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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones
(1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College),
Bangor. Published in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This
grammar deals with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh
Grammar Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern
language; but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects
more detailed.”
|
literary
form |
colloquial
(southern) |
|
arnaf |
arno i |
|
arnom |
arnon ni |
|
|
|
|
arnat |
arnot ti |
|
arnoch |
arnoch chi |
|
|
|
|
arno ef |
arno fe |
|
arni hi |
arni hi |
|
arnÿnt hwÿ |
arnÿn nhw |
|
|
|
The colloquial
forms can be used
1) with
the pronoun tag unstressed
2) with
the pronoun tag stressed
3)
without the pronoun tag
Use of
the prreposition AR
1 noun +
AR + noun
2
adjective + AR
3 verb +
AR
4 AR +
non
In the two
branches of the Celtic languages, the preposition AR or its equivalent is used
to express a feeling or an emotional state. 'Hunger' is on a person, 'shame' is
also on a person. It is as if an emotion exists outside a person, and comes
'on' an individual
These
are most often used with the copula BOD = to be
mae ofn
arno i = I'm afraid (there-is fear on me)
mae arno
i ofn = I'm afraid (there-is on me fear)
mae
cywilÿdd arno i = I'm ashamed
mae arno
i gywilÿdd
mae blas
rhyfedd arno fe = it tastes odd (there-is a strange taste on it)
mae arno
fe flas rhyfedd
1 thirst
syched
ar = be thirsty ("thirst on")
mae
syched arno hi = she's thirsty
2 hunger
eisiau
bwÿd ar = be hungry ("hunger on")
oes
eisiau bwÿd arnot ti? = are you hungry?
(South
Wales) chwant bwyd ar = ("desire of-food on")
newÿn ar
= be starving ("starvation on")
3 shame
cywilÿdd
ar = be ashamed
(d)oes
dim cywilÿdd arno i = I'm not ashamed
4 fear
ofn ar =
be afraid ("fear on")
roedd
ofn marw arni hi = I was really afraid
braw ar =
be afraid ("a scare on")
arswÿd
ar = be very afraid ("terror on")
5
illness
annwÿd
ar = have a cold ("cold on")
mae arno
i annwÿd ofnadw heddi I've got a terrible cold today
y
ddannoedd ar = have toothache ("the toothache on")
y pas ar
= have whooping cough ("the whooping cough of")
peswch
ar = have a cough ("cough on")
anhwÿlder
ar = be unwell ("indisposition on")
y frech
goch = have measles ("the red pox on")
clefÿd
ar = have an illness ("illness on")
crygni
ar = be hoarse ("hoarseness on")
nychtod
ar = (South Wales) be ill ("feebleness on")
6 end
dim
diwedd ar = no end to ("no end on")
does dim
diwedd ar ei pharablu
he never
stops talking
"there's
no end on his talking"
7 lack,
failing, deficiency
diffÿg
ar = be lacking ("deficiency on")
diffÿg
sens ar = have no sense ("lack of sense on")
eisiau
ar = need ("wanting on")
8 taste
blas ar
= taste of ("a taste on")
blas
crÿf ar = have a strong taste of ("a strong taste on")
blas
drwg ar = taste bad (" a bad taste on")
cael
blas ar = taste ("get a taste on")
9 blame
y bai ar
= be to blame ("the blame on")
10
belief
dim coel
ar = not to be believed ("no belief on")
11 name
enw ar =
have the name of ("name on")
enw drwg
ar = have a bad reputation ("bad name on")
12
shape, form
ffurf ar
= have the shape of ("form on")
llun ar
= have the shape of ("form on")
l3
demand
galw ar
= be a demand for ("calling on")
mÿnd
mawr ar = be in great demand ("big going on")
14
aspect, appearance
golwg ar
= have the look of..., look like ("aspect / sight on")
15
colour
lliw ar
= have colour ("colour on")
gwawr ar
= have a tinge ("hue / tint / tinge on")
arlliw
ar = have a touch of, soupçon of ("trace of")
16
success
llwyddiant
ar = be successful ("success on")
17 debt
dyled ar
= have a debt ("debt on")
dyledion
ar = have a debts ("debts on")
arian ar
= owe money ("money on")
18 need,
necessity
angen ar
= need ("necessity on")
19
desire
chwant
ar = want ("desire on")
blÿs ar
= want very much ("great-desire on")
ysfa ar
= itch (to do something on) ("an itch on")
hiraeth
ar = to long for ("longing for")
brÿd ar
= dedsire to ("desire on")
20
wound. incapacity
clwÿf ar
= be wounded ("wound on")
cloffni
ar = be lame ("lameness on")
21 mood,
state of mind
pruddglwyf
ar = be down in the dumps ("melancholy on")
digalondid
ar = be depressed ("deopression on")
gofid ar
= be anxious ("anxiety on")
22
laziness
diogi ar
= be lazy, feel lazy ("laziness on")
23
pressa
brÿs ar
= be in a hurry ("hurry on")
hast ar
= be in a hurry ("hurry on")
24 difficulty
taro ar
= be difficult ("hit on")
25
crisis
argyfwng
ar = be in crisis ("crisis on")
26 error
gwall ar
= be wrong, not be right ("error on")
27
madness
coll ar
= be daft ("loss [of mental faculties] on")
28 care
gofal ar
= take care of ("care on")
29
value, worth
gwerth
ar = be valuable ("worth on")
30
obligation
gorfodaeth
ar = be compelled ("obligation on")
31
defect
atal
dweud ar = stutter ("stopping of-saying on")
atal ar
= stutter ("stopping on")
nam ar =
be defective ("defect on")
beth
sÿ'n bod ar = what's wrong with ("what is-it-that-is being on")
dim bÿd
yn bod ar = nothin at all wrong with (" nothing [in the] world being
on")
anghaffael ar
= not work properly ("malfunction on")
32
punishment
cosb ar
= be punished ("punishment on")
33 smell
arogl ar
= smell ("smell on")
sawr ar
= smell ("smell on")
persawr
ar = smell good, smell of perfume ("sweet-smell / perfume on")
34 fun
hwÿl ar
= be fun
cael
hwÿl ar = have fun (doing something)
cael
blas ar = enjoy ("have taste on")
35
responsibilty
dyletswÿdd
ar = have as a duty
cyfrifoldeb
ar = have responsibility
36
confidence
dim dal
ar = can't be trusted ("no holding on")
37
insult
sarhâd
ar = be an insult to ("insult on")
38 type
math ar
= a kind of ("a kind on")
39
fatigue
blinder
ar = be tired ("tiredness fatigue on")
40 mess,
disorder
traed
moch ar = be in a mess ("pig's feet on")
annibendod
ar = be in a mess ("
41
quality
graen ar
= be of good quality ("grain on")
dim
graen ar = be of poor quality ("no grain on")
42 signs
of careful preparation
paratói
ar = look as though a lot of work has gone into ("preparing on")
index
|
angen |
(18) |
|
anghaffael |
(31) |
|
anhwÿlder |
(5) |
|
annibendod |
(40) |
|
annwÿd |
(5) |
|
argyfwng |
(25) |
|
arian |
(17) |
|
arlliw |
(15) |
|
arogl |
(33) |
|
arswÿd |
(4) |
|
atal |
(31) |
|
atal dweud |
(31) |
|
bai |
(9) |
|
beth sÿ'n bod |
(31) |
|
blas |
(8) (34) |
|
blinder |
(39) |
|
blÿs |
(19) |
|
bod |
(31) |
|
brÿd |
(19) |
|
brÿs |
(23) |
|
braw |
(4) |
|
chwant |
(19) |
|
chwant bwyd |
(2) |
|
clefyd |
(5) |
|
cloffni |
(20) |
|
clwyf |
(20) |
|
coel |
(10) |
|
coll |
(27) |
|
cosb |
(32) |
|
crygni |
(5) |
|
cyfrifoldeb |
(35) |
|
cywilÿdd |
(3) |
|
dal |
(36) |
|
y ddannoedd |
(5) |
|
diffyg |
(7) |
|
digalondid |
(21) |
|
dim bÿd yn bod |
(31) |
|
dim dal |
(36) |
|
diogi |
(22) |
|
diwedd |
(6) |
|
dyled |
(17) |
|
dyledion |
(17) |
|
dyletswÿdd |
(35) |
|
eisiau |
(7) (18) |
|
eisiau bwÿd |
(2) |
|
enw |
(11) |
|
ffurf |
(12) |
|
frech goch |
(5) |
|
galw |
(13) |
|
gofal |
(28) |
|
gofid |
(22) |
|
golwg |
(14) |
|
gorfodaeth |
(30) |
|
graen |
(41) |
|
gwall |
(26) |
|
gwawr |
(15) |
|
gwerth |
(29) |
|
hast |
(23) |
|
hiraeth |
(19) |
|
hwÿl |
(34) |
|
lliw |
(15) |
|
llun |
(12) |
|
llwÿddiant |
(16) |
|
math |
(37) |
|
mÿnd |
(13) |
|
nam |
(31) |
|
newÿn |
(2) |
|
nychdod |
(5) |
|
ofn |
(4) |
|
paratói |
(42) |
|
y pas |
(5) |
|
persawr |
(33) |
|
peswch |
(5) |
|
pruddglwÿf |
(21) |
|
sarhâd |
(37) |
|
sawr |
(33) |
|
syched |
(1) |
|
taro |
(24) |
|
traed moch |
(40) |
|
ysfa |
(19 |
·····
Adolygiadau
diweddaraf: 20 01 2000
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