dda iawn o
Sais He speaks very good Welsh for an Englishman
11 comparisons:
fel (like) + noun + o + adjective
bod fel cricsyn o iach be in rude
health, be as fit as a fiddle (“be like a cricket of healthy”)
Cf the alternative construction: bod yn
iach fel cricsyn (“be healthy like a cricket”)
12 In south-east Wales o (= with) instead of â (= with)
Studies in Welsh Philology / Samuel J. Evans, M.A. / Year 1909 / Page 19: The
simple preposition o (for â) is often used in the dialect of Glamorgan to
denote the instrument, as, ‘Codi glo o’r rhaw (â’r rhaw) = throwing up coal
with a shovel. (Quoted from Mr. John Griffith’s ‘Y Wenhwyseg’, p. 19. Published
by J. R. Southall, Newport).
It occurs frequently in the 1620
Wiliam Morgan / Rhisiart Parri Bible
Sant Luc 1:41 A bu, pan glybu
Elisabeth gyfarchiad Mair, i’r plentyn yn ei chroth hi lamu: ac Elisabeth a
lanwyd o’r Ysbryd Glân.
Saint Luke1:41And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of
Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy
Ghost:
:_______________________________.
ò
1 the grave accent indicates
a short vowel where in a long vowel environment
The ‘o’ in monosyllables in Welsh with final –b, -d, -g is long
llog ‹lhoog› interest (on money borrowed)
pob ‹poob›
every
bod ‹bood›
to be
However English words taken into Welsh with the same pattern (monsyllables,
final consonant g, b, d) but with a short vowel retain the short vowel in
Welsh.
Bòb Bob, Robert
Còb (embankment over an estuary)
hòg (nid / dim + hog)
(not + the least bit)
ffòg (fog = grass which grows after the hay is harvested)
lòg log (= branch; logbook)
Mòg short form for the name Morgan
In general, though, in written Welsh this grave accent is seldom used in such
cases, as Welsh-speakers are fully conversant with what words are long and whar
are short; or in previous generations, what words come from native stock and
which are of English origin.
:_______________________________.
o achos
‹o  khos›
(preposition)
1
(after verbs) cywilyddo o achos (rhywbeth)
be ashamed of / about (something)
:_______________________________.
o amgylch ‹o AM
gilkh› (preposition)
1 around
:_______________________________.
obadeia ‹o-ba- dei -a›
North Wales
1 idea, least idea; sgin i
ddim obadeia I've not the least idea
ETYMOLOGY: blend of (Obadeia =
Biblical name) + (eidea, Anglicism = idea)
:_______________________________.
o bant
‹o -bant› adverb
South Wales
1 from another place, not local;
O bant mae e He's not from around
here ("(it-is) from away that-is he")
2
from overseas
:_______________________________.
o bared i bost
‹o ba-red i bost› adverb
1 cael eich gwthio o bared i
bost be pushed around, get shoved about ("get your pushing from wall
to doorpost")
:_______________________________.
o bawb
‹o baub›
1 (said of a person who one would least expect to do or say
something that has caused surprise)
Mari, o bawb Mari, of all people, of
all the people in the world; etc
Mynnai taw fi, o bawb, oedd wedi anfon
ati’r llythyron cas dienw ’na
She insisted that it was me, of all people, who had said those nasty anomymous
letters
to her
:_______________________________.
o bedwar ban byd
‹o- bed -war- ban - biid› adverb
1 from all over the world, from the four corners of the earth
("from the four peaks of the world ")
Also: o bedwar ban y byd
:_______________________________.
óbelisg
‹o -be-lisk› masculine noun
PLURAL obelisgau
‹o-be-li-ske›
1 obelisk = a vertical stone shaft, quadrangular in cross section
and tapering to a pyramidal apex, usually worked in one piece (Longman)
ETYMOLOGY: English obelisk, 1600-
< Latin < Greek obeliskos (=
little spit) < obelos (= spit,
i.e. a pointed bar placed through a piece of meat to hold it over a fire in
order to cook it; a pointed pillar)
:_______________________________.
o bell
‹o- belh› adverb
1 from afar
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (pell = far); cf Cornish a-bell = from afar
:_______________________________.
o bell ac agos
‹o- belh ag a -gos› adverb
1 from near and far (lit = from far and near)
:_______________________________.
o bellafoedd byd
‹o be-lha-vodh biid›
adv
1 from the far corners of the earth, from all over the world
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (pellafoedd =
extremities, plural of pellaf = the
furthest) + (byd = the Earth)
:_______________________________.
o bell ffordd
‹o belh fordh› adverb
1 (after a superlative adjective)
far and away = by a great margin;
Dyma'r sir fwya diddorol o bell ffordd
yng Nghymru
This is far and away the most interesting county in Wales
ennill o bell ffordd win by a long
chalk
y gorau o bell ffordd by far the best, the best by far
Hwn yw’r gorau o bell ffordd This one is by far the best
2
nid o bell ffordd not by a long
chalk, far from it, not by any means;
Roedd e yn deneuach o lawer na mi - ond
doedd e ddim yn gysgod o ddyn - nid o bell ffordd
He was a lot thinner than me - but he wasn't a shadow of a man - far from it
Ond nid dyna'r cwbl o bell ffordd But that's not all by any means
3
ni... o bell ffordd not... at all;
Doedd pethau ddim yn troi allan fel y
dymunai o bell ffordd
Things weren't turning out as he had wanted at all
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (pell ffordd = distant
road)
:_______________________________.
o ben
‹o ben› preposició
1 from the top of
2
from the end of
3
from the mouth of
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (pen = top, end, mouth)
:_______________________________.
o ben arall
‹o ben â-ralh› preposició
1 from the other end of;
o ben arall yr ynys from the other
end of the island
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (pen = end) + (arall = other)
:_______________________________.
o benbwygilydd ‹o
ben bui gî -lidh› adverb
1 from one end to the other
o ben bwygilydd i’r wlad from
one end of the country to the other, throughout the land
o benbwygilydd i’r dref from one end of the town to the other
Brenhinoedd-2 10:21 A Jehu a anfonoedd trwy holl Israel; a holl addolwyr
Baal a daethant, ac nid oedd un yn eisiau a’r ni ddaethai: a hwy a ddaethant i
dŷBaal, a llanwyd tŷ Baal o ben bwygilydd
Kings-2 10:21 And Jehu sent through all Israel: and all the worshippers of Baal
came, so that there was not a man left that came not. And they came into the
house of Baal; and the house of Baal was full from one end to another
2 from start to finish
Fel llawer pererin, ni chaiff y Ffrwd ond taith arw o benbwygilydd
As with many a pilgrim, the Ffrwd stream has a rough journey from start to
finish
(“the Ffrwd doesn’t get but a rough journey...”)
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) +
soft mutation + (penbwygilydd = one end to another)
:_______________________________.
o ben Caergybi i
ben Caer-dydd ‹o ben
kair- gə -bi i ben kair-diidh› adv
1 from one end of Wales to another, across the length and breadth of
Wales, all over the country
(literally: from the end where Caergybi is to the end where Caer-dydd is)
(Wales is roughly square in shape – and this would be a diagonal line from the
top left-hand corner to a point slightly to the left of the bottom right-hand
corner)
:_______________________________.
o ble
‹o BLEE›
(adverb) where from
:_______________________________.
1 oblegid ‹o BLE
gid› (conjunction) because
:_______________________________.
2 oblegid ‹o BLE
gid› (preposition) because of
:_______________________________.
o boptu
‹o BOP ti›
(preposition)
1 on either side of
2 eistedd â’ch coesau o
boptu’r gadair straddle the chair
:_______________________________.
o bosibl / o bosib’ / o bosib ‹o BO sib› (adverb)
1 possibly
2
bydd + o bosibl might (“will be +
possibly”)
O bosib bydd e’n colli’r trên He
might miss the train
:_______________________________.
o bry
‹o BRII›
(adverb)
1 from on high
:_______________________________.
o bwys ‹o
BUIS› (phrase)
1 important
:_______________________________.
o'ch bodd
neu o’ch anfodd ‹ookh
boodh nei ookh an-vodh›
1 whether you like it or not
ETYMOLOGY: (“of your satisfaction or of your dissatisfaction”)
(o = from) + (eich = your) + (bodd =
satisfaction) + (neu = or) + (o) + (eich + (anfodd =
dissatisfaction)
:_______________________________.
o'ch corun i'ch sawdl ‹oi GO rin iu SAU dul› (adverb)
1 from head to toe ('from your crown to your sole')
:_______________________________.
ochenaid, ochneidiau ‹o KHE ned, okh NEID ye› (feminine noun)
1 sigh
2 (sound) gollwng ochenaid let
out a sigh, breathe a sigh
:_______________________________.
ochneidiau ‹okh NEID
ye› (plural noun)
1 sighs; plural of ochenaid
:_______________________________.
ochneidio ‹okh NEID
yo› (verb)
1 to sigh
:_______________________________.
ochr (“ochor”), ochrau ‹O khor, OKH re› (feminine noun)
1 side
edrych ar yr ochr dywyll look on the dark side, see only the
disadvantages of a situation, see only the defects of a place
Mae’n well gen ti edrych ar yr
ochr dywyll o hyd You’d rather look on the dark side all the time
2
opposing side, rival side
mynd at ochr y gelyn go over to the
enemy, defect
3
ar un ochr i on one side of
4 allegiance
gorfod dangos eich ochr come off the fence = be obliged to say who
one supports
(“be obliged to show your allegiance / side”)
:_______________________________.
ochr-chwith
‹ô-khor khwiith› adjective
1 left-hand, left-side, on the left side
Mae'r fersiwn Gymraeg o’r stori ar y
ddalen ochr-chwith, a'r fersiwn Gatalaneg ar y ddalen ochr-dde
The Welsh version of the story is on the left-hand page, and the Catalan
version on the right-hand page
ETYMOLOGY: (ochr = side) + (chwith = left)
:_______________________________.
Yr Ochr Draw ‹ər
O khor DRAU›
1 the other side (= heaven)
:_______________________________.
Ochr-y-foel ‹o khor
ə VOIL›
1 area of Diserth /
Dyserth (county of Dinbych / Denbigh)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) side (of) Y Foel”
Y Foel is “the bare hill”
(ochr = side) + (y definite article) + soft mutation
+ (moel = (bare) hill)
:_______________________________.
Ochrymynydd
‹o-khor ə mə-nidh›
feminine noun
1 S00206 locality in Merthyrtudful
3km west of the town centre
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) side (of) the mountain’
(ochr = side) + (y = definite article) + (mynydd = mountain, highland, pasture on
high ground)
:_______________________________.
ochr yn ochr ‹O khor
ən O khor› (adverb)
1 side by side
:_______________________________.
Ocsitaneg ‹ok si TA
neg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Occitan
:_______________________________.
od ‹od › conjunction
1 (obsolete) if
Philipiaid 2:1 Od oes gan hynny ddim diddanwch yng Nghrist, od oes dim cysur
cariad, od oes dim cymdeithas yr Ysbryd, od oes dim ymysgaroedd a
thosturiaethau,
Philippians 2:1 If there be therefore any consolation in Christ, if any comfort
of love, if any fellowship of the Spirit, if any bowels and mercies,
Corinthiaid-1 7:36 Ond os yw neb yn
tybied ei fod yn anweddiad tuagat ei wyry, od â hi dros flodau ei hoedran, a bod yn rhaid gwneuthur
felly; gwnaed a fynno, nid yw yn pechu; priodant
Corinthians-1 1-76 But if any man thinketh that he behaveth himself uncomely
toward his virgin, if she pass the flower of her age, and need so require, let
him do what he will, he sinneth not; let them marry
Barnwyr-1 6:13 O fy arglwydd, od yw yr ARGLWYDD gyda
ni, paham y digwyddodd hyn oll i ni?
Eclesiastes-1 6:13 Oh my Lord, if
the LORD be with us, why then is all this befallen us?
ETYMOLOGY: o (= si) + -d added before a vowel. In modern
Welsh it is os both before a
consonant and before a vowel
:_______________________________.
òd
‹OD›
(adjective)
1 odd
Mae rhyw bethau òd ynddo He’s got
some odd ways
NOTE: Usually written without the grave accent, though strictly speaking this
is necessary to show that the vowel is short. The word od (long vowel) is an obsolete form meaning “if” and also an
obsolescent word for “snow”)
:_______________________________.
-od
plural suffix
1 especially with animal names
jerbil (m) jerbilod gerbil
jiráff (m) jiraffod giraffe
llew (m) llewod lion
éliffant (m) eliffantod elephant
llwynog (m) llwynogod fox
buwch (in earlier Welsh: buch) (f) buchod
cath (f) cathod cat
gwiwer (f) gwiwerod squirrel
baedd (f) baeddod boar
2 others
ellyll
(m) ellyllod sprite, elf
geneth (f) genethod girl
:_______________________________.
o dan ‹o dan› preposició
1 mynd o dan enw ffug go under an assumed name
:_______________________________.
oddf ‹odhv› masculine noun
PLURAL oddfau
‹odh-ve›
1 (obsolete) (in the flesh) swelling, lump
2 (obsolete) knot ‹in
wood›
3 (obsolete) bulb, tuber
ETYMOLOGY: < British < Celtic
Irish fadhb (= problem; knot ‹in wood›)
:_______________________________.
oddfog
‹odh-vog› adjective
1 bulbous
gweunwellt oddfog (Poa bulbosa)
bulbous meadowgrass
ETYMOLOGY: (oddf = bulb) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
oddi ‹OO-dhi› adverb
1 from
Used in combination with a
following preposition or adverb
oddi acw from
over there
oddi allan from outside
oddi am from
around
oddi ar off
(“from on”)
oddi mewn i from inside
(something); inside (something)
oddi uchod from above
oddi wrth from
oddi yma from
here
oddi yna from there
oddi yno from t place mentioned
ETYMOLOGY: a double preposition: (o = from) + (ddi, an obsolete
preposition = from)
:_______________________________.
oddi agos
‹ô-dhi â-gos› adverb
1 from close up
2 at point blank range
ETYMOLOGY: (oddi = from) + (agos = near)
:_______________________________.
oddi am preposition
1 After verbs:
..1/ (clothes) tynnu... oddi am =
take off
tynnu’r wenwisg oddi am offeirad defrock a priest, expel a priest from the priesthood (“pull / remove the
surplice from around the priest”)
Also simply tynnu
tynnu’ch esgidiau take your shoes
off
:_______________________________.
oddi ar
‹o dhi AR›
(preposition)
1 since
2
tynnu enw rhywun oddi ar restr take
somebody’s name off a list, remove somebody’s name from a list
3 lladrata (rhywbeth) oddi ar (rywun) steal (something) from
(somebody)
:_______________________________.
oddieithr ‹o dhi EI
thir› (preposition)
1 except for
:_______________________________.
o ddifrif / o ddifri’ ‹o DHI vri›
1 serious, earnest
2 bod o ddifrif be in earnest, not be joking
bod yn hollol o ddifrif be in deadly earnest, be completely serious
:_______________________________.
oddi wrth ‹o dhi
URTH› (preposition)
1 from
2
rhyddháu rhywun oddi wrth bechod
absolve somebody of his / her sins
gollwng rhywun oddi wrth bechod
absolve somebody of his / her sins
:_______________________________.
odi
‹OO-di› (v)
1 southern Welsh form of ydyw (Northern Welsh ydi) =
yes, it is
2 southern Welsh form of a ydyw…? (Northern Welsh ydi…?)
= is it…?
The 3rd [person] singular ydiw was so written up to the 16th
century; and rhymes with words in -iw, as friw, ýdiw D. G.
(= Dafydd ap Gwilym (North Cardiganshire), floruit 1350-80, reference
[is] to Barddoniaeth Dafydd ap Gwilym… Llundain, 1789) 35 cf. 119, 144,
193, etc. and G. (= Gwalchmai, Anglesey. Floruit 1150-90) 186, 193, 203, 206,
235, 247, also with yw (= iw); see paragraph 77 v. The Late
Modern ydyw is an etymological spelling, and is read ýdiw, except
by a few affected persons. The Noerth Wales dialect form is ýdi (and, in
answering questions only, ndi, a curious attempt to sound y with
the tongue in the d position). South Wales dialect, in questions and
answers, ódi.
(delw 7261)
:_______________________________.
ô-di-colôn
‹oo-dii-ko-loon› masculine noun
1 (colloquial) eau de cologne; in standard Welsh with the French
spelling (eau de cologne), or dŵr persawrus (“perfumed water”)
ETYMOLOGY: French eau de Cologne =
water of Cologne / Köln
:_______________________________.
odid ‹O-did› (masculine
noun)
1 (obsolete) wonderful thing, wonderful person
2 (adverb) hardly, scarcely
odid nad (archaic) it is likely
that, it is usually the case that
odid y (archaic) it is unlikely
that, it is not usually the case that, it’s infrequent that
3
ni + odid un hardly anyone
ni + odid neb hardly anyone
ni + odid ddim ‹o-did dhim› (archaic) practically no...,
hardly any...
(odid = hardly) + (ni…ddim = no; not any)
Ni fu odid ddim glaw There was hardly any snow
Does odid ddim amser ar ôl There’s
not much time left
4 ond odid perhaps, maybe
A Welsh Grammar, Historical
and Comparative. John Morris(-)Jones, 1913. Page 437: ond odid… ‘perhaps’
(literally ‘except a rarity’)
Genesis 18:30 Ac efe a ddywedodd, O na
ddigied fy Arglwydd os llefaraf: Ceir yno ond odid ddeg ar hugain. Yntau a ddywedodd, Nis
gwnaf os caf yno ddeg ar hugain.
Genesis 18:30 And he
said unto him, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall
thirty be found there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there.
Genesis 24:5 A’r gwas a ddywedodd
wrtho ef, Ond odid
ni fyn y wraig ddyfod ar fy ôl i i’r wlad hon: gan ddychwelyd a ddychwelaf dy
fab di i’r tir y daethost allan ohono?
Genesis
24:5 And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman
will not be willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son
again unto the land from whence thou camest?
ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic *au-tîtos
(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary)
Cf Irish (these are nowadays archaic words and expressions):
uathadh (= a small number, a small quantity),
in uathadh (= alone),
uathaigh (= to lessen, become few, make few)
:_______________________________.
odl, odlau ‹O dl, OD le› (feminine noun)
1 rhyme
odl driphlyg (Poetry) triple rhyme
:_______________________________.
o do ‹oo doo › adverb
1 indeed I / we; you; he / she / it / they did! (after a sentence
with a verb in the preterite tense)
Fe lorion ni nhw, o do! We
really floored them; We floored them, and how; We floored them, oh yes we did!
:_______________________________.
odre <O-dre> (masculine noun)
1 soft-mutated form of godre (= bottom part)
wrth odre at the bottom of, at the foot of
llecyn cysgodol wrth odre’r
graig a sheltered spot at
the foot of the rock
:_______________________________.
odrif
‹od-riv› masculine noun
PLURAL odrifau
‹od-rî-ve›
1 odd number = a number which is not a multiple of two
ETYMOLOGY: (od < English odd [number]) + soft mutation + (rhif = number)
:_______________________________.
odrwydd
‹od-ruidh › masculine
noun
1
oddness, strangeness
ETYMOLOGY: (òd = odd, strange) + (-rwydd suffix for forming abstract
nouns)
:_______________________________.
Odydd ‹ô -didh› (m)
PLURAL Odyddion
‹o- dədh -yon›
1 Oddfellow, member of an Oddfellows mutual aid society
Oddfellows Street in
Ystradgynlais would be Heol yr Odyddion in Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: Semi-translation of Oddfellow (òd
= odd) + (-ydd agent suffix)
The Oddfellows were originally a trade guild of tradesmen and craftsmen
of odd (= disparate, different, varying) trades rather than a single trade
:_______________________________.
odyn ‹ô -din› feminine noun
PLURAL odynau
‹o- dø -ne›
1 kiln, oven
2
odyn galch limekiln, oven. Simply as
odyn this is frequent in field
names.
See the separate entry for odyn galch
Cae'r odyn (field of the ‹lime› kiln)
Heol yr Odyn (‘(the) street (of) the
kiln’) Name of a street in Tre-lai, Caer-dydd
3 odyn drydan electric
kiln
4
odyn frics brick kiln
(Bible) odyn briddfaen brick kiln
Jeremiah 43:9 Cymer yn dy law gerrig
mawrion, a chuddia hwynt yn y clai yn yr odyn briddfaen, yr hon sydd yn nrws ty
Pharo, yn Tapanhes, yng ngolwg gwyr Jwda
Jeremiah 43:9 Take great stones in thine hand, and hide them in the clay in the
brickkiln, which is at the entry of Pharaoh's house in Tahpanhes, in the sight
of the men of Judah
5
odyn frag malt kiln (for drying
germinated barley grains)
ETYMOLOGY: unknown origin;
From the same British root: Cornish oden (= oven)
Hibernian languages: Irish áith
(feminine noun) (= oven)
:_______________________________.
odyn galch ‹ô-din galkh› feminine noun
PLURAL odynau
calch ‹o-dø-ne galkh›
1 limekiln = place for burning limestone for fertilising fields
(limestone is burnt to obtain calcium oxide; exposed to the air, or mixed with
water, it produces calcium hydroxide, 'lime')
2
common in field names simply as "odyn":
Allt yr Odyn (the) wood (of) the
limekiln
Cae'r Odyn (the) field (of) the
limekiln,
Erw'r Odyn (the) field (of) the
limekiln
Heol yr Odyn (‘(the) street (of) the
kiln’) Name of a street in Tre-lai, Caer-dydd
Pen yr Odyn (= pen yr odyn) - (the)
end (of the field where) the lime kiln (is situated) –
(1) Pen’rodyn street name in the
village of Arthog (near Dolgellau, county of Gwynedd),
(2) Pen’rodyn street name in the
town of Tregaron (county of Ceredigion)
Weun yr Odyn (= gwaun yr odyn) (the)
(wet) field (of) the limekiln
Wrglo'r Odyn (= gweirglodd yr odyn)
(the) field / meadow (of) the limekiln
ETYMOLOGY: (odyn = oven) + soft
mutation + (calch = lime, limestone)
:_______________________________.
odyn frics ‹ô-din vriks› feminine noun
PLURAL odynau
brics ‹o-dø-ne briks›
1 brick kiln
ETYMOLOGY: (odyn = oven) + soft
mutation + (brics = bricks)
:_______________________________.
oed, oedau ‹OID, OI
de› (masculine noun)
1 age
2
Beth yw eich oed? ‹BEETH iu
əkh OID› (phrase) How old
are you?
Mae hi’n dair blwydd oed She’s three years old
3
Mae e ddwywaith ei hoed hi He’s
twice her age
4 bod yn eich oed a’ch amser be well on in years, be well on in
life, be of advanced years, be of mature years (“be in your age and your time”)
Mae e yn ei oed a’i amser He’s well on in years
:_______________________________.
1 oedd
‹OIDH› (verb)
1 was; colloquially oodd ‹OODH›
:_______________________________.
2 oedd
‹OI dh› (verb)
1 (reply) yes, he she it was
:_______________________________.
-oedd ‹OIDH›
1 plural suffix
cannoedd < cant (=
one hundred) (m)
darlithoedd (also darlithiau)
< darlith (= lecture) (f)
gwyntoedd < gwynt (=
wind) (m)
llysoedd < llys (=
court of law, royal court) (m)
miloedd < mil (=
thousand) (m)
misoedd < mis (= month)
(m)
moreoedd < môr (= sea) (m)
mynyddoedd (also mynyddau)
< mynydd (= mountain) (m)
shilffoedd < shilff (=
shelf) (f)
:_______________________________.
oeddach ‹OI
dhakh› (verb)
1 (North-west) (reply) yes, you were
:_______________________________.
oeddach chi? ‹OI dha
khi› (verb)
1 (North-west) were you?
:_______________________________.
1 oeddan ‹OI dhan›
(verb)
1 (= nhw) (North-west) (reply) yes, they were
:_______________________________.
2 oeddan ‹OI dhan›
(verb)
1 (= ni) (North-west) (reply) yes, we were
:_______________________________.
oeddan?
‹OI dhan›
(verb)
1 (North-west) were we?
:_______________________________.
oeddan nhw? ‹OI dhan
nu› (verb)
1 (North-west) were they?
:_______________________________.
oeddan ni ‹OI dhan›
(verb)
1 (North-west) (reply) yes, we were
2 (reply) yes, they were
:_______________________________.
oeddat
‹OI dhat› (verb)
1 (North-west) (reply) yes, you were
:_______________________________.
oeddat ti? ‹OI dha
ti› (verb)
1 (North-west) were you?
:_______________________________.
oeddech
‹OI dhekh›
(verb)
1 (reply) you were
:_______________________________.
oeddech chi? ‹OI dhe
khi› (verb)
1 were you?
:_______________________________.
oedden
‹OI dhen›
(verb)
1 (reply) yes, we were
2 (reply) yes, they were
:_______________________________.
oedden nhw? ‹OI dhe
nu?› (verb)
1 were they?
:_______________________________.
oedden ni? ‹a OI
dhen› (verb)
1 were we?
:_______________________________.
oeddet
‹OI dhet›
(verb)
1 (reply) yes, you were
:_______________________________.
oeddet ti? ‹a OI dhe
ti› (verb)
1 were you?
:_______________________________.
oedd o?
‹OI dho›
(verb)
1 (North Wales) was he?
:_______________________________.
oeddwn
‹OI dhun›
(verb)
1 (reply) yes, I was
:_______________________________.
oeddwn i? ‹OI dhu
ni› (verb)
1 (I) was I?
:_______________________________.
oedd e?
‹OI dhe›
(verb)
1 was he?
:_______________________________.
oedd hi? ‹OIDH hi›
(verb)
1 (she) was she?
:_______________________________.
oedi
‹OI di› (verb)
1 to delay
2
ystryw oedi delaying tactic
Also: tacteg arafu, tacteg arafol
:_______________________________.
oediog
‹ oid -yog› adjective
1
(obsolete) old, ancient
2
(obsolete) long-lived
3
slow, delayed
ETYMOLOGY: (oed-i- stem of oedio = to delay) or (oed = age) + (-iog, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
oedran, oedrannau ‹OI dran, oi DRA ne› (masculine noun)
1 age
2
old age, full age
oedran teg ripe old age
byw i oedran teg live to a ripe old
age
mewn oedran teg advanced in years
(“in a fair age”)
Er mewn oedran teg dalia Mr Edwards i
gerdded deng milltir bob dydd
Although he’s well on in years Mr. Edwards continues to walk ten miles every
day
Fe welodd oedran teg He had a long life,
He lived to a ripe old age (“he saw a fair life”)
:_______________________________.
oen ‹ôin› masculine noun
PLURAL wyn
‹uin›
1 lamb
2
lamb = object of sacrifice to God in the Old Testament
Genesis 22:8 Fy mab, Duw a edrych iddo
ei hun am oen y poethoffrwm
Genesis 22:8 My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering
3 yr Oen = the Lamb; Oen Duw = the Lamb of God; yr
addfwyn Oen = the gentle Lamb
Christ in the New Testament as a symbol of sacrifice (from the practice of sacrificing
lambs to Jehovah)
Datguddiad 14:1 ac wele Oen yn sefyll ar
fynydd Seion
Revelation 14:1 And lo, a Lamb stood on the mount Sion
Ioan 1:29 Wele Oen Duw, yr hwn sydd yn
tynnu ymaith bechodau'r byd
John 1:29 Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sins of the world
4 lamb = an emblem associated with John the Baptist; usually
depicted carrying a lamb, or accompanied by a lamb
5 mor ddiniwed ag oen as
innocent as a lamb;
also mor ddiniwed â'r oen bach
("as innocent as the little lamb")
6 cyfoen pregnant; dafad gyfoen pregnant ewe, ewe with
lamb
7 dod ag oen give birth
to a lamb
8 cig oen lamb (= meat);
also oen -
coes oen = leg of lamb
ysgwydd oen = shoulder of lamb
9 cwrw oen (obsolete)
lamb ale, beer drunk at lamb-shearing
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh oen < British *ogn-os < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish oen
(= lamb), Breton oan (= lamb)
From the same Celtic root: Irish uan
(= lamb)
cf Latin: agnus (= lamb)
NOTE: South Wales o'n ‹oon›
:_______________________________.
oena ‹oi -na› verb without
an object
1 (ewes) to lamb, to give birth
ETYMOLOGY: (oen = lamb) + (-a, suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
oenaidd
‹oi -nedh› adjective
1 lamblike, gentle
ETYMOLOGY: (oen = lamb) + (-a, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
Oen Duw
‹ôin diu› masculine noun
1 the Lamb of God, Christ in the New Testament as a symbol of
sacrifice
(from the practice of sacrificing lambs to Jehovah) wele Oen Duw (Ioan / John 1:29) behold the Lamb of God
2
lamb of God = figure of a lamb (representing Christ) bearing a cross or an
inscribed banner
3
Eglwys Oen Duw = church of the Lamb
of God
...Eglwys Oen Duw = locality 15km
west of Llanfair ym Muallt (county of Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: (oen = lamb) + (Duw = God)
:_______________________________.
oenig
‹oi -nig› feminine noun
1 literary lambkin, little
lamb
ETYMOLOGY: (oen = lamb) + (-ig = diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
oen partha
‹ôin par -tha› masculine
noun
South Wales
1 pet lamb ("lamb (of) hearth")
:_______________________________.
Oenwen
‹OIN wen›
(feminine noun)
1 woman's name
:_______________________________.
oer
‹OIR›
(adjective)
1 cold
oerach ‹OI rakh›
(adjective) colder
oeraf ‹OI ra›
(adjective) the coldest
2
oer fel troed hwyaden (“cold like
foot (of) duck”, as cold as a duck’s foot)
3
oer fel llyffant “cold like a frog”
Mae fy nhraed i mor oer â llyffaint
My feet are as cold as ice (“as cold as frogs”)
4 in place names, it could possibly
mean ‘deserted, abandoned’, as can ‘cold’ in English place names
(See “HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-names” / Melville Richards)
Hafod-oer (SH7615) Name of a farm in Y Brithdir south-east of Dolgellau
‘cold summer farm’ (or possibly ‘abandoned summer farm’).
Nearby 2km to the west is (SH7824) Waun Oer (“cold moor”) as if to
confirm the cold temperature hereabouts – such a name would suggest that it was
cold when one would have expected it not to be – in the spring, or the summer,
or autumn – in comparison to negihbouring area.
:_______________________________.
oerfa PLURAL oerfaoedd, oerféydd ‹OIR vel, oir VÂ odh, oer VEIDH› (feminine noun)
1 cold place
2 Pond yr Oerfa (“(the) pond (of) the
cold place”) SN7279 name of a lake in the county of Ceredigion, 3km north of
Pontarfynach
:_______________________________.
oerfel
‹OIR vel› (masculine noun)
1 cold
:_______________________________.
oeri
‹OI ri› (verb)
1 get cold
:_______________________________.
Yr Oernant ‹ər oir
-nant›
1 Bwlch yr Oernant (“pass of Yr Oernant”)
SJ1846 Mountain pass in Sir Ddinbych, on Mynydd Maesyrychen near
Pentre-dŵr between Llandegla and Llangollen. The English call it
“Horseshoe Pass”
2
stream name by Penmachno (SH7950), county of Conwy
ETYMOLOGY: “the cold valley” or “the cold stream”
(yr definite article) + (oer = cold) + (nant = (older Welsh) valley; (modern Welsh) stream)
:_______________________________.
oerni ‹OIR ni› (masculine noun)
1 cold, coldness
2
oerni rhywiol frigidity, sexual
frigidity
:_______________________________.
oerwynt ‹ OIR-wint›
1 cold wind
oerwynt Mawrth the cold wind of
March
ETYMOLOGY: “cold wind” (oer = cold)
+ soft mutation + (gwynt = wind)
:_______________________________.
oes
(1) ‹ôis› feminine noun
PLURAL oesoedd,
oesau ‹oi -sodh, oi-se›
1 life = lifetime, the period of existence from birth to death;
yn ystod blynyddoedd olaf ei hoes in
the last years of her life;
cael braw mwyaf ei oes to get the
fright of his life;
ac yno y buont yn byw hyd ddiwedd eu
hoes and this is where they lived until the end of their lives ("the
end of their life")
bore eich oes one's childhood
("(the) morning (of) one's life")
cyfeillion bore oes childhood
friends
ym more eich oes early on in one's
life
yn eich oes in all your born days
Welais i'r fath beth erioed yn f'oes
I never saw such a thing in my life
Hir oes! (drinking
toast) cheers! (“a long
life!”)
2 life = lifetime, the period of existence of something inanimate,
such as a machine, a lease, style of clothing, etc
daeth ei oes i ben its life came to
an end
3 life = period of one's life dedicated to work;
Treuliodd Wiliam Roberts ei oes yn y
chwarel
William Roberts spent his life in the quarry;
Bu'n of ym mhentre Ponterwyd gydol ei
oes
He was a blacksmith in the village of Ponterwyd all his life
4 age, epoch, era, times;
yn yr oes honno in those days, in
those times;
yn yr oes sydd ohoni in the age we
live in, in the present age;
Oes y Cerrig the Stone Age,
yr Oes Haearn <ər ois HEI-arn> [ər ɔɪs
ˡhəɪarn] the Iron Age,
Oes yr Iâ <ois
ər YAA> [ɔɪs ər ˡjɑː] the Ice Age;
yr Oes Aur <ər ois AIR> [ər ɔɪs ˡaɪr] the Golden Age
5 oes yr arth a'r blaidd
prehistoric times ("the age of the bear and the wolf")
yn oes yr arth a'r blaidd in
prehistoric times
rhywun / rhywbeth o oes yr arth a'r
blaidd
someone / something from prehistoric times (in exaggerating the age of somebody
or an object)
6 yr oes, the age = the
present times;
digywilydd-dra llafnau'r oes the
impertinence of today's adolescents;
angen yr oes today's needs
7 the people of the present age;
Mae'r oes wedi mynd yn fwy hunanol
People have become more selfish
8 bod ar ôl yr oes be
behind the times
9 age, eternity = a long time to wait;
Fe aeth oes heibio Ages went by
("an age went past"),
ar ôl oes dyma Catrin yn dod nôl
ages later Catrin came back ("after an age...")
10 yn gynnar yn eich oes
early in your life
11
in expressions suggesting “a very long time”
oes ci hela (South-east Wales), ("the life of a hunting dog")
oes mochyn ("the life of a pig")
oes mul ("the life of a
mule")
oes mulsyn ("the life of a
mule")
oes pys ("the life of
peas")
12 since some time long ago; when referring to time which has gone
by since something happened
Mae oes wedi mynd heibio ers hynny
That was ages ago ("an age has gone by since then")
ers oesoedd for ages;
Rw i heb ei weld ers oesoedd I've
not seen him for ages;
ers oes Adam since the time of Adam
13 yn oes oesoedd for ever and ever, for evermore ("in the age
of ages")
14
disgwyliad oes life expectancy
15 drwy'r oesoedd down
the ages
16 life = remaining time of existence; time from now
cael carchar am oes get life
imprisonment, be sentenced to life imprisonment
17 life = length of popularity
archwerthwyr ag iddynt oes byr iawn
bestsellers with a very short life
18 Craig yr Oesoedd the Rock of Ages (epithet for Jesus
Christ)
(“(the) rock (of) the ages”) (craig
= rock) + (yr = the) + (oesoedd ages, plural of oes = age)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic; Cornish oes (= period).
In Hibernian Celtic: Irish aois (= period, age); Scottish aois (= age)
NOTE: South Wales oes > o's ‹oos›
(the change oe > o' in monosyllables is a usual feature
in the South)
:_______________________________.
oes ‹ois› verb
1 a oes...? is there...? are
there...? (colloquially oes...? with
the loss of the interrogative particle)
2
nid oes... there isn’t / aren’t (colloquially does dim with the loss of the first syllable)
3
(North) sginti < 's gin ti < nid oes genny ti you don’t have
sginti...? < 's gin ti...? < a oes
gennyt ti...? do you have...?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many
words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. a oes gennyt ti? has
become sgínti”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
:_______________________________.
o fawr bwys
‹oo vaur buis ›
1 of little importance
Nìd yw o fawr bwys It’s of little
importance
ETYMOLOGY: (ni = not)..... + (o = of) + soft mutation + (mawr = big, great) + soft mutation + (pwys = importance)
:_______________________________.
ofer ‹o-ver› adjective
1 fruitless, unsuccessful, futile,
pointless
2
ofer... it’s no use
(doing something)
Ofer cuddio’ch pen yn y tywod it’s no use hiding your head in the sand
3
Often in the form ofer + bod
ofer yw = there's no point, it's
pointless
Ofer yw gwrth-ddadlau â phobl felly It’s pointless arguing with people like
that
Ofer fu’r ymdrech It was all in vain
Ofer fu ei ymdrechion hyd yma His
efforts have been in vain so far
4 dilyn trywydd ofer go down a blind alley, go along a path that
leads nowhere (“follow a futile trail”)
:_______________________________.
oferdyb
‹o-ver-dib› masculine or
feminine noun
1 wishful thinking
ETYMOLOGY: (ofer = futile, useless,
pointless) + soft mutation + (tyb =
thinking, supposition)
:_______________________________.
ofergoel
‹o-ver-goil› feminine
noun
PLURAL ofergoelion
‹o-ver-goil-yon›
1 superstition = an example of irrational belief in supernatural
forces
2
superstition = a religion which is held to be false
ETYMOLOGY: (ofer = futile, useless,
pointless) + soft mutation + (coel =
belief)
:_______________________________.
ofergoeledd
‹o-ver-goi-ledh› masculine
noun
1 superstition, superstitiousness = state of being superstitious, of
having irrational beliefs in omens
ETYMOLOGY: (ofergoel = superstition)
+ (-edd suffix)
:_______________________________.
ofergoeliaeth
‹o-ver-goi-li-e0› feminine
noun
1 superstition, superstitiousness = state of being superstitious, of
having irrational beliefs in omens
ETYMOLOGY: (ofergoel = superstition)
+ (-i-aeth suffix)
:_______________________________.
ofergoelus
‹o-ver-goi-lis› adjective
1 superstitious
Un ofergoelus oedd Mam erioed Mother
had been superstitious all her life
ETYMOLOGY: (ofergoel = superstition)
+ (-us = suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
oferwas
‹ o- ver -was› masculine noun
PLURAL oferweision
‹ o-ver- weis -yon›
1
rake, wastrel
ETYMOLOGY: (ofer = futile, useless)
+ soft mutation + ( gwas = lad)
:_______________________________.
oferweithio ‹o ver
WEITH yo› (verb) (North Wales)
1 overwork
:_______________________________.
oferwr
‹o -ve -rur› masculine
noun
PLURAL oferwyr
‹o-ver-wir›
1 wastrel, good-for-nothing, ne'er-do-well
Bob tro iddo gyrraedd y porthladd
gwariai ei gyflog yng nghwmni oferwyr y dref
Every time he came to port he would spent his pay in the company of the town's
ne'er-do-wells
ETYMOLOGY: (ofer = futile, useless,
pointless) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
o fewn
‹o VEUN›
(preposition)
1 within
2 o fewn dwy ach at two removes (= with two degrees of separation
in kinship)
Mae e’n gefnder imi o fewn dwy ach He’s my cousin at two removes (= the
grandson of my cousin)
:_______________________________.
Offa ‹ô -fa› masculine noun
1 Offa, King of Mercia (reigned 38 / 39 years, from 757 until his
death in 796) who built a demarcation ditch between England and Wales Clawdd Offa (qv) Offa’s Dyke
2
Trefýclo or Tref-y-clawdd (qv) village in the county of Powys (“(the) trêv /
farmstead (of) the dyke”)
3
Offa name of an electoral ward in
Wrecsam
Ward Offa the Offa ward
4
Brynoffa (qv) ‘(the) hill (of)
Offa’. The meaning is ‘hill overlooking Offa’s Dyke’.
.....(1) street name in Rhosllannerchrugog (county of Wrecsam)
.....(2) street name in Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam)
.....(3) name of a district on the western side of Rhos-ddu (county of Wrecsam)
and also a street name here
Llwynoffa
Farm name, Argoed / New
Brighton, Y Fflint
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=328869
llwyn Offa “(the) wood (of)
Offa”. The meaning is ‘woodland overlooking Offa’s Dyke’.
Clawddoffa SJ2467
(“Clawdd-Offa”) ‘(the) dyke (of) Offa’, ‘Offa’s dyke’
Farm in Sychdyn, Y Fflint
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=330670
:_______________________________.
offeiriad
‹o- feir -yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL offeiriaid,
offeiriadon, offeiriadau ‹o- feir -yed, o-feir-yâ-don, o-feir-yâ-de›
1 priest = a minister of religion; especially a Catholic priest
2
(Eglwys Loegr = the Church of England) vicar = a clergyman appointed to act as
the priest for a parish
3
priest = non-Christian priest
4
archoffeiriad archpriest, (formerly)
the chief assistant of a bishop who took over many of his duties in his absence
5
fel piso ’ffeirad (said of weak
beer) ("like (the) piss (of a) priest / vicar")
6
llau’r offeiriad (Galium aparine)
goosegrass (“nits (of) the clergyman”)
7
sefyll allan fel ffeir’ad mewn ffair
stick out like a sore thumb = be very obvious “stand out like a clergyman in a
fair”
(sefyll allan = stand out) + (fel = com) + (ffeir’ad < ffeiriad
< offeiriad = clergyman) + (mewn = in) + (ffair = fair)
ETYMOLOGY: the basic meaning was "one who gives an offering";
(1) offeiriad < effeiriad < offeiriad (see comment 4)
(2) (*offér- = offering) + (-i-ad = prefix).
(3) offér- < Latin offér- < offerere (= to present) < ob
(= towards, against) + ferre (= to
bring)
(4) The initial o became e due to the influence of the front
vowels in the following syllables, but the o
later reappeared or reestablished itself, probably reinforced by offrwm (= offering), offrymu (= to make an offering)
NOTE: Often with the loss of the first syllable in spoken Welsh;
(1) North Wales ffeiriad,
(2) South Wales ffeirad, ffirad (with
the absence of the semiconsonant "i" at the beginning of a final
syllable –iad > -ad; and the
simplification of the penult diphthong ei
> i; both of these are usual features in southern Welsh. The plural is ffeiradon (= offeiriadon), which in the
south-east becomes ffiraton (with
the devoicing of the initial 'd' of the final consonant; the devoicing of
"d", "b" and "g" in this position is typical in
the south-east)
John Hobson Mathews (Mab
Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911),
notes a filed called Cae’r Offeiriad (Kaer ffirad). The pronunciation
would have been Cää’r Ffirad. (cae, southern Welsh caa,
south-eastern Welsh cää)
1747. Coroner's Inquest
taken at the house of John James at Landaff in the Hundred of Kibbor and County
of Glamorgan, upon view of the body of Morgan Thomas late of the Parish of
Landaff aforesaid, labourer, found that the deceased was undermining a pine end
of a certain house in a field called Kaer ffirad in the parish of Landaff, when the said pine end
fell suddenly on him and crushed him to death.
:_______________________________.
offeiriadol
‹o-feir- yâ -dol› adjective
1 priestly
coleg offeiriadol seminary
ETYMOLOGY: (offeiriad = priest) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
offer.
1 abbreviation = offerynnol (Grammar) instrumental
:_______________________________.
offeren
‹o-fee-ren› feminine noun
PLURAL offerennau
‹o-fe-re-ne›
1 mass = celebration of Eucharist
2
priest, and may have music and incense
3
isel offeren low mass = one which is
simplified and spoken by the priest rather than sung
4
canu'r offeren perform mass
("sing the mass")
5
offeren ddu black mass = blasphemous
version of a Christian mass
6
offeren dros y meirw (“mass
on-behalf-of the dead-ones”) requiem mass = (Roman Catholic Church) a Mass for
the dead
Also: offeren requiem ‹o-fee-ren re-kwi-em› requiem mass
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh offeren < *offerén < Latin offerénda < offerre (= to present) < (ob-
= in front of, away, etc) + (ferre =
to carry)
Breton: oferenn (= mass)
From the same Latin word via British: Cornish: oferenn (= mass) Breton: oferenn
(= mass),
From the same Latin word: Irish aifreann
(= mass)
:_______________________________.
offeryn, offerynnau ‹o FE rin, o fe RƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 implement
offer implements, equipment
offer trydanol symudol movable electrical equipment
2 musical instrument
offeryn cerdd musical instrument
3
offer stryd street furniture (seats,
lamposts, etc) (“equipment (of) street”)
:_______________________________.
offeryniaeth, offeryniaethau ‹o fe RIN yeth, o fe rin YEI the› (feminine noun)
instrumentation
:_______________________________.
offerynnol ‹o fe
RƏ nol› (adjective)
1 instrumental
2 (Grammar) instrumental
Abbreviation: offer.
:_______________________________.
offerynnu ‹o fe
RƏ ni› (verb)
1 instrumentalise
:_______________________________.
offerynnydd, offerynwyr ‹o fe RƏ nidh, o fe RƏN wir› (masculine noun)
1 instrumentalist
:_______________________________.
offis, offisus / offisau ‹O fis, o FI sis / o FI se› (feminine noun) ‹SUIDH va›
1 (colloquial) office. Standard form: swyddfa
:_______________________________.
offrwm
‹o -frum› masculine
noun
PLURAL offrymau
‹o-frə-me›
1 offering, sacrifice of an animal to a god
Lefiticus 7:18 Ac os bwyteir dim o
gig offrwm ei ebyrth hedd ef o fewn y trydydd dydd, ni byddir bodlon i’r hwn
a’i hoffrymo ef, ac nis cyfrifir iddo, ffieiddbeth fydd; a’r dyn a fwyty ohono,
a ddwg ei anwiredd.
Leviticus 7:18 And if any of the
flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings be eaten at all on the third day,
it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be imputed unto him that offereth
it: it shall be an abomination, and the soul that eateth of it shall bear his
iniquity.
2
offering, money given at the end of a religious service for church funds
3
North-west Wales offrwm y clochydd ("(the) offering (of) the sexton') or offrwm pen pâl ("offering (of) end
(of) spade") - tip given to a church sexton after a funeral service -
placed on the blade of the spade which the sexton holds out on the horizontal
as mourners leave the funeral
4
Foel Offrwm SH7420 mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
"hill (of the) offering"
ETYMOLOGY: offrwm < offrwng < Old English ofrung (= offering). The change ng > m is also to be seen in the place name Y Trallwm (local form) < Y
Trallwng (standard form)
:_______________________________.
o flaen
‹o VLAIN›
(preposition)
1 in front of
2 after verbs in certain expressions:
..1/ arllwys eich cwd o flaen (South) unbosom / unburden yourself to
(“open your bag in front of...”)
..2/ mynd o flaen gofid look for
difficulties where there are none (“go in front of affliction”)
3
Mae cryn daith o’n blaenau We have a
long way to go
Mae cryn bellter o’n blaenau We have
a long way to go
Mae cryn siwrnai o’n blaenau We have
a long way to go
4
o flaen gwn at gunpoint (“in front
(of) (a ) gun”)
o flaen dryll at gunpoint (“in front
(of) (a ) gun”)
:_______________________________.
ofn, ofnau ‹O von,
OV ne› (masculine noun)
1 fear
2 Mae
ofn arna i ‹mai O von ar nai› (phrase) I'm afraid (there is fear on me)
3
codi ofn am eich enaid arnoch scare
the living daylights out of, scare the shit out of, put the fear of God into,
frighten somebody stiff (“raise fear for your soul on you”)
bod yn ddigon i godi ofn arnoch be
creepy (“be enough to raise fear on you”)
4
bod ofn arnoch ar eich hyd be very
afraid (“be fear on you on your length” - from top to bottom, all your length)
:_______________________________.
ofnadwy
‹ov NA dui›
(adjective)
1 terrible
mewn tymer ofnadwy (mewn tymer
ofnadw) in a terrible temper
2 mor ofnadwy o… terribly…
mynd mor ofnadwy o… become terribly…
Rwyt ti wedi mynd mor ofnadw o
grintachlyd
You’ve become really stingy
:_______________________________.
-ofni
‹OV ni› (verb)
1 to fear, be afraid of
Ofnai Rhiannon i’w chwaer fach syrthio Rhiannon
was afraid that her little sister would fall
:_______________________________.
ofnus
‹OV nis›
(adjective)
1 fearful
:_______________________________.
og, ogiau / ogau ‹OOG, OG ye / O ge› (feminine noun)
1 harrow (implement for evening the ground)
:_______________________________.
-og
‹OG› (suffix)
adjectival suffix;
1 gwynt (= wind), gwyntog (= windy);
haul (= sun), heulog (= sunny)
niwl (= fog), niwlog (= foggy)
cwmwl (= cloud), cymylog (= cloudy)
2
many adjectives from an earlier period have become nouns in their own right (marchog, literally 'equine', hence
'equine man', ‘horse nam’, now 'knight')
-awg (now –og) was used in hypochoristic forms of names in the early Welsh
period
Cadog
‹KAA-dog› for Cadfael
(cad-, first element of the name Cadfael) + (-awg / -og suffix)
:_______________________________.
o ganlyniad ‹oo gan- lən -yad›
1 as a result, as a consequence
bod o ganlyniad i be a consequence
of, as a result of
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (canlyniad = consequence,
result)
:_______________________________.
ogla
‹O gla›
(masculine noun)
1 smell (North-west)
:_______________________________.
ogof <OO-gov> [ˡoˑgɔv] (feminine noun)
PLURAL ogofâu,
ogoféydd <o-go-VAAI,
o-go-VEIDH> [ɔgɔˡvaɪ,
ɔgɔˡvəɪð]
1
cave = an underground hollow or chamber
celfyddyd yr ogofâu cave art
preswylydd ogof cave dweller;
plural preswylwyr ogof (if living in
one cave) , preswylydd ogofâu (if
living in caves in general)
peintiad ogof plural peintiada ogofâu cave painting
2
den
ogof lladron a den of thieves,
robbers' hideout, thieves' den, brigands' cave
ogof opiwm opium den
3
Place names:
Danyrogof (“(the house) below (the
entrance to) the cave”),
Gallt yr Ogof (“(the) hill (of) the
cave”),
Llandysilio Gogo (the church of
Llandysilio in the locality known as Gogo, i.e. cave)
4
Ogof Arthur Arthur's Cave, a cave in
which the Welsh leader is said to be in a charmed sleep with his warriors,
waiting for the call to awake and lead his people, and reclaim the island of
Britain for the Welsh.
Many caves in Wales are known by this name, for example:
..a/ at Deuarth Fach / Little Doward, England SO 540160 “(King) Arthur’s Cave”
..b/ cave by the lake known as Marchlyn Mawr, North Wales
..c/ cave in Llangwyfan, county of Môn
(John Rhys / Celtic Folklore / Vol 2 / 1901 : “Ogof Arthur, ‘Arthur’s Cave,’ in
the southern side of Mynydd y Cnwc in the parish of Llangwyfan, on the
south-western coast of Anglesey. The foot of Mynydd y Cnwc is washed by the
sea, and the mouth of the cave is closed by its waters at high tide”)
4 Ogof Owain Glyn-dŵr
SH5547 (the) cave (of) Owain
Glyn-dŵr
Moel
yr Ogof SH5547 (the) hill (of) the cave
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/58538
map
ETYMOLOGY:
Unknown origin, though probably < British < Celtic
Cornish has gogo (= cave), and from
this Cornish-language word the English dialect of Cornwall “gug” (= cave)
NOTE: If the original form is ogof
then the form gogof shows a
prosthetic g as in southern gallt (= hill, wood) for original allt (= hill). (allt is still
the literary form, and is also the form used in the north).
As with all polysyllables in final -f,
this -f has disappeared in the
spoken language ogof > ogo.
In the county of Penfro, the change o
> a, occurring in the final
syllable other words in Welsh in other dialects, is to be seen in oga < ogo
:_______________________________.
o gwbl <o GUU-bul> [ɔ ˡguˑbʊl] ‹o GU
bul› (adverb)
1 at all
:_______________________________.
Ogwen <OG-wen> [ˡɔgwɛn]
1 riu del nord-oest
2
Minogwen / Min Ogwen street name in
Bangor (“(the) bank (of the river) Ogwen”)
3 Bro Ogwen <broo OG-wen> [broː ˡɔgwɛn] ‘Ogwen Country’, the district around the river
Ogwen, the focal point of which is the town of Bethesda
Bro-ogwen / Bro Ogwen (“Bro Ogwen”) house name, Bangor (Gwynedd)
4 Brynogwen <brin OG-wen> [brɪn ˡɔgwɛn]street in Bangor (Gwynedd)
(“Bryn Ogwen”)
“(the) hill (overlooking) (the
river) Ogwen”
:_______________________________.
o gwmpas <o
GUM-pas> [ɔ
ˡgʊmpas] (preposition)
1 around
2
gogor-droi o gwmpas (pwnc) (“turn
around (a subject)”) beat about the bush, not
get straight to the point, skate around a subject, avoid getting to the point
3
troi rhywun o gwmpas eich bys bach
twist somebody round your little finger
:_______________________________.
Ogwy <OO-gui> [ˡoˑgʊɪ]
1
fanciful name for the river Ogwr
In the village of Nant-y-moel (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) there are
..a/ “Ogwy Street” (which would be Heol
Ogwy in Welsh) and
..b/ “Brynogwy Terrace” (which would be Brynogwy
or Rhestr Brynogwy in Welsh)
Brynogwy is “(the) hill (overlooking
the) Ogwy (river)”
ETYMOLOGY: (Og- first syllable of
the river name Ogwr) + (-wy, a supposed suffix meaning
‘water’.) See the entry gwy = water
:_______________________________.
oherwydd <o-HER-widh> [ɔ ˡhɛrwɪð]
(conjunction)
1 because
NOTE: Page 46 / A Welsh Grammar - Historical and Comparative / John Morris-Jones (1864-1929) /
1913: The following words may be mentioned as those most
commonly mispronounced: wy is the falling diphthong in cer
n
‘vat’, disg
l,
‘look, expect’, G
nedd
‘Venedotia’, G
ndid,
id., mor
n
‘maiden’, ter
n
‘ fervent’; it is the rising diphthong in oher
dd
‘because of’, cych
n,
‘rise, start’, erch
n
‘protector, [bed]-side’, ded
dd
‘happy’
:_______________________________.
ohon- <o-HON> [ɔ ˡhɔn]
(preposition)
1 stem for the conjugated forms of 'o' - from 'o' + the element
'han' indicating 'separation' (as in gwahanu
= to separate)
:_______________________________.
ohoni
‹o- ho -ni› preposition
1 from it
2
dod allan ohoni get out of a
difficulty (“get out of it”)
3
ohoni ei hunan of her own accord,
without being pressured or forced
ymadael ohoni ei hunan leave of her
own accord
:_______________________________.
o hyd <o
HIID> [ɔ
ˡhiːd] (adverb)
1 still
:_______________________________.
o hyn
allan ‹oo hin a-lhan › adverb
1 from now on
-"Shwd ych chi'n hoffi gwaith
fferm?"
-"Yn iawn."
-"Felly, ffermio byddwch chi o hyn allan?"
-“How do you like farm work?”
-“It’s all right.”
-“So you’ll be farming from now on?”
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + (hyn = this (time)) + (allan = out)
:_______________________________.
o hyn ymláen ‹oo hin om-lain› adverb
1 from now on, henceforward
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + (hyn
= this (time)) + (ymláen = forward)
:_______________________________.
oi
1 diphthong = vowel ‹o›
and semi-consonant ‹i›
(1) in loans
boi (= boy) < English “boy”
(2) words with final –o and addition of a suffix -i
ffo (= flight), ffoi (= to flee)
llo (= claf), lloi (= calves)
(3) contraction of o + i with loss
of medial dd
rhoi (= to give) < rho|i < rhoddi
2 In South Wales, the
diphthong “au” ‹âi›
in monosyllables and “eu” ‹ei›
in the penult are colloquially “ou” ‹oi› (better spelt “ou”, since both “i” and “u” are pronounced the same, as ‹i›, in the south, and “ou” maintains a vidual
link with “eu”; but in the north the “u” is differentiated, and so the spelling
“oi” is usual.)
..a/ beudy (= cowshed, cowhouse) > boudy / boidy
..b/ ceulan (= river bank) > coulan / coilan
..c/ clau (= quick, fast, rapid) > clou / cloi
..d/ haul (= sun) > houl / hoil (and since
especially in the south-east the ‘h’ is lost, ’oul / ’oil)
..e/ neuadd (= hall) > nouadd / noiadd
3
In South Wales, the diphthong “oe” ‹oi›
is sometimes written in dialect writing as “oi” ‹oi›.
coesau (= legs) > coise, coisa
:_______________________________.
oi
1 oi for au / eu in southern Welsh
’oil = haul (sun)
cloi = clau (quick)
See ou
:_______________________________.
oian
‹OI an›
interjection
1 (obsolete) oh!
2 Yr Oianau (“the hush-a-byes”) title of series of stanzas in Llyfr Du Caerfyrddin / The Black Book of
Carmarthen c.1250, each beginning with the words hoian o Barchellan, “Hush-a-bye little piggie”
:_______________________________.
oifad
‹OI vad›
(verb) = nofio ‹NOV yo›
1 (South-east Wales) to swim
:_______________________________.
-ol
‹ol› (suffix)
adjectival suffix
1 sir = county, sirol = belonging to a county or
counties
:_______________________________.
ôl, olion / olau ‹OOL, OL yon / O le› (masculine noun)
1 trace, track; back track
2
ôl bys fingerprint; finger mark
PLURAL olion bysedd finger prints;
finger marks
Mae ôl ei fysedd arno He’s left
finger marks on it
3 gadael eich ôl ar (rywbeth)
leave your mark on something
4 rear, behind
drych ôl rear-view mirror
5 mynd yn eich ôl go back (“go in
your back track”)
troi’r cloc yn ei ôl turn the clock back (“turn the clock in its back trail”)
:_______________________________.
olaf, ola' ‹O la›
(adjective)
1 last, final
2
yr hyd olaf the home stretch, the
home straight = the final stretch on a racetrack, from the last bend to the
winning post
yr darn syth olaf the home stretch
3
cyffyrddiad olaf finishing touch
rhoi cyffyrddiad olaf i rywbeth give
something a finishing touch
cerbydau
blaenaf a cherbydau olaf y trên the front carriages and the end carriages of the train
:_______________________________.
olau ‹OO-lai, -e›
1 tracks; plural form of ôl (= track)
:_______________________________.
olau ‹OO-lai, -e›
1 soft-mutated form of golau (= light)
Bronolau (qv)
(house name) < bron olau light hill, sunlit hill
Wernolau < wern olau light
alder-swamp, sunlit alder-swamp
Waunolau <
waun olau light moor, sunlit moor
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/558223
hamlet west of Pen-clawdd (Abertawe)
:_______________________________.
o lam i lam
‹oo lam ii lam › adv
1 cynyddu o lam i lam
increase by leaps and bounds
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + soft
mutation + (llam = leap) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (llam = leap)
:_______________________________.
o lawer ‹oo LAU er› (adverb)
1 (after a comparative adjective) greatly, very much
am brisiau is o lawer at greatly
reduced prices (“for prices greatly lower”)
:_______________________________.
OLD NORSE WORDS IN WELSH
Generally they have come into Welsh via English
Particulary noticeable are words beginning with sg-
sgert (f)
skirt = kind of garment for the lower part of the body
sgertin (m) skirting, skirting board
English skirting < skirting board; to skirt (verb, = to lie along the edge of) <
skirt (noun, = skirt,
i.e. a kind of garment) < Old Norse skyrta (= skirt)
sgil (f) skill = acquired aptitude
English 1100+ skill < Old Norse skil (= distinction, difference).
Cf Dutch geschil (= difference,
dispute, argument)
sgrap (m) scrap = discarded material
English scrap < Old Norse skrap
:_______________________________.
olew, olewau / olewon ‹O leu, o LEU e / o LEU on› (masculine noun)
1 oil
2
oil = petroleum
llwyfan olew oil rig
3 olew india-corn oli de blat de moro
4 olew
olewydd ‹o leu o LEU idh›
olive oil (“oil (of) olive trees”)
:_______________________________.
ôl-lyngesydd
‹ool lə- nge -sidh› masculine noun
PLURAL ôl-lyngesyddion
‹ool-lə-nge- sədh -yon›
1 rear-admiral (rank junior to a vice-admiral)
ETYMOLOGY: direct translation of English rear-admiral
(ôl = rear, back) + soft mutation +
(llyngesydd = admiral)
:_______________________________.
olréit ‹ol-REIT› adj
1 (colloquial) all right
bod yn olréit to be all
right
Chi'n meddwl fydd hi'n olreit? Do you think she’ll be all right?
ETYMOLOGY: English all right
:_______________________________.
olrhain
‹Ol hren›
(verb)
1 to trace
:_______________________________.
Olwen
‹OL wen›
(feminine noun) ‹KIL hukh
ag OL wen›
1 woman's name; see Culhwch ac Olwen (tale from the Mabinogi)
:_______________________________.
olwg ‹OO-lug› feminine noun
1 soft-mutated form of golwg
(qv) (= view, sight)
2
–olwg In compound words, sometimes
found in house names or street names
.....(1) Brynolwg house in Y
Bont-goch, Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion (= hill view, place with a view of a hill)
.....(2) Caerolwg house in Llandre,
Tal-y-bont, Ceredigion (= hillfort view, place with a view of a hillfort)
.....(3) Gartholwg
a) village by the Garth mountain (= Garth view, place with a view of the Garth
mountain). English name: Church Village.
b) street in Pen-tyrch (though misspelt as if two words “Garth Olwg”)
c) in other villages by Y Garth, the street names with this meaning have the
English form ‘Garth View’ – (a) in Gartholwg itself, (b) Nantgarw, (c)
Llantrisant
.....(4) Morolwg house name (= sea
view, place with a view of the sea)
.....(5) Mynyddolwg house in Y
Garndiffaith, Pont-y-pŵl, Torfaen (= upland view, place with a view of the
upland hill)
.....(6) Tafolwg street in Treharris
(though misspelt as if two words “Taf Olwg”) (= Taf view, place with a view of
the river Taf)
.....(7) Tirolwg house name, Nebo,
Llan-non
(= view of the land, place with a view of the land)
:_______________________________.
olwyn, olwynion ‹OL win, ol WƏN yon› (feminine noun)
1 wheel
:_______________________________.
olwyn dân, olwynion tân ‹ol win DAAN, ol WƏN yon TAAN› (feminine noun)
1 Catherine wheel
:_______________________________.
olwyn ddŵr, olwynion dŵr ‹ol win DHUUR, ol WƏN yon DUUR› (feminine noun)
1 waterwheel
:_______________________________.
olwyn Gatrin, olwynion Catrin feminine
noun)
‹ol win GA trin, ol
WƏN yon KA trin›
1 Catherine wheel
:_______________________________.
olynol ‹o-lə-nol› adjective
1 consecutive, successive
am y ddegfed flwyddyn yn olynol for
the tenth year in succession
ETYMOLOGY: ôl yn ôl (adverb) 'step
in step', track in track, in succession; since many adjectives end in the
suffix -ol (for example cyfrif = account, cyfrifol = reponsible) eventually it was thought that it too was an
adjective from this class, as if it were (*olyn)
+ (-ol)
:_______________________________.
omled, omledau ‹OM led,
om LE de› (masculine noun)
1 omelette
:_______________________________.
omled caws ‹om led
KAUS› (masculine noun)
1 cheese omelette
:_______________________________.
omled madarch ‹o led MA
darkh› (masculine noun)
1 mushroom omelette
:_______________________________.
omled plaen ‹om led
PLAIN› (masculine noun)
1 plain omelette
:_______________________________.
-on ‹-on ›
1 In the south, often the plural
suffix -ion > -on
(the initial ‹y›
of the first syllable is generally lost in South Wales).
Examples:
..a/ hoelion (= nails) > hoelon
..b/ polion (= poles) > polon
:_______________________________.
ond
‹OND›
(conjunction)
1 but
2
petáwn i ond yn gallu! if only I could! (“if I were + but + be able”)
3
Doedd gennyf ond mynd I had no
option but to go (“there wasn’t with me but to go”)
4 (preposition) except for
y .... dyfnaf ond un the second
deepest ....
y .... hwyaf ond un the second longest ....
y .... uchaf ond un the second highest ....
Hon yw’r gopa uchaf ond un ar Fynydd Pumlumon This is the second highest summit in
the Pumlumon mountain
:_______________________________.
on’d ‹onid› adverb
1 contraction of onid (= is it not)
..a/ before a noun
..b/ before a verb beginning with
a vowel
Her is corresponds to English
“[is] it not”.
If the vowel begins with a
consonant, oni is used, and this causes mixed mutation of
c p t / g b d / m ll rh
c p t > ch ph th (aspirate mutation)
g b d > ZERO f dd(soft mutation)
m ll rh > f l r (soft mutation)
on’d yw isn’t….
on’d oes isn’t there….
on’d oedd wasn’t…., wasn’t there
On’d yw’r prifathro yn ddyn caredig! (exclamation)
Isn’t the headmaster a kind man!
On’d oedd y plant y edrych yn braf yn eu
cotiau newydd? (exclamation) Weren’t the children looking / Didn’t the
children look smart in their new coats?
:_______________________________.
ond antur ‹o-nid an-tir› adverb
1 obsolete; Bible perhaps, maybe
Genesis 32:20 ac wedi hynny edrychaf yn
ei wyneb ef; ond antur efe a dderbyn fy wyneb innau
Genesis 32:20 and afterward I will see his face; peradventure he will accept of
me
ETYMOLOGY: < on'd antur < onid antur ('but, if not') + ('venture,
chance')
:_______________________________.
ond i ‹OND i› conjunction
1 provided that, on
condition that
Bydda i’n ddedwydd ond i mi gael digon o
arian I’ll be happy provided I get enough money
Dyma lased o laath i ti, ac ond i ti yfed hwnna, cei un arall wedyn
Here’s a glass of milk for you, and if you drink it, you’ll get another one
Bydda i’n ddedwydd ond i mi gael digon o arian
I’ll be happy provided I get enough money
Does gan y maethegwyr ddim yn erbyn sglodion tatws ond iddynt gael eu
rhostio mewn olew corn
The nutritionists have no objection to chips providing they are cooked in corn
oil
Mae 'na reis i'w gael ond i chi dalu
There is rice available provided you pay / There’s rice to be had too but it’s
extra
Mi af fi, ond i chi ddweud
I'll go - just say the word
Yr wyf i’n fodlon anghofio’r cyfan ond i chi wneuthur yr un modd
I’m prepared to forget everything provided you do the same
ETYMOLOGY: (ond = but) +
(i = to)
:_______________________________.
ond odid ‹ond OO didii›
1 perhaps, maybe
A Welsh Grammar, Historical
and Comparative. John Morris(-)Jones, 1913. Page 437: ond odid… ‘perhaps’
(literally ‘except a rarity’)
Genesis 18:30 Ac efe a ddywedodd, O na
ddigied fy Arglwydd os llefaraf: Ceir yno ond odid ddeg ar hugain. Yntau a ddywedodd, Nis gwnaf
os caf yno ddeg ar hugain.
Genesis 18:30 And he
said unto him, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak: Peradventure there shall
thirty be found there. And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty there.
Genesis 24:5 A’r gwas a ddywedodd
wrtho ef, Ond odid
ni fyn y wraig ddyfod ar fy ôl i i’r wlad hon: gan ddychwelyd a ddychwelaf dy
fab di i’r tir y daethost allan ohono?
Genesis
24:5 And the servant said unto him, Peradventure the woman
will not be willing to follow me unto this land: must I needs bring thy son
again unto the land from whence thou camest?
Dacw dŷ bwyta, ni a gawn ymborth acw ond odid
Over yonder there is a restaurant,
we shall get sustenance there perhaps
:_______________________________.
ond oes ‹OND ois›
(phrase)
1 = onid oes
:_______________________________.
on’d ydi...
‹ond ə-di›
1
(North Wales) (at the beginning of a sentence) isn’t... doesn’t...
On’d ydi hi’n ddigywilydd! What a
cheek she has! (“Isn’t she shameless”)
Cf On’d yw (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
ond y dim
‹ond ə dim › adverb
1 almost, very nearly
Yr un peth yw, ond y dim It’s the
same, or very nearly
2 ond y dim i almost,
very nearly (+ verb)
Bu ond y dim imi achub y shilff rhag
syrthio I only just managed to stop the shelf from falling
Bu ond y dim imi fynd yno i fyw rai
blynyddoedd yn ôl I almost went to live there years ago
ETYMOLOGY: (“but the least thing”) (ond
= but) + (y = definite article) + (dim = something; the least amount)
:_______________________________.
on’d yw ‹on -diu›
1
(South Wales) (at the beginning of a sentence) isn’t... doesn’t...
Ond yw’r byd ’ma’n fach! It’s a small world!
On’d yw’r amser yn mynd heibio! How
time flies!
Cf On’d ydi (North Wales)
:_______________________________.
onennau ‹o-NE-nai, -e›
1 plural of onnen (= ash tree)
:_______________________________.
Onennau Meigion ‹o-NE-nai, -e MEIG-yon›
1 locality on the border of Shropshire and Staffordshire – the
neighbouring villages of Six Ashes (Shropshire) SO7988 and Four Ashes
(Staffordshire) SO8087
(delw 7436)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/307996
Six Ashes
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1223377
FourAshes
(delw 7525)
In the Triparte Indenture of (28
February 1405) (an agreement between the three noblemen Owain Glwn-dŵr
(the ‘Tywysog’ (ruler) of Wales), Henry Percy (First Earl of Northumberland),
and Edmund Mortimer (son-in-law of
Owain Glyn Dŵr, and cousin of the English king Henry IV), the
English king Henry IV would be deposed and the island of Britain below Scotland
would be divided into three, with Northern and Midland England for Percy,
Southern England for Mortimer, and a larger Wales (incorporating lands to the
east which had been lost some centuries earlier to English control and
settlement).
The land which would Glyn-dŵr
would rule was defined as being (in updated English) “the whole of Cambria
of Wales divided from Loegria now commonly called England by the following
borders, limits, and bounds: from the Severn estuary as the River Severn flows
from the sea as far as the northern gate of the city of Worcester; from that
gate directly to the ash trees known in Cambrian or Welsh language as Onennau
Meigion which grow on the high road from Bridgnorth to Kinver; then directly
along the highway... to the head or source of the River Trent; thence to the
head or source of the river commonly known as the Mersey and so along to the
sea.
(Information from wikipedia,
2009-05-19, Tripartite Indenture)
ETYMOLOGY: “Meigion’s ash trees”
“(the) ash trees (of) Meigion”
(onennau = ash trees,
plural on onnen = ash tree) + (Meigion)
:_______________________________.
ongl, onglau ‹O ngol,
O ngle› (feminine noun)
1 angle
:_______________________________.
oni
‹O ni›
(conjunction)
1 if not
:_______________________________.
..1 onid ‹o-nid› conjunction
1 “if (it is) not” (+ an
‘abnormal’ first element, an element which is not a verb is placed at the head
of sentence, for emphasis)
Onid Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf i
If it isn’t GWYN who comes first, if GWYN doesn’t come first
However, colloquial Welsh has os nad
Os nad Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
If GWYN doesn’t come first, if it isn’t GWYN who comes first
-Pa liw ydynt? -Du a gwyn. -Anghywir.
-Onid du a gwyn, llwyd a coch ynteu
-What colour are they? -Black and white -Wrong -If not black and white, then
grey and red
ETYMOLOGY: Literally ‘if not’ - (o =
if) + (nid, negative particle,
'not'). (The form o meaning ‘if’ is
now obsolete – in modern Welsh it has a final ‘s’ - os)
NOTE: The affirmative forms are (north) os mai, (south) os taw, os
ta’, and in literary Welsh simply os
(north) os mai Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
it’s Gwyn who comes first
(south) os taw Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
it’s Gwyn who comes first
(literary Welsh) os Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf
:_______________________________.
..2 onid ‹o-nid› preposition
1 obsolete; Bible (with numerals) minus, except for
Genesis 17:1 a phan oedd Abram onid un
mlwydd cant, yr ymddangosodd yr Arglwydd i Abram
And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram
("when Abram was, except for 1 year, a hundred")
Genesis 11:25 A Nachor a fu fyw wedi
iddo genhedlu Tera, onid un flwyddyn chwech
ugain mlynedd, ac a genhedlodd feibion a merched.
Genesis 11:25 And Nahor lived after he begat Terah an hundred and nineteen
years, and begat sons and daughters.
("Nahor lived ..., except for 1 year, six score of years")
·····
Numeri 26:22 Dyma dylwyth Jwda, dan eu
rhif; onid pedair nil pedwar ugain a phum cant
(76,500 is expressed as “except for 4,000, ‹they were› 80,000 +
500”)
Numbers 26:22 These are the families of Judah according to those that were
numbered of them, three score and sixteen thousand and five hundred
The English version has simple addition of thousands and hundreds - (60,000 +
16,000 + 500)
·····
Luc 15:7 y bydd llawenydd yn y nef am un
pechadur a edifarhao, mwy nag am onid un pum ugain o rai cyfiawn, y rhai nid
rhaid iddynt wrth edifeirwch
Luke 15:7 joy shall be in heaven over one sinner that repenteth, over ninety
and nine just persons which need no repentance
The Welsh version has “more than, except for one, five score of just persons”
·····
cant a deugain one hundred and forty
Before a vowel a > ac:
cant ac (onid pedwar) deugain 136 (one hundred and – except for four –
forty)
Esra 2:66 eu meirch oedd saith gant ac
onid pedwar deugain
(seven hundred and forty, minus four) (700 and, except for 4, two score)
Ezra 2:66 Their horses were seven hundred thirty and six
2 obsolete; except, apart
from; in modern Welsh ond
ETYMOLOGY: literally ‘if not’ – See onid
1
:_______________________________.
..3 onid ‹o-nid› interrogative
1 is it not...?, is he not...?, is she not...?, are they not...?
Brenhinoedd-2 5:12
Onid gwell Abana a Pharpar, afonydd
Damascus, na holl ddyfroedd Israel?
Kings-2 5:12
Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of
Israel?
ETYMOLOGY: literally ‘if not’ - See onid
1
:_______________________________.
..4 onid ‹O nid›
(conjunction)
1 (colloquial form: on’d)
“if (it is) not”
ETYMOLOGY: (o = if) + (nid =
it-is-not)
The word o (= if) is
obsolete in modern Welsh, and has been replaced by a derived form os (=
if)
See on’d
:_______________________________.
- onid do? ‹O nid
DOO› (phrase) (after a verb in the past tense)
1 didn't (it, she, he, etc)?
:_______________________________.
onid e? ‹o -ni-de› -
1 isn't that so? Used in verb-in-second-position sentences
Usually the verb is a the head of the sentence in Welsh
Yr wyf yn iawn, ond wyf? I'm right,
am I not?
but
Fi yw'r gorau, onid e? I'm the best,
am I not? (ynde, ontefe; see Note at
the foot of this entry)
Some first-language Welsh-speakers translate it as 'isn't it?' and so produce
such sentences in English:
I'm the best, isn't it?
2 ac onid e but if not
Daniel 3:17, 18
Wele, y mae ein Duw ni, yr hwn yr ydym
ni yn ei addoli yn abl i'n gwared ni allan o'r ffwrn danllyd boerth, ac efe a'n
gwared ni o'th law di, o frenin. Ac onid e, bydded hysbys i ti, frenin, ni
addolwn dy dduwiau... (In the Beibl Cymraeg Newydd the phrase is: ac hyd yn oed os na wna...)
Daniel 3:17, 18
If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery
furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O king. But if not, be it
known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve they gods...
ETYMOLOGY: (onid = if no) + (e, pronoun, from ef = he)
NOTE: the colloquial forms of onide
are (1) south-west onte fe, (2)
south-east ynta fa, (3) north yn te, yn de
:_______________________________.
- onid oes...? ‹O nid
OIS› (phrase) (colloquially: on’d oes)
isn't there...?
:_______________________________.
- onid yw...? ‹O nid
OIS› (phrase) (colloquially: on’d yw)
1 isn't it...?
:_______________________________.
onis ‹o -nis›
1 literary Welsh (conjunction + object pronoun)
Used with the impersonal form of the verb
Onis danfonir, dychweler at yr anfonydd
If undelivered, please return to sender
ETYMOLOGY: (oni = if not) + (-s = her / him / it, object of the
following verb which appears in its impersonal form)
:_______________________________.
onnen, PLURAL: onn / ynn ‹O nen, ON / IN›
(feminine noun)
1 ash tree
2
Taironnen
y tair onnen = the three elms (y =
the) + (tair, feminine form of tri = three) + (onnen = elm tree)
..a/ (ST0374) a farm in Llantriddyd, on the road from Caer-dydd to Pen-y-bont
ar Ogwr
..b/ (SN6503) locality by Felindre (county of Abertawe)
3 onllwyn ash wood, ash
grove
llwyn on ash wood, ash grove
:_______________________________.
onor ‹ ô -nor› mf
1
honor / honour
Mi glywais i Rhobat Gruffydd yn deyd
laweroedd o weithia, fod honor ‹sic› Jehofa tu
cefn i’w addewidion.
I heard Rhobat Gruffudd say many times that Jehovah’s honor was behind his
promises
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910 t173
ETYMOLOGY: English honour < Old
French onor < Latin honor
:_______________________________.
onte fe? ‹on te
VEE› (phrase)
1 See onid e
:_______________________________.
“oo” ‹-›
1 used in this dictionary to represent the simplification (mostly in
monosyllables, and mostly in southern Welsh) of the diphthong “oe” ‹ôi› into a long
vowel ‹oo›
For example, coed (= wood) > cood
The usual way of representing this is either with a circumflex (côd) or with an apostrophe (co’d). (nowadays the recommended form)
The use of “oo” though has advantages
...(1) it is immediately apparent that the vowel is long
...(2) since a double vowel is not ordinarily used in Welsh, it is immediately
apparent that the word so spelt is a dialect form
The disdvantages of “o’” are
...(1) it is not immediately clear that the vowel is long
po’n ‹poon› < poen = pain
...(2) because of syllable omissions and contractions in popular Welsh, the
apostrophe is overworked.
The disadvantages of “ô’” are
...(1) It is not immediately apparent that a word is a local form
Local forms: côs (coes = leg), ôr (oer = cold), môl (moel = bald)
Standard forms: dôl = meadow, tôn = melody, bôn = base.
See also a similar situation with “ae” - (blaen
> bla’n, blân, blaan)
2 Examples
coog < coeg (= empty ‹of a nut›, dry ‹of a well›)
cood < coed (= wood)
coos < coes (= leg)
cooth < coeth (= pure, elegant,
cultured)
croon < croen (= skin)
croos < croes (= cross)
ddoo < ddoe (= yesterday)
dooth < doeth (= wise)
ffroon < ffroen (= nostril)
hoo < hoe (= rest, break, repose)
loos < loes (= ache)
mool < moel (= bald)
nooth < noeth (= bare, nakèd)
ood < oed (= age)
oor < oer (= cold)
poon < poen (= pain)
pooth < poeth (= hot)
oodd..? < a oedd..? (= was there..?)
oos..? < a oes..? (= is there..?)
soog < soeg (= draff, brewers'
grains)
toos < toes (= dough)
trood < troed (= foot)
:_______________________________.
oodd
‹OODH› (verb)
1 colloquial form (especially southern) of oedd = was
:_______________________________.
o ôl ‹oo ool › preposition
1 behind
gadael popeth o’ch ôl get away from it all (“leave everything behind
you”)
chwarter milltir o'i hôl quarter of a mile behind her
Rhaid cau'r drws o'n hôl We have to close the door behind us
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + (ôl
= behind)
:_______________________________.
ópera, operâu ‹O pe ra,
o per RAI› (feminine noun)
1 opera
:_______________________________.
opiwm ‹ op -yum› masculine noun
1
opium
caeth i opiwm opium addict (m)
caethes i opiwm opium addict (f)
bod yn gaeth i opiwm be an opium
addict (“slave”)
pabi opiwm opium poppy
2 ogof opiwm opium den
ETYMOLOGY: English opium < Latin
< opium (= poppy juice) <
Greek opion, diminutive of opos plant juice
:_______________________________.
-or
1 from the Latin element -e.g canghellor
< cancellarius - later taken as a suffix, and added to native roots:
telyn (= harp), telynor (= harpist)
and also to the word of Latin origin carchar
(= prison) > carcharor (= prisoner)
:_______________________________.
oraensh, oraenshus ‹O rainsh, o RAIN shis› (masculine noun) (North Wales)
1 orange
:_______________________________.
o ran ‹oo RAN›
(preposiiton)
1 as regards
Byddai’r tyddyn yn
ei daro i'r dim o ran maint a rhent
The smallholding would suit him
down to the ground as regards its size and the rent
:_______________________________.
o ran arfer
‹oo ran ar -ver› adverb
1 out of sheer habit
ETYMOLOGY: (o ran = from + part) + (arfer= habit)
:_______________________________.
o ran cywilydd
‹oo ran kə- wî -lidh› adverb
1 out of shame, in shame
Er nad oedd ganddo ran flaenllaw yn y
trosedd, yr oedd wedi ffoi i America, o ran cywilydd
Although he didn’t have a prominent part in the crime, he had fled to America
in shame ,
ETYMOLOGY: (o ran = from + part) + (cywilydd = shame)
:_______________________________.
o ran difyrrwch
‹oo ran di- və -rukh› adverb
1 for fun
ETYMOLOGY: (o ran = from + part) + (difyrrwch = fun, amusment)
:_______________________________.
o ran egwyddor
‹oo ran e- gui -dhor› adverb
1 on principle
nid o ran unrhyw egwyddor not on
principle of any kind
Ychydig iawn o álcohol yr wyf fi'n ei fwyta
- nid o ran unrhyw egwyddor - ond oherwydd ei fod yn codi cygog arna i yn syth
I drink very little alcohol – not out of any priciple – but because it
immediately makes me feel sick
ETYMOLOGY: (o ran = from + part) + (egwyddor = principle)
:_______________________________.
o'r blaen ‹or
BLAIN› (adverb)
1 previously
:_______________________________.
o'r braidd
‹or braidh › adverb
1 hardly
O’r braidd daw e bellach He’s hardly
likely to come now
O'r braidd yr oeddwn yn disgwyl i Gymro
Cymraeg o Arfon gefnogi mewnlifiad aruthrol y Saeson i’r Fro Gymraeg
I hardly expected a Welsh-speaking Welshman from Arfon to support the massive
influx of English people into the Welsh-speaking zone (of Wales)
O’r braidd y medr hi ddarllen She’s
scarcely able to read, she can hardly read
ETYMOLOGY: (o’r = of the) + (braidd = almost)
:_______________________________.
o'r bron ‹or BRON›
(adverb)
1 in succession
:_______________________________.
Orchwy
<OR-khui> [ˡɔrxʊɪ]
1 Pseudo-antique form of the name Gorci
In the early 1800s it was supposed by some that all river names at one time
ended in -wy, from gwy meaning ‘water’. In fact, there is
no such word (though its popularity no doubt stems from its inclusion in the
dictionary of William Owen-Pughe, 1797; it seems to be his own coining).
Many river names though (for various reasons) DO have a final syllable wy, which explains the misunderstanding
Gorci > Orchwy:
..1/ Orci (the soft mutated form of Gorci,
as in the place name Treorci) is
taken as the base form
..2/ A remodelled form of Orci with <kh> [x] Orchi instead of <k> [k] seems to have become the basis of the name used
in English, “Treorchy”, though it is pronounced in English with <k> [k]
A more usual spelling in Welsh would be with “i” - “Treorchi”, though this form
in Welsh probably has never really existed.
..3/ However, this the basis for Orchwy,
with wy taking the place of i
There is a street called Heol Orchwy
in Treorci (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
2 man's name
(In
a paragraph referring to an Eisteddfod in Treorci) Er mai eisteddfod "W.P." y Bedyddiwr oedd hi, Annibynia oedd
yn cipio'r gwobrau. Fred Jones (Treorci gynt) oedd yn 'gaffro' yno, ac Orchwy
Bowen yn ennill gwobr (Seneddwr ar Dramp / Rhys J Davies / 1935 / t105)
Although it was the eisteddfod of "W.P." of the Baptists, the
Independents were winning the prizes. Fred Jones (formerly of Treorci) was the
“gaffer” there, and Orchwy Bowen won a prize.”
:_______________________________.
o'r cychwyn cyntaf <or kəkh-win KƏN-tav,
KƏN-ta> [ɔr
ˡkəxwɪn ˡkəntav, ˡkənta] (adverb)
1 from the very beginning
:_______________________________.
o'r cychwyn hyd y diwedd <or KƏKH-win HIID ə DI-wedh> [ɔr ˡkəxwɪn
ˡhiːd ə ˡdɪwɛð] (adverb)
1 from start to finish
:_______________________________.
o'r dde i'r chwith <or DHEE ir KHWIITH> [ɔr ˡðeː ɪr
ˡxwiːθ] (adverb)
1 from the right to the left
:_______________________________.
ordeiniad
<or-DEIN-yad> [ɔrˡdəɪnyad] masculine noun
PLURAL ordeiniadau
<or-dein-YAA-dai, -e> [ɔrdəɪnˡyɑːdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 ordination = the conferring of Holy Orders on, consecration as a
priest or minister
hefyd: urddiad
ETYMOLOGY: (ordein- stem of ordeinio = ordain) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
o'r diwedd <or-DI-wedh> [ɔr ˡdɪwɛð] (adverb)
1 at last
:_______________________________.
ordor, ordors <OR-dor, OR-dorz> [ˡɔrdɔr,
ˡɔrdɔrz] (feminine
noun) (colloquial)
1 order
:_______________________________.
ordro
<OR-dro> [ˡɔrdrɔ] (v) (colloquial)
1 to order
:_______________________________.
o'r diwedd <or DI-wedh> [ɔr ˡdɪwɛð] (adverb)
1 at last
:_______________________________.
o'r dwyrain i <or DUI-rain, -ren, i> [ɔr ˡdʊɪraɪn,
-ɛn, ɪ] (preposition)
1 from the east of
:_______________________________.
o reidrwydd <o-REI-druidh> [ɔ ˡrəɪdrʊɪð] (adverb)
1 out of necessity
:_______________________________.
oren, orennau <OO-ren, o-RE-nai, -ne> [ˡoːrɛn,
ɔˡrɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun) (standard)
1 orange
2 lliw oren orange,
orange colour
:_______________________________.
orenshyn, orenshus <o-REN-shin, o-REN-shiz> [ɔˡrɛnʃɪn,
ɔˡrɛnʃɪz] (masculine noun) (South Wales)
1 orange
:_______________________________.
org.
1 abbreviation for orgraff
(= spelling, orthography)
:_______________________________.
organ, organau <OR-gan, or-GAA-nai, -ne> [ˡɔrgan,
ɔrˡgɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 organ
:_______________________________.
organydd
<or-GAA-nidh> [ɔrˡgɑˑnɪð] masculine
noun
PLURAL organyddion
<or-ga-NƏDH-yon> [ɔrgaˡnəðyɔn]
1 organist = one who plays the organ
Roedd Dr George Guest yn organydd Coleg
Sant Ioan, Caer-grawnt, rhwng 1951 ac 1991
Dr George Guest was the organist of Saint John's College at Cambridge between
1951 and 1991
ETYMOLOGY: (organ = organ) + (-ydd, suffix to denote an agent)
:_______________________________.
orgasm
<OR-gazm> [ˡɔrgazm] (masculine noun)
1 orgasm
:_______________________________.
orgasmig <or-GAZ-mig> [ɔrˡgazmɪg] (adjective)
1 orgasmic
:_______________________________.
o'r gloch <or GLOOKH> [ɔr ˡgloːˑx] (adverb)
1 o'clock
2 Faint yw hi o'r gloch? <VAINT
iu hi or GLOOKH> [ˡvaɪnt
ɪʊ hɪ ɔr ˡgloːx] (phrase) What time is it?
:_______________________________.
o'r gogledd i ‹or GO
gledh i› (preposition)
1 from the north of
:_______________________________.
o'r gorau ‹or GO re›
(adverb)
1 OK, very well, all right then
:_______________________________.
o'r gore ‹or GO
re› (phrase)
1 colloquial form of o'r
gorau
:_______________________________.
o'r gorllewin i ‹or gor LHEU in i› (preposition)
1 from the west of
:_______________________________.
orgraff, orgraffau ‹OR graf, or GRA fe› (feminine noun)
1 spelling
Abbreviation: org.
:_______________________________.
orgraffiadur, orgraffiaduron ‹or gra fi A dir, or graf ya DI ron› (masculine noun)
1 spelling dictionary
:_______________________________.
orgraffyddol ‹or gra
FƏ dhol› (adjective)
1 orthographic, spelling
:_______________________________.
oriau
‹OR ye› (plural noun) ‹AUR›
1 hours (see awr)
:_______________________________.
oriel, orielau ‹OR yel,
or YE le› (feminine noun)
1 gallery; art gallery
:_______________________________.
oriel gelfyddyd ‹or-yel gel-və-dhid› feminine
noun
PLURAL orielau
celfyddyd ‹or-ye-le
kel-və-dhid›
1 art gallery
ETYMOLOGY: (oriel = gallery) + soft
mutation + (celfyddyd = art)
:_______________________________.
orji, orjis ‹OR ji,
OR jis› (feminine noun)
1 (colloquial) orgy
:_______________________________.
o'r neilltu ‹or
NEILH-ti› (prepositional phrase)
1 to one side, aside
sefyll o’r neilltu stand
aside, stand to one side (e.g. to let people go past)
:_______________________________.
oror ‹oo-ror ›
1 soft-mutated form of goror (= border, boundary)
Oror (= yr oror) SJ0847 Farm name, 1851 Gwyddelwern Census
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0847
:_______________________________.
o’r math
gwaethaf ‹oor math
gwei-tha›
1 of the worst sort
cnaf o’r math gwaethaf the worst of
rogues, a rogue of the first order
ETYMOLOGY: (o’r = of the) + (math = type, sort) + (gwaethaf = worst)
:_______________________________.
o'r radd flaenaf ‹oor
raadh vlei -na›
1 o’r radd flaenaf
top-notch, top-quality, foremost, top-grade, first-class, top-class,
top-ranking
Cantorion ifanc o'r radd flaenaf o bedwar ban byd
Top-ranking young singers from all over the world
ETYMOLOGY: (o’r = of the)
+ soft mutation + (gradd = degree) + soft mutation + (blaenaf =
foremost, superlative form of blaen = front)
:_______________________________.
Yr Orsedd ‹ər
OR sedh› (feminine noun)
1 see: Gorsedd y Beirdd
:_______________________________.
o'r tu ôl ‹oor tii ool ›
adverb
1 from behind
ymosod o’r tu ôl attack from behind
Oodd hi ddim wedi ’nabod i o'r tu ôl
She hadn’t recognised me from behind
ETYMOLOGY: (o’r = from the) + (tu = side) + (ôl = rear, behind)
:_______________________________.
Orwig ‹OR-wig›
1
place name
Tai-orwig (“Tai Orwig”) Brynrefail
(Gwynedd) (= “Orwig houses”)
Llysorwig (“Llys Orwig”)
..a/ house name, Pendalar,
Caernarfon (Gwynedd) (= “Orwig court”)
..b/ house name Llan-rug (Gwynedd)
..c/ house name, Bangor (Gwynedd)
:_______________________________.
-os
diminutive suffix
plantos little children
Found in place names based on vegetation names, which are usually collective in
meaning. Such words often have –en, a singulative suffix, to denote the
individual plant. Diminutives with -os
added to a feminine noun behave as feminine singular nouns after the definite
article – there is soft mutation.
curn (f) pile, heap, mound
y gurn the pile, the heap, the mound
curnos ‹kir -nos› small mounds, small heaps, small
y gurnos the small nouns
grug heather clumps
grugen / y rugen heather clump / the heather clump
grugos / y rugos small heather clumps / the small heather clumps
As in Y Rugos, near Aber-dâr, nowadays spelt erroneously as Y
Rhigos
gwern alder trees
gwernen / y wernen alder tree / the alder tree
gwernos / y wernos small alder trees / the small alder trees
celyn holly bushes
celynnen / y gelynnen holly bush / the holly bush
celynnos / y gelynnos small holly bushes / the small hollybushes
“Gelynos”, Llanwrtud, is
apparently Y Gelynnos
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/432208
chapel site commemoration sign
:_______________________________.
os
‹OS›
(conjunction)
1 if
2 os
+ inflected verb
os cofiaf yn iawn if I remember
rightly
os myn Duw God willing
3
os + adjective in inverted word-order sentence
os da y cofiaf if I remember rightly
(“if good / well I remember”)
os iawn y cofiaf if I remember
rightly, if my memory serves me well, if my memory's not mistaken
4
os + noun in inverted word-order sentence
os Duw a’i myn God willing
:_______________________________.
os byth
‹os bith›
1 (os byth + verb, os byth y + verb) if ever
Os byth y gofynniff i ti...
If he
ever asks you...
Os byth bydd angen atgyweirio
cyfrifiadur, fe gewch wasanaeth effeithlon gan ein staff
If you ever need to repair a computer, you’ll get efficient service from our
staff
ETYMOLOGY: (os = if, byth = ever)
:_______________________________.
os daw’n fater o
raid ‹os daun
fa-ter o raid›
1 should it become necessary
ETYMOLOGY: (os = if) + (daw = if will come / become) + (yn linking particle) + soft mutation +
(mater = matter) + (o = de) + soft mutation + (rhaid = necessity)
:_______________________________.
osgo
‹o SKO›
(masculine noun)
1 slope, inclintation
bod ar osgo i (house) be at an angle
to (the street, etc)
sefyll ar osgo i (house) be at an
angle to (the street, etc)
3 posture
gwneud osgo mynd make as if to go (“make (a) posture (of) going”)
:_______________________________.
osgoad ‹ o- sko -ad› masculine noun
PLURAL osgoadau
‹ o-sko- â
-de›
ETYMOLOGY: (osgo- root of osgói = to evade) + (-ad suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
osgói
‹o SKOI›
(verb)
1 to avoid
:_______________________________.
osgoilyd
‹o- skoi -lid› adjective
1 evasive
ETYMOLOGY: (osgói = to evade) + (-lyd adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
os gwelwch yn dda ‹os GWE
lukh ən DHAA›
1 (phrase) please
:_______________________________.
os gwn i
‹os gun -i› -
1 I wonder
ETYMOLOGY: "if I know" (os
= if, gwn = I know, i = I)
NOTE: the colloquial forms are ys gwn i,
and sgwn i
:_______________________________.
os mai ‹os mai ›
1 colloquial Welsh “if
(it is)” (+ an ‘abnormal’ first element, an element which is not a verb is
placed at the head of sentence, for emphasis),
Os mai Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
If GWYN comes first
However, literary Welsh has simply os
Os Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf if GWYN comes first
NOTE: In South Wales this is os
taw or os ta’.
Os taw Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
Os ta’ Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
NEGATIVE FORM:
In literary Welsh, the negative of os is onid
The colloquial negative form of os mai / os taw / os ta’ is os nad
(both in the north and the south)
Onid Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf (literary Welsh) if it isn’t Gwyn who comes
first
Os nad Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf (colloquial, north and south) if it isn’t Gwyn
who comes first
:_______________________________.
Osmeridae
1 brwyniaid sparlings, smelts
:_______________________________.
Osmerus
eperlanus
1 brwyniad Conwy (m), brwyniaid Conwy smelt, European smelt, sparling
:_______________________________.
os nad ‹os naad›
1 “if (it is) not” (+ an
‘abnormal’ first element, an element which is not a verb is placed at the head
of sentence, for emphasis),
os nad Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf if it isn’t GWYN who comes first, if GWYN
doesn’t come first
NOTE: In literary Welsh it is onid
Onid Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf (collloquially, north and south) if it isn’t Gwyn
who comes first
The affirmative forms are (north) os mai, (south) os taw, os ta’,
and in literary Welsh simply os
(a) (colloquial, north and south) os mai Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf if it’s not
Gwyn who comes first
(b) (literary Welsh) onid Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf
:_______________________________.
os nad
oes gwahaniaeth gennych chi ‹os
naad ois gwa-han-yeth ge-ni khii ›
1 if you don’t mind
ETYMOLOGY: “if there isn’t any
difference with you” (os = if) + (nad = no, not) + (oes =
is) + (gwahaniaeth = difference) + (gennych chi = with you)
:_______________________________.
os taw ‹os tau ›
1 colloquial Welsh
“if (it is)” (+ an ‘abnormal’ first element, an element which is not a verb is
placed at the head of sentence, for emphasis),
os taw Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf if GWYN comes first
However, literary Welsh has simply os
Os Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf if GWYN comes first
NOTE: Also os ta’. In North Wales this is os mai. The colloquial
negative form of os mai / os taw / os ta’ is os nad (both in the
north and the south), which in literary Welsh is onid
Os mai Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf
NEGATIVE FORM:
Os nad Gwyn ’ddaw gyntaf (colloquial, north and south) if it isn’t Gwyn
who comes first
Onid Gwyn a ddaw gyntaf (literary Welsh) if it isn’t Gwyn who comes
first
:_______________________________.
os yw
‹os iu ›
1 os yw o ryw werth if
it’s of any interest to you, for what it’s worth, if it’s of any use to you, if
it’ll help you at all
Fe weda i wrtho ti beth oedd ’nhad-cu yn
’feddwl am y Blaid Lafur yn y Cwm hyn, os yw o ryw werth
I’ll tell you what my grandad though of the Labour Party in this valley, if
it’s of any worth
ETYMOLOGY: (os = if) + (yw = it is)
:_______________________________.
-ota ‹o-ta› suffix
1 verb ending in verbs formed from a plural noun with the suffix -od and the verb suffix -ha
(-od + -ha) = -ota
..a/ chwilen (= beetle), chwilod (= beetles), chwilota (= search; originally used of
a hen or other birds, looking for insects)
..b/ malwoden / malwen (= snail, slug), malwod
(= snails, slugs), malwota (=
collect snails)
..c/ merlyn (= pony), merlod (= ponies), merlota (= go pony-trekking. A modern coining – and somewhat
exceptional, since it suggests rather ‘look for ponies, collect for ponies’)
..d/ pysg (obsolete singular form =
a fish), pysgod (= fishes), pysgota (= to fish)
:_______________________________.
Ótoman
‹o-tə-man› masculine
noun
PLURAL Otomaniaid
‹o-tə- man -yed›
1 Ottoman; the Ottomans were a Turkish people who invaded the Near
East in the 1200s
ETYMOLOGY: English < French < medieval Latin < Arabic Othmanî (= Turkish) < the Turkish
word Othman, from the name of the
sultan Osman 1 (1259-1356), founder of the Ottoman Empire
:_______________________________.
ótoman
‹o-tə-man› masculine
noun
PLURAL otomanau
‹o-tə- ma -ne›
1 ottoman; a seat which is a chest for storing things with a
cushioned top
ETYMOLOGY: English < French ottomane,
feminine form of ottoman = Ottoman
:_______________________________.
otomatig
‹o-to- ma -tig› adjective
1 automatic; a more literary form is awtomatig
ETYMOLOGY: from the English pronunciation automatic,
with the English suffix -ic replaced
by Welsh -ig. English 1800- <
Greek automatos self moving
:_______________________________.
oti ‹o- tii› verb
1 south-eastern form of odi,
the southern form equivalent to
(a) northern ydi, (b) standard
colloquial ydi, (c) literary ydyw
(in south-east Wales, the three consonants d
/ g / b at the beginning of a final syllable are devoiced and become
repectively t / c / p)
(1) is it / is she / is he; has it / has she / has he;
(2) yes, it is, / yes, she is / yes, he is; yes, it has, / yes, she has / yes,
he has
-Oti a wedi mynd määs? -Oti Has he
gone out? Yes (literally "(he) has")
ETYMOLOGY: ydyw > ydy > ydi > odi > oti.
:_______________________________.
ou
1 In South Wales, the diphthong “au” ‹AI› in monosyllables and “eu” ‹EI› in the penult are colloquially “ou” ‹oi› (that is, the
middle Welsh pronunciation has been retained in the south, but has become au /
eu in the north, in in literary Welsh).
In representing this South Wales pronunciation ‹OI›, instead of “ou” the sound is often written “oi”, and
in place names sometimes also as “oy”
∆
|
(1)
|
boudy, “boidy”
|
< beudy (=
cowshed, cowhouse)
|
|
(2)
|
clou, “cloi”
Dere’n glou! (= Come quickly!)
|
< clau (=
quick, fast, rapid)
|
|
(3)
|
cou, “coi”
|
< cau (=
hollow, sunken; enclosed)
|
|
(4)
|
coul, “coil”
|
< caul (=
rennet, substance that curdles milk in cheese-making)
|
|
(5)
|
counant
|
< ceunant (=
ravine) (cau = hollow, nant = valley)
|
|
(6)
|
Counant (on
English maps “Coynant”)
|
farm 6km ssw of Llanboudy (“Llanboidy”) SN2123 (county of
Caerfyrddin)
|
|
(7)
|
Cwm-ynys-gou
(on English maps “Cwmynyscoy”)
|
< Cwm-ynys-gau
(the valley of the enclosed water-meadow) (village in the county of Torfaen)
|
|
(8)
|
dou , “doi”
|
< dau (=
two)
|
|
(9)
|
Y Goufron (on
English maps “Goyfron”)
|
farm north of the village of Llanfihangel Brynpabuan,
county of Powys (ceufron =
hollowed hillside)
|
|
(10)
|
houl, “hoil”
|
< haul (=
sun) (in the south-east, ’oul)
|
|
(11)
|
nouadd,
“noiadd”, “noyadd”
|
< neuadd (=
hall)
|
|
(12)
|
our, “oir”
|
< air (=
gold)
|
|
(13)
|
Pendoulan (on
English maps “Pendoylan”)
|
< Pendoulwn < Pendeulwyn
= pen y ddeulwyn, pen y ddau lwyn (the end of the two groves)
(village in Bro Morgannwg county)
|
|
(14)
|
Trefrouan (on
English maps “Trefroyan”)
|
< Trefreuan
|
Crouddyn a local form of the name Creuddyn (qv) in Ceredigion
Llanbadarn y Creuddyn (parish name) > “Llanbadarn y Crouddyn”
Llanfihangel y Creuddyn (parish name) > “Llanfihangel y Crouddyn”
Trouddyn is a local form of the name Treuddyn (qv)
found as part of some farm names in Caeo parish in Ceredigion
Maestrouddyn < Maestreuddyn
(maes = field)
Llystrouddyn < Llystreuddyn (llys = court)
Glantrouddyn < Glantreuddyn (glan
= brookside)
Nant Trouddyn < Nant-treuddyn (nant
= brook, stream)
In the county of Mynwy, The village of Cwm-iou
SO3023 (spelt as Cwmyoy on the map) shows a local pronunciation; the valley
from which it takes its name is spelt in standard orthography Cwm Iau
SO3023.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/127353
map
:_______________________________.
o un i un
‹o iin i iin› adverb
1 one by one
Ym mhen ychydig wythnosau fe sylwodd
Dewi fod y cynion yn diflannu o un i un
After a few weeks Dewi noticed that the chisels were disappearing one by one
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + (un = one) + (i = to) + (un = one)
:_______________________________.
ow
1 diphthong: vowel ‹o›
+ semi-consonant ‹u›
..a/ Occurs rarley in monosyllabes
Now pet name for Owen
___________
..b/ Sometimes for –aw- [au] in dialect pronunciations
..i/ mowr < mawr (= big)
..ii/ Variants of dawnsio are downsio, downso;
dowsio
..iii/ Mowddy, a local pronunciation of the river name Mawddwy (North-west Wales)
___________
..c/ Sometimes for –yw- [əu] in dialect pronunciations
Towyn < Tywyn
Howel < Hywel
Also Owain, Owen,
from an original Ywain
..d/ Often, in borrowings into
Welsh, it corresponds to modern English ‹au›
English counter ‹kaun-tə’› > Welsh cownter ‹koun-ter›
English round ‹raund› > Welsh rownd
‹round›
English trousers ‹trau-zə’z› > Welsh trowsus ‹trou-sis›
:_______________________________.
Owain ‹O wen›
(masculine noun) ‹ma bi NO
gi›
1 Man's name.
This is the medieval form of the
name which later became Owen in standard Welsh.
The older form Owain has
been revived in the past hundred years or so, probably through its familiarity
as it is the name of Owain Glyn-dŵr,
Welsh patriot, c.1400, and in allusion to this this Welsh historical figure
:_______________________________.
Owain Glyn-dŵr ‹O wain / O wen glin DUUR› (masculine noun)
1 ("Owain of Glyndyfrdwy"). Owain ap Gruffudd, who fought
for the liberation of Wales from English domination from 1400-1412, dying in an
unknown location in 1415, but proabaly in the Welsh area near the city of
Hereford, given to the county of Herefordshire, and so included in England,
just over a century later with the legislation to annex Wales to England (or
more mundanely, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542)
The epithet is a shortening of the name of a mansion called Glyndyfrdwy in
the district of Glyn Dyfrdwy (the valley of the river Dyfrdwy).
By the village of Glyndyfrdwy there is a Norman castle motte from the 1100s
which was situated next to Owain Glyn-dŵr’s manor.
According to a ‘Cadw’ plaque at the site, it is known locally as ‘Owain Glyn
Dŵr’s Mount’. On the right of the English verson is a Welsh version,
apparently a translation of the English text, where it says that locally the
castle mound is known as “Mynydd Owain Glyn Dŵr”, which would seem
to be a poor translation of the English name rather than a Welsh name in use in
the area.
:_______________________________.
o wawr hyd fachlud ‹oo waur hiid vakh-lid › adverb
1 from dawn to dusk
ETYMOLOGY: “from dawn to sunset” (o
= from) + soft mutation + (gwawr =
dawn) + soft mutation + (machlud =
sunset)
:_______________________________.
Owen
‹O wen›
(masculine noun)
1 Owen (man's name)
:_______________________________.
Owenna
‹o WE ne›
(feminine noun) (Owen + -a)
1 woman's name, formed from Owen + the feminine suffix -a
:_______________________________.
Owen-Pughe,
William ‹wil-yam o-wen piu›
1 Welsh lexicographer (1759-1835) who published a somewhat eccentric
dictionary ("A Welsh and English Dictionary") in 1793 / 1803 (i.e.
between the ages of 33/34 and 43/44) with many neologisms, some of which are
now in general use in Welsh
..1/ amgueddfa museum
..2/ arobryn a reintroduction of an
obsolete verb (= to deserve), which he made into a noun (= prize) - but
nowadays it as used an adjective (= prizewinning, having been awarded the
prize)
..3/ Bryn Athyn village in
Pennsylvania (qv) (athyn = cohesion;
this invention of William Owen-Pughe is nowadays found only in this place name)
..4/ catrawd regiment (in fact a
reintroduction, slightly remodelled, of an obsolete word)
..5/ clodwiw ‹KLOD-wiu› [ˈklɔdwɪʊ] (adjective) praiseworthy,
laudable (“(of) fitting praise”)
(clod = praise) + soft mutation + (gwiw = fitting)
..6/ cysawd system (solar system,
computer system)
..7/ dathlu celebrate
..8/ efryd study
..9/ eirianedd brightness,
splendour, beauty; (not in general use, but there is an example of its use as a
house name Eirianedd (qv) )
..10/ goben penultimate
syllable
..11/ maelfa shop (and used as a
place name (Maelfa) for the shopping centre in the suburb
of Llanedern, Caer-dydd)
:_______________________________.
owns, ownsus ‹OUNS,
OUN sis› (feminine noun)
1 ounce (28,35 grams)
:_______________________________.
oxo ‹ok-so› feminine noun
1 (American: crisscross, tic-tac-to) (Englandic: noughts and
crosses);
chwarae oxo to play crisscross /
tic-tac-to / noughts and crosses
:_______________________________.
oy
1 oy for au / eu in southern Welsh
“Pendoylan”
on English maps for Pendoulan
:_______________________________.
o ychydig
ddiddordeb ‹oo
ə-khə-dig dhi-dhor-deb›
1 of minor interest, of little interest
ETYMOLOGY: (o = from) + (ychydig = little) + soft mutation + (diddordeb = interest)
Ble'r wyf i? Yr ych chi'n ymwéld ag
un o dudalennau'r Gwefan "CYMRU-CATALONIA"
On sóc? Esteu
visitant una pàgina of the Web "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (=
Galles-Catalunya)
Where am I? You are visiting a page from the "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (=
Wales-Catalonia) Website
Weər äm ai? Yüü äär víziting ə
peij fröm dhə "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Weilz-Katəlóuniə) Wébsait
CYMRU-CATALONIA
diwedd /
fi
Edrychwch ar fy ystadegau / View My
Stats
Adolygiadau diweddaraf –
darreres actualitzacions - latest updates: 2008-11-25 12.23
2008-09-27, 2005-05-16
A Welsh
to English Dictionary in page format
