A Welsh
to English Dictionary in page format
http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_ce_1071e.htm
Yr Hafan / Home Page
..........2659e Y Porth Saesneg / English Gateway
to this Website
.....................0010e Y Gwegynllun / Siteplan
..............................0417e Geiriaduron / Dictionaries
........................................1813e Geiriaduron yn Saesneg / Dictionaries in
English
....................................................1818e Y mynegai i'r geiriadur arlein hwn /
Index to this online dictionary
.................................................................Y Tudalen Hwn
/ This Page
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Gwefan
Cymru-Catalonia
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(delw 7326) |
…..
TUDALENNAU ERAILL Y GEIRIADUR HWN
OTHER PAGES IN
THIS DICTIONARY
1580e A | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI |
1040e CR |
1075e CY | 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E | 1077e F |
1021e G | 1042e GW |
1038e H |
1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e
L | 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N | 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL |
1026e R |
1070e S | 1024e T |
1076e TR | 1025e U,V | 1731e W, X | 1586e
Y, Z |
-s ‹-›
1 plural suffix - a borrowing from English
(1) in the plural of English loanwords, in literary Welsh and in colloquial Welsh
..1/ gini, ginis = guinea, guineas (former English coin)
..2/ stiwdio, stiwdios = studio
(2) in the plural of English loanwords, in colloquial Welsh (the loanword usually has a Welsh plural in literary Welsh)
..1/ lori, loris = lorry, lorries (literary Welsh: lori, lorïau)
(3) It also appears in native words: in some dialects, the -s may be added to an existing plural form:
..1/ corc (= cork) > cyrc > cyrcs (= corks)
..2/ fforc (= fork) > ffyrc > ffyrcs (= forks)
(4) gŵr = man, gwŷr = men. As a suffix, this is -wr, and the plural form is -wyr. But colloquially -wrs is common.
..1/ capelwr (= chapel-goer), capelwyr > capelwrs (= chapel-goers)
..2/ gweithiwr (= worker), gweithwyr > gweithiwrs (= workers) - in south-east Wales as gwithwrs
..3/ pregethwr (= preacher), pregethwyr > pregethwrs (= preachers)
..4/ llwythwr (= loader), llwythwyr > llwythwrs (= loaders)
..5/ pysgotwr / sgotwr (= fisherman, angler), pysgotwyr / sgotwyr > pysgotwrs / sgotwrs (= fishermen)
..6/ bradwr (= traitor), bradwyr > bradwrs (= traitors)
(5) ci = dog, cŵn = dogs. As a suffix, this is -gi, and the plural form is -gwn. But colloquially there exists:
..1/ corgi (= type of cattle dog, corgi) > corgwn > corgwns
and in imitation of this
..2/ tyrci (= turkey) > tyrcwn > tyrcwns
(6) After surnames not ending in –s
Mae Dafydd Wigleys y byd yma yn rhai prin
The Dafydd Wigleys of this world are infrequent
cf -us after –s: Williams, Williamsus
(Standard Welsh has –iaid for pluralising surnames which stand by themselves – y Pyweliaid the Powells)
(7) some English borrowings ending in ‘s’ have been misunderstood as plural forms, and a singular has been formed by removing the –s.
Examples are
..1/ Japaní ‹ja-pa-ni› (Japanese person),
..2/ Tsheiní ‹chei-ni› (Chinese person)
A similar process occurred in English with some borrowings from other languages:
...a/ CHERRY - from a French word
cherry < cerise;
..b/ PEA – ultimately from Greek
pea < pease < Old English peose < Latin pisa, plural of pisum, < Greek pison
..c/ SHERRY - from a Castilian word
sherry (from Xeréz ‹sheréz› an older form of the name Jérez, a town in Andalusia)
:_______________________________.
s ‹s›
enclitic before consonants and vowels, representing :
1 nid oes there isn't > does > s
Nid oes arnaf fi ei eisiau > Does arna i ddim o'i eisiau > ’S arna i mo'i ishe
I don't need it ("there isn't on me its necessity")
Nid oes gennyf ddim syniad > Does gyda fi ddim syniad > ’Sda fi ddim syniad
I've no idea ("there isn't with me any idea")
Nid oes neb yma > ’Sneb ma
There's nobody here
Nid oes dim yn y byd yma > ’Sdim byd ma
There's nothing here at all
’swybod ar y ddaear there’s no knowing at all (“there’s no knowing on the earth”)
(Sefyllfa: Mae’r gof ar fin dychwelyd i’w efail) "Well i mi roi'r troed gora mlaen'" ebe Huw, 'swybod ar y ddaear na fydd o wedi gweld i wyn ar rwbath os bydd o acw o mlaen i. Mae o'n meddwl fod pawb yn lladron, a lleidar weiddith lleidar gynta wyddoch
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
(Situation: The smith is about to go back to his smithy) “I’d better put my best foot forward,” said Huw. There’s no knowing whether he’ll take a fancy to something if he’s down there before me. He thinks that everybody is a thief, but a thief is always the first to accuse others of thieving (“a thief shouts thief first”)
2 os = if
Os na ddaw ef cyn hir bydd hi'n nos > ’Sna ddaw e cyn hir fydd hi'n nos
if he doesn't come soon it'll be dark
3 sydd = which is
Beth yw hwnna sydd gennyt ti? > Beth yw hwnna sydd gyda ti? > Beth yw hwnna sda ti?
What have you got there? ("what's that with you?")
Pwy sydd wedi gadael hwnna? > Pwy sdi gadael hwnna? Who's left that?
4 nes = until
Chwerthinais nes fy mod i'n dost > Chwerthinais nes bod fi'n dost > Wyrthinas sbo fi'n dost I laughed until I was sore
5 ers < er ys since + it is,
ers llawer dydd > slawer dydd long ago ("since it is many a day")
ers meityn iawn > smeityn iawn for a long time ("since it is + morning + very")
6 in certain place names (colloquial forms generally, but sometimes
official forms which are original colloquial forms) the s represents the final consonant of a lost
first element ynys (= island; meadow).
Sometimes the first y of ynys has become a definite article in the reduced name
(delw 7402)
..1/ Cwm-ynys-gou / Cwm-ynys-gau, ST2899 in the county of Torfaen (cwm = valley, cou / cau = enclosed) ("(the) valley (of the) enclosed meadow") Spoken form: Cwm-sgou
Misspelt as Cwmynyscoy on the Ordnance Survey map
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/836526
..2/ Ynysforgan SS6799 (“(the) meadow (of) Morgan = man’s name”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Sforgan ‹svor-gan›
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS6799
..3/ Ynysgedwyn (“(the) meadow (of) Cedwyn = man’s name”) (county of Powys); spoken form Sgedwyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN7809
..4/ Ynysgeti SS6292 (“(the) meadow (of) Ceti / Cedi” = ?person's name) (county of Abertawe); spoken form and official form Y Sgeti
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/295690
..5/ Ynysgynwraidd SO4520 – the English name of this place in the county of Mynwy is Skenfrith, which probably represents a local Welsh form *Sgenffridd ‹sken-fridh› (Welsh was finally eliminated from this area over a century ago) from *Sgynfridd ‹skən-vridh›.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5922
..6/ Ynyshawdre SS8983 > Y Snawdra (Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8983
..7/ Ynysmeudwy SO7304 (“(the) meadow (of the) hermit”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Smitw < *Smeudwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/327266
..8/ Ynystawe SN6800 (“(the) meadow (by) (the river) Tawe”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Stawe ‹sta-we›
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/404938
..9/ Ystalyfera SN7608
Originally Ynys Tal y Fera (1582 Ynys Tal y Veran, 1604 Tir Ynystalverran, 1797 Stalyfera Issa, Ycha, Genol [source: wikipedia, “Ystalyfera”])
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/918810
7 in certain place names (colloquial forms generally, but sometimes
official forms which are original colloquial forms) the s represents the final consonant of other lost
element, besides ynys (= meadow)
..1/ is = below
Is Cregennan > Sgrogennan (old name of Llanddoged, SH8063, county of Conwy)
..2/ llys (= court)
Llyscleddau (“court by the river Cleddau”) spoken form Scledde
:_______________________________.
S, s ‹es› feminine noun
1 nineteenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f,, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2 twenty-third letter of the twenty-eight letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 r, 22 rh, 23 s, 24 t, 25 th, 26 u, 27 w, 28 y
3 abbreviation (1) swllt = shilling (2) stôn = stone, 14 pounds, 6,148 kg
4 in referring to a shape resembling a letter S
llinell ar ffurf y llythyren S a line in the form of a letter S
:_______________________________.
saar ‹ saar ›
1 southern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt sâr / sa’r
See aa
:_______________________________.
säär ‹ säär ›
1 south-eastern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt (less correctly sêr / sær
See aa / saar
:_______________________________.
saath ‹ çsaath›
1 southern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt sâth / sa’th
See aa
:_______________________________.
sääth ‹ çsääth›
1 south-eastern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt (less correctly) sêth / sæth
:_______________________________.
Saboth, Sabothau ‹SAA both, sa BOO the› (masculine noun)
1 tor Saboth Sabbath breaking
cadw’r Saboth keep the Sabbath day
ar ddydd y Saboth on the Sabbath day (i.e. every Sabbath day)
Nehemeia 13:19 A phan dywyllasai pyrth Jerwsalem cyn y Saboth, yr erchais gau’r dorau, ac a orchmynnais nad agorid hwynt hyd wedi’r Saboth: a mi a osodais rai o’m gweision wrth y pyrth, fel na ddelai baich i mewn ar ddydd y Saboth.
Nehemiah 13:19 And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day
amharchu'r Saboth show disrespect for the Sabbath
tor Saboth Sabbath breaking
torri’r Saboth break the Sabbath
:_______________________________.
sach, sachau <SAAKH, SAA-khai, -e> [sɑːx, ˡsɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine or feminine noun)
1 sack
2 hel gwynt i sachau try to do the impossible (“gather wind into sacks”)
sachaid a sackful
sachaid o a sackful of, a sack of
sacheidiau blawd sacks of flour
sacheidiau o flawd sacks of flour
MATERIAL:
sach hesian hessian sack
sach jiwt jute sack
sach plastig / sach blastig plastic sack
CONTENTS:
sach tatws / sach datws potato sack
sach gwlân / sach wlân wool sack
Y Sach Ŵlan “the sack (of) wool”. Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: The Woolsack
sach cysgu / sach gysgu sleeping bag
gwaelod y sach the bottom of the sack
yng ngwaelod y sach at the bottom of the sack
tin y sach the bottom of the sack
yn nhin y sach at the bottom of the sack
genau’r sach the mouth of the sack
yng ngenau’r sach mae cynilo blawd be sparing with flour every time and it will last longer
(“(it is) in the mouth of the sack that-is (the) saving (of) flour”)
:_______________________________.
sachabwndi <sa-kha-BUN-di> [saˡxabʊndɪ] masculine noun
1 bundle
2 shapeless mass
3 (South-west Wales) Mae e fel sachabwndi He looks a right scruff
ETYMOLOGY: apparently based on sachbwn (= pack, bundle, bale)
< (sach = sack) + soft mutation + (pwn = pack, bundle)
:_______________________________.
1 sach chi = fe fuasech chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ] (verb)
you'd be
:_______________________________.
2 sach chi = pe tasech chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ] (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
sach cysgu, sachau cysgu <saakh KƏ-ski, saa-khai, -e, KƏ-ski> [sɑːx ˡkəskɪ, sɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkəskɪ] (masculine noun)
1 sleeping bag
Also: (as a feminine noun) sach gysgu
:_______________________________.
sa chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ]
1 see: sech chi
:_______________________________.
Sacs.
1 abbreviation = Sacsoneg
:_______________________________.
Sacsoneg <sak-SOO-neg> [sakˡsoˑnɛg] feminine noun
1 Saxon
y Sacsoneg the Saxon language
Abbreviation: Sacs.
ETYMOLOGY: (Sacson = Saxon) + (-eg suffix for forming a noun or adjective indicating a language or dialect)
:_______________________________.
Sadwrn <SAA-durn> [ˡsɑˑdʊrn] (masculine noun)
1 Saturday
:_______________________________.
Sadyrnin <sa-DƏR-nin> [saˡdərnɪn] (masculine noun)
1 name of a Celtic saint
:_______________________________.
saer <SAIR> [saɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL seiri <SEI-ri> [ˡsəɪrɪ]
1 craftsman
2 craftsman / craftswoman defined by the material with which he / she works
..1/ saer coed carpenter (often simply saer)
..2/ saer gwyn tinman, tin worker (“white craftsman”, craftsman working with the white metal, tin)
..3/ saer maen stonemason
3 saer alone is often for saer coed = carpenter
siop saer (South Wales: siop saar, South-east Wales: siop säär carpenter’s shop, workshop of a carpenter)
4 craftsman / craftswoman defined by the objects produced
..1/ saer cadeiriau chairmaker
..2/ saer celfi (South Wales) cabinetmaker
..3/ saer cerbydau carriage builder, coach builder; person who builds bodies of cars, lorries, railway cars (Englandic: carriages), etc
..4/ saer cychod boat builder
..5/ saer dodrefn (North Wales) cabinetmaker
..6/ saer troliau cartwright
5 pensaer architect (‘main craftsman’)
6 saer rhydd freemason = member of a secret order founded in London in 1717 pledged to aid fellow members
7 Saeran obsolete man’s name (saer + diminutive suffix –an)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic < Indoeuropean *sapero-
From the same British root: Cornish ser (= craftsman); the word is not found in Breton
From the same Celtic root in the Hibernian languages: Irish saor (= craftsman, carpenter, mason), Scottish saor (= craftsman, carpenter, mason).
Occurs in the following surnames meaning “son of the carpenter” in the Hibernian languages:
(1) Mac an tSaoir (Irish) (anglicised as Macateer),
(2) Mac an t-Saoir (Scottish) (anglicised as MacIntyre)
NOTE: in South Wales, ae > aa in many monosyllables. Hence saar (rhymes with English ‘far away’ – i.e. the final ‘r’ is pronounced)
In the south-east, aa > ää. Hence säär (as in English ‘hairy’, ‘share out’, ‘wear and tear’)
:_______________________________.
saer coed, seiri coed <sair KOID, SEI-ri KOID> [saɪr ˡkɔɪd, ˡsəɪrɪ ˡkɔɪd] (masculine noun)
1 carpenter
:_______________________________.
saer maen, seiri maen <sair MAIN, SEI-ri MAIN> [saɪr ˡmaɪn, ˡsəɪrɪ ˡmaɪn] (masculine noun)
1 stone mason
:_______________________________.
saer rhydd ‹sair trol-ye hriidh› masculine noun
PLURAL seiri rhyddion ‹sei-ri hriidh›
1 freemason = member of a secret order founded in London in 1717 pledged to aid fellow members
Neuadd Seiri Rhyddion a Masonic Hall
Neuadd y Seiri Rhyddion the Masonic Hall
Cyfrinfa Seiri Rhyddion a Masonic Lodge
Cyfrinfa'r Seiri Rhyddion the Masonic Lodge
ETYMOLOGY: (saer = craftsman) + (rhydd = free)
:_______________________________.
saer troliau ‹sair trol-ye› masculine noun
PLURAL seiri troliau ‹sei-ri trol-ye›
1 cartwright
ETYMOLOGY: (saer = craftsman) + (troliau = carts)
:_______________________________.
saeryddiaeth rydd ‹sei-rədh-yeth riidh›
1 Freemasonry
ETYMOLOGY: (saeryddiaeth = masonry) + soft mutation + (rhydd = free)
:_______________________________.
..1 Saesneg ‹SEI sneg› (feminine noun)
1 English language
2 Doedd ganddi ddim Saesneg
She couldn’t speak English (“there wasn’t with her any English”, she had no English)
:_______________________________.
..2 Saesneg ‹seis-neg› adjective
1 English-speaking
2 English-speaking = (territory) having English as its language
Sir Benfro Saesneg (“(the) English-speaking (part of) (the) county (of) Penfro”) the south of the county of Penfro, popularly known in English as “Little England Beyond Wales” . Here around the year 1108 the native Welsh were displaced by Flemings, who later adopted the English language.
2 Maelor Saesneg medieval division ('cwmwd') of the country (‘gwlad’) of Powys
“(the part of the district called) Maelor (which is) English-speaking / inhabited by English people / follows English law and customs”
:_______________________________.
Saesnes, Saesnesau ‹SEI snes, sei SNE se› (feminine noun)
1 Englishwoman
2 anglicised Welshwoman
:_______________________________.
Saeson ‹SEI son› (plural noun)
1 Englishmen, English people (literally “Saxons”). Plural of Sais (qv)
y Saeson the English, the Engish people
:_______________________________.
saeth, saethau ‹SAITH, SEI the› (feminine noun)
1 arrow = missile shot from a bow
gollwng saeth loose an arrow, let off an arrow
2 cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
mor gymwys â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
mor union â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
yn syth fel saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
:_______________________________.
saethwriaeth ‹sei- thur -yeth› feminine noun
1 marksmanship
2 saethwriaeth â reiffl riflery, marksmanship with a rifle
ETYMOLOGY: (saethwr = person who shoots, marksman) + (-i-aeth suffix)
:_______________________________.
sa fe ‹SA ve› (verb)
1 see: se fe
:_______________________________.
saffari ‹sa-fâ-ri› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL saffarïau ‹sa-fa-rî-e›
1 safari = hunting expedition
mynd ar saffari to go on safari, to safari
siwt saffari safari suit
ETYMOLOGY: < English safari < Swahili safari (= journey) < Arabic safariiya < safara (= to travel)
:_______________________________.
saffrwm ‹sa -frum› masculine noun
1 (plant) saffron = type of crocus with purple flowers
2 (flavouring) saffron
3 (dye) saffron
4 lliw saffrwm saffron (in describing the colour of something); bright yellow (“(the) colour (of) saffron”)
ETYMOLOGY: English saffron < medieval Latin safrân-um (= saffron) < Arabic za'farân (= saffron)
Cf Arabic asfar (= yellow) (> Urdu asfar = yellow)
NOTE: also with a final n, as saffrwn
:_______________________________.
saf ‹saav› masculine noun
1 (in compound forms) standing, standpoint
heulsaf solstice
gorsaf station
:_______________________________.
safadwy ‹ sa- va -dui›
1 still, firm, standing, fixed
gwyliau safadwy a symudol fixed and moveable feasts
ETYMOLOGY: (saf- stem of sefyll = stand, be situated) + (-adwy adjectival suffix equivalent to English ‘-able’)
:_______________________________.
safle, safleoedd ‹SAV-le, sav-LEE-oidh, -odh› (masculine noun)
1 site
2 safle lansio launching pad
:_______________________________.
safn, safnau ‹SAA-van, SAV-nai, -e› (feminine noun)
1 mouth of an animal
2 safn angau the jaws of death (“(the) mouth (of) death”)
3 ravine
:_______________________________.
safon, safonau ‹SAA-von, sa-VOO-nai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 level, standard
:_______________________________.
safoni ‹sa-vô-ni› verb
1 standardise, make standard
ETYMOLOGY: (safon = standard) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
safri ‹ sav -ri› feminine noun
1 savory / savoury (Satureja hortensis)
safri fach (Satureja hortensis)
ETYMOLOGY: English savoury < French savouré (= savoured) < savourer (= to savour) < Latin sapor (= taste) < sapere (= to taste)
The herb is sarriette in modern French
:_______________________________.
sa hi ‹SA hi› (verb)
1 see: se hi
:_______________________________.
saif ‹saiv› verb
1 it stands, it is standing (third person present-future indicative of sefyll = to stand)
Salmau 24:3 Pwy a esgyn i fynydd yr ARGLWYDD? a phwy a saif yn ei le sanctaidd ef?
Psalms 24:3 Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place?
Daniel 2:44 Ac yn nyddiau y brenhinoedd hyn, y cyfyd Duw y nefoedd frenhiniaeth, yr hon ni ddistrywir byth: a'r frenhiniaeth ni adewir i bobl eraill; ond hi a faluria ac a dreulia yr holl freniniaethau hyn, a hi a saif yn dragwydd.
Daniel 2:44 And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.
Pwy a saif gyda ni? Who will stand with us? (= who will take our side in the fight / dispute / battle?; who’ll take our side?)
3 stands = it is situated
Saif hen blasdy y Pritshardiaid, sef y Collena, yn nhghanol maesydd eang gwyrddion, ar war Tonyrefail.
The old mansion of the Prichards, the Collena, stands in the middle of wide green fields, above Tonyrefail
:_______________________________.
saig ‹SAIG› feminine noun
PLURAL seigiau ‹SEIG-yai, -ye›
Diminutive form: seigen ‹SEIG-en›
1 a dish of food
saig o fwyd a plate of food
Hebreiaid 12:16 Na bu un puteiniwr, neu halogedig, megis Esau, yr hwn am un saig o fwyd a werthodd ei enedigaeth-fraint
Hebrews 12:16 Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright.
2 course in meal
3 meal, feast
4 (South-east) seigen, “sigan” a lump of butter
5 (South-west) saig and seigen a little pile of cow-dung
ar ei saig (obsolete) at dinner with him, having dinner with him
ar saig y brenin (obsolete) at dinner with the king, having dinner with the king
ETYMOLOGY: Unknown
:_______________________________.
sail ‹sail › feminine noun
PLURAL seiliau ‹seil -ye›
1 basis = foundation
2 seiliau = foundations of a house
gosod seiliau bloc swydféydd put down the foundations for a block of flats
3 seiliau site of an old house
Capel Soar a saif heddiw ar seiliau ei hen gartref Tŷ’r Clwtwr - hanner ffordd i fyny’r bryn o groesffordd Tonysguboriau i dref Llantrisant
Soar Chapel stands today on the site of his old home Tŷ’r Clwtwr - halfway up the hill from the Tonysguboriau crossroads to the town of Llantrisant
4 gosail runner of a sledge
(go- prefix = under) + (sail = base)
5 di-sail groundless, without any basis in fact, false
honiad si-sail groundless assertion, groundless accusation
sïon di-sail unfounded rumours
(di- privative prefix, “without”) + (sail = foundation, basis)
ETYMOLOGY: British < Latin *solia < solea (= sandal), related to solum (= ground)
:_______________________________.
sain, seiniau ‹SAIN, SEIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 sound = auditory effect
2 sound (relayed mechanically)
sain ddeialu dialling tone, sound showing a line is clear
3 volume, loudness
codi’r sain turn up the sound / the volume
rheolydd sain sound control, knob etc for raising and lowering the volume on a radio, etc
Colloquially: bwlyn sain (North Wales), nobyn sain (South Wales)
4 sustem sain public address system
5 clychsain chime
(clych ‹ə› = penult form of clych ‹i› = bells) + (sain = sound)
:_______________________________.
sain ‹sain › prefix
1 (place names) saint (before the name of a saint, usually in newer dedications with non-Celtic saints)
Llan-sain-siôr / Sain Nicolas / Sain Pedr / Sain Pedrog / Sain Pŷr / Sain Silian / Sain Siorys / Sain Tathan / Sain Tomos
ETYMOLOGY: See saint
:_______________________________.
Sain Dunwyd ‹sain di -nuid›
1 (SS9368) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
English name: Saint Donat's
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 60, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 7%
(1971) Population: 435, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 2%
:_______________________________.
Sain Ffagan ‹sain fa-gan›
1 (ST1277) locality in the county of Caer-dydd
English name: St. Fagans
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 251, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13%
(1971) Population: 1,050, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 11%
3 short for: Amgueddfa Werin Cymru, (the Museum of Welsh Life (formerly Welsh Folk Museum), which is situated here )
Staff newydd Sain Ffagan the new staff in the Sain Ffagan museum
4 Agueddfa Werin Cymru, the Museum of Welsh Life (formerly Welsh Folk Museum), which is situated here
:_______________________________.
Sain Ffred ‹sain freed› feminine noun
1 SM8010 church and locality in the county of Penfro
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: form of Sant Braid = saint Bríd
NOTE: Since Ffred is a monosyllable, with a single final consonant “d”, according to the rules of Welsh spelling, the vowel has to be long. But as English people who have settled in the area and visitors from England pronounce the name with a short “e”, as if it were the English name “Fred” (from “Frederick”), the local authority uses a version with a circumflex on local signs – Sain Ffrêd so that English speakers may give it a more accurate pronunciation
:_______________________________.
Sain Helen ‹sain he -len›
1 locality in Abertawe
English name: Saint Helen's
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 7,857, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13%
(1971) Population: 7,100, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 12%
:_______________________________.
Sain Nicolas ‹sain ni- ko -las›
1 locality in la comarca de Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
English name: Saint Nicholas
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 315, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 5%
(1971) Population: 335, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 9%
:_______________________________.
Sain Pedr ‹sain pe -der›
1 (SN4120) locality in Caerfyrddin
English name: Saint Peter's
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: (sain, form of saint = saint, before a consonant) + (Pedr = Peter)
:_______________________________.
Sain Pedrog ‹sain pe-drog ›
1 (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, 4km south of Penfro
English name: St. Petrox (= “saint Petrock’s”)
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: (sain, form of saint = saint, before a consonant) + (Pedrog = saint’s name)
:_______________________________.
Sain Pŷr ‹sain piir›
1 ST5190 locality in the county of Mynwy
English name: St. Pierre
:_______________________________.
Sain Silian ‹sain sil -yan›
1 (ST0976) locality in Casnewydd, 2km north-east of the city centre
English name: St. Julians
2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________.
Sain Siorys ‹sain shô-ris›
1 (ST0976) village in the county of Bro Morgannwg
English name: Saint George-super-Ely
2 a parish at this place
..1961: population: 255; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 5%
..1971: population: 260; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 4%
ETYMOLOGY: “(the church of) saint George”(sain = saint) + (Siorys = George)
:_______________________________.
saint ‹saint › m;;)
PLURAL seintiau ‹seint -ye›
1 saint
2 (place names) saint (before the name of a saint, usually in new dedications with non-Celtic saints).
Before a vowel it remains as saint; before a consonant the final t is lost > sain
Examples with sain:
..a/ Llan-sain-siôr SH9775 locality in Conwy, near Abergele
(“(the) chruch (of) Saint George”)
(llan = church) + (sain = saint) + (Siôr = George)
English name: Saint George
..b/ Sain Nicolas locality in la comarca de Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
English name: Saint Nicholas
..c/ Sain Pedr (SN4120) locality in Caerfyrddin
English name: Saint Peter's
..d/ Sain Pedrog (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, 4km south of Penfro
English name: St. Petrox
..e/ Sain Pŷr ST5190 localitat de la comarca de Mynwy
Nom anglès: St. Pierre
..f/ Sain Silian (ST0976) locality in Casnewydd, 2km north-east of the city centre
English name: St. Julians
..g/ Sain Siorys (ST0976) village in the county of Bro Morgannwg
English name: Saint George-super-Ely
..h/ Sain Tathan ST 0168 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 5km east of Llanilltud Fawr
English name (showing wrong division): Saint Athan
..g/ Sain Tomos district in Abertawe
English name: Saint Thomas
Examples with saint:
..a/ Saint Andras (ST1371) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales), by Dinaspowys
English name: Saint Andrews Major
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1371 map
Also Saint Andras Leiaf parish by Dinaspowys
English name: Saint Andrews Minor
..b/ Saint Harmon (SN9872) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/740626
..c/ Saint Hílari ST0173 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 3km south-east of Y Bont-faen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0173 map
..d/ Saint Ishel (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, south of Penfro
English name: St. Issells
..e/ Saint-y-brid (SS8974) locality 4km south of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
English name: Saint Bride's Major
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8974 map
:_______________________________.
Saint Andras ‹saint an -dras›
1 (ST1371) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales), by Dinaspowys
English name: Saint Andrews Major
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1371
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 4.481, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 11%
(1971) Population: 6,895, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 6%
:_______________________________.
Saint Andras Leiaf ‹saint an –dras leia›
1 parish by al Dinaspowys
(1971) Population: 10
Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 0%
English name: Saint Andrews Minor
ETYMOLOGY: (Saint Andras) + soft mutation + (lleiaf = smallest)
:_______________________________.
Sain Tathan ‹sain ta-than ›
1 ST0168 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 5km east of Llanilltud Fawr
English name (showing wrong division): Saint Athan
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0168
2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________.
Saint Harmon ‹saint har -mon›
1 (SN9872) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9872
2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________.
Saint Hílari ‹saint hí –la-ri›
1 ST0173 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 3km south-east of Y Bont-faen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0173
2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________.
Saint Ishel ‹saint i-shel›
1 (SR9797) parish in the county of Penfro, south of Penfro
English name: St. Issells
:_______________________________.
Sain Tomos ‹sain to -mos›
1 district in Abertawe
English name: Saint Thomas
(1961) Population: 10,518; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 7%
:_______________________________.
Saint-y-brid ‹saint ə briid ›
1 (SS9874) locality 4km south of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
English name: Saint Bride's Major
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS9874
2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 1,419; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13%
(1971) Population: 1,735; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 6%
3 (ST4289) locality 4km west of Caer-went
English name: Saint Bride's Netherwent
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST4289
:_______________________________.
Sais, Saeson ‹SAIS, SEI son› (masculine noun)
1 Englishman
Mae e’n siarad Cymraeg yn dda iawn o Sais He speaks very good Welsh for an Englishman
2 anglicised Welshman; Welshman unable to speak Welsh
Sais oedd eu mab nhw Their son couldn’t speak Welsh (“(it-is) (an) Englishman that-was their son”, their son was an Englishman)
3 (in earlier times, when English was relatively unknown) able to speak English; bilingual in Welsh and English
Hence epithets of the type Gwilym Sais (“English-speaking William”)
It has become the surname Sayce, found especially either side of the border with England
(also spelt at various times Saise, Saies, Seyes, Seys, Cice)
At Abaty-daur / Abbey Dore in Ergyng / Archenfield (Herefordshire), there was a well-known family called Sayce (with the name Rholant Sais / Rowland Sayce appearing for many generations)
http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SAYCE/2006-09/1157495973
4 In place names the element Sais / Saeson is fairly frequent
…………………………………….
..a/ Cwm y Saeson SN9377 valley south-east of Llangurig, Powys
“(the) valley (of) the Englishmen”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=249701
..b/ Esgair Saeson SN7960 ridge esgair y Saeson “(the) ridge (of) the Englishmen”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/739605 map
…………………………………….
..c/ Graig y Saeson ST2785 “(the) rock (of) the Englishmen”
Farm south of Basaleg, county of Casnewydd / Newport
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1086661 …………………………………….
..c/ Pontrhydysaeson, Pontsaeson SN5463 near Rhosyrhafod / Cross Inn, Ceredigion
“(the) bridge (at) Rhyd y Saeson”
Rhyd y Saeson is “(the) ford (of) the Englishmen”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644784 map
…………………………………….
..e/ Pont y Saeson “(the) bridge (of) the Englishmen”
SO5000 at Bryn y Capel / Chapel Hill, county of Mynwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/489591
…………………………………….
..f/ Pont y Saeson “(the) bridge (of) the Englishmen”
The Welsh name of English Bridge SJ4912 in Amwythig / Shrewsbury, England
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/949013 English Bridge
i.e. the bridge on the English side of the town
(Welsh Bridge SJ4812 is Pont y Cymry “(the) bridge (of) the Welshmen”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/92065 Welsh Bridge
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Germanic
:_______________________________.
Saisgarwr ‹sais- gâ -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL Saisgarwyr ‹sais- gar -wir›
1 Anglophile, person who admires English people
2 (Wales) Welsh person who shows respect for English people but contempt for people of his or her own nationality
ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (carwr = lover, person who loves)
:_______________________________.
Sais-gasäwr ‹sais-ga- sâ -ur› masculine noun
PLURAL Sais-gasawyr ‹sais-ga- sâ -wir›
1 Anglophobe, person with a hatred of English people
ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (casäwr = hater, person who hates)
:_______________________________.
Sais-Gymro ‹sais- gəm -ro› masculine noun
PLURAL Sais-Gymry ‹sais- gəm -ri›
1 (old-fashioned) anglicised Welshman, English Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people
(The general term today is Cymro di-Gymraeg, a “Welshless Welshman”, “Welshmen without Welsh”, “non-Welsh-speaking Welshman”)
y Sais-Gymry the English Welsh
Wrth bob tebyg Sais, neu Sais-Gymro, yw’r gorsaf-feistr: gwelais, y dydd o’r blaen, fod Sais wedi ei benodi hyd yn oed i Gricieth. (Yn Eisieu - Safon Gymreig. W. Llewelyn Williams. Geninen 1906)
More than likely the station-master is an Englishman, or an English Welshman; the other day I saw that an Englishman has been appointed even in Cricieth
ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (Cymro = Welshman)
:_______________________________.
saith ‹saith› (masculine noun)
1 seven
2 bod yn ormod saith waith o (rywbeth) i (wneud rhywbeth) be far too much of a (something) to (do something) (“be seven times too much (of something) to (do something)”)
Mae e’n ormod saith waith o fonheddwr i wneud peth felly He’s far too much a gentleman to do such a thing
:_______________________________.
saith ‹saith› (m)
1 (obsolete) saint
Saith Bedr Saint Peter
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh saith < seith < British sektî < saktî < sanktîi < Latin sanctus
NOTE: See the place names Brynsaithmarchog and Tre-saith
:_______________________________.
sâl ‹SAAL› (adjective)
1 ill, sick
collwr sâl bad loser, sore loser, person who cannot accept defeat or loss
:_______________________________.
salad, saladau ‹SAA lad, sa LAA dai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 salad
:_______________________________.
salad caws ‹saa lad KAUS› (masculine noun)
1 cheese salad
:_______________________________.
salad ffrwythau ‹saa lad FRUI the› (masculine noun)
1 fruit salad
:_______________________________.
salad ham ‹saa lad HAM› (masculine noun)
1 ham salad
:_______________________________.
salad wyau ‹saa lad UI e› (masculine noun)
1 egg salad
:_______________________________.
salâmi ‹sa LAA mi› (masculine noun)
1 salami
:_______________________________.
Salem ‹SAA-lem›
1 Jerusalem (called Salem in Genesis 14:18 / Psalms 76:2 / Hebrews 7:1)
Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem, a ddug allan fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:
Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God.
Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel (76:2) Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion
Psalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2)In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.
Hebreiaid 7:1 Canys y Melchisedec hwn, brenin Salem, offeiriad y Duw Goruchaf, yr hwn a gyfarfu ag Abraham wrth ddychwelyd o ladd y brenhinoedd, ac a’i bendithiodd ef;
Hebrews 7:1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him;
2 Name of many chapels; it was understood to mean 'peace'.
Cf Hebrew “shalom aleichem” peace be to you
3 locality in Cwm Rhymni (Morgannwg Ganol)
4 (SH5456) locality in Arfon (Gwynedd) 9km south-east of Caernarfon, and about 2km north-west of Llyn Cwellyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5456
5 (SN6226) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin
Alternative name: Heolgaled
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6226
6 (SN6684) locality of the county of Ceredigion, 5km east of Nantafallen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6684
7 locality in Dinefwr (Dyfed)
8 locality in Dyffryn Camwy (Patagonia)
9 street names:
..1/ Salem Penrhyn-coch (county of Ceredigion)
..2/ “Salem Place” (it would be Lle Salem / Salemfa, etc in Welsh)
Llanllechid, Bangor (county of Gwynedd)
..3/ “Salem Road” (it would be Ffordd Salem / Heol Salem in Welsh)
....a/ Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam)
....b/ Plas-marl (county ofAbertawe)
....c/ Treforus (county ofAbertawe)
....d/ Cwmafan, Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
....e/ Llanelli (county of Caerfyrddin)
....f/ Sanclêr (county of Caerfyrddin)
..4/ “Salem Street” (it would be Ffordd Salem / Stryd Saelm / Heol Salem in Welsh)
....a/ Bryngwran, Caergybi (county of Môn)
....b/ Amlwch (county of Môn)
..5/ “Salem Terrace” (it would be Teras / Rhes / Rhestai / Rhestr Salem in Welsh)
....a/ Rhyd-y-foel, Abergele (county of Conwy)
....b/ Cricieth (county of Gwynedd)
....c/ Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
....d/ Gwaelod-y-garth (county of Caer-dydd)
....e/ Tonypandy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: second element of Jerẃsalem
:_______________________________.
Sali ‹SA li› (feminine noun)
1 Sally (diminutive of Sarah)
:_______________________________.
salm ‹salm› feminine noun
PLURAL salmau ‹sal -me›
1 psalm = one of the 150 songs of the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament;
salmau Dafydd the psalms of David
2 psalm = one set to music; canu'r salmau sing the psalms
3 Llyfr y Salmau The Book of Psalms, the collection of 150 psalms in the Old Testament; also called Y Salmau
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Church Latin psalmus < Greek psalmos = music on a stringed instrument, harp music > psallein = play the harp, pluck
:_______________________________.
salmonela ‹sal-mo-ne-la› masculine noun
PLURAL salmonelâu ‹sal-mo-ne-lai›
1 salmonella = bacterium which causes food poisoning, typhus, etc depending on the type
2 salmonella = poisoning by the salmonella bacteria
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < New Latin (Daniel E. Salmon (1850-1914), a US veterinary surgeon)
:_______________________________.
salmydd ‹sal-midh› masculine noun
PLURAL salmyddion, salmwyr ‹sal- mədh-yon, sal- mədh-wir›
1 psalmist, one who writes psalms
2 Y Salmydd David, traditionally regarded as the author of the psalms
3 hymn book; Y Salmydd Cymreig, "the Welsh Psalmist", a collection of 577 hymns by Roger Edwards (1811-1886) published in 1840
ETYMOLOGY: (salm = psalm) + (-ydd, suffix to indicate an agent)
:_______________________________.
salmyddiaeth ‹sal-mədh-yeth› feminine noun
1 psalmody = the art of singing psalms in a religious service
ETYMOLOGY: (salmydd = psalmist) + (-i-aeth, suffix for forming an abstract noun)
:_______________________________.
salon ‹sa -lon› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau ‹sa-lô-ne›
1 salon = an elegant shop for hairdressing or giving beauty treatment
2 see salon trin gwallt, salon prydferthwch, etc
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English salon < French salon < Italian salone < sala = hall (+ augmentive suffix -on) < Germanic; cf German Saal = hall
:_______________________________.
salon trin gwallt ‹sa-lon triin gwalht› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau trin gwallt ‹sa-lô-ne triin gwalht›
1 hairdressing salon ("salon (of) treating hair")
:_______________________________.
salon prydferthwch ‹sa-lon prəd-ver-thukh› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau prydferthwch ‹sa-lô-ne prəd-ver-thukh›
1 beauty salon
:_______________________________.
salw ‹SA lu› (adjective)
1 ugly (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
salwch ‹SA lukh› (masculine noun)
1 illness
:_______________________________.
Sami ‹sa -mi› masculine noun
1 diminutive of Samwel; as in English, Sammy = diminutive of Samuel
:_______________________________.
samwn ‹SA mun› (masculine noun)
1 salmon
:_______________________________.
sanau / ’sanau ‹SAA ne› (plural noun)
1 socks; plural of hosan
:_______________________________.
sanctaidd ‹sangk -tedh› adjective
1 holy = consecrated, dedicated to a deity (religious or formal: “hallowed”)
Y Ddinas Sanctaidd The Holy City, Jerusalem
Y Tir Sanctaidd The Holy Land, Palestine, Canaan; the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan, the area where most events in the Bible took place
2 holy = entitled to veneration
Y Tad Sanctaidd the Pope, the Holy Father
Yr Esgobaeth Sanctaidd The Holy See (“the sacred bishopric”)
buwch sanctaidd holy cow
Y Beddrod Sanctaidd the Holy Sepulchre, the grave where the body of Jesus Christ was placed after the Crucifixion
Y Teulu Sanctaidd the Holy Family, the infant Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
3 saintly
Mae’r gweinidog yn smocio ei hen bibell cyn y bregeth, ac mae e'n drewi'r lle; dydi hyny ddim yn taro i ddyn sydd i fod yn sanctaidd yn 'i waith.
The minister smokes his pipe before the sermon and stinks the place out ; that doesn’t behove a man who is supposed to be saintly in his work
4 sacred = connected with religion (as opposed to what is secular)
cadw’r Saboth yn sanctaidd keep the Sabbath holy
sacred music
5 Christian
Yr Ymerodraath Rufeinig Sanctaidd the Holy Roman Empire, a one-thousand year old empire; European territories ruled by a German king from the time of Charlemagne in 800A.D. to 1806, when the emperor Francis II relinquished his crown
Yr YmerawdwrRufeinig Sanctaidd the Holy Roman Emperor
Y Swyddogaeth Sanctaidd (Roman Catholicism) The Holy Office, final court of appeal for Christians accused of heresy, established in 1542
Y Cynghrair Sanctaidd / Y Gynghrair Sanctaidd The Holy Alliance, document signed in 1815 by Russia, Prussia and Austria agreeing to government based on Christian principles
Yr Ynys Sanctaidd The Sacred Island, Ireland
6 Y Beibl Sanctaidd the Holy Bible
7 Y Groes Sanctaidd the Holy Cross, the Holy Rood
Eglwys y Groes Sanctaidd Holy Cross Church
(Name of a church in Llanor, Gwynedd)
8 urddau sanctaidd = holy orders, sacrament where a candidate is accepted into the Christian ministry
9 ffug-sanctaidd = sanctimonious = hypocritically pious
Excessively or hypocritically pious
10 rhyfel sanctaidd holy war
11 byw yn sanctaidd live a saintly life, live a holy life
ETYMOLOGY: (sanct = saint) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)
NOTE: santaidd (i.e., without the ‹k›) is a variant
:_______________________________.
sancteiddiol ‹ sank- teidh -yol› adjective
1 holy
y cysegr sancteiddiolaf the most holy place
Exodus 26:34 Dod hefyd y drugareddfa ac arch y dystiolaeth yn y cysegr sancteiddiolaf.
Exodus 26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place.
ETYMOLOGY: (sanctaeidd- < sanctaidd = holy) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
sandio ‹sand-yo› verb
1 to sand, to sandpaper, to polish with sand, use a sander on
sandio’r drws sandpaper the door, use a sander on a door
peiriant sandio sander, sanding machine
ETYMOLOGY: (sand = sand) (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
sangiad ‹ sang-iad› masculine noun
PLURAL sangiadau ‹ sang-yaa-de›
1 trampling underfoot
2 parenthesis, interpolation; insertion of a word or phrase into a sentence which breaks the structure of the sentence
sangiad cystrawen interpolation in a sentence
sangiadau naturiol ac annaturil natural and unnatural interpolations
ETYMOLOGY: (sang- stem of sengi = to trample) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
sanhedrin ‹ san- he -drin› verb
1 Sanhedrin = Jewish council or court, esp the supreme council and court at Jerusalem in New Testament times, which had 71 members and dealt with judicial, religious and administrative matters
2 (figuratively) refers to any other ruling body or council (especially if it is large / poweful / self-important)
Sanhedrin BBC Cymru Board of Management of BBC Wales
Sanhedrin yr Esiteddfod Genedlaethol the Ruling Council of the National Eisteddfod
ETYMOLOGY: English sanhedrin < Hebrew < Greek sunedrion (= council) < sun- (prefix, together, with) + (hedra = seat)
:_______________________________.
Sans.
1 abreviatura = Sanscrit sànscrit
:_______________________________.
Sanscrit ‹san- -skrit› feminine noun
1 sànscrit
Abreviatura: Sans.
ETIMOLOGIA: anglès Sanskrit
:_______________________________.
sa nhw ‹SA nu› (verb)
1 see: se nhw
:_______________________________.
sa ni ‹SA ni› (verb)
see se ni
:_______________________________.
Sans.
1 abbreviation = Sanscrit Sanskrit
:_______________________________.
Sanscrit ‹san- -skrit› feminine noun
1 Sanskrit
Abbreviation: Sans.
ETYMOLOGY: English Sanskrit
:_______________________________.
sant, seintiau ‹SANT, SEINT ye› (masculine noun)
1 saint = person recognised (through a formal process of canonisation) by a church as being of especial holiness and faith
Placed before the name of the saint
Sant Iago Saint James
For women saints, the femiine form santes is used
Santes Fair Saint Mary
2 Sant Tomos o Acwin Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and philosopher (1225-1274)
3 A Celtic missionary monk. In the names and titles of Celtic saints, sant is placed after the name
Dewi Sant Saint David
Eglwys Cenydd Sant a Sant Pedr (the Church of St Cenydd and St Peter) in Caerffili
Heol Cenydd Sant (St. Cenydd Road) in Caerffili
4 sant is used after female saints’ names too
SH3682 Eglwys Dwynwen Sant Dwynwen’s Church, Saint Dwynwen’s Church on Ynys Llanddwyn (Ynys Môn), though simply Eglwys Dwynwen would be the more correct name. See the note on santes below
NOTE: The nun’s name was Dwyn (as in the name Llanddwyn “(the) church (of) Dwyn)”).
Dwynwen is a fond name, with the addition of the suffix –wen (from gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white; pure, holy)
NOTE: santes - such forms as Eglwys Santes Melangell “(the) church (of) Saint Melangell” are clearly wrong, suggesting that she is a canonised saint of the Catholic Church.
Eglwys Santes Helen though would be correct, as she was a Catholic saint and not a saint of the Celtic Church
Even Eglwys Melangell Sant (recognising Melangell as a member of the Celtic Church) is not correct either.
It is simply Eglwys Melangell in Welsh.
3 saint = one of God’s elected few, used by Christians who believe themselves to be such a person
4 saint = a devout religious person
5 saint = a good person
6 saint = a chapel-goer or church-goer (sometimes used facietiously)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin sānctus (= sacred), the past participle of sancīre (= to consecrate),
(sanc- root of sancîre) + (-tus suffix for forming the past participle)
:_______________________________.
sa’r ‹ saar ›
1 southern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt (less correctly sâr
See aa / saar
:_______________________________.
Sara / Sarah (Lal, Lali) ‹SA ra› (feminine noun)
1 Sarah
:_______________________________.
Saran ‹SAA ran› (feminine noun)
1 female name
ETYMOLOGY: Probably (Sara = Sarah) + (-an diminutive ending for female names)
Cf
Bethan (Bèth < Elísabeth = Elizabeth),
Betsan (Betsi = Betsy < Elísabeth = Elizabeth),
Gwennan (Gwen < Gwenllian)
Megan (Meg < Margred = Margaret),
:_______________________________.
Sardis ‹sar -dis›
1 an ancient city of Asia Minor that was capital of Lydia
Datguddiad 3:1 Ac at angel yr eglwys sydd yn Sardis, ysgrifenna; Y pethau hyn y mae’r hwn sydd â saith Ysbryd Duw â’r saith seren ganddo, yn eu dywedyd; Mi a adwaen dy weithredoedd di, oblegid y mae gennyt enw dy fod yn fyw, a marw ydwyt.
Revelations 3:1 And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.
Datguddiad 3:4 Eithr y mae gennyt ychydig enwau, ie, yn Sardis, y rhai ni halogasant eu dillad; a hwy a rodiant gyda mi mewn dillad gwynion: oblegid teilwng ydynt.
Revelations 3:4 Thou hast a few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy.
Datguddiad 1:11 Yn dywedyd. Mi yw Alffa ac Omega, y cyntaf a’r diwethaf: a’r hyn yr wyt yn ei weled, ysgrifenna mewn llyfr, a danfon i’r saith eglwys y rhai sydd yn Asia; i Effesus, ac i Smyrna, ac i Pergamus, ac i Thyatira, ac i Sardis, a Philadelffia, a Laodicea.
Revelations 1:11 Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea.
2 chapel name
3 Sardis locality
..a/ SN1306 county of Penfro
..b/ SN5806 county of Caerfyrddin
4 street names
..a/ Sardis Penrhyndeudraeth county of Gwynedd)
..b/..1/ “Sardis Close”, Waunarlwydd county of Abertawe) (this would be Lle Sardis / Clos Sardis in Welsh)
..b/..2/ “Sardis Cross”, Sardis, Aberdaugleddau county of Penfro) (this would be Croes Sardis in Welsh)
..b/..3/ “Sardis Road” Pont-y-pridd county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (this would be Heol Sardis in Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
sarff, seirff ‹SARF, SEIRF› (feminine noun)
1 serpent
:_______________________________.
sarhâd, sarhadau ‹sar HAAD, sar HÂ de› (masculine noun)
1 insult
2 rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult to injury (“put an insult in the top of an injury”)
:_______________________________.
..1 sarn ‹sarn› feminine noun
PLURAL sarnau ‹sar -ne›
1 causeway, paved way, trackway
Diarhebion 16:17 Sarn y cyfiawn yw dychwelyd oddi wrth ddrwg: y neb a gadwo ei ffordd, a geidw ei enaid.
Proverbs 16:17 The highway of the upright is to depart from evil: he that keepeth his way preserveth his soul.
2 prehistoric trackway
3 place names (prehistoric trackway or Roman way)
Bwlchysarnau, Cefnddwysarn, Pen-y-sarn / Pen-sarn, Pont-sarn, Rhydsarnau, Y Sarnau, Sarnybryncaled, Talsarnau, Tal-y-sarn / Tal-sarn
4 causeway = geological formation resembling a man-made causeway
Sarn Gynfelyn (SN 5885) formation in the Ceredigion, in the sea in the parish of Llangynfelyn
5 stepping stones in a stream / river
Croesasom y sarn - nid oedd pont yno mwyach, dim ond rhes o gerrig i'r parc gyferbyn
We crossed over the stepping stones – there was no bridge there any more, just a row of stones to the field opposite
6 paving placed on a river bottom under a waterfall on a weir to prevent the water from forming a hole
7 litter = bracken or straw on the floor of a cowhouse or stable; bedding = straw for cattle to sleep on
8 ruin, destruction
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
..2 sarn ‹sarn› adjective
1 trampled
2 (figurative) trampled underfoot
Mae iaith a diwylliant Cymru yn sarn
The language and culture of Wales have been trampled underfoot
chwalu’n sarn trample underfoot
:_______________________________.
..3 Y Sarn ‹ə sarn›
1 locality SH2332 by Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
2 locality SS9083 in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
3 locality SO2090 in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
4 locality SJ1179 in the county of Y Fflint, between Prestatyn and Treffynnon (county of Powys)
5 locality SJ4444 in the county of Y Fflint
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the causeway, the paved way’
:_______________________________.
Y Sarnau ‹ə sar -ne›
1 locality SN3318 in the county of Caerfyrddin
2 locality SN3150 near Llandysul (county of Ceredigion)
3 locality SH9739 in Llanfor, district of Meirionnydd near Y Bala (county of Gwynedd)
4 locality SO0232 near Aberhonddu (county of Powys)
5 locality SJ 2315 in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys); near Cegidfa
Sarnau Uchaf place by here (uchaf = upper)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the causeway(s), the paved way(s)’, plural of sarn
:_______________________________.
Sarn-bach ‹sarn baakh ›
1 SH3026 place 2km south of Aber-soch
ETYMOLOGY: y sarn bach (“the little pavement”)
(y definite article) + (sarn = paved way) + (bach = little)
In North Wales, after a feminine noun bach remains unmutated.
The expected form would be “y sarn fach”
:_______________________________.
sarnu ‹SAR-ni› (verb)
1 trample
2 destroy
..1/ sarnu’ch enw da destroy your reputation, spoil your reputation, sully your reputation
..2/ (South) sarnu’ch iechyd ruin your health
:_______________________________.
Satan ‹SA-tan› (m)
1 Satan
Sant Marc 8:33 Eithr wedi iddo droi, ac edrych ar ei ddisgyblion, efe a geryddodd Pedr, gan ddywedyd, Dos ymaith yn fy ôl i, Satan; am nad wyt yn synied y pethau sydd o Dduw, ond y pethau sydd o ddynion.
Saint Mark 8:33 But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men.
:_______________________________.
sa’th ‹ çsaath›
1 southern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt (less correctly sâth
See aa / saath
:_______________________________.
sathrfa ‹sathr -va› feminine noun
1 trampled state
Daniel 8:13 Yna y clywais ryw sant yn llefaru, a dywedodd rhyw sant arall wrth y rhyw sant hwnnw oedd yn llefaru, Pa hyd y bydd y weledigaeth am yr offrwm gwastadol, a chamwedd anrhaith i roddi y cysegr a'r llu yn sathrfa?
Daniel 8:13 Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?
Eiseia 5:5 Ac yr awr hon mi a hysbysaf i chwi yr hyn a wnaf i’m gwinllan: tynnaf ymaith ei chae, fel y porer hi; torraf ei magwyr, fel y byddo hi yn sathrfa
Isaiah 5:5 And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down:
ETYMOLOGY: (sathr- stem of the verb sathru = trample) + (-fa noun suffix denoting an action)
:_______________________________.
sa ti ‹SA ti› (verb)
1 see: se ti
:_______________________________.
sawdl, sodlau ‹SAU dəl / SAU dul, SOD le› (masculine noun)
1 heel
fel ci bach wrth sawdl ei feistr like a little dog at the heel of his owner
2 Nid ei di byth uwch bawd na sawdl
You’ll never get anywhere, you’ll never make it, you’re doomed to failure (“you won’t go higher than a toe or a heel”)
3 o'ch corun i'ch sawdl ‹oi GO rin iu SAU dəl› (phrase)
from head to toe ("from one's crown to one's heel")
4 sawdl Achil Achilles heel, weak spot (Achilles ‹Əkíliz›, a noted Greek warrior in the Trojan war and hero of Homer's Iliad. Achilles was killed by Paris, who wounded him in his heel, his vulnerable spot)
:_______________________________.
sawl ‹SAUL› (determiner)
1 how many?
2 many
ar sawl cyfrif in many respects
mewn sawl modd in many respects
:_______________________________.
sawl un ‹saul iin › pronoun
1 many a one, many people
Mae sawl un wedi gwneud yr un peth Many a one has done the same thing
2 pa sawl un? how many? how many things? how many people?
(normally sawl un?, without the interrogative particle pa (= which)
Sawl un gymeri di? How much do you want? / do you take? / will you have?
ETYMOLOGY: (sawl = many) + (un = one)
:_______________________________.
saws ‹SAUS› (masculine noun)
1 sauce
2 saws Caerwrangon Worcester sauce
:_______________________________.
Sbaen ‹SPAIN› (feminine noun)
1 Spain (Greater Castile)
:_______________________________.
Sbaeneg ‹SPEI neg› (feminine noun)
1 Castilian, Spanish
:_______________________________.
Sbaenes, Sbaenesau ‹SPEI nes, spei NE se› (feminine noun)
1 Castilian woman, Spanish woman
:_______________________________.
sbaengi ‹spein-gi› feminine noun
PLURAL sbaengwn ‹spein-gun›
1 spaniel
2 water spaniel = a large spaniel with a curly coat used for hunting wildfowl (there are two breeds - Irish and American)
3 balch fel sbangi ("as proud as a spaniel")
4 bod fel sbangi be soaking wet ("be like (a) spaniel")
Doedd dim ochrau i'r cysgodfan bws a phan oedd yn bwrw ac yn chwythu roedden nhw fel sbangwn erbyn i'r bws gyrraedd
There were no sides to the bus shelter so when it was raining and windy they were soaking wet by the time the bus arrived
ETYMOLOGY: 'Spanish dog'; the literary form is (Sbaen- ‹sbein›, penult form of Sbaen ‹sbâin› = Spain) + soft mutation + (ci = dog); but it is possibly a reformation of sbangi from (sban-, first syllable of English spaniel) + soft mutation + (ci = dog).
English spaniel is from Old French espaigneul < Occitan espanhol < Latin Hispâniolus
NOTE: colloquial form: sbangi, sbangwn
:_______________________________.
Sbaenwr, Sbaenwyr ‹SPEI nur, SPEIN wir› (masculine noun)
1 Castilian man, Spanish man
:_______________________________.
Sbaenwyr, y ‹ə SPEIN wir› (plural noun)
1 the Castilians, the Spanish
:_______________________________.
sbag ‹sbaag› masculine noun
1 claw (of a cat)
2 sbagau (colloquially sbage, sbaga) (1) hands (2) legs
3 sbagyn o sbagen branch of a tree
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently a word of native origin, possibly related to bag ‹baag› (= claw, leg); and bach ‹baach› (= hook)
NOTE: There is also a more literary form ysbâg ‹əsbáag›
:_______________________________.
sbago ‹sbâ-go› verb
1 scratch (eg of a cat)
ETYMOLOGY: (sbag = cat’s claw) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: Occurs in Cambrian English as to spag
:_______________________________.
sbagyn ‹sbâ -gin› masculine noun
1 branch; see sbag
:_______________________________.
sbangi ‹span-gi› masculine noun
PLURAL sbangwn ‹span -gun›
1 spaniel: see sbaengi
:_______________________________.
sbâr ‹SBAAR› (adjective)
1 spare = in reserve for future use
:_______________________________.
sbarion ‹SBAR yon› (plural noun)
1 leftovers of food
:_______________________________.
sbectol ‹spek -tol› feminine noun
PLURAL sbectols, sbectolau ‹spek –tols, spek-tô-le›
1 spectacles, glasses, specs, (USA: also eyeglasses)
cas sbectol spectacle case
ETYMOLOGY: sbectol < *sbectal < English spectacle < French < Latin spectaculum (= a show) < spectâre (= to watch, to look at) < specere (= to look at)
:_______________________________.
’sbedain ‹SBEE-dain
› (v)
1 clipped form of diasbedain (= resound,
reverberate, ring)
Also written ’sbedan, ’sbeden to reflect more
closely the actual pronunciation
Dyma ail sgrech, fwy ofnadwy na'r gynta,
yn 'spedain drwy'r lle...
A second scream, more terrible than the first one, resounded through the place:_______________________________.
’sbedan ‹SBEE-dan› (v)
1 See ’sbedain, a clipped form of diasbedain (= resound, reverberate, ring)
:_______________________________.
’sbeden ‹SBEE-den› (v)
1 See ’sbedain, a clipped form of diasbedain (= resound, reverberate, ring)
:_______________________________.
sbeisiog ‹ speis-yog› adjective
1 spicy
ETYMOLOGY: (sbeis = spice) + (-iog adjectival suffix )
:_______________________________.
sbeislyd ‹ speis -lid› adjective
1 spicy
ETYMOLOGY: (sbeis = spice) + (-lyd adjectival suffix )
:_______________________________.
sbésimen ‹spe-si-men› masculine noun
PLURAL sbesimenau ‹sbe-si-mê-ne›
1 specimen = tissue, blood, etc taken for making a diagnosis
cymryd sbésimen o waed take a blood sample
ETYMOLOGY: English specimen < Latin specimen (= mark, evidence) < specere (= to look)
:_______________________________.
sbinod ‹sbi-nod› plural noun
1 aphetic form of hesbinod (i.e. minus the first syllable) = yearling sheep. See hesbin
:_______________________________.
sbinwch ‹sbi-nukh› feminine noun
1 aphetic form of hesbinwch (i.e. minus the first syllable) = young sow.
:_______________________________.
Y Sblot ‹ə SPLOT› (feminine noun)
1 district of Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: sblot (= plot of land), from an English word splat (= plot of land)
:_______________________________.
sboncyn ‹spong -kin› masculine noun
PLURAL sboncynnod ‹spong-kə-nod-wir›
1 (insect) hopper
sboncyn llyffant (Philaenus spumarius) froghopper
ETYMOLOGY: (sbonc = jump, leap) + (-yn suffix to make an agent noun)
:_______________________________.
sboner, sboners ‹SPO ner, SPO ners› (masculine noun)
1 (South Wales) boyfriend
:_______________________________.
sbort ‹SPORT› (masculine noun)
1 sport
2 mocking
Nìd testun sbort mo hyn This is no laughing matter
:_______________________________.
sbot, sbotiau ‹SPOT, SPOT ye› (masculine noun)
1 (Theatre) spotlight
Also: golau sbot, sbotolau
:_______________________________.
sbotolau ‹spot-o-le› masculine noun
PLURAL sbotoleuadau ‹spot-o-lei-â-de ›
1 (Theatre) spotlight
Also: sbot, golau sbot
ETYMOLOGY: (sbot = focus) + soft mutation + (golau = light)
:_______________________________.
sbowt ‹spout › masculine noun
PLURAL sbowtiau ‹spout -ye›
1 spout = pipe through which a liquid emerges
sbowt y tebot the spout of the teapot (the standard form is pig y tebot)
ETYMOLOGY: English spout apparently < Dutch < Old Norse
:_______________________________.
sbring ‹spring› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL sbringiau, sbrings ‹spring-ye, springs›
1 spring
sbring matras mattress spring, one of the springs of a mattress (“spring (of) mattress”)
sbring soffa sofa spring, one of the springs of a sofa (“spring (of) sofa”)
sbring watsh watch spring, plural sbrings watshus watch springs
2 matras sbrings spring mattress (“mattress (of) springs”)
ETYMOLOGY: spring (= spiral) < to spring < Old English springan (= to spring, to jump); cf German springen (= to jump), der Sprung (= the jump)
:_______________________________.
sbrint ‹sprint› masculine noun
PLURAL sbrintiau ‹sprint -ye›
1 sprint = a short-distance race
2 sprint = running for a short distance as fast as one can, for example at the end of a long-distance race
ETYMOLOGY: English sprint < Scandinavian
:_______________________________.
sbrintio ‹sprint› verb
1 to sprint
ETYMOLOGY: (sbrint = sprint) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
sbrintiwr ‹sprint -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sbrintwyr ‹sprint -wir›
1 sprinter,
ETYMOLOGY: (sbrint-i-, stem of sbrintio = to sprint) + (-wr, agent suffix, 'man')
:_______________________________.
sbwnjlyd ‹spunj -lid› adjective
1 spongy = like a sponge in texture – soft and compressible
ETYMOLOGY: (sbwnj = sponge) + (-lyd adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
sbwnjo ‹sbun -jo› verb
1 sponge (USA: freeload = eat or drink at sb else's expense)
ETYMOLOGY: (sbwnj = sponge) + (-o suffix for forming verbs) in imitation of English to sponge (= wait around somebody in order to receive money or gain other advantages)
:_______________________________.
sbyddu ‹sbə-dhi› verb
1 North Wales empty the water from (a boat, a pool). See disbyddu
:_______________________________.
sbydu ‹sbə-di› verb
1 North Wales empty the water from (a boat, a pool). See disbyddu
dŵr twll sbydu bilge water (“water (of) (the) hole (of) emptying”)
:_______________________________.
’sbyty ‹spə -ti› masculine noun
PLURAL sbytai ‹spə -tai›
1 colloquial form of ysbyty = hospital
Bu rhaid mynd i'r ’sbyty I had to go to hospital
NOTE: See ysbyty
:_______________________________.
Y ’Sbyty ‹ə spə -ti›
1 short form for place names with Ysbyty (= hospice, inn) as the first element
In standard Welsh this would be Yr Ysbyty, but in colloquial Welsh ysbyty loses the first syllable > sbyty. With the addition of the definite article y the form Y Sbyty results
Ysbyty-ystwyth > Y ’Sbyty
Ysbyty-ifan > Y ’Sbyty
Byw yn y ’Sbyty ma fe nawr
He lives in ’Sbyty (= Ysbyty-ifan) now
NOTE: See ysbyty
:_______________________________.
SCANDINAVIAN WORDS IN WELSH
1 These are usually loans from English
rafft raft < English raft < Old Norse raptr (= rafter)
sgìl skill < English skill < Old Norse skil (= distinction, difference).
sgrap scrap < English scrap < Scandinavian
sbowt spout < English spout, apparently < Dutch < Old Norse
sbrint sprint < English sprint < Scandinavian
:_______________________________.
'sdim ‹stim ›
1 there isn't, etc
Sdim newid arno He’s set in his ways (“there’s no changing on him”)
ETYMOLOGY: ’sdim colloquial contraction of does dim < nid oes dim (= there isn’t)
:_______________________________.
sdi ‹ sdi ›
(North Wales)
1 = sydd wedi (“that is” + “after”)
Pwy syd wedi rhechu Who has farted? > Pwy sdi rhechu?
2 Sometimes so written instead of sti
sti gwyddost ti you know, y’ know > wyddost ti > wsti, > sti
Dwi o ddifri 'sdi I’m serious, y’ know
a wyddost ti do you know?
sti be < a wyddost ti beth do you know what? (question to highlight information in the following sentence) > sti be
:_______________________________.
sebon ‹SEE-bon› masculine noun
PLURAL sebonau ‹se-BOO-nai, -e›
1 soap
bar sebon bar of soap ("bar (of) soap")
blodyn sebon soap plant ("flower (of) soap") - plant which has parts which can be used as soap, such as the Californian Chlorogalum pomeridianum
calan sebon bar of soap ("bar (of) soap")
carreg sebon soapstone, soap earth, steatite - greasy variety of talc
chwysigen sebon soap bubble ("bubble (of) soap")
cneuen sebon soapnut Acacia concinna
fflochen sebon soap flake ("flake (of) soap")
gwaith sebon soapworks ("works (of) soap")
llestr sebon soapdish ("vessel (of) soap")
ópera sebon soap opera ("opera (of) soap")
pluen sebon soap flake ("feather / flake (of) soap")
sebon caled hard soap
sebon coch carbolic soap ("red soap")
sebon golchi household soap, soap for cleaning the house ("soap (of) washing")
sebon meddal soft soap
sebon sent toilet soap (colloquial) ("soap (of) scent")
sebon siafio shaving soap ("soap (of) shaving")
sebon ymolchi toilet soap ("soap (of) washing oneself")
sioe sebon soap opera ("show (of) soap")
swigen sebon North Wales soap bubble
2 golchi (rhywbeth) â sebon wash (something) with soap
3 bocs sebon soap box
areithiwr bocs sebon soap-box orator
4 soap, soft soap = flattery
Bydd hi'n derbyn yr holl sebon bob tro She falls for the flattery every time
Gad dy sebon! Leave off the flattery!
gwerthu sebon to softsoap, to flatter (“to sell soap”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish sebon (= soap), Breton saon (= soap)
Cf Latin sâpô, sâpôn|is (= soap), Germanic *saip-: Old English sâpe > Modern English soap; German die Seife (= soap), Dutch zeep (= soap). The Germanic words is possibly from Latin. Irish has gallúnach and sópa (this latter from English). The Welsh word is probably from Latin. The lack of a corresponding term in Irish is usually a good indicator of a word’s Latin origin (though often this Latin origin of a Welsh word is quite evident).
:_______________________________.
sebra ‹SE-bra, ZE-bra › masculine noun
PLURAL sebras, sebraod ‹ SE-bras, ZE-bras, se-BRAA-od, ze-BRAA-od, ›
1 zebracroesfan sebra (f), croesfannau sebra zebra crossing
Croesfan Sebra a Thwmpath (on road signs) Humped Zebra Crossing
(“zebra crossing and a hump”)
:_______________________________.
Sechareia ‹se-kha- rei -a› masculine noun
1 Zechariah ‹Zekəráiə› a Hebrew prophet around 500BC
2 Llyfr Sechareia the Book of Zechariah in the Old Testament, containing his oracles
:_______________________________.
se chi = fe fuasech chi ‹SE khi› (verb)
1 you would be
:_______________________________.
se chi = pe tasech chi ‹SE khi› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
séciwlar ‹se -kiu-lar› adjective
1 secular = wordly rather than religious
gwyl séciwlar = secular holiday
Gwyl seciwlar ydi'r Pasg erbyn hyn Easter is by now a secular holiday
2 secular = not connected with religion, not dealing with religion
addysg séciwlar secular education
ETYMOLOGY: English secular < French < Late Latin saeculâris < saeculum = an age
:_______________________________.
secsi ‹sek -si› adjective
1 sexy
ETYMOLOGY: English sexy; (sex) + (-y suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
sector ‹ sek -tor› masculine noun
PLURAL sectorau ‹ sek- to -re›
1 sector = part of an economy
y sector preifat = the private sector,
y sector cyhoeddus = the public sector,
y sector gwirfeddol = the voluntary sector (people who work on without renumeration in providing help for others)
2 sector = a portion of a society
y sector gwirfoddol the voluntary sector (= charities, etc)
3 sector = division in educational provision;
y sector Cymraeg = the Welsh-language sector, the part of educational provision through tthe medium of Welsh;
Mae llawer o rieni yn methu â chael lle i'w plant yn y sector Cymraeg
Many parents are unable to find a place for their children in the Welsh-language sector
ETYMOLOGY: English sector < Late Latin sector (= a cutter) < secâre (= to cut)
:_______________________________.
sectwr ‹sek-tur›
PLURAL: sectwyr ‹sekt-wir›
MASCULINE NOUN
1 sectarian
ETYMOLOGY: (sect = sect) + (-wr = agent suffix)
also sectydd, plural sectyddion
:_______________________________.
sedd, seddau ‹seedh, SÊ dhe› (feminine noun)
1 seat = something on which a person sits (chair, saddle, etc)
sedd gadw reserved seat
Odi’r sedd ’ma’n wag? Is this seat free? Is this seat going free? Is anybody sitting in this seat?
2 sedd godi tip-up seat
3 gorsedd throne
equivalent to modern Welsh (gor- = super) + (sedd = seat)
:_______________________________.
sedila ‹se- dii -la› feminine noun
PLURAL sedilâu ‹se-di- lai›
1 cedilla = small mark under a “c” before “a, o, u” or final in Catalan, Occitan, Portuguese, French to denote that it is sounded as ‹s› and not ‹k› (e.g. Catalan “enllaç” = link)
ec sedila “c cedilla”, “see cedilla”
The ç does not occur in Welsh.
ETYMOLOGY: English < Castilian cedilla (= small z) (formerly a small letter “z” written after a “c” to denote that it was a sibilant) < Older Castilian zedilla
The letter ç originated in Visigothic script, where a z was capped by a small c, but over time the c became bigger and the z became smaller, until it was known as the small z – the zedilla.
It was abolished in Castilian in the 1800s by the Royal Spanish Academy as it had become redundant.
This letter ç, that is the “cz”, represented approximately the sound [ts], and was the counterpart of the letter z [dz].
The z underneath indicated that this c was not to be pronounced as [k].
Thus cozina [dz] (= kitchen, cuisine) and caça [ts] (= hunting)
In the 1500s and 1600s both ç [ts] and z [dz] came to be pronounced the same as c [s] in the south and [θ] in the centre and north.
Now there were three symbols for the same sound [s] (c, ç, z,). It was decided to eliminate ç and use z instead, and to use c instead of z
caça > caza
cozina > cocina
zedilla > cedilla
:_______________________________.
se fe ‹SE ve› (verb)
(rapid colloquial speech)
1 = fe fuase fe he would be
2 = pe tase fe he would be
:_______________________________.
sefydlog ‹se VƏD log› (adjective)
1 settled, firm, steady
2 bod mor sefydlog â’r graig be as steady as a rock (“as the rock”)
:_______________________________.
sefydlu ‹se VƏD li› (verb)
1 establish, set up
2 arsefydlu install = put a computer program onto a computer
(ar- intensifying prefix ) + (sefydlu = establish)
:_______________________________.
sefyll ‹SE vilh› (verb)
1 stand = be standing; stand up
2 sefyll allan ‹se vilh A lhan› stand out, be prominent
3 sefyll ar osgo i (house) be at an angle to (the street, etc)
4 sefyll eich prawf am be tried for, stand trial for
5 codi (rhywbeth) yn ei sefyll put (something) upright, make (something) stand up, put (something) in a standing position
:_______________________________.
sefyll allan fel ffeir’ad mewn ffair ‹sê-vilh a-lhan vel fei-rad meun fair›
1 stick out like a sore thumb = be very obvious
ETYMOLOGY: “stand out like a clergyman in a fair” (sefyll allan = stand out) + (fel = com) + (ffeir’ad < ffeiriad < offeiriad = clergyman) + (mewn = in) + (ffair = fair)
:_______________________________.
sefyll allan fel llaid ar farch gwyn ‹sê-vilh a-lhan vel lhaid ar varkh gwin›
1 stick out like a sore thumb = be very obvious
ETYMOLOGY: “stand out like mud on a white horse” (sefyll allan = stand out) + (fel = like) + (llaid = mud) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (march gwyn = white horse)
:_______________________________.
sefyll arholiad ‹se vilh ar HOL yad› (verb)
1 sit ('stand') an exam
:_______________________________.
sefyllfa, sefyllféydd ‹se VƏLH va, se vəlh VEIDH› (feminine adjective)
1 situation
2 sefyllfa ddigynsail an unprecedented situation
:_______________________________.
sefylliwr ‹ se- vəlh -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sefyllfwyr ‹ se- vəlh -wir›
1 loiterer, somebody who stands around doing nothing
ETYMOLOGY: (sefyll- ‹ə› stem of the verb sefyll ‹i› = to stand) + (loetr- stem of the verb loetran = to loiter) + (-i-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
sefyll yn feichiau dros ‹se-vilh ən veikh –ye dros› verb
1 to stand surety for, give security as a guarantee that an obligation will be met that will be forfeited if it is not; act as agents who will make sure that a commitment will be observed, be a guarantor, be guarantors
Mae'r Eglwys Wladol yn gosod pwys mawr ar fedydd, - dywed fod rhyw gyfnewidiad gwyrthiol yn cymeryd lle drwy'r ordinhad, a mynna gael tad a mam bedydd i sefyll yn feichiau dros y baban bach.
The state church attaches great importance to baptism – it says that a miraculous change takes place through this religious observance, and insists on having a godfather and godmother to
be guarantors for the little infant
ETYMOLOGY: (sefyll = to stand) + (yn = as) + soft mutation + (meichiau = guarantee) + (dros = for, on behalf of)
:_______________________________.
segur ‹sê gir› adjective
1 idle, lazy = without the desire to work
byw’n segur live in idleness, live idly
y cyfoethogion segur the idle rich
2 idle = at a standstill, not active
cyfnod segur idle period (in a cycle)
ffatri segur an idle factory, one standing unused
Nid yw amser ddim yn segur Time waits for no man (“time is not idle / still”)
3 idle = (machine) having the transmission disconnected
troi’n segur (also: troi’n weili) to idle
4 idle = not being used
cyfalaf segur capital lying idle
rheilffordd segur disused railway, abandoned railway
5 (person), idle = out of work
gwneud rhywun yn segur make someone redundant
6 (child) still, not moving constantly
7 South Wales (house), empty = unoccupied.
Tysegur ('empty house') is the name of a street in Castell-nedd, South Wales
(See ‘NOTE’ at the foot of the entry)
8 lazy = (river) slow-moving
tai mawrion ar lan yr afon segur big houses on the bank of the lazy river
9 partner segur
sleeping partner, business partner who does not take an active part in running the business, often one who supplies the capital for the business
10 spare (time, moment); idle (moment)
dysgu naddu pren yn ei amser segur to learn to carve wood in his spare time
pan fo awr segur gyda'r nos whenever there’s a spare hour in the evening...
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin secûr(us) (= free from care) < sê- (= without) + (cûra = care).
(Latin secûrus has given English secure, security)
The corresponding word in Cornish is segur
NOTE: In south-east Wales, colloquially ‹b,d,g› at the beginning of the final syllable are devoiced > ‹p,t,k›. Hence segur > secur ‹se-kir›
:_______________________________.
segura ‹se-gî-ra› verb
1 idle about, loaf around, idle away one’s time
segura hyd yr heolydd hang around the streets
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-a suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: also seguran in the south (segur + suffix -an for forming verbs indicating repeated or continuous action)
:_______________________________.
seguran ‹se-gî-ran› verb
1 See segura
:_______________________________.
segurddyn ‹se- gir -dhin› masculine noun
PLURAL segurddynion ‹se-gir-dhən-yon›
1 idler
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + soft mutation + (dyn = man)
:_______________________________.
segurdod ‹se-gir-dod› masculine noun
1 idleness
2 leisure
3 inactivity
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-dod suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
segurswydd ‹se- gir -suidh› feminine noun
PLURAL segurswyddi ‹se-gir- sui -dhi›
1 sinecure = job for which one is paid but which involves little or no work or responsibility
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (swydd = work, job, office)
NOTE: also: swydd segur, segur swydd
:_______________________________.
segurwr ‹se- gi -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL segurwyr ‹se- gir -wir›
1 loafer
un o segurwyr cornel y stryd one of the people hanging around on street corners
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-wr suffix = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
seguryd ‹se- gî -rid› masculine noun
1 sloth, indolence
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-yd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
seguryn ‹se- gî -rin› masculine noun
PLURAL segurwyr ‹se- gir -wir›
1 idler
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-yn suffix for forming nouns)
NOTE: The plural is that of segurwr (same meaning)
:_______________________________.
se hi ‹SE ve› (verb)
(rapid colloquial speech)
1 = fe fuase hi she would be
2 = pe tase hi she would be
:_______________________________.
seiciatryddol ‹sei ki a trə dhol› adjective
1 psychological
derbyn triniaeth seiciatryddol undergo pschychiatric treatment
ETYMOLOGY: seiciatrydd = psychiatrist + -ol = suffix for forming adjectives
:_______________________________.
seiclo ‹SEI klo› (verb)
1 to cycle
:_______________________________.
seidbord, seidbordydd ‹SEID bord, seid BOR didh› (feminine noun)
1 sideboard
:_______________________________.
seidr ‹SEI dir› (masculine noun)
1 cider
:_______________________________.
seilam ‹sei -lam› masculine and feminine noun
PLURAL seilams ‹sei -lams›
1 mental asylum (funny farm, loony bin)
bod yn barod i’r seilam be a mental case, be certifiable, be a lunatic, be a candidate for the lunatic asylum (“be ready for the asylum”)
2 Y Seilam specific name for a mental hospital
In the magazine Llafar Gwlad, number 73, Haf (summer) 2001:
Ysbyty Meddwl Gogledd Cymru (neu’r Seilam i bobl leol)
The North Wales Mental Hospital (or the ‘Asylum’ according to local people)
ETYMOLOGY: English ’sylum < asylum < Latin < Greek asulon (= refuge), asulos thing which cannot be seized, (a- negative prefix) + (sulon = right of seizure)
:_______________________________.
seiliad ‹seil -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL seiliadau ‹seil-yâ-de›
1 founding, foundation
cyn seiliad y byd before the foundation of the world, before the world began
Effesiaid 1:4 Megis yr etholodd efe ni ynddo ef cyn seiliad y byd, fel y byddem yn sanctaidd ac yn ddifeius ger ei fron ef mewn cariad:
Ephesians According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love:
ETYMOLOGY: (seil-, stem of seilio = to base) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
Seimon ‹sei -mon› masculine noun
1 Simon
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English Simon ‹sai-mən›. In the Welsh Bible the name is "Simon" < Greek "Simon" < Hebrew "Simeon" (= obedient)
Cf other names with English ‹ai› adapted into Welsh with ‹ei›
(1) Meic (= "Mike" ‹maik›)
(2) Breian (= Brian ‹brai-ən›)
:_______________________________.
seinio ‹SEIN yo› (vreb)
1 to sound
2 seinio’r enciliad to sound the retreat
:_______________________________.
Seion ‹sei -on› feminine noun
1 Mynydd Seion Mount Zion, the hill on which the city of Jerusalem stands and the site of the Temple
Salmau 125:1 Caniad y graddau. Y rhai a ymddiriedant yn yr Arglwydd, fyddant fel mynydd Seion, yr hwn ni syflir, ond a bery yn dragwydd
Psalm 125:1 A Song of degrees. They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for ever.
Eseia 8:18 Wele fi a’r plant a roddes yr Arglwydd i mi, yn arwyddion ac yn rhyfeddodau yn Israel; oddi wrth Arglwydd y lluoedd, yr hwn sydd yn trigo ym mynydd Seion
Isaiah 8:18 Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion.
Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel. 76:2 Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion
Psalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. 76:2
In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.
Mynyddseion ‹mə-nidh sei-on› Locality in Brymbo (Conwy) (“Mynydd Seion”)
2 Seion chapel name (also Bryn Seion = Mount Zion)
(1) Bryn Seion name of a Congregationalist church, now interdenominational, founded in June 1884 at Beavercreek, Oregon, USA, (17 miles south-east of Portland), and considered to be the oldest Welsh chapel on the west coast
http://www.wapnw.org/brynseion.htm
(2) Heol Bryn Seion street name in Rhymni (county of Caerffili)
3 Place names from chapel names:
(1) Seion SH5467 place near Y Felinheli, county of Gwynedd
(2) Capelseion
.....(a) SN5113 place in the county of Caerfyrddin, north of Pontyberem
.....(b) SN6379 place in the county of Ceredigion, by Aberystwyth
4 (Judaism) Zion = territory of the Israelites; Palestine
5 (Judaism) Zion = Palestine as the Jewish homeland, the modern Israeli state
6 (Christianity) Zion = heaven, place where true believers finally come together
Seion fry Zion up above
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Seion < English Zion < Late Latin < Greek < Hebrew
NOTE: English ‘z’ was formerly replaced by ‘s’ in Welsh, the unvoiced equivalent, since the voiced sound did not exist in Welsh. The diphthong ‘ei’ ‹ei› replaces modern English ‹ai›
:_______________________________.
seirff ‹SEIRF› (plural noun)
seprents; see sarff
:_______________________________.
seiri ‹SEI ri› (plural noun)
1 carpenters, masons, artisans; see saer
:_______________________________.
seismig ‹SEIS mig› (adjective)
1 seismic = caused by an earthquake
ton seismig seismic wave
:_______________________________.
Seisnig ‹SEI snig› (adjective)
1 English (of the people; not the language)
2 pro-Seisnig pro-English
gwrth-Seisnig anti-English
:_______________________________.
Seisnigrwydd ‹sei SNI gruidh› (masculine noun)
1 Englishness
:_______________________________.
seithfed ‹SEITH ved› (adjective)
1 seventh
:_______________________________.
seithgant ‹SEITH gant› (numeral)
1 seven hundred
(Apocrypha) Llyfr Cyntaf Esdras 1:9 Jechoneias hefyd, a Samaias, a Nathanael ei frawd, a Sabaias, ac Ochiel, a Joram, milwriaid, a roddasant i'r Lefiaid ynghyfer y Pasg, bum mil o ddefaid, a seithgant o eidionau.
(Apocrypha) Esdras-1 1:9 And Jeconias, and Samaias, and Nathanael his brother, and Assabias, and Ochiel, and Joram, captains over thousands, gave to the Levites for the passover five thousand sheep, and seven hundred calves.
ETYMOLOGY: (seith- , saith = seven) + soft mutation + (cant = one hundred)
:_______________________________.
seithugio ‹sei- thig -yo› verb
1 frustrate, make futile, defeat
Mi a fernis fod yn ddoethach imi ar hyn o bryd gyffrói gwladgarwch a hunan-barch y Cymry â sylwadau cyffredinol o'r fath yma, na brysio i gynnyg cynllun bach a sych o'm heiddo fy hun i seithugio ymgais Saeson a Dic-Sion-Dafyddion i ddiléu'r Gymráeg o'n gorsafodd a'n llythyrdai. (Seisnigo Enwau Cymréig ‹Englishing Welsh Names› / Emrys ap Iwan / Y Geninen / Rhif 1 / Ionawr, 1897 / Cyf. XV
I judged it wiser for me at this time to stir up the patriotism and self-respect of the Welsh with general comments like these, than to hurriedly offer a small dry plan of my own to frustrate the efforts (literally ‘effort’) of the English and of Welsh people who have turned their back on their language to remove Welsh from our stations and post offices..
ETYMOLOGY: (seithug = vain, futile ) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
seithliw ‹seith -liu› adjective
1 rainbow, seven-coloured ("(of) seven colours")
2 brithyll seithliw Salmo gairdneri rainbow trout
3 North Wales coeden seithliw, blodyn seithliw ("the tree of seven colours, the flower of seven colours") hydrangea
ETYMOLOGY: (seith, penult form of saith = seven) + soft mutation + (lliw = color / colour); formerly there was soft mutation after the numeral saith (This does not occur in modern spoken Welsh, but the rule still holds good in the literary language, although it is not rigidly adhered to).
The rainbow of course has seven colours - coch / red, melyngoch / orange, melyn / yellow, gwyrdd / green, glas / blue, glasddu / indigo, glasgoch / violet
:_______________________________.
seithwyr ‹SEITH-wir› n
1 seven men
Actau 6:3 Am hynny, frodyr, edrychwch yn eich plith am seithwyr da eu gair, yn llawn o’r Ysbryd Glân a doethineb, y rhai a osodom ar hyn o orchwyl.
Acts 6:3 Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business
:_______________________________.
Seland Newydd ‹SE land NEU idh› (feminine noun)
1 New Zealand
:_______________________________.
seld, seldau ‹SELD, SEL de› (feminine noun)
1 sideboard
:_______________________________.
selio
VERB ‹sel yo›
1 seal·
Roedd yr amlen heb ei selio
The envelope wasn't sealed ("was without its sealing")
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < Old French "seel" (modern French "sceau" = seal, "sceller" = to seal) < Latin "sigillum", diminutive of "signum" = sign
:_______________________________.
séliwleit ‹sel-iu-leit› masculine noun
1 cellulite = subcutaneous fat especially on the thighs of women supposed to be impossible to remove by dieting
ETYMOLOGY: English cellulite < French cellulite < cellule = cell < Latin cellula, diminutive form of cella = cell
:_______________________________.
séliwloid ‹sel -yu-loid› masculine noun
1 celluloid = thermoplastic material
adjective
2 made of celluloid
3 celluloid, related to the cinema
:_______________________________.
sélni ‹sel -ni› masculine noun
1 feeling of sickness after eating too much
selni ar ôl byta gormod o fara brith
a feeling of being sick after eating too much currant bread
2 illness
Yr oedd yn rhy lesg ar ôl ei selni He was too weak after his illness
ETYMOLOGY: (sâl = ill, sick) + (-ni, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
séloffen ‹se-lo-fen› masculine noun
1 also: papur séloffen cellophane = material made from wood pulp and used as wrapping
llyfr mewn papur seloffen a book (wrapped) in cellophane
ETYMOLOGY: English cellophane, originally a trademark; (cello- < cellulose) and (-phane, suffix meaning 'having the appearance of' < Greek phainein = shine, appear)
:_______________________________.
selog ‹sê -log› adjective
PLURAL selogion ‹se- log -yon›
1 enthusiastic, zealous, fervent, avid
un o gefnogwyr selocaf y blaid one of the party's most fervent supporters
pysgotwr selog a keen fisherman
2 yn selog adverb with enthusiasm, enthusiastically, zealously, avidly
Y maent yn dilyn y gyfres sebon o Geredigion yn selog
They follow the soap series from Ceredigion avidly
ETYMOLOGY: (sêl = zeal) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
NOTE: equative seloced (= as zealous), comparative selocach (= more zealous), superlative selocaf (= the most zealous)
:_______________________________.
selogyn ‹se- lô -gin› masculine noun
PLURAL selogion ‹se- log -yon›
1 zealot = one who is fanatically religious
2 faithful follower, (radio) regular listener
Blwyddyn Newydd Heddychlon i holl selogion Radio Cymru
A Peaceful New Year to all the regular listeners of Radio Cymru
selogion y Brifwyl people who attend the National Eisteddfod every year, avid eisteddfod-goers
3 devoted advocate, great supporter
un a fu'n un o selogion mwyaf brwdfrydig y Gymraeg ar hyd oes faith
someone who had been one of the most fervent advocates of the Welsh language during his long life
ETYMOLOGY: (selog = zealous) + (-yn suffix for forming nouns = agent)
:_______________________________.
selsig, selsigod ‹SEL sig, sel SI god› (feminine noun)
1 sausage
:_______________________________.
Selyf ‹SE liv› (masculine noun)
1 Solomon
:_______________________________.
senedd, seneddau ‹SÊ nedh, se NÊ dhe› (feminine noun)
1 parliament = legislative assembly of a state
diddymiad y Senedd dissolution of Parliament, termination of a period of government
:_______________________________.
seneddol ‹se NÊ dhol› (adjective)
1 parliamentary
aelod seneddol member of parliament (“parliamentary member”) (abbreviation: A.S.) (= M.P.)
tymor seneddol parliamentary term
Beirniadodd y Weinyddiaeth Amaeth yn hallt am dorri'r newyddion ar ddiwrnod olaf y tymor seneddol He severely criticised the Agriculture Minister for making the announcement (“breaking the news”) on the last day of the parliamentary term
:_______________________________.
seneddwr ‹se-nê-dhur› masculine noun
PLURAL seneddwyr ‹se-nedh-wïr›
1 parliamentarian = person experienced in parliamentary procedures
Yr oedd yr aelod seneddol dros Aberafan yn ddatganolwr brwd ac yn seneddwr o gryn brofiad
The Member of Parliament for Aberafan was an enthustiastic devolutionist and a very experienced parliamentarian
2 parliamentarian = member of parliament, MP
Seneddwr ar Dramp ("an MP on the tramp, on a journey") Book by the Member of Parliament Rhys J Davies published in 1935
3 senator, member of a senate
ETYMOLOGY: (senedd = parliament) + (-wr = man)
:_______________________________.
Senghenydd ‹se NGHE nidh› (feminine noun)
1 commote in the South-east
1 se nhw = fe fuasen nhw ‹SE nu› (verb)
1 they would be
2 se nhw = pe tasen nhw ‹SE nu› (verb)
1 if they were
1 se ni = fe fuasen ni ‹SE ni› (verb)
2 se ni = pe tasen ni ‹SE ni› (verb)
1 if we were
:_______________________________.
*sent ‹sent ›
1 root of the Latin word sentîre (= to feel) found in Welsh (< British < Latin)
..1/ synio (= to think, believe, know), and derivatives syniad (= idea), synnu (= to surprise, to be surprised);
..2/ synnwyr (= sense) and derivatives synhwyro (= to sense), synhwyrol (= to sensible)
:_______________________________.
ser. ‹- ›
1 abbreviation Seryddiaeth = astronomy
:_______________________________.
serch ‹SERKH› (masculine noun)
1 love
2 (South) plentyn serch lovechild, child born out of wedlock (“child (of) love / passion”)
3 llwy serch (“spoon (of) love”) love spoon = a wooden spoon carved by a young man for his sweetheart as a token of his love. Also llwy garu
:_______________________________.
seren ‹se-ren› feminine noun
PLURAL sêr ‹seer›
1 star = distant sun
seren ddwbl binary star (dwbl = double)
seren gorachaidd dwarf star
(corachaidd (adjective) = dwarf); (corach = (noun) dwarf) + (-aidd adjectival suffix)
seren gwympo South-east Wales (colloquially “seran gwmpo”) shooting star, falling star (cwympo = falling, to fall)
seren sefydlog fixed star
2 star = celestial object (star or especially planet) regarded as influencing a person's fortunes
Mae ei seren ar gynnydd Her star is in the ascendant, she is favoured by her star sign, she’s on the up and up, she is becoming more prosperous, influential, etc
3 star = famous performer (actor, singer)
4 star = brilliant person
5 star = object in the form of a star; often a conventionalised star, with five or more points
6 star = an asterisk used to indicate quality, often on a scale of one to five
marciau sêr star rating
un seren one star
dwy seren two star
tair seren three star
pedair seren four star
pum seren five star
gwesty tair seren three-star hotel
7 star = a star-shaped object used as an award
8 star = a small badge used to indicate rank
9 star = one of the fifty symbols on the United States flag each representing a state
baner y Sêr a'r Barrau the Stars and Stripes (= name for the flag of the United States)
10 star = white patch on the forehead of a horse, cow, dog, etc
ci coch â seren wen dros ei lygaid a red dog with a white patch above its eyes
11 Seren, also in the north-west and south-east Seran, name for a cow (generally because it has a star on its forehead)
12 names of some plants, fungi, fish, etc
seren Féthlehem (plant) star of Bethlehem, member of the lily family with flowers in the shape of stars (Ornithogalum)
seren fôr (fish) starfish
seren frau (fish) brittle fish
seren y ddaear (fungus) earth star
seren y tywod (fish) sand star
13 cytser constellation
(cyt- form of the prefix cyd- before the consonant s) + (sêr = stars)
13 seren bren something quite useless ("wooden star")
Dyw e ddim ond seren bren It's completely useless (“it is not but a wooden star”)
(seren = star) + soft mutation + (pren = wood)
ETYMOLOGY: seren is (sêr = stars) + (-en, singulative suffix);
sêr < Old Welsh stêr < British < Celtic
From the same British root:
Cornish sterenn (= star),
Breton sterenn (= star)
From the same Indo-European root:
Latin stella (= star) < sterula,
Greek astêr (= star),
English star (= star) < Middle English sterre (= star) < Old English steorra < Germanic *sternon / *sterron
German Stern (= star) < Germanic *sternon / *sterron
Sanskrit star-
NOTE:
(1) in the north-western and north-eastern corners of the country a > e, and so the pronunciation in these zones is seran
(2) A colloquial plural form exists: sêrs (in effect, a double plural form, with the English plural suffix -s)
:_______________________________.
Seren Dafydd ‹se-ren da -vidh›
1 the Star of David = six-pointed star, symbol of Judaism
ETYMOLOGY: (seren = star) + (Dafydd = David)
:_______________________________.
Seren Hafren ‹sê-ren ha-vren›
1 ("(the) star (of) (the river) Severn")
Seren Hafren - Papur Bro Dyffryn Hafren - Drenewydd, Caer-sws, Carno, Aberhafesp, Bwlch-y-ffridd, Llanidloes, Pen-y-ffordd-las, Trefeglwys, Llawr-y-glyn
Seren Hafren - the Welsh-language community newspaper of the valley of the river Hafren ("Severn") - Y Drenewydd (English name: "Newtown"), Caer-sws, Carno, Aberhafesp, Bwlch-y-ffridd, Llanidloes, Pen-y-ffordd-las (English name: "Staylittle"), Trefeglwys, Llawr-y-glyn
:_______________________________.
seren wib ‹se ren WIIB› (feminine noun)
1 shooting star
:_______________________________.
Seren y Bore ‹sê-ren ə bô-re› feminine noun
1 the morning star = the planet Venus
ETYMOLOGY: ("star (of) the morning") (seren = star) + (y = the) + (bore = morning)
NOTE: Also Y Seren Fore ‹ə sê-ren vô-re›
:_______________________________.
serfiad ‹serv -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL serfiadau ‹serv- yâ -de›
1 (tennis) serve = the act of hitting the ball to put it into play
ETYMOLOGY: (serf-, stem of serfio = to serve) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
serfio ‹serv -yo›
1 (tennis) to serve = to hit the ball and put it into play
serfio’r bêl to serve the ball
A stroke (in tennis or badminton or squash) that puts the ball in play
ETYMOLOGY: (serf-, from English to serve) + (-io suffix for forming verbs); English to serve < servise < French < Latin servitium (= state of being a slave) < servus (= slave); English serf is also from Latin servus
:_______________________________.
serfrith ‹ser-vrith › adjective
1 star-studded, starry = set with stars
ETYMOLOGY: (ser = stars) + soft mutation + (brith = speckled, dotted, teeming)
:_______________________________.
sérimoni, serimonïau ‹SE ri mo ni, se ri mo NI e› (feminine noun)
1 ceremony
:_______________________________.
serth ‹serth -ni› masculine noun
1 steep
bryn serth a steep hill
Perygl. Dibyn Serth (on a warning sign) Danger. Sheer Drop
:_______________________________.
serthni ‹serth -ni› masculine noun
1 steepness
ETYMOLOGY: (serth = costerut) + (-ni suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
seryddiaeth ‹se RƏDH yeth› (feminine noun)
1 astronomy
Abbreviation in GPC (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / Dictionary of the University of Wales): Ser.
:_______________________________.
set, setiau ‹SET, SET ye› (feminine noun)
1 set
2 set deledu, setiau teledu ‹set de LE di, set ye te LE di› TV set
3 set dominos <set DO-mi-noz> [sɛt ˡdɔmɪnɔz] set of dominos
:_______________________________.
sêt, seti <SEET, SE-ti> [seːt, ˡsɛtɪ] (feminine noun)
1 seat
2 sêt fawr <seet VAUR> [seːt ˡvaʊr] 'big seat' - seat in a chapel where the deacons sit
:_______________________________.
se ti <SE-ti> [ˡsɛtɪ] (v)
1 = fe fuaset ti you would be
2 = pe taset ti if you were
:_______________________________.
setl, setlau <SE-təl> [ˡsɛtəl] (feminine noun)
<SET-lai, -e> [ˡsɛtlaɪ, -ɛ]
1 settle (high backed wooden bench)
:_______________________________.
setlo <SET-lo> [ˡsɛtlɔ] (verb)
1 to settle
:_______________________________.
setsen, sets <SET-sen, SETS> [ˡsɛtsɛn, sɛts] (feminine noun)
1 sett (granite block for making a road surface)
:_______________________________.
sg
1 In the Anglicisation of Welsh names this combination is spelt ‘sk’, ‘sc’
(1) Meisgyn (place by Llantrisant) > Misgyn (local form) > English spelling: Miskin
(2) Cwm-ynys-gou > 'English' spelling: Cwmynyscoy
(3) Ynysgynwraidd > Sgynfridd > English Skenfrith
:_______________________________.
sganiwr <SKAN-yur> [ˡskanjʊr] m
PLURAL sganwyr, sganiwrs <SKAN-wir, SKAN-yurz> [ˡskanwɪr, ˡskanjʊrz]
1 scanner = person who scans
2 (computer) scanner = appliance / device which scans
ETYMOLOGY: (sgan- = stem of sganio = to scan) + (-i-wr suffix for indicating a device or an agent; literally = man)
:_______________________________.
sgarff <SKARF> [skarf] feminine noun
PLURAL sgarffiau <SKARF-yai, -e> [ˡskarfjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 scarf
2 headscarf (also pensgarff, pensgarffiau)
ETYMOLOGY: English scarf, probably related to Northern French escarpe (modern French écharpe = scarf, sash, sling)
:_______________________________.
Sgedwyn <SKED-win> [ˡskɛdwɪn]
1 Local form (with the loss of the first two syllables) of Ynysgedwyn SN7709, an area in Ystradgynlais Isaf (Brycheiniog, county of Powys)
:_______________________________.
sgen i <SKE-ni> [ˡskɛnɪ]
1 shortening of does gen i (= I haven’t got, I don’t have),
literary Welsh nid oes gennyf fi (“no + there is + with + me”)
Sgen i ddim syniad I have no idea, I’ve no idea, I haven’t got any idea
2 shortening of oes gen i...? (= do I have...?, have I got...?),
literary Welsh a oes gennyf fi (“interrogative particle + there is + with + me”)
2 shortening of sy gen i... (= that I have, that have I got),
literary Welsh sydd gennyf fi (“that-is with me”)
:_______________________________.
sgen ti <SKEN-ti> [ˡskɛntɪ]
1 shortening of does gen ti (= you haven’t got, you don’t have),
literary Welsh nid oes gennyt ti (“no + there is + with + you”)
Sgen ti ddim syniad you have no idea, you’ve no idea, you haven’t got any idea
2 shortening of oes gen ti...? (= do you have...?, have you got...?),
literary Welsh a oes gennyt ti (“interrogative particle + there is + with + you”)
Sgenti bres? (A oes gennyt ti bres?) Have you got any money?
Be di’r ddiod ’na sgenti? (Pa beth ydyw’r ddiod yna sydd gennyt ti?) What’s that drink that you’ve got?
2 shortening of sy gen ti... (= that you have, that have you got),
literary Welsh sydd gennyt ti (“that-is with you”)
:_______________________________.
sgert / sgyrt, sgertiau, sgyrtiau <SKERT, SKƏRT, SKERT-yai, -, SKƏRT-yai, -e> [skɛrt, skərt, ˡskɛrtj aɪ, -ɛ, ˡskərtjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 skirt
sgert fer short skirt
sgert hir long skirt
:_______________________________.
sgertin <SKER-tin> [ˡskɛrtɪn] (m)
PLURAL sgertins <SKER-tinz> [ˡskɛrtɪnz]
1 (American: baseboard, mopboard) (Englandic: skirting board) series of narrow boards at the bottom of a wall covering the joint between the wall and the floor
NOTE: also with palatalisation in the north: sgiertin
ETYMOLOGY: English skirting < skirting board; to skirt (verb, = to lie along the edge of) < skirt (noun, = skirt, i.e. a kind of garment) < Old Norse skyrta (= skirt)
:_______________________________.
sgidiau <SKID-yai, -e> [ˡskɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1 shoes; see esgid
:_______________________________.
sgìl <SKIL> [skɪl] mf
PLURAL sgiliau <SKIL-yai, -e> [ˡskɪljaɪ, -ɛ]
1 skill = acquired aptitude, special ability acquired through practice
sgiliau rhifol numerical skills
2 trick, ruse
ETYMOLOGY: English 1100+ skill < Old Norse skil (= distinction, difference).
Cf Dutch geschil (= difference, dispute, argument)
:_______________________________.
sgilffyn <SGIL-fin> [ˡsgɪlfɪn] m
1 (Sir Benfro) bit, particle, fragment
2 person who is tall and thin
(North) sgilffyn main skinny man
3 term of contempt
Naci rheina, y sgilffyn! Not those, you fool
yr hen sgilffyn the old fool
4 (North) sgilffyn main skinny man
ETYMOLOGY: unknown. Cf cilcyn (= fragment)
:_______________________________.
sginti <SKIN-ti> [ˡskɪntɪ]
1 (North) sginti < 's gin ti < nid oes genny ti you don’t have
sginti...? < 's gin ti...? < a oes gennyt ti...? do you have...?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. a oes gennyt ti? has become sgínti”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue
:_______________________________.
sgïo <SKII-o> [ˡskiˑɔ] (verb)
1 to ski
:_______________________________.
’sgïo <SKII-o> [ˡskiˑɔ] (verb)
1 see gwisgïo (= to shell a nut; (nut) to become ripe)
:_______________________________.
sgiw, sgiwiau <SKIU, SKIU-yai, -e> [skɪʊ, ˡskɪʊjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 skew = bench
:_______________________________.
Sgiwen <SKI-wen> [ˡskɪwɛn] (feminine noun)
1 village in the south-east
:_______________________________.
sgiwen lostfain <SKI-wen LOST-vain> [ˡskɪwɛn ˡlɔstvaɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL sgiwod llostfain <SKI-wod LHOST-vain> [ˡskɪwɔd ˡɬɔstvaɪn]
1 (bird) Stercorarius longicaudus = long-tailed skua
ETYMOLOGY: (sgiwen = skua) + soft mutation + (llostfain = slender-tailed)
:_______________________________.
sglefren fôr <SKLE-vren VOOR> [ˡsklɛvrɛn ˡvoːr] feminine noun
PLURAL sglefrod môr <SKLE-vrod MOOR> [ˡsklɛvrɔd ˡmoːr]
1 jellyfish
:_______________________________.
sglodyn <SKLOO-din> [ˡskloˑdɪn] masculine noun
1 chip; See: ysglodyn
:_______________________________.
’sgolion = ysgolion <SKOL-yon> [ˡskɔljɔn] (plural noun)
1 schools; clipped form of ysgolion
:_______________________________.
sgôr, sgoriau <SKOOR, SKOR-yai, -e> [skoːr, ˡskɔrjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 score
:_______________________________.
sgorio <SKOR-yo> [ˡskɔrjɔ] (verb)
1 to score a goal
:_______________________________.
Sgot-Wyddel <skot-WII-dhel> [skɔtˡwiˑðɛl] masculine noun
PLURAL Sgot-Wyddelod <skot-wi-DHEE-lod> [skɔtwɪˡðeˑlɔd]
1 Scotch-Irishman, Irishman who is a descendent of Scottish colonists
y Sgot-Wyddelod the Scotch-Irish
ETYMOLOGY: (Sgot = Scot) + soft mutation + (Gwyddel = Irishman)
:_______________________________.
"sgou" <SGOI> [sgɔɪ] masculine noun
1 Cwm-sgou, from Cwm-ynys-gou / Cwm-ynys-gau ST 2899,souht-east of Pont-y-pw^l, in the county of Torfaen (cwm = valley, cou / cau = enclosed) ("valley of the enclosed meadow"), with the reduction of the element ynys > s before the accented syllable
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST%202899 map
NOTE: On English-language maps as Cwmynyscoy
:_______________________________.
sgrap <SGRAP> [sgrap] masculine noun
1 scrap = discarded material
iard sgrap scrap yard
tomen sgrap scrap heap
metel sgrap scrap metal
ETYMOLOGY: English scrap < Old Norse skrap. Related to English scrape (< Old English “scrapian”), ??German schraffieren (do cross-hatching in a drawing)
:_______________________________.
sgrech <SKREEKH> [skreːx] f
PLURAL sgrechiadau, sgrechféydd, sgrechau <skrekh-YAA-dai, -e, skrekh-VEIDH, SKREE-khai, -e> [skrɛxˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ, skrɛxˡvəɪð, ˡskreˑxaɪ, -ɛ]
1 screech, shriek, yell
rhoi sgrech fach give a short scream
rhoi sgrech o lawenydd give a cry of joy
2 screech / shriek of a bird, animal, supernatural being
sgrechféydd annaearol unearthly screams
sgrech hir tylluan the long shriek of an owl
3 screech of a jet plane passing overhead
4 screech of skidding tyres on a road surface
arhosodd gyda sgrech o flaen y goleadau traffig he stopped with a screech in front of the traffic lights
5 sgrechiadau, sgrechféydd (baby), screeching, screaming, crying, bawling
6 mynd yn sgrech ar (a business) fail, go under; come to the crunch, hour of reckoning + come
aeth yn sgrech arnyn nhw yn y diwedd in the end they went under
pan aiff hi’n sgrech when it comes to the crunch, when the hour of reckoning comes
7 trên sgrgech (amusement park attraction) ghost train
8 shriek of laughter, hoot of laughter
dim ond yngan y geiriau pen ôl a blwmers a bra ac ati, fe gewch sgrechiadau o'r gyulleidfa if you just say the words bottom and bra and bloomers you’ll get hoots of laughter from the audience
ETYMOLOGY: English screech <ii> [iː] 1500+ < scritsh (onomatopaeic) <i> [ɪ]
:_______________________________.
sgrech y coed ‹skreekh-ə-KOID› <SKREEKH-Ə-KOID> [skreːx ə ˡkɔɪd] feminine noun
PLURAL sgrechod y coed ‹SKREE-khod ə koid› [ˡskreˑxɔd ə ˡkɔɪd]
1 (Garrulus glandarius) jay
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) screech (of) the wood”)
(sgrech = screech) + (y definite article) + (coed = wood)
NOTE: Also simply sgrech, y sgrech
:_______________________________.
sgreten <SKRE-ten> [ˡskrɛtɛn] masculine noun
PLURAL sgretenod <skre-TE-nod> [skrɛˡteˑnɔd]
1 (Tinea tinea) tench
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
sgrialu <skri-AA-li> [skrɪˡɑˑlɪ] verb
1 skid, slip
Sgrialodd y lori ar y rhew the lorry skidded on the ice
2 slip, scoot, skidaddle (rush off in disorder)
3 sgrialfwrdd skateboard; also bwrdd sgrialu
:_______________________________.
sgribl <SKRI-bəl> [ˡskrɪbəl] masculine noun
1 scribble = bad handwriting
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble)
:_______________________________.
sgriblad <SKRI-blad> [ˡskrɪblad] masculine noun
PLURAL sgribladau <skri-BLAA-dai, -e> [skrɪˡblɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 scribble (= meaningless marks or lines made with a pen or pencil)
dileu rhywbeth â sgriblad scribble something out, delete by scribbling over
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
sgriblan <SKRI-blan> [ˡskrɪblan] verb
1 scrawl, scribble; see sgriblo
:_______________________________.
sgriblo <SKRI-blo> [ˡskrɪblɔ] verb
NOTE: Also with the suffix -an > sgriblan.
Sometimes in literary Welsh with inital y-: ysgriblo, ysgriblan
1 scrawl, scribble, write carelessly and illegibly
sgriblan ar draws rhywbeth scribble across sth
VEGEU: ysgriblo
2 scribble = write quickly at the expense of neatness, as in an examination
pad sgriblan scribbling pad
papur sgriblan scribbling paper
3 (derogatory) write a letter, books, poetry, etc (suggesting poor quality)
sgriblo llythyr scribble a letter
ETYMOLOGY: English to scribble (= to write) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
The English word is from Medieval Latin scrîbillâre (= to write quickly) < scrîbere
:_______________________________.
sgriblog <SKRI-blog> [ˡskrɪblɔg] adjective
1 scribbly (with careless handwrting, or meaningless marks or lines)
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
sgriblwr <SKRI-blur> [ˡskrɪblʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL sgriblwyr <SKRIBL-wir> [ˡskrɪblwɪr]
1 scribbler
2 (Derogatory) scribbler = writer, author
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
sgrifen <SKRII-ven> [ˡskriˑvɛn] (feminine noun)
1 = ysgrifen
:_______________________________.
sgrifennu / 'sgrifennu <skri-VE-ni> [skrɪˡvɛnɪ] (verb)
1 to write
:_______________________________.
..1 sgriw, sgriwiau <SKRIU, SKRIU-yai, -e> [ˡskrɪʊ, ˡskrɪʊjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine or feminine noun)
1 miser
:_______________________________.
..2 sgriw, sgriwiau <SKRIU, SKRIU-yai, -e> [ˡskrɪʊ, ˡskrɪʊjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 screw
:_______________________________.
sgriwdreifer, sgriwdreifers <SKRIU-drei-ver, SKRIU-drei-verz> [ˡskrɪʊdrəɪvɛr, ˡskrɪʊdrəɪvɛrz] (masculine noun)
1 screwdriver
:_______________________________.
Sgrogennan <skro-GE-nan> [skrɔˡgɛnan]
1 An old name for Llanddoged (SH8063) (county of Conwy) < Sgregennan < Is Cregennan
:_______________________________.
sgut <skit> [skɪt] adjective
North-west Wales
1 bod yn sgut am (rywbeth) be very fond of something;
Byddaf yn sgut am raglenni cwis I'm very fond of quiz programmes
ETYMOLOGY: see esgud
:_______________________________.
sgwad ‹skwad› feminine noun
PLURAL sgwadiau ‹skwad -ye›
1 (military) squad; small number of soldiers organised for a military manouevre
2 squad = work group, task force; small number of people organised to work together
3 squad = rugby team (from an American usage: squad = athletics team)
ETYMOLOGY: English squad < French escouade (modern French also escouade) < Castilian escuadra < escuadrar (= to form a square, from the square-shaped formations of soldiers); < Latin (ex + quadrâre) < quadra (= square)
:_______________________________.
sgwadron, sgwadronau ‹SKWA dron, sgwa DRO ne› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 squadron
:_______________________________.
sgwâr, sgwarau ‹SKWAAR, SKWA re› (feminine noun)
1 square
2 (North Wales) mynd i’r lle sgwâr go to bed (“go to the square place”)
:_______________________________.
sgwatio ‹sgwat -yo› verb
1 (verb without an object) to squat = to occupy a building or land without authorisation
2 sgwatio (rhyw le) (verb with an object) to squat (a place); to occupy (a place) without authorisation
ETYMOLOGY: ‹Middle English from Old French esquatir ‘flatten’, from (es- / ex-) + (quatir = press down, crouch), ultimately from Latin coactus (past participle of cogere = compel).
Latin cogere is also the source of Modern English cogent
NOTE: (South Wales) (sgwatio) > sgwato (the verbal sufix –i-o is generally reduced to –o in the south)
:_______________________________.
sgwatiwr ‹sgwat -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sgwatwyr ‹sgwat -wir›
1 squatter
ETYMOLOGY: (sgwat- stem of sgwatio = to squat) + (-i-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
sgwd ‹skuud › masculine noun
1 (South Wales) waterfall, cataract, shoot / chute (= waterfall, rapid) (Northern England: force) (USA: sault ‹suu› )
2 Sgwdyrafon “(the) waterfall (in) the river” A street name in Aberdulais, county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan (“Scwd yr Afon”) (“scwd” is a misspelling, showing English influence)
3 Sgwd house name, Abergwyngregyn SH 6572 (county of Conwy), mentioned in the 1851 Census
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly from an earlier form of English shoot ( = steep descent in a stream; rapid) < Old English sceôtan (= to shoot)
cf Norwegian skyte (= to shoot)
Cf Dorset dialect (south-western England): scud, a sudden or short down-shooting of rain, a shower.
http://home.clara.net/anvil/DORSET.pdf
:_______________________________.
sgwrfa ‹skur -va› feminine noun
PLURAL sgyrféydd ‹skər- veidh›
1 scouring, scrubbing
2 beating
3 complete emptying of the bowels, a good shit
4 cleaning of a ditch, digging out the bottom and putting the earth on the side
5 scouring place, a place where earth is washed off iron ore or coal.
Where ironstone or coal was near the surface on a hillside, a temporary pond was built; the accumulated water was released to rush down the hillside in a torrent and remove the soil, thus exposing the iron ore or coal just below the ground surface.
..a/ Trwyn y Sgwrfa (SO2221) place by Crycywel (county of Powys). Apparently “nose / spur of the scouring place”) (“Trwyn Ysgwrfa” on the map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/369369 Trwyn y Sgwrfa
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/820879 Trwyn y Sgwrfa
..b/ There is a street called Heol Sgwrfa (spelt “Heol Scwrfa”) in Gelli-deg, county of Merthyrtudful
(the full form would be Heol y Sgwrfa”, (the) street (of ) the scouring-place”)
..c/ There is an area of Tredegar (county of Blaenau Gwent) called Y Sgwrfa (“Scwrfa”) and there is also a “Scwrfa Road” (which would be Heol Sgwrfa / Heol y Sgwrfa in Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: (sgwr- stem of the verb sgwrio = scrub, hit, purge) + (-fa suffix for forming nouns which indicate an action). See sgwrio below
NOTE: A more literary form is ysgwrfa, with an initial “y-”
:_______________________________.
sgwrio ‹skur -yo› verb
1 (ditch) clean out, flush using a rapid flow of water
sgwrio’r clawdd clear out the ditch
2 scour = remove dirt from
3 scour = wear away by erosion
4 scrub
Yr oedd y ford yn lân, wedi ei sgwrio'n ofalus The table was clean, having been carefully scrubbed
5 brwsh sgwrio scrubbing brush
6 (district of Maldwyn = northern part of the county of Powys) (of farm animals) have diarrhoea
Mae'r lloi yn sgwrio The calves have diarrhoea
ETYMOLOGY: sgwrio < English scour ‹skuur› < Middle Low German schüren (cf modern High German scheuern = scrub, scour) < Old French escurer < Latin excûrâre (= to clean)
(ex- + cûrâre = cure)
NOTE: A more literary form is ysgwrio, with an initial “y-”
:_______________________________.
sgwrs, sgyrsiau ‹SKURS, SGƏRS ye› (feminine noun)
1 talk, conversation, chat
cael sgwrs â have a chat with
torri’r sgwrs butt into a conversation (“break the conversation”)
Peidiwch â thorri’r sgwrs Don’t butt in
Does ganddo fawr o sgwrs He doesn't have much to say for himself, He's not very talkative
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh sgwrs < disgwrs < English discourse < Late Latin discursus (= conversation) < Latin discursus (= running around) < discurrere (= to run around), (dis- prefix = apart) + (curro, currere, cucurri, cursum = to run). Indo-European root: kers-
NOTE: It would seem to be from a form of the noun accented on the final syllable: discóurse, as in the verb in present-day English
:_______________________________.
sgwrsio ‹SKURS yo› (verb)
1 to chat, talk
:_______________________________.
’sgwylfa ‹SKUIL-va› (f)
1 clipped form of Disgwylfa
Near Bwlch-y-ffridd, Powys, there is on the Ordnance Survey map “Sgwylfa Wood” SO0794, by a hill which is / was probably known as Disgwylfa (or Y Sgwylfa, if this clipped form is a genuine Welsh form, which seems likely)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=264987
:_______________________________.
sgyrsiau ‹SGƏRS ye› (plural noun)
1 chats; see sgwrs
:_______________________________.
sgyrt, sgyrtiau; sgert, sgertiau ‹SKƏRT, SKƏRT ye; SGERT, SGERT ye› (feminine noun)
1 skirt
:_______________________________.
sgythrog / ‘sgythrog ‹skə -throg›
adj
1 (weather) stormy, windy
See ysgithrog
:_______________________________.
sh
1 (in written dialect speech) represents the colloquial pronunciation of an s- in contact with “i”; thisis especially so in South Wales
S + I (s followed by i)
eisingrug (= chaff pile) > ’shingrug
plisgyn (= shell) > plishgyn
sir (= county) > shir
siglo (= to shake) > shiglo
simpil (= weak) > shimpil
eiswys (= already) > ishws (‘already’ in standard Welsh is eisoes)
eiswys > iswys > isws > ishws (sequence of sound changes; this may not be the actual sequence of changes, but it indicateswhat changes have taken place)
ei > i the diphthing ei is reduced to a vowel i in the penult syllable – a typical feature of southern Welsh
wy > w the diphthing wy is reduced to a vowel w in the penult syllable – another typical feature of southern Welsh
s > sh palatalisation of s after an i
I + S + I (s flanked on either side by i)
ceisio (= to try) > cisho
eisiau (= need, want) > ishe
I + S (i followed by s)
llais (= voice) > llaish
mis (= month) > mish
pais (= petticoat) > paish
:_______________________________.
sheepshagger ‹SHIIP-sha-gə› [ˡʃiːpʃagə] m
1 An insult in English for a Welshman, arising from a curious fixation with sheep on the part of some English people.
Ges i fy ngalw'n 'sheepshagger' unwaith I was once called a sheepshagger (Comment on a forum 29 04 2008)
Pan udodd fy rheolwr yn y gwaith yn uchel 'Oh, they're speaking sheepshagger again' pan oeddwn yn siarad gyda cyd-weithiwr, fe ddywedais wrtho nad oeddwn yn meddwl y dylai o ddweud y ffasiwn beth. (Comment on a forum 13 08 2004) When my boss at work howled out loud 'Oh, they're speaking sheepshagger again' when I was talking with a fellow-worker, I said to him that I didn’t think he should say such a thing
(Blog, 15 07 2007) ond be’ geso i gin Pablo ond hwnnw’n gweid wrtho fi ‘callate sheepshagger’ – ifi wir yn dyfaru gweid wrtho fe taw dyna beth oedd y Saeson yn ein galw ni’r Cymry but what did I get from Pablo but that he said to me “callate (“shut up” in Castilian) sheepshagger) – I really regret telling him that that is what the English call us Welsh
(Comment in English on a forum 31 08 2007) When I lived in (rural) England, I was taunted with the sheepshagger jibe because I was Welsh. When I moved to Cardiff I was taunted with the sheepshagger jibe because I was seen as a country boy
ETYMOLOGY: “one who copulates with sheep” (sheep) + (shagger = person who copulates, from Englandic to shag = to copulate)
:_______________________________.
shei ‹shei › adjective
1 (Englishism) (colloquial) shy
Roedd y gwyddonydd o’r 18 ganrif Henry Cavendish mor shei fel ei fod yn cyfathrebu gyda’u gweision benywaidd trwy nodiadau yn unig (Cymro 2004-01-03)
The eighteenth-century scientist Henry Cavendish was so shy that he only communicated with his female servants with notes
Dipyn yn shei yw e amboiti’r peth ’rych chi’n gweld He’s a bit shy about the matter (Doctor Iw-Hw, Eic Davies, 1966)
A’r hen Domos ’nawr yn teimlo’n shei, yn edrych ar y llawr And old Tomos (is) feeling shy now, and looks at the floor (Hwyl a Sbri Bois y Frenni, W R Evans, 1942)
ETYMOLOGY: English shy < Old English < Germanic. Cf German scheu (= shy)
NOTE: Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The Dictionary of the University of Wales recommends the spelling siei
:_______________________________.
shesbin, shesbins / shesbinau ‹SHE spin, SHE spins / she SPI ne› (masculine noun)
1 shoehorn
:_______________________________.
shibolsen ‹ shi-BOL-sen › (f)
PLURAL shibols ‹ SHII-bols›
1 Welsh onion, cibol = a kind of Allium intermediate between an onion and a leek - plant with a long neck and a strong blade, whcih fails to bulb
gwely shibols a bed of cibols
ETYMOLOGY: French ciboule < Latin caepola < caepa (= onion)
Cf Catalan ceba (= onion) < Latin caepa
Modern Fench ciboule (Englandic: spring onion) (American: scallop)
NOTE: London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. by James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London. Glossary of words commonly used in the County of Somerset; but which are not accepted as legitimate words of the English language ; or words which, although once used generally, are now become provincial.
Gib'bol. s[ubstantive]. [g soft] The sprout of an onion of the second year.
:_______________________________.
shibwnsyn, shibwns ‹shi BUN sin, SHI bunz › (masculine noun)
1 shallot (type of spring onion)
See shibolsen
:_______________________________.
shife ‹ shî-ve › masculine noun
PLURAL shifes ‹ shî-ves ›
(South-east Wales)
1 sieve, riddle
shife lo coal riddle
fel cario dŵr mewn shif (said of an impossible task) like carrying water in a sieve
2 shifo sieve, sift, riddle
shifo glo to riddle coal
shifo llafur sieve corn
ETYMOLOGY: English sieve < Old English sife; cf German das Seib (= sieve)
NOTE: In the south-east shifa plural shifas
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary has the spelling sife, sifa ‹shî-ve, shî-va›,
:_______________________________.
shifft, shifftiau ‹SHIFT, SHIFT ye› (masculine noun)
1 shift (period of work)
:_______________________________.
shifi ‹SII -vi›
1 a colloquial form of syfi (= strawberries)
See syfïen
:_______________________________.
shifo ‹ shî -vo› verb
(South Wales)
1 sieve, sift, riddle
shifo glo to riddle coal
shifo llafur sieve corn
ETYMOLOGY: (shif = sieve, riddle) + (-o suffix for forming verbs; instead of -io in the south)
NOTE: Also shifio
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary has the spelling sifio / sifo ‹shiv-yo, shî-vo›
________________________________________________________________________
SHIFTED STRESS: See STRESS SHIFT
:_______________________________.
shigwdad, shigwdadau ‹shi GUU dad, shi gu DAA de› (masculine noun)
1 shake, shaking (South-west)
:_______________________________.
shigwdo ‹shi GUU do› (verb)
1 to shake, to give a shaking to (South-west)
:_______________________________.
shilff, shilffoedd ‹SHILF, SHIL fodh› (feminine noun)
1 shelf
:_______________________________.
shimdde ‹shim -dhe› feminine noun
PLURAL shimddeiau ‹shim-dhei-e›
1 chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shime ‹shi -me› feminine noun
1 chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shimla ‹shim -la› feminine noun
1 South-east Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shimle ‹shim -le› feminine noun
1 South Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shimnai ‹shim -ne› feminine noun
PLURAL shimneiau ‹shim-nei-e›
1 chimney = passage in a wall for smoke to rise from a fireplace to the roof
brwsh glanháu shimnai chimney brush
congl shimnai chimney corner
cornel shimnai chimney corner
glanháwr shimneiau chimney sweep
twll shimnai chimney flue
2 chimney = column taking smoke or steam from an industrial process
3 chimney = part of such a structure rising above a roof
pot shimnai chimney pot
4 chimney = smokestack of a locomotive, ship
5 chimney = vent of a volcano
6 chimney = flue, metal tube for taking smoke from a stove
ETYMOLOGY: English chimney < French cheminée < Latin camînâta < caminus (= oven) < Greek kaminos (= oven)
NOTE: Usually simnai, though the pronunciation nowadays is with ‹shi-› rather than ‹si-›. Here we have preferred to spell it with “sh-“ for clarity.
Various regional forms are:
(a) town of Caernarfon, north-west Wales: sifdda, sifddeia ‹siv-dha, siv-dhei-a›;
(b) South-west Wales: shime, shimeia ‹shi-me, shi-mei-a / shi-mi-e›;
(c) county of Caerfyrddin in the south-west of Wales: also jime, shwme ‹ji-me, shu-me›;
(d) in the south also shimle, shimleie ‹shim-le, shim-lei-e / shim-li-e›.
(e) South-east Wales: shimla, shimleia ‹shim-la, shim-lei-a / shim-li-a›.
(f) Also in South-east Wales shwmla ‹shum-la›
A Dialogue in the Devonshire Dialect, (in three parts) by a Lady: to which is added a Glossary. James Frederick PALMER, Mary Palmer. 1837: CHIMLEY, s[ubstantive]. chimney
:_______________________________.
shingrug ‹shin -grig›
1 South Wales form of singrug, < eisingrug (qv) pile of chaff. The loss of the first syllable is common in many words in spoken Welsh. The palatalisation si > shi is typical of the south.
In Ffosygerddinen (county of Caerffili) there is a road called Heol Shingrug ("Shingrig Road")
:_______________________________.
shir ‹shiir› feminine noun
1 southern pronunciation of sir (= county). The palatalisation of ‹s› before or after ‹i› is characteristic of southern Welsh
Shir Aberteifi / “Shir Byrt’ifi” the county of Aberteifi (until 1974; now Sir Ceredigion) (English: Cardiganshire)
Shir Fynwa (= Sir Fynwy) county of Mynwy (English: Monmouthshire)
Shir Bemro (= Sir Benfro) county of Penfro (English: Pembrokeshire)
2 this pronunciation also occurs in the north
’R oedd ’no ddau foi o Shir Fôn yn yr Hendra... (’R wy’n Cofio / Yr Hen Was / 1963 / t67)
There were two fellows from the county of Môn in Yr Hendre farm
:_______________________________.
Shir Gâr ‹shiir gaar›
1 southern pronunciation of Sir Gaer, colloquial name for Sir Gaerfyrddin, the county of Caerfyrddin (English name: Carmarthenshire)
hwelps Shir Gâr “the whelps / young dogs of Sir Gaerfyrddin” nickname for the inhabitants of this county
NOTE: shir, southern pronunciation of sir. The palatalisation of ‹s› before or after ‹i› is characteristic of southern Welsh. Gaar / Gâr ‹gaar›, southern pronunciation of gaer. The change in monosyllables ae ‹âi› > â ‹aa› is also characteristic of southern Welsh
:_______________________________.
shît ‹ shiit › feminine noun
PLURAL shitiau, shîts ‹ shit –ye, shiits›
See also shîten
1 sheet (for writng or printing)
shît o bapur a sheet of paper
2 (bed linen) sheet
3 sheet = broad thin piece of metal, wood, etc
shît zinc / shiten zinc a zinc sheet
ETYMOLOGY: English sheet < Old English sciete Related to Norwegian skaut (= kerchief, headcovering of a woman or child), German der Schoss (= lap, upper part of the thighs of a seated person)
:_______________________________.
shîten ‹ shi -ten› feminine noun
PLURAL shitenni, shitiau, shîts ‹ shi- te-ni, shiy –ye, shiits›
1 sheet (of paper), sheet (= bedsheet)
ETYMOLOGY: (shît = sheet of paper, bedsheet) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns)
NOTE: shiten > shiden central and south Ceredigion
:_______________________________.
Shôn ‹shoon›
1 A variant spelling of Siôn (= John). Since Siôn could conceivably be pronounced as ‹syoon›, the form with sh- was / is used in dialect writing to avoid ambiguity.
:_______________________________.
shwblachad ‹ shu- blâ -khad› verb
1 disturb, make a mess of, mess up, disorder, put out of shape (something which is tidy - pile of clothes, row of books, etc)
"Paid â shwblachad y dillad gore 'na." Don’t mess up those best clothes
(Gwefan BBC Lleol i Mi, De-Orllewin; diddyddiad)
NOTE: Also shwblach, shwblachu, shamblachu, shwmlachu, shamlachad, shwmlachyd, shamlachan, swmblachan
:_______________________________.
shwb-shab ‹ shub- shab › adj
South-east Wales
1 scruffy, intidy
bod golwg shwb-shab ar to look scruffy
Ma fa’n gwishgo mor shwb-shab He dresses really scruffily
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
shwd ‹SHUD› (adverb)
1 how (South)
:_______________________________.
shwd ych chi ‹shu-di-khii, shu-dii-khi› -
South Wales
1 How are you? (you formal singular, and you plural)
ETYMOLOGY: standard colloquial form of sut yr ydych chi ("how are you") - sut = how, yr ydych = are you, chi = you (plural, or singular of formality)
NOTE: The standard colloquial form sut yr ydych chi is in fact never said as such.
Cf the Northern forms: su' dach chi? ‹si-da-khii, si-dâ-khi›, su' dech chi? ‹si-de-khii, si-dê-khi›
:_______________________________.
Shw mae ‹shu- mâ -i›
See shwmâi
:_______________________________.
Shwmâi ‹shu- mâ -i› -
South Wales
1 How's it going?
NOTE: Sometimes written Shw mae, Shw' ma 'i, Shwt ma 'i
ETYMOLOGY: colloquial form of sut y mae hi ("how is it" - sut = how, y mae = is, hi = it)
(1) shwt = southern form of sut (= how); in this phrase the t generally is absent > shw ‹shu›
(2) maa = colloquial reduction of mae (= is), in monosyllables in southern Welsh the diphthong "ae" ‹âi› becomes a long vowel "aa" ‹aa›. Here maa is emphasised in the phrase, so the long vowel is retained. Usually in a sentence maa is not emphasised, and the vowel is short ma
Yn yr ardd y mae Siôn > yn yr ardd ma Siôn (it is in the garden that Siôn is)
(3) i - the initial "h" is lost in hi (= she, it) in South Wales when not stressed (and in the south-east in the traditional dialects in all words beginning with 'h').
Because the resulting coalesced form maa + i gives mâi, and this is pronounced exactly the same as the literary form mae (= is), there is a general tendency to write shw mae; the best spelling, though at present less usual, is shwmâi. This is the spelling used in Geiriadur yr Acádemi (the Welsh Academy Dictionary) (spelling it as two words shw mâi would suggest that the "w" is long, as in such words as llw = oath, when in fact it is short. As one word, according to Welsh spelling rules, it is seen to be a short vowel)
:_______________________________.
shwme ‹shu -me› feminine noun
1 county of Caerfyrddin chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shwmla ‹shum -la› feminine noun
1 South-east Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
shwt ‹SHUT›
1 southern form of sut (= how; way, manner)
2 Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“John (of) the same way”)
:_______________________________.
si ‹ sii › masculine noun
PLURAL sïon, sïau ‹ sî -on, -e›
1 rumour (USA: rumor)
sïon di-sail unfounded rumours
mae si yn y gwynt bod... there’s a rumour in the wind that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae si bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae na ryw si bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae’r si yn cerdded bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae’r si ar led bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae rhyw si ar droed bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
roedd y si yn dew bod... there was rumour going round that..., it was rumoured that...
2 rhoi si ar led bod... spread a rumor that
taenu si bod... spread a rumor that
ETYMOLOGY: imitation of a whispering sound
:_______________________________.
siaced ‹sha -ked› feminine noun
PLURAL siacedi ‹sha-kê-di›
1 jacket
siaced achub lifejacket
siaced coediwr lumber jacket, lumberman’s jacket
siaced ddyfrglos waterproof jacket
siaced fraith coat of many colours (< braith, feminine form of brith)
Genesis 37:3 Ac Israel oedd hoffach ganddo Joseff na'i holl feibion, oblegid efe oedd fab ei henaint ef; ac efe a wnaeth siaced fraith iddo ef
Genesis 37:3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age; and he made him a coat of many colours
siaced gaeth (“confining jacket”) strait-jacket = tight coat which a criminal or lunatic is made to wear to prevent struggling or aggression or escape; also gwasgod gaeth (gwasgod = waistcoat, caeth = confined, limiting)
siaced ginio dinner jacket
siaced ledr leather jacket
ETYMOLOGY: English jacket < French jacquet (= jacket) < jacquet (= Jimmy; peasant); < Jacques (= James; peasant). In modern French the word is spelt jaquette, and means “morning coat”
NOTE: South-east Wales shacad ‹sha-kad›
:_______________________________.
siachmat, siachmatau ‹shakh MAT shakh MA te› (masculine noun)
1 checkmate
:_______________________________.
siafinsyn ‹sha-vin-sin › masculine noun
1 shaving = paper-thin slice of wood
2 tân siafins (1) fire of wood shavings, which burns quickly and disappears quickly; blaze followed by nothing; (2) flash in the pan = something which is apparently a success but which turns out to be short-lived; partial success at first, later failure; short-lived pehenomenon, short-lived enthusiasm
Tân siafins fu’r cwbl It was just a flash in the pan
(“(it-is) (a) fire-(of)-(wood)-shavings that-has-been everything”)
ETYMOLOGY: (safins < English (wood) shavings) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns to make a singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun)
:_______________________________.
siafio ‹SHAV yo› (verb)
1 to shave
:_______________________________.
sialc ‹shalk› masculine noun
1 chalk - a mineral, calcium carbonate formed by compacted fossil fragments of cretaceous marine animals
2 chalk = piece of chalk used for writing on a blackboard
3 cyn wynned â sialc as white as chalk (= said of somebody's face)
4 ôl sialc chalk mark, stain made by chalk
5 South Wales; Mining sialcyn chalk mark, symbol in chalk to indicate an amount, a person, etc; score, tally
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English chalk (which was prnounced [ʧalk] rather than today’s [ʧoːk] ) < Old English cealc < Latin calx (= limestone) < Greek khalix (= pebble)
:_______________________________.
sialens ‹shâ-lens› feminine noun
PLURAL sialensiau ‹sha-lens-ye›
1 challenge
Mae'n sialens fawr i fi
It's a great challenge for me
gosod sialens i (rywun) wneud (rhywbeth)
challenge somebody to do something
rhoi sialens i (rywun) wneud (rhywbeth)
challenge somebody to do something
ETYMOLOGY: English challenge < Old French chalenge < Latin calumnia (= slander)
:_______________________________.
sialensio ‹sha-lens-yo› verb
1 challenge
ETYMOLOGY: (sialens = challenge) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
Siâms ‹SHAAMS› (masculine noun)
1 James
:_______________________________.
Siân ‹SHAAN› (feminine noun)
1 Jane
:_______________________________.
Sianco ‹SHANG ko› (masculine noun)
1 diminutive of Siencyn / Jenkin
:_______________________________.
siandi, siandis ‹SHAN di, SHAN dis› (masculine noun)
1 shandy
:_______________________________.
sianel, sianeli ‹SHA nel, sha NE li› (feminine noun)
1 channel = passage for carrying liquid
sianel orlif overflow channel
2 channel = TV channel
:_______________________________.
Siani ‹shâ -ni› feminine noun
1 diminutive of Siân (= Jane)
2 Mae e'n hen Siani o ddyn He's a real old woman (said of a man who fusses like an old woman supposedly does)
3 names of insects siani fantell (qv), siani flewog (qv); names of birds siani lwyd (qv)
ETYMOLOGY: (Siân = Jane) + (-i = diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
siani flewog ‹shâ-ni vleu-og› feminine noun
PLURAL sianis blewog ‹shâ-nis bleu-og›
1 hairy caterpillar (usually tiger moth caterpillar Arctia Parasemia, Euplagia etc)
ETYMOLOGY: (Siani = Jane) + soft mutation + (blewog = hairy)
:_______________________________.
siani wrachen ‹shâ-ni wrâ -khen› feminine noun
1 (North Wales) centipede
ETYMOLOGY: (“Jane (the) witch”) (Siani = Jane) + soft mutation + (gwrachen = witch)
:_______________________________.
siâp, siapiau ‹SHAAP, SHAP ye› (masculine noun)
1 shape
2 Pa fath o siâp sy arno? How is he? What shape is he in? (“what kind of shape is on him”)
3 order, tidiness
Does dim siâp ar bethau gen i (“there is no shape on things with me”) I just can’t get my act together, Everything’s a real mess
:_______________________________.
siarad ‹SHA rad› (verb)
1 speak (siarad â = speak to, speak with)
2 siarad ar draws pen a chlustiau talk till the cows come home, talk and talk and talk (“talk across a head and ears”)
siarad! speak
siarada! speak (colloquial form, with the –a of the second person singular imperative of certain verbs generalised to most other verbs)
Bachan, siarada sens, w. Talk sense, mun! (bachan = man. boy, not translated into English)
:_______________________________.
siaradus ‹sha RA dis› (adjective)
1 talkative
:_______________________________.
siarso ‹SHAR-sho› (verb)
1 (verb with an object) tell, instruct, order (someone to do something), direct, command, warn, enjoin
siarsio rhywun i wneud rhywbeth tell somebody to do something
:_______________________________.
siart, siartiau ‹SHART, SHART ye› (feminine noun)
1 chart
:_______________________________.
siawns ‹SHAUNS› (feminine noun)
1 chance = circumstance which has no predictable cause
plentyn siawns lovechild (“child (of) chance”)
ar siawns by chance; randomly
ar siawns y cyfarfûm â hwy yn y porthladd by chance I met them in the harbour
dewis chwe rhif ar siawns choose six numbers randomly
fe ddarganfuwyd y rhan fwyaf o’r darnau arian hyn ar siawns (yn enwedig gan ffermwyr, pobl â synhwyrydd metel, garddwyr, ac adeiladwyr) many of these coins were discovered by chance (especially by farmers, people with a metal detector, gardeners and builders)
gwneud rhywbeth ar dro siawns do something on the off chance (= do something even though the possiblility of something happening as a result is very remote)
Nid oedd yn sicr beth i’w wneud yn union,
ac ysgrifennais at bennaeth y cwmni ar
dro siawns
I wasn’t sure what to do exactly
and I wrote to the head of the company on the off-chance
2 chance = opportunity
siawns wael sy gen ti (“you have got a bad chance”) the odds are against you
succeeding, you don’t really have much of a chance
:_______________________________.
sibrwd ‹SHI brud› (verb)
1 to whisper; whispering
sibrwd ymysg ei gilydd whisper amongst themselves
Sibrwd-y-nant (“(the) whispering (of) the stream”)
house name in Pont-iets
(county of Caerfyrddin)
:_______________________________.
sicr ‹SI kir› (adjective)
1 sure, certain = confident about the truth of something
Dw i ddim mor sicr o hynny I’m not so sure about that
2
gwybod yn sicr bod... know for a fact that...
Mi wn yn sicr ei bod e wedi siarad â hi
I know for a fact that he spoke to her
3 mor sicr â'r nant i'r afon no doubt about it “as sure as the
stream to the river”
4 mor sicr â bod bara mewn torth
as sure as fate (“as sure as there is bread in a loaf”)
5
cyn sicred â'r farn as sure as fate (“as certain as the final judgement”)
6
Mae hi agos yn sicr It’s fairly
certain
:_______________________________.
sidan ‹sî -dan› masculine noun
PLURAL sidanau ‹si-dâ -ne›
1 silk = fine fabric
made from threads produced by the silkworm
hosan sidan silk stocking
sidan gwneud artificial silk
sidan symudliw shot silk (shot =
woven with warp threads of one colour and weft threads of another so that the
cloth seems to change colour when viewed from different angles)
2
silk = fibres made by the silkworm in spinning its cocoon, used for making a
fine thread
chwarren sidan silk gland
gwynfyn sidan silk moth (Bombyx mori)
pryf sidan silkworm (Bombyx mori)
edau sidan silk thread
sidan crai raw silk
3
silk = (England) gown worn by a King’s Counsel of Queen’s Counsel (a barrister
appointed by the Lord Chancellor and entitled to sit within the bar of the
Court)
cael sidan = take silk
gwneud cais am sidan apply for silk
4
(South-east Wales) (with little children) shitan
= darling
ym shitan our i (= fy sidan aur i)
my lovely little darling (“my golden silk”)
ETYMOLOGY: Old English sîde (=
silk); cf German die Seide (= silk)
NOTE: South Wales: shidan (the
palatalisation os s before i is typical of southern Welsh), with
the typical change d < t in the
south-east as the initial consonant of a final syllable
:_______________________________.
sidanaidd ‹si DÂ nedh› (adjective)
1 silky
2 helygen sidanaidd
(Salix glaucoserica) silky willow
helygen sidanaidd y tywyn
(Salix argentea) silky sand willow
See: helygen ariannaidd
:_______________________________.
sidanen ‹ si- dâ
-nen› f
1
fine girl, gentle girl
2
Sidanen pet name for the English
queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603);
also, mockingly, for Elizabeth II
3
Caesidanen farm name, Trefeglwys
(Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: (silk = silk) + (-en diminutive suffix added to
nouns)
:_______________________________.
siec, sieciau ‹SHEK, SHEK ye› (feminine noun)
1 (American: check) (Englandic: cheque)
:_______________________________.
sièd, siediau ‹SHED, SHED ye› (feminine noun)
1 shed
:_______________________________.
sied ‹sheed› masculine noun
PLURAL sieds
‹sheeds›
1 shade of colour, hue
2 lampshade
3 (adverb) a bit
Dw i sied yn flinedig heddiw
(Gwynedd) (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary, page
3272)
I’m a bit tired today
Dw i ’di blino sied heddiw (Gwynedd)
(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
I’m a bit tired today (“I’ve tired a shade today”)
sied fach yn well (Gwynedd)
(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
a little bit better
4 sieden little bit (sied + -en diminutive suffix for feminine nouns)
ryw sieden (adverb) a little bit
Ma’r cwrw ’ma ryw siedan yn gryfach na’r
llall (Gwynedd) (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
This beer’s a little bit stronger than the other
ETYMOLOGY: English shade < Old
English sceadu;
Related words:
..a/ Germanic:German der Schatten (=
shadow),
..b/ Celtic: Welsh cysgod (= shadow)
< *kom-skât-; Irish scáth (= shade, shadow),
..c/ Greek skottos (= darkness)
NOTE: South-east Wales: siad ‹shaad›
:_______________________________.
Sieffre ‹SHE fre› (masculine noun)
1 Jeffrey, Geoffrey
:_______________________________.
siei ‹shei › adjective
1 shy;
See shei
:_______________________________.
sielffo ‹SHEL fo› (verb)
1 to fuck
:_______________________________.
Siemsyn ‹SHEM sin›
(masculine noun)
1 Jimmy
:_______________________________.
Siencyn ‹SHEN kin›
(masculine noun)
1 Jenkin
:_______________________________.
siersi ‹SHER si› (feminine noun)
1 jersey
:_______________________________.
sifdda ‹siv -dha› feminine
noun
1
town of Caernarfon chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
sifi ‹SII -vi›
1 a colloquial
form of syfi (= strawberries)
See syfïen
:_______________________________.
sigarét,
sigaréts ‹si GA ret, si GA rets›
(feminine noun)
1 cigarette
Gymerwch chi sigarét? Do you want a
cigarette?
blaen sigarét end of a cigarette
(containing tobacco and which is lit)
:_______________________________.
siglad, sigladau ‹SI glad, si GLA de› (masculine noun)
1 shake;
2 rhoi siglad i = give
(something) a shake
:_______________________________.
sigledig ‹si GLE dig› (adjective)
1 shaky, wobbly
:_______________________________.
..1 siglen ‹si
-glen› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod ‹si -glod›
1 (bird)
wagtail
siglen benddu (Motacilla flava feldegg) black-headed wagtail
2 Maesysiglen (= maes y siglen (“(the) field (of) the
wagtail”)
A street name in Trecenydd (county
of Caerffili) – surrounding streets also have Welsh names referring to types of
bird
ETYMOLOGY: sigl (= oscillation, swinging to and fro, shaking) + (-en
suffix added to an adjective to make a noun, usually referring to a female)
:_______________________________.
..2 siglen,
siglenni ‹SI glen, si GLE ni› (feminine noun)
1 children's swing
:_______________________________.
siglen fraith ‹sig-len vraith› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod
brith / siglod brithion ‹sig-lod briith / brith-yon›
1
(bird) Motacilla alba yarrellii pied wagtail
(delw 7258)
ETYMOLOGY: (siglen = one (feminine) which wags) + soft mutation + (braith, feminine form of brith = pied, with black and white
patches; speckled)
:_______________________________.
siglen lwyd ‹sig-len
luid› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod
llwyd / siglod llwydion ‹sig-lod luid / luid-yon›
1 (bird) Motacilla cinerea = grey wagtail
(delw 7259)
ETYMOLOGY: (siglen
= one (feminine) which wags) + soft mutation + (llwyd
= grey)
:_______________________________.
signalwr ‹ sig- nal -ur› masculine noun
PLURAL signalwyr
‹ sig- nal
-wir›
1
signalman
ETYMOLOGY: (signal = signal) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
sigo ‹SI go› (verb)
1 to strain, to crush
:_______________________________.
siglo ‹SI glo› (verb)
1 to shake
:_______________________________.
sill ‹silh › feminine noun
PLURAL sillau ‹si -lhe›
1 syllable
sill am sill syllable for syllable
nodi sill am sill lefaru’r hen ardalwyr to note syllable for
syllable the speech of the old inhabitants of the district
2 unsill monosyllable
3 the least mention, the least sound
dim siw na sill (am rywbeth) not a word about, not the slightest mention of
Nid oedd air na sill am... There wasn’t the slightest mention of
ETYMOLOGY: (circa 1600) clipped form of sillaf (= syllable)
:_______________________________.
sillaf, sillafau ‹si lhav, si LHA ve› (feminine noun)
1 syllable
:_______________________________.
simnai ‹shim -ne› feminine noun
1
chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
simsanrwydd ‹sim-san-ruidh› masculine noun
1 precariousness
ETYMOLOGY: (simsan = unsteady,
precarious) + (-rwydd suffix for forming substantives)
:_______________________________.
sinc, sinciau ‹SINGK, SINGK ye› (masculine noun)
1 sink (wash basin)
:_______________________________.
sincio ‹ sincio
› v
(Englishism)
1
sink
bwced oedd wedi hanner shinco yn y llaca
a bucket half submerged in the mud
fe sincodd y llong the ship
sank
2
sink (a pit, well)
shinco pwll to sink a pit (south-east
Wales)
shinco winsh to sink a well
(south-east Wales)
3
(district of Maldwyn, central Wales) sincio
yn arw yn ei raen get to look very ill
4
(North Wales) to swear
rhegi a sincio to curse and swear
damio a sincio to curse and
swear
ETYMOLOGY: (sinc- English to sink ) (-io suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: in south wales al sud sincio
> sino > shinco
:_______________________________.
sinema, sinemâu ‹SI ne ma, si ne MAI› (masculine noun)
1 cinema
:_______________________________.
siobet ‹SHOO-bet› feminine noun
PLURAL siobetau ‹sho-be-te›
1 (South
Wales) cunt
ETYMOLOGY: ?? (b:)
:_______________________________.
sioc ‹SHOK› (masculine
noun)
1 shock
2 sioc drydanol electric shock
rhoi sioc drydanol i... give an electric shock to...
:_______________________________.
siocled <SHO-kled> [ˡʃɔklɛd] (masculine noun)
1 chocolate
bar siocled a bar of chocolate
blwch siocled chocolate box
(literary)
bocs siocled chocolate box
(colloquial)
lliw siocled chocolate-coloured
...pot lliw siocled a chocolate-coloured (flower)pot
...lledr lliw siocled chocolate-coloured leather
...sgert liw siocled
chocolate-coloured skirt
siocled du dark chocolate
siocled plaen plain chocolate
siocled llaeth milk chocolate
siocled yfed drinking chocolate (“chocolate (of)
drinking”)
siocledyn a chocolate
teisen siocled chocolate cake
tshoclët / tshoclëts (m) (colloquial)
chocolate (here we have used the letter ë (e-diaerasis) indicates that though
it may be pronounced as an e (open e), usually the obscure vowel of the English
pronunciation is used). (This ë is not used in Welsh spelling)
bar o tshoclët a bar of chocolate
bar o joclët a bar of chocolate
(some northern dialects have soft mutation j
for radical tsh)
The open e is replaced by a in north-western Welsh (and
theoretically in the moribund south-eastern dialect of Welsh)
sioclat
:_______________________________.
sioe, sioeau <SHOI, SHOI-ai, -e> [ʃɔɪ,
ˡʃɔɪaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 show
2 types of show:
sioe amaethyddol, PLURAL sioeau amaethyddol agricultural show
sioe anifeiliaid anwes, sioeau
anifeiliaid anwes pet show
sioe dalentau, sioeau talentau talent
show
sioe flodau, sioeau blodau flower
show
sioe ffrwythau a llysiau a fruit and
vegetable show
sioe gathod, sioeau cathod cat show
sioe geffylau, sioeau ceffylau horse show
sioe geir, sioeau ceir motor show
sioe grefftau, sioeau crefftau craft show, handicraft show
sioe gŵn, sioeau cŵn dog show
sioe gychod, sioeau cychod boat show
sioe wartheg sioeau gwartheg cattle show
3
agricultural show (= sioe amaethyddol)
Sioe Môn Anglesey (Agricultural)
Show
Y Sioe Fawr a popular name for Sioe Amaethyddol Cymru (Welsh
Agricultural Show) held in Llanelwedd, county of Powys, just
one week before the national eisteddfod, at end of July.
Cf the facetious name for this event Steddfod
y Buarth “the eisteddfod of the farmyard”.
4 (in a competition) gwneud
sioe dda ohoni put up a good show, perform well, give a creditable
performance (“make a good show of it”)
5 cae sioe, caeau sioeau
showground
safle sioe, safleoedd sioeau
showground
:_______________________________.
sioe gerdd <shoi GERDH> [ʃɔɪ
ˡgɛrð]
feminine noun
PLURAL sioeau
cerdd <SHOI-ai, -e, KERDH>
[ˡʃɔɪaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡkɛrð]
1 musical = theatrical show with a
simple story having dialogue interspersed with songs and dancing
ETYMOLOGY: "show (of) music" (sioe
= show) + soft mutation + (cerdd =
music)
:_______________________________.
siol <SHOL> [ʃɔl] masculine noun
PLURAL siolau,
siols <SHO-lai, -le, SHOLS>
[ˡʃɔl aɪ, -ɛ, ʃɔls]
1 head
Mae’n wag yn ’i siol He’s got
nothing in his head (“he’s empty in his head”)
Does dim llawer yn ’i siol hi She’s
a bit thick (“there isn’t much in her head”)
cymryd yn ’i siol (i wneud rhywbeth) take it into one’s head (to do something)
2 gwacsiol empty-headed
< gwág-siol (gwag = empty) + (siol =
head)
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English cholle
[shol] (= head)
:_______________________________.
siolen <SHOO-len> [ˡʃoˑlɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL siolennau <sho-LE-nai,
-e> [ʃɔˡlɛnaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 (South
Wales) cunt
ETYMOLOGY: “shawl”, “little shawl” (siôl
= shawl) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
siom <SHOM> [ʃɔm] (feminine noun)
1 disappointment, (informal)
let-down, swiz
cael siom be let down, suffer a disappointment
:_______________________________.
siomedig <sho-MEE-dig> [ʃɔˡmeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1 disappointed
:_______________________________.
siomi <SHO-mi> [ˡʃɔmɪ] (verb)
1 disappoint
2
cael eich siomi ar yr ochr orau be
pleasantly surprised, be agreeably surprised ("get one’s disappointing on
the best side")
3
siomi’r disgwyliadau fall short of expectations (“disappoint the
expectations”)
:_______________________________.
siomiant <SHOM-yant> [ˡʃɔmjant] masculine noun
1 disappointment
Y mae colli'r sedd yn siomiant pellach
i'r blaid
The loss of the seat is a further disappointment to the party
ETYMOLOGY: (siom = disappointment) +
(-iant suffix)
:_______________________________.
Siôn <SHOON> [ʃoːn] (masculine noun)
1 John
2 used in denoting different types of person:
..1/ Siôn lygad y geiniog (also Siôn llygad y geiniog) a miser,
an old Scrooge
(“John (of the) eye (of) the penny”)
..2/ Siôn plesio pawb <SHOON
PLE-sho PAUB> [ˡʃoːn
ˡplɛʃɔ ˡpaʊb] a man who tries to please everybody
(“John (of) pleasing everybody”)
(Siôn = John) + (plesio = to please, pleasing) + (pawb =
everybody)
..3/ Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“John (of) the same way”)
See also: Sioni naill ochr, Sioni Winwns
3 In personifications:
..1/ Siôn Barrug <shoon BA-rig> [ʃoːn
ˡbarɪg] (masculine
noun) Jack Frost
:_______________________________.
Sioned <SHOO-ned> [ˡʃoˑnɛd] (feminine noun)
1 Janet
:_______________________________.
Siôn Heidden <shoon HEI-dhin> [ʃoːn
ˡhəɪðɪn]
1 John Barleycorn, personification of
malt spirits or of alcohol in general
ETYMOLOGY: translation of English John
Barleycorn,
(Siôn = John) + (heidden = barleycorn, grain of barley);
(haidd = barley) + (-en suffix added to nouns to make a
singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun)
:_______________________________.
Sioni <SHOO-ni> [ˡʃoˑnɪ] (masculine noun)
1 Johnnie
:_______________________________.
Sioni naill ochr <SHOO-ni NAILH OO-khor>
[ˡʃoˑnɪ
ˡnaɪɬ ˡoˑxɔr]
1 (plural: Sionis naill ochr) hypocrite, two-faced person, person who will not
commit herself
2 (plural: Sionod-naill-ochr)
shrimp (the standard word is berdysen)
ETYMOLOGY: “Johnny of either side” (Sioni
Johnnie < Siôn = John) + (naill = one; either) + (ochr = side)
:_______________________________.
Sioni Winwns <SHOO-ni-WII-nuns> [ˡʃoˑnɪ
ˡwiˑnʊns] (masculine noun)
1 'Johnnie of the Onions' - nickname given to Breton onion sellers
who went from door to door selling onions in Wales until about 1970
:_______________________________.
siop, siopau <SHOP, SHO-pai, -e> [ʃɔp,
ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 shop, workshop
2 bwrglwr siop
shopbreaker
3 siop rad cheap shop,
dime store
4 siop lyfrau plural siopau
llyfrau bookshop (“shop (of) books”) (siop = shop) + soft mutation +
(llyfrau books, plural of llyfr = book)
Names of Welsh-language bookshops often have “siop” and a name with local,
literary or historical connections
..1/ Siop y Pethe (Aberystwyth). “Y Pethe” (general colloquial pronunciation of “Y Pethau”, literally
“the things”) is an expression meaning ‘Welsh culture’.
..2/ Siop y Siswrn (the) shop (of) the scissors. Name of a
Welsh-language bookshop in the town of Yr Wyddgrug, in the county of Fflint. The name is an
allusion to the town’s famed novelist Daniel Owen (1836-1895), who had been
apprenticed to a tailor at the age of twelve, an occupation he resumed after
abandoning his studies at Coleg y Bala where he was training to be a
Calvanistic Methodist minister
..3/ Siop y Smotyn Du (“shop (of) the black stain”) name of a bookshop in
the town of Llanbedr Pont Steffan, county of Ceredigion
Y Smotyn Du (literary form: Yr Ysmotyn
Du)
"the black stain" - name given by opponents of the Unitarian Church
to the central and southern area of Ceredigion where this church had a strong
following (the concentration of adherents of this church was a smotyn
du ar Sir deg Ceredigion - a black stain on the fair county of Ceredigion)
5
siop gaws cheese shop,
cheesemonger’s (shop)
6
siop faco tobacconist’s
Also: siop dybaco
:_______________________________.
siopa <SHO-pa> [ˡʃɔpa] (verb)
1 to shop
:_______________________________.
siop adrannol <shop a-DRA-nol> [ʃɔp
aˡdranɔl] (feminine
noun)
1 department store
:_______________________________.
siop cigydd <shop
KII-gidh>
[ʃɔp
ˡkiˑgɪð] (feminine
noun)
1 butcher's shop
:_______________________________.
siop ddillad,
siopau dillad <shop DHI-lhad, SHO-pai, -pe, DI-lhad> [ʃɔp
ˡðɪɬad, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡdɪɬad] (feminine
noun)
1 clothes shop
:_______________________________.
siop ddodrefn,
siopau dodrefn <shop DHO-drevn, sho-pai, -pe, DO-drevn> [ʃɔp
ˡðɔdrɛvn, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡdɔdrɛvn] (feminine noun)
1 furniture shop
:_______________________________.
siop deganau,
siopau teganau <shop de-GAA-nai, -ne, sho-pai, -pe, te-GAA-nai,
-ne> [ʃɔp
dɛˡgɑˑnaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
tɛˡgɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 toy shop
:_______________________________.
siop esgidiau <shop e-SKID-yai, -e> [ʃɔp
ɛˡskɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 shoeshop
:_______________________________.
siop felysion,
siopau melysion <shop ve-LƏS-yon, sho-pai, -e,
me-LƏS-yon>
[ʃɔp
vɛˡləsjɔn, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
mɛˡləsjɔn] (feminine noun)
1 sweetshop
:_______________________________.
siop fferyllydd <shop
fe-RƏ-lhidh>
[ʃɔp
fɛˡrəɬɪð] (feminine noun)
1 (USA: pharmacy) (Englandic: chemist's, chemist's shop, pharmacy)
:_______________________________.
siop ffrwythau <shop
FRUI-thai, -e>
[ʃɔp
ˡfrʊɪθaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 fruit shop
:_______________________________.
siop flodau,
siopau blodau <shop VLOO-dai, -de, SHO-pai, -pe, BLOO-dai, -de> [ʃɔp
ˡvloˑdaɪ, --ɛ, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡbloˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 flower shop
:_______________________________.
siop gadwyn, siopau cadwyn
<shop GAD-win, SHO-pai,
-pe, KAD-win>
[ʃɔp
ˡgadwɪn, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkadwɪn] (feminine noun)
1 chain store
:_______________________________.
siop gelfi,
siopau celfi <shop GEL-vi, SHO-pai, -pe, KEL-vi> [ʃɔp
ˡgɛlvɪ, ˡʃɔpaɪ -ɛ,
ˡkɛlvɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 furniture shop (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
siop gerdd <shop GERDH> [ʃɔp
ˡgɛrð] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau
cerdd <SHO-pai, -pe KERDH>
[ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡkɛrð]
1 music shop, shop selling musical
instruments and music books
ETYMOLOGY: (siop = shop) + soft
mutation + (cerdd = music)
:_______________________________.
siop groser <shop GRO-ser> [ʃɔp
ˡgrɔsɛr] (feminine
noun)
1 grocer's shop
:_______________________________.
siop gydweithredol, siopau cydweithredol <shop gid-wei-THREE-dol, SHO-pai, -pe,
kid-wei-THREE-dol>
[ʃɔp
gɪdwəɪˡθreˑdɔl, ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, kɪdwəɪˡθreˑdɔl] (feminine noun)
1 cooperative shop
:_______________________________.
siop lyfrau <shop LƏV-rai,
-re> [ʃɔp
ˡləvraɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau llyfrau <SHO-pai,
-pe, LHƏV-rai, -e> [ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡɬəvraɪ, -ɛ]
1 bookshop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) books”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (llyfrau books, plural of llyfr = book)
:_______________________________.
siop recordiau <shop re-KORD-yai,
-e> [ʃɔp
rɛˡkɔrdjaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau
recordiau <SHO-pai, -pe, re-KORD-yai, -e> [ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, rɛˡkɔrdjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 record shop
Mae'r crynoddisg newydd ar gael ym mhob siop recordiau
The new CD is available in all record shops ("in every record shop")
:_______________________________.
siop siafins <shop SHAA-vins> [ʃɔp
ˡʃɑˑvɪns] (feminine noun)
1 complete shambles (“workshop (full of) woodshavings”)
:_______________________________.
siop sych-lanháu <shop SIIKH-lan-HAI> [ʃɔp ˡsiːx
lanˡhaɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 dry-cleaner's
:_______________________________.
siopwr, siopwyr <SHO-pur,
SHOP-wir>
[ˡʃɔpʊr,
ˡʃɔpwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 shopkeeper
:_______________________________.
siop wystlo, siopau gwystlo <shop
UIST-lo, SHO-pai, -pe, GUIST-lo> [ʃɔp ˡʊɪstlɔ,
ʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ ˡgʊɪstlɔ] (feminine noun)
1 pawnshop
:_______________________________.
siop y cigydd <shop
ə KII-gidh>
[ʃɔp
ə ˡkiˑgɪð] (feminine noun)
1 butcher's shop
:_______________________________.
siop y fferyllydd <shop
ə fe-RƏ-lhidh> [ʃɔp ə
fɛˡrəɬɪð] (feminine noun)
1 pharmacy (Englandic: chemist's shop)
:_______________________________.
siop y gof <shop ə GOOV> [ʃɔp ə
ˡgoːv] (feminine
noun)
1 blacksmith's shop
:_______________________________.
siop y groser <shop ə GRO-ser> [ʃɔp ə
ˡgrɔsɛr] (feminine
noun)
1 grocer's shop
:_______________________________.
Siôr <SHOOR> [ʃoːr] (masculine noun)
1 George
2
Llan-sain-siôr SH9775 locality in
Conwy, near Abergele
(“(the) church (of) Saint George”)
(llan = church) + (sain = saint) + (Siôr = George)
English name: Saint George
:_______________________________.
Siorys <SHOO-ris> [ˡʃoˑrɪs] masculine noun
1 George
Sain Siorys (ST0976) village in the county of Bro Morgannwg
English name: Saint George-super-Ely
ETYMOLOGY: from English George
NOTE: (normally ‘George’ is Siôr)
:_______________________________.
sir <SIIR> [siːr] feminine noun
PLURAL siroedd
‹sî
-rodh›
1
county = the main administrative division of England; a system of counties was
later implanted by the English administration in the territories conquered from
the Celtic peoples (Cornwall, Ireland, Scotland, Wales)
2
county = (USA) the political unit below a state
Cymry Sir Clay, Iowa The Welsh of
Clay County, Iowa
3
county = the inhabitants of a county
yr holl sir all the county (= all
the people in the county)
barn yr holl sir the opinion of /
the views of all the county
4
y sir (= cyngor sir) the county council
y cyngor sir the county council
5
neuadd y sir the county hall, the
building with the administrative staff of the county
6
county = county team (a team representing a county in a sports contest)
cefnogwyr y sir the county supporters
7
Before 1974 there were 13 counties in Wales.
After the word sir in these historic
names from the Middle Ages there was soft mutation, marked here in green
Sir Aberteifi the county of
Aberteifi, Cardiganshire
Sir Benfro the county of Penfro, Pembrokeshire
Sir Ddinbych the county of Dinbych, Denbighshire
Sir Drefaldwyn
the county of Trefaldwyn, Montgomeryshire
Sir Faesyfed the county of Maesyfed, Radnorshire
Sir Feirionnydd the county of Meirionydd, Merionethshire
Sir Fflint the county of Fflint,
Flintshire
Sir Fôn the county of Môn, Anglesey
Sir Forgannwg the county of Morgannwg,
Glamorganshire
Sir Frycheiniog the county of Brycheiniog,
Breconshire (also Brecknockshire)
Sir Fynwy
the county of Mynwy, Monmouthshire
Sir Gaerfyrddin the county of Caerfyrddin,
Carmarthenshire
Sir Gaernarfon the county of Caernarfon,
Carnarvonshire
8
from 1974-1996 there were only 8 counties
After the word sir in these modern
names there is no soft mutation
Sir Clwyd
the county of Clwyd
Sir De Morgannwg the county of De
Morgannwg
Sir Dyfed the county of Dyfed
Sir Gorllewin Morgannwg the county
of Gorllewin Morgannwg
Sir Gwent the county of Gwent
Sir Gwynedd the county of Gwynedd
Sir Morgannwg Ganol the county of
Morgannwg Ganol
Sir Powys
the county of Powys
9
In 1996 the counties were again reorganised, with some of the older counties
reappearing. These (marked with an asterisk) retain the soft-mutation after sir.
New names do not have it.
..1/ Sir Abertawe ‹siir a ber tau e› the
county of Abertawe / Swansea
..2/ *Sir Benfro ‹siir ben
vro› the county of Penfro / Pembrokeshire
..3/ Sir Blaenau Gwent ‹siir blei be gwent›. A county borough created from a district of the former county of
Gwent.
..4/ Sir Bro Morgannwg ‹siir broo mor ga nug›
the county of Bro Morgannwg / Vale of Glamorgan
..5/ Sir Caerdydd ‹siir kaer diidh› the county of Caerdydd / Cardiff
..6/ Sir Caerffili ‹siir kaer fi li› the
county of Caerffili / Caerphilly
..7/ *Sir Gaerfyrddin ‹siir
gaer fər dhin› the county of
Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen
..8/ Sir Casnewydd ‹siir kas neu
idh›. A county created in 1996 from a
district of Gwent. English name: Newport.
..9/ Sir Castell-nedd ac Aberafan ‹siir kas telh needh ag a ber a van›. English name: Neath Port Talbot
..10/ Sir Ceredigon ‹siir ke re dig yon›
the county of Ceredigion. A district created in 1974 from the old Sir Aberteifi
/ Cardiganshire, and made a county in the 1996 county reorganisation.
..11/ Sir Conwy ‹siir kon ui› the county of Conwy. A county created in 1996 which
incorporates the western fringe of the former county of Clwyd and
the eastern part of the former Gwynedd.
..12/ *Sir Ddinbych ‹siir
dhin bikh› the county of Dinbych /
Denbighshire. A county created in 1996, with very different boundaries to the
Sir Ddinbych / Denbighshire which had been abolished in 1974.
..13/ *Sir Fynwy ‹siir vən
ui› the county of Mynwy /
Monmouthshire. The pre-1974 Sir Fynwy became the county of Gwent; Mynwy was a
district of the five districts of Gwent. The new Sir Fynwy is the
district of Mynwy with county status, and is a lot smaller than the
original county with this name, being the eastern agricultural zone on the
border with England without its former western industrialised fringe.
..14/ Sir Gwynedd ‹siir gwi
nedh› the new reduced county of Gwynedd
created in 1996 with the removal of Ynys Môn, which became a separate
county, and the eastern fringe which became part of Conwy. Also
known as Gwynedd Bach (little Gwynedd) to differentiate it from
the pre-1996 county
.
..15/ Sir Merthyr Tudful ‹siir mer thir tid
vil› the county of Merthyr
Tudful,
..16/ Sir Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr ‹siir pen ə bont ar o gur› the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
..17/ Sir Powys ‹siir po wïs›. the county of Powys
..18/ Sir Rhondda Cynon Taf ‹siir hron dha kə non taav›.. A county borough created in 1996. The name of the
county is made up of three important river valleys within its boundaries
..19/ Sir Torfaen ‹siir tor vain›. A
county borough created from a district of the former county of Gwent.
..20/ Sir Wrecsam ‹siir wrek sam› the
county of Wrecsam
..21/ Sir y Fflint ‹siir ə flint› “(the) county (of) Y Fflint. With the dismemberment
of the county of Clwyd in 1996, the county of Y Fflint was re-established,
and is more or less equivalent to the one abolished in 1974.
..22/ Sir Ynys Môn ‹siir ə nis moon› “(the) county
(of) Ynys Môn (Isle of Anglesey)”. Known until 1974 as Sir
Fôn, when it became part of the newly-created county of Gwynedd,
this county was re-established in 1996.
ETYMOLOGY: English shire (before the
changes to the pronunciation of long vowels i the 1400s formerly ‹shiir›, a long “i”, as
indicated by the fossilised spelling; now of course ‹sháiə›. The Welsh word
has maintained the older English pronunciation) < Old English scîr ‹shiir› (= office). the = shiir = (now shai·r) SHIRE <
NOTE: In the south generally it is colloquially “shir” ‹shiir›
In general the practice nowadays is to use sir
for counties in Wales and swydd for counties in England, though the border counties
especially tend to be sir
Sir Gaerhirfryn / Swydd Gaerhirfryn Lancashire
Sir Gaer / Swydd Gaer Cheshire
Sir Amwythig / Swydd Amwythig Shropshire
Sir Gaerlöyw / Swydd Gaerlöyw Gloucestershire
Sir Henffordd / Swydd Henffordd Herefordshire
The English word shire comes from
Old English scîr (= duty, position,
office (in the sense of responsibility))
Welsh swydd is from Latin sêdês (=
seat; position)
It seems to have been considered an equivalent of Old English scîr - but whereas the meaning “duty,
position, office” has been lost in English, swydd still means “job” in modern
Welsh, as well as “(English) county”
NOTE: sir generally > shir ‹shiit› in the south
:_______________________________.
sir ‹ siir › feminine or
masculine noun
1
(obsolete) cheer, joy, delight; welcome, hospitality; feast, food
2
in modern Welsh, it occurs in the derivative adjective siriol =cherful, merry, pleasant
ETYMOLOGY:
Either Welsh < Old French < Latin < Greek
or Welsh < Middle English < Old French < Latin < Greek
sir < Old French chière, chi’re
(if not directly from Old French, then through English cheer)
< Latin cara (= face) < Greek kara (= head, face).
Old French chière was originally
“face”, but also with the connotation “smiling face and welcoming attitude”,
which has become modern French chère
(= food, fare).
Hence the modern French expression
faire bonne chère (= eat well;
originally “have a smiling face of welcome [and offer food]”)
:_______________________________.
Sir Aberteifi ‹shiir a ber TEI vi› (feminine noun)
1 a former county in the south-west of Wales (until 1974) (now
Ceredigion)
:_______________________________.
Sir Benfro ‹siir ben-vro › (feminine noun)
1 the county of Penfro; county
in the south-west of Wales (until 1974); recreated in 1996
In 1974 the county was abolished, and together with the neighbouring counties
of Sir Gaerfyrddin and Sir Aberteifi it formed part of a new ‘supercounty’
called Dyfed. In 1996 the supercounty was in its turn abolished, and the county
of Penfro made a reappearance.
Sir Benfro Saesneg (“(the) English-speaking (part of) (the) county (of)
Penfro”) the south of the county of Penfro, popularly known in English as
“Little England Beyond Wales” . Here around the year 1108 the native Welsh were
displaced by Flemings, who later adopted the English language.
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = shire,
county) + soft mutation + (Penfro name of a castle / town / region). In
centuries-old names with sir there is soft mutation of the initial
consonant of the following name
NOTE: Locally also Shir Bemro, Shir Bembro ‹shiir bem-bro, shiir bem-ro›
:_______________________________.
Sir Conwy ‹siir ko-nui› feminine noun
1 the county of Conwy, in north-east Wales; created in 1996
Llanfairfechan, Sir Conwy (the village of) Llanfairfechan (in) Sir Conwy
NOTE: There is no soft mutation after the word sir in new formations. Thus Sir
Ddinbych (an old
name, with soft mutation of Dinbych), but Sir Conwy (created in the year 1996), and not *Sir Gonwy
:_______________________________.
Sir Ddinbych ‹shiir DHIN bikh› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-east of Wales (until 1974); recreated, with
different boundaries, in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Drefaldwyn ‹shiir dre VALD win› (feminine noun)
1 county in the east of Wales abolished in 1974
2 Abbreviation Trefn. = county of
Trefaldwyn
From Trefaldwyn,
equivalent to Sir Drefaldwyn county of Trefaldwyn / Montgomeryshire
:_______________________________.
Sir Faesyfed ‹shiir vai SƏ
ved› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Feironydd ‹shiir vei ri O nidh› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Fôn ‹shiir VOON› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of Wales (until 1974); recreated in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Forgannwg ‹shiir vor GA nug› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Frycheiniog ‹shiir vrə KHEIN
yog› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Fynwy ‹siir və -nui›
1 Monmouthshire, the county of Monmouth, a county in South Wales
The county was abolished in 1974, and became the county of Gwent; in 1996,
Gwent was split into various parts. Sir
Fynwy reemerged but with a reduced
area.
Local name Shir Fynwa ‹siir vən -wa›
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = county) + soft
mutation + (Mynwy = river name). There is soft mutation in names of
counties formed in a previous stage in the language
:_______________________________.
Sir Gaerfyrddin ‹shiir gair VƏR
dhin› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-west of Wales (until 1974); recreated in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Gaernarfon ‹shiir gai NAR von› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
siriol ‹ sir -yol› adjective
1
cheerful, glad, merry
2
cheerful, pleasant, causing good cheer, causing a feeling of cheerfulness
..a/ Brynsiriol house name / street name “pleasant hill / merry hill”
(“Brynsiriol / Bryn Siriol”)
..b/ Caesiriol street name in Ynys-hir
(comarca de Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Cae Siriol”) “pleasant field / merry field”
..c/ Taisiriol street name in
Ffosygerddinen (Caerffili) (“Tai Siriol”)
3
comparisons:
mor siriol â hirddydd haf "as pleasant as a long day of summer / a long
summer’s day"
4 Siriol
(f) woman’s name (“happy, cheerful”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = cheer, merriness)
+ (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)
sir < Old French chière, chi’re (ch was <ch> [ʧ] ) (if not directly from French, then through
English cheer) < Latin cara (= face) < Greek kara (= head, face)
Other examples of French / English <ch> [ʧ] ) > <sh> [ʃ] ):
siawns (chance), siec (cheque); siocled (English:
chocolate), sialc (English: chalk),
siêp / siep (cheap)
Old French chière was originally
“face”, but also with the connotation “smiling face and welcoming attitude”,
which has become modern French chère
(= food, fare).
Hence the modern French expression
faire bonne chère (= eat well;
originally “have a smiling face of welcome [and offer food]”)
Cf also
1/ Friulian ciere (= expression,
look, appearance).
2/ Catalan has cara (= face)
:_______________________________.
sirioldeb ‹ sir- yol -deb› masculine noun
1
cheerfulness
ETYMOLOGY: (siriol = cheerful) + (-deb suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
sirioli ‹sir- yô -li› verb
1
(verb with an object) cheer (someone) up
2
(verb without an object) cheer up = become cheerful
ETYMOLOGY: (siriol = cheerful) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
siryf ‹si -riv› masculine noun
PLURAL siryfion
‹si- riv
-yon›
1 siryf
and also uchel siryf “high sheriff”
(1) (history) sheriff / high sheriff
= king or queen's representative in a shire with judicial powers
(2) sheriff / high sheriff = chief official with mainly ceremonial duties such
as presiding over elections
2 is-siryf under-sheriff = assistant of a high sheriff
3 (Scotland) sheriff = main judge of a county
4 USA sheriff = county
officer (usually elected) who enforces the law (in Welsh, colloquially sheriff)
ETYMOLOGY: from an earlier English form equivalent to modern English sheriff < Old English ”shiir-yəréev” (scîrgerêf);
(scîr [shiir] = shire, county) + (gerêf [yəréev] = magistrate, offical)
NOTE: Sometimes found in the form sirydd, as if (sir
= county) + (-ydd, agent suffix).
If not a conscious atempt to make the word meaningful in Welsh, it could be a
development of final “f” > “dd”, as in the place name Caer-dyf >
Caer-dydd (English: Cardiff)
:_______________________________.
siryfiaeth ‹si-rəv-yeth› feminine noun
1 sheriffdom = the post of sheriff
2 sheriffdom = the term of office of a sheriff
3 sheriffdom = the territory of a sheriff
ETYMOLOGY: (siryf = sheriff) + (-i-aeth
suffix)
NOTE: also siryddiaeth (sirydd +
-i-aeth)
:_______________________________.
Sir y Fflint ‹shiir ə flint› feminine noun
1 the
county of Y Fflint
English name: Flintshire
An old county which was abolished in 1974, when it was divided into two
‘districts’ (Rhuddlan, Delyn) which were included in the new ‘super-county’ of Clwyd. In 1996, there was
another reorganisation of the county system. Sir y Fflint was revived, but with
slighty different boundaries and a reduced area compared to the original county
Sir Fflint colloquial form – there is no linking definite article –
perhaps imitating place names where the linking “y” is dropped – Pen-y-cae
> Pen-cae, etc.
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = shire, county) + (Y Fflint = town name)
:_______________________________.
Sistersiad ‹si- sters -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL Sistersiaid
‹si- sters
-yed›
1 Cistercian = one of an order of
monks and nuns founded in 1098 at Cîteaux (near Dijon, in Burgundy) under the
rule of Saint Benedict. The order aimed to return to the original austerity of
the Benedictine rule.
ETYMOLOGY: (Sistersi-) +
(-ad suffix for forming a noun)
Latin Cisterci-ân-us < Cisterci-um = Latin name of the mother
house of the Cistercian order at Cîteaux,
France (earlier Cisteaux < Cisteaus < Cistels),
in present-day Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon.
The abbey was founded
in 1098 by Robert, Abbot of Molesme, in
a deserted and uninhabited area. Here there was a marsh with rushes (?flag
iris) called in Old French cistels.
(Cf another instance of final –el /-els becoming –eau / eaux:
Old French chastel, chastels, Modern
French château, plural chateaux)
:_______________________________.
siswrn ‹si -surn› masculine noun
PLURAL sisyrnau
‹si-
sər -ne›
1 scissors = cutting instrument with
two blades on a pivot
2 Siop y Siswrn (“(the)
shop (of) the scissors”). Name of a Welsh-language bookshop in the town of Yr Wyddgrug,
in the county of Fflint. The name is an allusion to the town's famed novelist
Daniel Owen (1836-1895), who had been apprenticed to a tailor at the age of
twelve, an occupation he resumed after abandoning his studies at Coleg y Bala
where he was training to be a Calvanistic Methodist minister
3 fel siswrn
(intelligence) sharp
Mae hi fel siswrn She’s as sharp as
a knife (“like (a pair of) scissors”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh siswrn = (siswr) + (-n).
Another example of a word with n 'n' added to a final 'r' is adarn, a dialectal variant of adar (= birds).
siswr < English scissor < Old French cisoires < Late Latin cîsôrium = instrument for cutting <
caedêre, caesum (= to cut).
English scissor was probably
pronounced ‹si-zur› which
then underwent a shift of accent to the first syllable, the usual treatment of
French words in English since it was more in keeping with most native English
words. Hence ‹si-zur›, and this was the
form when the word was first used in Welsh, (with ‘s’ replacing the sound ‘z’
which at the time did not exist in Welsh)
From the same English root: Manx shisseryn
(= scissors)
NOTE: South Wales shishwrn (an ‹s› before or after the vowel
‹i› in the
South becomes palatalised, hence ‹sis-› became ‹shish-›)
:_______________________________.
Síterdwn ‹si-ter-dun› feminine noun
1 ST0666 locality in the
county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales), near Saint-y-brid.
English name: Southerndown.
This Welsh form is taken from “A Glossary of the Welsh of Glamorgan” /
Eisteddfod Abertawe 1907 / Cadrawd (Timothy Christopher Evans) / (manuscript,
National Library of Wales), where it appears as Siterdwn
ETYMOLOGY: ? (English name)
:_______________________________.
Siw ‹SYUU› (feminine
noun)
1 Sue
:_______________________________.
siw
1 misspelling of syw
(= elegant, neat, splendid)
:_______________________________.
Siwan ‹SI wan› (feminine
noun)
1 Joan
:_______________________________.
siwed ‹SI wed› (masculine
noun)
1 suet
:_______________________________.
siwgr, siwgrau ‹SHU gur, SHU gre› (masculine noun)
1 sugar
2 clap siwgr sugar lump
3 ceiriosen
siwgwr PLURAL ceirios siwgwr
glacé cherry
ffrwythau siwgwr crystallized fruit
4 gefel siwgr sugar
tongs, for picking up sugar cubes
5 siwgwr india-corn corn sugar,
dextrose
:_______________________________.
siwmper, siwmperi ‹SHUM per, shum PE
ri› (feminine noun)
1 jumper
:_______________________________.
siw^r ‹SHUUR, SIUR› (adjective)
1 sure
2
Nid wyf yn siw^r iawn... I’m not really sure... (literary form)
Dw i ddim yn siw^r iawn... I’m not
really sure... (colloquial form)
Dw i ddim yn rhyw siw^r iawn... I’m
not really very sure... (colloquial form)
:_______________________________.
siwrnai,
siwrneiau ‹SHUR ne, shur NEI e›
(feminine noun)
1 journey, trip
cynllunio siwrnai to plan a journey
/ a trip
siwrnai car car journey
Gest ti siwrnai dda? Did you have a
good trip?
2 Mae cryn
siwrnai o’n blaenau We have a long way to go (“there is a considerable journey ahead of us”)
3 (adverb) once
siwrnai eto (shwrne ’to) once
again, once more
:_______________________________.
siwt ‹siut› feminine noun
PLURAL siwtiau
‹siut
-ye›
1 suit
siwt swyddfa business suit ("suit (of) office")
(South-east Wales) shiwt barch = smart suit (“suit of
respect”)
(South-east Wales) shiwt ora (local pronunciation of
“siwt orau”) = best suit
(South-east Wales) shiwt dwetydd = afternoon / evening suit
2 siwt o doriad da a
well-cut suit
ETYMOLOGY: From English suit
The Welsh word preserves the older English pronunciation "syuut".
Although this “sy-“ form is still to be heard in English, nowadays “suit” is
mostly proonounced "suut", without the “y”)
From French sieute (= a set of
things) < sivre = (to follow)
(modern French suivre) < Latin sequî (= to follow)
NOTE: South-east Wales s > sh before i, thus shiwt (= suit)
:_______________________________.
siwtces ‹siut -kes› masculine noun
PLURAL siwtcesys ‹siut-ke-sis›
1 suitcase
also: ces dillad (case (of) clothes)
ETYMOLOGY: English suitcase (suit) + (case)
:_______________________________.
siyntio ‹SHƏNT yo› (verb)
1 to shunt
:_______________________________.
slac ‹ slak › masculine
noun
1
slack = part of a rope that is hanging loosely
dal y slac yn dynn have a cushy job (“hold the slack tight”)
:_______________________________.
slafaidd ‹sla -vedh› adjective
1 slavish = following servilely; yn slafaidd = slavishly
:_______________________________.
slafdod ‹slav -dod› masculine noun
1 hard work, drudgery
ETYMOLOGY: (slaf = slave) + (-dod)
:_______________________________.
slapen ‹slaps› feminine noun
PLURAL slaps ‹slaps›
South Wales
1 slaps slippers; shoes
of poor quality
Mae yna air yn Ne Cymru am esgidiau
gwael, sef 'slaps'
There's a word in South Wales for poor shoes which is 'slaps'
ETYMOLOGY: ?? probably a word of English origin
:_______________________________.
slaps ‹slaps›
South Wales
See: slapen
:_______________________________.
..1 sleifio ‹SLEIV yo› (verb)
1 sleifio i ffwrdd sneak
away
2 sleifio at (rywun) yn
ddiarwybod iddo
sneak up on somenbody (“slink to (somebody) without him knowing”)
:_______________________________.
sleisen,
sleisiau / sleisus ‹SLEI sen, SLEIS ye /
SLEI sis› (feminine noun)
1 slice
:_______________________________.
sleisen ddatys, sleisiau datys ‹slei sen DHA tis, sleis ye DA tis› (feminine noun)
1 date slice (type of cake)
:_______________________________.
sleisio ‹SLEIS yo› (verb)
1 to slice
:_______________________________.
slej ‹ slej
›
m
PLURAL slejus
‹ sle -jis›
1
sledgehammer
twp fel slej (said of somebody
considered to be stupid) as thick as a baord, as thick as shit (“daft like a sledgehammer”)
2
stupid person (i.e. person with a thick head like a sledgehammer)
Paid â bod shwd slej (South Wales)
Don’t be stupid (“don’t be such a sledgehammer”)
ETYMOLOGY: English sledge < sledgehammer (sledge + hammer)
sledge < Old English slegc (= a large hammer)
:_______________________________.
slej ‹ slej
›
mf
PLURAL slejus
‹ sle -jis›
1 sledge, sled
English sledge < Dutch sleedse
ETYMOLOGY: English sledge <
Middle Dutch sleedse (Modern Dutch sleeën, slede, slee)
:_______________________________.
slejan ‹ sle
-jan› verb
1
hit with a sledgehammer
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledgehammer) + (-an suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: also slejo
:_______________________________.
slejo ‹ sle
-jo› verb
1
to sledge = ride a sledge
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledge) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
slejo ‹ sle
-jo› verb
1
hit with a sledgehammer
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledgehammer) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: also slejan
:_______________________________.
slempen ‹ slem
-pen› f
1
(North Wales) perfunctory cleaning
cael slempen cath give yourself a catlick, have a quick wash (“get (the) quick-cleaining (of) (a) cat”)
ETYMOLOGY: (slemp = cleaning - probably
an English dialect word) + (-en
diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
..1 slip,
slipiau ‹SLIP, SLIP ye› (masculine noun)
1 slip = piece of paper
slip papur a slip of papur
:_______________________________.
..2 slip,
slipiau ‹SLIP, SLIP ye› (adjective)
1 sloping
tinslip dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen, with its tail between
its legs, cowed (“with a sloping arse”) (tin = arse) + (slip =
sloping)
talcen slip receding forehead
:_______________________________.
slochian ‹SLOKH yan› (verb)
1 gulp down, drink in gulps
:_______________________________.
Slofaceg ‹slo VA keg› (feminine noun)
1 Slovak (language)
:_______________________________.
slofi ‹SLOO vi› (verb)
1 to slow down
:_______________________________.
slogan, sloganau ‹SLO gan, slo GA ne› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 slogan
:_______________________________.
slorwm ‹ slo -rum› feminine noun
PLURAL slorymod
‹slo-rə-mod›
(South Wales)
1
slowworm, blindworm (Anguis fragilis) – brownish-grey legless lizard,
resembling a snake, with tiny eyes and popularly supposed to be blind
ETYMOLOGY: slorwm, metathesised form
of *slowrm < English slowworm
NOTE: The North Wales name is neidr
ddafad “sheep snake” (“snake (of) (a) sheep”)
:_______________________________.
slot, slotiau ‹SLOT, SLOT ye› (feminine noun)
1 slot
peiriant slot slot machine
:_______________________________.
slwmran cysgu ‹slum ran KƏ
ski› (verb)
1 to doze
:_______________________________.
slwtshlyd ‹sluch -lid› adjective
1 sludgy
ETYMOLOGY: (slwtsh = sludge ) + (-lyd, suffix = ‘full’, often with a
hint of disdain)
:_______________________________.
smâi? ‹smai›
North Wales
1 how's it going?
Let them see how in their spoken Welsh
the accent turns a sentence of many words into a single word of one or two
syllables... e.g. pa sut y mae hi?
has become smái?
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
ETYMOLOGY: colloquial form of sut y mae
hi ("how is it" - sut
= how, y mae = is, hi = it)
NOTE: Sometimes written smai, s'mai. Also su' mâi ‹si-mai›
:_______________________________.
smai?
1 See smâi
:_______________________________.
smái?
1 See smâi
:_______________________________.
sment ‹sment› masculine noun
1 cement = a powder from a mixture of
limestone or clay; it forms mortar when mixed with water and sand, and concrete
when mixed with water, sand and aggregate
2 cement = adhesive, glue, substance for sticking objects together
3 corddwr sment cement
mixer
4 gwaith sment cement
works
ETYMOLOGY: English cement < Old
French ciment < Latin caementum (= stone cut in a quarry)
< caedere (= to cut)
:_______________________________.
smentiad ‹sment -yad› verb
1 cementation
ETYMOLOGY: (sment-, stem of smentio = to cement) + (-i-ad, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
smentio ‹sment -yo› verb
1 cement = cover with cement
2 cement = join with cement
3 masculine noun
cementation
ETYMOLOGY: (sment = cement) + (-io, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: In South Wales smento
:_______________________________.
smocio ‹SMOK yo› (verb)
1 (colloquial) to smoke
NOTE 1: In South Wales smento
NOTE 2: The literary form is ysmygu
:_______________________________.
smona ‹smô -na› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smonach ‹smô -nakh› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smonaeth ‹smô-neth, smô-nath› feminine noun
North Wales
1 mess
gwneud smonaeth o make a mess of
2 (hair) gwneud smonaeth o'ch
gwallt (USA: muss up your hair) (Englandic: mess up your hair)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh smonaeth, clipped
form of hwsmonaeth (= husbandry,
managing a house) (hwsmon <
English husmon / houseman) + (-aeth)
NOTE: Also smona, smonach, smonech
:_______________________________.
smonech ‹smô -nekh› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smot, smotiau ‹SMOT, SMOT ye› (feminine noun)
1 spot
2
spot on a dog's coat
Smot name for a dog
:_______________________________.
smotyn ‹smo
-tin› masculine
noun
PLURAL smotiau
‹smot
-ye›
1 spot, stain, round mark or patch on
a surface different in color (Englandic: colour) from this surface
2 spot, skin blemish such as a pimple
3 one of such spots or blemishes which are symptoms of a disease
4 South Wales smotyn haf, plural smotiau haf =
freckle ("spot (of) summer")
5 spot on a dog's coat
6 spot (as part of a design)
ffrog goch â smotiau gwyn a red frock with white spots
7 Y Smotyn Du (literary form: Yr Ysmotyn
Du).
"The black stain" was a name given by opponents of the Unitarian
Church to the central and southern area of Ceredigion where this church had a
strong following (the concentration of adherents of this church was said to be
a “smotyn
du ar sir deg Ceredigion” - a black stain on the fair county of Ceredigion)
Siop y Smotyn Du (“shop (of) the black stain”) name of a bookshop in
the town of Llanbedr Pont Steffan, county of Ceredigion
8 smotyn
ar y orwel
a speck on the horizon
ETYMOLOGY: (smot = spot) + (-yn
diminutive suffix);
Welsh smot < English smot (now obsolete), a variant of spot
NOTE: In the south smotiau > smote ‹SMO-te› (South-west), smota
‹SMO-ta›
(South-east)
:_______________________________.
smygler ‹smə-gler› masculine
noun
PLURAL smygleriaid
‹smə-gler-yed›
1 smuggler
ETYMOLOGY: English smuggler
:_______________________________.
smyglo ‹smə-glo› verb
1 smuggle
Yr oedd lot o smyglo yr amser hwnnw
There was a lot of smuggling at that time
ETYMOLOGY: (smygl- = English to smuggle) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs); smuggle
is most likely to be from a Dutch or Low German word
:_______________________________.
smygu ‹SMƏ gi› (verb)
1 to smoke
clipped form of ysmygu
:_______________________________.
snam / ’snam / s’na’m / s’nam ‹snam ›
1 (colloquial) there isn’t any...
S’na’m llonydd i’ ga’l There’s no peace to be had, I don’t get a moment’s
peace
NOTE: (1) The literary form is nid oes (llonydd). Colloquially
(1) yna is common nowadays (= there),
probably in imitation of the English phrase, shortened to ’na
thus “there is not” nid oes becomes nid oes yna > nid oes ’na...
and
(2) a second negator dim is added, which is soft mutated (ddim)
after ’na so that we have
nid oes ’na ddim... rather than nid oes dim…
(3) nid oes becomes a single syllable, through the loss of the first
syllable in the phrase
does ’na ddim...
(4) the phrase in rapid colloquial speech is reduced to s’na’m / snam
(loss of the first syllable doe-, and loss of the meddial dd, and thr
resulting ‘im reduced to m
does ’na ddim... > ’s ’na ddim... > ‘s ’na ’im... >
‘s ’na ’m / snam
:_______________________________.
snâm ‹snaam › masculine noun
1 (North
Wales) surname
ETYMOLOGY: snâm < syrNÂM < English surname
NOTE: Also snêm in the district of Arfon
:_______________________________.
Y Snawdra ‹ə snau-dra› feminine noun
1 local form of Ynysawdre, a locality in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
NOTE:
..a/ transposition of the n so that
it occurs after the s;
..b/ the a instead of e in a final syllable is a normal
feature of South-eastern Welsh
ynys yr hafdref
> ynys hafdref
> ynys hafdre
> ynys hawdre
> ynys awdre
> ynys awdra
> yn’s awdra
> y snawdra
:_______________________________.
sneb / ’sneb ‹SNEEB›
1 (colloquial) there isn’t anybody.
'Sneb moyn ti yma Nobody wants you here
(= Nid oes neb yn dy ymofyn di yma)
ETYMOLOGY: nid oes neb > does neb > ’s
neb
(nid oes = there is not) + (neb = nobody)
(ni = negative particle, nid before a vowel) + (oes =
there is, in interrogatives and negatives; corresponds to y mae in
affirmative sentences)
:_______________________________.
snèch ‹snekh ›
1 least bit
Bu’r tywydd yn braf yr haf diwethaf a dioddefodd
llawer o’r herwydd, ond clywais un yn sôn am y sychdwr,
sef nad oedd dim snèch o ddŵr yn y ffynnon
(Cyfoeth o Sir Gâr = “wealth from the county of Caerfyrddin” / H. Meurig Evans
/ Llafar Gwlad 55, Gwanwyn 1997)
The weather was good last summer and many people suffered a a result, but I
heard somebody talk about the drought, that there wasn’t the least bit
(“snèch”) of water in the well
:_______________________________.
sobr ‹SO bor› (adjective)
1 sober
:_______________________________.
soced, socedi ‹SO ked, so KE di› (feminine noun)
1 socket
:_______________________________.
Soch ‹sookh› feminine noun
1 SH2927 Afon Soch river in the county of Gwynedd
2 Aber-soch village at
the mouth of the river Soch ("river-mouth (of) Soch")
:_______________________________.
socsen ‹sok-sen› feminine noun
PLURAL socs
‹soks›
1 sock
ETYMOLOGY: (socs = socks) + (-en = singulative suffix);
Socs < English socks; the singular sock is from Old English socc (= light shoe) < Latin soccus (= shoe worn by actors) <
Greek sukkhos
:_______________________________.
soeg ‹SOIG› [sɔɪg] (m)
1 draff,
brewers' grains
fel ci yn bwyta soeg trwm said of a
child picking at his or her food (“like
a dog eating heavy draff”)
Llafar Gwlad, Haf 1985, Rhif 9
cyn sured â soeg “as bitter as
draff”
Cwt-y-soeg place name, Ynys Môn, 1813 (“?pigsty (of) the
draff”)
(cwt = pigsty) + (y definite article) + (soeg draff)
(delw 7104)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
NOTE: South Wales soeg > so’g <SOOG> [soːg]
:_______________________________.
soffa, soffas ‹SOO fa, SOO fas› (feminine noun)
1 sofa
gorwedd ar y soffa to lie on the
sofa
:_______________________________.
soflyn, sofl ‹SOV lin, SO vol› (masculine noun)
1 stubble
sofl ceirch oat stubble
“The name Sofl-ceirch
attached to a small farmstead towards the eastern side of the area is derived
from the elements sofl (‘stubble’) and ceirch (‘oats’)
suggests a traditional association with cereal cultivation”
Faerdre, Trefeglwys, Powys -
http://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/clywed/1193.htm
sofl gwenith wheat stubble
NOTE: a collective noun; soflyn = a piece of stubble
:_______________________________.
SOFT MUTATION
Some words have a permanent soft mutation
1 Prepositions (though the radical form survives in their use as prefixes)
can
gan (preposition = with), can-
prefix
gwrth
wrth (preposition = near), gwrth-
prefix (“contra”)
gwedi
wedi (preposition = after),
Some soft-mutated forms are used as if they are radical forms (this is seen in
certain place-name elements)
gefail / efail smithy
gwaun / waun upland meadow
SOFT MUTATION OF FIRST ELEMENT IN PLACE NAMES WITH A LINKING DEFINITE ARTICLE
There are numerous examples of this phenomenon It may be that the first
element is so familiar in speech in contexts where it has soft mutation that
the mutated form comes to be regarded as the base form.
An example is wern (= wet, boggy field),
instead of gwern, probably from its frequent use after the definite
article, where it is y wern – the wet field – because it is a feminine
noun.
Earlier forms of Gorseinon, for example, show that it was Corseinon “cors Einon
/ Einion” “(the) bog (of) Einon / Einion”, but the frequency in speech of y
gors may have caused people to suppose that gors was in fact the
radical form, and it replaced cors in the name.
It may be that the place was referred to by its first element – ac common
enough phenomenon in Welsh – where villages with names beginning with the
element Llan (Llantrisant, etc) are called locally “Y Llan”.
Maybe for example Gelli-gaer was locally “Y Gelli”, and the short form with
soft mutation after the definite article came to intrude on the longer form.
The place name Werntarw is technically impossible – in full it would be wern y
tarw (“(the) wet field (of) the bull”), and Gwernytarw / Gwerntarw would
be expected.
Another explanation is that such names are frequently used after the
preposition i (= to) or o (= from), both causing soft mutation – i
Wernytarw (to Wernytarw), but this does not seem an adequate explanation,
as in general this soft mutation affects only certain names, those with
elements whose radical forms are confused in the spoken language, and generally
of feminine gender (gwern / wern; gwaun / waun = heathland,
heathfield; ban / fan = peak)
LIST OF SUCH ELEMENTS:
berth < perth (= hedge)
bont < pont (= bridge)
borth < porth (= ferry)
efail < gefail (= smithy)
fan < ban (= peak)
fawnog < mawnog (= peat bog)
fedw < bedw (= birch grove)
feidr < beidr (= farm lane; Penfro county)
felin < melin (= peak)
fign < mign (= bog)
foel < moel (= bare peak)
fron < bron (= hill; woman’s
breast)
gelli < celli (= grove)
garn < carn (= pile of stones, cairn)
gilfach < cilfach (= nook)
gors < cors (= bog)
graig < craig (= rock)
gurn < curn (= mounds)
lan < glan (= riverbank; upland)
waun < gwaun (= moorland; moorland field)
weirglodd < gweirglodd
wern < gwern (= boggy land; alder swamp)
wig < gwig (= wood)
______________________
BERTH:
Berth y Bw^l ‹BERTH ə BUUL› [ ] Sir y Fflint
______________________
BONT:
Bont y Gwyddel ‹BONT ə GWƏ dhel › [ ] SH9572 Sir Conwy, south of Abergele (pont y Gwyddel the bridge of the Irishman; though there is also a word gwyddel =
thicket)
______________________
BORTH:
Borth-y-gêst
‹BORTH ə GEEST› [ ]
______________________
EFAIL:
Efail-blaen-iâl
SJ1246 county of Dinbych (“the smithy at Blaen-Iâl”)
______________________
FEDW:
Fedw’r-gog SJ0043 Near Glanyrafon, Conwy (“the birch grove of the cuckoo”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=309094
______________________
FEIDR:
Feidr Castell ‹VEI-dir CA-stelh› [ ] Aber-gwaun
/ Fishguard, Sir Benfro
feidr y castell = beidr y castell “(the) lane (of) the
castle”
Feidr Fraich ‹VEI-dir VRAIKH› [ ] Aber-gwaun
/ Fishguard, Sir Benfro
feidr y fraich = beidr y Fraich: apparently “(the) lane
(of) Y Fraich farm”; braich = arm; ridge
______________________
FELIN:
Felinydinas ‹VEE-lin-ə-DII-nas-dre›
[ ] Llaniestyn, Llyn (Gwynedd)
______________________
FOEL:
Foel y Graig
SH8330, west of Llanuwchllyn (470 metre) “(the) bare hill (with the) rocky
outcrop”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/477885
Foel Dyffryn foel
y dyffryn SS8494 west of Y Caerau, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr “(the) bare hill
(above) the valley”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8594
Foel Offrwm ‹voil O-frum› feminine noun
1 SH7420 mountain in the
district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
"hill (of the) offering"
foel offrwm < foel yr offrwm
< moel yr offrwm (moel = bare hill) + (yr definite
article) + (offrwm = offering)
______________________
FRON:
Froncysyllte ‹vron kə-SƏLH-te› [ ] near
Llangollen (Powys)
Fron Eithin ‹vron EI-thin› [ ] near Y Trallwng (Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/501152
Fronhendre ‹vron hen -dre› [ ] house in Lôn y Cytir, Bangor (“Vron
Hendre”) fron hendre < fron yr hendre “(the) hill (of) the
winter dwelling / the main farmstead” (The linking definite article is often
omitted in place names)
(fron = hill) + (yr = definite article) + (hendre = winter dwelling / main
farmstead)
with anomolous use of the soft-mutated form fron as the radical form
instead of bron.
______________________
FIGN:
Figyn Blaenbrefi SN7154,
east above Llanddewi Brefi, Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN7154
Fign Aberbiga, near Dolydd, Powys SN8790
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8790
______________________
GARN:
Garnyrerw SO2309, Torfaen. The expected form would be Carnyrerw “(the)
cairn (of) the field / the acre”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO2309
______________________
GELLI:
Gelli-gaer ‹ge-lhi-gâir› [ ]
ST 1396 village in the county of Caerffili
(“fortress wood”)
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r gaer (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical
form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (caer = fort). There was a Roman fort here. The expected form
would be Celli’r-gaer / Celli-gaer
Gelli-groes ‹ge-lhi-grois› [ ] (“cross wood”)
Locality south of Coed-duon, in the county of Blaenau Gwent
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r groes (gelli form with soft mutation used as a
radical form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (croes = cross). The expected form would be Celli’r-groes
/ Celli-groes
Gelli-haf ‹ge-lhi-haav› [ ]
Locality in the
county of Caerffili (“summer wood”)
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r haf (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical
form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (haf = summer).
The expected form would be Celli’r-haf / Celli-haf
Y Gellioedd SH9344
near Cerrigydrudion (“the groves”) instead of “(Y) Cellioedd”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/157764
Gelli’r-fid ‹ge-lhi-viid› [ ] (“quickset hedge wood”)
Farm by Llandyfodog, in the current county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r fid (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical
form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (bid = quickset hedge). The expected form would be Celli’r-fid
/ Celli-fid
______________________
GILFACH:
Gilfach-y-blawd SN2523
farm by Llanwinio (Caerfyrddin) (“nook of the flour”)
Gilfachcynon The owner
of Grawerth Colliery, Merthyrtudful is noted in the
List of Mines, 1908 http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmhrc/lom08glam2.htm
as John Wilkins of Gilfach Cynon,
Merthyr,
______________________
GORS:
Gorseinon county of Abertawe / Swansea
______________________
GRAIG:
Graig Llanisien (Caer-dydd)
Graigyrwylan (“Graig
yr Wylan”) Street in Caerffili “(the)
rock / crag (of) the seagull”, “seagull crag”
…………………………………….
Graig y Saeson ST2785 “(the) rock (of) the Englishmen”
Farm south of Basaleg, county of Casnewydd / Newport
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1086661
GYRN:
Gyrn y
Moelfre ‹GIRN
ə MOIL-vre› [ ] Llangadwaladr, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/234271
______________________
LAN:
Lan-dŵr <lan-DUUR> [lanˡduːr]
1 village in the county of Abertawe SS6595
English name: Landore
glan y dw^r waterside, stream’s
edge
In some cases glan > lan has later become llan,
as if the name referred to a church or Christian site rather than a riverbank
Llanrhymni < Lamrhymni < Glanrhymni “bank (of) (the) Rhymni (river)”
See more examples under llan on page L
______________________
WAUN:
Waunarlwydd county
of Abertawe / Swansea
Waunllefenni SH7612
(Gwynedd) moorland of the Afon Llefenni
______________________
WEIRGLODD:
Werglodd y Maes (1776) a messuage and
lands called Werglodd y mais in the Parish of Kerry the co. of Montgomery
Calendar of Deeds and Documents Volume 1, The
Coleman Deeds, Francis Green, 1921, p. 202
______________________
WERN:
Werntarw ‹wern-taa-ru› [ ] (“bull wet-field”)
wern y tarw (wern form with soft mutation used as a
radical form, < gwern = wet field) + (yr = definite article) +
soft mutation + (tarw bull). The expected form would be Gwernytarw /
Gwerntarw
______________________
WIG:
Wicwer < Wigfer <
Wígfair < Wig-fáir (SJ0271) (locality
by Dinbych, North Wales)
The expected form would
be Gwig-fair
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0271 map (where spelt
Wigfair)
______________________
Possibly too
Foel Offrwm SH7420 mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
"hill (of the) offering" Moel yr Offrwm / Moel Offrwm would
be expected
Fawnog Figyn SJ0718 in Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, Powys instead of Mawnog Figyn
SOFT MUTATION OF FORENAMES
In certain place names a forename is soft-mutated after a noun of feminine
gender
This is especially evident with Llan names from the early period
Also with later names, and names of recent origin imitiating this construction:
Fadog <
Madog
Cefn Carn Fadog
Leision < Lleison
…..(1) Coed Leison (“(the) wood (of)
Lleision”) name of a wood west of Pendeulwyn (Bro Morgannwg)
…..(2) Gwaunleision (“(the) moor
(of) Lleision”) name of a village by Gwauncaegurwen (county of Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan). Also a street in this place: Waunleision
(Waunleision would be the
local form, with gwaun (= meadow) regarded as a radical form; Gwaunleision is the standard form with the correct radical form gwaun)
Ruffudd
< Gruffudd
Bodruffudd / Bodruffudd
Wilym < Gwilym
Pontwilym
Dôlwilym
NO SOFT MUTATION WHERE IT MIGHT BE EXPECTED
..a/ after the particles ni, na
In literary Welsh, these is no mutation with b- forms of bod after ni, na
ni bu… here has not been (ni fu would be expected)
..b/ after an inflected verb
y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn rather than ddyry gychwyn (“It-is)
the dragon (that) gives ”)
melys; moes mwy rather than melys; moes fwy “(It-is) sweet; give
more (to me)”
..c/ In place names, with personal names after tre, a missing soft
mutation indicates a name of recent origin (1800s)
Tre-biwt A
Welsh translation of Butetown, Caer-dydd / Cardiff (instead of *Tre-fiwt)
Trecennydd (“Trecenydd”),
in Caerffili (“Cennydd’s town”) (instead of *Tregennydd)
Trecynon
(Rhondda Cynon Taf). This was called Heolyfelin originally, and
the name Trecynon came about in the mid-1800s, the result of an eisteddfod
competition to devise a name for the village which had grown up here (instead of *Tregynon)
Tre-gŵyr ‹tre
GUIR› (instead of *Tre-ŵyr)The Welsh name for Gowerton.
Although the Welsh name is a direct translation of the English name, which came
first, the English name suggests “the village of the Gower peninsula” – it in
fact replaced the railway station name Gower Road (“road leading to the Gower
Peninsula”) - whereas the Welsh name
suggests “the village / town in the old kúmmud of Gŵyr”.
Trellywelyn an administrative and electoral ward in Y Rhyl (Conwy) (spelt as “Trellewellyn).
Also a road here “Trellewelyn Road” (spelt correctly, with one ‘l’, unlike the
name of the ward), which in Welsh would be Ffordd Trellewelyn, and
“Trellewelyn Close”, which in Welsh would be Clōs Trellewelyn (instead of *Trelywelyn).
Tremadog (Gwynedd)
Originally Tremadoc, a small planned town built by William Alexander Madocks
after he had purchased the land here in 1798. He had been brought up in London
but was from a Sir Ddinbych / Denbighshire family.
Tremadoc “(the) town (of) Madoc” (tre = town) + (Madoc).
The spelling was altered (?in the 1970s) to bring it into line with modern Welsh spelling practice.
Madoc is for ap Madoc (= ap Madog), the Welsh patronymic which was the basis of the English-language surname Maddocks. The use of Madoc rather than Madog may have been to Cymricise the surname while maintaining a similarity to the English form with c [k].
In medieval
Welsh, the final c of Madoc actually represented [g].
(Instead of *Trefadog)
Tretaliesin /
Tre Taliesin (Ceredigion) Nineteenth century coing to replace the
name Comins y Dafarn-fach (“common land by Y Dafarn-fach”) y dafarn
fach = the little tavern.
(Instead of *Tredaliesin)
Tretomos (Caerffili)
The name was generally spelt Trethomas. Named after William James Thomas, a
co-owner of the Bedwas Navigation Colliery. It was developed between 1900 and the First
World War (1914). (Instead of *Tredomos).
The original name with a reference to a tavern was probably not
respectable in an area with a strong religious character at the time
..d/ In place names (especially farm names / house names), where one might
expect the definite article
Carreg-wen (= white house) instead of *Y Garreg-wen
Cegidfa (= hemlock place) Guilsfield, Powys
:_______________________________.
soia ‹SOI a› (masculine noun)
1 soya
llaeth soia soya milk
:_______________________________.
solet ‹SOO let› (adjective)
1 solid
wal solet solid wall
:_______________________________.
solid ‹SOO lid› (adjective)
1 solid
tanwydd solid solid fuel
:_______________________________.
1 sôn ‹SOON› (verb)
1 to mention
Ond wrth ’mod i’n son am bethau fel hyn, mae’n dod i ’nghof fod... And while I’m mentioning these things, I
recall that... (“and while I am mentioning things like these it come to my
memoery that...”)
2 tell someone, tell people
Paid â sôn fy mod i... Don’t let on
that I.., Don’t tell anyone that I...
:_______________________________.
2 sôn ‹SOON› (masculine
noun)
1 mention
2 mygu pob sôn am rywbeth hush something up (“stifle
all mention about something”)
3 Mae e’n well na’r sôn amdano He’s not as black as he’s
painted, He’s not as bad as people make him out to be (“he’s better than the
talking about him”)
4 story, tale, rumour
fe gerdodd y sôn bod... the rumour
went around that...
:_______________________________.
sond ‹SOND› (masculine
noun)
1 sand; a variant of swnd (qv)
:_______________________________.
soned, sonedau ‹SOO ned, so NEE de› (feminine noun)
1 sonnet
:_______________________________.
sonedwr, sonedwyr ‹so NEE dur, so NED wir› (masculine noun)
1 writer of sonnets
:_______________________________.
soniarus ‹son-YAA-ris› adj
1 melodious, sweet-sounding, euphonious, harmonious, tuneful,
mellifluous ENG-Z
Yr oedd ganddo lais soniarus a chryf He had a strong, melodious voice
canu’n soniarus sing melodiously
canu'n eithriadol o soniarus sing with an exceptionally sweet voice
mewn llais soniarus in a meldious voice
2 ansoniarus dissonant
:_______________________________.
sori ‹SO-ri› adj
1 poor spelling for the Englishism sorri
(= sorry) (q.v.)
:_______________________________.
sorri ‹SO-ri› adj
1 (Englishism) sorry
Sorri ’mod i wedi torri ar ych traws chi Sorry I interrupted (while you
were speaking)
(“Sorry that I have broken across you”)
More authentically: Mae’n flin ’da fi am dorri ar ych traws chi
Wi’n sorri I’m sorry
More authentically: Mae’n flin ’da fi
gweud sorri to say sorry
More authentically: gweud ei bod yn flin ’da chi; ymddiheuro
:_______________________________.
sosban ‹so -span› feminine noun
PLURAL sosbenni,
sosbyn ‹so- spe -ni, so -spin›
1 saucepan
2 (term of contempt for a person considered to be stupid or useless)
-Ma fe mor dwp â bat. –Pwy? -Y sosban
’na sy’n mynd maas gyda Haf
-He’s as daft as a brush. –Who? –That idiot who is going out with Haf
3 Tre'r Sosban nickname
for Llanelli ('the town of the saucepan' in allusion to the song 'Sosban Fach'
– little saucepan) (qv)
Dathlu Hanner Canrif yn Nhre'r Sosban.
Mae Ysgol Gymraeg Dewi Sant Llanelli yn dathlu ei hanner cant oed eleni
(newspaper item, 1997) Celebrating half a century in the Town of the Saucepan.
Saint David’s Welsh(-language) School is celebrating its fiftieth anniversary
this year
ETYMOLOGY: English ‹sospən› “saucepan”; in present-day English the
first element is pronounced according to the independent word “sauce” ‹sóospən› (or in the USA
‹saaspan›)
– cf other examples of this dissection and reanalysis of old compounds in
English
..a/ housewife < ‹húsif›,
..b/ forehead < ‹fóred›,
..c/ hedgehog < ‹héjog›
:_______________________________.
sosban frys ‹sos–pan vriis› feminine noun
PLURAL sosbenni
brys ‹so-spe-ni briis›
1 pressure cooker
ETYMOLOGY: (sosban = saucepan) +
soft mutation + (brys = speedy)
:_______________________________.
soser, soseri ‹SO ser, so SEE ri› (feminine noun)
1 saucer
:_______________________________.
sosialaeth ‹so SHAA leth› (feminine noun)
1 socialism
ETYMOLOGY: (sosial- < English social- < socialism ) + (-aeth suffix for forming abstract nouns, here equivalent to English -ism)
:_______________________________.
sosialaidd ‹so SHAA ledh› (adjective)
1 socialist
ETYMOLOGY: (sosial- < English social- < socialist ) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives, here equivalent to English -ist)
:_______________________________.
sosialydd, sosialwyr ‹so SHAA lidh, so
SHAL wir› (masculine noun)
1 socialist
(sosial- < English social- < socialist ) + (-ydd
noun suffix, indicating an agent, here equivalent to English -ist)
:_______________________________.
sothach ‹SOO-thakh› masculine noun
1 (American: garbage) (Englandic: rubbish)
sothach o bapur trashy newspaper
ETYMOLOGY: (soth- unknown element) +
(-ach suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
sothachlyd ‹so-thakh-lid› adjective
1 trashy, rubbishy
ETYMOLOGY: (sothach = rubbish) + (-lyd
adjectival suffix, often indicating disapproval)
:_______________________________.
sownd ‹SOUND› (adjective)
1 sound = solidly fixed
ETYMOLOGY: English sound
:_______________________________.
sownd ‹SOUND› (masculine
noun)
1 sand; a variant of swnd (qv)
:_______________________________.
sowth ‹SOUTH› (masculine
noun)
1 south
ETYMOLOGY: English south
:_______________________________.
Sowthen,
Sowthiaid ‹SOU then, SOUTH yed›
(feminine noun)
1 woman from the South
ETYMOLOGY: (sowth = south) + (-en suffix
to indicate a female)
:_______________________________.
Sowthyn, Sowthiaid ‹SOU
thin, SOUTH yed› (masculine noun)
1 man from the South
ETYMOLOGY: (sowth = south) + (-yn suffix
to indicate a male)
:_______________________________.
’spedain
See ’sbedain
:_______________________________.
srinj, srinjus ‹SRINJ, SRIN jis› (feminine noun)
1 syringe
ETYMOLOGY: Informal English s’ringe < standard
English syringe
:_______________________________.
s-t-
The soft mutation in Welsh of t
> d after an –s is deactivated
glas + tir > *glasdir > glastir (= green land)
maes + tref (field + town) > *maesdref > maestref (=
suburb)
Swis + tir > *Swisdir > Swistir (= Switzerland)
:_______________________________.
stabl (stabal), stablau ‹STA bal, STA ble› (feminine noun)
1 stable = building where horses are kept
stabal y capal (North) = stabl y capel the chapel stable
mynd â'r ceffyl neu'r gaseg i mewn i'r stabal take the horse or the mare
into the stable
gwas stabl stable
boy, stable lad
llofft stabal stable loft
2 stable = newspaper publisher who owns a number of newspaper titles
Mae’r hen "Carmarthen Citizen" erbyn hyn yng nghrombil y
"Carmarthen Journal" sy o'r un stabal â'r "Daily Mail"
The old "Carmarthen Citizen" is by now subsumed in the
"Carmarthen Journal" which belongs to (“which is of”) the same stable as the "Daily Mail"
3 trampled ground
gwneud stabal = trample (crops)
NOTE: Alternative literary form: ystabl,
ystablau
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < French estable
(or indirectly Welsh <
English stable < French estable)
< Latin stabulum (= stall; place to
stay, lodgings; brothel;)
< sta- (stô, stâre, steti, statum) (= to stand), + (-bul-um, suffix indicating an instrument / device, or place)
(-bul-um,
-bu-la occur too in Latin words
which have given English mandible
(= jaw), fibula (clasp), vestibule, fable,
table, verterba, Libra)
NOTE: Y Cymmrodor. Vol. XXXVIII. 1927. Merioneth Notes.
By T. P. ELLIS, I.C.S. (retired), M.A., F.R.Hist.S., Author of "Welsh
Tribal Law and Custom"
“Adjoining the Llanelltyd bridge is a small field known as Cae Llong.…. On
each side of the river, close to the bridge, are meadows called Cae Stabal ; the word
" stabal " probably being a
derivative of “staple” and not of "stable", indicating thereby the
site of the warehouses where, of old,
the bales of wool were collected for shipment.”
:_______________________________.
stad, stadau ‹STAAD, STAA de› (feminine noun)
1 estate
:_______________________________.
’Stade (STAA-de) [̍̍ˡstaˑdɛ]
1 a clipped form of the name Gwastadau
(“flat lands”) used locally for a smallholding of this name in Llandderfel, Gwynedd)
NOTE:
..a/ In this zone “-au” in a
final syllable is colloquially ‹e›: Gwastadau
> Gwastade
..b/ The first syllable gwa-
is lost: Gwastade > ’Stade
(This dropping of a pretonic syllable is of very frequent occurrence in Welsh)
:_______________________________.
staen, staeniau ‹STAIN, STEIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 stain
ETYMOLOGY: Informal English stain
:_______________________________.
'stafell,
'stafelloedd ‹STA velh, sta VE lhodh› (feminine noun)
1 room (from: ystafell)
:_______________________________.
stàff ‹STAFF› (masculine noun)
stàff
darlithio ‹staf dar lith
yo› (m)
1 lecturing staff = the body of
lecturers in a place of further education
NOTE:
The vowel a is properly marked with
a grave accent > à to show that although it is
in a long-vowel environment it is pronounced short. Such conflicts usually
occur with words borrowed from English which retain their English
pronunciation.
Native
Welsh monosyllabic words with this pattern have a long vowel (unmarked, as the
final –ff indicate that the preceding vowel must be long): praff ‹PRAAF› (adj) (= stout), cloff ‹KLOOF›
(adj)
(= lame)
But
in written Welsh this rule (à)
is rarely observed.
ETYMOLOGY: English staff
:_______________________________.
'Stalfera ‹ stal- vê -ra›
1
colloquial form of Ystalyfera
(SN7608) locality in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
ETYMOLOGY: stal-fera < ys-tal-fera < ys-tal-y-fera (< ynys-tâl-y-fera) (“the meadow at Tâl y Fera”) Tâl y Fera is
possibly “the place facing the barrow / facing the tumulus”
(tâl = forehead, brow; place opposite some specified feature) + (y
definite article) + soft mutation + (bera = tumulus).
:_______________________________.
staliwn,
stalwyni ‹STAL yun, stal WI ni› (masculine noun)
1 stallion
:_______________________________.
stamina
(*stámina) ‹sta -mi-na› masculine noun
1 stamina
Gwahoddir ceisiadau am: Ymchwilydd Dan Hyfforddiant. Anghenion:
Diddordebau eang, brwdfrydedd heintus a stámina!
Applications are invited for a
Trainee Researcher. Requirements: Wide interests, infectious enthusiasm and
stamina
ETYMOLOGY: English stamina, plural
of Latin stâmen (= thread), < stâre (= to stand).
The stamina
were the threads which the Fates spun out (the three goddesses of fate,
Clothos, Lachesis and Atropos, who decided the birth, life and death of
mortals).
From this came the sense of energy or vitality (these
threads were the destinies of men, which they would measure and cut)
:_______________________________.
stamp, stampiau <STAMP, STAMP-yai, -e> [stamp,
ˡstampjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 stamp
ETYMOLOGY: English stamp
:_______________________________.
stampio <STAMP-yo> [ˡstampjɔ] (verb)
1 to stamp
:_______________________________.
stamp rwber <stamp RUU-ber> [stamp
ˡruˑbɛr] (masculine
noun)
1 rubber stamp
:_______________________________.
stand, standiau <STAND, STAND-yai, -e> [stand,
ˡstandjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine or feminine noun)
1 stand;
2 (sports) grandstand
ETYMOLOGY: English stand
:_______________________________.
stand dillad <stand DI-lhad> [stand
ˡdɪɬad] (masculine
noun)
1 clothes stand
:_______________________________.
staplen, staplau
/ staplenni <STA-plen, STA-plai, -ple, sta-PLE-ni> [ˡstaplɛn,
ˡstaplaɪ, -ɛ, staˡplɛnɪ] (feminine noun)
1 staple
:_______________________________.
staplwr, staplwyr <STA-plur,
STAPL-wir>
[ˡstaplʊr,
ˡstaplwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 stapler
:_______________________________.
stario <STAR-yo> [ˡstarjɔ] verb
1 stare
staran ar (rywbeth) stare at (something)
ETYMOLOGY: English to stare < Old
English starian.
In other Germanic languages: German starren
(= to stare), Norwegian stare (= to
stare).
Cf the related words
..a/ Latin consternâre (= to
confuse)
..b/ Greek stereos (= stiff)
NOTE: South Wales staro (South-east
Wales staran)
:_______________________________.
statud <STA-tid> [ˡstatɪd] feminine noun
PLURAL statudau
<sta-TII-dai, -e> [staˡtiˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
statute = a law passed by a legislative assembly which has been set out in a
formal document
Statudau'r Brifysgol The University
Statutes
ETYMOLOGY: First known example 1546.
From English statute < French estatut < Late Latin statûtum
< Latin statuere (= to make
‹something› stand, to establish ‹something›, to decree ‹something› < stàre (= to stand)
NOTE: also ystatud (= statute) , yr ystatud (= the statute)
:_______________________________.
statudol <sta-TII-dol> [staˡtiˑdɔl] adj
1
statutory
rhybudd statudol statutory warning
rhyw gorff statudol statutory body
fframwaith statudol statutory
framework
ETYMOLOGY: (statud = statute) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
stedda ‹ste dha›
1
(apheretic form of eistedda, colloquial form of eistedd) sit!, sit down!
Stedda'n llonydd
yn y gader na, machgen i - sit down in that chair and relax, son
:_______________________________.
Steffan ‹STEE
fan› (masculine noun)
1 Stephen, Steven
:_______________________________.
stem, stemiau ‹STEM, STEM ye› (feminine noun)
1 (work) shift
:_______________________________.
stent ‹stent › masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL stentiau,
stentau ‹stent-ye, sten-te›
1 extent = an assessment of land and
property and a calcuation of their value in order to levy taxes upon them
2 a document with this valuation
3 income from an estate
4 estate = landed property
5 (North-east Wales) estate owner, in the expression yr hen stentiau
“aelodau o hen deuluoedd o'r ardal,
parchus a dibynadwy, union eu buchedd, ac o dras - tipyn o
'bedigree' yn perthyn iddynt” (Papur Fama, Gorffennaf 1991)
members of old families in the area, who are respectable, reliable and
honest, who have a bit of ‘pedigree’ to them
6 Llain-stent
Street name in Niwbwrch, county of Môn
Apparently llain y stent (“(the)
land (of) the estate”)
(llain = strip of land) + (y definite article) + (stent = estate)
ETYMOLOGY: Middle Welsh < Middle English stent / extent < French
of England estente
It may in fact be a direct loan, not through the
intermediary of Middle English:
Middle Welsh < French of England estente;
< Old French extente < Latin extensus (= extensive) < extendere (= stretch out),
ex- (= from) + tendere
(= to stretch)
NOTE: also formerly ystént
:_______________________________.
stereo, stereos ‹STE re o, STE re os› (feminine noun)
1 stereo
ETYMOLOGY: English stereo
:_______________________________.
sterics ‹ste -riks› plural
1 hysterics
cael sterics have a fit of hysterics
mynd i sterics have a fit of hysterics
mynd i sterics o chwerthin am rywbeth become hysterical from laughing about something
ETYMOLOGY: English sterics, a
clipped form of hysterics < Latin
hystericus (adj; = of the womb) <
Greek husyterikos (adj; = of the
womb) < hustera (= womb), from
the belief that hysteria was a female condition, caused by disturbances in the
womb
:_______________________________.
sti ‹ sti
›
(North
Wales)
1
gwyddost ti you know, y’ know > wyddost ti > wsti, > sti
Dwi o ddifri 'sti I’m serious, y’
know
2
a wyddost ti do you know?
a
wyddost ti beth? do you know what?
(question to highlight information in the following sentence), in speech often
reduced to sti be?
NOTE: Sometimes written sdi, though sti is more correct
:_______________________________.
sticer ‹sti -ker› masculine noun
PLURAL sticeri
‹sti-KEE-ri›
1 sticker
Mae ganddo sticer CYM ar ben ôl ei gar
He has a CYM sticker (= Cymru, Wales) on the back of his car
ETYMOLOGY: English sticker; see the
verb sticio = to stick
:_______________________________.
sticil ‹STI-kil› feminine noun
PLURAL sticlau
‹STI-klai,
-le›
NOTE: variants are sticill (with ll instead of l), and ysticil,
ysticill (with a prefixed y-, as in ystafell (= room), plurals sticillau,
ysticlau, ysticillau
1 stile
2 Ysticlau ‹ə-STI-klai, -kle› Farm
near Nant-y-caws, Caerfyrddin SN4716
yr ysticlau “the stiles” (yr definite article) + (ysticlau, plural form of ysticil
= stile).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4716 map
3 Pontsticill ‹pont-STI-kilh› village
in Merthyrtudful, SO0611
pont yr ysticill“(the)
bridge (with) the stile
(pont = bridge) + (y definite
article) + (sticill = stile).
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English stikel (=
stile)
Related to German steigen (= to climb)
:_______________________________.
sticill ‹STI-kilh› feminine noun
PLURAL sticillau
‹sti-KI-lhai,
-lhe›
1 stile. See sticil
:_______________________________.
stiff ‹STIF› (adjective)
..1/ stiff fel procer (eg the back
after lifting heavy oblects) (as) stiff as a poker (“stiff like (a) poker”)
..2/ stiff fel bwcram (“stiff like
buckram”) (buckram = a stiff fabric made from cotton)
..3/ stiff fel pren (“stiff like
wood”)
:_______________________________.
stitsh ‹ stich › mfeminine noun
PLURAL sitshys ‹ sti -chis›
1
stitch = link made with needle and thread, especially with cloth
2 stitch
= link made with needle and thread to close broken skin or cut flesh
3
stitch = pain in the side
4
noethlymun stitsh stark naked
ETYMOLOGY: English stitch < Old
English stice (= sting);
Equivalent German word: das Stech (=
stinging, pricking)
:_______________________________.
stitsho ‹ sti -cho› verb
1
to stitch = sew with stitches
ETYMOLOGY: (stitsh = stitch) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
stiwdio,
stiwdios / stiwdioau ‹STYUUD
yo, STYUUD yos / styuud YO e› (feminine
noun)
1 studio
:_______________________________.
stôl, stolion /
stoliau ‹STOOL, STOL yon / STOL ye› (feminine noun)
1 stool
:_______________________________.
stôn ‹stoon› feminine noun
PLURAL stonau
‹stô-ne›
1 stone = English unit of weight
equivalent to 14 pounds (6.148 kg)
Mae hi wedi colli pum stôn o bwysau
She's lost five stone in weight
Roeddwn yn ddeg stôn a dau bwys
I was ten stone two (ten stone and two pounds) (USA: 142 pounds)
ETYMOLOGY: English stone (= stone in
weight, fragment of rock) < Old English.
Cf German der Stein (= stone), Greek
stion (= pebble)
:_______________________________.
stondin,
stondinau ‹STON din, ston DI ne›
(feminine noun)
1 stand (in a market, etc)
- stondin farchnad, stondinau marchnad
‹STON din VARKH nad, ston DI ne MARKH nad› (feminine noun)
1 market stand
:_______________________________.
stondin ffair ‹ston-din fair› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau
ffair ‹ston-dî-ne fair›
1 fairgound booth, fairground stand
reiffl stondin ffair gallery rifle,
fairground rifle
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (ffair = fair)
:_______________________________.
stondin lyfrau ‹ston-din lə-vre› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau
llyfrau ‹ston-dî-ne lhə-vre›
1 bookstall
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + soft
mutation + (llyfrau = books, plural
of llyfr = book)
:_______________________________.
stondin saethu ‹ston-din sei-thi› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau
saethu ‹ston-dî-ne sei-thi›
1 (fair) rifle range
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (saethu = to shoot)
:_______________________________.
stondinwr ‹ston-dî-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL stondinwyr ‹ston-din-wir›
1 stallholder
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (-wr = 'man')
:_______________________________.
stopio ‹STOP yo› (verb)
1 to stop
2 gwneud arwydd stopio ar
(rywun) signal
to someone to stop (“make (a) sign (of) stopping on (somebody)”
:_______________________________.
stori, storïau /
straeon ‹STO ri, sto RI e / STREI
on› (feminine noun)
1 story
2
stori fer, storïau byrion ‹sto ri VER, sto ri e
BƏR yon› short story
3
stori iasoer ‹sto ri IA soir› horror story
4 llyncu stori’n gyrn, croen a charnau swallow a story hook, line
and sinker, accept something improbable without questioning it
(yn gyrn, croen a charnau = hook, line and sinker “horns, skin / hide
and hooves”)
:_______________________________.
storio (v) ‹STOR yo›
1 to store
Maent yn storio
afalau a gellyg a gynaeafwyd yn gynnar trwy eu rhewi
They store apples and pears which
have been harvested early by freezing them
tanc storio storage tank
lladrad tanwydd o gerbydau a thanciau storio fuel theft from
vehicles and storage tanks
:_______________________________.
storm ‹storm › feminine noun
PLURAL stormydd
‹stor
-midh›
1 storm = strong winds with rain,
snow
Fe fydd yn storm arnon ni we’re in for a storm (“it will be a storm on us”)
Dyna storm fu n’ithwr ynta fa?
(south-east) What a storm there was last night, eh?
(“there’s a storm that-has-been last-night, isnn’t-it?”)
rhybudd storm / rhybudd o storm storm warning
storm fawr / storom fawr a great
storm, a big storm
storm o eira / storm eira / storom eira
snowstorm (“storm of snow / storm (of) snow”)
storm o law rainstorm (“storm of
rain”)
storm o daranau thunderstorm (“storm
of thunderclaps”)
storm o fellt a tharanau
thunderstorm (“storm of lightning flashes and thunderclaps”)
storm o law taranau thunderstorm
(“storm of rain (of) thunderclaps”)
(South) storm o luched a thyrfau
thunderstorm (“storm of lightning flashes and thunderclaps”)
(South) storm o law tyrfau
thunderstorm (“storm of rain (of) thunderclaps”)
storm o wynt windstorm (“storm of wind”)
storm dywod sandstorm (“storm (of)
sand”)
2 daw tawelwch ar ôl storm
there comes a calm after a storm
3 dod trwy storm ride out a storm
4 Mae hi am storm There’s
a storm brewing (“it is for (a) storm. it is wanting (a) storm”)
Mae hi’n magu storm There’s a storm
brewing (“it’s nurturing a storm”)
(North) Mae hi’n hel am storm
There’s a storm brewing (“it’s gathering for a storm”)
(North) Mae hi’n cau am storm
There’s a storm brewing (“it’s closing for a storm”)
5 diogel rhàg stormydd storm-proof (“safe from storms”)
6 storm mewn cwpan te /
storm mewn cwpan de storm in a
teacup (USA: tempest in a teapot)
ETYMOLOGY: the Welsh word is from English storm
The corresponding word in German is der
Sturm (= storm)
In English, related words to storm are
..a/ to stir < Old English styrian,
and
..b/ sturgeon < French <
Germanic. German has der Stör (=
sturgeon)
NOTE: In the south-west there is a colloquial form storom
:_______________________________.
stormus ‹STOR mis› (adjective)
1 stormy
ETYMOLOGY: (storm = storm) + (-us adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
strach ‹straakh › masculine or feminine noun
1 mess, disorder
mewn strach in a mess
Mae pawb yn cofio'r strach yn 1974 pan
newidiwyd ein siroedd
Everybody remembers the mess in 1974 when our counties were changed
2 trouble, predicament, difficulty,
mewn strach in a predicament, in
difficulty
3 fuss, bother, rush, hurry
Sôn am strach i orffen y traethawd mewn
pryd
What a bother (“talk about a bother”) (it was) to finish the essay on time
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
straeon ‹STREI on› (plural noun)
1 stories; see stori
:_______________________________.
strap ‹STRAP› (masculine
or feminine noun)
1 strap; = strapen
:_______________________________.
strapen,
strapiau ‹STRAP, STRAP ye› (feminine
noun)
1 strap
:_______________________________.
strátosffer ‹STRA tos fer› (masculine noun)
1 stratosphere
:_______________________________.
streic,
streiciau ‹STREIK, STREIK ye› (feminine
noun)
1 strike
streic
araf go-slow (“slow strike”)
________________________________________________________________________
STRESS SHIFT
In place names with a stressed final accent, sometimes the stress shifts to the
preceding syllable.
Examples:
(a) ABÉRFFRAW
Aber-ffraw > Abérffraw
(and since the -aw is now an unstressed final accent, and this is
reduced to o colloquially in such words in Welsh, the form Y Berffro
has resulted) (The first vowel, a, has lost its quality and has been
reduced to a neutral vowel, which has been mistaken for the definite article)
(b) CRÚGMOR
crug-máwr (great stack) > crúg-mawr > Crugmor (SN2047
farm in Llangoedmor)
(c) DÓLFOR
y ddôl
fawr “the
great meadow” > dôl-fáwr > (stress shift) dólfawr > dólfor /
Dolfor
(d) Y GÁERWEN
In Ynys Môn there is Y Gaerwen ‹geir-wen› SH4871, rather than the expected Y Gaer-wen
(e) LLÁNBEDR
Although there is an example of the name Llan-bedr (the church of Peter) this name is generally Llanbedr
(f) LLÁNFAIR
Although there are a couple of villages called Llan-fair (the church of Mary) this name is generally Llanfair
(g) NÁNTMEL
Nant-mêl in Powys has become Nantmel
(h) PÉNNANT
SN5162
village in Ceredigion
pen y nant “(the) head (of) the
valley” > pen-nánt > (stress shift) pén-nant / Pennant
(i) PENÝBERTH
Pen-y-berth in north-west Wales (Llyn peninsula) has become Penyberth
(j) TRÉFNANT
Tref-y-nant > Tref-nánt > Trefnant, SJ1803 in
Powys
(k) TRÉFOR
y dref
fawr “the
great trêv / farmstead” > tre-fáwr > (stress shift) >
tréfawr > tréfor / Trefor
(l)
TREFÝCLO
Tref-y-clawdd > Tref-y-claw’ > Trefyclo,
a village in the east of Wales, in Powys on the border with England. A final dd is lost sometimes in certain
words (in the county of Penfro in the west of Wales this is a characteristic
feature of the Welsh of this area). The aw is reduced to o, as in
Y Berffro above.
(m) TRÉWyN
Tre-wyn > Tréwyn (SO3222
village in the county of Mynwy; English name: Wynston)
The name of a mansion from the family surname ‘Wyn / Wynne’, originally an
epithet Wyn (= white-haired), < gwyn
(= white,
white-haired).
(n) YNÝSFOR
yr ynys
fawr “the
great island” > ynys-fáwr > (stress shift) ynýsfawr >
ynýsfor / Ynysfor
:_______________________________.
stric, striciau ‹STRIK, STRIK ye› (masculine noun)
1 tool for sharpening a blade (scythe, etc)
:_______________________________.
strimyn, strimynnau ‹STRI min, stri MƏ ne›
(masculine noun)
1 strip
strimyn atal tân firebreak (“strip (of) stopping fire”)
:_______________________________.
strôc, strociau ‹STROOK, STROK ye› (feminine noun)
1 stroke = swimming style
strôc adeiniog butterfly stroke (“winged stroke”)
:_______________________________.
stryd, strydoedd ‹STRIID,
STRƏ dodh› (feminine noun)
1 street
2 mynd ar y
strydoedd go on the streets, become a
prostitute
3 offer stryd street furniture (seats,
lampposts, etc) (“equipment (of) street”)
:_______________________________.
strŷt ‹striit › feminine noun
PLURAL strŷts
‹striits
›
1 street
2
(district of Penllyn, county of Gwynedd) farm road (especially a narrow lane with a hedge
on either side), one leading from a main road to a farm
3
street names and place names
..1/ Strŷtcaerhedyn (SJ2660) settlement name
Locality in the county of Y Fflint, 4km south-east of Yr Wyddgrug
(strŷt y Caerhedyn; possibly
‘the lane to Caerhedyn farm’) (details of the location and history of the
name needed)
..2/ Y Strŷt Fain street name
“narrow street”. Listed in the 1851 census for Trawsfynydd
(county of Gwynedd) (written in the census as “Street Fain”)
..3/ Y Strŷt Fawr street name
“High Street” (literally “big street”)
....a/ name of the high street in Y Bala (coutny of Gwynedd)
..4/ Y Strŷt-fawr SJ1162 farm
west of Y Rhos, county of Dinbych (“Stryt Fawr”)
(“the big street”, unless Fawr refers to the greater
of two farms called Y Strŷt, in
which case it is “(the) greater Strŷt”)
..5/ Y Strŷt Isa street name
(“lower street”, literally “lowest street”)
....a/ Yr Hob, near Wrecsam (spelt as “Stryt Isa”)
....b/ Pen-y-cae, near Wrecsam (spelt as “Stryt Isa”)
....c/ as a settlement name in Strŷtisa
(SJ2845) Locality 2km north-west of Rhiwabon, county of Dinbych
..6/ Y Strŷt Las (“green
street”) Rhosllannerchrugog, near Wrecsam
..7/ Strŷt Maelor Bwlch-gwyn, near
Wrecsam
..8/ Strŷt-yr-hwch (SJ3346)
Locality 4km south of Wrecsam (“(the) street (of) the sow”)
..8/ Pen-y-strŷt SJ1951
Locality 10km south-east of Rhuthun, neighbouring Llandegla (county of Dinbych) on
the south (“(the) end (of) the street”)
ETYMOLOGY: Old English straet (long
vowel) < Latin via strâta (=
paved way), (via = way) + (strâtus = stretched out, < sternere).
NOTE: Strŷt occurs colloquially,
and especially in the place names of the north-east
In street names strŷt is
usually misspelt without a circumflex - stryt. The vowel of a monosyllable in Welsh ending in –t is
short unless indicated otherwise.
The standard form is stryd ‹striid› (qv). Here there is no circumflex to show that the
vowel is long, since according to Welsh spelling conventions a vowel in a
monosyllable follwed by –d is by default long. (A grave accent shows a short
vowel if it occurs in this position)
:_______________________________.
stumog, stumogau ‹STI mog, sti MOO ge› (feminine noun)
1 stomach
2 codi stumog work up an appetite, stimulate one’s appetite
3 troi stumog rhywun turn someone’s stomach
gwneud i’ch stumog droi make your stomach turn (“make to your stomach
turning”)
:_______________________________.
stwff ‹stuf› masculine noun
1 stuff = material
ETYMOLOGY: English stuff (=
material); nowadays the standard pronunciation is ‹stu·f› (u· used here
represents the inverted v in the International Phonetic Alphabet); formerly the
pronunciation was ‹stuf›, and the Welsh form is from this;
stuff < Old French estoffe (in modern French this is étoffe = stuff) < estoffer (= to provide) < Germanic;
a related word in German is stopfen
(= to cram, fill)
:_______________________________.
stwffio ‹stuf -yo› verb
1 to stuff = push or force into a restricted space
stwffio bwyd i lawr
eich gorn gwddf stuff yourself with
food (‘stuff food down your neck pipe / your gullet’)
stwffiodd y llythyr i’w phoced he stuffed the letter into his pocket
2 stuff = fill an animal skin with a material such as sawdust in
order to give it the shape of the live animal
Roedd yn stwffio anifeiliaid fel hobi
He stuffed animals as a hobby
3 stwffio’ch pen ar gyfer arholiad cram (“cram your head”) for an examination
ETYMOLOGY: (stwff = stuff) + (-io, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: in the south stwffo ‹stu-fo› (suffix -o
instead of -io)
:_______________________________.
stwffiwr ‹stuf -yo› masculine noun
PLURAL stwffwyr ‹stuf -wir›
1 person who stuffs
2
taxidermist
In the magazine Llafar Gwlad, number 73, Haf (summer) 2001 an article by Bobi
Owen on nicknames in Dinbych (‘Denbigh’ in English) mentions Huw Stwffiwr (yn enwog yn y ganrif
ddiwethaf am stwffio adar ac anifeiliaid...) (famous in the last century
for stuffing animals and birds)
ETYMOLOGY: (stwff-, stem of stwffio = to stuff) + (-i-wr, suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
stwmog ‹stu -mog› feminine noun
1 stomach. See stumog
:_______________________________.
stwmp pys ‹stump piis› masculine noun
1 mid-Wales potatoes and split peas boiled together and mashed
ETYMOLOGY: “mash (of) peas” (stwmp =
mash, something mashed) + (pys = peas)
:_______________________________.
stŵr ‹stuur› masculine noun
1 noise, rumpus
2
mawr eich stŵr noisy
Ar noson mor braf ag ydoedd hon, nid
rhyfedd bod plant y pentref yn fawr eu stŵr yn chwareu â'u gilydd.
On such a fine night as this, it is no surprise that the village children were
playing noisily together
3 row, noisy debate,
argument
cryn stŵr a lot of argument
Mae 'na gryn stwr wedi
codi o bryd i'w gilydd ynglŷn â merched yn y lluoedd
arfog
There has been a lot of argument from time to time about women in the armed
forces
4
noise = crying
Nawr stopa di'r stŵr 'na, a gwêd
wrtho i beth sy'n bod. O's rhywun wedi
rhoi coten iti?
Now stop that noise, and tell me what’s wrong. Has somebody been hitting you?
5
codi stŵr ynghylch rhywbeth make a noise about something
6
gwneud stŵr make a noise
7
telling off, reprimand (American: chewing out)
Ceso stŵr dag e He told me off
(“I got a telling off with him”)
ETYMOLOGY: obsolete English stour (=
conflict). The word exists in Northern English dialect and in the Lowlandic
language of Scotland ‹stuur›, spɛlt ɛithɛr as stoor or stour
(= conflict) < French estour (=
armed combat) < Germanic; cf German sturm
(= storm), English storm; Breton
(from French) stourm (= combat)
:_______________________________.
stwrllyd ‹STUR lhid›
(adjective)
1 noisy
:_______________________________.
stydi, stydis ‹STƏ di,
STƏ diz› (feminine noun)
1 study (room)
:_______________________________.
styfnig ‹STƏV nig› (adjective)
1 stubborn < ystyfnig
:_______________________________.
sudd, suddion ‹SIIDH, SIDH yon› (masculine noun)
1 juice
:_______________________________.
suddo ‹SII dho› (verb)
1 to sink
2 Mae’r llygod yn gadael llong ar suddo Rats desert a sinking ship
3 suddo fel plwm sink like a
stone (“sink like lead / like a lead weight”)
:_______________________________.
su’ dach chi ‹si-da-khii› -
North-west Wales
1 How are you? (chi =
“you” as a formal address to an individual, or “you” used plurally, both formal
and informal). See sut dach chi?
:_______________________________.
su’ dech chi ‹si-de-khii› -
North-east Wales
1 How are you? (chi =
“you” as a formal address to an individual, or “you” used plurally, both formal
and informal). See sut dech chi?
:_______________________________.
sugno ‹SIG no› (v)
1 to suck
:_______________________________.
sugnydd, sugnyddion ‹SIG nidh, sig NƏDH yon›
(m)
1 (insect) proboscis (tubular tongue used for sucking liquids in the manner of a
drinking straw)
sugnydd mosgito a mosquito’s
proboscis
:_______________________________.
Sul (dydd Sul) ‹SIIL (diidh SIIL)› (masculine noun)
1 Sunday
:_______________________________.
Sulgwyn ‹sil-gwin› masculine noun
1 Y Sulgwyn Pentecost, Whit Sunday, commemorating the descent of
the
Holy Spirit; the seventh Sunday after Easter
..1/ dydd Llun y Sulgwyn Whit Monday – the Monday following the Whit Sunday
(also y Llungwyn)
..2/ dydd Mawrth y Sulgwyn Whit Tuesday – the Tuesday following the Whitsun
..3/ gwyl y Sulgwyn
Whitsuntide (Whit Sunday and Whit Monday)
..4/ penwythnos y Sulgwyn Whit weekend (the Saturday before Whit Sunday, and Whit
Sunday)
..5/ wythnos y Sulgwyn Whit week (the week in which Whit Sunday and Whit
Monday occur)
ETYMOLOGY: (Sul = Sunday) + (gwyn
= white) “white Sunday” – from the white baptismal robes worn by the clerics on
the day of Pentecost. (There has been a shoft of accent – Sulgwýn > Súlgwyn)
:_______________________________.
Sulwen ‹SIL wen› (feminine noun)
1 woman's name
:_______________________________.
Sulwyn ‹SIL wen›
(masculine noun)
1 man's name
:_______________________________.
Sul y Blodau ‹siil ə blô -de›
1 Palm Sunday = Sunday before Easter
commemorating Jesus’s entry into Jerusalem
ETYMOLOGY: (“Sunday (of) the flowers”)
(Sul = Sunday) + (y = the) + (blodau = flowers, plural of blodyn = flower)
:_______________________________.
su' mâ'i? ‹si mâ -i› -
1 (or written su mai) how
is it going? how are you?;
Northern form of sut mae hi?
:_______________________________.
sur ‹SIIR› (adjective)
1 sour
2 helygen sur
(Salix alba ssp. vitellina) golden willow
Vegeu: helygen euraidd
:_______________________________.
surop, suropau ‹SI rop, si RO pe› (masculine noun)
1 syrup
:_______________________________.
sustem, sustemau
‹SI stem, si STE me› (masculine noun)
1 system
sustem sain public address system
:_______________________________.
sut ‹SIT› (adverb)
1 how
2
gweld sut y mae pethau see how
things are / see how things stand, see how the land lies
:_______________________________.
sut beth ‹sit BEETH›
1 what kind of thing
Y mae'r Cymry Cymraeg yn gallu dirnad sut beth yw bod yn Sais ond ni all Sais ddirnad sut
beth yw bod yn Gymro Cymraeg.
The Welsh-speaking Welsh can understand what it is like to be an Englishman
but an Englishman cannot comprehen what it is like to be a Welsh-speaking
Welshman
:_______________________________.
Sut dach chi? ‹si-da- khii› -
North-west Wales
1 How are you? (you formal singular, and you plural)
ETYMOLOGY: sut dach chi < sut dech chi (this latter form is used
in the north-east). The use of a
instead of e in a final syllable is
typical of north-west Wales. See the following entry.
:_______________________________.
Sut dech chi? ‹si-de- khii› -
North-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY:
(1) The standard colloquial form is sut
yr ydych chi
though in fact nobody actually says it like this.
(2) "how are you" (sut =
how) + (yr ydych = you are) + (chi
= you - plural, or singular of formality)
(3) sut dech chi < sut dych chi, reduced form of sut yr ydych chi. The use of e
instead of y
also occurs in the colloquial form of the north-eastern town of Dinbych, which becomes "Dimbech",
and in the verb edrych (= to look) > edrech.
There are also a number of words in standard Welsh which now have e but historically had y (Mercher =
Mercury, Wednesday; Tawe (river
name), etc). See the entry e.
:_______________________________.
Sut hwyl? ‹sit HUIL›
(phrase)
1 how's it going? (North)
:_______________________________.
Sut mae hi? ‹sit mâi hii› -
1 how's it going?
In fact, in the spoken language it is
(a) Smâi? ‹smâ-i› in the north and
(b) Shwmâi ‹shu-mâ-i› in the south (often written shwmae, shwd mae, shw' ma 'i, shwd ma 'i)
ETYMOLOGY: sut mae hi is the
standard colloquial form of literary Welsh sut
y mae hi "how is it" - (sut
= how), (y mae = it is), (hi = she, it). However, sut mae hi is generally never used as
such - either the northern or southern colloquial form is used, just as in
English "God be with ye" would not be used for "goodbye",
although this is the basis of the expression
:_______________________________.
Sut mâi? ‹sit mâ -i› -
1 how is it going? how are you?
ETYMOLOGY: Northern form of sut mae hi?
(sut = how) + (mae = is) + (hi = she,
it)
Also su' mâi (with the loss of the t), or further compressed to smâi)
:_______________________________.
sut olwg ‹sit ô -lug›
1 Sut olwg sydd arni? What does she look like? (“What kind of look is on
her?”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sut = what kind of ) +
soft mutation + (golwg = appearance)
:_______________________________.
sut rai?
1 what kind of people?
2
what kind of things, what kinds of thing?
Sut rai fynnwch chi? What type do
you want?
3
Nid pa faint, ond sut rai Quality
not quantity (is what matters) (“not how many, but what kind of ones”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sut = what sort / type /
kind) + soft mutation + (rhai = some
things, some people)
:_______________________________.
sut yr ydych chi? ‹sit ə- rə dikh khii› -
1 How are you? This is the standard colloquial form, but it is never
said as such;
In the North it is
(1) (north-east) sut dech chi? (or
rather su dech chi) ‹si-de-khii, si-de-khi›,
(2) (north-west) sut dach chi? (or
rather su dach chi) ‹si-da-khii, si-da-khi›,
(3) and in the south shwd ych chi? ‹shu-di-khii, shu-dii-khi›
ETYMOLOGY: standard colloquial form of sut
yr ydych chi?
"how are you" (sut = how)
+ (yr ydych = you are), (chi = you -
plural, or singular of formality)
:_______________________________.
swch <SUUKH> [suːx] (masculine noun)
1 ploughshare
:_______________________________.
Swedeg <SWEE-deg> [ˡsweˑdɛg] (feminine noun)
1 Swedish (language)
:_______________________________.
Sweden <SWEE-den> [ˡsweˑdɛn] (feminine noun)
1 Sweden
:_______________________________.
swedsen, swêds <SWED-sen, SWEEDS> [ˡswɛdsɛn,
ˡsweːds] (feminine noun)
1 swede (= root crop)
:_______________________________.
swejen, swêj <SWE-jen, SWEEJ> [ˡswɛjɛn,
sweː j] (feminine noun)
1 swede (= root crop)
:_______________________________.
swigen <SWII-gen> [ˡswiˑgɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL swigog
<SWII-god> [ˡswiˑgɔd]
1 (North Wales) bubble
swigen sebon soap bubble
rhoi pìn yn eich swigen take you
down a peg or two (“put a pin in your bubble”)
ETYMOLOGY: swigen < *wsigen < chwysigen (= bubble)
:_______________________________.
swìl <SWIL> [swɪl] adjective
1 shy, timid, diffident
bod yn swil o siarad o flaen y cyhoedd
be shy about speaking in public
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
swildod <SWIL-dod> [ˡswɪldɔd] (adjective)
1 shyness
:_______________________________.
swing <SWING> [swɪŋ] masculine noun?
1 swing
Dyma'r wydd yn chwythu arno. Dyma swing ar y gryman a
thorri pen yr wydd i ffwrdd
The goose hissed at him ("you see here the goose hissing at him"). He
swung his sickle and he cut off its head ("you see here a swing on the
sickle and he cut off the goose's head) ("(the) cutting (of) (the) head
(of) the goose away").
ETYMOLOGY: English swing < Old
English swing-;
From the same Germanic root: German schwingen
(= to swing)
:_______________________________.
Swisiaid <SWIS-yaid, -yed> [ˡswɪsjaɪd,
-ɛd] (masculine noun)
1 the Swiss people
:_______________________________.
Y Swistir <SWI-stir> [ˡswɪstɪr] (plural noun)
1 Switzerland
2 helygen y Swistir
(Salix Helvetica) Swiss willow
3 Glynyswistir Swiss Valley, Llanelli
Glynyswistir
a
street name here (“Glyn y Swistir”)
:_______________________________.
..1 swît <SWIIT> [swiːt] adjective
1 (South-east Wales) in terms of
endearment for a place
Swît y Mownt! Good old Mountain Ash! (= Aberpennar)
ETYMOLOGY: English sweet; cf German süss (= sweet).
Related to Latin suâdus (= persuasive), French suave (< Latin suâvis
= sweet), Greek hêdus (= sweet)
:_______________________________.
..2 swît <SWIIT> [swiːt] feminine noun
PLURAL swîts,
switiau <SWIITS, SWIT-yai, -ye> [swiːts,
ˡswɪtjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 suite (of rooms); also cyfres o
ystafelloedd
2
suite (of furniture); also set
swît dridarn three-piece suite
ETYMOLOGY: English suite < French
:_______________________________.
swllt, sylltau ‹SULHT, SƏLH te› (feminine noun)
1 shilling
2
gwario swllt er ennill ceiniog penny
wise and pound foolish (“spending a shilling to gain a penny”) careless with
large amounts of money and excessively concerned with small amounts
3 fel swllt newydd (“like a new shilling”) as
fresh as paint
:_______________________________.
swm, symiau ‹SUM, SƏM ye› (masculine noun)
1 sum
:_______________________________.
sŵn, synau ‹SUUN, SƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 sound
2 house and street names
Sŵn-y-gwynt (“(the) sound (of) the wind”)
street name
..a/ Y Fflint (“Swn y Gwynt”)
..b/ Rhostrehwfa, Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Swn y Gwynt”)
Sŵn-y-don (“(the) sound (of)
the sea”)
street name
..a/ Baecolwyn (county of Conwy) (“Swn y Don”)
..b/ Benllech, Tyn-y-gongl (county of Môn) (“Swn y Don”)
Sŵn-y-dail (“(the) sound (of)
the leaves”), leaves rustling in the trees
street name
..a/ Bodelwyddan (county of Dinbych) (“Swn y Dail”)
Sŵn-y-môr (“(the) sound (of)
the sea”)
street name
..a/ Y Barri (county of Bro Morgannwg) (“Swn y Mor”)
..b/ Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn y Mor”)
Sŵn-y-nant (“(the) sound (of)
the stream”)
street name
..a/ Pen-coed (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn y Nant”)
..b/ Gartholwg (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn y Nant”)
..c/ Penpedairheol (county of Caerffili) (“Swn y Nant”)
..d/ Creunant (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn y Nant”)
..e/ Trimsaran (county of Trimsaran) (“Swn y Nant”)
..f/ Cwm-twrch Isaf (county of Powys, district of Brycheiniog) (“Swn-y-Nant”)
..g/ Bryn-coch Uchaf, Yr Wyddgrug (county of Y Fflint) (“Swn y Nant”)
Sŵnyradar (“(the) sound (of)
the birds”)
street name
..a/ Pen-y-fai (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Adar”)
Sŵnyraderyn (“(the) sound (of) the bird”)
street name
..a/ Mynyddcynffig (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Aderyn”)
Sŵnyrafon (“(the) sound (of)
the river”)
street name
..a/ Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..b/ Mynyddcyffig (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..c/ Y Gelli, Pentre (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..d/ Treorci (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn-yr-Afon”)
..d/ Aberdulais (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn-y-Nant”)
..d/ Llanfechain (county of Powys)
Sŵnyrengan (“(the) sound (of)
the anvil”)
street name
..a/ Y Gaerwen (county of Môn) (“Swn yr Engan”)
Sŵnyreos (“(the) sound (of) the
nightingale”)
street name
..a/ Ystradgynlais (county of Powys, district of Brycheiniog) (“Swn yr Eos”)
..4/ Sŵnyllethi / Sŵn y Llethi
street name in Llanarth, county of Ceredigion (“Swn-y-Llethi”)
:_______________________________.
swnd ‹sund› masculine noun
NOTE: Variants
are sond and sownd
1
sand
(tywod is the standard word)
……………………….
Y Pwll Swnd “the sand pit” east of Y Foel Fraith SN7618, north of
Cwmllynfell (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
Ogof Pwll Swnd a cave here
ogof y pwll swnd “(the) cave (of) Y Pwll Swnd”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/523748 Ogof
Pwll Swnd
……………………….
Y Morfa Swnd (“the sand marsh”) a place in Aberystwyth
The
town is built on a gentle eminence declining towards the river on one side, and
towards the shore of Cardigan bay on the side opposite ; upon the land side
again declining towards a plain called Morfa Swnd, or the Sand Marsh, which
entirely detaches it from the surrounding heights : the western extremity is
elevated into a hill terminating abruptly over the sea, whereon stand the
picturesque remains of its ancient castle
New Guide to
Aberystwith and its Environs; Third edition, 1858. Thomas Owen Morgan, Esq.
……………………….
Llawn yw'r
môr o swnd a chregyn
Llawn yw'r w^y o wyn a melyn
Llawn yw'r coed o ddail a blode
Llawn o gariad merch wyf inne.
(a verse from Ar Lan y Môr - “on the sea shore” - folk song)
(It-is) full that-is the sea of sand and shells
(It-is) full that-is the egg of egg-white and yolk
(It-is) full that-is the wood of leaves and flowers
(It-is) full of (the) love (of) (a) girl that I-am I-myself
……………………….
Pen-pwll-sond SO3129 Farm in Llanfeuno / Llanveynoe, Herefordshire
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=206463
map
pen y pwll
sond “(the) end (of) the sand pit”
ETYMOLOGY: swnd < sond < English sond,
a variant of sand
Cf other English variants where there is a > o before
n:
man / mon
bank / bonk
:_______________________________.
swn i ‹SUN i› (v)
1 swn i = fe
fuaswn i
I would be
2 swn i = pe taswn i ñ
If I were
:_______________________________.
swnllyd ‹SUN lhid›
(masculine noun)
1 noisy
:_______________________________.
swnt ‹sunt› masculine noun
1 sound = arm of the sea
2 Swnt Enlli (“(the)
sound (of) Enlli”)
English name ‘Bardsey Sound’
The strait between the Welsh mainland and Ynys Enlli (English name: ‘Bardsey
Island’)
3
Y Swnt (“(the) sound”) SH5186
between Moelfre (Ynys Môn) and Ynys Moelfre - an
island close to the coast.
English name ‘Moelfre Sound’
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/754287
4 Swnt Dewi (“(the) strait (of) David”), the strait between the
Welsh mainland and the island of Ynys
Dewi
(SM7023) (“(the) island (of) David”) (English name: Ramsey Island) (an island
3km southwest of Penmaen Dewi, near Tyddewi)
English name: Ramsey Sound
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh swnt < Old English sund
(= sea, arm of the sea), a word related to swim.
Related Germanic word: Norwegian sund
(= sound, place where one can swim over)
:_______________________________.
swp <SUP> [sʊp] (m)
PLURAL sypiau <SƏP-yai, -ye> [ˡsəpjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 pile,
bundle, clump, bunch
hel hen grawcwellt at ei gilydd a'i adael yn sypiau
gather old moor grass together and leave it in piles
swp o bapurau a pile of papers
swp o deiers a pile of tyres
2 bod yn swp ar lawr (of someone
who has fallen to the ground) be in a collapsed heap
eistedd yn
swp sit listlessly
taflu (rhywun) yn swp ar lawr bowl someone over
3 mae o'n swp o ddlêd he is in debt up to his eyeballs
4 swp o nerfau a
bundle of nerves (of sb very nervous)
Yr oedd hi’n swp o nerfau wrth wneud y prawf gyrru
She was a bundle of nerves as shee did her driving test
swp sâl (North Wales) as sick as a dog
:_______________________________.
swper, swperau ‹SU per, su PE re› (verb)
1 supper
ETYMOLOGY: English supper
:_______________________________.
swrn, syrnau ‹SURN, SƏR ne› (masculine noun)
1 (South-east Wales) ankle
(delw 7398)
NOTE: The local pronunciation of swrn, syrnau is
swrn, swrna
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
:_______________________________.
sẁs, swsys / swsus ‹SUS,
SU-sis› [sʊs,
ˡsʊsɪs] (f)
1 (North Wales) (child language, or lovers’
language) a kiss
rhoi sẁs i rywun to give somebody a kiss
rhoi sẁs fawr i rywun to give somebody a big kiss
rhoi sẁs ben-blwydd i rywun to give somebody a birthday kiss
dod â sẁs i mi to come over here to kiss me
rho sẁs i mi! give me a kiss!
rho sẁs iddo do! give him a kiss!
sẁs wlyb, swsys gwlyb (colloquially as sẁs lyb , swsys g’lyb) a sloppy kiss (“wet kiss”)
sẁs glec, swsys clec a smacker, a smacker of a kiss, a smackeroo of a kiss, a smacking kiss, a noisy kiss (“kiss (of) (a) clicking sound”)
Sgen ti sẁs i mi? Are you going to give me a kiss? (e.g. adult asking a young child for a kiss) (“is there with you / do you have a kiss for me?)
methu cael
sẁs
gan neb to not get a kiss from anybody,
fail to get a kiss from anybody
(more correctly, methu
â chael...)
rhoi lot o swsus i chdi give you a lot of kisses
2 In fond letter endings, and wishes
Cariad a sẁs fawr gan y teulu i gyd “love and a big kiss from all the family” a big kiss and lots of love from ll the family
Sẁs fawr gan bawb “a big kiss from everybody”
Sẁs fawr i ti “a big kiss to you”
x x x x x x x Llawer o swsys x x x x x x x Lots of kisses
Pen-blwydd
Hapus iawn a llawer o swsus gan
Nain a Taid
Happy birthday and lots of kisses from Grandma and Grandad
Hwyl a swsus gan Huw, Eleri, Bethan,
Gwion a Mair
Have fun, and kisses from Huw, Eleri, Bethan, Gwion a Mair
ETYMOLOGY: an imitation of the sound of kissing
NOTE: Generally spelt sws, but
strictly speaking the vowel should be marked as short by means of a grave
accent, as a monosyllable ending in –s is in a long-vowel environment
drws <DRUUS> [druːs] (= door)
Caer-sws <kair-SUUS> [kaɪrˡsuːs] village in Powys,
mid-Wales.
The entry in Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru has sẁs (with the grave accent) as the headword
NOTE: The Welsh Academy
Dictionary (English-Welsh) gives the plural as swsus, and Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru has swsys (though in both cases the pronunciation is the
same). Also sometimes seen written a swsis
NOTE: diminutive form swsen
(swsen ‹SU-sen› [ˡsʊsen] in the north-east, swsan ‹SU-san› [ˡsʊsan] in the north–west)
:_______________________________.
swsian ‹SUS-yan› [ˡsʊsjan] (v)
1 (North Wales) (child language, or lovers’ language) to kiss
2 swsian efo to snog
swsian efo rhyw hogan yr oedd o he was snogging some girl
ETYMOLOGY: (sẁs = kiss) + (-i-an suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
’swybod ‹SUI-bod›
1
nid oes wybod > ’does wybod > ’swybod
(nid oes = there is not) + soft
mutation + (gwybod = to know)
’swybod ar y ddaear there’s
absolutely no knowing, you just can’t tell
(“there’s no knowing on the earth”)
(Sefyllfa: Mae’r gof ar fin dychwelyd i’w efail) "Well ‘i mi roi'r troed gora mlaen'" ebe Huw, 'swybod ar y
ddaear na fydd o wedi gweld i wyn ar rwbath os bydd o acw o mlaen i. Mae o'n
meddwl fod pawb yn lladron, a lleidar weiddith lleidar gynta wyddoch
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
(Situation: The smith is about to go back to his smithy) “I’d better put my
best foot forward,” said Huw. There’s no knowing whether he’ll take a fancy to
something if he’s down there before me. He thinks that everybody is a thief,
but a thief is always the first to accuse others of thieving (“a thief shouts
thief first”)
:_______________________________.
swydd, swyddi <SUIDH, SUI-dhi> [sʊɪð,
ˡsʊɪðɪ] (masculine noun)
1 job
2 county (Usually counties outside Wales; in Wales, this is
"sir"). There is soft mutation of the following name.
Caer-grawnt Cambridge, Swydd
Gaer-grawnt the county of Cambridge,
Cambridgeshire
Dyfnaint Devon,
Swydd Ddyfnaint the county of Devon
:_______________________________.
Swydd Amwythig <suidh a-MUI-thig> [sʊɪð
aˡmʊɪθɪg] feminine noun
1 Shropshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Shrewsbury"
(swydd = county) + (Amwythig Welsh name for Shrewsbury)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Ddyfnaint <suidh DHƏV-naint> [sʊɪð
ˡðəvnaɪnt] feminine noun
1 Devonshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Devon" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Dyfnaint
Welsh name for Devon)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Efrog <suidh E-vrog> [sʊɪð
ˡɛvrɔg] feminine noun
1 Yorkshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of York" (swydd = county) + (Efrog Welsh
name for York)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa <SUIDH-va> [ˡsʊɪðva] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd <suidh-VEIDH> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð]
1 office
2
siwt swyddfa business suit ("suit (of) office")
3
bloc swyddféydd office block ("block (of) offices")
4
anghenion swyddfa office supplies ("requisites (of) office")
5
bod â’ch prif swyddfa yn... be based in
6 swyddfa gyflogi employment agency; employment office
7 bureau = office or agency Swyddfa Iechyd Dynolryw The World Health Organisation (“office (of) health (of) mankind”)
ETYMOLOGY: (swydd = seat; work) + (-fa =
place)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa bost <SUIDH-va BOST> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡbɔst] feminine noun
PLURAL: swyddfeydd
post <suidh-VEIDH
POST> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð
ˡpɔst]
1 post
office = office where post is received and sorted
2 is-swyddfa bost sub-post office, branch post office
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation + (post = office)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa dacsis, swyddféydd
tacsis <suidh-va DAK-sis, suidh-VEIDH TAK-sis> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡdaksɪs, sʊɪðˡvəɪð ˡtaksɪs] (feminine noun)
1 taxi office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa docynnau, swyddféydd
tocynnau <SUIDH-va do-KƏ-nai, -e, suidh-VEIDH
to-KƏ-nai, -e>
[ˡsʊɪðva
dɔˡkənaɪ, -ɛ, sʊɪðˡvəɪð
tɔˡkənaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 ticket office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa dramor <SUIDH-va DRA-mor> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡdrɑmɔr] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd
tramor <suidh-VEIDH TRA-mor> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð
ˡtrɑmɔr]
1 y Swyddfa
Dramor
Foreign Office; (= USA: State Department); Ministery of the Exterior
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation +
(tramor = (adjective) foreign)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa ganolog, swyddféydd
canolog <SUIDH-va ga-NOO-log, suidh-VEIDH
ka-NOO-log>
[ˡsʊɪðva
gaˡnoˑlɔg, sʊɪðˡvəɪð
kaˡnoˑlɔg] (feminine noun)
1 central office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa goetshus <SUIDH-va GOI-chis> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡgɔɪʧɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd
coetshus <suidh-VEIDH
KOI-chis> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð
ˡkɔɪʧɪs]
1 coach office, place to book a
ticket for travel by long-distance bus or coach
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation + (coetshus = coaches < coetsh
= coach)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa heddlu <SUIDH-va HEDH-li> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡhɛðlɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 police station
:_______________________________.
swyddfa longau <SUIDH-va LO-ngai, -e> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡlɔŋaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd
llongau <suidh-VEIDH
LHO-ngai, -e> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð
ˡɬɔŋaɪ, -ɛ]
1 shipping office
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation + (llongau = ships)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaer-grawnt <suidh gair-GRAUNT> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡgraʊnt] feminine noun
1 Cambridgeshire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Cambridge" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caer-grawnt
Welsh name for Cambridge)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerhirfryn ‹suidh
gair-HIR-vrin› [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡhɪrvrɪn] feminine noun
1 Lancashire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Lancaster" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caerhirfryn Welsh name for Lancaster)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerllion <suidh gair-LHII-on> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡɬiˑɔn] feminine noun
1 Cheshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Chester" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caerllion
Welsh name for Chester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerloyw <suidh gair-LOI-u> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡlɔɪʊ] feminine noun
1 Gloucestershire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Gloucester" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caerloyw Welsh name for Gloucester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaer-lyr <suidh gair-LIIR> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡliːr] feminine noun
1 Leicestershire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Leicester" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caer-lyr Welsh name for Leicester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerwrangon ‹gair ura-ngon› [sʊɪð gaɪr ˡwraŋɔn] feminine noun
1
Worcestershire = name of a county in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Worcester” (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Caerwrangon, Welsh name for Worcester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaint <suidh GAINT> [sʊɪð
ˡgaɪnt] feminine noun
1 Kent = name of a county in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Kent" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Dyfnaint
Welsh name for Devon)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Henffordd ‹suidh HEN-fordh› [sʊɪð ˡhɛnfɔrð] feminine noun
1 Herefordshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Hereford” (swydd = county) + (Henffordd
Welsh name for Hereford)
:_______________________________.
swyddog, swyddogion <SUI-dhog, sui-DHOG-yon> [ˡsʊɪðɔg,
sʊɪˡðɔgjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 official, officer
:_______________________________.
swyddogaeth <sui-DHOO-gaith, -eth> [sʊɪˡðoˑgaɪθ,
-ɛθ] (feminine
noun)
1 function
2 Y Swyddogaeth Sanctaidd (Roman Catholicism) The Holy Office,
final court of appeal for Christians accused of heresy, established in 1542
:_______________________________.
Swydd Rydychen <suidh hrid-Ə-khen> [sʊɪð
hrɪdˡəxɛn] feminine noun
1 Oxfordshire = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY: "the county of Oxford" (swydd = county) + soft mutation + (Rhydychen, Welsh name for Oxford)
:_______________________________.
swyn, swynau <SUIN, SUI-nai, -e> [sʊɪn,
ˡsʊɪnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 enchantment
:_______________________________.
swyno <SUI-no> [ˡsʊɪnɔ] (verb)
1 to enchant, to charm
:_______________________________.
swynwr, swynwyr <SUIN-ur,
SUIN-wir>
[ˡsʊɪnʊr,
ˡsʊɪnwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 enchanter, charmer
2 swynwr nadroedd snake charmer
:_______________________________.
sy <SII> [siː] (verb)
1 which is (= sydd)
:_______________________________.
sycamorwydden ‹si-ka-mor-WƏ-dhen› [ˌsɪkamɔrˡwəðɛn] feminine
noun
PLURAL sycamorwydd ‹si-ka-MOR-widh› [ˌsɪkaˡmɔrwɪð]
1 (Acer
pseudoplatanus) = sycamore, great maple (Scotland: plane)
2 sycamore = (historically, and in the Welsh translation of the Bible) fig
tree (Ficus sycamorus)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/209736
Heol y Sycamorwydden, Castellnewydd
Emlyn
(“The
Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative
photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and
Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sycamor- < English sycamore ) + soft mutation +
(gwydden = tree);
English sycomore < Old French < Latin sȳcomorus
< Greek sȳkómoros < (sȳko/n = fig) + (mor/on = mulberry) + (-os suffix), but this appears
folk etymymology, to be a reinterpretation of a Semitic word taken into Greek.
Hebrew has shiqmāh (= sycamore)
:_______________________________.
sych <SIIKH> [siːx] (adjective)
1 dry
sych fel asgwrn dry as a bone
2
dry = not yielding milk
da sychion (North Wales) dry cattle
3
crinsych dry, dessicated, parched
(crin = dry, withered) + (sych = dry)
4
dripsych drip-dry
(drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sych = dry). A calque on English drip-dry
:_______________________________.
sych-lanháu <siikh-lan-HAI> [siːxlanˡhaɪ] (verb)
1 to dry-clean
:_______________________________.
sych-lanháwr <siikh-lan-HAA-ur> [siːxlanˡhaʊr] (masculine noun)
1 dry-cleaner
:_______________________________.
sychbant ‹SƏKH-bant› [ˡsəxbant] (masculine noun)
1 dry hollow, dry valley
Pant Sychbant SN9809 A
valley north-west of Cefncoedycymer
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=188496
Cefn
Sychbant SN9810
A hill above Pant Sychbant
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=189396
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + soft mutation + (-pant = hollow, valley)
:_______________________________.
syched <SƏ-khed> [ˡsəxɛd] (masculine noun)
1 thirst
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + (-ed noun
suffix)
:_______________________________.
sychedig <sə-KHEE-dig> [səˡxeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1 thirsty, parched
ETYMOLOGY: (sych-, root
of the verb sychu = to dry (something),
to become dry) + (-edig past participle suffix)
:_______________________________.
Sychryd ‹SƏKH rid› [ˡsəxrɪd]
1 Afon Sychryd stream in
Pontneddfechan, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9207 map,
Afon Sychryd
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + soft
mutation+ (rhyd = ford)
:_______________________________.
sychu <SƏ-khi> [ˡsəxɪ] (phrase)
1 to dry
2 sychu’r chwys wipe away the sweat
3 sycha dy drwyn! Blow your nose! Wipe your
nose!
4 (verb with an
object) drip-dry = hang up a piece of clothing so that it dries because the
water drips from it; (verb without an object) (piece of clothing) drip-dry =
become dry through the water dripping out of it
(drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sychu = to dry). A calque on English to drip-dry
:_______________________________.
sydd ‹SIIDH› [siːð] (verb)
1 which is
mwy nag sydd ei eisiau more than enough, more than sufficient (“more | than
| which is | its | need”)
faint sydd ei eisiau? how much is needed? (“(it is) | what quantity | which
is | its | need”)
2 reduced to <s> [s] colloquially in some contexts
..a/ (Caernarfon, North-west Wales) bsantísho
= pa beth sydd arnat ti ei eisiau what
do you need / require / want?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many
words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. pa beth sydd arnat ti
ei eisieu? has become bsantísho”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
..b/ (North) Besnachi isho? = pa beth sydd arnoch chi ei eisiau? (“(it-is) what thing which-is on you its need?”)
This becomes Bedachi isho?
Analogy in syntax. bedachi isho for besnachi isho (what do you want?)
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
:_______________________________.
sydd
ohoni <siidh o-HOO-ni>
[siːð
ɔˡhoˑnɪ]
1 present-day, existing
y byd sydd ohoni today’s world
yn y byd sydd ohoni in this day and age
hynt y byd sydd ohoni current affairs (“(the) way (of) the current world”)
yn yr oes sydd ohoni at the present day
ETYMOLOGY: (sydd = which there is) + (ohoni = of it)
:_______________________________.
sydyn <SƏ-din> [ˡsədɪn] (adjective)
1 sudden
2 gwneud arian sydyn get rich quick
tro sydyn a tight bend, a tight
curve
cerbydau blaenaf a cherbydau
olaf y trên the front carriages and the end
carriages of the train
:_______________________________.
syfi <SƏ-vi> [ˡsəvɪ] plural
1 strawberries; see syfïen
:_______________________________.
syfïen <sə-VII-en> [səˡviˑɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL syfi
<SƏ-vi> [ˡsəvɪ]
South Wales
1 wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca)
syfi wild strawberries
Variants are sifi, shifi; syfis; syfins / sifins.
syfi gwylltion / syfi gwyllt (Fragaria vesca) wild strawberries
syfi coch (Fragaria vesca) wild strawberries (“red strawberries”)
Variants are syfi goch / syfi gochon / syfi gochion, syfi cochon / syfi cochion;
There is a double plural syfïod
A diminutive form is syfatan (is this < syfaden < syfoden < syfïoden?
Cf llygoden = mouse, pïoden = magpie)
bod yn goch o syfi (patch of ground) be all red with strawberries, be
red from the abundance of strawberries growing there
2 strawberry
syfi gardd cultivated strawberries (“strawberries (of) garden”)
syfi pêr cultivated strawberries (“sweet strawberries”)
3 Glynsyfi street name in Cwmsyfïog, Tredegar Newydd
This is glyn y syfi (“(the) valley (of) the strawberries”), with the
omission of the linking definite article which is a common feature in place
names
This reflects the village name – Cwmsyfïog
is (cwm = valley) + (syfïog having strawberries, characterised
by strawberries)
4 Heol Brynsifi (Abertawe) (“Brynsifi Way”)
bryn y sifi / syfi “(the) hill (of) the strawberries”, “strawberry hill”
5 fel syfïen ym mola hwch (said of something insubstantial, person with
no importance) (“like a wild strawberry in the belly of a sow / pig”)
Also: fel syfïen ym mola mochyn (“like a wild strawberry in the
belly of a pig”)
bod fel syfïen ym mola hwch i rywun to find something very wanting,
quite insufficient
(“be like a wild strawberry in the belly of a sow / pig to someone”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (*swf + -i) < British (*sub- + i)
From the same British root: Cornish sevienn
(= strawberry), Breton sivienn (= strawberry)
Irish sú (= red berry), sú talún (“berry (of) earth”,
strawberry). older Irish subh [suuv]
NOTE: Northern Welsh and standard Welsh have mefusen (= strawberry)
:_______________________________.
syflyd <SƏV-lid>
[ˡsəvlɪd] (v)
1
move, shift, budge
y botwm syflyd the shift key (“the button (of) shifting”)
syflir it is moves, it is shifted
Salmau 125:1 Caniad y graddau. Y rhai a
ymddiriedant yn yr Arglwydd, fyddant fel mynydd Seion, yr
hwn ni syflir, ond a bery yn dragwydd
Psalm 125:1 A Song of degrees. They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount
Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for ever.
:_______________________________.
syfrdanu <səvr-DAA-ni> [səvrˡdɑˑnɪ] (verb)
1 to surprise, to astound
2 bod wedi syfrdanu be astounded, be
flabbergasted, be stunned
:_______________________________.
syjestiỳn <sə-JEST-yən> [səˡjɛstjən] (m)
PLURAL syjestiỳns
<sə-JEST-yənz> [səˡjɛstjənz]
1 suggestion
ETYMOLOGY: English suggestion. The
first example of the use of this word in Welsh is found in 1670.
NOTE: (Usually written as ‘syjestiyn’. Here we have used a ‘y’ with a grave
accent to indicate that it represents an obscure vowel. A ‘y’ in a final
syllable is always <i>
[ɪ], but in modern Welsh the introduction of English loan
words with <ə> [ə] in the final
syllable has subverted this rule)
:_______________________________.
sylfaen,
sylfeini <SƏL-vain, səl-VEI-ni> [ˡsəlvaɪn,
səlˡvəɪnɪ] (femenine noun)
1 foundation
2 foundation of a structure (wall, building)
cloddio sylfeini (rhywbeth) dig the foundations of
(something)
carreg sylfaen foundation stone
gosod y garreg sylfaen lay the foundation stone
3 disylfaen groundless, without any basis in fact, false
(di- privative suffix, “without”) +
(sylfaen = foundation, basis)
:_______________________________.
sylfaenu <səl-VEI-ni> [səlˡvəɪnɪ] (adjective)
1 to found
:_______________________________.
syllu <SƏ-lhi> [ˡsəɬɪ] (verb)
1 to stare, to gaze
syllu ar to stare at, to gaze at
2 gwersyll camp, originally ‘lookout place’
Welsh gwersyll (camp < lookout
place) < gwarsyll (gwar < gwor = on) + (syll-, stem syllu =
to look). The y of the final syllable
has caused the vowel change in the preceding syllable a > e, which happened
regularly in Welsh
:_______________________________.
sylw, sylwadau <SII-lu, səl-WAA-dai, -e> [ˡsiˑlʊ,
səlˡwɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 attention
2
remark
3 tynnu sylw rhywun attract somebody’s
attention
gwneud rhywbeth fel ag i dynnu sylw
pawb do
something (so as) to draw everyone’s attention
4 Mae pob sylw
yn werth ei gael All publicity is good publicity (“every observation is worth its
getting”)
5 tynnu sylw (rhywun) attract somebody’s attention
gwneud rhywbeth fel ag i dynnu sylw pawb do something (so as) to draw everyone’s attention
6
tynnu sylw (rhywun) at (rywbeth)
draw someone’s attention to (something)
(delw 7364)
:_______________________________.
sylwebydd chwaraeon <səl-WEE-bidh khwa-REI-on> [səlˡweˑbɪð
xwaˡrəɪɔn] (m)
1 sports commentator
:_______________________________.
sylweddoli <səl-we-DHOO-li> [səlwɛˡðoˑlɪ] (masculine noun)
1 to realise
:_______________________________.
sylwi <SƏL-wi> [ˡsəlwɪ] (verb)
1 to notice
sylwi ar rhywbeth to notice something
:_______________________________.
syml (“symyl”) <SI-mil> [ˡsɪmɪl] (adj)
1 simple
2 disyml unaffected, simple, plain, honest, innocent
(di- = intensifying prefix) + (syml = simple)
Genesis
25:27 A’r llanciau a gynyddasant: ac
Esau oedd ŵr yn medru hela, a gŵr o’r maes, a Jacob oedd ŵr
disyml, yn cyfanheddu mewn pebyll.
Genesis And the boys grew: and Esau was a
cunning hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in
tents.
3
symlach simpler, easier
proses symlach streamlined process
4
simple = basic, not elaborate
cael cinio syml have a simple dinner
:_______________________________.
symol ‹SƏ mol› [ˡsəmɔl] (adjective)
1 (health) so-so (from rhesymol
= reasonable)
:_______________________________.
symud <SƏ-mid> [ˡsəmɪd] (v)
1 to move
symud i fyw i ‹sə-mid
i viu i› [ˡsəmɪd ɪ
ˡvɪʊ ɪ] move into (an area)
Problem y Saeson cyfoethog sy'n symud i fyw i'r Fro
Gymraeg
The problem of the rich English people who are moving into Welsh-speaking Wales
:_______________________________.
sy'n <SIIN, SIN> [siːn, sɪn] verb
1 contraction of sydd yn; this is sydd = a relative form of the verb bod to be, with the sense of 'which is, which are'; yn is the linkword between bod and a noun (with soft mutation), an
adjective (with soft mutation) or a verb (without any mutation)
+ noun:
fe aethon ni i unig dy'r ynys, sy'n gartref
i'r warden ac yn lle aros i'r ymwelwyr prin
we went to the only house on the island which is a home to the warden and a place
to stay for the infrequent visitors
+ adjective:
yr hyn sy'n drist am newid o'r fath yw... the thing which is sad about a change of this sort is
that ....
+ verbnoun:
digon hawdd priodi, byw sy'n anodd (saying) (it's) easy enough getting married, (it is)
living (a married life) which-is hard
:_______________________________.
syndod, syndodau <SƏN-dod, sən-DOO-dai, -e> [ˡsəndɔd,
sənˡdoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 surprise
Dyw’n syndod yn y byd It’s not the least bit
surprising, It’s hardly surprising
er fy syndod gwrthododd gymeryd tâl to my
surprise he refused to accept any payment [“to take a payment]”
:_______________________________.
synhwyrol <sə-NHUI-rol> [səˡnhʊɪrɔl] (verb)
1 sensible
:_______________________________.
synhwyrydd <sə-NHUI-ridh> [səˡnhʊɪrɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL synwyryddion <sə-nui-RƏDH-yon> [sənʊɪˡrəðjɔn]
1 sensor
2 detector
synhwyrydd metal metal detector
synhwyrydd mwg smoke detector
ETYMOLOGY: (synhwyr-, penult form of synhwyro = sense, detect) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)
:_______________________________.
synwyryddion <sə-nui-RƏDH-yon> [sənʊɪˡrəðjɔn] masculine noun
1 plural of synhwyrydd = sensor, detector
:_______________________________.
syniad, syniadau <SƏN-yad, sən-YAA-dai, -e> [ˡsənjad,
sənˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 idea
2
syniad gwych splendid idea, brainwave (USA: brainstorm)
3
trafod syniadau discuss ideas,
brainstorm
:_______________________________.
synnu <SƏ-ni> [ˡsənɪ] verb
1 (verb with an object) surprise
2 (verb without an object) be surprised, be stunned
3 synnu at be surprised at
Rwy'n synnu atoch chi'n cwympo
mâs fel dau blentyn
I'm surprised at you falling out like two kids
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently a variant of synio (= to think, believe, know)
< Latin sent- / sentîre (= to feel)
:_______________________________.
synnwyr <SƏ-nuir> [ˡsənʊɪr] (masculine noun)
1 sense
:_______________________________.
synnwyr cyffredin <sə-nuir -kə-FREE-din> [sənʊɪr
kəˡfreˑdɪn] (masculine noun)
1 common sense
:_______________________________.
syrcas <SƏR-kas> [ˡsərkas] feminine noun
PLURAL syrcasau ‹sər-KA-sai, -e› [sərˡkasaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 circus =
travelling company of performers and animals
2 circus = arena with tiers of seats (often within a large tent)
3 circus = performance given by circus artists and animals
4 circus = children's game, imitating a circus:
chwarae syrcas play at circuses
5 to-do, fuss, uproar
6 circus = overelaborate display, something too elaborate and
exaggerated
Roedd hi’n fwy o syrcas nac o angladd
It was more like a circus than a funeral
ETYMOLOGY: English circus < Latin circus (= circle) <
Greek kirkos (= ring)
:_______________________________.
syrnau <SƏR-nai, -e> [ˡsərnaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 ankles - plural of swrn (a south-eastern word)
:_______________________________.
syrth <SIRTH> [sɪrθ] masculine noun
PLURAL syrthion
<SƏRTH-yon> [ˡsərθjɔn]
1
offal, lights; waste parts of a carcase; edible waste parts (such as the liver,
lungs, kidneys, heart, tongue, intestines); giblets
ETYMOLOGY: stem of the verb syrthio
(= to fall)
:_______________________________.
syrthio <SƏRTH-yo> [ˡsərθjɔ] (v)
1 syrthio i ddwylo’r gelyn fall into enemy hands
:_______________________________.
syrthni <SƏRTH-ni> [ˡsərθnɪ] masculine noun
1 indolence, lethargy, inertia,
sluggishness
2 Mae cwrw yn ennyn syrthni
Beer causes sluggishness
ar ôl cysgu'n hwyr ddwywaith oherwydd syrthni'r
cwrw
after getting up late because of the sluggishness (caused by) the beer
ymysgwyd o’ch syrthni arouse oneself from torpidity, stir from ones’s
sluggishness
ETYMOLOGY: (syrth- = penult form of swrth
= indolent) + (-ni = suffix for
forming an abstract noun)
:_______________________________.
syth <SIITH> [siːθ] (adjective)
1 straight
2
comparisons:
cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an
arrow, as straight as a ramrod (“as straight as an arrow”)
yn syth fel saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod (“as
straight as an arrow”)
mor syth â ffon as straight as a ramrod (“as straight as a stick”)
mor syth â’r pìn straight as an arrow (“as straight as the pin”)
3 yr darn syth olaf the home stretch, the home straight = the final
stretch on a racetrack, from the last bend to the winning post
:_______________________________.
sythder <SƏTH-der> [ˡsəθdɛr] masculine noun
1 straightness
2
rigidity
caletsythder rigidity
ETYMOLOGY: (syth- <səth> [səθ] = penultimate form
of syth <siith> [siːθ] = recte) + (-der suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
sythed <SƏ-thed> [ˡsəθɛd] adjective
1 (as) straight; equative
degree of syth = straight
cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an
arrow, as straight as a ramrod
:_______________________________.
sythu <SƏ-thi> [ˡsəθɪ] (verb)
1 straighten
2 ymsythu straighten up, move into
an upright position after stooping
(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft
mutation + (sythu = straighten)
:_______________________________.
syw <SIU> [sɪʊ] adjective
1 fair, smart, elegant, neat,
splendid
Rwy’n myned heno, Duw a'm helpo, i ganu
ffarwel i'r seren syw
I’m going tonight, God help me, to sing farewell to the pretty girl (“the fair
star”)
Line from the folksong “Rwy'n caru merch o Blwy’ Penderyn” (I
love a girl from the parish of Penderyn)
2 Probably in the following place names
(Ar Draws Gwlad 2 – Ysgrifau ar Enwau Lleoedd / Gwynedd O. Pierce, Tomos
Roberts, 1999)
(1) Pigyn Siw (“fair summit”) by Cerrigceinwen, county of Môn
(2) Glyn-syw
in Llan-llwch, county of Caerfyrddin (“fair valley”, but probably an alteration
of Clun-syw “fair meadow”)
3 confident
ETYMOLOGY: Probably from an Irish word < Common Celtic < Indoeuropean.
A word made up of two elements corresponding to modern
Welsh hy- (intensifying prefix) + (gwydd- = knowing)
Tudalennau cysylltiedig yn y
gwefan hwn / Pàgines relacionades en aquesta web / Related pages in this
website
1876c
y geiriadur hwn yn Gatalaneg
aquest diccionari en català
this dictionary in Catalan
·····
0550e
prif fynegai i'r pynciau yn y gwefan hwn
índex principal dels temes d'aquesta web
main index to the website
·····
0223e
yr iaith Gymráeg
la llengua gal·lesa
the Welsh language
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