2605e Gwefan Cymru-
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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia |
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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John
Morris-Jones (1864-1929), professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (
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Welsh Course - numerals 1-10 |
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Y Rhifolion / Numbers
Vocabulary -
cwm [kum] (·m·) = valley
ci [kii] (·m·) = dog
merch [merkh] (·f·) = girl
benÿw [ben iu] (·f·) = woman
cae [kai] (·m·) = field; usually câ [kaa] in the South
llaw [lhau] (·f·) = hand
heol [he ol] (·f·) = street; usually hewl, *ewl [heul,
eul] in the South
(the asterisk indicates an h-less form; such forms are usual in the traditional
Welsh of the south-east)
cerdÿn [ker din] (·m·) = card (usually carden [kar
den] (·f·) in the South)
cath [kaath] (·f·) = cat
blwÿddÿn[blui dhin] (·f·) = year
blynedd [blø nedh] (·pl·) = years (after a numeral)
pen [pen] (·m·) = head
tyddÿn [tø dhin] (·m·) = smallholding
diwrnod [diur nod] (·m·) = day
ceiniog [kein yog] = penny
cant [kant] (·m·) = hundred
munud [mi nid] (·m·) = minute
mis [miis] (·m·) = month
milltir [milh tir] (·f·) = mile
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1 |
un |
iin |
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2 |
dau (·m·), dwÿ (·f·) |
dai, dui |
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3 |
tri (·m·), tair (·f·) |
trii, tair |
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4 |
pedwar (·m·), pedair (·f·) |
ped war, pe der |
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5 |
pump (pum) |
pimp, pim |
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6 |
chwech (chwe) |
hweekh, hwee |
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7 |
saith |
saith |
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8 |
wÿth |
wuith |
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9 |
naw |
nau |
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10 |
deg (deng) |
deeg, deng |
Local pronunciations are
un, pump - North Wales 'u' is slightly different from South Wales 'u'
(in the South it is exactly the same as 'i'; not so in the North)
pedair - usually [pe der], in the north-west [pe dair] as in the
literary pronuncation; in the south-east petar [pe tar]
chwech - in the south as hwech [hweekh], and in the
south-east *wech [weekh]
dau - in the south, the older pronunciation dou [doi] is
in general use
A numeral is followed by the singular noun. The only exception in modern Welsh
is the word blwÿddÿn, [blui dhin] which has a plural form blynedd
[blø nedh] after numerals
Mutations after numerals
un (·m·) - no mutation. Un ci =
one dog
un (·f·) - soft mutation. The same as the
definite article y - that is, seven of the nine mutable consonants are affected
- p c t g b d m; but not ll, rh
merch = girl, un ferch; menÿw = woman, un fenÿw; llaw
= hand, un llaw
dau (·m·) - soft mutation. Dau gwm
= two valleys
There is also mutation of dau after the definite article - y ddau gwm =
the two valleys
dwÿ (·f·) - soft mutation. Dwÿ ferch
= two girls
As with dau, there is also mutation of dwÿ the definite article - y ddwÿ
fenÿw = the two women
tri (·m·) - aspirate mutation. Three
consonants are affected - p c t
cerdÿn = card, tri cherdÿn = three cards
pen = head, heading; tri phen
tyddÿn = smallholding; tri thyddÿn = three smallholdings
tair (·f·) - no mutation. Tair merch
= three girls.
There is no soft mutation after the definite article: y tair merch
In the
pedwar (·m·) - no mutation. Pedwar
cae = four fields
pedair (·f·) - no mutation. Pedair
merch = four girls
There is no soft mutation after the definite article: y pedair merch
There is a village Penpedairheol [pen pe der hewl] crossroad
- pen y pedair heol - {the} end {of} the four roads, the crossroad In
the
pump - this becomes pum before a
noun
Nasal mutation with blynedd (years), blwÿdd (year of age), diwrnod (day). In standard
Pum mlynedd
Pum mlwÿdd
Pum niwrnod (though pum diwrnod is perhaps now more usual in the
spoken language)
Otherwise no mutation
Pum cae = four fields
In South Wales, it remains as pump in the colloquial language, as in the place
name
Pump-hewl by Llanelli ('five roads'), though sometimes standardised as 'Pumheol'.
In the case of feminine nouns, there is no soft mutation after the definite
article: y pum merch
= the five girls
chwech - this becomes chwe
before a noun
Aspirate mutation, like tri. Three consonants are affected - p c t .
chwe chae = six fields
chwe thÿ haf = six holiday homes (
In South Wales, it remains as chwech in the colloquial language
hwech câ, *wech câ =chwe chae = six fields
saith - no mutation
In the past, there was soft mutation of c p t g b ll rh (but not d, m) - saith
geiniog = seven pence. You might come across examples of phrases like this,
but in general today it is ignored
wÿth - no mutation
As with saith, there was in the past soft mutation of c p t g b ll rh (but not
d, m) - wÿth geiniog = eight pence. You might come across examples of
phrases like this, but in general today it is ignored
naw -
Nasal mutation with blynedd (years), blwÿdd (year of age), diwrnod (day).
Naw mlynedd
Naw mlwÿdd
Naw niwrnod (though naw diwrnod is perhaps now more usual in the
spoken language)
Otherwise no mutation
Naw cath = nine cats
deg -
Nasal mutation with blynedd (years), blwÿdd (year of age), diwrnod (day), . In
this case deg becomes deng
Deng mlynedd
Deng mlwÿdd
Deng niwrnod (though deg diwrnod is perhaps now more usual in the
spoken language)
Otherwise no mutation
Deg cae = ten fields
Before m, deg > deng (though deg is also in use in the
spoken language)
deng munud (deg munud) - ten minutes
deng mis (deg mis) - ten months
deng milltir (deg milltir) - ten miles
Deng is also used before a vowel (though deg is
also in use in the spoken language)
deng afal (deg afal) - ten apples
____________
Common combinations are with:
(1) blwÿddÿn / blynedd = year / years,
(2) blwÿdd = year of age,
(3) cant = hundred,
(4) ceiniog = penny,
(5) punt = pound,
(6) milltir = mile,
We have also added
(7) doler = dollar,
(8) sent = cent
(1) blwÿddÿn / blynedd - year / years
one year - un flwÿddÿn; blwÿddÿn yn ôl - one year ago
two years - dwÿ flynedd yn ôl - two years ago, etc
three years - tair blynedd yn ôl
four years - pedair blynedd yn ôl
five years - pum mlynedd yn ôl
six years - chwe mlynedd yn ôl
seven years - saith mlynedd yn ôl
eight years - wÿth mlynedd yn ôl
nine years - naw mlynedd yn ôl
ten years - deng mlynedd yn ôl
(2) blwÿdd - year of age
one year old - un flwÿdd oed; blwÿdd oed - one year old
two years old - dwÿ flwÿdd oed - two years old etc
three years old - tair blwÿdd oed
four years old - pedair blwÿdd oed
five years old - pum mlwÿdd oed
six years old - chwe mlwÿdd oed
seven years old - saith mlwÿdd oed
eight years old - wÿth mlwÿdd oed
nine years old - naw mlwÿdd oed
ten years old - deng mlwÿdd oed
In fact, the word for year may be omitted - un oed, dwÿ oed, tair oed, pedair
oed, pump oed, chwech oed, saith oed, wÿth oed, naw oed, deg oed
(3) cant - hundred
100 cant
200 dau gant
300 tri chant
400 pedwar cant
500 pum cant
600 chwe chant
700 saith gant (also saith cant)
800 wÿth gant (also wÿth cant)
900 naw cant
1000 mil [miil]
(4) ceiniog - penny
1p, one penny - un geiniog (1g)
2p, two pence - dwÿ geiniog (2g)
3p, three pence - tair ceiniog (3c)
4p, four pence - pedair ceiniog (4c)
5p, five pence - pum ceiniog (5c)
6p, six pence - chwe cheiniog (6ch)
7p, seven pence - saith geiniog (7g) (sometimes said as saith ceiniog)
8p, eight pence - wÿth geiniog (8g) (sometimes said as wÿth ceiniog)
9p, nine pence - naw ceiniog (9c)
10p, ten pence - deg ceiniog (10c)
(5) punt - pound
£1, one pound - un bunt
£2, two pounds - dwÿ bunt
£3, three pounds - tair punt
£4, four pounds - pedair punt
£5, five pounds - pum punt
£6, six pounds - chwe phunt
£7, seven pounds - saith bunt, (sometimes said as saith punt)
£8, eight pounds - wÿth bunt , (sometimes said as wÿth punt)
£9, nine pounds - naw punt
£10, ten pounds - deg punt
The abbreviation is the same as in English, with the use of £ (an elaborate 'L'
representing the initial of Latin libra = pound)
An alternative one-word form of the pound quantities is also in use:
punt, dwÿbunt, teirpunt, pedair punt, pumpunt, chwephunt, seithbunt,
wÿthbunt, nawpunt, decpunt
(6) milltir [milh tir] (·f·) = mile
1m, one mile - un filltir (1f)
2m, two miles - dwÿ filltir (2f)
3m, three miles - tair milltir (3m)
4m, four miles - pedair milltir (4m)
5m, five miles - pum milltir (5m)
6m, six miles - chwe milltir (6m)
7m, seven miles - saith milltir (7m)
8m, eight miles - wÿth milltir (8m)
9m, nine miles - naw milltir (9m)
10m, ten miles - deng milltir (10m)
(7) doler [do ler] (·f·) = dollar
$1, one dollar - un ddoler
$2, two dollars - dwÿ ddoler
$3, three dollars - tair doler
$4, four dollars - pedair doler
$5, five dollars - pum doler
$6, six dollars - chwe doler
$7, seven dollars - saith doler
$8, eight dollars - wÿth doler
$9, nine dollars - naw doler
$10, ten dollars - deg doler
The abbreviation is the same as in English, with the use of $
(8) sent [sent] (·f·) = cent
1c, one cent - un sent (1s)
2c, two cents - dwÿ sent (2s)
3c, three cents - tair sent (3s)
4c, four cents - pedair sent (4s)
5c, five cents - pum sent (5s)
6c, six cents - chwe sent (6s)
7c, seven cents - saith sent (7s)
8c, eight cents - wÿth sent (8s)
9c, nine cents - naw sent (9s)
10c, ten cents - deg sent (10s)
In some old compound forms, there are plural nouns after the numerals
1) with years - dwÿ flynedd, etc
2) Saith Ddoethion Rhufain - the Seven Sages of Rome
3) Saith Rhyfeddod y Bÿd - the Seven Wonders of the World
4) Llantrisaint (llan y tri saint) {the} church {of} {the} three saints.
'Saint' is the plural of 'sant'. There are two villages with this name - (SH
3683). One on the
5) Llanpumsaint (llan y pum saint) {the} church {of} {the} five saints
(·SN 4129·). In Sir Gaerfyrddin. Also Pumsaint (·SN6540·), also in Sir
Gaerfyrddin
EXERCISE
01 one dog
02 one girl
03 two streets
04 three houses
05 four roads
06 five girls
07 five girls (South Wales colloquial)
08 six pounds
09 seven women
10 ten pence
ANSWER
01 one dog - un ci
02 one girl - un ferch
03 two streets - dwÿ heol
04 three houses - tri thÿ
05 four roads - pedair heol
06 five girls - pum merch
07 five girls (South Wales colloquial) - pump merch
08 six pounds - chwe phunt (chwephunt)
09 seven women - saith meÿw
10 ten pence - deg ceiniog
Adolygiadau
diweddaraf: 20 01 2000
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