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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (
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Negative imperatives
How to say Don't...
LITERARY WELSH
The imperative form of the verb is made negative by placing
na, nac before the verb -
na (naa) before consonants
nac (naag) before vowels
···
After na, there is spirant mutation of
c, p, t
(c-ch, p-ph, t-th)
and soft mutation of
g, b, d ll, m, rh
(g-ZERO, b-f, d-dd, ll-l, m-f, rh-r)
···
cysgu = sleep
cwsg! = sleep!
na chwsg! = do not sleep!
···
lladd = kill;
lladd! = kill!
na ladd! = do not kill! (also: thou shalt not kill)
···
ofni = be afraid
ofna! = be afriad!
nac ofna! = do not be afraid
···
gadel = leave
gad! = leave!
na ad! = do not leave!
···
(here before a vowel it is na, not nac;
this is because the mutated form of a word beginning with 'g' originally had an
initial consonant - "na ghad!" > na ad!)
···
This is the way in which a negative imperative is
expressed in the literary language.
There are traces of it still in the spoken language -
na hitia! = don't worry
···
COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE:
Generally, the spoken language uses the imperative of
peidio = to cease
···
In the singular, paid â, or paid
In the plural, peidiwch â, or peidiwch
···
Note: â is followed by the spirant mutation,
so c > ch, p > ph, t > th
Note: â becomes ag before a vowel
···
In some dialects, the â has been dropped; some
speakers though may use the two forms indiscriminately. The form with 'â' is
more traditional, and is the form which is considered more correct.
···
Note:
In the South, peidio is generally pido;
peidiwch becomes pidwch
(the usual use of [i·] instead of [ei] inthe penult,
and the loss of the semi-consonant [i] at the beginning of a final syllable - many
examples of these two changes in other words in the south)
···
Don't run:
Paid â rhedeg, paid rhedeg
Peidiwch â rhedeg, peidiwch rhedeg
···
Don't look:
Paid ag edrÿch, paid edrÿch
Peidiwch ag edrÿch, peidiwch edrÿch
···
Questions:
1 How is the negative imperative formed in the
literary language?
2 Is this way of forming the imperative negative to be
found in the spoken language?
3 What is the primary meaning of peidio?
4 Which is the more 'correct' form, paid rhedeg or
paid â rhedeg?
5 What's the difference between peidiwch and pidwch?
6 Can you think of other instances where ei > i in
southern pronunciations?
7 Can you think of other instances where -io > -o
in southern pronunciations?
8 What's wrong with this? Paid â edrÿch
9 What's wrong with this? Paid â cerdded mor ara (don't
walk so slowly)
···
Answers:
1 With the negative particla na / nac
2 In general, no. A couple of remnants remain -
especially na hitia!
3 to cease (doing), to stop (doing)
4 the more 'correct' form is paid â rhedeg?
5 pidwch is the southern colloquial name; peidiwch is
the standard form (and also northern colloquial)
6 Can you think of other instances where ei > i in
southern pronunciations?
gweithio = work > gwitho, etc
7 Can you think of other instances where -i is lost in
southern pronunciations?
Einion > Einon, Bryniau > Brynna (place name),
etc
8 ag before a vowel, not â
9 â cherdded - spirant mutation
···
Remember -
chi is either plural, or singular (formal)
ti is singular (intimate)···
···
Exercise
01 Don't! (singular intimate)
02 Don't (singular intimate) do that!
03 Don't (plural) move the table
04 Don't (plural) talk!
05 Don't (singular intimate) leave the door open!
06 Don't (singular intimate) shout!
07 Don't (singular intimate) eat that!
08 Don't (singular formal) worry
09 Don't make a noise! (plural)
10 Don't (singular intimate) break anything!
·····
01 Paid!
02 Paid â gwneud hynnÿ! / Paid gwneud hynnÿ! (gwneud
is often colloquially wneud or neud; hynnÿ becomes 'nÿ) Paid neud nÿ, etc
03 Peidiwch â symud y bwrdd / Peidiwch symud y bwrdd
04 Peidiwch â siarad! Peidiwch siarad!
05 Paid â gadel y drws yn agored! Paid â gadel y drws
yn agored!
06 Paid â gweiddi! Paid gweiddi!
07 Paid â bwÿta hwnna! Paid bwÿta hwnna! (Note: the
more colloquial form of bwÿta is bÿta)
08 Peidiwch â phoeni! Peidiwch poeni!
09 Peidiwch â chadw swn [suun]. Peidiwch cadw swn
10 Paid â thorri dim! Paid torri dim!
·····
Adolygiadau diweddaraf: 20 01 2000
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