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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University
College), Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines
of my Welsh Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of
the modern language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some
respects more detailed.”
the verb BOD = to be (literary form)
The ending of the verb determines whether is I / we; you; he, she, they
yr ydwyf = I am
yr ydym = we are
yr ydwyt = you are (singular)
yr ydych = you are (plural)
y mae = she is, he is, it is
y maent = they are
yr is a preverbal particles empty of meaning in modern
Welsh. Welsh. Before a consonant is is reduced to y (hence y mae)
···
The personal pronoun can be added though for emphasis or for clarity
yr ydwyf fi = I am
yr ydym ni = we are
yr ydwyt ti = you are (singular)
yr ydych chi = you are (plural)
y mae ef = she is / it is
y mae hi = he is / it is
y maent hwy = they are
In spoken Welsh there are a number of differences. The
conjugation of 'bod' = to be has two
basic patterns in spoken Welsh, one northern and one southern.
For the time being we shall use the southern form only time being
rwy i
ryn ni
rwyt ti
rych chi
mae hi
mae fe
maen nhw
Note the differences:
(1) In the spoken language, the pronoun is generally added to the verb.
(2) The preverbal particle is dropped before mae / maen
(3) The final r of the preverbal particle is is carried over to following
vowel; the 'y' is dropped
(4) In southern Welsh, the yd- before the first and second person forms
is never used in the affirmative forms, so instead of yr ydwyf > rydwyf fi
we have yr wyf > rwyf fi (further reduced to rwy i)
····a) the final -f has been dropped - the loss of a final -f [v] is a common
feature in Welsh phonology
····b) the pronoun fi is reduced to i, anf fe to e. The loss of an initial f-
[v] is also a commom feature, and is found in a number of other words in Welsh
In the spoken language, these spoken forms listed above are reduced, sometimes
quite drastically. Thus,
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rwy i |
> rw i |
> w i |
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ryn ni |
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> i ni |
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rwyt ti |
> wyt ti |
> i ti |
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rych chi |
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> i chi |
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mae hi |
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> ma i |
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mae e |
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> ma e |
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maen nhw |
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> ma nw |
THESE FURTHER REDUCTIONS EXPLAINED:
So, if we look at the table above, we can see that the paradigm simplies to
three verb forms - w, i and ma
In the first and second persons, what has happened basically is that the
initial r- has fallen away.
wyt ti changes in shape to conform to the ni and chi forms
the diphthong ae is reduced to the vowel a
the aspirate h is lost in hi and nhw
the pronoun fe is reduced to e
In fact, all these spoken forms can occur in the speech of a single person,
depending on the person spoken to, the speed of the utterance, and so on
Adolygiadau diweddaraf: 20 01 2000
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