A Welsh to English Dictionary in page format

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The Wales-Catalonia Website

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An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

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4666_map_cymru_a_chatalonia_alguer_trefi

(delw 4666)

..... ∆

1580e A | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI | 1040e CR | 1075e CY | 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E | 1077e F | 1021e G | 1042e GW | 1038e H | 1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e L | 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N | 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL | 1026e R | 1070e S | 1024e T | 1076e TR | 1025e U,V | 1731e W, X | 1586e Y, Z |



R, r <ER> [ɛr]  feminine noun

1) eighteenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet 

...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z

2) twenty-second letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet

...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y



:_______________________________.



r-

1 initial r (or rh) resulting from the wrong division of the sequence (yr = definite article) + (noun beginning with a vowel) 



Place name examples: 



..a/ Raber 

Y Raber [RAA-ber] [ˡrɑˑbɛr]  

1 Two farms in Powys on either side of Gladestry Brook, near Gladestry SO2355 



SO2554 Lower Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Isaf)



SO2455 Upper Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Uchaf)

ETYMOLOGY: This would seem to be the wrong division of the definite article and the following word

raber (“Rabber”) < y raber < yr aber (“the stream, the brook”).



..b/ Rachub (village in the county of Gwynedd) < Y Rachub < Yr Achub (= the refuge)



..c/ Rafael < yr afael “the holding, the piece of land”



..d/ Y Refail / Y Refel (the smithy, in minor place names) < Yr Efail 

“Refail Farm Estate” Name of a housing estate in Caergybi (county of Môn) (the name would be Stad Refail in Welsh) 



..e/ Rhewl (localities in north-east Wales) < Y Rhewl < Yr Hewl (= the farmyard).

Also as Rheol < Y Rheol (qv)



..f/ Y Rhobell (name of a hill in north-west Wales) < *Y Robell < Yr Obell (“the saddle”, a gap between two peaks which resembles the shape of a saddle) 



..g/ Y Rhyl (town in the county of Dinbych) < Yr Hyl (= the hill) (but as there are no visible hills at this point, it could perhaps refer to a sandbank). See the entry under Rhyl

..h/ Y Rynys SH4886 Farm by Rhoslligwy, Ynys Môn < Yr Ynys (= the meadow)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886 map



Colloquial Welsh:

..1/ radeg ny < yr adeg hynny (at that time)

..2/ y rarmi < yr armi (the army)

..3/ rhen < yr hen (the + old) 

..4/ y rig / y rhig < yr hig (hiccups)

..5/ run < yr un (the same) 



Colloquial Welsh (in oaths): 

..1/ Rarswyd! < yr arswyd (the horror)

..2/ Rargian! < yr argian (the lord), a deformation of arglwydd 



2 from the preposition ar = on

rôl < ar ôl (= after)

:_______________________________.



r-

1 In place names, a reduction of the definite article yr after a consonant and before a vowel

tan yr allt > tan ’r allt > Tan-rallt “(place) below the hill”

…………………………………

glan yr afon > glan ’r afon > Glanrafon “(the) bank (of) the river”, riverside

..a/ SH4370 a house and a farm by Llangaffo (Ynys Môn)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/852943

…………………………………

bryn yr efail > bryn ’r efail > Brynrefail “(the) hill (of) the smithy”, smithy hill

..a/ http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886 village in Ynys Môn, northwest of Rhoslligwy

..b/ http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886 village SH5562 in Gwynedd, adjoing Cwm-y-glo to the north-east

…………………………………



:_______________________________.



r-

1 In colloquial Welsh in polysyllables there is a loss of a final r in the clusters -dr, -gr, -tr, -thr 



(1) loss of final r after d 



...(a) aradr (= plough) > arad 



...(b) Cadwaladr (= man’s name) > ’Dwalad,



...(c) Llanbedr (= place name, various locations “church (of) Peter”) > Llanbed / Llambed 



...(d) Llangynidr (place name e.g. district of Brycheiniog, in the county of Powys, ‘the church of Cynidr’) > Llangynid



...(e) rhaeadr (= waterfall) > rhaead 



...(f) taradr (= auger, piercing tool) > tarad



(2) loss of final r after t



...(a) cebystr (= halter) > cebyst



...(b) ffenestr (= window) > ffenest 



...(c) llanastr (= mess) > llanast



(3) loss of final r after th



...(a) aruthr (= enormous) > aruth 



(4) loss of final r after g



...(a) finegr (= vinegar) > fineg 



This loss does not occur with words which are of literary origin 

theatr (= theatre) 

cílomedr (= kilometre) 



See the entry ‘l’ for examples of a similar loss in colloquial Welsh with final l 

..1/ perygl (= danger) > peryg

..2/ posibl (= possible) > posib 

..3/ triagl (= treacle) > triag, etc



2 loss of r



1) before th: 

coelcerth (= bonfire) > coelceth

gwrthban (= blanket) > gwthban 

Iorwerth (male forename) > Iorath (south-eastern surname)

trafferth (= trouble) > traffeth, traffath 



2) before n 

Coedtalwrn (place name) > Coedtalon 

esgyrn Dafydd (by the bones of Saint David; an exclamation) > esgyn Dafydd

Sadwrn (= Saturday) > Sadwn 



:_______________________________.



Y Raber <RAA-ber> [ˡrɑˑbɛr]  

1 Two farms in Powys on either side of Gladestry Brook, near Gladestry SO2355 



SO2554 Lower Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Isaf)



SO2455 Upper Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Uchaf)



ETYMOLOGY: This would seem to be the wrong division of the definite article and the following word

raber (“Rabber”) < y raber < yr aber (“the stream, the brook”). 



:_______________________________.



Y Rachub <RAA-khib> [ˡrɑˑxɪb]  feminine noun 

1 SH6268 locality in Arfon (county of Gwynedd) 

Population: (1961) 1,009

Proportion of Welsh-speakers: (1961) 85% 



ETYMOLOGY: Wrong division of the definite article and the following word

rachub < y rachub < yr achub (“the refuge”). See achub (= to save) 



:_______________________________.



rad <RAAD> [ˡrɑːd]  adj 

1 Soft mutated form (rh > r) of rhad (= cheap) 

siop rad cheap shop, dime store 

(Here there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which follows a feminine noun) 



:_______________________________.



radd <RAADH> [ˡrɑːð]  feminine noun

1 soft mutation of gradd (= grade, degree)



bod radd yn uwch na be a cut above (“be a degree higher than”) 

(adverbial phrases generally have soft mutation of the initial consonant of the first word in the phrase)

Mae hi radd yn uwch na’r gweddill She’s a cut above the rest 

(“she is a degree higher than the rest”) 



:_______________________________.



radio, radios <RAD-yo, RAD-yoz> [ˡradjɔ, ˡradjɔz]   (masculine noun)

1 radio

2 set radio <set RAD-yo> [ˡsɛt ˡradjɔ]   (feminine noun) radio set

3 ton radio radio wave



:_______________________________.



Radio Cymru <RAD-yo KƏM-ri> [ˡradjɔ ˡkəmrɪ]   (masculine noun)

1 (a Welsh-language radio station belonging to the BBC)



:_______________________________.



Y Radur <ə RAA-dir> [ə ˡrɑˑdɪr]   

1 ST1380 locality (suburb) in Caer-dydd. 

“Aradur”; this original three-syllable form of the name (see below) is to be seen in the suburb of Y Radur in the name of a residential street from the 1970s Heol Aradur



Over the river Taf, in the district of Llan-daf facing Y Radur, there is a short residential street called Heol Radur (“Radyr Road”). 



2 the parish of this place 



3 SO3602 locality in Llanbadog Fawr, county of Mynwy 

Coleg Trydyddol Gwent, Y Rhadyr, Brynbuga, Gwent, NP5 1XY 

”Gwent Tertiary College, The Rhadyr, Usk, Gwent, NP5 1XY” 



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh aradur > yradur > Y Radur. The pretonic vowel a became the obscure vowel y, which as later taken to be the definite article y.



Aradur is from British. It had been taken into British from Latin. The source word is ôrâtôrium (= place of prayer) < ôrâre (= to pray); as in the English words oratorio (= musical composition based on a religious theme) < Italian < the Church of the Oratory in Rome, oration (= speech), oratory (= speaking skill), oratory (= place for private prayer). 



NOTE: Why the English spellings Radyr and Rhadyr with a y instead of a u? 



(These are in fact superseded Welsh spellings which are used by English speakers and have become ‘official’ forms in the English language (local administrations, post office, maps, etc))



Although the form with u is technically the correct one, since in modern Welsh u and y have the same pronunciation there is often confusion between the two. 



There are other examples of y and u being used one instead of the other. The most famous one - which makes deliberate use of the fact that y and u have the same pronunciation - is Cymry (= Welsh people), which is spelt Cymru (same pronunciation) in order to refer to the country (“Wales”, “(land of the) Welsh people”). Also gurn in place names (= mound; burial mound) is generally spelt (incorrectly) gyrn.



Why is the place in Mynwy spelt with rh? In south-east Wales, traditionally the ‘h’ is not part of the sound system apart from exceptional circumstances (especially in the case of emphasising a word). 



South-eastern Welsh thus coincides with many modern Latin languages which have lost the ‘h’ - Catalan, French, Castilian, Italian, Occitan, etc. (In some of these it is kept in the spelling - as in the word for man - homo (Latin), homme (French), home (Catalan), hombre (Castilian). In others it has been eliminated - uomo (Italian), om (Occitan).



Sometimes in south-east Wales an unaspirated r was assumed to be a localism for standard rh, and so the h was ‘restored’. Examples of this supposition in place names are:



..1/ Y Rugos near Aber-dâr, which is generally written Y Rhigos. (The vowels i and u have the same pronunciation in the south (though not in the north) and there is sometimes confusion in southern spellings.) Y Rugos is from grugos (clumps of heather), a soft-mutated form after the definite article y, since plural forms in -os often behave as if feminine singular nouns. 



..2/ Rhisga in Casnewydd; although the meaning is unclear, the traditional form is Risga.



:_______________________________.



rafft <RAFT> [raft]   femení 

PLURAL rafftiau <RAFT-yai, -ye> [ˡraftjaɪ, -ɛ] 



1 raft = floating mass of ice, vegetation, driftwood 



2 raft = logs fastened together for transporting by floating 



3 raft = structure of logs, planks, oil drums, etc fastened together for transporting goods or people by floating on water, especially as a rudimentary boat after a shipwreck 



4 raft = concrete platform laid on soft ground to support a building, a railway line, etc 



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English raft < Scandinavian. Cf Swedish raft, Danish rafte; Old Norse raptr (= rafter)



:_______________________________.



rafftio <RAFT-yo> [ˡraftjɔ]  v 

1 (verb without an object) go rafting = travel by raft 

1 (verb with an object) carry by raft 



ETYMOLOGY: (rafft, = raft) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) 



:_______________________________.



rafftiwr <RAFT-yur> [ˡraftjʊr]  m 

PLURAL rafftwyr <RAFT-wir> [ˡraftwɪr] 

1 raftsman = person who guides a raft, floats on a raft 



ETYMOLOGY: (raffti-, = stem of rafftio = to raft, go on a raft) + (-i-wr suffix = man)



:_______________________________.



’rafu <RAA-vi> [ˡrɑˑːvɪ] 

1 a clipped form of arafu (= slow down; (pain) ease off; (rain) ease off; (sea)  mutation of rhai = some







:_______________________________.



rai <RAI> [raɪ] 

1 soft mutation of rhai = some 



2 rhai = some; rai occurs at the head of adverbial phrases; there is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rh- > r- 



rai troeon a few times 

rai dyddiau cyn hynny some days before some days after this

rai blynyddoedd yn ôl some years ago 

rai misoedd yn hwyrach some months later 

rai oriau yn ddiweddarach some hours later 



:_______________________________.



raich <RAIKH> [raɪx]  feminine noun

PLURAL <REIKH-yai, -ye> [ˡrəɪxjaɪ, -ɛ] 

1 (History) reich = the lands of the German peoples considered as a unit 



2 former German name for Germany and German-dominated territories 

The name originates in

das erste Reich (“the first kingdom”) German name for the Holy Roman Empire (y Raich Gyntaf) 



The second was das zweite Reich = Hohenzollern Empire 1871-1919 (yr Ail Raich) 

After the Weimar republic 1919-1933 came das dritte Reich, the Nazi dictatorship from 1933-1945 (y Drydedd Raich) 



ETYMOLOGY: German das Reich (= the kingdom). 



The Welsh form usually respects the German spelling, but the ei tends to be prounced as if it is Welsh ei. Respelling it raich would resolve this problem (accepting that it is a problem!)



:_______________________________.



Rallt <RALHT> [raɬt] 

1 place name – Yr Allt (= the hill) with the loss of the first syllable 

..1/ place names

Rallt locality by Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)



..2/ street name



....a/ Pen-rallt Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Penrallt”)



....b/ Pen-rallt Pentre Broughton (county of Wrecsam) (“Penrallt”)



....c/ Pen-rallt Porthaethwy (county of Môn) (“Penrallt”)



....d/ Pen-rallt Saron, Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd) (“Penrallt”)



....e/ Stad Pen-rallt Llanystumdwy (county of Gwynedd) (“Stad Penrallt”)



....f/ “Penrallt Road”, Tywynycapel, Baetrearddur, near Caergybi (county of Môn) > Ffordd Pen-rallt



....g/ “Penrallt Street”, Machynlleth (county of Powys) > Stryd Pen-rallt



....h/ “Penrallt Terrace”, Casnewydd > > Rhestr Pen-rallt



Rallt-goch (“Rallt Goch”) (“the red hill”) name of a street in Llanberis (county of Gwynedd)



:_______________________________.

randibw^ <ran-di-BUU> [randɪˡbuː] (m)

PLURAL: randibw^s <ran-di-BUUZ> [randɪˡbuːz]  

1 bustle, commotion; 



Pan greiddson ni’r camp odd no alibalw o’r short ora: odd taligrafft weti cyrradd yn gwed fod y’n Ridgemant ni i fynd i’r front. Odd y boys yn ryttag o un tent i’r llall, yn gweiddu nes odd Solsbri Plain yn ecco. I joinso’n ninna pan ddiallson ni beth odd achos y randiboo

Nin Doi 1918 Glynfab t 36

I greiddson y dec o’r diwadd, mor appus a dou ganary bach miwn crâge. Na randiboo! Odd i’n wath na Ffair Llwnpia.

Nin Doi 1918 Glynfab t 39



2 spree, booze-up 



ETYMOLOGY: dialect English randivoo < French rendezvous



Dorset dialect (south-western England):  Randy, a merry uproar or meeting.

http://home.clara.net/anvil/DORSET.pdf  

 

:_______________________________.



ran o’r ffordd <RAN or FORDH> [ˡran ɔr ˡfɔrð]  adverb 

1 part of the way (with soft mutation)

mynd ran o’r ffordd gyda rhywun go part of the way with someone



ETYMOLOGY: rhan o’r ffordd (= part of the way) 

(rhan = part) + (o’r = of the) + (ffordd = way) 

There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rhan > ran



:_______________________________.



ras, rasus <RAAS, RA-sis> [rɑːs, ˡrasɪs]  (feminine noun)

1 race

ras gychod boat race, rasus cychod, boat races



2 cae ras racecourse (“field (of) race”) 

cae rasys racecourse (“field (of) races”)



Y Cae Ras is the name Wrexham Football Club’s home ground (The Racecourse)

Stadiwm y Cae Ras the Racecourse Stadium

:_______________________________.



ras falŵns, rasus balŵns <raas va-LUUNZ, ra-sis ba-LUUNz> [ˡrɑːs vaˡluːnz, ˡrasɪs baˡluːnz]  (feminine noun)

1 balloon race



:_______________________________.



ras ganllath <raas GAN-lhath> [ˡrɑːs ˡganɬaθ]  feminine noun

PLURAL rasus canllath <RA-sis KAN-lhath> [ˡrasɪs ˡkanɬaθ] 

1 hundred-yard race = a race for sprinters of 91.44 metres, organised sprint on a running track in an athletics competition, or along a street as part of local festivities



ETYMOLOGY: (ras = race) + soft mutation + (canllath = a hundred yards)



:_______________________________.



ras geffylau <RAAS ge-FƏ-lai, -e> [ˡrɑːs gɛˡfəlaɪ, -ɛ]  feminine noun

PLURAL rasus ceffylau <RA-sis ke-FƏ-lai, -e> [ˡrasɪs kɛˡfəlaɪ, -ɛ] 

1 horse race = race with horses and riders



:_______________________________.



ras hir <raas HIIR> [ˡrɑːs ˡhiːr]  feminine noun

PLURAL rasau hir <RA-sai, -se, -HIIR> [ˡrasaɪ, -ɛ, ˡhiːr] 

1 long-distance race (“long race”)



:_______________________________.



ras hwyl <raas HUIL> [ˡrɑːs ˡhʊɪl]  feminine noun 

PLURAL rasus hwyl <RA-sai, -se, HUIL> [ˡrasaɪ, -ɛ, ˡhʊɪl] 

1 fun run 



ETYMOLOGY: ‘race (of) fun’ (ras = race) + (hwyl = fun)



:_______________________________.



rasio <RAS-yo> [ˡrasjɔ]  (verb)

1 to race

2 cae rasio racecourse (“field (of) racing”)



:_______________________________.



rasiwr ceir <RAS-yur KEIR> [ˡrasjʊr ˡkəɪr]  masculine noun

PLURAL raswyr ceir <RAS-wir KEIR> [ˡraswɪr ˡkəɪr] 

1 racing driver (“racer (of) cars”)



:_______________________________.



Ratshel <RA-chel> [ˡraʧɛl]  (feminine noun)

1 Rachel



:_______________________________.



Rawys <RAU-is> [ˡraʊɪs]  feminine noun ¡¡rawys¡¡¡ ªªRawysªªª

1 soft mutated form of Grawys (= Lent)



cacen Rawys, plural cacennau Grawys simnel cake, a fruit cake eaten in Lent or at Easter



:_______________________________.



rebel <REE-bel> [ˡreˑbɛl]  masculine noun

PLURAL rebeliaid <re-BEL-yaid, -yed> [rɛˡbɛljaɪd, -jɛd] 

1 rebel = person who opposes authority or conventional values  

Aeth yn dipyn o rebel yn ei henaint She became a bit of a rebel in her old age



2 rebel = person who resists a government by means of armed opposition 



3 gwely rebel makeshift bed (“bed (of) (a) rebel”) 



:_______________________________.



recordiad tâp <re-KORD-yad TAAP> [rɛˡkɔrdjad ˡtɑːp]  masculine noun

PLURAL recordiadau tâp <re-kord-YAA-dai, -de TAAP> [rɛkɔrdˡjɑˑˡdaɪ ˡtɑˑːp] 

1 tape recording 



ETYMOLOGY: (recordiad = recording) + (tâp = tape) 



:_______________________________.



recordio <re-KORD-yo> [rɛˡkɔrdjɔ]  verb 

1 record 



ETYMOLOGY: (record-, from English to record) + (-io, suffix for forming verbs) 



:_______________________________.



recordydd tâp <re-KOR-didh TAAP> [rɛˡkɔrdɪð ˡtɑːp]  masculine noun

PLURAL recordyddion tâp <re-kor-DƏDH-yon TAAP> [rɛkɔrˡdəðjɔn ˡtɑːp] 

1 tape recorder 



ETYMOLOGY: (recordydd = recorder) + (tâp = tape)



:_______________________________.



recriwtio <re-KRIUT-yo> [rɛˡkrɪʊtjɔ]  (verb)

1 to recruit



:_______________________________.



redig <REE-dig> [ˡreˑdɪg]  verb 

1 clipped form of aredig = (American: to plow) (Englandic: to plough)



agor ffos, torri gwrych, neu ’redig digging a ditch, trimming a hedge, or ploughing



:_______________________________.



Refail <REE-vail. -vel> [ˡreˑvaɪl, -vɛl] 

1 place name – Yr Efail (= the smithy) with the loss of the first syllable



Name of a housing estate - “Refail Farm Estate” in Caergybi (county of Môn) (the name would be Stad Refail in Welsh)



:_______________________________.



refferî, refferîs <re-fe-RII, re-fe-RIIZ> [rɛfɛˡriː, rɛfɛˡriːz]  (masculine noun)

1 referee (colloquial)



:_______________________________.



-reg <REG> [rɛg]  suffix

1 feminine agent, form of -wraig <^wraig> [^wraɪg] . The colloquial pronunciation of -wraig is <REG> [rɛg] , and there is an increasing tendency to write the suffix according to this pronunciation



nyddwr (= spinner), nyddwraig > nyddreg (= spinster, female spinner) 

gweithiwr (= male worker, workman), gweithwraig > gweithreg (= woman worker)



ETYMOLOGY: The suffix -wraig is in fact the word gwraig (= woman) (with soft mutation of the initial)



:_______________________________.



reiffl <REIFL, REI-fil> [rəɪfl, ˡrəɪfɪl]  feminine noun

PLURAL reifflau, reiffls <REI-flai, -e, REI-filz> [ˡrəɪflaɪ, -ɛ, ˡrəɪfɪlz] 

1 rifle 



bataliwn reifflau rifle battalion (“battalion (of) rifles”)

carn reiffl rifle butt 



…Cafodd ei daro’n anymwybodol gan garn reiffl un o’r milwyr

…He was struck unconscious with the butt of a rifle of one of the soldiers



ergyd reiffl rifle shot; ergydion reiffl rifle shots (USA: riflery) 

o fewn ergyd reiffl within rifle shot 

o fewn taniad reiffl within rifle shot 

reiffl aildanio magazine rifle (“second-firing rifle, re-firing rifle”)



reiffl awyr air rifle

reiffl stondin ffair gallery rifle, fairground rifle (“rifle (of) stand (of) fair”) 

saethu â reiffl rifle shooting 

taniad reiffl rifle shot 



2 gosod reiffl mewn ystum tanio position a rifle ready for firing, bring a rifle to the firing position



ETYMOLOGY: English rifle < French < Old French rifler (= to scratch) < Low German. Modern French has rifler = (plane) to plane, smooth with a plane; (scissors) to pare 



:_______________________________.



reifflwr <REI-flur> [ˡrəɪflʊr]  masculine noun

PLURAL reifflwyr <REIFL-wir> [ˡrəɪflwɪr] 

1 rifleman 

2 (military formation) Y Reifflwyr the Rifles 



ETYMOLOGY: (reiffl = rifle) + (-wr = ‘man’)



:_______________________________.



reis <REIS> [rəɪs]  masculine noun

1 rice 

reis mâl ground rice 

pwdin reis rice pudding 

blawd reis ground rice, rice flour 

reis grawn hir long-grain rice



ETYMOLOGY: English rice < French < Italian < Latin < Greek orûza < an Oriental language



:_______________________________.



resin cánabis <re-sin KA-na-bis> [ˡrɛsɪn ˡkanabɪs]  (masculine noun)

1 cannabis resin



:_______________________________.



reslo <RE-slo> [ˡrɛslɔ]  (verb)

1 wrestle



:_______________________________.



RH, rh <HROO> [hroː]  feminine noun

1) twenty-third letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet

1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y



:_______________________________.



rh- 

1) in some instances, the result of wrong word division 



..a/ Y Rhobell SH7825 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)



The mountain name is explained as follows:



..a/ Ўr Obell (= the saddle) 

(ў definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell = saddle) 

(go- prefix = under) + soft mutation + (an unknown element *pell)



..b/ Later there was confusion about the word division Ўr Obell > Ў Robell 



..c/ and aspiration occurred “r” > “rh” (Robell > Rhobell) since the aspirate “rh” is far more usual than “r” as an initial consonant

……………………………..



..b/ Y  Rhyl, formerly Yr Hyl (town in the county of Dinbych)

……………………………..



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rhaca, rhacanau <HRA-ka, hra-KAA-nai, -e> [ˡhraka, hraˡkɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ]  (feminine noun)

1 rake



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rhad <HRAAD> [hrɑːd]  (adjective)

1 cheap

2 rhad fel baw dirt cheap 

bod yn rhad fel baw be dirt cheap 

“cheap like dirt / shit” (rhad = cheap) + (fel = like) + (baw dirt / shit) 



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Rhad arnat! <HRAAD AR-nat> [ˡhrɑːd ˡarnat]  (phrase)

1 Bless you!



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Y Rhadyr <HRAA-dir> [ˡhrɑˑdɪr] 

1 place in Llanbadog Fawr, county of Mynwy; more correctly Y Radur (qv)



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rhaeadr (“rhaead”), rhaeadrau <HREI-adr,  HREI-ad, hrei-A-drai, -dre> [ˡhrəɪadr, ˡhrəɪad, hrəɪˡadraɪ, -ɛ]  (masculine noun)

1 waterfall



2 (SJ1027) Afon Rhaeadr = river rising in Powys and flowing into the river Tanat 

(the name of the river in fact means “the river of the waterfall” - rhaeadr = waterfall) 



Pistyll Rhaeadr (SJ0729) waterfall 73 metres in height on the river Rhaeadr 6km north-west of Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (SJ1225) (county of Powys) 

“pistyll (afon) Rhaeadr” (“(the) waterfall (of the river) Rhaeadr”) 



Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the kántrev of) Mochnant”)



Llanrhaeadr is “church (next to the) Rhaeadr (river)” 



(llan = church) + soft mutation + (Rhaeadr river name, literally ‘waterfall’) > *Llanraeadr > Llanrhaeadr (soft mutation not effective in the combination –n + ll-)



Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch (“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the kántrev of) Mochnant”)



Llanrhaeadr is “church (next to the) Rhaeadr (river)”



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Rhaeadrau Mynach <hrei-A-drai, -e, MƏ-nakh> [hrəɪˡadraɪ, -ɛ, ˡmənax]  plural noun

1 SN7477 a series of waterfalls on the river Mynach near its confluence with the river Rheidol at Pontarfynach; English name “Mynach Falls” 



ETYMOLOGY: “(the) waterfalls (of the) Mynach (river)” 

(rhaeadrau = waterfalls, plural of rhaedr = waterfall) + (Mynach (qv), river name, literally ‘monk’)

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Y Rhaeadr Fawr <ə HREI-adr, HREI-ad, VAUR> [ə ˡhrəɪadr ˡvaʊr, ə ˡhrəɪad ˡvaʊr] 

1 waterfall 15 metre high above the village of Aber or Abergwyngregyn SH 6572 (county of Conwy) 

English names: “Aber Falls” 



ETYMOLOGY: “the great waterfall” (y definite article) + (rhaeadr = waterfall) + soft mutation + (mawr = big)



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Rhaeadr-gwy <HREI-adr GUI, HREI-ad GUI> [ˌhrəɪadr ˡgʊɪ, ˌhrəɪad ˡgʊɪ]   ‹hrei-adr gui› 

1 locality (town) in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys) 

Short form: Y Rhaeadr <ə HREI-adr> [ə ˡhrəiadr]  (more colloquially, Y Rhaead’) <ə HREI-ad> [ə ˡhrəiad] 



English name: Rhayader 

Topographical History of South Wales / 1819 / Rees p902): ”Rhayader or Rhayadergwy. The name, literally translated, signifies ‘the cataract of the Wye’ or in transatlantic phraseology, ‘the falls of the Wye’ and is derived from the situation of the place near the descent of that river over a ledge of rocks. Formerly the fall was considerable, but on the building of the present bridge in 1780, the channel was cleared of its principal obstructions, and a freer passage opened

for the water, so that its characteristic feature has been almost entirely destroyed” 



2 a parish at this place 



3 name of an electoral ward; a seat on the county council of Powys 



ETYMOLOGY: “(the) waterfall (of the river) Gwy” 

(rhaeadr = waterfall) + (Gwy river name)



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rhaff, rhaffau <HRAAF, HRAA-fai, -e> [hrɑːf, ˡhrɑˑfaɪ, -ɛ]  (feminine noun) 

1 rope 

blaen rhaff end of a rope 

llusgraff a towrope, a rope for towing

rhaff deircainc three-strand rope 

rhaff halio a towrope, a rope for towing 



rhaff deircainc ni thorrir ar frys (Pregethwr 4:12) a threefold cord is not quickly broken (Ecclesiastes 4:12)



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rhafnwydden <hrafn-WƏ-dhen> [hrafnˡwəðɛn]  feminine noun

PLURAL rhafnwydd <HRAVN-widh> [ˡhravnwɪð] 

1 buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica thorny shrub formerly used as a purgative





(delw 7224)



2 melyn y rhafnwydd (“(the) yellow (butterfly) (of) the buckthorn”) Gonepteryx rhamni = brimstone butterfly





(delw 7225)



ETYMOLOGY: The first example of the word is seen in the Archaeologia Britannica (1707) by the naturalist Edward Lhuyd. 

(rhafn = buckthorn) + soft mutation + (gwydden = bush, tree); the word rhafn is an adaptation of Latin rhamnus (in historical borrowings from Latin a medial m > f <v> [v] )



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rhàg ‹HRAG› (preposition) 

1 (obsolete) in front of

2 against, ‘to avoid’

a) After many verbs



A...



achub rhag save from



..... achub rhàg angau save from death 



arbed rhag save from



.....arbed rhàg angau save from death



amddiffyn rhag protect from



arbed rhag save from



atal rhag stop oneself from



B...



brechu rhàg vaccinate / innoculate against 



..…brechu rhàg difftheria inoculate against diptheria 



C...



cadw rhag stop oneself from



.....cadw rhag annwyd escape a cold



.....Prin y medrwn gadw rhag chwerthin I could scarcely contain my laughter, I was hardly able to stop myself from laughing



cael llonydd rhag be left in peace by



celu rhag hide from 



cuddio'ch beiau rhag (rhywun) hide your faults from (someone)



cilio rhag run away from, back away from



cwato rhag hide from



cymryd gofal rhag take care not to



.....Cymerais ofal rhag deffro John Jones I took care not to wake John Jones 



cysgodi rhag shelter from



.....Buom yn cysgodu yn yr eglwys rhag yr haul tanbaid We took refuge from the blazing sun the church



D...



dianc rhag escape from



diogelu rhag protect from, keep safe from



E...



eithrio rhàg exempt from



.....eithrio (rhywun) rhàg talu trethi grant a tax exemption to (somebody), exempt (somebody) from paying taxes 



esgusodi rhag excuse from



F...



ffoi rhag flee



…..ffoi rhag y llid a ddaw flee the wrath that is to come



..... ffoi rhag rhywbeth flee / run away from something



......Ffowch rhag y farn a ddaw! Flee from the wrath to come!



G... 



gwaredu / gwaredu rhag save from 



..…gwared rhàg angau save from death



..…Duw a’n gwaredo rhàg y fath beth God save us from such a thing! 



gwylio rhag watch out for



R...



rhoi lloches rhag give shelter from



rhwystro rhag prevent (someone) from, stop (someone)from (doing something)



.....rhwystro rhywun rhag ffoi stop someone from running away (“impede somebody in front of fleeing”)



rhybuddio rhag warn about 



Y... 



ymesgusodi rhàg gwneud rhywbeth excuse oneself from doing something



ymgilio rhag shy away from 



____________________________________________________________



b) after adjectives



D...



diogel rhag safe from 



.....diogel rhag cael eich adnabod safe from recognition, in no danger of being recognised 



R...



rhydd rhag clear of 



c) after nouns with a sense close to “to eliminate”, “to prevent”, “against”, “to escape from”



C...



cysgod rhag y glaw shelter from the rain



D... 



dryll rhag terfysg riot gun 



E...



eli: rhag pob clwyf, eli amser time cures all (“against every wound, (the) ointment (of) time”)



G...



gwn rhag terfysg riot gun



M...



meddyg: Nid oes meddyg rhag henaint there’s no avoiding old age (“there is no doctor against old age”) 



R...



rhyddid rhag newyn freedom from hunger 



S...



saer da rhag suro diod (expression) a drunkard, a person who drinks a lot {(a) good craftsman to prevent (the) souring (of) (a) drink; person skilled at not letting a drink spoil } 



tabled: cymryd tabledi haearn rhag diffyg gwaed take iron tablets to prevent anaemia



T...



tarian rhag terfysg riot shield



Y...



ynysiad rhag insulation from



ynysiad rhag sŵn insulation from noise



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rhagafon, rhagafonydd ‹hra GA von, hra ga VO nidh› (feminine noun)

1 tributary



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rhagbrawf, rhagbrofion ‹HRAG brawv, hrag BROV yon› (masculine noun)

1 preliminary heat



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rhagbrofol ‹hrag-broo-vol› 

1 (match) qualifying, preliminary, knockout

yn y rowndiau rhagbrofol in the qualifying rounds 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhagbrawf = preliminary round, qualifying match ) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)



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rhagfanylion ‹hrag-va-nəl-yon› plural noun

1 specifications 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhag = pre-) + soft mutation + (manylion = details)



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Rhagfyr ‹HRAG vir› (masculine noun)

December



...01 Rhagfyr (y cyntaf o Ragfyr)

the first of December



...02 Rhagfyr (yr ail o Ragfyr)

the second of December



...03 Rhagfyr (y trydydd o Ragfyr)

the third of December



...04 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd o Ragfyr)

the fourth of December



...05 Rhagfyr (y pumed o Ragfyr)

the fifth of December



...06 Rhagfyr (y chweched o Ragfyr)

the sixth of December



...07 Rhagfyr (y seithfed o Ragfyr)

the seventh of December



...08 Rhagfyr (yr wythfed o Ragfyr) 

the eighth of December

Gwyl Fair yn y Gaeaf (8 Rhagfyr) = Conception



...09 Rhagfyr (y nawfed o Ragfyr)

the ninth of December



...10 Rhagfyr (y degfed o Ragfyr)

the tenth of December



...11 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar ddeg o Ragfyr)

the eleventh of December



...12 Rhagfyr (y deuddegfed o Ragfyr)

the twelfth of December



...13 Rhagfyr (y trydydd ar ddeg o Ragfyr) 

the thirteenth of December

Gwyl Luwsi (“the) feastday (of) Lucy”) 



...14 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Ragfyr)

the fourteenth of December



...15 Rhagfyr (y pymthegfed o Ragfyr)

the fifteenth of December



...16 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)

the sixteenth of December



...17 Rhagfyr (yr ail ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)

the seventeenth of December



...18 Rhagfyr (y deunawfed o Ragfyr)

the eighteenth of December



...19 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)

the nineteenth of December



...20 Rhagfyr (yr ugeinfed o Ragfyr)

the twentieth of December



...21 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar hugain o Ragfyr) 

the twenty-first of December

Gwyl Domas (“the) feastday (of) Thomas”) or 

Gwyl Tomos yr Apostol (“the) feastday (of) Thomas the Apostle”)



...22 Rhagfyr (yr ail ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the twenty-second of December



...23 Rhagfyr (y trydydd ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the twenty-third of December



...24 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the twenty-fourth of December



...25 Rhagfyr (y pumed ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the twenty-fifth of December

Dydd Nadolig Christmas Day 



...26 Rhagfyr (y chweched ar hugain o Ragfyr) 

the twenty-sixth of December

Gwyl y Bocs (“the) feastday (of) the box”) or 

Gwyl Steffan (“the) feastday (of) Stephen”) or

Gwyl Sant Steffan 

Boxing Day



...27 Rhagfyr (y seithfed ar hugain o Ragfyr) 

the twenty-seventh of December

Gwyl Ioan yr Apostol “(the) feastday (of) John the Apostle”



...28 Rhagfyr (yr wythfed ar hugain o Ragfyr) 

the twenty-eighth of December

Gwyl y Gwirioniaid Holy Innocents Day “(the) feastday (of) the innocents” 

Gwyl y Fil Feibion Holy Innocents Day “(the) feastday (of) the one thousand children”



...29 Rhagfyr (y nawfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the twenty-ninth of December



...30 Rhagfyr (y degfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the thirtieth of December



...31 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Ragfyr)

the thirty-first of December

Nos Galan New Year’s Eve (“(the) eve (of) (the) calend”)



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rhaglen, rhaglenni ‹HRA glen, hra GLE ni› (feminine noun)

1 program



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rhagnant ‹hrag-nant› masculine noun

PLURAL rhagnentydd ‹hrag-nen-tidh›

1 tributary, feeder; = a stream which flows into another



ETYMOLOGY: (rhag-, prefix = pre-, before) + soft mutation + (nant = stream)



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rhagod ‹hraa-god› masculine noun 

PLURAL rhagodau ‹hra-goo-de›

1 ambush 

gosod rhagod (ar gyfer rhywun) prepare an ambush (for somebody)

aros mewn rhagod (am rywun) wait in ambush (for somebody) 



2 obstacle, obstruction, impediment



3 cylchfa ragod buffer zone 

gwladwriaeth ragod buffer state 



4 (Railway) buffer (front part of a locomotive; end of a track) 



ETYMOLOGY: apparently rhag (= before, in front) is the first element; 

•    a second unknown element 



NOTE: in south-east Wales, racod, which shows phonological changes typical of this region 

..1/ rh > r (loss of ‹h›)

..2/ voiced cononsonant g at the beginning of the final syllable > unvoiced consonant c ‹k› 







:_______________________________.



rhagod ‹hraa-god› verb

1 ambush, waylay 

2 catch, seize 

3 hunt 

4 (region of Morgannwg) round up animals 

5 (region of Morgannwg) prevent (somebody) (from doing sth) 

6 (region of Morgannwg) rhagod tref rhywun keep house for somebody

7 (region of Morgannwg) save, protect 



ETYMOLOGY: Verb formed from the noun rhagod (See preceding entry) 

NOTE: in south-east Wales, racod. See preceding entry.



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rhagofal ‹hra-goo-val› masculine noun

PLURAL rhagofalon ‹hra-go-vaa-lon›

1 precaution = action to prevent some risk or accident

2 rhagofalon tân fire precautions, precautions in case of fire



ETYMOLOGY: (rhag-, prefix = pre-, before) + soft mutation + (gofal = care)



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rhagolwg, rhagolygon ‹hra GO lwg, hra go LƏ gon› (masculine noun)

1 forecast

rhagolygon y tywydd weather forecast



:_______________________________.



rhagolygon ‹hra go LƏ gon› (plural noun)

1 plural of rhagolwg



rhagom ‹hra-gom› 

1 before us (from the preposition rhag) 

Rhagom Filwyr Iesu Onward Christian Soldiers (hymn)



ETYMOLOGY: (rhag = in front) + (-om first person plural termination ) 



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rhagor ‹hraa-gor› masculine noun

1 superiority 

2 difference, distinction 

Mae ’na ragor ofnadwy rhwng ebol a cheiliog

They’re as different as chalk from cheese, they’re completely different 

(‘there’s a terrible difference / an enormous difference between a foal and a rooster”)



gweld y rhagor rhwng da a drwg 

differenciate between good and bad (“see the difference between good and bad”)     



Mae rhagor rhyngddyn nhw There’s a difference between them, They differ from each other, They’re different to each other 



3 Exodus 11:7 Ond yn erbyn neb o blant Israel ni symud ci ei dafod, ar ddyn nac anifail;

fel y gwypoch fod yr ARGLWYDD yn gwneuthur rhagor rhwng yr Eifftiaid ac Israel. 

Exodus 11:7 But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a difference between the Egyptians and Israel.                



Brenhinoedd-1 3:9 A’th was sydd ymysg dy bobl, y rhai a ddewisaist ti; pobl aml, y rhai ni rifir ac nis cyfrifir gan luosowgrwydd.

Kings-1 3:8 And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude.



Corinthiaid-1 15:41 Arall yw gogoniant yr haul, ac arall yw gogoniant y lloer, ac arall yw gogoniant y sêr; canys y mae rhagor rhwng seren a seren mewn gogoniant. 

Corinthians–1 15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star in glory. 



And phrases based on this: 

A oes rhagor rhwng w^y ac w^y mewn gogoniant? Ateb: Oes yn wir - ac mae’n talu i holi cyn prynu (Cymro 11 01 1995) 

Is there any difference between one egg and another? Answer – Indeed there is – and it pays to ask before buying 



Dacw’r arwerthwr yn esgyn i’w lwyfan, a’i glerc yn ei ddilyn. Mae “rhagor rhwng seren a seren” yn y gogoniant hwn. Yr ydym wedi dyfod i gyffyrddiad â phump neu chwech o arwerthwyr mewn gwahanol ocsiynau oddiar pan yr ymsefydlasom yn Nyffryn Tywi, a phob un yn meddu ar ei neillduolion arbenig ei hun 

Over there the auctioneer goes up onto the stage, and his clerk follows him. There is a difference between each one (“there is a difference between a star and a star in this glory”) I’ve come into contact with five or six auctioneers in different auctions since we’ve come to live in the Tywi Valley, and each one has his own special characteristics 

(Yn Nyffryn Tywi Sef Brasluniau o Fywyd Gwledig. (In the Valley of the Tywi, being sketches of rural life) Gan y Parch. D. Rhagfyr Jones, Pontargothi. Cyfaill yr Aelwyd a’r Frythones. Cyfrol III (Cyfres Newydd) 1894. Tudalen 423 



ETYMOLOGY: rhagor (= more, addition) < (rhag = in front) + (the obsolete element ôr = limit, brink, edge). Ôr occurs in the words cyfor (= full to the brim), dygyfor (= to surge, to rise up, to be stirred up, to well; to stir up), (goror = limit, boundary). In the Hibernian languages, it occurs with the meaning of ‘edge, boundary’ in Manx oirr, Scottish oir, and Irish fóir (with a non-etymological initial ‘f’) 



3 (preposition) between 

Malachi 3:18 Yna y dychwelwch, ac y gwelwch ragor rhwng y cyfiawn a’r drygionus, rhwng yr hwn a wasanaetho DDUW a’r hwn nis gwasanaetho ef. 

Malachi 3:18 Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not.



4 (pronoun) more



5 ni + fyth rhagor never again / not .. ever again 

Soft-mutated form of byth rhagor / eto / mwyach 

(byth = never / ever) + (rhagor = more, eto = again, mwyach = any more) 

Wela i mohoni fyth rhagor I’ll never see her again < Ni welaf fi...



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rhagor ‹hraa-gor› preposition

1 between 

Malachi 3:18 Yna y dychwelwch, ac y gwelwch ragor rhwng y cyfiawn a’r drygionus, rhwng yr hwn a wasanaetho DDUW a’r hwn nis gwasanaetho ef. 

Malachi 3:18 Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not.



2 than 

Mwy swmpus o lawer yw’r ail argraffiad rhagor y gyfrol wreiddiol 

The second edition is a lot thicker than the original volume 

Dywedodd fod llawer mwy o hwyl i’w gael yn Steddfod y Buarth rhagor y Brifwyl

He said there was a lot more fun to be had in the “Eisteddfod of the Farmyard” (The Welsh Agricultural Show) tan the “Great Festival” (the National Eisteddfod, annual countrywide competition of literature and singing)



:_______________________________.



rhagorach <hra-GOO-rakh> [hraˡgoˑrax] adjective

1 better 

yn rhagorach fyth even better, better than ever 

Aeth y gwaith ymláen yn rhagorach fyth the work continued better than ever 



2 (masculine noun) better = superior person 

Gwrando air gan dy ragorach

Listen to the advice of your better, listen to what somebody who knows better than you has to say (“Listen to a word with your better”) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhagor = more, extra quantity) + (-ach comparative suffix) 



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rhagori <hra-GOO-ri> [hraˡgoˑrɪ] (verb)

1 excel

2 rhagori arnoch eich hun excel oneself, do something much better than you usually do it, to do something better than you thought you were capable of doing 



:_______________________________.



rhagorol <hra-GOO-rol> [hraˡgoˑrɔl] (adjective)

1 excellent 

Un o ddynion rhagorol y ddaear yw eich tad Your father is a prince among men / is one of the world’s finest men / is one of the finest men in the world 

2 (in the plural as a noun) un o ragorolion y ddaear a prince among men

3 rhagorol o very, exceedingly, exceptionally

mae ef yn canu yn rhagorol o dda he sings exceptionally well, his singing is exceedingly good

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..1 rhai <HRAI> [hraɪ] pronoun

1 the ones (people, animals, things) 

Nid pa faint, ond sut rai Quality not quantity (is what matters) 

pa rai? which ones? 

sut rai? what kind(s) of thing? what kind(s) of people?

y rhai hyn these, these ones (colloquially also y rhain)

y rhai hynny those, those ones (colloquially also y rheiny) 



2 with possessive determiners

(1a) ’yn rhai í 

The literary form is: fy rhai í mine, the ones which are mine

(1b) yn rhai ní 

The literary form is: ein rhai ní ours, the ones which are ours



(2a) dy rai dí yours, the ones which are yours

(2b) ych rhai chí 

The literary form is: eich rhai chí yours, the ones which are yours



(3a) ’i rai é 

The literary form is: ei rai ef his, the ones which are his

(3b) ’i rhai hí 

The literary form is: ei rhai hi hers, the ones which are hers

(3c) ’u rhai nhw 

The literary form is: eu rhai nhw theirs, the ones which are theirs



3 individuals, people, those people, those

Dros y blynyddoedd y mae Prifysgol Cymru wedi dewis rhai digon od i roi gradd anrhydedd iddyn nhw.

Over the years the University of Wales has chosen some pretty odd individuals to give honorary degrees to

Gobeithir ymestyn y gwasanaeth i gynnwys rhai sydd yn gaeth i dabledi lliniaru poen hefyd

It is hoped to extend this service to include those who are addicted to painkillers too 



4 in some expressions (adjective + rhai). There is soft mutation rhai > rai after a preceding adjective. 

..1/ Y Dirmygedig Rai The Old Contemptibles (English expeditionary force to France in 1914, so-called from the Kaiser’s description of them as a “contemptible little army”).

..2/ Yr Etholedig Rai = The Chosen Few



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhai < rhei < British

From the same British root: Breton re (= ones, individuals)



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..2 rhai  <HRAI> [hraɪ] (determiner)

1 some

rhai buchod some cows

2 rai occurs at the head of adverbial phrases; there is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rh- > r- 

rai troeon a few times 

rai dyddiau cyn hynny some days before 

rai dyddiau ar ôl hyn some days after this

rai blynyddoedd yn ôl some years ago 

rai misoedd yn hwyrach some months later 

rai oriau yn ddiweddarach some hours later



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rhaib, rheibiau <HRAIB, HREIB-yai, -ye> [hraɪb, ˡhrəɪbjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)

1 enchantment

2 rheibio enchant, bewitch



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rhaid, rheidiau <HRAID, HREID-yai, -ye> [hraɪd, ˡhrəɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 necessity

2 os daw’n fater o raid should it become necessary, if it comes to the crunch



Dyma lythyr i ti ddaeth y bore ’ma. Rhaid mai oddiwrth d’Ewyrth Tom mae e, mae stamp yr Unol Daleithiau arno, ta beth.  Here’s a letter for you that came this morning. It must be from your uncle Tom. It’s got a U.S. stamp on it, at any rate.



cael wrth dy raid get what you need

(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus  29:3 Cadw dy air, a gwna yn ffyddlon ag ef, a thi a gei wrth dy raid bob amser. 

(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus  29:3 Keep thy word, and deal faithfully with him, and thou shalt always find the thing that is necessary for thee.



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rhaien <HREI-en> [ˡhrəɪɛn] feminine noun

PLURAL rhaiod <HREI-od> [ˡhrəɪɔd]

1 ray, fish with winglike fins 

rhaien drydan electric ray 



ETYMOLOGY: year 1604; either from English ray or a modern borrowing from Latin raia (= ray); 

The English word ray < French < Latin raia



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rhain <HRAIN> [hraɪn] (pronoun)

1 y rhain these



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rhamant <HRA-mant> [ˡhramant] feminine noun

PLURAL rhamantau <hra-MAN-tai, -e> [hraˡmantaɪ, -ɛ]

1 romance = mysterious or marvellous feeling about a place, charm, special feeling;



Ma ’na rw ramant yn perthyn i’r lle

There’s a certain charm to the place;



Y mae dychwelyd i hen gynefin weithiau’n lladd pob rhamant

Returning to an old haunt sometimes kills all the romance (of the place)



2 romance = literary form, narrative in verse or prose, characteristic of the Middle Ages, explaining the adventures of chivalrous heroes, and usually written in a Romance language



3 romance = story, film, book dealing with love in a very idealised and sentimentalised manner

rhamant dau gariad boy-meets-girl romance



4 romance = courtship; love affair

adroddodd ei rhamant â Tomos she talked of her courtship with Tomos



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhamant < Old French romanz < Vulgar Latin rômânicê (adverb) (= in a Romance language) < Latin rômânic(us) (= Roman) < (rômân(us) = Roman) + (-icus, suffix for forming adjectives from nouns); 



Cf obsolete English romant (= romance)



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rhamantiaeth <hra-MANT-yaith, -yeth> [hraˡmantjaɪθ, -ɛθ] feminine noun

1 Romanticism = the Romantic movement of the late 1700s and early 1800s in literature in art where emotion, imagination and experimentation, nature, and the common man prevailed; a reaction to the stiff styles and content of Classicism



2 romantic idea, idealised and unreal vision, delusion, fanciful idea, conception unrelated to reality;



Rhyw ramantiaeth wirion ydi meddwl y gallwch chi fynd i ben y cei i brynu pysgod gan bysgotwr

It’s a daft romantic idea to think you can go to the end of the quay to buy fish off a fisherman



ETYMOLOGY: (rhamant = romance) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)



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rhan, rhannau <HRAN, HRA-nai, -e> [hran, ˡhranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)

1 part



2 part = involvement

Nid oedd gennyf ran ynddo I had nothing to do with it, I’m innocent of any involvement in some matter



3 share = due portion



cael mwy na’ch rhan (o rywbeth) have more than your fair share of something, hava an unfairly large part (of something)



cael mwy o lawer na’ch rhan (o rywbeth) get a lot more than your fair share (of something)



4 rhan o’r ffordd part of the way

(adverb) (with soft mutation) ran o’r ffordd part of the way 



mynd ran o’r ffordd gyda rhywun go part of the way with somebody



5 ebran fodder, stover 



Welsh ebran “horse portion” < (eb- = horse) + soft mutation + (rhan = part, portion)



6 canran percentage 

(can < cant = hundred ) + soft mutation + ( rhan = part) 



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rhanbarth, rhanbarthau <HRAN-barth, hran-BAR-thai, -e> [ˡhranbarθ, hranˡbarθaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 region



ETYMOLOGY: (rhan = part) + soft mutation + (parth = disrtrict)



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rhanbarthol <hran-BAR-thol> [hranˡbarθɔl] adjective

1 regional 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhanbarth = region) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)



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rhanbartholdeb <hran-barth-OL-deb> [hranbarθˡɔldɛb] masculine noun

1 regionalism 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhanbarthol = regional) + (-deb suffix for forming abstract nouns)



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rhandir, rhandiroedd <HRAN-dir, hran-DII-roidh, -odh> [ˡhrandɪr, hranˡdiˑrɔɪð, -ɔð] (masculine noun)

1 tract of land

2 rhandir Indiaid Americanaidd American Indian reservation = land onto which US native peoples were removed after expulsion from their traditional territories



y rhan fwyaf <ə hran VUI-a> [ə hran ˡvʊɪa]

1 most (of), the greater part (of), the majority (of), the best part (of)

Cymru a’r rhan fwyaf o Brydain Wales and most of (the island of) Britain

y rhan fwyaf o’r plant most of the children



ETYMOLOGY: (rhan = part) + soft mutation + (mwyaf = greatest) 



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rhannol <HRA-nol> [ˡhranɔl] adjective

1 in part, partly

gwir = true, mae’n rhannol wir = it’s partly true

yn rhannol gyfrifol am partly responsible for

rhannol fyddar partially deaf 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhann-, stem of rhannu = share, divide) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)



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rhannu <HRA-ni> [ˡhranɪ] (verb)

1 share

rhannu’n deg share and share alike, share out fairly 



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rhas <HRAAS> [hrɑːs] feminine noun

PLURAL rhasus <HRA-sis> [ˡhrasɪs]

1 race; see ras



ETYMOLOGY: from English race; 

NOTE: ras is the standard form in Welsh; rhas is a more Cymricised form which is sometimes found



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rhatach <HRA-takh> [ˡhratax] (adjective)

1 cheaper



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rhaw, rhawiau <HRAU, HRAU-yai, -ye> [hraʊ, ˡhraʊjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 spade



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rhawdd <HRAUDH> [hraʊð]

1 (obsolete) talk, speech, talking, speaking – occurs as an element in certain words in the modern language 



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic

From the same Celtic root: Irish rá < radh (Old Irish rad) (= speak) 



NOTE: this element rhawdd is to be seen in the following words:



(1) adrodd (= to relate, to recite) 

< ad- (prefix = “to”) + rhawdd. 

Also with the addition of the reflexive prefix ym- > ymadrodd (= expression) 



(2) athrod (= slander, defamation) < athrodd 

< athr- (prefix = “inter, between”) + rhawdd.



(3) brawddeg (= sentence) < mrawddeg < amrawddeg 

< am (prefix = ‘around’) + rhawdd + suffix -eg



(4) cyfrawdd (obsolete, = conversation) 

< cyf- prefix = “together”) + rhawdd 

Corresponds to modern Irish cómhra (= conversation)



(5) Rhondda (river name) 

< *rhondde < *rhoddne < *rhoddnei < *rhawddnei < rhawdd + suffix –nei



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rhech, rhechod <HREEKH, HREE-khod> [hreˑx, ˡhreˑxɔd] (masculine noun)

1 fart



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rhechlyd <HREKH-lid> [ˡhrɛxlɪd] adjective 

1 farting, full of farts 

2 farting (used derogatively) 

In this quotation confusion through metathesis - (ll-r) > (rh > ll):

Roedd rhaid seiclo ar yr A470 o Bontnewydd i Gwmbach Rhechlyd - wps, sori, Cwmbach Llechryd. Well i mi gyfeirio at y lle fel Cwmbach er mwyn bod yn hollol saff

It was necessary to cycle on the A470 from Y Bontnewydd to Cwm-bach Rhechlyd (“farty Cwm-bach”) - oops, sorry, Cwm-bach Llechryd. It’s best if I refer to it as Cwm-bach to be on the safe side / Bob Evans Chwefror 2022 / “Gwefan y Wennol”



ETYMOLOGY: (rhech = fart) + (-lyd adjectival suffix (often suggesting contempt))



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rhecsyn, racs <HREK-sin, RAKS> [ˡhrɛksɪn, raks] (masculine noun)

1 rag

2 dyrnu rhywun yn racs knock the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a pulp, give somebody a severe beating (“punch someone into rags”) 

colbio rhywun yn racs knock the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a pulp, give somebody a severe beating (“beat someone into rags”)

 

 



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rhedeg <HREE-deg> [ˡhreˑdɛg] (verb)

1 run

rhedeg nerth eich traed <HREE-deg nerth i DRAID> [ˡhreˑdɛg nɛrθ ɪ ˡdraɪd] run as fast as you can



2 (North Wales) oust, take the place of

Rhaid i chi dendio, Miss, ne mi fydda i wedi’ch rhedag chi 

t29 Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (=Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)

You’d beter watch out, Miss, or I’ll have taken your place (= L’ll be his fiancée instead of you)



3 (trwyn = nose) run 

Mae ’nhrwyn i’n rhedeg

I’ve got a runny nose, my nose is running 



4 rhedeg allan run out 

(South) rhedeg maas 



5 (commodity) rhedeg allan run out (in South Wales this is rhedeg maas)

Mae’r llaeth wedi rhedeg allan The milk’s run out 



6 rhedeg allan o rywbeth run out of something (in South Wales this is rhedeg maas o rywbeth) 

Ryn ni wedi rydeg maas o de We’ve run out of tea



7 Angen a ddysg i hen redeg being in need can make people peform wonders (“need teaches the old people to run”) 



8 ceffyl wedi rhedeg a runaway horse 

wagen wedi rhedeg yn rhydd a runaway wagon 

trên wedi rhedeg yn rhydd a runaway train



9 rhedeg yn rhydd (dogs) run free, run around off the leash



Bydd cw^n sy'n cael rhedeg yn rhydd yn debygol o gael eu saethu gan berchnogion tir



Dogs which are allowed to run free are likely to be shot by landowners





10 ei fryd yn rhedeg ar be inclined towards 

Ond ar y weinidogaeth y rhedodd ei fryd yn bennaf but he was mostly inclined towards the ministry, but he had his heart set on being a minister of religion 



 



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rhediad, rhediadau <HRED-yad, hred-YAA-dai, -e> [ˡhrɛdjad, hrɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 series (of a magazine) 

2 rhediad o risiau flight of stairs



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rhedwr y twyni <HREE-dur ə TUI-ni> [ˡhreˑdʊr ə ˡtʊɪnɪ] (m)

PLURAL rhedwyr y twyni <HRED-wir ə TUI-ni> [ˡhrɛdwɪr ə ˡtʊɪnɪ]



1 (Cursorius cursor) cream-coloured courser 



Wikipedia 2008-11-11: Although classed as waders, these are birds of dry open country, preferably semi-desert, where they typically hunt their insect prey by running on the ground.



These coursers are found in the Canary Islands, north Africa and southwest Asia. Their two eggs are laid in a ground scrape. They are partially migratory, with northern and northwestern birds wintering in India, Arabia and across the southern edge of the Sahara.



They are rare north of the breeding range, but this species has occurred as far away as Finland, Ireland and Great Britain.





(delw 7052)

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) runner (of) the sand-dunes / sandhills” 

(rhedwr = runner) + (y definite article) + (twyni = sandhills, plural of twyn = hill, sandhill) 



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rhedynen, rhedyn <hre-DƏ-nen, HREE-din> [hrɛˡdənɛn, ˡhreˑdɪn] (feminine noun)

1 fern



Brynrhedyn bryn y rhedyn “(the) hill (of) the ferns”



House name, Penrhyn-coch, Ceredigion

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Rhedynfre <hre-DƏN-vre> [hrɛˡdənvrɛ]  

1 Farndon, Cheshire

ETYMOLOGY: “fern hill”. (rhedyn = ferns) + soft mutation + (bre = hill).

The name is unusual – either it is very old, or else it is a literary translation of the English name, which means “fern hill”. 

 

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rhef <HREEV> [hreːv] adjective

1 thick 

2 (masculine noun) (district of Brycheiniog, in the county of Powys) thickness 



ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic 



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rhefder <HREV-der> [ˡhrɛvdɛr] masculine noun

1 thickness 



Eto aeth ef yn ei flaen, a chynlluniodd yn nesaf beiriant at wau sidanau blodeuog, gyda threfniant i drwsio’r edau, fel ag i wneyd eiddo pob ysgainc yn gyfartal o ran rhefder 

(Jaquard) went ahead in spite of this and next devised a machine for weaving flowered silks, with a contrivance for giving a dressing to the thread, so as to render that of each 

skein of an equal thickness.

(Hunan-Gymorth / Samuel Smiles / Cyfiethieidig gan J. Gwrhyd Lewis, Tonyrefail. 1898) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhef = thick) + -der suffix for forming abstract nouns) 

NOTE: Also (f). In use in south-east Wales, as refdar or ryfdar



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rhefru  <HRE-vri> [ˡhrɛvrɪ] (verb)

1 rhefru ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)



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rheg, rhegféydd <HREEG, hreg-VEIDH> [hreːg, hrɛgˡvəɪð] (feminine noun)

1 curse, swearword



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Rheged <HREE-ged> [ˡhreˑgɛd] (feminine noun)

1 former British kingdom, until c800 AD, today the frontier region of north-east England and Scotland



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rhegen, rhegennod <HREE-gen, hre-GE-nod> [ˡhreˑgɛn, hrɛˡgɛnɔd] (feminine noun)

1 rail (bird)



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rhei- <HREI-> [hrəɪ] pronoun

1 A form of rhai in the combinations



rheicw / y rhai acw those over there



rheina / y rhai yna those 



rheini / y rhai hynny those (not in view)



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rheicw <HREI-ku> [ˡhrəɪkʊ] pronoun

1 (= y rheicw) (North Wales) the ones over there 



Pwy bia rheicw? Who owns the ones over there?



2 (North Wales) (which are) over there 

y defaid rheicw the sheep over there 



ETYMOLOGY: ‘y rhai acw’ (y = definite article) + (rhai = some) + (acw = over there) 



(rhei- < rhai), (’cw = clipped form of acw)



Cf rhein (= these ones), rheini (= those ones)



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rheiddiadur <hreidh-YAA-dir> [hrəɪðˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine noun

PLURAL rheiddiaduron <hreidh-ya-DII-ron> [hrəɪðjaˡdiˑrɔn]

1 radiator = device for dissipating heat and cooling engine in a motor car 

2 radiator = device for radiating heat into a room, for example, pipes or ducts for circulating steam or hot water or hot air 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheiddi-, stem of the verb rheiddio = to radiate) + (-adur noun-forming suffix, indicating a device)



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rheidiau <HREID-yai, -ye> [ˡhrəɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)

1 needs; plural of rhaid



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Rheidol <HREI-dol> [ˡhrəɪdɔl] (f)

1 Gwêlrheidol view of the river Rheidol

(gwêl = view) + ( Rheidol = river name )

Street name in Penparcau, Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion)



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rheilffordd, rheilffyrdd <HREIL-fordh, HREIL-firdh> [ˡhrəɪlfɔrð, ˡhrəɪlfɪrð] (feminine noun)

1 railway



2 gorsaf reilffordd plural gorsafoedd rheilffordd (USA: railroad station, railroad depot) (Englandic: railway station) = stopping place for passengers on a railway



rhwydwaith rheilffyrdd railway network



Rheilffordd Dyffryn Conwy Conwy Valley Railway 



Rheilffordd Ffestiniog Ffestiniog Railway



Rheilffordd Eryri Welsh Highland Railway



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rheilgar <HREIL-gar> [ˡhrəɪlgar] feminine noun

PLURAL rheilgeir <HREIL-geir> [ˡhrəɪlgəɪr]

1 railcar = single passenger coach with its own power unit 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheil = rail) + soft mutation + (car = car, wagon); a calque on the English word railcar



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rheina <HREI-na> [ˡhrəɪna] (·pronoun·)

1 those



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Rheinallt <HREI-nalht> [ˡhrəɪnaɬt] (masculine noun)

1 man’s name = Reginald



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rheini <HREI-na> [ˡhrəɪna] pronoun

1 those (not in view)



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rheithfarn, rheithfarnau <HREITH-varn, hreith-VAR-nai, -e> [ˡhrəɪθvarn, hrəɪθˡvarnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)

1 verdict

cyflwyno'r rheithfarn i'r llys present the verdict to the court

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rheithgor, rheithgorau <HREITH-gor, hreith-GOO-rai, -e> [ˡhrəɪθgɔr, hrəɪθˡgoˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 jury



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rhelyw <HREE-liu> [ˡhreˑlɪʊ] (·pronoun·)

1 y rhelyw = the rest



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rhen <HREEN> [ˡhreːn]

1 colloquial contraction of yr hen… the old… 



Rhaid cadw rhen iaith yn fyw (= cadw yr hen iaith yn fyw) The Welsh language (“the old language”) must be kept alive 



2 Rhen Ysgol street name in Caergeiliog (county of Ynys Môn) = yr hen ysgol the old school 



3 especially in vocatives; 

’rhen law my friend, my old friend (“the old hand”) 

’rhen chwaer my dear (“the old sister”)



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rhenc <HRENGK> [ˡhrɛŋk] zzz

PLURAL rhenciau, rhenci ñ <HRENGK-yai, -ye, HRENG-ki> [ˡhrɛŋkjaɪ, -ɛ, ˡhrɛŋkɪ]

(North Wales) 

1 row 

mewn rhenc in a row 



2 (haymaking) windrow, a row of raked sun-dried grass 



3 row of houses 

(Y) Rhencnewydd street name in Niwbwrch, county of Môn (“new row”) (Postal code: LL61 6SB) 



ETYMOLOGY: English rank < Old English ranc (adjective = straight, noble).



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rheng, rhengoedd <HRENG, HRE-ngoidh, -odh> [hrɛŋ, ˡhrɛeŋɔɪð, -ɔð] (feminine noun)

1 rank, row



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rheng flaen, rhengoedd blaen <hreng VLAIN, HRE-ngoidh, -odh, BLAIN> [ˡhrɛŋ ˡvlaɪn, ˡhrɛŋɔɪð, -ɔð,  ˡblaɪn] (feminine noun)

1 (rugby) the front row (of a team on the field)



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rhent, rhenti <HRENT, HREN-ti> [hrɛnt, ˡhrɛntɪ] (masculine noun)

1 rent 



2 rheolaeth ar renti rent control (“control on rents”)



:_______________________________.



rhentu <HREN-ti> [ˡhrɛntɪ] (verb)

1 to rent



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rheol <HREE-ol> [ˡhreˑɔl] feminine noun

PLURAL rheolau <hre-OO-lai, -e> [hrɛˡoˑlaɪ, -ɛ]

1 rule = regulation governing conduct or procedure 

cadw’r rheolau observe the rules 

yn groes i’r rheolau against the rules 

yn ôl y rheolau according to the rules 



2 rule = of something which normally happens 

fel rheol as a rule 



3 rheol y ffordd the rule of the road = keeping to the left; road users move to the left on meeting to allow each other to pass, and to overtake move out to the right 

fel rheol as a rule 



4 bod yn groes i’r rheolau be against the rules 



5 rule = mathematical method for calculating or problem solving 



6 y rheol euraid the golden rule 



7 rheolau’r gêm rules of the game 



8 rheolau a rheoliadau rules and regulations 



9 bod yn rheol ac nid yn eithriad be the rule, not an exception 



10 Mae’r eithriad yn brawf ar y rheol The exception proves the rule (“the exception is a test on the rule”)



ETYMOLOGY: probably from Latin; rheol < rhyol < rhywol < rhwyol < rhwyghol < British < Latin rêgula (= rule)



British ê regularly gives wy



g lenites to gh between vowels

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Y Rheol <ə HREE-ol> [ə ˡhreˑɔl] feminine noun

1 Place name. This is Yr Heol (= th farmyard), wirh wrong division. It occurs also as Y Rhewl (= yr Hewl < Yr Heol).

Y Rheol. SO0256. Farm south of Y Bontnewydd ar Wysg, Powys.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=230792



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rheolaeth <hre-OO-laith, -leth> [hrɛˡoˑlaɪθ,  hrɛˡoˑlɛθ] (feminine noun)

1 control

rheolaeth ar renti rent control



2 rheolaeth gaeth strict control 

rheolaeth lac lax control

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rheoleiddio ‹hrei-o-leidh-yo› verb

1 regulate 

Swyddfa Rheoleiddio Trydan Office of Electricity Regulation, body to regulate the electricity industry, promote competition, and protect the interests of electricity consumers 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheol = rule, regulation) + (-eiddio element to form verbs) 



:_______________________________.



rheolfwrdd ‹hre-ol-vurdh› masculine noun 

PLURAL rheolfyrddau ‹hre-ol-vər-dhe›

1 control panel, instrument panel 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + soft mutation + (-bwrdd = board, panel)



:_______________________________.



rheolwr, rheoliadwyr ‹hre OO lur, hre OL wir› (masculine noun)

1 manager 

rheolwr theatr theatre manager 



:_______________________________.



rheolydd ‹hre-oo-lidh› masculine noun

PLURAL rheolyddion ‹hre-o-lədh-yon›

1 regulator, control 

rheolydd sain sound control, knob etc for raising and lowering the volume on a radio, etc 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheol- stem of rheoli = to control, to regulate) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent) 



:_______________________________.



y Rheol Gymráeg ‹ə HRE ol gəm RAIG› (feminine noun)

1 The Welsh Rule, introduced at the 1950 National Eisteddfod. It stipulated that the only official language of this Welsh-language festival was to be Welsh. Previously there had been an absurd situation where events had often been introduced in English (to please the English-speaking gentry, the ‘crachach’ (qv), pro-English local government officials, visitors from England, etc.) 

See: ffôr-ddy-seic-of-awr-Inglish-ffrens (“for the sake of our English friends”)



:_______________________________.



rheoledig ‹hre-o-lee-dig› adjective

1 controlled 

ffrwydrad rheoledig controlled explosion 



2 anrheoledig involuntary = not subject to the control of the will 

cyhyryn anrheoledig involuntary muscle 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective) 



:_______________________________.



rheolfa ‹hre-ol-va› masculine noun

PLURAL rheolféydd, rheolfaoedd ‹hre-ol-veidh, hre-ol-vaa-odh›

1 checkpoint 



ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a place) 



:_______________________________.



rheoli ‹hre O li› (verb)

1 to control, to rule

2 rheoli cenhedlu ‹hre O li ke NHED li› contraception



:_______________________________.



rheoliadur, rheoliaduron ‹hre ol YA dur, hre ol ya DI ron› (masculine noun)

1 controller (machine)



2 rheoliadur calon, rheoliaduron calon ‹hre ol YA dur KA lon, hre ol ya DI ron KA lon› heart pacemaker



:_______________________________.



rheolwr, rheolwyr ‹hre O lur, hre OL wir› (masculine noun)

1 director



:_______________________________.



rheolwr banc ‹hre-oo-lur bangk› masculine noun

PLURAL rheolwyr banc ‹hre-ol-wir bangk›

1 bank manager



:_______________________________.



Rheon ‹HREE-on› 

1 Afon Rheon river in Clynnog



2 male forename (from the river name)







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rhes, rhesi / rhesau ‹HREES, HRE si / HRE se› (feminine noun)

1 row 

rhes o fwâu row of arches 



2 rhes o risiau flight of stairs



3 row of houses

rhes tai a row of houses

rhesi tai rows of houses

rhes tai cyngor a row of council houses

rhes tai Sioraidd a row of Georgian houses

rhes tai o bedwar ty^ a row of four houses (“ a row of houses of four houses”)



Occurs in street names 

..1 In Y Morfa, Llanelli, there is a street called Rhes Gwaith Tùn 

This is “rhes y gwaith tùn” (the) terrace / row (of) the tinworks



..2 Rhes Parc, Glandyfi, Gwynedd “rhes y parc” (the) row (of) the park”



Rhes y Poplys street name in Aberystwyth, a translation of the English name Poplar Row



..3 (group photograph) rhes flaen front row, rhes ganol middle row, rhes gefn back row



4 creigres (f) creigresi reef 



(creig- < craig = rock) + soft mutation + (rhes = row)



 



:_______________________________.



rhesog  ‹HRE sog› (adjective)

1 striped



2 troellwr bach rhesog (Locustella lanceolata) lanceloted warbler



:_______________________________.



rhestr, rhestrau ‹HRE ster, HRE stre› (feminine noun)

1 list 

ar waelod y rhestr at the bottom of the list



2 rhestr ohebu PLURAL rhestrau gohebu mailing list 

rhestr bostio PLURAL rhestrau postio mailing list



3 tynnu enw rhywun oddi ar restr take somebody’s name off a list, remove somebody’s name from a list



:_______________________________.



rheswm, rhesymau ‹HRE sum, hre SƏ me› (masculine noun)

1 reason

o fewn rheswm within reason 



:_______________________________.



rhesymau ‹hre SƏ me› (plural noun)

1 reasons; see rheswm



:_______________________________.



rhesymol ‹hre SƏ mol› (adjective)

1 reasonable



:_______________________________.



rhew ‹HREU› (masculine noun)

1 (North) ice

2 clap rhew ice cube



3 ewinrhew ‹e-WIN-hreu› (m)

numbness in fingers from cold, frozen fingers; frostbite  

(ewin = fingernail, toenail) + soft mutation + (rhew = ice, frost) > ewín-rew > ewinrhew (soft mutation lost in the combination n-r) 

:_______________________________.



rhewgell, rhewgelloedd ‹HREU gelh, hreu GE lhodh› (feminine noun)

1 freezer



:_______________________________.



rhewin ‹HRE win› (masculine noun)

1 (South) stream, ditch



:_______________________________.



Rhewl ‹hreul›

1 (SJ1160) village on Afon Clywedog, 3km north-west of Rhuthin 

“Rhewl Rhuthun” 



2 (SJ1844) village in the county of Dinbych on the north bank of Afon Dyfrdwy 5km north-west of Llangollen 

“Rhewl Langollen” 



3 SJ3034 locality in Shropshire, England 5km north-east of Croesoswallt / Oswestry 



4 Rhewl-fawr (SJ1581) locality 3km north-west of Mostyn 

Alternative name: Rhewl Mostyn 



5 farm at Knolton SJ3738, (county of Wrecsam) 3 km south of Owrtyn SJ3741 



ETYMOLOGY: y rhewl < yr hewl < yr heol the farmyard



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rhewlif ‹hreu-liv› masculine noun

PLURAL rhewlifau, rhewlifoedd ‹hreu-lii –ve, voidh›

1 glacier 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhew = ice) + soft mutation + (llif = flow) 



:_______________________________.



rhewlifol ‹hreu-lii-vol› adjective

1 glacial 

uchafbwynt rhewlifol glacial maximum 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhewlif = glacera) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)



:_______________________________.



rhewllyd ‹HREU lhid› (adjective)

1 freezing, icy



:_______________________________.



..1 rhi ‹hrii› feminine noun

1 name of the digraph RH, letter 22 in the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet



:_______________________________.



..2 rhi ‹hrii› masculine noun

1 obsolete king



2 occurs in some compound words; and many personal names of British or Celtic origin (Bleiddri, Rhirid, Rhodri,Tudri, etc)



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhi < British *rîks = king; also from Celtic is Irish rí (= king).

Related words are Latin rex = king, Sanskrit raj = king



:_______________________________.



rhiain ‹hrii-en› feminine noun

PLURAL rhianedd ‹hri-AA-nedh› 

1 obsolete maiden. Also rhian (qv)

2 y Rhiain Gwsg ‹ə hrii-ain, -en, gusk› feminine noun

the Sleeping Beauty

ETYMOLOGY: rhiain < British < Common Celtic rîganî, related to Latin rêgîna (= queen)

Cf Welsh rhi (= king) < Old Welsh *rhigh < British rîg-, Latin rex, regis (= king).

Cf the related name Rhiannon (qv)

:_______________________________.



rhiain y dw^r ‹hrii-en ə duur› feminine noun

PLURAL rhianedd y dw^r ‹hri-AA-nedh ə duur›

1 Gerris lacustris, pond skater (“(the) maiden (of) the water”). Thin-bodied insect with long hairy legs which ‘walks’ across the surface of ponds



:_______________________________.



rhialtwch ‹hri-al-tukh› masculine noun

1 splendour, pomp



2 jollity, fun and games



3 riotous behaviour

:_______________________________.



rhian ‹HRII-an› feminine noun 

PLURAL rhianedd, rhianod ‹ hri-AA-od, hri-AA-nedh›

Diminutive form: rhianen ‹hri-AA-nen›

1 (obsolete) maiden , lass, girl



2 (obsolete) queen, noble woman

3 It occurs as an element in the female forenames Rhianedd, Rhianwen, Rhianydd etc (which appear to be modern coinings)

ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden)

rhiain < British < Common Celtic rîganî, related to Latin rêgîna (= queen)

Rhian instead of the historical form rhiain  probably shows the influence of the plural form rhianedd 



 

:_______________________________.



Rhian ‹HRII-an› feminine noun

1 woman’s name



ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden)

:_______________________________.



Rhianfa ‹hri-AN-va› feminine noun

1 house name

..a/ House in Y Groeslon, Gwynedd

..b/ House in Edern, Gwynedd

..c/ farmhouse and street name in Tyn-y-gongl, Ynys Môn

..d/ House in Glasfryn, Cerrigydrudion

..e/ House yn Ffordd Russell, Y Rhyl, Conwy

..f/ House in Heol y Bryn, Harlech, Gwynedd

..g/ Plas Rhianfa House in Porthaethwy, Ynys Môn “(the) mansion (called) Rhianfa”)

This was built between 1848 and 1851 as a dower house

(Wikipedia 2009-04-27: A dower house is usually a moderately large house on an estate which is occupied by the widow of the late owner. The widow, often known as the “dowager” (“a widow who holds a title or property, or dower, derived from her deceased husband”) usually moves into the dower house, from the larger family house, on the death of her husband, the new heir occupies the now vacated principal house.)

..h/ House in Y Ceinewydd, Ceredigion

..i/ house on Ffordd Caergybi, Caergeiliog, Ynys Môn

..j/ house in Talwrn, ynys Môn

..k/ SH5763 name of a farm in Deiniolen, Gwynedd

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/343743

..l/ house in Llan-rug, Gwynedd

..m/ Gerddi Rhianfa (“Rhianfa Gardens”) and Lôn Rhianfa (“Rhianfa Lane”) in Y Ffynhone, Abertawe / Swansea

..n/ house in Y Ponciau, Wrecsam

..o/ house in Carmel, Gwynedd



ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden) + (-fa = place)

The word seems to be from the 1800s. Is it ‘dower house’, as in the house above called Plas Rhianfa in Porthaethwy / Menai Bridge, which later became popular as a house name because of its connotation of a fine or splendid house?

Plas Rhianfa was designed by Sir John Hay Williams, and he took his inspiration from the Chateau De Blois in the Loire Valley in France. It dates from 1849 and was built as a summer retreat for Sir John Hay Williams’ wife and daughters from Bodelwyddan Castle.

Rhianfa at Glyn Garth, Anglesey was one of the family homes of the Williams family of Bodelwyddan, Flintshire. The house was built on the site of a former tenement called Brynmelyn, originally part of the Ty Fry Estate of which Margaret Williams (1768-1835), afterwards first Lady Williams of Bodelwyddan, was heiress. She married John Williams (1761-1830), first baronet of Bodelwyddan, created baronet in 1798, who was a grandson of John Williams of Bodelwyddan, Chief Justice of Brecon and Radnor. Their eldest surviving son, Sir John Hay Williams (1794-1859), second Baronet of Bodelwyddan, inherited the property. He and his wife Lady Sarah (d. 1876) built the house, Rhianfa, in 1849-1850.

Bangor University
Rhianfa Estate Papers

http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=39&coll_id=10443&expand=

:_______________________________.

rhiangerdd ‹hri-AN-gerdh› [hrɪˡangɛrð] feminine noun

PLURAL rhiangerddi <hri-an-GER-dhi> [hrɪanˡgɛrðɪ]

1 love poem, poem in praise of a young woman

ETYMOLOGY: (rhian = maiden) + soft mutation + (cerdd = poem)

NOTE: This form of the word was popular in the 1800s, though historically it is rhieingerdd (qv)



:_______________________________.



Rhiannon ‹hri-a-non› feminine noun

1 woman’s name



ETYMOLOGY: “queen”. British *rîgant-ôn-â > British > Old Welsh “rhi|ghan|nhon”

Equivalent to modern Welsh (rhian = maiden, lady, queen; though modern Welsh rhian is not directly from British, but a variant of rhiain) + (-ôn augmentive suffix, often found in names of deities)



An British form in –nt- would explain the double -nn- in the Welsh form Derivatives of rhiain / rhian (< Common Celtic rîganî) have a single n – rhianen, rhianedd, rhianod

:_______________________________.



rhiant ‹hrii-ant› masculine noun

PLURAL rhieni ‹hri-ee-ni›

1 parent



2 cymdeithas rieni ac athrawon PLURAL cymdeithasau rhieni ac athrawon parent-teacher association 



ETYMOLOGY: the singular form rhiant is recent in Welsh, from assuming that the plural rhieni derives from a pre-Welsh (British) form equivalent to modern Welsh (rhiant) + (plural suffix -i), which would have given rhient-i > rhien-nhi > rhienni > rhieni. In fact, the derivation is (rhy = pro, before) + soft mutation + (form related to geni = be born) = born before, as in Latin ‘progenitor’ - person born before, ancestor



:_______________________________.



rhiant maeth ‹HRII-ant MAITH› masculine noun

PLURAL rhieni maeth ‹hri-EE-ni MAITH›

1 foster parent (“parent (of) fosterage / nourishment, food”)



:_______________________________.



Rhianwen ‹hri-an-wen› feminine noun

1 woman’s name



:_______________________________.



Rhianydd ‹hri-aa-nidh› feminine noun

1 woman’s name



:_______________________________.



rhibidirês <HRI-bi-di-REES> [hrɪbɪdɪˡreːs] masculine noun

1 string, line, row, list, one (thing) after another;



Ar ddiwedd y ffilm roedd rhibidirês o enwau

At the end of the film there was a long list of names



ETYMOLOGY: < rhibyn di res; (rhibyn = row) + (di = meaningless element) + soft mutation + (rhes = row)



:_______________________________.



rhibyn <HRII-bin> [ˡhriˑbɪn] masculine noun

PLURAL rhibyniau <hri-BƏN-yai, -e> [hrɪˡbənjaɪ, -ɛ]

1 (cloth) strip



2 South-east Wales stretch = long way

Mae’n ripin o ffordd o man-(h)yn

It’s a long way from here



3 South-east Wales

ripin o dai row of houses



4 mynd yn rhibyn (“go as a string”)

walk in Indian file, walk in single file



ETYMOLOGY: rhib- probably from English rib (= bone of the ribcage)



NOTE: in South-east Wales, ripin, plural ribina

(Query: Rhubina, farm name, Maerun, Caer-dydd – is this ribina?)



:_______________________________.



rhïeddog <hri-EE-dhog> [hrɪˡeˑðɔg] adjective 

1 noble, magnificent, majestic, glorious 



Gynt bygwth bu rhyw luoedd – rhïeddog / Ein rhyddid a’n tiroed (Chwech Englyn I Gastell Y Faerdref. Iona Ddu. Yr Eisteddfod Ionawr 1865, tudalen 372) 

In the past some majestic armies threatened our freedom and our lands 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhiedd = glory, majesty) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.



rhieingerdd ‹hri-EIN-gerdh› [hrɪˡəɪngɛrð] feminine noun

PLURAL rhieingerddi <hri-ein-GER-dhi> [hrɪəɪnˡgɛrðɪ]

1 love poem, poem in praise of a young woman

ETYMOLOGY: (rhiein- = penult form of rhiain  = maiden) + soft mutation + (cerdd = poem)

NOTE: in the 1800s, a variant rhiangerdd was in use

:_______________________________.



rhieni <hri-EE-ni> [hrɪˡəɪngɛrð]

1 plural form = parents. See rhiant



:_______________________________.



rhif, rhifau <HRIIV, HRII-vai, -e> [hriːv, ˡhriˑvaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 number



:_______________________________.



rhifair <HRIIV-air> [ˡhriˑvaɪr] (m) 

PLURAL rhifeiriau <hriv-EIR-yai, -e> [hrɪvˡəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ]

1 number = numeral written as a word 

ail: rhifair trefnol y rhifol dau “ail” (second) - the ordinal number of the number “dau” (two) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = number) + soft mutation + (gair = word)



:_______________________________.



rhifo <HRII-vo> [ˡhriˑvɔ] (verb)

1 to count



:_______________________________.



rhifol <HRII-vol> [ˡhriˑvɔl] adj 

1 numerical 

data rhifol numerical data 

sgiliau rhifol numerical skills 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = número) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives) 

:_______________________________.



rhifolyn <hri-VOO-lin> [hrɪˡvoˑlɪn] (m) 

PLURAL rhifolion <hri-VOL-yon> [hrɪˡvɔljɔn]



1 numeral = symbol used to represent a number 

rhifolyn Rhufeinig Roman number

rhifolyn Arabaidd Arabic numeral

rhifolyn deuaidd binary number  



ETYMOLOGY: (rhifol = (adj) numeral) + (-yn suffix to make a noun from an adjective)

:_______________________________.



rhifyn <HRII-vin> [ˡhriˑvɪn] masculine noun

PLURAL rhifynnau <hri-VƏ-nai, -e> [hrɪˡvənaɪ, -ɛ]



1 (periodical) copy, edition



yn rhifyn Medi 11eg (yr unfed ar ddeg) o’r Faner

in the September 11 edition of the ‘Faner’



yn y rhifyn diweddaraf o’r cylchgrawn

in the latest edition of the magazine



ôl-rifyn (periodical) back copy, back edition, back issue, back number 



2 edition = a TV programme out of a series



yn rhifyn yr wythnos nesaf o ‘Y Pen Draw’

in next week’s edition of “Y Pen Draw”



ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = number) + (-yn diminutive suffix)



:_______________________________.



rhigian <HRIG-yan> [ˡhrɪgjan] verb

1 (county of Penfro) to tease 



ETYMOLOGY: English “to rig” (= to tease) 

NOTE: in the county of Caerfyrddin rigan



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rhigol, rhigolau <HRII-gol, hri-GOO-lai, -e> [ˡhriˑgɔl, hrɪˡgoˑlaɪ, -ɛ]  feminine noun   

1 groove; rut



2 rhigol y bronnau cleavage between a woman’s breasts (“the groove / cleavage (of) the breasts”)



:_______________________________.



rhimyn <HRI-min> [ˡhrɪmɪn] masculine noun

PLURAL rhimynnau <hri-MƏ-nai, -e> [hrɪˡmənaɪ, -ɛ]

1 narrow strip

rhimyn main o dir narrow strip of land

rhimyn llwyd y ffordd yn y pellter the grey strip representing the road in the distance

rhimyn o frethyn a strip of cloth



2 roadside verge

Roedd y car wedi’i barcio ar rimyn o borfa wrth fôn y clawdd yn y lôn unig

The car was parked on a grass verge by the hedgebank (“base of the hedge”) in the isolated lane



3 band in the sky

Yr oedd rhimyn main o gochni ar y gorwel

There was a narrow band of red on the horizon



Gwelid rhimyn glas yn yr wybren gymylog

A blue band could be seen (on the horizon) in the cloudy sky



4 rim, edge

rhimyn y pownd the edge of the reservoir



ETYMOLOGY: (rhim = rim, fringe) + (-yn diminutive suffix); rhim is very likely to be from English rim (= edge) < Old English rima



:_______________________________.



rhin ‹HRIIN› [hriːn] (feminine noun)

PLURAL rhinion / rhiniau <HRIN-yon, HRIN-yai, -e> [ˡhrɪnjɔn, ˡhrɪnjgaɪ, -ɛ]  

1 essence



2 (obsolete) secret

rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw secret de dos és perillós secret de tres no val res (“secret de dues persones, (it is) secret that-it-is; secret of three people, one hundred people will hear it”)”) 



:_______________________________.



rhinician <HRINGK-yan> [ˡhrɪŋkjan] (verb)

1 (teeth) chatter (from the cold)

 

:_______________________________.



rhinflas <HRIN-vlas> [ˡhrɪnvlas] masculine noun

PLURAL rhinflasau <hrin-VLA-sai, -e> [hrɪnˡvlasaɪ, -ɛ]

1 (food) essence = oily substance to give flavour 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhin = essence) + soft mutation + (blas = taste)



:_______________________________.



rhinio <HRIN-yo> [ˡhrɪnjɔ] verb

1 to secrete 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhin = essence) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)



:_______________________________.



rhiniog, rhiniogau <HRIN-yog, hrin-YOO-gai, -e> [ˡhrɪnjɔg, hrɪnˡjoˑgaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 threshold



:_______________________________.



Rhisiart <HRI-shart> [ˡhrɪʃart] (masculine noun)

1 man’s name = Richard



:_______________________________.



rhincian <HRINK yan› (verb)

1 (teeth) chatter (from the cold)



:_______________________________.



rhith, rhithau <HRIITH, HRII-thai, -e> [hriːθ, ˡhriˑθaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)

1 form, appearance, guise 



2 yn rhith in the guise of, disguised as

Dihangodd yn rhith ficer He escaped disguised as a vicar 



Also: dan rith in the guise of, disguised as

dan rith bugail disguised as a shepherd



:_______________________________.



rhithio <HRITH-yo> [ˡhrɪθjɔ] verb



1 transform (by sorcery, etc) 



2 shape, form 



3 (Arfon) imagine, suppose, think 



4 be transformed 



5 (South-east) pretend

rhithio bod yn ffrind pretend to be a friend 



6 (Ceredigion) (South-east) (fruit - apple, pear, plum, cherry, etc) take shape, form (from a bud), set



7 (ghost) appear 

Also ymrithio 



8 ymrithio appear (ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (rhithio = shape, form; be shaped, be formed; transfigure; be transfigured) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhith = illusion) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)



:_______________________________.



rhith-weld <HRIITH-weld> [ˡhriˑθwɛld] verb

1 halllucinate



ETYMOLOGY: “to illusion-see” (rhith = illusion) + soft mutation + (gweld = see) 



:_______________________________.



rhithwelediad <hrith-we-LED-yad> [hrɪθwɛˡlɛdjad] masculine noun

PLURAL rhithwelediadau <hrith-we-led-YAA-dai, -e> [hrɪθwɛlɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]

1 hallucination 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhithweled- stem of rhithweld = hallucinate) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns) 



The stem is weled- since the verbnoun gweld (= to see) is in fact a reduced form: gweld / gwel’d < gweled



:_______________________________.



rhithweledigaeth <hrith-we-le-DIG-yaith, -eth> [hrɪθwɛlɛˡdɪgjaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine noun

PLURAL rhithweledigaethau <hrith-we-le-di-GEI-thai, -e> [hrɪθwɛlɛdɪˡgəɪθaɪ, -ɛ]

1 hallucination



ETYMOLOGY: (rhithweledig = hallucinated, rhithwel- + -edig, past participle of rhithweld) + (-aeth suffix per formar substantius) 



:_______________________________.



rhithweledol <hrith-we-LEE-dol> [hrɪθwɛˡleˑdɔl] adjective

1 hallucinatory 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhithwelediad = hallucination ) + soft mutation + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)



:_______________________________.



rhithyn <HRII-thin> [ˡhriˑθɪn] masculine noun

1 particle, least bit; atom (= least bit), ounce (= least bit), shred (= least bit), grain (= least bit), etc

cyhuddo rhywun heb rithyn o brawf 

accuse somebody without a shred of evidence, with no proof at all



Nid oes iddo’r rhithyn lleiaf o werth na phwys 

It has no value or importance whatsoever 



Nid oes rhithyn o nerth yn ei ddadl 

There’s not an ounce of strength in his argument 



Nid oes rhithyn o wirionedd yn ei ddystiolaeth 

There’s not a grain of truth in his testimony



Nid oes rhithyn o olwg gennyf arno (oos dim r’ithyn o olwg gin i arno) 

I can’t bear him (“there is not a particle of sight with me on him”)



Er nad oes gen i rithyn o ddiddordeb yn y byd bocsio... 

Although I don’t have the slighest interest in boxing... 



Does dim rhithyn o amheuaeth taw fe a’i gwnaeth 

There’s not a ounce of doubt that he’s the one who did it / that he’s the culprit 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhith = illusion) + soft mutation + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns)



:_______________________________.



rhiw, rhiwiau  <HRIU, HRIU-yai, -e> [hrɪʊ, ˡhrɪʊjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)

1 slope



2 (South) mynd lan rhiw go uphill



3 Place name: Pen-y-rhiw (“(the) top (of) the slope”) 

(Also Pen-rhiw, with the linking definite article omitted) 



..a/ Pen-rhiw house name in Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1) (“Pen Rhiw”)



:_______________________________.



Rhiwabon <hriu-AA-bon> [hrɪʊˡɑˑbɔn]

1 SJ3043 locality in Wrecsam county. Called by the English ‘Ruabon’, which probably represents a local Welsh pronunciation: rhiw [hriu]  (= slope) is often reduced to rhw [rʊ]  in place names when it is the first element, and therefore unstressed; the same occurs with rhyw [hriu]  (= some) in words such as rhywbeth [ˡhriubɛθ] , in the south-east as rwpath [ˡruˑpaθ] , though in this case this syllable bears the stress.



2 a parish at this place



ETYMOLOGY: “(the) slope / hill (of) Mabon”, Rhiwabon < rhiwfabon < rhiw Fabon

(rhiw = slope, hill) + soft mutation + (Mabon = man’s name)



:_______________________________.



rhiwbob <HRIU-bob> [ˡhrɪʊbɔb] (masculine noun)

1 rhubarb



:_______________________________.



Rhiwderyn <hriu-DEE-rin> [hrɪʊˡdeˑrɪn] feminine noun

1 ST2687 locality in the county of Casnewydd 



ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (from its present form) rhiw’r deryn “hill of the bird” > rhiw deryn, with the typical loss of the linking definite article (here as ’r), as in many other place names

 

(rhiw = hill, slope) + (’r definite article) + (’deryn, colloquial form of aderyn = bird) 

But earlier forms might show a different origin for the name.



:_______________________________.



Rhiw Fer <hriu-VER> [hrɪʊ ˡveːr]

1 “rhiw’r ferººº “ (“(the) hill / slope / rise (of) the fir trees”)



..1/ Rhiw-fer +++ººrhiw y ferººº - (“(the) hillside (of) the fir trees”) – street name in Ffosygerddinen (county of Caerffili) 

Pen-rhiw-fer pen +++ººrhiw y ferººº - (“(the) end (of) the hill / slope / rise (of) the fir trees”) - street name in Ffosygerddinen (county of Caerffili)



..2/ Rhiw Fer rhiw y ferººº - (“(the) hillside (of) the fir trees”) between the villages of Nant-y-moel and Pontycymer (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)



..3/ Heol Pen-rhiw-fer - street name in Tonyrefail (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhiw = slope) + (yr, ’r = definite article) + (fer = fir trees) 

rhiw’r fer > rhiw fer (loss of the linking definite article)



:_______________________________.



rho <HROO> [hroː] adverb 

South-west Wales (county of Penfro and part of Caerfyrddin) 

1 Causes soft mutation of a following adjective. 

rho fach too small (bach = small)

rho fawr too big (mawr = big)

rho lydan too wide (llydan = wide)

rho dost too painful (tost = painful) 



ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant. South-east Wales has rw



:_______________________________.



Rhobell <HROO-belh> [ˡhroˑbɛɬ]

1 mountain name



..a/ Y Rhobell Fawr ‹ə HROO-belh vaur› [ə ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡvaʊr]     SH7825 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) 734m,2408ft 



(“great / greater Rhobell”) 



(Rhobell mountain name) + soft mutation + (mawr = big) 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/910 copa’r mynydd  / mountain summit



..b/ Y Rhobell Ganol ‹ə HROO-belh GAA nol› [ə ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡgɑˑnɔl]     SH7827 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) 



(“middle Rhobell”)

(Rhobell mountain name) + soft mutation + (canol = middle) 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478801



3 Rhobell y Big ‹HROO-belh ə BIIG› [ˡhroˑbɛɬ ə ˡbiːg]     



SH7827 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)



“(the) Rhobell (with) the peak”



(Rhobell mountain name) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (pig = peak) 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478103



ETYMOLOGY: 

y rhobell < y robell < yr obell < (yr definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell = saddle)



gobell is (go- prefix = under) + sot mutation + (*pell unknown element)



The mountain name is explained as follows:



..a/ (y definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell = saddle) > yr obell (= the saddle)



..b/ Later there was confusion about the word division Yr Obell > Y Robell 



..c/ and aspiration has occurred “r” > “rh” (Y Robell > Y Rhobell) since the aspirate “rh” is far more usual than “r” as an initial consonant, and does not soft-mutate after the definite article as in the case of feminine nouns beginning with c,p,t,g,b,d,m. 

hence y rhyd (= the ford), y rhos (= the moor), etc



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Rhobert <HROO-bert> [ˡhroˑbɛrt] (masculine noun)

1 Robert



In the final-syllable-e-becomes-a-zones (north-west, south-east) Rhobert is Rhobart (before other changes – for example, the loss of h in the south-east)



Colloquially with the loss of the r – Rhobet, Rhobat



Mi glywais i Rhobat Gruffydd yn deyd laweroedd o weithia, fod honor (sic) Jehofa tu cefn i’w addewidion.

I heard Rhobat Gruffudd say many times that Jehovah’s honor was behind his promises 

Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910 t173



Colloquially with the loss of the h and the r - Robet, Robat



Robat is to be seen too used as a name in its own right rather than a dependent form of Rhobert



2 ap Rhobert (patronymic) > Probert (patronymic, coalesced form). This form Probert became a fixed surname.



ap Rhobert > Probert, English Probert (simplified patronymic retains a vestige of ap)



ap Rhobert > Robert, English Roberts (simplified patronymic discards ap)

:_______________________________. 



Rhobin <HROO-bin> [ˡhroˑbɪn] (masculine noun)

1 Robin (diminutive form of Robert) 



2 Rhobin Ddu o Eifion poet’s name mentioned in “The Origin and Progress of the Gwyneddigion Society of London” / William Davies Leathart / 1831 



(“black-haired Robin from Eifionydd (the south-eastern part of the Lly^n peninsula, from Porthmadog to the river Erch / Aber-erch, beyond which is Pwllheli.)



"In 1792 the bardic meeting took place at Denbigh; but, in consequence of the great success of the two bards, Walter Davies and David Thomas, the Society deemed it necessary to suspend both from competition, for two years. Whether this displeased D. Thomas or not, I am unable to say, but he never again tried for an Eisteddfod prize. The successful bard, on this occasion, was Robert Williams, or Rhobin Ddu o Eifion, whose production was printed, though not one is now to be found in the library, the subject Cyflafan y Beirdd drwy orchymmyn Iorwerth y cyntaf,  i.e. the Massacre of the Welsh Bards, by order of Edward the First."



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rhochian <HROKH-yan> [ˡhrɔxjan] (verb)

1 grunt



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rhodd, rhoddion <HROODH> [hroːð] 

 (f)

1 gift, present



2 cymynrodd legacy, bequest 

cymynrodd < cymunrodd (cymun = communion ) + soft mutation + ( rhodd = gift, donation)



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rhodd <HROODH> [hroːð] 

adjective

1 given



march rhodd gift horse, horse given as a present



Ni wiw edrych dannedd march rhodd “it is not fitting to check the teeth of a gift horse” Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth, Beggars can’t be choosers



If you get something for free you should be thankful that you have been so lucky – though some people might begin complaining if they find that what they have been given is not a hundred per cent perfect



NOTE: “given”; stem of the verb rhoddi (= to give) used as a past participle



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rhoddwr gwaed <HROO-dhur GWAID> [ˡhroˑðʊr ˡgwaɪd]

PLURAL rhoddwyr gwaed <HRODH–wir GWAID> [ˡhrɔðwɪr ˡgwaɪd]

1 blood donor 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhoddwr = donor) + (gwaed = blood)



:_______________________________.



rhoddwr morgais, rhoddwyr morgeisi <HRO-dhur MOR-gais, HRODH-wir-mor-GEI-si> [ˡhroˑðʊr ˡmɔrgaɪs, ˡhrɔðwɪr  mɔrˡgəɪsɪ] (masculine noun)

1 mortgage provider



:_______________________________.



rhoden <HROO-den> [ˡhroˑdɛn] feminine noun

PLURAL rhodenni <hro-DE-ni> [ˡhrɔdɛnɪ]

1 rod 



2 rod (in retina) 



3 (vehicle) rhoden brâc, plural rhodenni braciau brake rod



4 fuel = fissile material used in a nuclear reactor 

rhoden danwydd, plural rhodenni tanwydd fuel rod 



5 rhodfacteriwm rod bacterium 



6 rhoden droi plural rhodenni troi stirring rod 



7 rhoden fellt plural rhodenni mellt lightning conductor 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhod) + (-en diminutive suffix); rhod- < English rod < Old English rodd; cf Norwegian rydda = twig



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rhodfa <HROD-va> [ˡhrɔdva] feminine noun

PLURAL rhodféydd <hrod-VEIDH> [hrɔdˡvəɪð] 



1 parade, walk, avenue; street for walking in a town, often tree-lined and with shops



Occurs in street names (often to translate ‘Parade’ in streets built in the 1800s or 1900s and given English names)



Y Rhodfa [ə ˡhrɔdva]  (“(the) parade / walk”) 

A street in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin) 



Rhodfa Mair [ˡhrɔdva ˡmaɪr]  (“(the) parade / walk (of) (Saint) Mary”) 

A street in Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (“St. Mary’s Avenue” in English)



Y Rhodfa Newydd [ə ˡhrɔdva ˡnɛʊɪð]  (“(the) new parade / walk”)

A street in Cwm-bach, Aber-dâr (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) 



Rhodfa’r De [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdeː]  (“(the) parade / walk (of) the south”) 

..a/ A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“South Marine Terrace” in English)

..a/ A street in Pen-sarn, Abergele (county of Conwy) (“South Parade” in English)

..c/ A street in Dinbych y Pysgod (county of Penfro) (“South Parade” in English)



Rhodfa’r Drindod [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdrɪndɔd]  (“(the) parade / walk (of) the trinity”) 

A street in Llandudno (county of Conwy) (“Trinity Avenue” in English)



Rhodfa’r Dwyrain [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdʊɪraɪn]  (“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the east”)

..a/ road in Caer-dydd (“Eastern Avenue” in English)

..b/ A street in Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) (“Eastern Parade”)



Rhodfa’r Eos [ˡhrɔdvar ˡeˑɔs]  (“(the) parade / walk (of) the nightingale”) 

A street in Ynysforgan (county of Abertawe)



Rhodfa’r Ficerdy [ˡhrɔdvar vɪˡkɛrdɪ]  (“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the vicarage”) 

A street in Llandudno (county of Conwy) (“Vicarage Avenue” in English) 



Rhodfa’r Gogledd [ˡhrɔdvar ˡgɔglɛð]  (“(the) parade / walk (of) the north”) 

A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“North Parade” in English)



Rhodfa’r Gorllewin [ˡhrɔdvar gɔrˡɬɛʊɪn]  (“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the west”)

..a/ road in Caer-dydd (“Western Avenue” in English)

..b/ A street in Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) (“Western Parade”)



Rhodfa’r Môr [ˡhrɔdvar ˡmoːr]   (“(the) parade / walk (leading to / situated by) the sea”)

..a/ A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“Marine Terrace”)

..b/ A street in Nefyn (Gwynedd) 



Rhodfa’r Wiwer [ˡhrɔdvar ˡwiˑwɛr]   (“(the) parade / walk (of) the squirrel”)

A street in Fforest, Pontarddulais (county of Abertawe) 



2 riverside walkway, riverside path

Bydd yno rodfa ar hyd yr afon, amgueddfa, siopau, tai bwyta a barau

There will be a walkway alongside the river, a museum, and shops, restaurants and bars



3 drive = scenic route for travellers in a vehicle 

Rhodfa Coedwigaeth Cwm-carn Cwm-carn Forest Drive



5 beat = policeman’s round



ETYMOLOGY: (rhod-, stem of rhodio = to stroll, to walk) + (-fa, suffix = place)



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Rhodfa Bach ‹hrod-va baakh› [hrɔdva ˡbaːx] 



1 a street name in Niwbwrch (county of Môn) 



ETYMOLOGY: y rhodfa bach (“the little walk”)

(y definite article) + (rhodfa = walk, promenade) + (bach = little) 



In North Wales, after a feminine noun bach remains unmutated. 

The expected form would be “y rhodfa fach”



:_______________________________.



rhodres ‹HROD-res› [ˡhrɔdrɛs]   

1 ostentation, swank, pomposity  





(delw 7367)



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rhodresu ‹hrod RE si› [hrɔdˡrɛsɪ]  (verb) 

1 put on airs, give oneself airs



:_______________________________.



Rhodri ‹HROD-ri› [ˡhrɔdrɪ]  (feminine noun)

1 man’s name



:_______________________________.



rhoi ‹HROI› (verb)

1 to give



2 used with actions – nouns with -iad, -ad formed from verbs 



..B 

brwshad brush, brushing = act of using a brush

..rhoi brwshad i (rywbeth) give a brush to something 



..C

cribiad comb, combing 

..rhoi cribiad i’ch gwallt give your hair a comb 



3 rhoi’r gyfraith mewn grym apply the law, enforce the law 



4 rhoi’ch esgidiau put on your shoes (“give your shoes”)



5 rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult to injury (“put (an) insult in (the) top (of an) injury”)



6 rhoi clap ar eich dwylo clap your hands together (in expectation) (“give a clap on your hands”) 



7 rhoi’r troed gorau ymlaenaf put your best foot forward = do your best, go your fastest



8 rhoi gwybod (am rywbeth) i intimate (something) to, inform... of (something) 



9 rhoi pethau yn eu trefn sort things out, put things in order (“put things in their order”) 



10 rhoi cennad i give leave to (USA: to furlough) (Englandic: to leave)



11 rhoi rhywun ar bédestal place somebody on a pedestal 



12 rhoi ci ar dennyn put a dog on a leash 



13 rhoi’ch pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick your nose into something (“give / put your nose...”) 



14 rhoi’ch cleddyf trwy rywun put your sword through someone, wound or kill someone with a sword 



15 rhoi’r gyfraith ar (rywun) take (someone) to court, prosecute (someone) 



16 (North) rhoi edau mewn nodwydd thread a needle (“put / give (a) thread in (a) needle”) 



17 rhoi gwthiad i (rywbeth) give (something) a push / a shove



18 rhoi’r brâc put on the brake 



19 rhoi ichi flas o’ch ffisig eich hun give you a taste your own medicine 



20 ei rhoi hi (i rywun) attack (someone) = hit, beat ; savagely criticise (someone) (“give it to someone”)



21 rhoi si ar led bod... spread a rumor that 



22 rhoi (rhywun) i orwedd lay (somebody) down, place (somebody) in a lying postion 



Rhoddodd hi i orwedd ar ei gwely She laid her down on her bed 



23 rhoi cynnig ar try, have a go, try one’s hand at, have a go at give something a try (“give a try on”) 

rhoi cynnig ar ffordd arall = try it another way



:_______________________________.



rhoi benthyg ‹hroi BEN thig› (verb)

1 to lend, literally ‘give loan (of)...’

rhoi benthyg (rhywbeth) i (rywun) lend (something) to (someone)



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rhoi bwch i ‹hroi BUUKH i› (verb)

1 to fuck (“give a stag / billy goat to”)



:_______________________________.



rhoi’ch bywyd ar antur 

1 put your life at risk 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhoi = put) + (eich bywyd = your life) + (ar antur = at random, at risk)



:_______________________________.



rhoi’ch pen i’w dorri ‹hroikh pen iu do-ri› verb 

1 risk your neck, stick your neck out, do something risky which might result in failure, say something which might result in criticism or ridicule; sign your own death warrant 

(“give / put your head for its cutting off”)



:_______________________________.



rhoi chwip din  ‹hroi khwip DIIN i› (verb)

1 rhoi chwip din (i rywun) (American) to whip someone’s ass; (Englandic) give someone a good hiding



:_______________________________.



rhoi cynnig  ‹hro KƏ nig ar› (verb)

1 rhoi cynnig (ar rywbeth) to try (something), to attempt (something)

Literally ‘give / put a try on (something); give / put an attempt on (something)’



:_______________________________.



rhoi hwthad i ‹hroi HU thad i› (verb)

1 (South Wales) to fuck

hwthad < standard chwythiad = blow, act of blowing, blast, act of blasting



:_______________________________.



rhoi i orffwys ‹hroi ii or-fuis› 

1 rhoi (rhywun) i orffwys lay someone to rest, bury someone 



ETYMOLOGY: (“put to resting”) (rhoi = give, put) + soft mutation + (gorffwys = (verb) rest, resting) 



:_______________________________.



rhoi maldod i ‹hroi MAL dod i› (verb)

1 to caress



:_______________________________.



rhoi mwythau i ‹hroi MUI the i› (verb)

1 to caress



:_______________________________.



rhoi prawf ar ‹hroi prauv ar›

1 try out (an idea), put to the test 

Ni roddais brawf ar ei awgrymiad I didn’t try out his suggestion 

rhoi prawf ar allu rhywun put somebody through his paces (“put (a) test on (the) ability (of) somebody”)



ETYMOLOGY: (rhoi = give) + (prawf = proof, test) + (ar = on)



:_______________________________.



rhoi’r gorau i  ‹hroir go re i› (v)

1 give up (some activity)



ymgyrch rhoi’r gorau i ysmygu

a campaign to give up smoking



ETYMOLOGY: ‘give the best to’; rhoi = give + y gorau = the best



:_______________________________.



rhoi rhwystr ar ‹hroi HRUI stir ar› (verb)

1 to frustrate, to block 

Literally ‘give / put an obstacle on (something)’



:_______________________________.



rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf ‹hroi sar-haad ə mhen aa-nav›

1 add insult to injury 



ETYMOLOGY: (“put (an) insult on (the) top (of an) injury”) 

(rhoi = give, put) + (sarhâd = insult) + (ym mhen = in (the) head (of), on (the) top (of)) + (anaf = injury)



:_______________________________.



Rholant ‹HRO lant› (masculine noun)

1 man’s name (Roland). 



:_______________________________.



rholio ‹HROL yo› (verb)

1 to roll



:_______________________________.



rholstoc ‹hrol-stok› masculine noun 

1 (railway) rolling stock – locomotives, carriages, wagons 



ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English rolling stock; (rhol-, stem of rholio = to roll) + (stoc = stock)



:_______________________________.



Rhonabwy ‹hro NA bui› (masculine noun)

1 man’s name (obsolete)

:_______________________________.



Rhondda ‹HRON-dha› (feminine noun)

1 a river in south-east Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (rondda) < rhondda < *rhondde < *rhoddnai < *rhoddnei < *rhawddnei < rhawdd + suffix –nei,

or

(rondda) < rhondda < *rhoddna <*rhoddnai < *rhoddnei < *rhawddnei < rhawdd + suffix –nei

The changes are as follows, though this may not be the actual sequence of change

..a/ rhawddnei > rhoddnei

The reduction of the diphthong aw >  simple vowel o is a common feature in Welsh

..b/ rhoddnei > rhoddnai Middle Welsh ei in a final syllable became modern Welsh ai

..c/ rhoddnai > rhoddna In the south-east, the diphthing ai in a final consonant was reduced to a

..d/ rhoddna > rhondda Metathesis – the sequence dd-n become n-dd

..e/ rhoddna > rondda Locally in the south-east, rh >  r



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rhos, rhosydd ‹HROOS, HRO sidh› (feminine noun)

1 headland



2 highland, mountain land 



3 moor



4 In street names: 

Is-y-rhos (“below the moor”) street name in the village of Cae’r-bont (SN8011), Aber-craf (county of Powys)

5 rhosan (qv) a diminutive form of rhos

:_______________________________.

 

Rhos  ‹HROOS› 

1 One of the four kántrevs (cantrefi) (Rhos, Tegeingl, Dyffryn Clwyd, Rhufoniog) of the country of Y Berfeddwlad (“the middle country”). 



Today the land forms part of eastern Conwy county and western Dinbych county: Rhos was possibly a lesser kingdom in the post-Roman period. 



Y Berfeddwlad became part of the kingdom of Gwynedd. 

 

.. 

(delw 7334) 



The kántrev name survives in the distinguishing tag of three villages here



Llandrillo yn Rhos SH8381 (Englished as “Rhos on Sea”) (to distinguish from the Llandrillo SJ0377 near Y Bala)



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8381 Llandrillo yn Rhos



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/201301 Llandrillo (Dinbych county)



Llaneilian yn Rhos SH8676 (to distinguish it from the Llaneilian SH4792 in north-east Môn).

The English use the incorrect form “Llanelian-yn-Rhôs”.



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/154998 Llaneilian yn Rhos



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/79339 Llaneilian (Ynys Môn)



Betws yn Rhos SH9073 (to distinguish it from other places called Betws, but perhaps especially Betws to the south-west, itself distinguished with the tag “y coed” – Betws-y-coed, the place called Betws which is by the wood. (betws = church)



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/29864 Betws yn Rhos



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH7956 Betws-y-coed



2 Rhos one of the seven kántrevs (Rhos, Pebidiog, Cemais, Emlyn, Gwarthaf, Daugleddau, Penfro) the country (gwlad) of Dyfed





(delw 7390)

3 There is also a district in Kernow / Cornwall called Ros (= promontory), in English Roseland (Ros, anglicised as Rose, with the addition of the English word land). It includes the parishes of Églos-rós (Philleigh), Gérens (Gerrans), Lannsíek (St. Just in Roseland) a Lannenténin (St. Anthony in Roseland). 



(delw 4756)

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rhos, rhosydd 

1 rose. See rhosyn 

rhosliw rose-coloured 

(rhos - rose (as a first element in a compound form); usually in older Welsh rhos was plural = roses) + soft mutation + (lliw = colour)



:_______________________________.



rhosan ‹HRO-san › (f)

1 headland; moor

ETYMOLOGY: diminutive form of rhos

(rhos = headland, moor, upland) + (-an diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.



Y Rhosan ar Wy  ‹HROS-an ar UI› 

1 Ross on Wye

ETYMOLOGY: “(the place called) Y Rhosan (which is on the river) Gwy / Wye”

Y Rhosan ar Wy is the name which is given for Ross on Wye in The Welsh Academy English-Welsh Dictionary.

(Y Rhosan) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (Gwy river name, “Wye”)

(y definite article) + (rhosan = little headland; little moorland”)

NOTE: Although Ross is evidently a name of Welsh origin, Y Rhosan ar Wy may be a recent Cymricisation of the name; or possibly it is a name that was current when the old county of Mynwy / Monmouthshire, and adjoining parts of Herefordshire were Welsh-speaking in the 1800s.

:_______________________________.

Y Rhos Ddiarbeb ‹ø HROOS dhi-AR-bed›
1 In the north of the county of Powys, between Caer-sws and Llandinam, there is land originally called Rhos Ddiabred (literally “moor which has been held back / withheld”, apparently referring to ownership) (di-, negative prefix) + (abred = release)

Nowadays the name is Rhos Ddiarbed (the result of confusion with the word diarbed = ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting) (di-, negative prefix) + (arbed = to save)

(delw 7488)

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Y Rhos-ddu ‹ə hroos dhii›

1 a district on the western side of Wrecsam 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ3351



ETYMOLOGY: ‘the black moor’ (y = definite article) + (rhos = moor, highland) + soft mutation + (du = black)



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Y Rhos-fawr  ‹ə hroos VAUR› (feminine noun)

1 village in Gwynedd, north-west Wales  



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH3839



ETYMOLOGY: ‘the great moor’ (y = definite article) + (rhos = moor, highland) + soft mutation + (mawr = big, great)



:_______________________________.



rhosgoed ‹hros-goid› (pl)

1 rhododendren bushes 



2 In Cyffordd Llandudno (county of Conwy) there is a street named “Cae Rhos Goed”, which is possibly Caerhosgoed “cae’r rhosgoed” “(the) field (of) the rhododendren bushes” 



The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae… 



3 rosewood = Dalbergia, tree with wood of a dark red or purplish coloor used in cabinet making. The wood has a scent similar to that of roses 



ETYMOLOGY: (“rose-trees”) (rhos = roses) + soft mutation + (coed = trees)



:_______________________________.



rhosliw ‹hros-liu› adjective

1 rose-coloured 

gruddiau rhosliw rosy cheeks 



2 drudwen rosliw PLURAL: drudwy rosliw (Pastor roseus) pastor starling, rose-coloured starling; Asian bird, black with a pink back and abdomen 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhos - rose ‹as a first element in a compound form›; usually in older Welsh rhos was plural = roses) + soft mutation + (lliw = colour)



:_______________________________.



Rhosneigr ‹hroos NEI gir› (feminine noun)

1 village SH3173 in the island of Môn / Anglesey



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/82709



:_______________________________.



rhostio ‹HROST yo› (verb)

1 to roast



:_______________________________.



rhostir, rhostiroedd ‹HRO stir, hro SRI rodh› (masculine noun)

1 moorland



:_______________________________.



Rhostryfan ‹hroos-trə-van›

1 SH4957 village 5km south of Caernarfon ( county of Gwynedd ) 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4957



ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) moor (of) (the hill called) Tryfan”) 

(rhos = upland, moor) + (Tryfan = hill name). 



The common noun tryfan means “peak”, from (try-, an intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (ban = peak)



:_______________________________.









Rhoswen ‹hros-wen› 

1 female name



ETYMOLOGY: (“rose”) (rhos = rose) + (-wen suffix for forming female names, < gwen, the feminine form of gwyn = white; pure; holy; fair)



:_______________________________.



Rhos-y-bol ‹hroos ə BOL› (feminine noun)

1 village SH4288 in the county of Môn



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4288



:_______________________________.



rhosyn, PLURAL rhosynnau, rhosod, rhosus; (LITERARY) rhos ‹HRO sin, HRO sis› (masculine noun)

1 rose



:_______________________________.



Rhosyr ‹HRO sir› (feminine noun)

1 ‘kantrev’ (medieval division) of Môn. It was divided into Menai and Dindaethwy kúmmuds.



Llys Rhosyr An old Welsh settlement which was the administrative centre of Rhosyr before the English occupation after Welsh defeat in 1282, and the building of the English borough of Niwbwrch (Newborough) on the site from 1294 onwards.

 



(delw 7346)



ETYMOLOGY: Rhosyr is equivalent to modern Welsh Rhos Fair “(the) upland (of the Virgin) Mary” 

Rhósyr < Rhóser < Rhóseir < Rhósfeir < Rhos Féir 



(rhos = upland) + soft mutation + (Meir, older form of Mair = Mary)



(Although accepted in the past, this derivation is now disputed)





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Rhos-haminiog ‹hros-ha-MIN-yog›



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644554 map



See Rhosyrhafod 









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Rhosyrhafod ‹hros-HAA-vod› 

1 SN5464 village in Ceredigion



English name. Cross Inn



Geiriadur yr Acádemi Gymreig (The Welsh Academy Dictionary) gives two Welsh names for Cross Inn - “Rhos Haminiog, Rhos yr Hafod” 



Rhos-haminiog: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644554 map



Yr Hafod: http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5464



ETYMOLOGY: “(the) moorland (of) Yr Hafod” SN5463



(rhos = moorland) + (Yr Hafod) 



Yr Hafod “the summer place” (yr definite article) + (hafod = summer place, summer pasture, summer farm, summer farmhouse)











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rhownyn ‹hrou-nin› masculine noun

PLURAL rhawn ‹hraun› 

1 gogr rhawn horsehair sieve, sieve made with horsehair



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rhuban (masculine noun) rhubannau ‹HRII ban, hri BA ne› 

1 ribbon

2 mynd fel rhuban go at great speed, whizz along (“go like (a) ribbon”) 



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rhudd ‹hriidh› adjective

PLURAL rhuddion ‹hridh-yon›

1 red (today it is a literary word; it is found too in certain compound words, especially old compounds) See 

..a/ bronrhuddyn (= robin) (“red breast” + diminuitive suffix -yn)

..b/ rhuddem (= ruby) (“red gem / jewel”) 

..c/ rhuddell (= rubric) (“red” + suffix -ell) 



and the place names 

..d/ Foel Rudd (= red bare-hill) 

..e/ Rhuddlan (= red slope) 

..f/ Rhuddnant (= red stream / red valley) 

..g/ Rhuthun (= red fort) 



and the obsolete forename 

..h/ Cleddyfrudd (= red sword)



2 red = bloodstained;

llofrudd murderer, assassin < llawf-rudd ‘red hand’, that is, hand stained with blood bloodstained hand (llawf, old form of llaw = hand) + soft mutation + (rhudd = red)

(Compare the English expression ‘to catch red-handed’ = to catch somebody doing wrong, originally to catch in the act of murder)



3 red (the colour of a sunset)



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *roud(os) (= red) < Celtic < Indoeuropean reudh- (= red)

From the same British root: Breton ruz (= red), Cornish rudh (= red)

From the same Celtic root: Irish rua (= red) (ruadh before the spelling reform), Scottish ruadh (= red)



Related words in other languages - from the same Indo-European root



(1) Germanic: 

German rot, Dutch rood, English red (Old English rêad), Scottish (Lowlandic) surname Reid, Old Norse raudhr, (all of these = red)



(2) Latin:

..........(a) rûfus (= red),

..........(b) ruber (= red) from which Latin rubrîca = red earth, English rubric, originally “red ochre”, now “title, heading”

..........(c) rubeus (= reddish) (this is a derivative of ruber). From rubeus comes French rouge, (= red) and also French rubis, from an earlier form of which comes English ruby (= red precious stone)

..........(d) russus (= red)



(3) Greek 

erathrós (= red)



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rhuddell ‹hrii-dhelh› masculine noun

PLURAL rhuddellau ‹hri-dhee-lhe›

1 rubric = directions in a prayer book, usually printed in red, for procedure in a Christian service



ETYMOLOGY: (rhudd = red) + (-ell = suffix for forming nouns)



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rhuddem ‹hrii-dhem› feminine noun

PLURAL rhuddemau ‹hri-dhee-me›

1 ruby = red precious stone

2 cyn goched â’r rhuddem as red as a ruby (“as red as the ruby”)



ETYMOLOGY: (rhudd = red) + soft mutation + (gem = gem, gemstone)



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rhuddin ‹HRII dhin› (masculine noun)

1 heartwood = central wood of a treetrunk 

dangos eich rhuddin show your mettle, show what you’re made of



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Rhuddlan ‹HRIDH lan› (feminine noun)

1 village in the north-east 

Apparently ‘red slope / red bank’ 

(rhudd = red) + soft mutation + (glan = slope)



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Rhufain ‹hri-ven› feminine noun

1 Rome 



2 there are three equivalent phrases corresponding to the English phrase “to fiddle while Rome burns”, that is, to attend to unimportant matters during an emergency or a crisis

chwarae’r crwth a Rhufain yn llosgi (“play the fiddle and / while Rome burning”)

canu crwth tra llosgo Rhufain (“play a fiddle while Rome may burn”)

ffidlan pan yw Rhufain yn llosgi (“fiddle when Rome is burning”)



2 Pan foch yn Rhufain, gwnewch fel y Rhufeiniaid 

When in Rome, do as the Romans do 



3 Nid mewn undydd y codwyd Rhufain 

Rome was not built in a day

(“(is”) not in a single-day that it was built Rome”) 



4 Eglwys Rufain the Church of Rome 



5 Rome as a centre of pilgrimage 

I Rufain yr arwain pob ffordd All roads lead to Rome (“(it-is) to Rome that leads every road”) 



6 Campau Gwŷr Rhufain “(the) feats (of) (the) men (of) Rome” 

Gesta Romanorum = (“deeds of the Romans”) a collection of anecdotes and tales written in Latin, dating from the end of the 1200s or the beginning of the 1300s 



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Rhufain < Rhufein < *Rhôfein < British < Latin Rômân- < Rômania-



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rhufell ‹hri-velh› feminine noun

PLURAL rhufelliaid ‹hri-velh-yed›

1 (Rutilius rutilus) roach (freshwater fish with a greenish back) 



ETYMOLOGY: first recorded 1707; an invented word, an adaptation of Latin rubellio < ruber (= red)



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Rhufoniog ‹rih VON yog› (feminine noun)

1 Originally a sub-kingdom in the kingdom of Gwynedd. It was a ‘kantrev’ (administrative division) in medieval times. Tradition has it that the territory was founded in 445 by Rhufon (hence the name Rhufoniog “territory of Rhufon”), who was the third son of Cunedda, the first King of Gwynedd. This sub-kingdom was ruled by his descendants until 95 years later (540), and it seems that it was absorbed into Gwynedd.



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rhuo ‹HRI o› (verb)

1 roar (lion, etc)

2 said of somebody roaring: rhuo fel llew roaring like a lion 



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rhuthrad, rhuthradau ‹HRITH rad, hri RAA de› (masculine noun)

1 rush

2 gwneud rhuthrad ar storm (a building), take (a building) by a violent assault (“make an incursion on”)



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rhuthro ‹HRITH ro› (verb)

1 to rush 

2 rhuthro at (rywun) charge at (someone) 



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Rhuthun ‹HRI thin› (feminine noun)

1 town in the north-east (red fort) 

(rhudd + din)



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rhw ‹hruu› adverb 

South-east Wales

1 The usual spoken form is rw. The loss of ‘h’ is typical of the south-east 

rw dost = too painful (tost = painful)

rw fääch = too small (bach = small, local form bääch)

rw fawr= too big (mawr = big)

rw lytan = too ample (llydan = wide, local form llytan) 



ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant 



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rhwbio ‹HRUB yo› (verb)

1 to rub

2 rhwbio allan ‹HRUB yo A lhan› to rub out



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rhwmp ‹hrump› masculine noun

PLURAL rhympau ‹hrəm-pe›

1 (obsolete) borer, auger 



2 Rhymni name of a river in the south-east. This is probably “river which bores through the land like an auger”) < *rhympni < (rhwmp = auger, tool for boring wood) + (-ni suffix) 



ETYMOLOGY: probably British < Celtic 



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rhwng ‹HRUNG› (preposition)

1 between

mynd rhwng eich bysedd slip through your fingers



2 mynd yn... rhwng in expressions denoting conflict 



mynd yn ymladd rhwng begin to fight (“become fighting between...”)

Aeth yn ymladd rhyngddyn nhw They began to fight 



mynd yn daro rhwng begin to fight (“become hitting between...”)

Aeth yn daro rhyngddyn nhw They began to fight 



mynd yn ddadl rhwng begin to quarrel (“become an argument between...”)

Aeth yn dipyn o ddadl rhwng 

An argument broke out between them, They started to argue 



mynd yn ddrwg rhwng to fall out (“become bad between...”)

Aeth yn daro rhyngddyn nhw They had a falling out, They fell out with each other 



mynd yn ffrwgwd rhwng begin to quarrel, come to blows (“become a tussle between...”)

Aeth yn ffrwgwd rhwng Sam Fain a’r heddgeidwad Sam Fain and the policeman came to blows 



mynd yn her rhwng result in a challenge (“become a challenge between...”)

Aeth hi’n her rhyngon ni It led us to challenge each other (to a contest) 



mynd yn hwdwl-gwdwl rhwng begin to quarrel (“become a quarrel between...”)



3 (North) gyrru rhwng pobl stir up trouble between people (“drive / send between people”)

(South) hala rhwng pobl stir up trouble between people (“send between people”)





4 rhwng y porthmon a'r moch let them sort it out themselves, don't interfere in the dispute ('(leave it') between the pigman and the pigs) (porthmon moch North Wales pig dealer, pigman)

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rhwng bodd ac anfodd ‹hrung boodh ag an-vodh› adverb

1 halfheartedly, reluctantly, grudgingly 



ETYMOLOGY: “between willingness and unwillingness” 

(rhwng = between) + (bodd = willingness) + (ac = and) + (anfodd = unwillingness)



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rhwng deffro a chodi ‹hrung de-fro a khoo-di› adverb

1 in the time between waking up and getting up, after waking up and before getting up

Byddai yn cael ei syniadau gorau tra’n gorweddian yn ei wely rhwng deffro a chodi

He had his best ideas while lying in bed after waking up and before getting up



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Rhwng Gwy a Hafren ‹hrung GUI a HAV ren› (feminine noun)

1 old territory of the North-east (“between the rivers Gwy and Hafren”) 

(Gwy in English is Wye, Hafren in English is Severn)



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rhwng popeth ‹hrung› adverb

1 all in all i.e. when summarising and drawing a conclusion 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhwng = between ) + (popeth = everything)



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rhwng rhywun a’i bethau ‹hrung hriu-in ai bee-the› 

1 literally ‘between someone and his things”



2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i bethau / gadael iddi fod rhwng rhywun a’i bethau

let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of their actions (“leave it between somebody and his things”)



3 Rhyngddo ef a’i bethau! Let him stew in his own juice, let him deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his actions 



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rhwng rhywun a’i botes ‹hrung hriu-in ai bo-tes› 

1 literally ‘between someone and his soup”



2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i botes (“leave it between somebody and his soup”)

to let somebody stew in their own juice = to leave somebody to deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his / her actions 



3 Rhyngddo ef a’i botes! 

Let him stew in his own juice, let him deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his actions 



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rhwng rhywun a’i gawl ‹hrung hriu-in ai gaul› 

1 literally ‘between someone and his soup”



2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i gawl 

let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of their actions (“leave it between somebody and his soup”)



3 Rhyngddo ef a’i gawl! Let him stew in his own juice = let him deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his actions



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y Rhws ‹ə hruus› feminine noun

1 ST0666 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). English name: Rhoose. 



According to the author Cadrawd (Timothy Christopher Evans) in “A Glossary of the Welsh of Glamorgan / Eisteddfod Abertawe 1907 / (manuscript, National Library of Wales) the local form is Y Rws, that is, ‹ə ruus›, which is to be expected since the dialect of the south-east lacked the phoneme ‹h›



ETYMOLOGY: ?



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rhwth ‹hruuth› verb

 1 gaping



2 Possibly an element in clorwth (o ddyn) (South Wales), 

horwth (o ddyn) (North Wales) big fat slob, great hulk of a fellow



Possibly “distended surface” (clawr = surface) + soft mutation + (rhwth = open, hollow, distended, loose) > cláwr-rwth > clór-rwth > clorwth



3 Possibly an element in llyfrothen dŵr croyw (f), llyfrothod dŵr croyw (Gobio gobio) gudgeon: This is possibly “cowardly gaper”, “cowardly fish which gapes”; or “cowardly greedy fish” (llyfr- tonic or pretonic form of llwfr = coward) + (rhoth, feminine form of rhwth = gaping; greedy) + (-en suffix added to an adjective to make a noun, usually referring to a female) > *llyfr-roth-en > llyfrothen 



4 cegrwth gaping, open-mouthed



(ceg = mouth) + soft mutation + (rhwth = open, gaping) 



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rhwto ‹hru-to› verb

South Wales

1 rub

rhwto yn = rub into, rub on, rub against



Paid o rwto dy ddilo brwnt yndo fe

Don’t rub your dirty hands on it



2 scrub



3 rub in, work in, mix in by rubbing

rhwto’r menyn i’r can rub the butter into the flour



4 grind, crush

rhwto yn fân grind it till it’s fine



5 South-east Wales rwto’n fudur yn ’i giddil be very friendly with each other (“rub into each other very much”)



ETYMOLOGY: ??

NOTE: Normally in the south-east rh- > r-; thus rwto is the colloquial form



6 rhwto maas ‹hru to MAAS› South) to rub out



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rhwyd, rhwydau / rhwydi ‹HRUID, HRUI de, di› (feminine noun)

1 net

2 rhywd fosgitos plural: rhwydau mosgitos / rhwydi mosgitos mosquito net

cysgu o dan rwyd fosgitos sleep under a mosquito net



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rhwydd ‹HRUIDH› (adjective)

1 easy

2 afrwydd difficult 

(af- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + ( rhwydd = easy)



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rhwydog ‹hrui-dog› adjective

1 reticulated 

2 helygen rwydog (helyg rhwydog)

(Salix reticulata) net-leaved willow, netted willow 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhwyd = net) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)



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rhwydwaith, rhwydweithiau ‹HRUID waith, hruid WEITH ye› (masculine noun)

1 network



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rhwyf, rhwyfau ‹HRUIV, HRUI ve› (feminine noun)

1 oar



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rhwyfo ‹HRUI vo› (verb)

1 to row



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rhwygo ‹HRUI go› (verb)

1 to rip, to tear



2 calonrwygol heartrending 



3 ymrwygo burst 

(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (rhwygo = rupture)



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rhwymo ‹HRUI mo› (verb)

1 bind (a book, etc) 

2 become constipated 



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rhwymyn, rhwymynnau ‹HRUI min, hrui MƏ ne› (masculine noun)

1 bandage



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rhwymynnu ‹hrui MƏ ni› (verb)

1 to bandage



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rhwysg, rhwysgau ‹HRUISK, HRUIS ke› (masculine noun)

1 pomp, show



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rhwysgfawr ‹HRUISK vaur› (adjective)

1 pompous



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rhwysgfawredd ‹hruisk-vau-redh› masculine noun

1 ostentation, show 



2 pomposity



2 grandeur, magnificence, splendour 



Fry esgyn i’w aur-orsedd

Wna’r haul trwy borth arddunedd -

Teyrnasa mewn rhwysgfawredd

Ar forau Haf 

(Mynydau Hamddenol: Ail Lyfr Nathan Wyn. 1905. Tudalen / Page 70) 

Up above, the sun ascends to its throne of gold through the gate of splendour – it reigns in ostentation on summer mornings



ETYMOLOGY: (rhwysgfawr = ostentatious) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)



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rhwystr, rhwystrau ‹HRUI stir, HRUI stre› (masculine noun)

1 obstacle, impediment



2 rhwystr taro crash barrier (“obstacle (of) colliding / hitting”)



3 rhwystr ffordd PLURAL rhwystrau ffyrdd roadblock (“obstacle (of) road”)



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rhwystredig ‹hrui STRE dig› (adjective)

1 frustrating



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rhwystredigaeth ‹hrui stre DI geth› (feminine noun)

1 frustrating



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..1 rhy ‹HRII› (adverb)

1 too



2 rhy ychydig too little 

codi rhy ychydig ar (rywun) charge (somebody) too little, undercharge (somebody) 

rhoi rhy ychydig o (rywbeth) give too little (of something) 



3 Dibarch rhy gyffredin familiarity breeds content (“without respect (a thing) too common”) Ni bydd hybarch rhy gyffredin Familiarity breeds contempt (“It is not venerable (the thing) too usual”) 



4 rhy ychydig ‹hri ə KHƏ dig› (phrase) too little



5 Rhy lawn, a gyll Grasp all, lose all (“too full, he will-lose”)

Said of someone trying to carry too much at one time and losing hold of it



6 llawer rhy... far too..., much too... 

llawer rhy bell far too far, much too far 



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..2 rhy ‹HRII› (masculine noun)

1 (obsolete) excess



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rhybudd, rhybuddion ‹HRƏ bidh, hrə BƏDH yon› (masculine noun)

1 warning

2 cloch rybudd plural clychau rhybudd alarm bell, warning bell, tocsin



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rhybuddio ‹hrə BIDH yo› (verb)

1 to warn



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rhych ‹hriikh› feminine noun

PLURAL rhychau ‹hrə-khe›

1 furrow = long narrow trench made by a plough, for sowing corn, etc 

cadw i’r rhych keep to the furrow, stay on course 

rhegen y rhych Crex crex corncrake (standard name: rhegen yr yd) 



2 trench, furrow = ditch dug for planting potatoes, etc 



3 groove 



4 rut = furrow or groove in a soft surface made by a wheel 



5 rut = a monotonous routine difficult to change 

dod allan o’r rhych get out of the rut

mynd i gerdded rhych fall into a rut (“go to walk a rut”) 



6 furrow (on brow) 



7 crease of the arse, slit of the arse 

Mae’n credu bod yr haul yn codi yn rhych ei din 

He thinks the sun shines out of his arse (“he thinks the sun rises in the crease of his arse”)



8 grave 



9 na rhych na rhawn neither head nor tail (“neither wrinkle nor horsehair”) 

Ni allaf wneud na rhych na rhawn ohono I can’t make head or tail of it, it’s a complete enigma to me 



10 in Porth-cawl (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) there is a “Rhych Avenue” which on the face of it is very likely rhych = furrow. 



Translated into Welsh this would be Heol y Rhych or something similar. 



The English name might be a semi-translation of an indigenous road or track name. 



ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *rok- < *prok- < *prk-



Also from Celtic:

..1/ Irish eitre (= furrow); eitrigh (= to furrow), Old Irish et-rech

..2/ Catalan < rega (= furrow) < Celtic *rîkâ < Indoeuropean *prka

Cf Catalan rec < Pre-Roman *recu (= canal)



From the same Indoeuropean root: 

Germanic:

..1/ English furrow < Middle English forwe, furgh < Old English furh

..2/ Lowlandic (Scotland) furr (= furrow); 

..3/ German die Furche (= furrow); 



Latin:

..1/ Latin porca (= ridge between furrows) 

..2/ Catalan pórca (= land; flower bed) < Latin porca 



NOTE: rhych is also a masculine noun



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rhyd, rhydau ‹HRIID, HRƏ de› (feminine noun)

1 ford 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/406326 Rhyd Trefilan SN5557 / the ford at Trefilan 



2 Common in place names – See Rhyd-fach, Rhydhalog, Rhydychen, Rhyd yr Indiaid



3 moryd river mouth, estuary; sea inlet (Scotland: firth)

“sea-ford” (môr = sea ) + soft mutation + ( rhyd = ford) 



..1/ (SH4459) bay in the district of Arfon (county of Gwynedd, North Wales). It is an area of marsh and mudflats which leads into Afon Menai opposite the south-west tip of the island of Môn (on maps with a very unlikely half-Welsh half-English name  “Foryd Bay”)



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4459 



Also Y Foryd is the name of a farm here, near Llanwnda SH4559



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4559



Hen Foryd SH4559 A place on the southern side of the river Gwyrfai, west of Y Foryd



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/150651



..a) Afon Foryd SH4456 stream which rises by Dinas Dinlle and flows north into Y Foryd 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4456



..2/ Y Foryd SH9980 A place between Abergele (county of Conwy) and Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) where the river Clwyd flows into the sea



http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH9980



4 carreg ryd stepping stone, cerrig rhyd stepping stones; one of a row of stones above water level in a stream or marsh each one step distant from the other for crossing from one side to the other (“stone (of) ford”) (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (rhyd = ford)



5 Glan-rhyd (qv) <glan- HRIID> house name, street name; name of a district of Ystradgynlais SN7808 glan y rhyd “bank / edge / side of the ford, ford side” 

(glan = bank, riverbank) +  (y definite article) + (rhyd = ford)

NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted glan y rhyd > glan rhyd



6 rhyd as a final element in compounds:



..a/ Caledryd probably “ford with fast-flowing water”rather than “hard ford” 

SJ2936 Y Gledryd, near Rhoswiail

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/130760 Pont y Gledryd (“Gledrid Bridge”)



..b/ Henryd “old ford”



..c/ Sychryd

Afon Sychryd ‹AA-von SƏKH rid› [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡsəxrɪd]  stream in Pontneddfechan, Powys

(sych-  < sych = dry) + soft mutation+ (rhyd = ford)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9207 map, Afon Sychryd



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1 rhydd ‹HRIIDH› (adjective)

1 free



2 menter rydd = free enterprise 



3 free = not controlled by the state 

Eglwys Rydd Free Church, one independent of the State, one which does not demand compulsory contributions from the state’s population for its upkeep 



4 cyfieithiad rhydd a loose translation, a rough translation



5 clodrydd ‹KLOD-ridh› [ˈklɔdrɪð] (adjective) 



(a) renowned, celebrated, famous (b) lavish in one’s praise 



(“(of) free praise”) (clod = praise) + soft mutation + (rhydd = free, liberal, generous)



Elystan Glodrydd (died c. 1010) said to be the founder of the fifth royal tribe of Wales



 



ETYMOLOGY: 



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2 rhydd ‹hriidh› verb

1 soft mutation of rhydd = will give 

Contexts in which this form is commonly found is after the interrogative particle a (dropped in colloquial use), and the negative particles ni (dropped in colloquial use) and na (often retained in colloquial use), and a (relative pronoun – dropped in colloquial use) 

rydd o ddim he won’t give 

rydd o mo’i... he won’t give his... 



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rhydd.

1 abbreviation = rhyddiaith prose 



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Rhydderch ‹HRƏ dherkh› (masculine noun)

1 man’s name



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rhyddhâd ‹grOdh HAAD› (masculine noun)

1 release, relief



2 Dyna ryddhâd hyfryd! What a blessed relief! It’s a real relief! That’s a relief! (“there’s a pleasant release”)



3 ar ryddhâd on leave (“on liberation”)



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rhyddháu ‹HRƏDH hai› (verb)

1 to free



2 rhyddháu rhywun oddi wrth bechod absolve somebody of their sins 



3 rhyddháu ci oddi ar dennyn unleash a dog 



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rhyddhâwr ‹hrədh-haa-ur› m 

PLURAL rhyddhawyr ‹hrədh-haa-wir›

1 liberator 

Yr oedd ef yn byw yn amser Garibaldi, rhyddfäwr Ítali, ac yr oedd y fath edmygwr ohono fel y galwodd ei dy^ Garibaldi House 

He lived in the time of Garibaldi, the liberator of Italy, and he was such an admirer of him that he called his house Garibaldi House 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyddhá stem of rhyddháu = to liberate, to free) (-wr suffix = man) 

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rhyddiaith ‹HRƏDH yaith› (feminine noun)

1 prose

Abbreviation (e.g. in a dictionary entry) rhydd.



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rhyddid ‹HRƏ dhid› (masculine noun)

1 freedom, liberty



ETYMOLOGY: rhyddid < rhydid < rhýdd-did (rhydd = free) + (suffix -tid).

The change rhydid ‹d› > rhyddid ‹dh› is the result of the influence of the adjective rhydd

Cornish rydhses (= freedom) 

NOTE: rhyddid, nowadays a masculine noun, was formerly a feminine noun



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Rhyd-fach ‹hriid vaakh› feminine noun 

1 street name in Pentre-bach (county of Merthyrtudful) 



ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd fach” the little ford (y = the) + (rhyd = ford) + soft mutation + (bach = little, small)

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Y Rhydlydan ‹hriid-LƏ-dan› feminine noun 

1  name of various palces

………………………

..a/ SN8950 village on Afon Merddwr in Conwy (“Rhydlydan”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/52320

………………………

..b/ SO0593 Farm near Aberhafesb in Powys (“Rhydlydan”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/540379

………………………

..c/ SN4352 Farm near Talgarreg, Ceredigion (“Rhydlydan”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1028051

………………………

..d/ SN6241 Farm near Ffaldybrenin, Caerfyrddin (“Rhyd-lydan”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1087215

………………………

..e/ SO1645 Farm south of Castell-paen, Powys (“Rhyd-lydan”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO1645

………………………

 

ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd lydan” the wide ford

(y = the) + (rhyd = ford) + soft mutation l > ll + (llydan = wide)



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Rhydhalog ‹hriid-ha-log›

1 a farm south-east of Llanhari (Rhondda Cynon Taf) 

Nant Rhydhalog a stream by the farm 



ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd halog” the muddy ford 



(y = the) + (rhyd = ford) + (halog = muddy) 



NOTE: Since the combination (d + h) becomes ‹t› in Welsh pronunciation, 



Rhydhalog > Rhytalog



Rhydhalog SJ2354 in the county of Y Fflint > Rhytalog, which has assumed the written form Rhydtalog, as if it were “(the) ford (of) Talog”



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Rhydwilym ‹hriid-wi-lim› 

1 (SN1124) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin at Llandysilio 



2 Nant Rhydwilym (SJ1335) stream which rises in Y Berwyn 3km north-east of the mountain of Cader Idiris and flows east into the Ceiriog river at a point 4km north-west of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog 



ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) Gwilym / William”) 

(rhyd = ford) + soft mutation g > (gh) > zero + (Gwilym = William) 



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Rhydychen ‹hri DƏ khen› (feminine noun)

1 Oxford (rhyd = ford, ychen = oxen)



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Rhyd y Crwyn ‹be-tus hriid ə kruin› 

1 In the name Betws Rhyd y Crwyn



See Betws-y-crwyn SO2081, the current name of a village in Sir Amwythig / Shropshire, England



(“(the) ford (of) the animal hides”) 



(rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (crwyn = animal hides)



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Rhyd-y-fagl ‹hriid o va-gal› 

1 Rhyd-y-fagl / Rhyd y Fagl (literary Welsh) the town of Stafford, England 



ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) the snare”) (rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (magl = snare, trap)



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Rhydypennau ‹hriid ə pe-ne› 

1 (ST1881) locality in Caer-dydd 



2 (SN6285) locality in Ceredigion 

Local pronunciation: Rhypenne



3 street name in Castell-nedd (“Rhyd y Pennau“) 



ETYMOLOGY: “ford of the springs / of the stream heads” 

(rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + (pennau plural of pen = head) 



NOTE: as the name of a ford the elements would be written separately Rhyd y Pennau



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Rhydypolon ‹hriid ə po-lon› 

1 Street name in Gorseinon (county of Abertawe) (“Rhyd y Polon”) 



ETYMOLOGY: polon is a southern form of polion (= poles), plural of polyn (= pole) 

In the south, often the suffix -ion > -on (the initial ‹y› of the first syllable is generally lost in South Wales). Hence polion > polon 



Rhydypolon is possibly (not having looked at earlier forms of the name) “(the) ford (of) the poles” 

= (rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + (polion = poles)





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Rhyd yr Indiaid ‹hriid ər IND yed› (feminine noun)

1 ‘the ford of the Indians’, village in Patagonia



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rhyfedd ‹HRƏ vedh› (adjective)

1 strange, unusual

rhyfedd yr olwg strange-looking, odd-looking



2 strange = not normal, unexpected, worrying 

Mae blas rhyfedd ar y te ’ma This tea tastes strange, This tea has a funny taste

mynd i deimlo’n rhyfedd come over all funny, begin to feel strange 



3 bod ryfeddaf:

fel y mae hi ryfeddaf curiously enough, strange to say (“as it is strangest”)



4 ryfedda (South Wales) ( after an adjective) extremely, very very 

Mae hi’n oer ryfeddaf It’s really cold 



ryfeddaf is the soft-mutated form of rhyfeddaf (= strangest). 

Adjectives used as qualifiers indicating extent generally have soft mutation of the initial consonant.



In colloquial Welsh a final ‹v›, which is written “f”, is dropped in polysyllables

rhyfedda < rhyfeddaf



5 Mae rhyw bethau rhyfedd ynddo He’s got some odd ways (“there are some strange things in him”)



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rhyfeddnod ‹hrə-vedh-nod› masculine noun

PLURAL rhyfeddnodau ‹hrə-vedh-no-de›

1 exclamation mark (also: ebychnod ‹e-bəkh-nod›) 



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfedd = wonder) + (nod = mark, sign)



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rhyfeddol ‹hrə-vee-dhol› adjective

1 surprising, wonderful, marvellous, amazing, spectacular, astonishing



amrywiaeth ryfeddol o ddewisiadau

a surprising variety of choice



y twf rhyfeddol mewn addysg Gymraeg ers 1949

the spectacular growth of Welsh-language education since 1949



gyda chyflymdra rhyfeddol at an astonishing rate



2 odd, strange

hanes rhyfeddol arlunydd o Gymro yn yr Eidal

the strange history of a Welsh painter in Italy



3 exceptional

dawn ryfeddol exceptional talent



4 ryfeddol (soft-mutated form used as an intensifier after an adjective) = extremely, tremendously 



lliw swynol a chyfoethog ryfeddol an enchanting and wonderfully rich colour



5 rhyfeddol o (intensifier before an adjective) = extremely



yr oedd yr hen wraig yn rhyfeddol o hardd ac urddasol the old woman was extremely handsome and dignified



6 gwneud yn rhyfeddol = do extremely well



Maen nhw wedi gwneud yn rhyfeddol They’ve done really well



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rhyfeddu ‹hrə VEE dhi› (verb)

1 to wonder

rhyfeddu at (rywbeth) to wonder at (something)



:_______________________________.



rhyfel ‹hrə-vel› masculine noun

PLURAL rhyfeloedd ‹hrə-ve-lodh›

1 war = armed conflict 

adeg rhyfel in time of war, in wartime 



ar adeg rhyfel in time of war, in wartime



awyren ryfel warplane 



bod ar fin mynd yn rhyfel be close to war (“be on (the) edge of going in war”)



bod mewn rhyfel be at war (“be in war”) 



bwyell ryfel war axe



carcharor rhyfel prisoner of war, POW 



cofgolofn ryfel war memorial (in the shape of a column) 



cyhoeddi rhyfel ar declare war on 



difrod rhyfel war damage 



erchyllterau rhyfel the horrors of



gohebydd rhyfel war correspondent



llong ryfel warship 



mynd â’r rhyfel at y gelyn carry the war into the enemy’s camp (“take the war to the enemy”) 



mynd i ryfel go to war 



mynd yn rhyfel rhwng (“going in war between”, “become a war between”) war breaking out between... 



...Yr oedd ar fin mynd yn rhyfel War was close to breaking out



mynwent ryfel war cemetery 



pan fo rhyfel in time of war, if there’s a war on 



parod ar gyfer rhyfel on a war footing, prepared for war 



rhyfel athreuliol war of attrition



rhyfel cartref civil war 



Rhyfel Cartref America the American Civil War



rhyfel diarbed total war, all-out war



rhyfel ffug phoney war 



rhyfel gerila guerrilla war



rhyfel oer cold war 



rhyfel sanctaidd holy war 



rhyfel ymrhyddhâd war of liberation (“war of freeing oneself”) 



rhyfel yn torri allan a war breaking out 



...Ond oherwydd i’r rhyfel dorri allan dri mis yn ddiweddarach... But because the war broke out three months later... 



trosedd rhyfel war crime 



yn ystod y rhyfel during the war



2 war = a specific armed conflict 



..1/ Yr Ail Ryfel Byd The Second World War



..2/ Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf The First World War 



..3/ Rhyfel Caerdroia The Trojan War



..4/ Rhyfel Iberia The Peninsular War (1808-1814) - Portuguese, Castilians and English against the French, resulting in the defeat of the French



..5/ Y Rhyfel Mawr The First World War 



..6/ Rhyfel Olyniaeth Awstria The War of the Austrian Succession 



..7/ Y Trydydd Rhyfel Byd The Third World War



Roedd rhyfel ddistaw rhwng y ddwy wraig 

There was a silent war / smouldering feud between the two women 



4 war = campaign to achieve some end, eliminate something undesirable 

rhyfel yn erbyn tlodi war on want 



3 war = any conflict, dispute, feud 



NOTE: also sometimes as a feminine noun 



ETYMOLOGY: ?? 



:_______________________________.



rhyfela ‹hrə VE la› (verb)

1 make war

rhyfela gerila guerilla warfare



:_______________________________.



rhyfelgan ‹hrə-vel-gan› feminine noun

PLURAL rhyfelganau ‹hrə-vel-gaa-ne›

1 song of war, war-song = song sung by warriors before fighting



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfel = war) + soft mutation + (cân = song)



:_______________________________.



rhyfelgar ‹hrə VEL gar› (adjective)

1 bellicose, warlike



:_______________________________.



rhyfelgarwch ‹hrə vel GA rukh› (masculine noun)

1 agressive nature, liking for war



:_______________________________.



rhyfelgri, rhyfelgrïau ‹hrə VEL gri, hrə vel GRI e› (masculine noun)

1 war cry



:_______________________________.



rhyfelgyrch, rhyfelgyrchoedd ‹hrə VEL girkh, hrə vel GƏR khodh› (masculine noun)

1 military operation



:_______________________________.



rhyfelwr ‹hrə-vee-lur› masculine noun

PLURAL rhyfelwyr ‹hrə-vel-wir›

1 warrior

ei gwrol ryfelwyr, gwladgarwyr tra mad (in the Welsh national anthem)

her (Wales’s) valiant warriors, most excellent patriots



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfel = war) + (-wr = man)



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rhyg ‹HRIIG› (masculine noun)

1 rye



bara rhyg rye bread

cae rhyg rye field



:_______________________________.

rhyglyddu ‹hrəg-LƏ-dhi› v

1 (obsolete) to deserve, to merit, to  be worthy of 

rhyglyddu bodd rhywun (obsolete) to please (“to merit (the) satisfaction (of) somebody”)

Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 20:27 Y doeth a'i gesyd ei hun rhagddo trwy ymadrodd: a'r call a ryglydda fodd pendefigion.

Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 20:27  A wise man shall promote himself to honour with his words: and he that hath understanding will please great men.



ETYMOLOGY: probably rhyglyddu < rhaglyddau (rhag- prefix = fore-, pre-) + soft mutation (+ llydd) + (-u verbal suffix)



Thsis element llydd is to be seen in the verb  derllyddu (= deserve) < British < Celtic do-ro-slij, (do) + (ro) +  (a root slí). Breton has dellezout (= deserve)



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rhygnu ‹HRƏG ni›

1 rhygnu ar (rywbeth), harp on (about), go on (about) = dwell tediously on a subject; 



Dyna fe’n rhygnu ar ei hoff dant He’s off on his hobby horse (“there he is scraping his favourite string”)



Taw â dy rygnu! Stop going on about it all the time! 



Mae mamgu wedi bod yn rhygnu ar hyn drwy’r dydd Grandma’s been going on about it all day



rhygnu ar yr un hen dant, harp on (about), go on (about) = dwell tediously on a subject; be the same old song



  

 :_______________________________.



rhygyng ‹HRƏ ging› [ˡhrəgɪŋ]  (masculine noun)

1 amble



ar rygyng at an amble 

mynd rygyng to amble  



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rhygyngog ‹hrə GƏ ngog› [hrəˡgəŋɔg]  (adj)

1 ambling

Ceffylyn Rhygyngog (“(the) ambling nag”) A folk tune in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). Translated as “Galloping Nag”.



ETYMOLOGY: (rhygyng- stem of rhgyngu = to amble) + (-og adjectival suffix)

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rhygyngu ‹hrə GƏ ngi› [hrəˡgəŋɪ]  (v)

1 to amble



:_______________________________.



Y Rhyl ‹ə hril› [ə ˡhrɪl] 



1 town SJ0182 in the county of Dinbych



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/555129 Traeth y Rhyl / the beach



ETYMOLOGY: Thought to be from an earlier form of the English word “hill”. A mistaken division of Yr Hyl (= the hill) has given Y Rhyl; the rh- form is found from the beginning of the 1700s. But as there are no visible hills at this point, it could perhaps refer to a sandbank.



Alternative explanation:  The word in question may not be “hill”or any kind of elevated feature at all.



Just over the water, in Penrhyn Cilgwri / The Wirral Peninsula there is a place with a similar topography and a similar name.



The nineteenth-century village of Hoylake (the name is a coalesced form of “Hoyle Lake”) had its origins in a former fishing village called Hoose. 



Hoyle Lake is a body of water between Hilbre Island and Dove Point, with a depth of twenty feet. It was used as an anchorage for ships which were too large to sail up the river Dyfrdwy / Dee to the city of Chester. A wide sandbank called Hoyle Bank protects the lake. 



(Information from wikipedia; and “The Place Names of Wales” / Hywel Wyn Owen / 1998)



Possibly the name Y Rhyl / Yr Hyl has some connection with the word “hoyle”. 



Hoyle is the Lancashire pronunciation of ‘hole’, and possibly the place name Hoyle is from Old English holh (= hole, hollow, low-lying place, depression).



On the Welsh side of the approach to the Dyfrdwy estuary is West Hoyle Bank.



But in spite of the similarity of the marine landscape and the two names, holh is unlikely to be the source of the element hyl, in Yr Hyl > Y Rhyl 





(delw 7437)

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Rhymni ‹hrəm-ni› [ˡhrəmnɪ] 

1 (SO1205) Afon Rhymni  river in the county of Caerffili 

Form used in English: “Rhymney”

Cwm Rhymni the valley of this river 

Blaenrhymni farm by the source of the river (“(the’) source (of the river) Rhymni”) 



2 Glynrhymni 



..a/ formerly, one of the two hamlets into which the parish of Llanfabon was divided (the other being Garth), near the town of Caerffili 



..b/ a district in Bedwas, county of Caerffili 

English name (or rather, the name used by the English, since in fact it is not English at all, but the Welsh name with poor spelling): Glyn Rhymney, which should be Glynrhymni 



3 Rhymni (SO1107) town in the county of Caerffili 

Originally Y Rhymni, from a company name, “The Rhymney Iron Works” 



4 a parish at this place 

(1961) Population: 6,640 (1961); Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 23% 



5 Llanrhymni (qv) ST2181 Originally the name of a mansion, now the name of a suburb of Caer-dydd 

English name: Llanrumney 



“(the) church (by the river) Rhymni”. But originally it was Lanrymni “(the) bank (of the river) Rhymni”, with lan (a mutated form of glan = bank, riverside). 



More correctly, the name would be Glanrhymni.

6 Aber Rhymni ST2277 the mouth of Afon Rhymni beyond Lamby (on the eastern bank) and Pengam (on the western bank)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/582251 Aber Rhymni



7 Rhymni An erroneous form for Tredelerch (a suburb of Caer-dydd, on the banks of the river Rhymni). The English name is Rumney (an Anglicised form of the river name). 



The mistake has arisen from an assumption (probably by non-Welsh speakers) that spelling English name Rumney in correct Welsh spelling resulted in the Welsh name for the village (which in fact is generally the case where the ‘English’ name of a place is the Welsh name poorly spelt; but not in the case of ‘Rumney’)



ETYMOLOGY: Probably *rhympni < (rhwmp = auger, tool for boring wood) + (-ni suffix found in many river names) “river which bores throught the land like an auger”



NOTE: locally the ‘h’ is not pronounced, as is the case with  in the traditional spoken Welsh of the south-east Rhymni > R’ymni [ˡrəmnɪ] 



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rhyng- ‹hrəng› (preposition)

1 basis of conjugated forms of the preposition rhwng = between



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Y Rhyngrwyd ‹ə hrəng-ruid› feminine noun

1 Internet

Mae ein tudalennau ar y Rhyngrwyd

Our pages are on the Internet



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyng- = inter, prefix < rhwng = between) + soft mutation + (rhwyd = net)



:_______________________________.



rhyngwladol ‹hrə NGWLAA dol› (adjective)

1 international



2 cyflafareddu rhyngwladol international arbitration



:_______________________________.



Rhys ‹HRIIS› (masculine noun)

1 man’s name



:_______________________________.



Rhys Llwyd y Lleuad ‹hriis luid ə nei-adh› 

1 the man in the moon (“Rhys Llwyd (of) the moon”)



:_______________________________.



Rhys o’r mynydd ‹hriis or mə-nidh› masculine noun

South-east Wales

1 personification of the wind (“Rhys from the mountain”)



:_______________________________.



rhythu ‹HRƏ-thi› (verb)

1 stare 



2 llygadrythu (verb sense objecte) stare 

(llygad = eye) + soft mutation + (rhythu = to stare )

llygadrythu ar = stare at 

llygadrythu ar rywun yn atgas give somebody a nasty stare 



:_______________________________.



..1 rhyw ‹HRIU› (determiner)

1 some



2 rywbryd ‹RIU brid› (adverb) sometime



3 rywsut ‹RIU sit› (adverb) somehow



4 yn rhywle ‹ən HRIU le› (adverb) somewhere



:_______________________________.



..2 rhyw ‹HRIU› (masculine noun)

1 sex = condition of being male or female 

y rhyw arall the opposite sex 

gwahaniaethu ar sail rhyw sexual discrimination 

y rhyw wannaf (= women) the weaker sex (“the weakest sex”) 

y rhyw deg (= women) the fair sex

y rhyw gref (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)

y rhyw gadarn (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)



2 type, sort



3 dynolryw the human race, mankind (= the human race as a whole) 

(dynol = human ) + soft mutation + ( rhyw = type, kind) 

Dynolryw is a feminine noun, unlike rhyw 

4 sex (= copulation)

rhyw heb ymdreiddiad non-penetrative sex



:_______________________________.



rhywbeth ‹HRIU beth› (·pronoun·)

1 something



2 (referring to a person – rhywbeth + adjective)



Rhywbeth cymedrol iawn yw hi, ynte 

She’s very unadventurous, isn’t she



Rhywbeth hwit-hwat yw e, wyddoch chi ar y ddaear lle i gaal hyd iddo

He’s unpredictable, you never know where to find him



:_______________________________.



rhywbeth-rywbeth ‹hriu –beth riu-beth› pronoun

1 any old thing, something not of an acceptable standard or quality 

Wnaiff rhywbeth-rywbeth mo’r tro i fi I won’t accept just any old thing







:_______________________________.



rhywiol ‹hriu-yol› adjective

1 sexual = of the sexual act, of copulation 



anallu rhywiol impotence, sexual impotence



atgynhyrchiad rhywiol sexual reproduction



cam-drin rhywiol sexual abuse 



camdriniaeth rywiol sexual abuse



cyfathrach rywiol sexual intercourse 



cynhyrfiad rhywiol sexual excitement



fferdod rhywiol frigidity, sexual frigidity



gweithred rywiol a sexual act



gwyrdroad rhywiol sexual perversion



gwyriad rhywiol sexual deviation 



oerni rhywiol frigidity, sexual frigidity



trafferthion rhywiol sexual disfunction 



troseddau rhywiol sexual offences 



ymosodiad rhywiol sexual assualt 



ysfa rywiol sexual urge



2 sexy = arousing sexual desire 



merch rywiol sexy girl  



ETYMOLOGY: (rhyw = sex) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)



:_______________________________.



rhywrai ‹HRIU rai› (·pronoun·)

1 some ones



:_______________________________.



rhywun ‹HRIU in› (·pronoun·)

1 someone



:_______________________________.



rhywogaeth, rhywogaethau ‹hriu OO geth, hriu o GEI the› (feminine noun)

1 species



:_______________________________.



rideg ‹rii-deg› verb 

1 a southern form of rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.



In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›



:_______________________________.



rifolfer, rifolferi ‹ri VOL ver, ri vol VE ri› (masculine noun)

1 revolver



:_______________________________.



rif y gwlith ‹riiv ə GWLIITH› (adverb)

1 innumerable, masses of, too many to count

Y mae’r castell yn denu ymwelwyr rif y gwlith bob haf The castle draws masses of visitors to it every summers



ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) number (of) the dewdrops”) (rhif = number) + (y definite article) + (gwlith = dew; dewdrops). There is soft mutation, here rh > r, of the initial consonant of an adverbial phrase



:_______________________________.



rigan ‹rii-gan› verb 

1 (county of Caerfyrddin) to tease 



Yr oedd Morgan Jones yn hoff iawn o rigan Sali ynghylch Nat 

Morgan Jones was very fond of teasing Sali about Nat 



ETYMOLOGY: English “to rig” (= to tease) 



NOTE: in the county of Penfro rhigian



:_______________________________.



rigio ‹rig-yo› verb

1 rig = provide a ship with sails and masts, etc



2 rig = manipulate for fraudulent purposes

rigio etholiad rig an election



ETYMOLOGY: English rig (= prepare sails, ropes of a ship; manipulate for fraudulent purposes) < Scandinavian; cf Norwegian rigga (= to wrap)



:_______________________________.



ring ‹ring› feminine noun

PLURAL rings ‹rings›

1 ring = stage for a boxing match 

ring baffio plural rings paffio boxing ring boxing ring 

ring focsio plural rings bocsio 



ETYMOLOGY: English ring (= boxing ring; finger ring) < Old English hring. Cf Norwegian ring (= finger ring) 



:_______________________________.



ring ‹ring›

(North Wales) 

1 Y Ring name of an inn in Llanfrothen (SH6241) (district of Meirionydd, county of Gwynedd) 



Bu tafarn y “Ring”, Llanfrothen (neu’r Brondanw Arms yn swyddogol) yn gyrchfan bwysig i borthmyn ers amser maith The tavern called Y Ring in Llanfrothen (or the Brondanw Arms officially) was an important port of call for drovers many years ago 



Mae tafarn Y Ring yn Llanfrothen yn cynnig prydau bar da a chwrw casgen. The Y Ring pub offers bar food and beer from the cask 



ETYMOLOGY: y ring < yr ing (yr definite article) + (ing < in < English inn = coaching inn)



:_______________________________.



riparo ‹ri PAA ro› (verb)

1 to repair (colloquial)



:_______________________________.



ritag ‹RII-tag› verb

1 a south-eastern form of rideg < rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.

In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›



:_______________________________.



riteg ‹RII-teg› verb

1 a south-eastern form of rideg < rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.

In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›



:_______________________________.



rízyfoi ‹ri –zə-voi› masculine noun

1 (Englishism, colloquial form) reservoir. (Standard Welsh: cronfa ddŵr)

Ar bwys rizyfoi Porth-cawl Near the Porth-cawl reservoir 



ETYMOLOGY: English reservoir < modern French réservoir < réserver (= to reserve)



:_______________________________.



Y Ro ‹ROO> 

1 village in the county of Conwy



A Topographical Dictionary of Wales, Samuel Lewis, 1833, commenting on the parish of Caer-rhun: There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Calvinistic and Wesleyan Methodists, in the little village of Roe, in this parish.



ETYMOLOGY: “the [river] shingle”. (y definite article) + soft mutation + (gro = river shingle) 

:_______________________________.



robin goch, robinod cochion / robiniaid cochion ‹ROO-bin GOOKH, ro-BIN-od, ro-BIN-yaid, -yed,  KOKH-yon› [ˡroˑbɪn ˡgoːx, rɔˡbɪnɔd, rɔˡbɪnjaɪd, -jɛd ˡkɔxjɔn]  (masculine noun)

1 robin, redbreast,  robin redbreast (bird)



:_______________________________.



roc <ROK> [rɔk]  (masculine noun)

1 rock (music)



cerddoriaeth roc rock music

canwr roc (m) cantorion roc rock singer



cantores roc (f) cantoresau roc rock singer



cyngerdd roc (m) cyngherddau roc rock concert

ETYMOLOGY: English rock (music)



:_______________________________.



roced, rocedi <RO-ked, ro-KEE-di> [ˡrɔkɛd, rɔˡkeˑdɪ]  (feminine noun)

1 rocket



:_______________________________.



roced oleuo, rocedi goleuo <RO-ked o-LEI-o, ro-KEE-di go-LEI-o> [ˡrɔkɛd ɔˡləɪɔ, rɔˡkeˑdɪ gɔˡləɪɔ]  (feminine noun)

1 flare, signal rocket



:_______________________________.



roedd <ROIDH> [rɔɪð]  verb 

1 was, were; third person singular imperfect of del verb bod 



2 was; were (with a definite noun)

Roedd Siôn yn cysgu = Siôn was sleeping (“Siôn was in sleeping”) 

Roedd Siôn a Siân yn cysgu = Siôn and Siân were sleeping (“Siôn and Siân were in sleeping”)

Roedd y papur ar y llawr The newspaper was on the floor

Roedd y papurau ar y llawr The newspapers were on the floor 



3 was (with the pronouns ef (= he), hi (= she))

roedd hi yn y gwely she was in bed

roedd e yn y gwely he was in bed 



4 was (with the pronoun hi = empty subject, as with English it, German es) 

Roedd hi’n bwrw glaw It was raining (“it was throwing rain”) 



5 was (without a pronoun)

Roedd yn dda gen i glywed hynny I was glad to hear that 



6 there was (with an indefinite noun)

Roedd dŵr ar y llawr There was water on the ground



also in the form roedd yna, or roedd na + soft mutation

(yna is probably an imitation of English ‘there’, although other languages also have the idea of location and indefinition: Catalan hi havia (hi = there), French il y avait (y = there))



Roedd na ddŵr ar y llawr There was water on the ground 



7 conjunctive use = that (she-he-it) was. Used when a verb or an adverbial is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis



Yn yr ardd roedd e, nid ar yr heol It was in the garden, not in the street (“(it is”) in the garden that it was...”)



Canu roedd hi, er gwaethaf popeth She was singing (“(it was) singing that she was...”) in spite of everything 



8 roedd... a roedd in such a sequence the second roedd is usually omitted 

Roedd wedi troi wyth o’r gloch a’i fam eisoes yn paratoi swper 

It had turned eight o’ clock and his mother was already preparing the supper 



ETYMOLOGY: contraction of the literary form yr oedd > yróedd > roedd. The loss of an initial pretonic syllable is common in colloquial Welsh



NOTE: colloquially in the south oe <OI> [ɔɪ] > oo <OO> [oː]. Thus, roedd > roodd / ro’dd. In the south, also with the loss of the initial r, hence roodd > oodd 



:_______________________________.



roeddach chi ‹ROI dha khi› (verb)

1 you were (North-west)



:_______________________________.



roeddan nhw ‹ROI dha nu› (verb)

1 they were (North-west)



:_______________________________.



roeddan ni ‹ROI dha ni› (verb)

1 we were (North-west)



:_______________________________.



roeddat ti ‹ROI dha ti› (verb)

1 you were (North-west)



:_______________________________.



roedd e ‹ROI dhe› (verb)

1 he was (South)



:_______________________________.



roeddech chi ‹ROI dh› (verb)

1 you were (North-east, south-east)



:_______________________________.



roedden nhw ‹ROI dh› (verb)

1 they were (North-east, south-east)



:_______________________________.



roedden ni ‹ROI dh› (verb)

1 we were (North-east, south-east)



:_______________________________.



roeddet ti ‹ROI dh› (verb)

1 you were (North-east, south-east)



:_______________________________.



roedd hi ‹ROI DH hi› (verb)

1 she was



:_______________________________.



roedd o ‹ROI dho› (verb)

1 he was (North)



:_______________________________.



roeddwn i ‹ROI dh› (verb)

1 I was



:_______________________________.



Roeg ‹rooig› adjective

1 Soft mutated form (g > ZERO) of Groeg = Greek

yr Eglwys Roeg the Greek Church

yr iaith Roeg the Greek language

(in these expressions there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which follows a feminine noun)



:_______________________________.



rofft ‹ROFT› feminine noun

1 a soft-mutated form of grofft, which in turn is a soft-mutated form of crofft (= croft) (qv)



Used as a radical from in some place names (that is, the soft-mutated form does not occur after a definite article)



Rofft is a case of an unusual double soft mutation: crofft > grofft > rofft.



Both rofft and grofft occur as radical forms, though in fact crofft is the base form. 

The definite article before grofft resulted in the form y rofft; and the use of rofft as a radical form resulted in such names as Rofft y Pistyll (see below), where one might expect at least Grofft y Pistyll, and most “correct” of all Crofft y Pistyll.



This mutation is not however altogether unusual. In common with a host of other (mainly monosyllabic) feminine nouns in place names (gwaun, gwern, glan, etc), the soft-mutated form (especially g < c) has in some places come to be regarded as the radical form (waun, wern, lan, etc), thus rofft instead of grofft. 



Hence names such as Rofft y Pistyll, where in such names (main noun + definite article + qualifying noun) the main noun should have the radical form

 

In some field names in Shropshire, England, in a traditionally Welsh-speaking area on the Welsh border, rofft is to be found:



(The quotes are from Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire Archaeologocal Society, 1980):



(p.11) “The Welsh Border equivalent of Croft is Roft, a name particularly prevalent in Oswestry.”



Mention is made of Rofft y Pistyll in reference to the element pistyll (= waterfall) 

(p.21) “Pistol Leasow (Ellesmere) and Pystil Croft or Roft y pistill (Oswestry) are fields by waterfalls”.

And there is mention of Rofft y Sbyty: 



(p.58) “Roft y Spytty (Oswestry) has been translated as Croft of the Hospitallers. The name refers, perhaps, to some religious house or place of temporary accommodation or shelter for travellers.”



:_______________________________.



Y Rofft ‹ə ROFT› feminine noun

1 Name of a primary school in Marford (Wrecsam)



2 Y Rofft A locality in Llandudno SH7782 (where there is Rofft Gate (which would be Giât y Rofft in Welsh); and Rofft Place (which would be simply Y Rofft in Welsh, or if literally translated Lle’r-rofft; or Clos-y-rofft, etc)



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/339803



3 Y Rofft (Formerly) A place in Pennal (Gwynedd)



The Esgairweddan estate in Pennal SH6900 was at one time known as Plas yn y Rofft / Plas yn Rofft (“the hall at Y Rofft”) (there is a tendency for the linking Y in such place names to be dropped, hence plas yn y rofft > plas yn rofft).



This hall which gave its name to the estate was probably located in the present-day hamlet known as Y Cwrt (“the court”)



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/218410 Y Cwrt



ETYMOLOGY: “the croft” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (grofft = croft).

The word grofft is itself a soft-mutated form of crofft (= croft) (qv)



A case of an unusual double soft mutation crofft > grofft > rofft.



:_______________________________.



Y Rofft-wen ‹ə roft WEN› feminine noun



1 Mynwent Rofft-wen SH4165 mynwent y Rofft-wen “the cemetery (by) Y Rofft-wen” name of a cemetery in Niwbwrch (Ynys Môn) 



http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/835470 Mynwent Rofft-wen



ETYMOLOGY: y rofft wen “the white croft”(y definite article) + soft mutation + (grofft = croft) + soft mutation + (gwen,  feminine form of gwyn = white) 



:_______________________________. 



Rofft y Pistyll ‹ROFT ə PI-stilh› feminine noun

1 A field name by Croesoswallt / Oswestry, Shropshire, England, a traditionally Welsh-speaking area on the English side of the Welsh border:



In  Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire Archaeologocal Society, 1980, p.21, mention is made of Rofft y Pistyll in reference to the element pistyll (= waterfall): 



“Pistol Leasow (Ellesmere) and Pystil Croft or Roft y pistill (Oswestry) are fields by waterfalls”.



ETYMOLOGY: rofft y pistyll “(the) crofft (of) the waterfall”)

(rofft = croft) + (y definite article before a consonant) + (pistyll = waterfall).

:_______________________________. 



Rofft y Sbyty ‹ROFT ə SBƏ-ti› feminine noun



1 A field name  by Croesoswallt / Oswestry, Shropshire, England, a traditionally Welsh-speaking area on the English side of the Welsh border: 



In  Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire Archaeologocal Society, 1980, p.58, mention is made of Rofft y Sbyty:    



“Roft y Spytty (Oswestry) has been translated as Croft of the Hospitallers. The name refers, perhaps, to some religious house or place of temporary accommodation or shelter for travellers.”



ETYMOLOGY: rofft y ’sbyty “(the) croft (of) the spital / pilgrims’ shelter”) 



(rofft = croft) + (y ’sbyty = the spital, colloquial form of  yr ysbyty = the spital). 



yr ysbyty = (yr definite article before a vowel) + (ysbyty = spital).

y ’sbyty = (y definite article before a consonant) + (sbyty = spital) 



(’sbyty is a clipped version of ysbyty, through the loss of the first syllable). 



NOTE: Cf the name Spitalfields (“hospital fields”), a district in the Borough of Tower Hamlets, London. The Spital or Hospital is the "The New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopgate". founded 1197. A document of 1341 notes that it was founded with the aim of receiving and entertain pilgrims, and housing the infirm until they were healed, and pregnant women until they gave birth, and also to take care until the age of seven of the children of women who died in childbirth in the hospital.



 :_______________________________.



Y Ro Lwyd ‹roo-luid› feminine noun

1 SH7650 mountain in the county of Conwy (North Wales) 



ETYMOLOGY: “the grey meadow” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (gro = meadow) + soft mutation + (llwyd = grey) 

NOTE: See also Ro Wen



:_______________________________.



Romaneg ‹ro MA neg› (feminine noun)

1 Romance (language)



:_______________________________.



Roser ‹ro-ser› 

1 A south-eastern form of the name Rhosier = Roger. In the south-east the sound ‹h› was typically absent, so rh > r

Caeroser name of a farm in Glynogwr SS9587 (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)



2 street names:

(1) on English maps as ‘Rosser Street’, which in Welsh would be Heol Roser



..(a) Castell-nedd



..(b) Glynrhedynnog (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)



..(c) Maes-y-coed, Pont-y-pridd (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)



(2) on English maps as ‘Rosser Terrace’, which in Welsh would be Rhestr Roser



..(a) Bryn-coch (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) 



NOTE: Roser would in fact be Rosar locally - in the south-east an ‘e’ in the final syllable is always ‘a’



:_______________________________.



row ‹rou› masculine noun

PLURAL rowiau, rows ‹rou –ye, rous› 

1 row = quarrel; reprimand

cael row (gan rywun) be told off (by someone) (“have a row from someone”) 



Fe ddywedodd e wrtho i iddo fe gael row gennych chi y tro diwetha. 

He said that you gave him a row / told him off the last time 



cicio row kick up a fuss, start arguing 



ETYMOLOGY: English row (= quarrel, dispute). First recorded in English in the 1700s. Origin unknown. 



:_______________________________.



y Ro Wen ‹roo-wen› feminine noun

1 SH7449 mountain in the county of Conwy (North Wales) 



:_______________________________.



y Ro-wen ‹roo-wen› feminine noun

1 SH7571 a village in the county of Conwy (North Wales), near the mountain of Ro Wen 



ETYMOLOGY: “the white meadow” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (gro = meadow) + soft mutation + (gwen feminine form of gwyn = white) 

NOTE: See also Ro Lwyd



:_______________________________.



..1 rownd, rowndiau ‹ROUND, ROUND-ye› (feminine noun)

1 round by a watchman, patrol, policeman

troedio’ch rownd pound the beat (“tread your round”) 



:_______________________________.



..1 rownd ‹ROUND› (preposició)

1 round

mynd rownd y gornel turn the corner, go round the corner 



:_______________________________.



równdabowt ‹roun-də-bout› masculine noun or feminine noun

PLURAL równdabowts, rowndabowtiau ‹roun-də-bouts, roun-də-bóut-ye›

Englishism

1 (USA: traffic circle) (Englandic: roundabout) (the standard form is cylchfan = circle + place)



2 (USA: merry-go-round) (Englandic: roundabout, merry-go-round), carousel (a more standard form is ceffylau bach = little horses)



3 playground roundabout = a circular platform which spins, part of the equipment of a children’s playground (a more standard form is troell = “spinner”)



ETYMOLOGY: from English roundabout < (round + about)



:_______________________________.



rownd laeth ‹rowndiau llaeth› (feminine noun)

1 milk round



:_______________________________.



rudd ‹riidh› adjective 

1 Soft mutated form (rh > r) of rhudd (= red)

Y Foel Rudd (place name) the red hill 



2 Soft mutated form (g > ZERO) of grudd (= cheek)

rudd wrth rudd cheek by jowl, close together

 

:_______________________________.



Ruffudd ‹rii-fidh› 

1 Soft mutated form (rh > r) of Gruffudd (= man’s forename)



Bodruffudd / Bod Ruffudd Gruffudd’s house



(Llanllyfni) Dyma’r siopau a oedd yno yn yr 1890au:….. Siop Gruffudd Jones y Cigydd (cododd dy ar Lôn Coecia yn ddiweddarach ac fe’i galwodd yn Bod Ruffudd)



(Llanllyfni) These are the shops that were there in 1890’s:….. The shop of Gruffudd Jones the Butcher (he built a house on Lôn Coecia later and he named it Bod Ruffudd)



(Pantrefi Dyffryn Nantlle / http://www.nantlle.com/llanllyfni-cymraeg.htm ) (Dyfyniad a godwyd / quote retrieved 2008-10-18) 



:_______________________________.



’run ‹riin›

Coalesced form of yr un

1 (pronoun) Dal i chwilio am anrhegion? Heb brynu ’run eto?

Still looking for presents? Not bought any yet? (“without buying the one yet”)



2 (determiner) -Blwyddyn newydd dda ichi! –’Run fath i chithe! (= Yr un fath i chwithau!) 

-Happy New Year! -The same to you!



3 Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“Johnnie (of) the same way”)



:_______________________________.



Rutilius rutilus 

1 rhufell (m) rhufelliaid roach



:_______________________________.



rw ‹ruu› adverb 

South-east Wales

1 too

Causes soft mutation of a following adjective. 

rw fääch = too small (bach = small, local form bääch)

rw fawr= too big (mawr = big)

rw lytan = too ample (llydan = wide, local form llytan)

rw dost = too painful (tost = painful) 



ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant



:_______________________________.



rwan ‹RU an› (adverb)

1 now (North)



:_______________________________.



rwber ‹RU ber› (masculine noun)

1 rubber = eraser 

2 rubber = material 

esgidiau rwber rubber boots



:_______________________________.



rwden, rwdins ‹RU den, RU dins› (feminine noun)

1 swede



:_______________________________.



rw i ‹ru i› (verb)

1 (South Wales) I am

:_______________________________.



rwm <RUM> [rʊm] (f)

PLURAL rwmydd, rwms < RUU-midh, RUMZ> [ˡrʊmɪð,  rʊmz]



1 room  

rwm wely bedroom 

yn y rwm wely in the bedroom

rwm ffrynt front room

yn y rwm ffrynt in the front room



rwm bac back room 

yn y rwm bac in the back room

NOTE: The word is feminine, as is the more genuine and native word ystafell (= room)

London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London.

Rum. s. Room, space.



:_______________________________.



Rwsia ‹RU sha› (feminine noun)

1 Russia



:_______________________________.



Rwsiad, Rwsiaid ‹RU shad, RU shed› (plural noun)

1 Russian



:_______________________________.



Rwsieg ‹RU sheg› (feminine noun)

1 Russian



:_______________________________.



rwtsh ‹rutsh› m 

(North Wales) 

1 slapdash work 

rhyw rwtsh o waith oedd o it was a shoddy piece of work, it was a shoddy job (= object of poor quality) 



2 rubbish, nonsense 

Paid â siarad rwtsh Don’t talk rubbish 



3 rubbish 

Pam dach chi’n edrych ar y fath rwtsh?

Why are you watching such rubbish? 



4 (exclamation) Rwtsh! Rubbish! Utter twaddle! Nonsense! Tosh! Crap!



ETYMOLOGY: English rush (= obsolete meaning: work done in haste) < Old French ruser (= put to flight, force to retreat) < Latin recûsâre (= to refuse, to reject).



Cf English ruse (= strategem) < Old French ruse (= trick; avoiding capture) < ruser (= to retreat) < Latin recûsâre 



Modern French has ruser (= to use trickery or cunning), rusé (= crafty, cunning; sly person, cunning person, crafty person), ruse (= ruse, trick, piece of cunning).



Other senses of rush in English allude to speed or haste (= sprint at the end of a race; a rush of people); rushes (= unedited prints of a movie scene)



:_______________________________.



rwtshlyd ‹ruch-lid› 

1 rubbish, rubbishy

Dwi’n synnu fod neb yn prynu’r cylchgrawn rwtslyd hwnnw

I’m surprised anybody buys that rubbishy magazine 



ETYMOLOGY: (rwtsh = rubbish) + (-lyd adjectival suffix, often suggesting contempt)



:_______________________________.



rwyt ti ‹rui TII› (verb)

1 you are

2 Rwyt ti amdani! You’re for it! You’ll pay dearly for this!

:_______________________________.

rych chi ‹rii KHII› (verb)
1 you are (South)

:_______________________________.

rydach chi (‘dach chi) ‹rə da KHII› (verb)
1 you are (North-west)

:_______________________________.

rydan ni (‘dan ni) ‹rə da NII› (verb)
1 we are (North-west)

:_______________________________.

1 rydd ‹riidh› adjective
1 soft-mutated form of rhydd = free

One context in which this form is commonly found is after a feminine singular noun

cic rydd free kick
Cymru Rydd a free Wales
masnach rydd free trade
menter rydd free enterprise

:_______________________________.

2 rydd ‹hriidh› verb
1 soft mutation of rhydd = will give

Contexts in which this form is commonly found is after the interrogative particle a (dropped in colloquial use), and the negative particles ni (dropped in colloquial use) and na (often retained in col·loquial use), and a (relative pronoun – dropped in colloquial use)
rydd o ddim he won’t give
rydd o mo’i... he won’t give his...

:_______________________________.

Rydd o ddim cymaint â’r du o dan ei ewin i chi ‹riidh oo dhim kə-mint aar dii oo dan ii eu-in ii khii›
1 district of Arfon, in the county of Gwynedd (said of a mean person)
Literally: “He won’t give as much as the dirt under his finger nail to you”

ETYMOLOGY: (ni rydd ef > colloquially rydd o ddim = hw won’t give) + (cymaint â = as much as) + (y du = the dirt, ‘the black’) +(o dan = under) + (ei ewin = his fingernail) + (i chi = to you)

:_______________________________.

rydech chi (’dech chi) ‹rə de KHII› (verb)
1 you are (North-east)

:_______________________________.

rydeg ‹rə-deg› verb
1 a southern form of rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.
In the south-east ryteg / rytag - initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›

:_______________________________.

ryden ni (’de’ ni) ‹rə de NII› (verb)
1 we are (North-east)

:_______________________________.

rydw i (’dw i) ‹rə du I› (verb)
1 I am (standard colloquial)

:_______________________________.

rydych chi (’di’ chi) ‹rə di KHII› (verb)
1 you are (standard colloquial)

:_______________________________.

rydyn ni (’di’ ni) ‹rə di NII› (verb)
1 we are (standard colloquial)

:_______________________________.

ryfedda ‹rə-vee –dha› adverb
1 (South Wales) (after an adjective) extremely, very very
Mae hi’n oer ryfeddaf It’s really cold

ETYMOLOGY: ryfedda < ryfeddaf, soft-mutated form of rhyfeddaf (= strangest). Adjectives used as qualifiers indicating extent generally have soft mutation of the initial consonant.

:_______________________________.

rygbi ‹RƏG bi› (masculine noun)
1 rugby

clwb rygbi a rugby club
chwaraewr rygbi a rugby player

:_______________________________.

ryn ni ‹riin ni› (verb)
1 we are (South)

:_______________________________.

rytag ‹rə-tag› verb
1 This is a a south-eastern form of rydeg < rhedeg (= to run).
..1/ In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh” rhedeg > redeg
..2/ The tonic vowel ‹e› loses its quality and becomes ‹ə›, a neutral vowel redeg > rydeg

In the south-east the spoken form is ryteg / rytag
..1/ initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t› rydeg > ryteg
..2/ East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a› ryteg > rytag

:_______________________________.

ryteg ‹rə-teg› verb
1 a south-eastern form of rydeg < rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.
In the south-east ryteg / rytag - initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›.
East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›

:_______________________________.

rywbryd <RIU-brid> [ˡrɪʊbrɪd] (adverb)
1 sometime

:_______________________________.

ryw dro <riu DROO> [rɪʊ ˡdroː] adverb
1 Ryw dro... Once upon a time (conventional phrase for beginning a fairy tale, etc)
(Also: Unwaith..., Un tro..., Gynt..., Ers talwm..., Ers llawer dydd...”)

ETYMOLOGY: (rhyw = some) + soft mutation + (tro = turn; occasion). In adverbial phrases there is soft mutation of the initial consonant of the first word; thus rhyw > ryw

:_______________________________.

rywsut <RIU-sit> [ˡrɪʊsɪt] (adverb)
1 somehow

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