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1273e “An Elementary Welsh Grammar” by John Morris-Jones (1864-1929),
professor of Welsh at Coleg y Brifysgol (University College), Bangor. Published
in 1921 (when he was aged 56 / 57). “This grammar deals
with Modern Literary Welsh only. It follows the lines of my Welsh Grammar
Historical and Compararive, 1913, so far as that treats of the modern language;
but the matter has been largely re-written, and is in some respects more
detailed.”
(1) Present tense of BOD =
to be (literary form)
wÿf I am
ydÿm we are
···
wÿt you are (familiar)
ydÿch you are (formal, or plural)
···
mae she is, he is
maent they are
[PRONUCIATION:
uiv, ø-dim, uit, ø-dikh, mai, maint]
These
forms are usually prefixed by YR (Y before a consonant)
- in modern Welsh, a meaningless preverbal particle
yr wÿf
yr ydÿm
yr wÿt
yr ydÿch
y mae
y maent
The
pronouns may be added after the verb
yr wÿf fi
yr ydÿm ni
yr wÿt ti
yr ydÿch chwi
y mae ef
y mae hi
y maent hwÿ
Note that the after wÿf we have FI instead of MI
(2) Present tense of BOD =
to be (spoken form)
Here we shall present a southern form of the verb BOD.
It has its origins in the particle + verb + pronoun form listed above
|
southern forms - standard colloquial |
southern forms - reduced |
|
|
rwÿ i |
rw i |
I am |
|
rÿn ni |
rÿn ni |
we are |
|
|
|
|
|
rwÿt ti |
rw't ti > rw ti |
you are (familiar) |
|
rÿch chi |
ri chi |
you
are (formal, or plural) |
|
|
|
|
|
mae hi |
ma 'i |
she is |
|
mae e |
he is |
he is |
|
maen nhw |
ma nw |
they are |
The
preverbal particle Y is lost before MA (ma-hi, etc).
The R of YR is retained before W and I (rw i, ri chi, etc).
There is a tendency for the H in HI to be dropped (ma hi > ma i)
(3) Present continuous tense
of BOD = to be (literary form)
siarad
= to talk
yn siarad = talking
meddwl = to think
yn meddwl = thinking
cysgu = to sleep
yn cysgu = sleeping
gweled = to see
yn gweled = seeing
dyfod = to come
yn dyfod = coming
myned = to go
yn myned = going
gofyn = to ask
yn gofyn = to ask
prynu = to buy
yn prynu = buying
gwerthu = to sell
yn gwerthu = selling
aros = to wait
yn aros = waiting
yr wÿf yn myned = I am going
y mae ef yn siarad = he is talking
···
EXERCISE
1
Give
the English for:
1
Yr wÿf fi yn gwerthu
2 Y mae hi yn prynu
3 Y maent hwÿ yn siarad
4 Yr ydÿch chwi yn siarad
5 Yr wÿt ti yn aros
6 Yr wÿf fi yn myned
7 Y maent hwÿ yn aros
8 Y mae hi yn gofÿn
9 Y mae ef yn gweled
10 Yr wÿf fi yn meddwl
···
ANSWERS:
1
Yr wÿf fi yn gwerthu - I am selling
2 Y mae hi yn prynu - she is buying
3 Y maent hwÿ yn siarad - they are talking
4 Yr ydÿch chwi yn siarad - you are talking
5 Yr wÿt ti yn aros - you are waiting
6 Yr wÿf fi yn myned - I am going
7 Y maent hwÿ yn aros - they are waiting
8 Y mae hi yn gofÿn - she is asking
9 Y mae ef yn gweled - he is seeing
10 Yr wÿf fi yn meddwl - I am thinking
···
EXERCISE
3
Give
the Welsh (literary forms) for:
1 I am sleeping
2 He is seeing
3 They are coming
4 She is coming
5 She is going
6 I am thinking
7 We are going
8 You (familiar) are asking
9 I am talking
10 You (formal) are waiting
ANSWERS
1 I am sleeping - yr wÿf yn cysgu
2 He is seeing - y mae ef yn aros
3 They are coming - y maent hwÿ yn dyfod
4 She is coming - y mae hi yn dyfod
5 She is going - y mae hi yn mÿnd
6 I am thinking - yr wÿf yn meddwl
7 We are going - yr ydÿm ni yn mÿnd
8 You (familiar) are asking - yr wÿt ti yn gofÿn
9 I am talking - yr wÿf fi yn siarad
10 You (formal) are waiting - yr ydÿch chwi yn aros
(4) The present continuous tense of the verb (spoken form)
The verbs in the above list are the same in spoken Welsh
apart from
gweled > gweld
dyfod > dod or dwad (two syllables)
myned > mÿnd
mÿnd
= to go
yn mÿnd = going
Note
that YN is contracted to 'N after the pronoun
rw i + yn mÿnd = rw i'n mÿnd = I'm going
EXERCISE 3
Give the English for:
1 Rw i'n meddwl
2 Ma fe'n dwad
3 Ma nw'n aros
4 Ri chi'n siarad
5 Rw i'n gofyn
6 Rw ti'n mynd
7 Rw i'n dwad
8 Ma hi'n dod
9 Rw i'n cysgu
10 Ri ni'n aros
ANSWERS
1 Rw i'n meddwl - I'm thinking
2 Ma fe'n dwad - he's coming
3 Ma nw'n aros - they're waiting
4 Ri chi'n siarad - you're talking
5 Rw i'n gofÿn - I'm asking
6 Rw ti'n mÿnd - you're going
7 Rw i'n dwad - I'm coming
8 Ma hi'n dod - she's coming
9 Rw i'n cysgu - I'm sleeping
10 Ri ni'n aros - we're waiting
EXERCISE
4
Give the Welsh (spoken forms) for:
1 I am sleeping
2 He is seeing
3 They are coming
4 She is coming
5 She is going
6 I am thinking
7 We are going
8 You (familiar) are asking
9 I am talking
10 You (formal) are waiting
ANSWERS
1 I am sleeping - rw i'n cysgu
2 He is seeing - ma fe 'n gweld
3 They are coming -ma nw'n dwad
4 She is coming - ma hi'n dwad
5 She is going - ma hi'n mÿnd
6 I am thinking - rw i'n meddwl
7 We are going - ri ni'n mÿnd
8 You (familiar) are asking - rw ti'n gofÿn
9 I am talking - rw i'n siarad
10 You (formal) are waiting - ri chi'n aros
Some
more verbs: literary forms (spoken forms if different in brackets)
siarad speak
gweithio (gwiitho) work
agor open
darllen read
chwarae (ware) play
ysgrifennu (sgrifennu) write
eistedd (ishte) sit
yfed drink
cau close
dweud (gweud) say
|
to say |
literary form |
spoken form |
|
I am saying |
yr
wÿf fi yn dweud |
rw i'n gweud |
|
we are saying |
yr ydÿm ni yn dweud |
ri ni'n gweud |
|
you are saying |
yr
wÿt ti yn dweud |
rw ti'n gweud |
|
you are saying |
yr
ydÿch chwi yn dweud |
ri chi'n gweud |
|
she is saying |
y mae hi yn dweud |
ma (h)i'n gweud |
|
he is saying |
y mae ef yn dweud |
ma fe'n gweud |
|
they are saying |
y maent hwÿ yn dweud |
ma nw'n gweud |
Adolygiad
diweddaraf / Latest update 30 05 1999
DIWEDD
/ FI ŷŵ
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