0466e The
'e' in the final syllable of central Welsh is pronounced as 'a' in North-west
Wales. For example, "carreg" [KA-reg] (a stone) becomes
"carrag" [KA-rag]. Here we take a look at this feature; exercises and
answers follow
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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (
Welsh Pronunciation Exercises
Printiwch yr ymarfer hwn - ac ewch ati i'w wneud! Print out this exercise - and do it!
North-west Wales - final syllables with 'e'
A typical feature of the the North-western form of the
language is the use of [a] in a final syllable instead of the [e] of central
Welsh.
In central Welsh, the [e] in a final syllable
corresponds to these forms in the literary language:
1 'e' [e] carreg [KA-reg] = stone
2 a reduction of the diphthong 'ai' [ai] as in the
place names Machynlleth [ma-KHØN-lheth]
(which should really be spelt Machynllaith) (the plain of Cynllaith), Llanymynech [lha-nø-MØ-nekh] (which should really
be spelt Llanymynech) (the church of the monks), Cader
Idris [Ka-der I-dris] (which should really be spelt Cadair Idris)
(the seat of Idris)
3 a reduction of the diphthong 'ae' [ai] gafel [GA-vel] = to get hold (of), corresponding
to gafael [GA-vail]
4 a reduction of the diphthong 'au' [ai] (especially
in plural forms) pethe [PE-the] = things,
corresponding to pethau [PE-thai]
EXERCISE 1
What are these forms in North-western Welsh?
(the literary form comes first; usually it coincides
with the colloquial form. Where the colloquial form differs, it is placed after
the > sign:
EXAMPLE - dechrau
> dechre)
01 carreg
[KA-reg] (stone) _ _ _ _ _ _
02 Wmffre
[UM-fre] (Humphrey) _ _ _ _ _ _
03 ceffylau >
ceffyle [ke-FØ-le] (horses) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
04 cerdded
[KER-dhed] (to walk) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
05 dechrau >
dechre [DEKH-re] (to begin) _ _ _ _ _ _
06 amser [AM-ser]
(time) _ _ _ _ _
07 Cricieth
[KRIK-yeth] (name of a town) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
08 diwedd
[DI-wedh] (end) _ _ _ _ _ _
09 rhÿwbeth >
rhwbeth [HRU-beth] (something) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10 clywed
[KLØ-wed] (to hear) _ _ _ _ _ _
11 bargen
[BAR-gen] (bargain) _ _ _ _ _ _
12 pentref >
pentre [PEN-tre] (village) _ _ _ _ _ _
13 hogiau >
hogie [HOG-ye] (boys, lads) _ _ _ _ _
14 meddai fe
> medde fe / fo [ME-dhe VE, VO] (he said) _ _ _ _ _ _ · fo (
15 chwarae >
chware [KHWA-re] (to play) _ _ _ _ _ _
16 ambell
17 gorau >
gore [GO-re] (best) _ _ _ _
18 gorffen
[GOR-fen] (to finish) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
19 wÿneb >
gwÿneb [GUI-neb] (face) _ _ _ _ _ _
20 poced
[PO-ked] (pocket) _ _ _ _ _
21 fel finnau
> fel finne [vel VI-ne] = like me fel · _ _ _ _ _
22 geiriau >
geirie [GEIR-ye] (words) _ _ _ _ _ _
23 cyngerdd
[KØ-ngerdh] (concert); colloquial form consert [KON-sert]
> conset [KON-set] _ _ _ _ _ _
24 rhedeg
[HRE-deg] (run) _ _ _ _ _ _
25 golau >
gole [GO-le] (light - adjective) (light- noun) _ _ _ _
26 bore [BO-re]
(morning) _ _ _ _
27 hosanau >
sane [SA-ne] (socks) _ _ _ _
26 Lloegr >
Lloeger [LHOI-ger] (
27 injen [IN-jen]
(engine) _ _ _ _ _
28 cefnder
[KEVN-der] (cousin) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
29 tamaid >
tamed [TA-med] (bit) _ _ _ _ _
30 isel [I-sel]
(low) _ _ _
ANSWERS
01 carreg
carrag
02 Wmffre
Wmffra
03 ceffylau
'ffyla
04 cerdded
cerddad
05 dechrau
dechra
06 amser
amsar
07 Cricieth
Criciath
08 diwedd
diwadd
09 rhÿwbeth
rhwbath
10 clywed
clywad
11
bargen bargan
12
pentref pentra
13
hogiau hogia
14 meddai
fe medda fo
15 chwarae
chwara
16 ambell
amball
17 gorau
gora
18 gorffen
gorffan
19 wÿneb
wÿnab
20 poced
pocad
21 fel
finnau fel
finna
22 geiriau
geiria
23 cyngerdd
/ consert consat
24 rhedeg
rhedag
25
golau gola
26
bore bora
27
hosanau sana
26
Lloegr Lloegar
27
injen injan
28
cefnder cefndar
29 tamaid
tamad
30 isel
isal
·····
EXERCISE 2
Is this an original 'a'? These words are all
pronounced with a final-syllable 'a' in the North-west.
Write the standard form for each of these words.
Some words are the same in the standard language and
the spoken language
If it is a local form put the 'e' form (and the
original ai / ae / au form if there is one)
EXAMPLE:
llygad = (eye) llygad (the same in
the spoken language as in the literary language)
mochadd (piggish) = mochedd <
mochaidd (the 'e' is a reduction of an original 'ai')
petha (things) = pethe < pethau
(the 'e' is a reduction of an original 'au')
chwara (to play) = chware <
chwarae (the 'e' is a reduction of an original 'ae')
01 cyfeiriad
[kø-VEIR-yad] (direction)
02 tywallt
[TØ-walht] (pour)
03 adag [A-dag]
(period, time of year)
04 diwadd [DI-wedh]
(end)
05 tawal
[TAU-al] (quiet)
06 mi gofia i bÿth am...
[mi GoV-yai BITH am] (I'll never forget, I'll always remember) G _ _ _ _ · _
07 chwara
[KHWA-re] (play)
08 bora drannoth
[BO-re DRA-noth] (the next morning)
09 brechdan
[BREKH-dan] (sandwich)
10 saith mlynadd
[saith MLØ-nadh] (seven years)
11 hannar
[HA-nar] (half)
12 Wiliam
[WIL-yam] (William)
13 siarad
[SHA-rad] talk
14 llawar
[LHA-war] (a lot)
15 bachan
[BA-khan] (term of address - my lad)
16 lleuad
[LHEI-ad] (moon)
17 esboniad >
'sboniad [SPON-yad] (explanation)
18 capal
[KA-pal] (chapel)
19 ei
20 allan
[A-lhan] (outside)
21 Dolgella
[dol-GE-lha] (place name)
22 Criciath
[KRIK-yath] (place name)
23 chwartar
[KHWAR-tar] (quarter)
24 Owan [O-wan]
(man's name;
25 cyrradd [KØ-radh]
(arrive)
26 cadar
[KA-dar] (chair)
ANSWERS
01 cyfeiriad
cyfeiriad
02 tywallt
tywallt
03 adag
adeg
04 diwadd
diwedd
05 tawal
tawel
06 mi
gofia i bÿth am... gofia
07 chwara
chware < chwarae
08 bora
drannoth bore drannoeth
09 brechdan
brechdan
10 saith
mlynadd saith mlynedd
11 hannar
hanner
12 Wiliam
Wiliam
13 siarad
siarad
14
llawar llawer
15
bachan bachan
16
lleuad lleuad
17
esboniad esboniad
18
capal capel
19
'i hunan ei
hunan
20
allan allan
21
Dolgella Dolgellau
22 Criciath
Cricieth
23 chwartar
chwarter
24 Owan
Owen (< Owain)
25 cyrradd
cyrredd < cyrraedd
26 cadar
cadair
···
Adolygiadau diweddaraf / Latest update: 03 03
2000
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