0823 eGwefan Cymru-Catalonia (Wales-Catalonia
Website). Welsh Course. Conjugated preposityions – introduction. The
prepositions WRTH = to, GAN = with. HAVE / HAVE GOT is expressed in Welsh by
saying that something is 'with you'. I have a brother in
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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (
xxxx
Welsh Course
(1) conjugated prepositions
(2) the preposition WRTH = to
(3) the preposition GAN = with
·····
(1)
conjugated prepositions
Looking at the conjugated prepositions.
The conjugated forms of the prepositions, like the verbs, differ according to
how the language is being used. Thus we have the (1) literary, (2)
pan-regional, and (3) regional forms.
(1) The ‘standard’ forms – that is, the conjugations used in literary Welsh –
will be shown first.
(2) Then the ‘pan-regional’ forms – these are the forms recommended for
learners of Welsh, which may or not correspond to the forms used in any
particular region. They are a halfway house between regional forms and the
literary forms – not too literary to be unnatural in the spoken language, and
not too regional to be unacceptable as standard colloquial forms.
(3) Lastly, the regional forms. The basic characteristic is a north / south
difference.
The three types - literary, pan-regional, regional – are very similar. But it
is useful for learners to know how they differ, and to use them as appropriate.
(Most books for Welsh learners nowadays use only the pan-regional forms without
putting them into context, and suggest that these are the only forms one need
every know. Not true!).
The conjugated prepositions fall into three groups, depending on the ending of
the
first-person singular.
(1) –˙f (genn˙f = with me, wrth˙f = to me)
(2) –af (arnaf = on me, danaf = under
me, ataf = towards me)
(3) –of (ynof = in me, ohonof = of
me, hebof = without me, trwof = through me, trosof = over me, rhagof = before
me, erof = for me)
(2) the preposition WRTH = to
Literary forms:
wrth˙f fi = to me
wrth˙m ni = to us
wrth˙t ti = to you (‘to thee’)
wrth˙ch chi = to you
wrtho ef = to him
wrthi hi = to her
wrth˙nt hw˙ = to them
Pan-regional forms:
wrtho i = to me
wrthon ni = to us
wrthot ti = to you (‘to thee’)
wrthoch chi = to you
wrtho ef = to him
wrthi hi = to her
wrth˙n nhw = to them
Regional forms:
wrtho
i, wrtha i
wrthon ni, wrthan ni (sometimes written as wrtha ni, wrtho ni)
wrthot ti, wrthat ti (sometimes written as wrtha ti, wrtho ti)
wrthoch chi, wrthach chi (sometimes written as wrtha chi, wrtho chi)
wrtho fe, wrtho fo, wrtho fa
wrthi hi
wrth˙n nhw (sometimes written as wrtho nw, wrthi nw)
We can see that ‘wrtho’ or ‘wrtha’ has become more or less generalised in
regional forms.
There are also reduced variants of these, with the loss of the ‘r’ –
w’tho
i, w’tha i
w’thon ni, w’than ni (sometimes written as w’tha ni, w’tho ni)
w’thot ti, w’that ti (sometimes written as w’tha ti, w’tho ti)
w’thoch chi, w’thach chi (sometimes written as w’tha chi, w’tho chi)
w’tho fe, w’tho fo, w’tho fa
w’thi hi
w’th˙n nhw (sometimes written as w’tho nw, w’thi nw)
or even with the loss of the first syllable altogether
’tho i, ’tha i
’thon ni, ’than ni (sometimes written as ’tha ni, ’tho ni)
’thot ti, ’that ti (sometimes
written as ’tha ti, ’tho ti)
’thoch chi, ’thach chi (sometimes written as ’tha chi, ’tho chi)
’tho fe, ’tho fo, ’tho fa
’thi hi
’th˙n nhw (sometimes written as ’tho nw, ’thi nw)
The preposition ‘wrth’ is
used after:
(1) Verbs which indicate ‘telling’
dweud wrth – to say to (also dweud i in some fixed expressions)
dweud
wrth (r˙wun) am beidio â (gwneud rh˙wbeth) = tell (someone) not to (do something)
ebe wrth – (in quoting someone’s words) said to
meddai wrth – (in quoting someone’s words) said to
adrodd wrth – to relate to
esbonio wrth – to explain to (also esbonio
i)
sôn wrth – to mention to
cw˙no wrth – to complain to
achw˙n wrth – (South) to complain to
cyfaddef wrth – to confess to
(2) Verbs which indicate ‘connecting’
glynu (rh˙wbeth) wrth – to stick (something) to
hoelio (rh˙wbeth) wrth – to nail (something) to
clymu (rh˙wbeth) wrth – to tie (something) to
rhoi (rh˙wbeth) yn sownd wrth – to fix (something) to
(3) Adjectives and verbs which indicate ‘disposition towards a person’
creulon wrth – cruel to (someone)
caredig wrth – kind to (someone)
cas wrth – nasty to (someone)
ffeind iawn wrth – very good to (someone)
hael wrth – generous with (someone)
tosturiol wrth – compassionate towards (someone)
tosturio wrth – take pity on (someone)
neis wrth – nice to (someone)
dig wrth – angry at, angry with (someone)
cenfigennus wrth – jealous of (someone) (also ‘cenfigennus o’)
jelws wrth – (South) jealous of (someone)
(4) Others
bod yn rhaid wrth – be necessary to have
bu’n rhaid wrth... it was necessary to have
(5) when used as a preposition
of place, it occurs frequently with certain verbs which we will list here:
eistedd wrth – sit next to
sef˙ll wrth – stand next to
(3)
the preposition GAN = with
HAVE /
HAVE GOT
In Welsh, the idea of possession is generally expressed by the preposition GAN
= with
y mae / car new˙dd / gan / Siôn
"there is / a new car / with / Siôn"
= Siôn's got a new car, Siôn has a new car
LOOK AT THESE WORDS:
|
a be rř stuith |
Aberystw˙th |
= town in mid-Wales |
|
au stral i a |
Awstralia |
= |
|
braud |
brawd |
= brother |
|
kar |
car |
= car |
|
frind |
ffrind |
= friend |
|
gan |
gan |
= with |
|
mai |
mae |
= is, there is |
|
merkh |
merch |
= daughter |
|
shoon |
Siôn |
= John |
|
lha ne lhi |
Llanelli |
= town in south-west |
|
mair |
Mair |
= Mary |
|
mo drib |
modr˙b |
= aunt |
|
neu idh |
new˙dd |
= new |
|
ol wen |
Olwen |
= woman's name |
|
tii |
t˙ |
= house |
|
ř |
y |
= preverbal particle |
|
ř mai |
y mae |
= is, there is (the literary form, which has
the initial particle y) |
|
řn |
yn |
= in |
|
|
yn Aberystw˙th |
= in Aberystwyth |
|
|
yn Awstralia |
= in Australia |
|
|
yn Llanelli |
= in Llanelli |
|
lhan did no |
Llandudno |
= a town in north |
·····
EXERCISE 1 - make sentences
|
mae |
t˙ |
gan Siôn |
yn Llanelli |
|
|
modr˙b |
gan Mair |
yn Aberystw˙th |
|
|
brawd |
gan Olwen |
yn Awstralia |
·····
EXERCISE 2 - translate into Welsh:
01 Siôn has got a daughter in Aberystw˙th
02 Mair has got a friend in Llandudno
03 Gwil˙m has got a house in Aberyst˙wth
04 Haf (f) has got a brother in Los Angeles
05 Glen˙s has got a car
·····
ANSWERS:
01 Siôn has got a daughter in Aberystw˙th - mae chwaer yn Aberystw˙th gan Siôn
02 Mair has got a friend in Llandudno - mae ffrind yn Llandudno gan Mair
03 Gwil˙m has got a house in Aberyst˙wth - mae t˙ yn Abersystw˙th gan Gwil˙m
04 Haf (f) has got a brother in Los Angeles - mae brawd yn Los Angeles gan Haf
05 Glen˙s has got a car - mae car gan Glen˙s
The preposition GAN is one of a number which conjugates like a verb (first
column).
The conjugated form in the literary language is sometimes followed by the
corresponding pronoun (second column), though as a general rule we may say that
usually it is not added
|
FIRST PERSON |
with the tag pronoun |
|
|
genn˙f |
genn˙f fi |
with me |
|
genn˙m |
genn˙m ni |
with us |
|
SECOND PERSON |
|
|
|
genn˙t |
genn˙t ti |
with you |
|
genn˙ch |
genn˙ch chi |
with you (plural) |
|
THIRD PERSON |
|
|
|
ganddi |
ganddi hi |
with her |
|
ganddo |
ganddo ef |
with him |
|
gandd˙nt |
gandd˙nt hw˙ |
with them |
PRONUNCIATION: genn˙f [ge-niv], genn˙m [ge-nim],
genn˙t [ge-nit], genn˙ch [ge-nikh], ganddi [gan-dhi],
ganddo [gan-dho], gandd˙nt [gan-dhint]
The standard colloquial form is:
|
FIRST PERSON |
|
|
gen i |
with me |
|
genn˙n ni |
with us |
|
SECOND PERSON |
|
|
gen ti |
with you |
|
genn˙ch chi |
with you (plural) |
|
THIRD PERSON |
|
|
ganddi hi |
with her |
|
ganddo ef |
with him |
|
gandd˙n nhw |
with them |
PRONUNCIATION: gen
i [ge-ni], genn˙n ni [ge-ni ni], gen ti [ge-ti], genn˙ch
chi [ge-ni khi], ganddi hi [gan-dhi hi], ganddo fe [gan-dho
ve], gandd˙n nhw [gan-dhi nu]
EXERCISE 3 - translate into Welsh (using the colloquial forms):
01 She has got a daughter
02 We've got a new house
03 I've got three
04 They've got the book
05 You have lots
·····
ANSWERS:
01 She has got a daughter - Mae merch ganddi hi
02 We've got a new house - Mae t˙ neew˙dd genn˙n ni
03 I've got three - Mae tri gen i
04 They've got the book - Mae'r ll˙fr gandd˙n nhw
05 You have lots - Mae llawer gen ti
The preposition 'gan' is used in many idiomatic
phrases
da gen i = be glad ("good with me")
Mae'n dda gen i'ch gweld chi, machgen i = I'm glad to see you, my boy
dda gen i mo = not like ("[not] good with me anything
of") (mo is a contraction of ddim o = anything of)
dda gen i mo'i olwg e = I don't like the look of him
cas gen i = hate ("hateful with me")
Mae hi'n gas gen i = I hate her
Adolygiad
diweddaraf - latest update 22 01 2002
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