kimkat2588e Welsh as a Specific Subject for Elementary Schools (1890)

 

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Welsh as a Specific Subject
for Elementary Schools (1890)





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(delwedd 3961A) (clawr blaen / front cover)

 

The Welsh Elementary School Series

Welsh as a Specific Subject for Elementary Schools

Stage 1

Compiled by a Committee of Elementary School Teachers

Fifth Edition

Published for

The Society for Utilizing the Welsh Language

By D. Duncan and Sons, Cardiff

London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co.

1890

(Copyright)

Price 6d.; Cloth, 9d.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3967B)

  (x0)

The Welsh Elementary School Series

Welsh as a Specific Subject for Elementary Schools

Stage 1

Compiled by a Committee of Elementary School Teachers

Fifth Edition

Published for

The Society for Utilizing the Welsh Language

By D. Duncan and Sons, Cardiff

London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co.

1890

(Copyright)

Price 6d.; Cloth, 9d.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3895B) (x1)

 

IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS SANCTIONED BY THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.

The New Code for 1889, when first issued, created some disappointment in Welsh circles owing to the small amount of concessions which it appeared at first sight to make to the special needs if Welsh schools, and to the unanimous recommendations of the late Royal Commission on this subject, backed as they had been by the active private support of the leading Welsh members on both sides of the House of Commons and by several of the Welsh peers We are glad to say, however, that the fears on this score of those interested in Welsh education have been set at rest by a letter from Sir William Hart-Dyke, the Vice-President of the Committee of Council on Education, to Sir John Puleston, M.P., who has taken a warm interest in the matter from the outset, and has been in close communication with the Education Department on behalf of the Welsh Utilization Society.

 

This important letter may be taken as an official interpretation of the New Code, the provisions of which, read in the light of the Vice-President’s explanation, will be found to concede, to all intents and purposes, the whole programme which was put forward in April, 1886, by the Welsh Utilization Society in their Memorial to the Royal Commission, and since then generally accepted by Welsh educationists.

 

{Letter from Sir WILLIAM HART-DYKE, Vice-president of the Committee of Council on Education) (COPY),

 

“My DEAR PULESTON, —First as to Welsh recognised as a specific subject. It has been so recognised for the last two years, and has been mentioned in the annual report submitted to Parliament. The forthcoming report of H.M. Inspector, Mr. Williams, in the Welsh district, will be published, as it was two years ago, in a separate form, so as to be generally accessible to the Welsli people, and, besides the statistical matter relating

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3896A) (x2)

 

(x2a) to Wales, will contain the figures for the last two years showing the number of departments and scholars who have taken Welsh as a specific subject. It is not included in Schedule III., because it is thought better to leave the scheme of instruction, as far as possible, to the initiative of the locality. . . The words “at the discretion of the inspector” (note to Schedule I.) refer to the substitution of dictation for composition in the upper standards generally; and the Inspectors will certainly be instructed to give every encouragement to the translation of Welsh into English, or the rendering in English of a story read in Welsh.

 

“We must not encourage the Welsh language at the expense of English, but rather as a vehicle for the sounder and more rapid acquisition of English, and with that object the use of bilingual leading books, sanctioned in footnote to page 23, will enable Welsh and English to be acquired pari-passu in all the standaids. It is clearly for the managers to decide upon the expediency of using these books; the concession being granted in the most unqualified terms, and being, indeed, the obvious antecedent of the new regulation as to composition in the upper standards.

 

“The first footnote to Schedule II. empowers managers to submit, and the Inspectors to approve, any progressive scheme of lessons in the subjects named. This will clearly enable the map of Wales to be used in illustration of the terms taught in Standard II., and the Physical and Political Geography of Wales to be substituted for that of England in Standard III., under suitable conditions. It will also enable English as a class subject to be so handled as to adjust it to the special difficulties and needs of Welsh schools.

 

“I venture on the whole to plead that all legitimate demands of those who are interested in Welsh education have been very fairly and completely met.— I remain, very truly yours,

 

(Signed) “W. HART-DYKE.”

 

The portions of the Code to which the foregoing letter refers are these:—

 

SCHEDULE I.— Elementary Subjects.

 

N.B.— “In Welsh districts translation into English of an easy piece of Welsh written on the blackboard, or of a story read twice, may be substituted (for English composition).”

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3904B)

  (x3)

 

SCHEDULE II.—Class Subjects.

 

Footnote I.— If the managers desire, they may submit to the Inspector at his annual visit, and the Inspector may approve for the ensuing year, some progressive scheme of lessons in these subjects, providing for not less than three groups.

 

Footnote 2.— In districts where Welsh is spoken, the in¬telligence of the children examined in any elementary or class subject may be tested by requiring them to explain in Welsh the meaning of passages read, and bilingual books may be used for the puipose of instructing the scholars.

 

SUMMARY OF THE POWERS GRANTED BY THE NEW CODE.

 

A careful reading of the Code in the light of the official inter¬pretation afforded in Sir William Hart-Dyke’s letter shows that the effects of apparently minor modifications are far-reaching, and of the highest importance as regards Welsh schools. In effect they will open the door to a thorough change in the whole system of Welsh elementary education. Summarized briefly they amount to this:—

 

1. Welsh grammar may be taught as a specific subject in Standards V., VI., VII,, and a grant of 4s. will be paid on account of each child who passes this examination.

 

2. A rational system of teaching English as a class subject by means of a graduated system of tianslations, and an appeal at each step to the intelligence of the children, may be sub¬stituted for the present requirements in English grammar in all the standards, and a grant of two shillings per child on the average of the whole school will be paid if the results of the

examination be satisfactory.

 

3. In all standards and in all subjects taught in the school bilingual reading-books may be used, and bilingual copy-books may be used in teaching writing.

 

4. The geography of Wales may be taught up to Standard III., and the history of Wales may be taught throughout the whole school, by means of books partly Welsh partly English, and a grant of two shillings per head on the average of the whole school may be earned for each of these subjects if the results of the examination are satisfactory.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3897A) (x4)

 

(x4)

5. Schools taking up the new method of teaching English as a class subject may also claim the right to substitute translation from Welsh to English for English composition in the elementary subjects, and thus reap a double benefit.

 

6. Finally, the small village and country schools, so numerous in the Principality, may, for the purposes of class teaching, re-arrange the standards into three groups, e.g., Group l, Standards I., II.; Group 2, Standards III., IV.; Group 3, Standards V., VI., VII. This will be a material reliet to under-staffed schools.

 

Taken as a whole, the concessions made to Welsh demands are highly satisfactory, and Wales is to be congratulated on having at last secured a sensible system of elementary education adapted to her special circumstances and needs.

 

All that now remains is for teachers and managers of schools to avail themselves largely of these new powers

 

 

(delwedd 3898B) (x3)

PREFACE.

 

THE Council of the Society for Utilizing the Welsh Language feels that there is now no apology needed for the movement set on foot by the Society to secure the official recognition and the rational utilization of the Welsh Language, in the course of Elementary Education in Wales.

 

The results of the first examinations in this subject held by Her Majesty’s Inspectors in the Schools of the Gelligaer School Board, afford a complete justification of the action taken by the Society.

 

The fears entertained by practical educationists at the outset of the movement may be summarized thus:—

 

1. That the introduction of Welsh would add materially to the labour of teachers.

 

2. That in Schools containing an English element, the scheme would prove to be unworkable.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3899A) (x4)

 

(x4) 3. That the teaching of Welsh would result in a lesser degree of proficiency in other subjects, and especially in English.

 

The experiment made by the Gelligaer School Board has, however, tended to show that all these fears were groundless. Not¬withstanding that the teachers had no text¬books to assist them, and that the labour of teaching was consequently greater in their case than it need be in future, neither teachers nor parents complain of any material addi¬tional labour in the year’s work. In more than one School it has been shown that the children of English-speaking parents have passed a highly creditable examination in Welsh — one such child, indeed, standing third in the total number of marks earned. As to the injurious effect upon other subjects, it is sufficient to point out that where. Welsh has been taken up the uniform success of all classes has never been greater than now; that the children have improved in English, and that in one case the grant for English was doubled, on account of the increased proficiency in that subject which followed the teaching of Welsh as a specific subject. For further particulars, see the annexed reports.

 

These facts speak for themselves, and go

 

 

(delwedd 3899B)

 

 

 (x5) to show that BY TEACHING WELSH—

(1) An additional grant of four shillings per pass can be earned.

(2) The other subjects taught do not suffer.

(3) The English of Welsh children is improved, while English children learn an additional language; and the children thus learn two languages well, instead of learning one badly.

(4) The improved general efficiency of the school results in higher grants for other subjects.

(5) Parents and children are brought to take a more lively and intelligent interest in school work.

 

The Council feels confident that as these facts become generally known, managers and teachers will, in the best interests of their schools, take up this subject very extensively.

 

As regards the book itself, the Council has only to say that, the teachers of the Gelligaer Schools being the only ones who had the advantage of actual experience in teaching this subject, and having the results tested by Her Majesty’s Inspectors, it was felt that they were better fitted than any others for the task of preparing a text-book suitable for use in Elementary Schools. A Commission for preparing a series of these books was accordingly issued by the Society to:—- Mr. DAVID HOPKINS, Gelligaer Village School;

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3900A) (x6)

 

(x6) Mr. THOMAS C. THOMAS, Bedlinog Board School; Mr. MATHEW OWEN, Pontlottyn Board School; Mr. THOMAS JONES, Bargoed Board School. To these gentlemen is due the credit for compiling the first text¬book for teaching Welsh in Elementary Schools.

 

How well the work has been done, this little book — the first of the series — testifies. That the work admits of improvement, and that extended experience of the working of the scheme will necessarily suggest modifi-cations, is felt by the Compilers themselves, even more than by their friendly critics; but it will be generally admitted that as a first attempt to meet an existing pressing need, this little work will commend itself to general approval.

 

The acknowledgment of the obligations ot the Society would not be complete without special reference to the valuable services rendered by Mr. OWEN M. EDWARDS, Balliol College, Oxford, in so kindly supplying the Stories in Welsh History as exercises for translation in the Third Part.

 

Though this little work is intended chiefly for use in Elementary Schools, it is at the same time suited for all persons commencing the grammatical study of the language in

 

 

 

(delwedd 3900B) (x7)

 

(x7) either school or college. Its simplicity and careful gradation will recommend it to the favour of practical teachers and of private students.

 

The book for the Second Stage is now in active preparation, and will be very shortly issued.

 

July 1st, 1887.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3901A) (x8)

 

(x8) PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

 

The expectations of the Council of the Society have been fully realized in the ready sale found for this little work, a second edition being called for within two months of the issue of the first. It is gratifying to know that the issue of a suitable text-book has had the effect of inducing a number of School Boards, as well as individual Schools, in North, Central, and South Wales, to take up the subject at once, with the view of present¬ing their classes in it at the next examination. This leads the Council to hope that the introduction of Welsh into the course of Elementary Education will, at no distant date, be the rule rather than the exception in Welsh Schools.

 

The criticisms on the work have hitherto all been friendly, and for the most part favourable. The defects pointed out ,have been few, and will be found to have been

 

 

 

(delwedd 3901B)

 

(x9) remedied either in the present edition or in the more advanced stages which are now in the press. Acting on the advice of a num¬ber of practical teachers, the matter in the present edition, while practically remaining the same in substance as in the first edition, has been re-arranged. There have been added, chiefly for the benefit of English Students, introductory chapters on Welsh Reading and Pronunciation, and on the Mutation of Initial Consonants, while the Vocabulary at the end of the Book has been so arranged as to include every word in the translation exercises, and to afford the student a ready gude to the use of all forms of the same root word. Some additional examples of Easy Conversational Sentences have also been added, while the worked translation exercise, showing the phrase translations, illustrating the difference in the idioms of the two languages, will be appreciated by English Students.

 

September 1st, 1887.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3902A)

 

(x10) SYLLABUS FOR WELSH AS A SPECIFIC SUBJECT.

 

NOTE.—The following Scheme has been submitted to W. Williams, Esq., H.M. Chief Inspector of Schools for the Welsh Division, and has been approved by him on behalf of the Education Department.

 

STAGE I.

 

1.—

(a) Nouns and Adjectives with their inflexions (Number and Gender),

(b) The Personal Pronoun,

(c) Conjugation of the Verb “Bod” in the inflexional form only; also the Impera¬tive and Infinitive of the same Verb.

 

2.—To translate from Welsh into English, and from English into Welsh, easy conversational sentences containing the Verb “Bod” only.

 

3.—To translate, or write from dictation, any short passage from a Welsh book approved by H.M. Inspector. (15 pages to be prepared.)

 

STAGE II.

 

1.—

(a) Conjugation of the Active (Inflexional and Periphras¬tic with “ Bod “) and Passive of the Regular Verb “Dysgu.”

(b) The Pronouns, Adverbs, Prepositions (simple and pronominal).

 

2. —

(a) To translate from Welsh into English, and from English into Welsh, easy conversational sentences containing the Verbs “Bod” and “Dysgu,” or any Regular Verb contained in the mat¬ter prepared for translation in 3.

(b) To parse one of the Welsh sentences given in (a).

 

3-—

(a) To translate a short passage from a Welsh book ap-proved by H.M. Inspector. (15 pages, to be prepared.)

(b) To recite 40 lines of Welsh poetry with knowledge of meanings and allusions.

 

STAGE III.

1.—

(a) Conjugation of Irregular Verbs, Compound Preposi¬tions, Conjunctions, Interjections,

(b) A knowledge of the chief prefixes and affixes of words, and the leading rules for the mutation of initial consonants, as illustrated in the Welsh book (see 3).

 

2.—To write a short theme or letter in Welsh on an easy subject.

 

3-—

(a) To translate a passage from a Welsh book approved by H.M. Inspector. (25 pages to be prepared.)

(b) To recite 60 lines of Welsh poetry, with knowledge of meanings and allusions.

 

N.B.—1. The matter prepared for translation or recitation must be different in the several stages.

2. The scholars may be required to give written as well as oral answers to all questions (including those set in translation).

 

(Approved) W. WILLIAMS, H.M. Chief Inspector for the Welsh Division.

April 2, 1887

 

 

 

(delwedd 3902B)

 

(x11) RESULTS OF THE FIRST EXPERIMENTS.

 

THE Gelligaer School Board was the first to put the principles advocated by the Society into practical operation. Welsh, as a Specific Subject, was introduced into their schools in the year 1886. In November and December of that year, the First Examinations were held, with most satisfactory results, as the following

 

EXTRACTS FROM H.M. INSPECTOR’S REPORTS,

 

kindly supplied by the Chairman of the Board, will shew:—

 

“Welsh as a specific subject has proved an encouraging experi¬ment.” 14 passed at this school.

 

“The fifth and sixth standards not only passed well in English Grammar, but also passed with credit in Welsh as a specific sub¬ject.” 17 passed at this school.

 

“Great care has been bestowed on Welsh as a specific subject, yet the uniform success of all classes has never been greater.” 19 passed at this school.

 

“Welsh has been taken as a specific subject with advantage to English Grammar, the classes that have been learning Welsh being most decidedly successful in English.” 13 (girls) passed at this school.

 

“An improvement in English Grammar in the fifth and sixth standards accompanies a most encouraging success in Welsh as a specific subject: the higher rate may now be recom¬mended for English.” 14 passed at this school.

 

Attention is especially directed to the fact that where Welsh has been taught, the children have improved in English. In one case the grant for English, was doubled on account of the increased proficiency in that subject which followed the teaching of Welsh as a Specific Subject.

 

Thus it will be seen that in addition to the special grant of four shillings per child earned for each pass, the effect of the introduction of Welsh into the schools is an improved general efficiency, resulting in a considerable money gain to the school.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3903A)

 

(x12) SAMPLE QUESTIONS.

 

The following are samples of the Questions set at some of the first examinations.

 

Teachers of Schools where Welsh is taken as a Specific Subject, will materially aid the movement, as well us assist in securing uniformity of standards of examination throughout Wales, by forwarding to the Secretary copies of the Questions set in this Subject at the Government Examinations of their Schools.

 

NOTE.—It would be well to bear in mind that these papers were set before the foregoing scheme was submitted for approval, and so are not based upon it.

 

FIRST PAPER.

 

1.—

(a) Give the plural of the following words:—Dant, esgid, brân, asgwrn.

(b) What are the feminine forms of;-—Brawd, dyn, ewythr, bachgen da.

Add the corresponding English words.

 

2.—Write out—

(a) The Present Indicative of “Bod,” with the corresponding English tense.

(b) The Welsh names of the Days of the Week.

 

3.—Translate into English:—

(a) A welsoch chwi y gwaed coch ar wyneb y bachgen mawr?

(b) Beth yw pris y caws? Swllt y pwys. Mae’n rhy ddrud.

(c) Parse:—Beth yw pris y caws?

 

4.—Translate into Welsh—

(a) How old is your mother? Are you likely to see her soon?

(b) Have you any brothers? Yes; I have two — one at Cardiff, and the other at Swansea.

 

5.—Read the Welsh words written on the blackboard (different words for each girl).

 

SECOND PAPER.

1.—

(a) Reading Welsh.

(b) Welsh Recitation, with knowledge of meanings, &c

 

2.—Translate into English:—

(a) Mae pren yn derbyn rhan o’i gynaliaeth o’r ddaear, a rhan arall o’r awyr drwy ei ddail.

(b) Yn fuan daeth y ci at y drws. Cafodd yno damaid o fara, ac aeth ymaith heb iddynt sylwi arno.

 

3.—Parse the following Welsh sentence:- 0nd yr oedd yr haul yn rhy ddysglaer iddo edrych arno.

 

4. —Translate into Welsh:—

(a) The shepherd took the girls with him to the mountains,

(b) The roots of a tree are in the ground, its leaves are in the air.

 

5.—Write out the Past Indicative of “Y mae genyf,” and the Future Indicative of “Bod,” with the corresponding English tenses.

 

(NOTE.—The Master .having taught these Verbs was anxious to have his work thoroughly tested.)

 

 

 

(delwedd 3903B)

  (x13)

THIRD PAPER.

1—

(a) Give the plural of the following words:—Dafad, asgwrn, tywysog, myfi.

(b) Give the feminine of;—Gwr, arglwydd, ceiliog, ceffyl gwyn.

 

2.—

(a) Give the Amser Anorphenol Modd Mynegol of the Verb “Bod,” with the corresponding English tense,

(b) Give the four degrees of comparison of:—Pell, drwg, melus, and tlawd, with their English equivalents.

 

3.—Translate the following sentences into English:—

(a) A ydyw yr eneth fach yn y tŷ?

(b} Afal melus iawn ydyw hwn.

(c) Y mae pump o wragedd yn y tŷ mawr sydd yn agos i’r afon,

(d) Byddant yma yn foreu iawn, cyn toriad y dydd, boreu yfory.

 

Point out the parts of speech in the last of the above Welsh sen¬tences.

 

4.—Translate the following into Welsh:—

(a) Has the butcher a long knife?

(b) They will be happy at their aunt’s house?

(c) He was a young man then.

(d) A black dog and a white cat are close to my chair.

 

FOURTH PAPER.

1.—

(a) Give the plural of the following words:—Bardd, estron, bryn, efe.

(b} Give the feminine of:—Ewythr, gwas, dyn, tarw du.

 

2.—

(a) Give the Future Indicative of “Bod,” with the corres¬ponding English tense.

(b) Give the four degrees of comparison of:— Call, trwm, bach, and cyfoethog, with their English equiva-lents.

 

3.—Translate the following sentences into English:—

(a) A ydyw y fuwch fawr yn yr ardd?

(b) Yr oedd ef yno ddoe, ond ni fydd hi yma heddyw.

(c) Byddwch yn ferched da.

(d) A oes gwallt gwyn ar ben hen wr yn wastad?

 

Point out the parts of speech in the last sentence.

 

4.—Translate the following sentences into Welsh:—

(a) How do you do?

(b) The wicked boy is now far from his father’s house.

(c) Cardiff is a big town.

(d) A soldier was here yesterday.

 

FIFTH PAPER.

1.—Give the feminine of the following:—Ci gwyn, ceffyl, brawd bach, gwas.

 

2.—Give the plural of:—Afon, troed, careg, oen.

 

3.—Write the Perfect Tense of the Verb “Bod.”

 

4.—Translate into English:—

(a) Oedd y dyn a’i gi du yn yr ardd?

(b) Pwy yw perchen y tŷ mawr yna?

(c) Mae’n oer iawn heddyw.

(d) Parse:—Oedd yn yr ardd.

 

5.—Translate into Welsh:—

(a) Mary’s father is blind,

(b) Is William heavier than James?

(c) Philip was up in London last April.

(d) When will they be going home?

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3904A)

 

(x14) WHAT THE GOVERNMENT BLUE BOOK SAYS.

 

SINCE the first edition of this little work appeared, the Education Department has issued in the form of a Blue Book, “The General Report for the Welsh Division for the year 1886, by W. Williams, Esq., Chief Inspector.” In this Report, Mr. Williams says:—

 

“A question of much interest has been brought prominently forward of late, viz., the Utilization of the Welsh Language (in the Elementary Schools), and has been taken up by an influential Society, the Council of which includes the names of most of the leading educationists in Wales. The objects of this Society have been fully set forth in a Memorial to the Royal Commissioners on Elementary Education,*

 

*A copy of this Memorial will be sent free on receipt of a stamped Addressed wrapper. Apply to the Secretary of the Society.

 

and I shall not refer to them at length here. I wish, however, to state that it is not intended to try to retard the spread of the English Language, or to interfere with the teaching of English in Welsh Schools; on the contrary, one of the main objects is to make the teaching of English more intelligent and thorough. Mr. Edwards (H.M. Inspector for the Merthyr District) is strongly in favour of the movement, and I beg to refer to his reasons for it given in the Appendix to this Report. The actual result produced on the present system in many Welsh-speaking districts is, that the bulk of the scholars, it is to be feared, pass through the schools without acquiring sufficient know¬ledge of English to understand or take pleasure in reading an English book, whilst their mere colloquial knowledge of Welsh is insufficient to enable them fully to appreciate a Welsh book. Welsh has been already taken as a specific subject in some schools, and I beg to refer to Mr. D. I. Davies’ account of it in the Appendix.”

 

The Appendix referred to is as follows:—

 

Reasons given by Mr. W. EDWARDS, Her Majesty’s Inspector, for the introduction of Welsh.

 

“They are chiefly these:

(i) That Welsh is the constant home language of a very large proportion of the inhabitants of Wales, besides being the language of many newspapers and periodicals.

 

 

 

(delwedd 3904B) 

  (x15)

(2) That it is expedient that Welsh should be taught grammatically as long as it retains its position as the language of the majority.

 

(3) That many children who pass through the Elementary Schools will in after life fill positions in which a good grammatical knowledge of Welsh is extremely desirable, if not absolutely indispensable.

 

(4) That bilingual instruction is always useful in improving the faculties of thought and expression through the presentation of one idea in two different modes. By its means also the acquisition of a third language is rendered easier.

 

(5) That the spread of English will not be retarded by the teaching of Welsh. The latter will only be taught in connection with the former. Translations will be required not only from English into Welsh, but also from Welsh into English. Welsh children at present rarely have the power of composing in English. Translation is at once an aid and an exer¬cise in composition.

 

(6) That in Scotland, in Ireland, and in various Continental countries the necessity of bilingual instruction is conceded, and the advantages which accrue from it, e.g., in Switzerland, are acknowledged to be considerable.

 

(7) That as the subject is optional, there is no danger of its being introduced against the wishes of the parents.

 

(8) That the machinery for teaching Welsh already exists, although a little preparation may be required. Teachers of Welsh nationality are, as a matter of fact, already chosen in preference to English teachers for service in Welsh Schools. If Welsh teaching is required in schools conducted by Englishmen, it will be easy to provide the special instruction without unsettling the staff.

 

(9) The question of practicability will settle itself, if experiments are allowed to be made, without unnecessary restrictions.

 

Remarks by Mr. DAN ISAAC DAVIES, Her Majesty’s Sub-Inspector of Schools.

 

“Eight schools under the Gelligaer School Board have been examined in Welsh, as a specific subject, according to a scheme approved by her Majesty’s Inspector for the district of Merthyr, and, out of 110 presented, 89 passed. One of the schools was examined according to a scheme proposed by the Society for Utiliz¬ing the Welsh Language, which possesses some advantages over that proposed by the School Board, especially for the children of English parents. In one school an English boy stood second, and an English girl third; and the success of the English children was greater than might have been expected.

 

“In one school, conducted by a master who did not know Welsh, the subject was well taught by an assistant mistress, an ex-pupil teacher. The master, seeing the progress made by his scholars,

____________________________

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3905A)

 

(x16) some of them from English homes, took to studying Welsh him¬self, and soon made good progress.

 

“The English Grammar of Standards V., VI., VII, has beeo improved by the teaching of Welsh as a specific subject, and for this reason it might be advantageous to take Welsh as a specific subject when it would he unadvisable to take any other special subject. One strong reason for teaching Welsh is that the demand for bilingual officials is increasing in all parts of Wales, and es¬pecially in the populous mining districts of East Glamorganshire, in which there has been of late years an immense increase of population (mainly Welsh), and to which districts several additional Members of Parliament, taken from the Anglicized Pembroke, Brecon, and Radnor Boroughs, have been assigned.”— From the Welsh Education Blue Book, 1886-7.

 

 

 

(delwedd 3905B) 

 

(x17) THE WELSH ALPHABET

(YR ABIEC.)

 

Letter / Name / English Word containing the sound. / Welsh Word containing the sound.

 

A / a / ah / father / bâd / fat / màn

B / b / bee / boy / bod

C / c / ek / can (always hard) / caws

Ch / ch / ech / (there is no English equivalent; the Scotch ch in loch is similar) / chwaer

D / d / dee / dog / dyn

Dd / dd / eth / then / modd

E / e / eh / fate / bedd / fell / pen

F / f / ev / vain / fel

ff / ff / eff / full / ffa

G / g / egg / gay (always hard) / gof

Ng / ng / ing / sing / angor

H / h / hatch / have / haul

I / i / ee / feel / llin / tin / pin

L / l / el / love / lili

LL / ll / ell / (there is no English equivalent) / llaw

M / m / em / mine / mam

N / n / en / nun / nef

O / o / oh / go / clo / not / tòn

P / p / pee / pan / pen

Ph / ph / ffee / phrase / phiol

R / r / err / run / mor

Rh / rh / rhee / r with h strongly sounded / rhaff

S / s / ess / snow / Sais

T / t / tee / time / tan

Th / th / ith / thin / cath

U / u / uh / (there is no English equivalent, the nearest being i in unique) / llun / syntax (a shortened broad i) / dull

W / w / ooh / shoot / tŵr / foot / dwl

y / y / yh / further / fy / ugly / ỳn / clique (the nearest approach) /

dydd / syntax / bryn /

 

Mh, Nh, Ngh, called respectively Mhee, Nhee, and Nghee, being the aspirated forms of M, N and Ng, are regarded by some as additional consonants.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3906A)

 

(x18) WELSH READING AND PRONUN¬CIATION.

 

The first difficulty to be surmounted by an English Student learning to read Welsh is to remember that—

1. Every letter in every Welsh word must be sounded.

2. Every letter in Welsh has always the same sound.

 

NOTE.—The Welsh vowels a, e, i, a, u, w, y, have a long and a short sound (see the table on preceding page). The only exception to the rule is y, which is pronounced somewhat like y in “syntax,” in most words of one syllable, and in the last syllable of words of more than one syllable, and like u in “ugly “ in all other places.

 

Remember that—

a is always sounded like a in father or fat, never like a in late.

e is always sounded like a in fate or e in fell, never like e in me.

i is always sounded like ee in feel, or i in tin, never like i in ice.

o is always sounded like o in go or not, never like o in to.

u is pronounced like the French u, and never sounded like u in up nor in use.

w is always sounded like oo in shoot or foot.

y is never sounded like y in by.

 

DIPHTHONGS.

Welsh Diphthongs differ from the English in the fact that each of the vowels of which they are composed is sounded; for instance ai in Welsh would always be sounded like ay in “aye” and never like ai in “pail.” The following table will assist the learner-

 

Diphthong. / Sound. / English Word containing the sound. / Welsh word containing the sound.

ae / a and e / there is no English equivalent, the nearest being ay in “aye” / traed

ai / a and i / aye (never sounded like the English ai in “pail”) / paid

au / a and u / there is no English equivalent, the nearest being ay in “aye” / cau

aw / a and w / aye (never sounded like the English aw in “lawn”) / cawl

ei / e and i / long i as in ice / ein

 

 

 

(delwedd 3906B) 

 

(x19)

eu / e and u / there is no English equivalent, the nearest approach being the long i in “ice” / beudy

ew / e and w / there is no English equivalent (never like the English ew in “dew”) / tew

*ia / ia and a / Yankee / ia

*ie / i and e / yet / Iesu

*io / i and o / yonder, yoke / Iot

iw / i and w / long u as in “use” / niwl

oe / o and e / no English equivalent, the near¬est being oy in “boy” / oen

ow / o and w / how / trown

uw / u and w / no exact English equivalent, the nearest being ew in “dew” / Duw

*wa / w and a / wasp (!) / gwan

*we / w and e / well / wel

*wi / w and i / will / gwisg

wy / w and y / no exact English equivalent / bwyd (with first vowel prominent)

yw / y and w / nearest being wi in “wind” / gwynt (with second vowel prominent)

yw / y and w / long u in “use” / ydyw

yw / y and w / no exact English equivalent / clywsom

 

Strictly speaking, the first letter in each of the pairs marked with an asterisk (*) is not a pure vowel, being of the same character as the English y and w in “yet” and “with.”

 

In other instances, we have double vowels sounded separately, as:— .

 

ao, in parhaodd, pronounced par-ha-odd.

ea, in eang, pronounced e-ang.

eo, in deon, pronounced de-on.

and the exceptional ie in the word “ie” (yes) pronounced i-e.

 

NOTE.—Sometimes three, or even more, vowels come together, in which cases the first two are generally sounded together, and the third (with the vowel following it, if any) separately, as:—

 

A —

aea, daear, pronounced dae-ar.

aua, caead, pronounced cau-ad.

awe, awel, pronounced aw-el.

awy, awyr, pronounced aw-yr.

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3907A) (x20)

 

(x20) E -

euo, euog, as in eu-og.

euw, deuwn, as in deu-wn.

ewy, newyn, as in new-yn.

 

O -

oio, troion, as in troi-on.

 

U -

uwiau, duwiau, as in duw-iau.

 

W -

wia, gwialen, as in gwi-al-en.

wiai, gwiail, as in gwi-ail.

 

A few of the treble vowels are monosyllables, as:—

 

I -

iaie, as in trin-iaieth.

iai, as in iaith.

iau, as in teith-iau.

iaw, as in iawn

iei, as in ieith-oedd.

ieu, as in ieu-anc.

 

W -

wae, as in gwaed.

wai, as in gwaith.

wau, as in gwau.

waw, as in gwawr.

wei, as in gwein-i.

wew, as in gwew-yr.

wiw, as in gwiw.

 

In each of these instances, however, it will be seen that the first letter is really only a semi-vowel.

 

CONSONANTS.

 

The Welsh consonants present less difficulty than the vowels to the English student. With the exception of Ch and LI, they all have similar sounds in English. The Welsh ch is the same as the Scotch ch in “loch,” and the LI is an aspirated L.

 

It should be remembered that C, c, is always hard, like the English K (never soft, like c in “city”).

 

G, g, is always hard, like the English G in “go” (never soft, like g in “gin”).

 

F, f, is always soft, like the English F (never hard, like the English F).

 

Ff, ff, is always hard, like the English F. (x21)

____________________________

 

 

 

(delwedd 3907B) (x21)

 

WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Ng,- ng, is always like the English ng in singer 

  

  
(never like the English ng in " finger," nor the English 

  

  
ng in danger "). 

  

  
Dd, dd, is always soft, as the English Th in that," 

  

  
this." 

  

  
then, 

  

  
moth. " 

  

  
Th is always like the English Th in thin, 

  

  
The other consonants Iklve precisely the same sound 

  

  
as in English. 

  

  
ACCENT. 

  

  
The invariable rule in Welsh Reading is to place the 

  

  
accent on the last syllable but one of the word ; and if a 

  

  
syllable be added to a word, the accent is moved in accord- 

  

  
ance with this rule. In this respect it differs materially 

  

  
from the English accent. This may perhaps be illustrated 

  

  
by giving side by side the English and the Welsh accent 

  

  
to an English word thus :— 

  

  
English accent. Welsh accent. 

  

  
intent, 

  

  
intention, 

  

  
inténtional, 

  

  
intent. 

  

  
intention. 

  

  
intentional. 

  

  
unintentionally. 

  

  
unintcntionally, 

  

  
There is also in Welsh frequently a sort of lighter accent 

  

  
on every alternate syllable backward from the chief 

  

  
accent, thus the word " unintentionally in the NVelsh 

  

  
accent would be shown thus :— 

  

  
tin-in-ten-tion-AL-ly. 

  

  
With the above explanation the accent on the follow- 

  

  
ing examples will be sufficiently clear :— 

  

  
Gtvirion, gwirionedd, gavirionEDDau. 

  

  
Mab Efrog, un o freninoedd y Gogledd, oedd Peredur. Vr oedd 

  

  
gan y Brenin Efrog saith o feibion dewrion, a Pheredur oedd yr 

  

  
ieuang•af ohonynt i gyd. Gydag anmhleidGARwch flentyn, ed • 

  

  
mygai y bachgenyn gefy/au &uan a phice//au hirion marchogion 

  

  
A rthur. 

  

  
3907B

 

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3908A)

 

(x22) THE MUTATION OF INITIAL CONSONANTS.

 

For the purposes of the Government requirements, the consideration of this important subject will be postponed until the Third Stage. It has been, however, suggested that it would be advisable, for the sake of English Students, that a short explanation of this, the English¬man’s chief difficulty in mastering the language, should be prefixed to the First Stage.

 

It must strike an ordinary English Student as strange that the word tad (father) should be written in each of the following forms — tad, dad, nhad, thad; that gair (word) should be also spelt ngair, air; and that mam (mother) should be sometimes represented fam. And yet a little consideration of these changes will prove that they are all subject to rules which never vary.

 

The first thing to be borne in mind is that there is a fixed root for each word — that it is the root or radical form of the word alone which is found in an ordinary dictionary; and that the changes which the initial con-sonant of any word undergoes depend entirely upon the sense in which the word is used, or upon the word immediately preceding it.

 

The next thing to be remembered is that it depends entirely upon the initial consonant of the root word — what form the change may take under given conditions. Thus we have the words cân and gair, both beginning with g, but they are not subject to the same rule, for the reason that gân is only a modified form of cân, which begins with c, while gair is itself a root word.

 

If the examples given above be considered, it will be seen that the first word is given four forms, that is, the root word and three changes; the second word has the root word and two changes; the third word has the root word and one change. Our first work, then, is to classify

 

 

 

(delwedd 3908B) 

(x23) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
23 

  

  
these changing consonants according to the number of 

  

  
changes they undergo. 

  

  
Before l)roceeding to do this, it would perhaps be well 

  

  
for the student to consider the following combined 

  

  
letters as being additional consonants 

  

  
Ngh, called nghee, being ng 

  

  
Mh 

  

  
mhee, 

  

  
„ m with the sound of h added. 

  

  
nhee, 

  

  
n 

  

  
Now, as to the classification referred to above, we 

  

  
place in 

  

  
THE FIRST CLASS, C, P, T, 

  

  
which take three changes each. 

  

  
C is changecl into G, Ngh, and Ch. 

  

  
B, Mh, and n. 

  

  
D, N/'l, and Th. 

  

  
These changes are illustrated thus 

  

  
Radical. First Remove. 

  

  
cam (step), 

  

  
Craig (rock), 

  

  
roen (pain), 

  

  
plaid (party), 

  

  
Tad (father), 

  

  
Tai (houses), 

  

  
his 

  

  
ei Gam, 

  

  
ei Graig•, 

  

  
ei Boen, 

  

  
ei Blaid, 

  

  
ei Dad, 

  

  
ei Dai, 

  

  
Second Remove. 

  

  
my 

  

  
fy NGHam, 

  

  
D' NGHraig, 

  

  
fy MHO"t, 

  

  
D' MHlaid, 

  

  
fy NHad, 

  

  
fy NHai, 

  

  
Third Remnw. 

  

  
her 

  

  
ei cyrane 

  

  
ei cHraig 

  

  
ei PI-IOC" 

  

  
ei PHIaid 

  

  
ei THad 

  

  
ei THai 

  

  
The next thing is to know when to use the radical, 

  

  
and when to use any particular form of the modifications 

  

  
to which it is subject. 

  

  
The following general rules may assist the student. 

  

  
It will be noted that, for facility of reference andecom- 

  

  
parison, the lettering and numbering of the rules follow 

  

  
the class of rule throughout the series. 

  

  
1. The Radical is always used in the First Class 

  

  
V) In the first word in a sentence. 

  

  
(b) After the Numerals tair (three, fem.), *dwar 

  

  
(four, m.), tedair (f.), &c. 

  

  
3908B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3909A) 

(x24) 24 

  

  
WEI Sil I*OR El SCHOOi.S. 

  

  
(c) 'After some Indefipite or Adjective Pronorans tob 

  

  
(every), Icth, and rhhi (some). 

  

  
(d) After the Plural Possessive Pronouns ein (ou; 

  

  
eit-h (your), cu (their). 

  

  
(e) For the Prepositional form of the Possessive Case. 

  

  
as dyn plaid (a man OF PARTY), tad can (the father 01 

  

  
SONG). 

  

  
(f) For the Nominative Case, following a Verb, rs 

  

  
s.vrthiodd craig (A ROSK fell), grvekvyd TY (A HOUSE was 

  

  
seen). 

  

  
(g) After these Prepositions—cyn (before), er (since), 

  

  
erbyn (against, by), wedi (after), Illewn (in), rhag (from), 

  

  
(between). 

  

  
(h) For Masculine Nouns following y, yr, 'r (the) or 

  

  
their Compounds a'r (and the), i'r (to the), O'r (of the). 

  

  
the numeral un (one). 

  

  
(i) For Masculine and all Plural Adjectives, as tal 

  

  
'1 yucr (TENDER father), creigiau ce/yd (HARD rocks). 

  

  
(j) For Verbs which are followed by their Nominatives, 

  

  
'as yna canodd Mair (then Mary SANG), prawe/a y 

  

  
(the sea WILL BECOME CALM) ; and for Participial Verbs 

  

  
following yn as, mae Victgria YN rreyrnasu (Victoria IS 

  

  
REIGNING). 

  

  
2. The First Remove is used— 

  

  
(a) After the Adverb mor (so), for Adverbs with 

  

  
as; mae Mair yn canu c,ywir (Mary is singing 

  

  
CORRECTLY), and where the Verb is placed after the 

  

  
subject, as eye Darawodd gyn/af (he STRUCK first), hi 

  

  
Godbdd (she ROSE). 

  

  
(b) After the Numerals dau (m.) and dtc6' (f.) (two). 

  

  
(q) After some Indefinite or Adjective Pronoune, 

  

  
ambell (some), holl (all), unrhytv (any), amryw (several), 

  

  
'fath, ty/rytcp (such), y nail/ (the one). 

  

  
(d) After the Masculine Possessive Pronoun ei (his) 

  

  
and its Combinations a'i (and his), i'w (to his), o'i (from 

  

  
his). 

  

  
3909A



 




 

 

 

(delwedd 3909B)
 
 (x25)

 

WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
25 

  

  
(e) For the Nominative Case following yn with the Verb 

  

  
To Be (apposition), as mae hon YN Gan dda (this is a good 

  

  
SONG), mae hwn YN D)' tlws (this is a pretty HOUSE). For the 

  

  
Objective Case after the Passive form of Verbs, as, 

  

  
gwelwyd craig gan Dad y bachgen (a rock was seen BY THE 

  

  
FATHER of the boy). For the Objective Case after Simple 

  

  
Active Verbs, as gwelodd craig (he saw a ROCK), but not 

  

  
.after Compound Verbs, which take the Radical, as mae eye 

  

  
TN GWELED craig (he is seeing a ROCK), CAF WELED 

  

  
craig (I SHALL SEE a Rock). 

  

  
(f) After the Prepositions am (about, for), ar (on, at), 

  

  
al (to), gan (with, by), lub (without), hyd (until), i (to, 

  

  
for), tros (over, for), trwy (through), with (by, at), o (out 

  

  
of, from), tan (until, under). 

  

  
(g) For Feminine Nouns following y, yr, 'r (the), or 

  

  
their compounds a'? (and the), (to the), O'r (of the), 

  

  
and the numeral un. 

  

  
(i) For Feminine Adjectives, as can ryner (TENDER 

  

  
song). 

  

  
3. The Second Remove is used— 

  

  
(d) After the Possessive Pronoun f (my). 

  

  
(g ) After the Preposition yn (in). 

  

  
4. The Third Remove is used— 

  

  
(a) After the Conjunction a (and). 

  

  
(b) After the Masculine Numeral tri (three). 

  

  
(d) After the Feminine Possessive ei (her), and its 

  

  
contbinations a'i (and her), i'w (to her), o'i (from her). 

  

  
THE SECOND CLASS, G, D, D. 

  

  
Do not confound the radical G, B, and D,' with 

  

  
the inflected G, B, D, which form the first remove of 

  

  
The radical initial consonants G, 3, D, take 

  

  
changes each. 

  

  
G is changed into .— and 

  

  
M. 

  

  
3909B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3910A) 

  

(x26)

 

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Radical. First Renae. Second Remove. Third Remove ( & 

  

  
Gair (word), 

  

  
Gwlad (country), 

  

  
Brazed (brother), 

  

  
Bran (crow), 

  

  
Darn (piece), 

  

  
Dalen (leaf), 

  

  
his 

  

  
ei -air, 

  

  
ei -zvlad, 

  

  
ei Frazvd, 

  

  
ei Fran, 

  

  
ei DDarn, 

  

  
ei DDalen, 

  

  
my 

  

  
b NGair, 

  

  
NGzvId, 

  

  
fy Mrazvd. 

  

  
Mt-an, 

  

  
D' Nam, 

  

  
-fy Nah, 

  

  
same as the 

  

  
her 

  

  
ei Gair. 

  

  
ei Gtvld. 

  

  
ei Braw' 

  

  
ei Bran. 

  

  
ei Darn. 

  

  
ei 'Dalen. 

  

  
1. The Radical • always used in the Second Clasg 

  

  
under the same rules as apply to the First Class. 

  

  
2, 3. The First Remove and Second Remove 

  

  
are governed by the same rules as in the First Class. 

  

  
4. The Third Remove is precisely the same 

  

  
the Radical. 

  

  
THE THIRD CLASS, M, Ll, Rh. 

  

  
Do not confound the Radical M, in such words 

  

  
as mam, with the inflected M from B, in such words u 

  

  
fy mrawd (my brother). 

  

  
M, Ll, and Rh take only one change each. 

  

  
M is changed into F. 

  

  
L. 

  

  
R. 

  

  
Thus :— 

  

  
Radical. 

  

  
Mab (son), 

  

  
First 

  

  
Merch (daughter), 

  

  
LLO (calf), 

  

  
1.tÆZV (hand), 

  

  
RHIbgdd (notice), 

  

  
(rule), 

  

  
Remove. 

  

  
his 

  

  
ei Fab, 

  

  
ei Ferch, 

  

  
ei 1.0, 

  

  
ei Law, 

  

  
Second Remove 

  

  
(same as radical). 

  

  
my 

  

  
fy Mab, 

  

  
Merch, 

  

  
fy Ll..o, 

  

  
fy LLaw, 

  

  
ei R"bgdd, RHYbudd, 

  

  
RHeol, 

  

  
ei geol, 

  

  
Third Rem•æ 

  

  
(same as radicalÅ 

  

  
her 

  

  
ei Mab. 

  

  
ei Merch. 

  

  
ei LLO. 

  

  
ei Ll.aw. 

  

  
ei RHYb%U. 

  

  
ei RHeol. 

  

  
r. The Radical is uged in the Third Class under tbe 

  

  
same rules as in the First Class. 

  

  
3910A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3910B) 

  

 (x27)

  

  *EISH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Exceptions Y (the) and its compounds, and 

  

  
(one) require the First Remove in all Feminine Nouns 

  

  
commencing with M, but take the Radical in both 

  

  
Masculine and Feminine in Ll and Rh, as 

  

  
Y Mab, m. 

  

  
the son, 

  

  
Y perch, f. 

  

  
the daughter. 

  

  
the calf, 

  

  
Y Ll,azv, f. 

  

  
the hand. 

  

  
Y LIM, m. 

  

  
Y RHYbgdd, m. the notice, Y RHeol, f. 

  

  
the rule. 

  

  
The First Remove is used in the same way as 

  

  
in the First Class, with the exception of (h), for which 

  

  
see the preceding rule; and (a) the adverb mor (so), and 

  

  
the Adverbial with yn ; and (e) the Noun and Adjective 

  

  
in apposition after yn, which take the First Remove in 

  

  
M, but the Radical in Ll and Rh, as 

  

  
Melus sweet, YN Fetus 

  

  
sweetLY, MOR FClus AS sweet. 

  

  
Ll.auwt merry, YN LLawen merriLY, MOR LLazven, AS merry. 

  

  
*Had, cheap, YN RHad cheapl,y, MOR RHad, AS cheap. 

  

  
Mae hon YN perch dda (This IS a good GIRL). 

  

  
Mae hon YN LLazv wen (This IS a white HAND). 

  

  
Mae hon YN RHawfazvr (This IS a large SHOVEL). 

  

  
3, 4. The Second and Third Removes are the 

  

  
same as the Radical. 

  

  
CAVT10N.—Never use the aspirated m and n 

  

  
(mh and nh) for words whose radical initial is •w 

  

  
or n. 

  

  
These forms are only used where the rad •cal 

  

  
initial is ort. Thus we say j' MHoen (my pain, from 

  

  
poen), j,' NHad (my father, from Tad), but never fy 

  

  
MHam (my mother, from Mam), nor ei MHerch (her 

  

  
daughter, from Merch), the correct forms being fy 

  

  
Nam, ei Merch ; nor do we say fy NEIai (my nephew, from 

  

  
Nai) nor ei NHYth (her nest, from NYI/I), the correct 

  

  
forms being f Nai, ei NYth. 

  

  
Use ngh only when the radical initial is c; 

  

  
never when it is g." Thus we say fy NGHån (my song 

  

  
from can), but never fy NGHair (my word, from Gair), 

  

  
the correct form is fy NGair. 

  

  
3910B




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3911A) 

  

(x28)

 

  

  

  28 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOF. 

  

  
THE INFLECTED INITIAL H 

  

  
presents another slight difficulty. 

  

  
Words whose radical initial is a vowel have h 

  

  
prefixed when following the Feminine Possessive ei (her) 

  

  
and the First and Third Persons Plural -Possessives ein 

  

  
(our) and eu (their) ; and all their combination}, such as 

  

  
a'i (and her), O'n (from, or on our), i' w (to their). 

  

  
Thus 

  

  
her 

  

  
their 

  

  
our 

  

  
Arglzvydd (Lord), 

  

  
El HArWtvydd, EIN HArglzvydd, EU HArgkvydd. 

  

  
Esgid (shoe), 

  

  
El HEsg•id 

  

  
EIN HEsgid, 

  

  
EU HEsgid. 

  

  
railh (language)' 

  

  
El Hlaith, 

  

  
EIN Hlaith, 

  

  
EU Hlait/e. 

  

  
Oft (fear), 

  

  
El HOfn, 

  

  
EIN HOfiz, 

  

  
EU HOfn. 

  

  
uchelder (highness), El HUche/der, EIN Huchelder, EU HUchelder. 

  

  
Vnys (island), 

  

  
El HYnys, 

  

  
EIN Hynys, 

  

  
EU HY1zys. 

  

  
Mae hi A'I H arian 

  

  
O'N Hachos 

  

  
l'w Hofni. 

  

  
She 

  

  
AND HER Money ON OUR Account ARE to be Feared. 

  

  
CAUTION.—DO not say ein hwlad, as the radical initial 

  

  
is g and not w ; say ein gwlad. 

  

  
Verbs, with vowel radical initials, take h as their 

  

  
initial when their object is First Person Singular or 

  

  
Plural, the Third Person Feminine Singular, or the Third 

  

  
Perion Plural. Thus 

  

  
Mi A'M YIArzveinizvyd (I was led 

  

  
Ac A'N HArzveiniodd (And led us). 

  

  
Efe A'I HArzveinia (He will lead her). 

  

  
Tydi A'U HArzveini (Thou wilt lead them). 

  

  
All other Apostrophe Possessive forms of these words 

  

  
follow the same rule, as 

  

  
Nz"M IlanghoFvyd (I was not Forgotten). 

  

  
Cyhuddzvyd e/ O'N Hofni (He was charged WITH US). 

  

  
Dys,cayd ni z" w Hanzvylo (We were- taught TO love HER). 

  

  
L)ygwyd hwy i" w H0frymu (THEY were brought TO BE Sacrificed). 

  

  
3911A



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3911B) 

 (x29)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
PART 1. 

  

  
PARTS. OF SPEECH. 

  

  
In Welsh there are Nine Parts of Speech, 

  

  
viz.. 

  

  
Bannod, 

  

  
I. 

  

  
2. Ente, 

  

  
A nsoddair, 

  

  
3. 

  

  
Rhagenw, 

  

  
4. 

  

  
Berf, 

  

  
5. 

  

  
Rhagferf, 

  

  
6. 

  

  
A rddodiad, 

  

  
7. 

  

  
8. 

  

  
Cysylltiad, 

  

  
Cyfryngiad, 

  

  
9. 

  

  
ARTICLE. 

  

  
NOUN. 

  

  
ADJECTIVE. 

  

  
PRONOUN. 

  

  
VERB. 

  

  
ADVERB. 

  

  
PREPOSITION. 

  

  
CONJUNCTION. 

  

  
INTERJECTION. 

  

  
I—THE ARTICLE (Y BANNOD). 

  

  
Rule I.—The Definite Article takes three 

  

  
forms in Welsh, viz., y, yr, and 'r. These 

  

  
are always translated into " the " in Eng- 

  

  
lish. Yis used before a consonant and the 

  

  
semi-vowel w. Yr is used before a vowel 

  

  
and the aspirate h. The form '1 is often, 

  

  
used When the word before it ends in a 

  

  
vowel. Examples . 

  

  
y dyn, 

  

  
r&raig. 

  

  
yr åfa/, 

  

  
Yr heo(, 

  

  
tiref, 

  

  
the man 

  

  
the wife 

  

  
the apple 

  

  
the road 

  

  
the town 

  

  
yr yvol, 

  

  
ddinas, 

  

  
yr haul, 

  

  
yr aderpe, 

  

  
the school 

  

  
the city 

  

  
the sun 

  

  
the house 

  

  
the bird 

  

  
3911B



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3912A) 

(x30) 

  

  

  

  

 30 

  

  
efe, 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
yr oeddzen, 

  

  
mazvr, fazvr, 

  

  
mae, 

  

  
nyth, 

  

  
we have been 

  

  
he 

  

  
I was 

  

  
large 

  

  
IS, are 

  

  
on 

  

  
nest 

  

  
oedd, 

  

  
gan, 

  

  
hwn, 

  

  
sydd, 

  

  
wrth, 

  

  
maent, 

  

  
was 

  

  
with 

  

  
this 

  

  
is 

  

  
by 

  

  
is 

  

  
they are 

  

  
EXERCISE 1. 

  

  
Translate into English . 

  

  
1 Buom yr 1 ddinas. 

  

  
2 Efe yw y dyn. 3 Y wraig 

  

  
esydd wrth y urws. 4 Caerdydd yw y dref. 5 Maent 

  

  
yn yr ysgol. 6 Yr oeddwn yn y t'. 7 Yr haul sydd 

  

  
9 Yr afal 

  

  
S Mae yr aderyn ar y 119th. 

  

  
fawr. 

  

  
10 Mae plant yr ysgol ar yr heoL 

  

  
oedd gan y wraig. 

  

  
12 Hwn yw'r afal.' 

  

  
11 Mae'r dyn ar yr heol. 

  

  
Rule 2.—The English Indefinite Articles 

  

  
a and an are not expressed in Welsh. 

  

  
Examples : 

  

  
He is a boy, 

  

  
A lamb is in the field, 

  

  
My brother is an infant, 

  

  
yzv. 

  

  
Mae oen yn y cae. 

  

  
Baban yzvfy mrazvd. 

  

  
There is an apple on the tree, Mae anal ar y Iren. 

  

  
Bren ines udd Elisabeth. 

  

  
Elizabeth was a queen, 

  

  
EXERCISE 11. 

  

  
a child, 

  

  
a market, 

  

  
the market, 

  

  
egg, 

  

  
the egg, 

  

  
the iron, 

  

  
thou, 

  

  
with, 

  

  
Ilentyn 

  

  
marchnad 

  

  
Y farchnad 

  

  
yr wy 

  

  
yr haiarn 

  

  
ti 

  

  
Uda 

  

  
a table, 

  

  
the table, 

  

  
the bell, 

  

  
church, or 

  

  
a church, 

  

  
the church, 

  

  
where, 

  

  
bwrdd 

  

  
Y bwrdd 

  

  
y gloch 

  

  
eglwys 

  

  
yr eghws 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 Thou art a child. 2 1 was in the market. 3 An 

  

  
egg is on the table. 4 The iron is on a table in the 

  

  
church. 5 Where is the bell? 6 It is •th the child. 

  

  
3912A



 

 

 

(delwedd 3912B) 

  

 (x31)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY scqoots. 

  

  
2.—THE NOUN (ENW). 

  

  
A NouN (Enw) is the name of anything, 

  

  
There are three kinds of Nouns . 

  

  
Proper Nouns (Enwau Priodol). 

  

  
Common Nouns (Enwau Cyffredin). 

  

  
Abstract Nouns (Enwau Dansoddol). 

  

  
I. A Proper Noun (Enw Priodol) is the 

  

  
narne given to a particular individual, as dis- 

  

  
tinguishecl from one belonging to a class, as, 

  

  
Daf.ydd (l)avid), lago (James), Hafren 

  

  
(Severn), Cymru (Wales). 

  

  
2. A Common Noun (Enw Cyffredin) is a 

  

  
name which may be applied to all individuals 

  

  
of a class, as, tad (father), ceLyl (horse), pen- 

  

  
tref (village), bwrdd (table). 

  

  
3. An Abstract Noun (Enw Dansoddol) 

  

  
is the name of a quality considered apart from 

  

  
the thing in which it is found, or of an action 

  

  
considered apart from the doer of it, as, 

  

  
gwynder (whiteness), gwirioncdd (truth), 

  

  
cyLroad (motion). 

  

  
NOTE.—A Collective Noun (Enw Cynulliadol) ex- 

  

  
presses a collection of many individuals. 'I'hough meaning 

  

  
many individuals, these words are used in the sense of 

  

  
one body. Most of tfem can take a plural form, thus 

  

  
Singular. 

  

  
tyrfa, 

  

  
b)'ddin, 

  

  
crowd 

  

  
multitude 

  

  
an aril))' 

  

  
Plural. 

  

  
tyrfaocdd, 

  

  
crowds 

  

  
lluoedd, 

  

  
multitudes 

  

  
lyddinoe,id, armies 

  

  
3912B



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3913A) 

(x32) 

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
NUMBER. 

  

  
By Number (Rhif) we distinguish between 

  

  
words which stand for one object and those 

  

  
which stand for more than one. 

  

  
If the 

  

  
name stands for only one it is in the Singu- 

  

  
lar Number (Rhif Unigol) ; 

  

  
if it stands for 

  

  
more than one, it is in the Plural Number 

  

  
(Rhif Lluosog). 

  

  
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL (LLUOSOG). 

  

  
Rule 3.—There are three ways of forming 

  

  
the plural of Nouns. 

  

  
r. By changing a vowel or vowels : 

  

  
a into ai, as brAi2 (crow), plural brAI't. 

  

  
as $Ant (sant), 

  

  
.fAInt. 

  

  
a into ei, as Arth (bear), 

  

  
Elrth. 

  

  
as bArdd (bard), 

  

  
bE1rdd. 

  

  
a into y, as bustAch (bullock), plural buslYch. 

  

  
i, as draEn (thorn), plural drarn. 

  

  
e „ y, as cyllEll (knife), 

  

  
„ cyliY11. 

  

  
o „ y, as corf(body), plural cyrff. 

  

  
as corn (horn), 

  

  
cyrn. 

  

  
a and e into e and y, as AstEll (board), plural ESIYI/. 

  

  
as bAchgEn (boy), 

  

  
bp.chgvte- 

  

  
as CArF„g (stone), 

  

  
a and a into e and ai, as dAfAd (sheep), lüural dEfAId. 

  

  
a and a 

  

  
e and y, as ArAdr (plough), 

  

  
Erydr. 

  

  
as AlArch swan), 

  

  
Elyrcå. 

  

  
a and w into e and y, as Asgwrn (bone), 

  

  
ETYM. 

  

  
EXCEPTIONS. 

  

  
OPM (lamb), plural WY". 

  

  
crOEtz (skin), 

  

  
crwyu. 

  

  
(foot), 

  

  
tr,xrd. 

  

  
ty (house), plural tAI. 

  

  
IlYSAd (eye), „ 

  

  
Cl (dog), plural cwN. 

  

  
3913A



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3913B) 

  

 (x33) 33 

  

  
2. 

  

  
3. 

  

  
WEI.SIJ FOR ELEMENTARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Dv adding a syllable : 

  

  
ain, asych (ox), plural ychAIN. 

  

  
au, as pen (head), 

  

  
tenAU. 

  

  
iau, as bryn (hill), plural dnynIAU. 

  

  
edd, as bys (finger), 

  

  
bvsEDD. 

  

  
i, as llwyn (bush), 

  

  
llwynl. 

  

  
iaid, as cstron (stranger), plural estronlAID. 

  

  
on, as 1,4v (oath), plural /lzvON. 

  

  
ion, as dyn (man), 

  

  
dyn10N. 

  

  
od, as cryr (eagle), 

  

  
eryrOD. 

  

  
oedd, as (mountain), plural mynyddOEDD. 

  

  
ydd, as afon (river), plural afonYI)D. 

  

  
IBv changing a vowel or vowels, and 

  

  
adding a svllable : 

  

  
a into e add ycld, as nAnt (brook), plural /ZE'IIVDD. 

  

  
ei 

  

  
a 

  

  
ei 

  

  
ae 

  

  
eu „ 

  

  
ai 

  

  
ei 

  

  
az 

  

  
a 

  

  
au„ eu 

  

  
acv, , o 

  

  
tv „ y „ 

  

  
ion, as mAb (son), plural 1,'1EIbION. 

  

  
i, as SAEr (carpenter), plural sEIrI. 

  

  
ydd, as lilAES (field), plural mEUSVDD. 

  

  
iau, as g•AIv (word), 

  

  
edd, as {'XMAI'(wife), 

  

  
au, as.CAU (cave), plural LEU AU. 

  

  
iau, as A Wr (hour), 

  

  
OPIAU. 

  

  
au, as bwrdd (table), plural bYrddAu. 

  

  
w and w into y and y add au, as evvmw/(cloud), plural cv;nv/AU. 

  

  
From the foregoing tables we find that all 

  

  
the vowels, except i, admit of being changed 

  

  
into other vowels to forni the plural of 

  

  
nouns, thus : 

  

  
a is changed into ai, e, ei, y. 

  

  
DOUBLE PLURALS. 

  

  
Rule 4.—Some Nouns have two or 

  

  
more Plural Forms. 

  

  
(a) One plural is forrnecl bv a vowel 

  

  
c 

  

  
3913B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3914A) 

(x34) 34 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
change, and another is formed by adding 

  

  
a termination, as : 

  

  
astell (board), plural EstYll or aste110D. 

  

  
castell (castle), 

  

  
cEstYll or castelll. 

  

  
padell (pan), 

  

  
PEdYll or padelll. 

  

  
(b) One plural is formed by a vowel 

  

  
change, and +nother by a vowel change and 

  

  
bv adding a termination, as : 

  

  
bardd' (bard), plural l)EIrdd or bEIrddION. 

  

  
cloch (bell), plural clych or clychAU. 

  

  
sant (saint), 

  

  
saint or sE1nt1AU. 

  

  
(c) The singular sometimes takes different 

  

  
terminations to form its plural, as : 

  

  
b/ynedd (year), plural blynYdd0EDI) or blynyddAU. 

  

  
eelwys (church), „ eglzvysr or eglwysYDD. 

  

  
//ythyr (letter), 

  

  
, , llythyrAtJ or llythyrON. 

  

  
meistr (master), 

  

  
meisO•I, meislFIAID or meistrADOEDD. 

  

  
mynydd (mountain), plural mynyddOEDD or mynyddAU. 

  

  
(parish), pluralllzvyfl or /hvyjYDD. 

  

  
trey (town), plural trefl or trefY1)D. 

  

  
(a) Some Nouns have two plurals with 

  

  
different meanings, as : 

  

  
cynghor (counsel, or advice), plural cynghorION. 

  

  
(council), plural cynghorAU. 

  

  
llwyuh (a tribe), plural llzvythA(J. 

  

  
(a load), 

  

  
llzvythl. 

  

  
Rule 5 —The plural number is wanting in 

  

  
Proper Nouns, in some Abstract Nouns and 

  

  
Diminutives ; and in Nouns denoting sub- 

  

  
stance, mass, etc., as . 

  

  
Kind of Noun. 

  

  
Proper Noun 

  

  
Abstract Noun 

  

  
Diminutives 

  

  
Nouns denoting subst. 

  

  
Nouns denoting mass 

  

  
English W,xd. welsh Word Pima,' 

  

  
James 

  

  
gladness 

  

  
lambkin 

  

  
silver 

  

  
ashes 

  

  
(Singular). ( wantiæg). 

  

  
fago 

  

  
diazvenydd 

  

  
oenig• 

  

  
arian 

  

  
lludzv 

  

  
3914A



 




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3914B) 

  

 (x35) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
35 

  

  
EXERCISES ON THE PLURALS OF NOUNS. 

  

  
EXERCISE 111. 

  

  
Give the plural of the following : 

  

  
(The figure or letter following a word denotes the rule from those 

  

  
given above, which suits the case.) 

  

  
Llech,2 cloch,3 blwch,3 cwch,3 hwch,2 båd,2 gwlad,8 

  

  
mab,8 cwd,3 grudd,2 dydd,2 gWydd,2 coed,2 ffydd,a 

  

  
nef,2 tref,2 gof,2 rhaff,2 ceg,2 brio,2 Ilong,2 pél,2 (161,2 pwll,8 

  

  
twll,3 flam, 2 gem,2 Ilen,2 ffon,l tbn,2 cae,2 bryn,2 dyn,2 cår,2 

  

  
mör, gwr,l cath,2 maen,3 crwth,3 troed,l chwaer,3 saer,8 

  

  
maes,3 caib,3 braich,3 craig,3 llais,3 brawd,3 Ileidr,3 neidr,* 

  

  
march,l Ilew,2 oen,l coes,2 wy,2 llwyn,2 trwyn,2 bwrdd,3 

  

  
dwfr,$ bardd,l arf,2 dwrn,3 corn,l hwrdd,3 ffordd,l porth,l 

  

  
post,3 clust,2 llyfr.2 

  

  
EXERCISE IV. 

  

  
Give the plural of the following : 

  

  
Enw,2 llun,2 angel,2 bwch,3 chwaer,3 awr,3 gwisg,2 gwraig,S 

  

  
ysog„2 brenin,2 cyfaill.3 can,2 Ilong,2 

  

  
anifail,3 

  

  
geneth,2 arglwydd,2 yddyn,3 tarw,l cig,2 brig.2 

  

  
Rule 6.—The Singular is sometimes 

  

  
formed from the Plural or Collective, 

  

  
as . 

  

  
adAr (birds), singular adE/YN 

  

  
CAWS (cheese), 

  

  
COSYN 

  

  
P/A'" (children), , 

  

  
PIE','IVN 

  

  
„ SWEIIIYN 

  

  
(hai. ), 

  

  
mes (acorns), singular mesEN 

  

  
dent' (oaks), 

  

  
denteLN 

  

  
yd (a grain of corn), sing. ydEN 

  

  
hA1dd (barley), sing. hE!ddEN 

  

  
NOTE.—'I'he affix yn indicates the Masculine Gender. 

  

  
en 

  

  
Feminine 

  

  
3914B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3915A)

  

 (x36)

  

  

  

  36 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE V. 

  

  
Give the singular of the following, accord- 

  

  
ing to the above rule : 

  

  
(NOTE.-—m. masculine ; f. feminine.) 

  

  
Rhos m. (roses), gwenith f. (wheat), bedw f. (birch), 

  

  
blodeu m. (flowers), tywys f. (ears of corn), ceirch f. 

  

  
(oats), glaswellv". (grass), gwelltf. (straw), coed/ (trees). 

  

  
PLURALS OF COMPOUND NOUNS. 

  

  
Rule 7.—Compound Nouns forin their 

  

  
plurals like the last of their coinponent 

  

  
parts, as 

  

  
barn-wR (judge), plural barn-WVR (like gwr, man). 

  

  
mil-Gl (greyhound), plural mil-GWN (like ci, dog). 

  

  
cloch-IDY (steeple) plural cloth-DAI (like O', house). 

  

  
i which comes before -zer in some com- 

  

  
pounds of gzvr, is not kept in the plural, as : 

  

  
gat'ith-H'CR (workman), plural gcveit/1-WYR. 

  

  
EXERCISE VI. 

  

  
Write out ten Nouns in English, and give 

  

  
their MY els11 equivalents. 

  

  
EXERCISE v 11. 

  

  
Give the plurals of the Nouns in the last 

  

  
Exercise, in English and in Welsh. 

  

  
GENDER (CENEDL). 

  

  
BV Gender (IRhvw or Cenedl) is meant the 

  

  
distinction of sex. NVelsh differs fronl English 

  

  
as regards Gender, inastnucl) as •in English 

  

  
3915A



 

 

 

(delwedd 3915B)

 (x37)

WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
37 

  

  
Gender relates only to those words which 

  

  
denote living creatures, while in Welsh 

  

  
every name is considered as denoting either 

  

  
Masculine or Feminine Gender. 

  

  
Rule 8.—1n the Welsh language there 

  

  
are only two genders, viz. :—Mascu1ine 

  

  
(Gwrywaidd) and Feminine (Benywaidd). 

  

  
NOTE.—T. All names of things without life, which are of 

  

  
the neuter gender in English, are in NVelsh either mascu- 

  

  
line or feminine. 

  

  
2. A few nannes of living beings, some masculine 

  

  
and some feminine, are used to denote both the male and 

  

  
the female, when no distinc tion of sex is intended. 'l'hese 

  

  
may be called Common (Cyffredin). tSuc11 are . 

  

  
Plc ntyn, 

  

  
acieryn , 

  

  
eryr, 

  

  
a child 

  

  
a bird 

  

  
an eagle 

  

  
co/omen, 

  

  
cwmngcn, 

  

  
ysgyfarnog•, 

  

  
a dove 

  

  
a rabbit 

  

  
a hare 

  

  
Rule 9.—The gender of nouns is distin- 

  

  
guished, 

  

  
1. By adding the terinination es to the 

  

  
Masculine Gender : 

  

  
Masculine. 

  

  
argttvydd 

  

  
dyn 

  

  
brenin 

  

  
Ilew 

  

  
llanc 

  

  
meistr 

  

  
car, cy/A111 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
arg/zvyddES 

  

  
dynES 

  

  
breninF.s 

  

  
IlewEs 

  

  
llancEs 

  

  
meistrF,s 

  

  
carES, CJfE1//ES 

  

  
Mascutine. 

  

  
lord 

  

  
man 

  

  
king 

  

  
lion 

  

  
lad 

  

  
master 

  

  
friend (male) 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
lad' 

  

  
woman 

  

  
queen 

  

  
lioness 

  

  
lass 

  

  
mistress 

  

  
friend (femal• 

  

  
3915B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3916A)

  

 (x38)

  

  

  38 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
2. By changing the termination yn into 

  

  
en, as t—- 

  

  
Masculine. 

  

  
asyN 

  

  
hogYN 

  

  
crwtYN 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
asEN 

  

  
hog-EN 

  

  
crotEN 

  

  
Masculine. 

  

  
he ass 

  

  
young lad 

  

  
3. By different words :—— 

  

  
Masculine. 

  

  
bachgew 

  

  
hrazvd 

  

  
bustach or eidion 

  

  
cefnder 

  

  
ceryl 

  

  
ceiliog 

  

  
ewythr 

  

  
ovas 

  

  
gwr 

  

  
h wrdd 

  

  
mab 

  

  
nai 

  

  
tad 

  

  
'aid 

  

  
tadcu 

  

  
tarw 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
Masculine. 

  

  
geneth or merci boy 

  

  
h zvch 

  

  
chtvaer 

  

  
aner 

  

  
cyfnither 

  

  
caseg 

  

  
iar 

  

  
gast 

  

  
modryb 

  

  
morzvyn 

  

  
dafad 

  

  
merch 

  

  
n ith 

  

  
mam 

  

  
nain 

  

  
ma mgt' 

  

  
buzvch- 

  

  
boar 

  

  
brother 

  

  
bullock 

  

  
cousin (male) 

  

  
horse 

  

  
cock 

  

  
dog 

  

  
uncle 

  

  
man-servant 

  

  
husband 

  

  
ram 

  

  
son 

  

  
nephew 

  

  
father 

  

  
grandfather 

  

  
bull 

  

  
EXERCISE Vlll. 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
she ass 

  

  
young lass 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
girl 

  

  
sow 

  

  
sister 

  

  
heifer 

  

  
cousin (female) 

  

  
mare 

  

  
hen 

  

  
bitch 

  

  
aunt 

  

  
maid-servant 

  

  
wife 

  

  
ewe 

  

  
daughter 

  

  
niece 

  

  
mother 

  

  
grandmother 

  

  
cow 

  

  
State what gender each qf the following 

  

  
words is, and give the plural number and 

  

  
the English for each word (see Rule 6) : 

  

  
Aderyn, bedwen, blodyn, ceirchen, cosyn, coeden, 

  

  
derwen, glaswelltyn, gwellten, gwelltyn, gwenithen, heidd- 

  

  
en, mesen, plentyn, rhosyn, tywysen, yden. 

  

  
3916A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3916B)

  

 (x39)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
39 

  

  
Rule The Proper Names of 

  

  
countries, cities, towns, rivers, and trees 

  

  
are of the Feminine Gender, as :-— 

  

  
Name of a country, Lloegr (England). 

  

  
city, Llandaf( Llandaff). 

  

  
town, Caerdydd (Cardiff). 

  

  
river, Taf(Tafl). 

  

  
tree, onen (ash). 

  

  
(b) The Proper Names of months and 

  

  
days are of the Masculine Gender. 

  

  
EXERCISE IX. 

  

  
Give the names of the months and days 

  

  
in Welsh and English. 

  

  
EXERCISE X. 

  

  
State the gender and give the plural num- 

  

  
bers of each of the following words :— 

  

  
gwlad, 

  

  
dinas, 

  

  
tref, 

  

  
afon, 

  

  
country 

  

  
city 

  

  
town 

  

  
river 

  

  
coeden, 

  

  
mis, 

  

  
dydd, 

  

  
Teifi, 

  

  
tree 

  

  
month 

  

  
day 

  

  
Teivy 

  

  
Rule Il 

  

  
(a) The following words are 

  

  
Masculine in North Wales, but Feminine in 

  

  
South Wales 

  

  
Ciniaw (dinner), clorian (balance), cyflog (wages), 

  

  
går (ham or shank), gwniadur (thimble), troed (foot), 

  

  
mynud (minute). 

  

  
(b) In some parts of North Wales, the 

  

  
following are regarded as Feminine, while 

  

  
they are Masculine in South Wales :— 

  

  
Canwyllbren (candlestick), cwpan (cup), clust (ear), 

  

  
penill (stanza or verse). 

  

  
3916B




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3917A)

  

 (x40)

  40 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMEN't•.ARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
3.—THE ADJECTIVE (ANSODDAIR). 

  

  
An ADJECTIVE is a word added to a Noun, 

  

  
in order to mark or distinguish it more 

  

  
accurately, as, mawr (large), llawer (many). 

  

  
NOTE.—The student should remember that Adjectives 

  

  
admit of precisely the same classification in Welsh as in 

  

  
English. The clas•sification adopted in this book must 

  

  
not be regarded as peculiar to Welsh Adjectives. 

  

  
There are two kinds of Adjectives. 

  

  
1. Adjectives of Quality (Ansoddeiriau 

  

  
Nodwecldol), including all words which de- 

  

  
note any distinguishing feature of an object, 

  

  
coch , 

  

  
melyn, 

  

  
doeth , 

  

  
Plater , 

  

  
tlazvd, 

  

  
red 

  

  
yellow 

  

  
wise 

  

  
big 

  

  
poor 

  

  
gü'Y'1, 

  

  
du, 

  

  
annoeth, 

  

  
iychan, 

  

  
cyfoeth 0', 

  

  
white 

  

  
black 

  

  
unwise 

  

  
small 

  

  
rich 

  

  
2. Adjectives of Number (Ansoddeiriau 

  

  
Rhifol), and these are sub-divided thus :— 

  

  
(a) Cardinal Numbers (Y Prif Rifau), 

  

  
as, tin, dau, tri (one, two, three). 

  

  
(b) Ordinal Numbers (Y Rhifau Trefnol), 

  

  
as, cyntaf, ail, frydydd (first, second, third). 

  

  
Indefinite and Distributive Numerals, 

  

  
such as some, few, every, have their exact equivalents in 

  

  
Welsh, as, Thai, ychydig, pob. These are classed by some 

  

  
grammarians as Adjectives, and by others as Pronouns. 

  

  
3917A






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3917B)

  

 (x41)

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
NUMBER (RHIF). 

  

  
Sotne Welsh Adjectives have a distinction 

  

  
of Nutnber (Rhif) like Nouns, and may be 

  

  
Singular (Unigol) or Plural (Lluosog), as, 

  

  
gwyn s. , etc')'llion (white) pl. 

  

  
Rule 12.—S01ne Adjectives have Plural 

  

  
forrns to agree with Plural Nouns, as :—- 

  

  
dyn du (a black man), plural dynion duON (black men). 

  

  
Rule 13.—There are three ways of form- 

  

  
ing the plural of Adjectives. 

  

  
1. By changing the vowel, as : 

  

  
a into a; , as trztA7Z (wretched), plural /rttA11t. 

  

  
ei, as hArdd (beautiful), 

  

  
//EI,-dd. 

  

  
a 

  

  
a and a into e and y, as cAdArn (strong), plural cEdyrn. 

  

  
a and e 

  

  
c and 3', as cAlEd (hard), plural cÉ.lYd. 

  

  
2. By adding the affix on or ion, as : 

  

  
du (black), plural duos. 

  

  
gtvyn (white), plural FC'YI,'ION. 

  

  
3. By changing a vowel, and adding the 

  

  
affx on or ion, as . 

  

  
a into ei add on, as mArzv (dead). plural 

  

  
a into Cl add ion, as bAlch (proud), 

  

  
hE[/ch10N. 

  

  
ei 

  

  
ai 

  

  
ei 

  

  
acv, , o 

  

  
Rule 14. 

  

  
plural? as . 

  

  
as //AES (loose), 

  

  
SION. 

  

  
as mAtn (slender), plural 1"EIn10N. 

  

  
as tlAWd (poor) plural tlod10N. 

  

  
as WII' (heavy), , 

  

  
trvm10N. 

  

  
—-Most Adjectives have no 

  

  
da 

  

  
gldn 

  

  
good 

  

  
old 

  

  
clean 

  

  
teg 

  

  
ise/ 

  

  
rchel 

  

  
fair 

  

  
low 

  

  
high 

  

  
3917B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3918A)

  

 (x42)

  

  WEI SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
GENDER (CENEDL). 

  

  
Adjectives take the same Genders as 

  

  
Nouns, viz., Masculine (Gwrywaidd) and 

  

  
Feminine (Benywaidd), while some words 

  

  
are Common (Cyffredin) to both. 

  

  
Råle 15.—The Feminine Gender is formed 

  

  
from the Masculine in two ways. 

  

  
1. By changing the vowel : 

  

  
w into.o 

  

  
Masculine, 

  

  
årwnt 

  

  
llwm 

  

  
trW m 

  

  
byr 

  

  
gzvY1c.'_ 

  

  
Feminine. 

  

  
btont 

  

  
110m 

  

  
trom 

  

  
overdd 

  

  
dirty 

  

  
bare 

  

  
heavy 

  

  
short 

  

  
green 

  

  
2. By changing the initial consonant, as : 

  

  
I buzvch Goch, 

  

  
red bull 

  

  
tarw coch, 

  

  
red cow 

  

  
Rule 16.—Adjectives are generally placed 

  

  
after the Nouns in Welsh. Examples : —- 

  

  
dynion da, 

  

  
ty gwyn, 

  

  
bzvrdd uche/, 

  

  
geneth dlos, 

  

  
good men 

  

  
pretty girl 

  

  
white house 

  

  
brenin doeth, wise king 

  

  
high table 

  

  
milzvr dezvr, brave soldier 

  

  
N0TE.—The Personal Pronouns and the Parts of the 

  

  
Verb To Be used in the following Exercises may be 

  

  
found on pages 56 to 59. 

  

  
EXERCISE Xl. 

  

  
kind, 

  

  
poor, 

  

  
wild, 

  

  
people, 

  

  
to, 

  

  
cared* 

  

  
tlawd 

  

  
gavy/lt 

  

  
beautiful, Irydfer/h 

  

  
rich miser, 

  

  
cybydd cyfoelåog 

  

  
large garden, gardd /kztvr 

  

  
in, 

  

  
3918A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3918B)

  

 (x43)

  

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
43 

  

  
1 She is a good girl. 2 They will be kind children. 

  

  
3 He has been a wild boy. 4 Be kind to the poor 

  

  
people. 

  

  
5 The wise king was in his beautiful house. 

  

  
6 The man is a rich miser. 

  

  
7 1 shall be a brave 

  

  
soldier. 8 They are in the large garden. 

  

  
EXERCISE Xll 

  

  
seren, 

  

  
llyfr, 

  

  
cares, 

  

  
star 

  

  
book 

  

  
horse 

  

  
stone 

  

  
ovalll, 

  

  
cadair, 

  

  
hair 

  

  
school 

  

  
chair 

  

  
(a) Write a suitable Adjective after each 

  

  
of the following Nouns 

  

  
Seren ( 

  

  
dyn ( 

  

  
llyfr ( 

  

  
ceffyl ( 

  

  
careg ( 

  

  
gwallt ( 

  

  
ysgol ( 

  

  
), cadair ( 

  

  
(b) Translate these sentences into English. 

  

  
Rule 17.—Adjectives of Number and 

  

  
the following Adjectives of Quality, viz. 

  

  
hen, prif, gwir, and uni., are placed generally 

  

  
before the Nouns. When unig signifies 

  

  
solitary, it follows the Noun, as ly unig (a 

  

  
solitary house). Exarnples . 

  

  
tri drn, 

  

  
trrdydd Person, 

  

  
hen ufei/lion, 

  

  
prif ath raw, 

  

  
gzvir oleuni, 

  

  
unig fob, 

  

  
tedtvar cety/, 

  

  
three men 

  

  
third person 

  

  
old friends 

  

  
head teacher 

  

  
true light 

  

  
only son 

  

  
four horses 

  

  
ystabl, 

  

  
Duw, 

  

  
Dafydd, 

  

  
lie, 

  

  
metun, 

  

  
stable 

  

  
God 

  

  
where 

  

  
David 

  

  
place 

  

  
an 

  

  
3918B



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3919A)

  

 (x44) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE Xlll. 

  

  
Translate into English : 

  

  
2 Efe oedd y prif 

  

  
1 Yr ydym yn hen gyfeillion. 

  

  
4 Yr oedd 

  

  
athraw, 3 loan yw y trydyd(l pa-son. 

  

  
5 1)uw yw y gwir oleuni. 

  

  
pedwar ceffyl yn yr ystabl. 

  

  
6 Dafydd yw yr unig tab. 7 Pa le mae y tri dyn? 8. 

  

  
Mae y ty mewn Ile unig. 

  

  
EXERCISE xtv. 

  

  
days, 

  

  
years, 

  

  
child, 

  

  
list, 

  

  
father, 

  

  
poet, 

  

  
people, 

  

  
clothes, 

  

  
for, 

  

  
old, 

  

  
before, 

  

  
diwrnotiau 

  

  
b _'vnyddoedd 

  

  
Plentyn 

  

  
rhestr 

  

  
tad 

  

  
bardd 

  

  
di lad' 

  

  
oedran 

  

  
O'r ålaen 

  

  
chwech 

  

  
si.x, 

  

  
llawer 

  

  
many, 

  

  
wicked, 

  

  
Jnr 

  

  
long, 

  

  
u gain 

  

  
twenty, 

  

  
Welsh (Adj. Cymreig 

  

  
best, 

  

  
gareu 

  

  
rhydd 

  

  
free, 

  

  
y rhai pta 

  

  
those, 

  

  
yn 01 

  

  
ago, 

  

  
here, 

  

  
yma 

  

  
brawd 

  

  
brother, 

  

  
without food, heb fü')'d' 

  

  
Translate into VVelsh . 

  

  
1 The child is six years old. 2 The people were 

  

  
3 My father is 

  

  
without food for twenty days. 

  

  
5 Are those 

  

  
a Welsh poet. 4 i,Ve are free people. 

  

  
your best clothes? 6 Many years ago, I was here be- 

  

  
8 Are you the only 

  

  
fore. 7 It will be a long list. 

  

  
son? 9 My brother is a wicked child. 

  

  
Rule 18.—In Welsh the Adjective 

  

  
sometilnes agrees with the iNoun in 

  

  
Number. Examples :-— 

  

  
Singular. 

  

  
tArzv du, 

  

  
dyn gwyn, 

  

  
creadur mArtv 

  

  
black bull 

  

  
white man 

  

  
dead creature 

  

  
Plural. 

  

  
black bulls 

  

  
IE1rzv du0N, 

  

  
dyn10N gzvyn10N, white men 

  

  
dead creatures 

  

  
creadurIAID 

  

  
111E1rzvoN, 

  

  
3919A







 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3919B)

  

 (x45) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
45 

  

  
mater, 

  

  
PIENTYN ('Ach, 

  

  
bAchgEn cry/, 

  

  
BUWCH Goch, 

  

  
l/estr , 

  

  
brawd, brodyr, 

  

  
and, 

  

  
large clog 

  

  
little child 

  

  
strong boy 

  

  
red cow 

  

  
emptv vessel 

  

  
CWN matvr10N, 

  

  
WANT ivchAIN, 

  

  
bpchgvn cry/!0N, 

  

  
BUCIIOI) cochion, 

  

  
l.'cslrl SQEI(YION 

  

  
EXERCISE XV. 

  

  
brother-s 

  

  
but 

  

  
larg. -er-est, 

  

  
inore, most 

  

  
-nan 

  

  
nenych , 

  

  
d;zvo 

  

  
zazcv,' 

  

  
large dogs 

  

  
little childrene 

  

  
strong boys 

  

  
red cows 

  

  
empty vessels 

  

  
with 

  

  
with you 

  

  
wicked, bad 

  

  
very 

  

  
kardd s. , hcirdd pl. pretty 

  

  
Translate into English : 

  

  
1 Dynion duon sydd yn Affrica. 2 Bechgyn cryfion 

  

  
YW fy mrodyr. 

  

  
3 Heirdd yw plant ond hardd yw'r 

  

  
plentyn. 4 Ceffyl du sydd gan fy nhad. 5 Buchod 

  

  
cochion sydd genych chwi. 6 Llestri gweigion sydd 

  

  
fwyaf eu sWn. 

  

  
7 IMae y plant bychain yn ddrwg iawn. 

  

  
8 Creaduriaid meirwon oeddynt. 

  

  
EXERCISE x VI. 

  

  
son, 

  

  
lion, 

  

  
road, 

  

  
leaves, 

  

  
birds, 

  

  
moun tain, 

  

  
way, 

  

  
hair, 

  

  
book, 

  

  
blackbird, 

  

  
mab 

  

  
llcw 

  

  
hcol, dd 

  

  
dail 

  

  
adar 

  

  
my nydd 

  

  
-nordd 

  

  
gwallt 

  

  
llyfr 

  

  
mwya.lchen, 

  

  
aderrn du 

  

  
ild, 

  

  
dry, 

  

  
ide, 

  

  
rough, 

  

  
guy l/t 

  

  
svch 

  

  
/lydan 

  

  
sarzv 

  

  
great, big, mawr 

  

  
high, 

  

  
like, 

  

  
tree, 

  

  
uchcl 

  

  
fed, yu elebyg i 

  

  
cocden 

  

  
ho•vi many, fa saw/ or pa faint 

  

  
on, 

  

  
Snowdon, Yr Wyddfa 

  

  
Translate into Welsh 

  

  
1 It is a big lion. 2 The dry leaves are on the wide 

  

  
road, 3 The rough ways are before us. 4 Snowdon 

  

  
is a high mountain. 

  

  
5 The wild creature was 

  

  
like a red cow. 6 'I'he poet's hair is white. 

  

  
7 Our 

  

  
son is a strong boy. 8 The blackbird's nest is on a 

  

  
high tree. 9 How many leaves are there in your large 

  

  
book ? 

  

  
3919B







 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3920A)

  

 (x46)

  

  

  

  46 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Rule 19.—The following Adjectives are 

  

  
not inflected for Number, and are used 

  

  
both with the Singular and the Plural 

  

  
ouns, viz.. 

  

  
l'J'tv, 

  

  
call, 

  

  
clodfazvr, 

  

  
da, 

  

  
dedzvydd, 

  

  
aelod-au, 

  

  
afon -ydd, 

  

  
Cymru, 

  

  
salad, 

  

  
living 

  

  
wise 

  

  
praiseworthy 

  

  
good 

  

  
happy 

  

  
guilty 

  

  
EXERCISE 

  

  
member-s f 

  

  
river-s 

  

  
Wales 

  

  
country 

  

  
hyJryd, 

  

  
uchel, 

  

  
hen, 

  

  
glån, 

  

  
go/alus, 

  

  
XVII. 

  

  
menyg, 

  

  
fynon, 

  

  
leasant 

  

  
old 

  

  
clean 

  

  
careful 

  

  
pure 

  

  
gloves 

  

  
well 

  

  
dzvfr, dyfrocdd, water-s 

  

  
llais, 

  

  
voice 

  

  
(a) Translate into English . 

  

  
1 Maent yn greaduriaid byw. 2 Hen wlad y menyg 

  

  
gwynion " yw Cymru. 

  

  
3 Dyn da ydych chwi, ond 

  

  
dynion drwg ydynt hwy. 4 Mae llais hyfryd ganddo ef. 

  

  
5 1)wfr glån sydd yn y ffynon. 6 Mae dyfroedd pur 

  

  
yn yr afonydd. 6 Mae aelodau y ty yn ddynion call a 

  

  
gofalus. 7 Yr ydym yn hen bobl. 8 Maent yn ddynion 

  

  
b• 9 Yr wyf yn ddyn euog. 

  

  
(b) Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 The rivers of YVales are pleasant. 

  

  
2 The water in 

  

  
the well is pure. 

  

  
3 The members are very careful. 

  

  
4 r Phese gloves are old, but they are clean. 5 The 

  

  
voice of the guilty man was rough. 

  

  
Rule 20. —In Welsh the Adjective 

  

  
agrees with the Noun in Gender, but 

  

  
in the Singular Number only. 

  

  
3920A



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3920B)

  

 (x47)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
47 

  

  
How Masculine Adjectives are 

  

  
changed into Feminine. 

  

  
Rule 20a.—Masculine Adjectives begin- 

  

  
ning with the Consonants C P and T are 

  

  
changed into Feminine by changing these 

  

  
sletters into 

  

  
sonants, G 

  

  
memory . 

  

  
become 

  

  
Examples : 

  

  
MASCUI.INE 

  

  
tarzv coch, 

  

  
bachgen Tlzvs, 

  

  
dyn Tlawd, 

  

  
gzvr cyfoethog, 

  

  
dze,fr pur, 

  

  
ceffyt Tezv 

  

  
brcnin cy/iatvn, 

  

  
gwaith caled, 

  

  
gardd, 

  

  
man.' , 

  

  
their* corresponding soft Con- 

  

  
B and D. Commit this to 

  

  
CPT 

  

  
GENDER. 

  

  
red bull 

  

  
in 

  

  
co Pa T' 

  

  
GwyBeD. 

  

  
FEMININE 

  

  
butvch GOC.?I, 

  

  
merch D/os, 

  

  
dynes Dlazvd, 

  

  
pretty boy 

  

  
poor man 

  

  
rich man 

  

  
pure water 

  

  
fat horse 

  

  
just king 

  

  
hard work 

  

  
garden 

  

  
mother 

  

  
GENDER. 

  

  
red cow 

  

  
pretty girl 

  

  
poor woman 

  

  
gzv,' aigc;yfoethog•, rich woman 

  

  
alon Bur, 

  

  
pure river 

  

  
fat mare 

  

  
caseg new, 

  

  
brenines G"/fazvn, just queen 

  

  
calon Galed, 

  

  
cae, 

  

  
baban, 

  

  
hard heart 

  

  
field 

  

  
baby 

  

  
EXERCISE xvlll. 

  

  
Translate into English . 

  

  
2 Mae y tarw 

  

  
1 Bu y fuwch goch yn yr ardd. 

  

  
3 Yr oedd Mr. Jones yn Wr cyfoethog. 

  

  
coch yn y cae. 

  

  
4 Gwraig gyfoethog oedd ei fam. 5 Calon galed 

  

  
sydd gan y drwg., 6 Brenin cyfiawn oedd Alfred Fawr. 

  

  
7 Dynes dlawd yw fy mam. 8 A oes dwfr pur yn y ty ? 

  

  
10 Baban tlws yw hwn. 

  

  
9 Geneth dlos yw Jane. 

  

  
3920B




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3921A)

  

 (x48)

  

  

  48 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
•EXERCISE XIX. 

  

  
master, 

  

  
farmer, 

  

  
lady. 

  

  
daughter, 

  

  
price, 

  

  
meistr 

  

  
fermzer 

  

  
boneddiges 

  

  
merch 

  

  
pris 

  

  
judge' 

  

  
healthy, 

  

  
soft, tender, 

  

  
hand, 

  

  
clean, 

  

  
barn tur 

  

  
iach us 

  

  
tyner 

  

  
l/a7V 

  

  
Translate into M'Yelsh : 

  

  
1 He is a ricb man. 

  

  
2 She is a rich lady. 3 It is 

  

  
hard work. 4 The Queen's daughter is a pretty girl. 

  

  
5 What is the price of the fat horse? 6 The judee is a 

  

  
just man. 7 The lady's soft hand was clean. 8 Pure 

  

  
water is healthy. 9 My master is the only son of a rich 

  

  
farmer. 

  

  
10 The judge was very tender to the healthy 

  

  
daughter of the farmer. 

  

  
Rule 20b.—Masculine Adjectives, begin- 

  

  
ning with G B and D, are changed into 

  

  
Femininebv making the following change 

  

  
(1) Drop -the G, (2) Change B into F, 

  

  
and (3) D into Pd. 

  

  
MASCULINE GENDER. 

  

  
Exanil)les : 

  

  
FEMININE GENDER. 

  

  
ci G/ew, 

  

  
pren I',yr, 

  

  
cejy/ c, las, 

  

  
izvrda' Du, 

  

  
canter nail, 

  

  
creadu r Byzv 

  

  
mikvr Dewr 

  

  
brave dog 

  

  
short stick 

  

  
grey horse 

  

  
black ram 

  

  
blind singer 

  

  
living creature 

  

  
brave soldier 

  

  
gzvenifh Gtvyn, white wheat 

  

  
dafad 

  

  
sheep 

  

  
gas: Lew, 

  

  
gzvialen Fer, 

  

  
caseg Las, 

  

  
'iajad 

  

  
cantores I)Dall, 

  

  
creadurcs FY7D 

  

  
geneth I)Dewr 

  

  
ynys wet, 

  

  
I chwaer 

  

  
brave bitch 

  

  
short rod 

  

  
grey mare 

  

  
black sheep 

  

  
blind singer 

  

  
living creature 

  

  
brave girl 

  

  
white island 

  

  
sister 

  

  
EXERCISE XX. 

  

  
Translate into English . 

  

  
1 Geneth ddall yw fy chwaer. 

  

  
Boxer." 

  

  
3 Caseg las yw Jolly." 

  

  
2 Ceffyl glas yw 

  

  
4 Dafad ddu sydd 

  

  
3921A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3921B)

  

 (x49)

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
49 

  

  
ytna. 5 Creadur byw yw hwn. 6 Mae y milwt; dewr 

  

  
ar faes y frwydr (battlefield). 7 Pa le mae y tarw du? 

  

  
8 Mae gwialen fer ar y bwrdd. 9 Geneth ddewr oedd 

  

  
chwaer y canwr dall. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxr. 

  

  
sky, atvyr. 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 She is a blind singer. 

  

  
2 Where is the grey mare ? 

  

  
3 The blue sky is above us. 4 He was a brave soldier. 

  

  
5 Thou art a careful girl. 6 The white house is on the 

  

  
white island." 

  

  
7 Charlie is a brave dog. 8 The 

  

  
pretty girl is the sister of the blind singer. 

  

  
Rule 20c.-—Masculine Adjectives begin- 

  

  
ning with Ll M and Rh are changed into 

  

  
Feminine by changing these letters into 

  

  
L F R respectively. Learn the follow- 

  

  
ing . 

  

  
become 

  

  
Examples :—- 

  

  
MASCULINE GENDER. 

  

  
in 

  

  
in 

  

  
gt&r I.Latvezz, 

  

  
joyful husband 

  

  
tysgodyn Mawr, big fish 

  

  
dyn Rilintveddol, virtuous man 

  

  
Lie Mae Rhai 

  

  
LeVeR 

  

  
FEMININE GENDER. 

  

  
gran-aig Lawen, joyful wife 

  

  
troed Fawr, 

  

  
big foot 

  

  
dynes Rinweddol, virtuous 

  

  
ty LLYdan, 

  

  
mbr Mazvr, 

  

  
gzvely LLaith, 

  

  
bzvyd R Had, 

  

  
afal Melus, 

  

  
loan, 

  

  
hum, 

  

  
wide house 

  

  
largé sea 

  

  
damp bed 

  

  
cheap food 

  

  
sweet apple 

  

  
John 

  

  
this 

  

  
heal Lydan, 

  

  
dinas Fawr, 

  

  
oval Laith, 

  

  
teisen Radf 

  

  
teisen Felus, 

  

  
ceiniog, 

  

  
Y"ta, 

  

  
wide roa 

  

  
great city 

  

  
damp wall 

  

  
cheap cake 

  

  
sweet cake 

  

  
penny 

  

  
here 

  

  
D 

  

  
3921B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3922A)

  

 (x50)

  

  

  

  

  50 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE XXII. 

  

  
Translate into English : 

  

  
1 Dinas fawr yw Llundain. 

  

  
2 Mae loan yn ddyn 

  

  
rhinweddol. 3 Ai hwn yw y gwely llaith ? 4 Yr ydym 

  

  
ar yr heol lydan. 5 Un afal melus sydd am geiniog. 

  

  
6 Mae ,troed fawr gan y gWr llawen. 7 A oes teisen 

  

  
råd yma? 8 Mae pysgod yn y mör mawr. 

  

  
best, 

  

  
EXERCISE XXIII. 

  

  
mazvr I near, 

  

  
I big, 

  

  
goreu 

  

  
agvs 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 Cheap food is not the best. 2 The big fish was in 

  

  
the sea. 3 A virtuous woman is a good woman. 4 The 

  

  
5 Cardiff is a big town. 

  

  
good man is a virtuous man. 

  

  
6 The sweet cake is good. 7 You are too near the 

  

  
damp wall. 8 We were in the great city of London. 

  

  
Rule 21.—The Masculine Form of the 

  

  
Plural Adjectives is used with the Plural 

  

  
Nouns of both Genders. Examples :-— 

  

  
MASCULINE GENDER. 

  

  
dynion glån, 

  

  
clean men 

  

  
black horses 

  

  
ceCylau duon, 

  

  
bechgyn mazvrion, big boys 

  

  
FEMININE GENDER. 

  

  
menyzvod glån, 

  

  
clean women 

  

  
black mares 

  

  
cesyg dun, 

  

  
merched mazvrion, big girls 

  

  
guartheg cochin, red cows 

  

  
teirw cochion, 

  

  
busy, 

  

  
duty, 

  

  
hills, 

  

  
sight, 

  

  
flowers, 

  

  
wise, 

  

  
white, 

  

  
good boys, 

  

  
Welsh, 

  

  
red bulls 

  

  
EXERCISE XXIV. 

  

  
ditoyd 

  

  
dylddstvydd 

  

  
bryniau 

  

  
go/tcg 

  

  
blodau 

  

  
call 

  

  
bechgyn da 

  

  
Cymry 

  

  
ships, 

  

  
beautiful, 

  

  
coal, 

  

  
orphans, 

  

  
parents, 

  

  
full, 

  

  
strong' 

  

  
poor, 

  

  
Ilong•au 

  

  
hardd 

  

  
amddifaid 

  

  
rhieni 

  

  
llazvn 

  

  
cry/ 

  

  
tlatvd 

  

  
3922A



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3922B)

  

 (x51)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 They are wise girls. 2 Thev have been kind parents 

  

  
to their children. 3 'l'he Wels•h are busy people. 4 

  

  
The brave soldiers are on duty. 5 The white hills are 

  

  
in sight. 6 'l'here are beautiful flowers in our garden. 

  

  
7 The large ships are full of coal. 8 They were strong 

  

  
horses. 9 'l'he poor orphans are clean. 10 John and 

  

  
David are good boys 

  

  
Rule 22.—The Initial Consonants— 

  

  
of Adjectives are changed into 

  

  
respectively, when the word is preceded 

  

  
by y n. Examples . 

  

  
yr afal 'ryner (soft), 

  

  
y dwf;• l','tr, 

  

  
y crocn (skin) calcd, 

  

  
y plcntyn Glån, 

  

  
y castell (castle) Mawr, 

  

  
Idris p,ychan, 

  

  
y milter I)czvr, 

  

  
mae yr afal MN Dyner. 

  

  
maey dwfr V N Bur. 

  

  
maey croen Y N Galea. 

  

  
mae y plenty;z Y N Liu. 

  

  
mae y castell YN Fazvr. 

  

  
mae Idris v N Fychan. 

  

  
macy milwr YN DDezvr. 

  

  
EXERCISE XXV. 

  

  
Translate the above sentences into English. 

  

  
Rule 23.—The Imtial Consonants Ll 

  

  
and Rh of the Adjective are not changed 

  

  
after yn. Exatnples : 

  

  
they were successful, 

  

  
we are merry. 

  

  
they are many, 

  

  
he is running, 

  

  
this is cheap, 

  

  
oeddynt Y N LLzvyddianus. 

  

  
yr y,lym Ll.on. 

  

  
m,vnt V N 

  

  
mae VN RHede:r. 

  

  
mae hzvn Y N Ridtzd. 

  

  
3922B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3923A)

  

 (x52)

  

  

  52 

  

  
meat, 

  

  
shoes, 

  

  
dirty, 

  

  
punctual, 

  

  
book, 

  

  
very,• 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxvr. 

  

  
esgidiau 

  

  
brzvnt, budr 

  

  
llyf,. 

  

  
tatvn 

  

  
quiet, 

  

  
idle, 

  

  
savage, 

  

  
slaves, 

  

  
free, 

  

  
happy, 

  

  
tawd 

  

  
diog 

  

  
cas 

  

  
caethion 

  

  
rhydd 

  

  
hapus 

  

  
Translate into Welsh . 

  

  
1 The meat is good. 2 Your shoes are dirty. 3 The 

  

  
books are clean. 4 The children are merry. 5 Let us 

  

  
be quiet. 

  

  
6 John has been successful. 

  

  
7 They are 

  

  
very idle. 8 The dog is very quiet. 9 The slaves will be 

  

  
free. 10 We are happy in :chool. 

  

  
11 They are running. 

  

  
Rule 24.—The following Adjectives of 

  

  
Number are inflected for Gender, viz. . 

  

  
MASCULINE. 

  

  
tR1 

  

  
pedwAR 

  

  
trydvdd 

  

  
ledzvErydd 

  

  
brothers, 

  

  
sisters, 

  

  
new 

  

  
woman, 

  

  
FEMININE. 

  

  
dwv 

  

  
tAIR 

  

  
PedAIR 

  

  
trydEdd 

  

  
13cdtd'A 1*Edd 

  

  
EXERCISE xxvll. 

  

  
brodyr 

  

  
chtviorydd 

  

  
nezvydd 

  

  
dynes 

  

  
together, 

  

  
class, 

  

  
ork 

  

  
road, 

  

  
two 

  

  
three 

  

  
four 

  

  
third 

  

  
fourth 

  

  
yn nghyd, or 

  

  
gyda'u gilydd 

  

  
dosbarth 

  

  
pzvaith 

  

  
heal, fordd 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 They are two brothers. 

  

  
2 We are two sisters. 

  

  
3 Three men were at work. 

  

  
4 The three women were 

  

  
together. 

  

  
5 Four girls are in the class. 

  

  
6 The four 

  

  
boys are here. 7 1 am the third boy on the list. 8 My 

  

  
brother is in the fourth house in the new road. 9 Who 

  

  
is the third girl ? 

  

  
3923A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3923B)

  

 (x53)

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
53 

  

  
Rule 25.—When the Adjectiv;e is the 

  

  
first word in a Welsh sentence, it must 

  

  
begin with its original initial consonant, 

  

  
EXERCISE xxvlll. 

  

  
cam, 

  

  
dtvfn, 

  

  
byr, 

  

  
caled, 

  

  
firdd, 

  

  
step 

  

  
deep 

  

  
short 

  

  
hard 

  

  
way 

  

  
coes, 

  

  
cut, 

  

  
succor, 

  

  
leg 

  

  
narrow 

  

  
sugar 

  

  
llydan, 

  

  
wide 

  

  
melus, 

  

  
sweet 

  

  
chzverzv, bitter 

  

  
gtvyrdd, green 

  

  
dad, 

  

  
leaves 

  

  
coed, 

  

  
trees 

  

  
Translate into English : 

  

  
1 Byr yw y cam, ond ber yw y goes. 2 Da yw dyn, 

  

  
a da yw dynion. 3 Llydan yw yr heol. 4 Caled oedd 

  

  
y gwaith. 5 Dwfn yw y mör, a dofn yw yr afon. 6 

  

  
Chwerw yw dwfr. 7 Cul fydd y ffordd. 8 Melus YW 

  

  
siwgr. 9 Gwyrdd yw dail y coed. 

  

  
DEGREES OF COMPARISON. 

  

  
Rule 26.—There are four degrees of 

  

  
Comparison in Welsh. 

  

  
These are 

  

  
Positive (Cysefin), Equal (Cydradd), 

  

  
Comparative (Uwchradd), and Superla- 

  

  
tive (Uwchafradd). 

  

  
Rule 27.4 he Equal, Conlparative, and 

  

  
Superlative, are formed from the Positive— 

  

  
(a) By adding ed, ach, and af, as, melus 

  

  
(sweet), 

  

  
nzelused (as 

  

  
sweet), 

  

  
mclusach 

  

  
(sweeter), nzelusaj-n (sweetest). 

  

  
3923B






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3924A)

  

 (x54)

  

  

  

  54 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
r b) By prefixing mor, mwy, mwyaf, as, 

  

  
Prydferth (beau tiful ), 

  

  
mor brydferth (as 

  

  
beautiful), mwy Pryd/ert/l (Inore beautiful), 

  

  
mwyafprydferth (most beautiful). 

  

  
NOTE.—In forming the Equal Degree,s mor or cyn is 

  

  
Sometimes prefixeql, and ed added, as, hardd (beautiful), 

  

  
mor hardded or cygn hardded (as beautiful). 

  

  
Rule 28.—When tile Adjective in the 

  

  
Positive Degree ends in G B or D, the 

  

  
consonants are changed into C P and T 

  

  
respectively before ed, ach and af are 

  

  
adcled. Now, 

  

  
become 

  

  
E.xatnples . 

  

  
I 'ositive. 

  

  
fair, 

  

  
teG 

  

  
wet, 

  

  
.5t'lyB 

  

  
ha rd, 

  

  
caten 

  

  
cheap, 

  

  
cyfoeth0G 

  

  
poor, 

  

  
t/AWD 

  

  
numerous, 

  

  
11tt0SOG 

  

  
important, 

  

  
rwysiG 

  

  
CPT 

  

  
Equality. 

  

  
as fair, 

  

  
tecE„D 

  

  
as wet, 

  

  
gadYPED 

  

  
as hard, 

  

  
cabo ED 

  

  
as cheap, 

  

  
r//(ü1'E1) 

  

  
as rich, 

  

  
cyfoeth0CF.D 

  

  
as poor, 

  

  
NOTED 

  

  
as numerous, 

  

  
lluosocED or 

  

  
mor 11tt0Soq 

  

  
as important, 

  

  
pwysicF.D or 

  

  
mor bzvysig 

  

  
CoPaTy. 

  

  
Comfarative. 

  

  
Sutertative. 

  

  
fairer, 

  

  
fairest, 

  

  
tecAC11 

  

  
tecAF 

  

  
wetter, 

  

  
wettest, 

  

  
gw/YPACH 

  

  
gwlypA F 

  

  
harder, 

  

  
hardest, 

  

  
caleTAC11 

  

  
cateTAF 

  

  
cheaper, 

  

  
cheapest, 

  

  
rha'l'AC11 

  

  
rhatAF 

  

  
richer, 

  

  
richest, 

  

  
cyfoet/toCüVT1 

  

  
cyfoethoCA F 

  

  
poorest, 

  

  
poorer, 

  

  
t/OTAC11 

  

  
//OTAF 

  

  
most nu merous, 

  

  
more n tunerous, 

  

  
//uo€OCACH or 

  

  
lluosocAF or 

  

  
I mteyaflluosog 

  

  
//uosog 

  

  
more important, I most important, 

  

  
I PwysiCAF or 

  

  
fit')'siCAcII or 

  

  
mtvyaf2wysig 

  

  
fi'J'sisr 

  

  
3924A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3924B)

  

 (x55)

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE XXIX. 

  

  
55 

  

  
than, 

  

  
town, 

  

  
to-day, 

  

  
yesterday, 

  

  
bread, 

  

  
nao• 

  

  
tref 

  

  
heddyw 

  

  
ddoe 

  

  
bara 

  

  
stone, 

  

  
count ry, 

  

  
English, 

  

  
people, 

  

  
case, 

  

  
careg 

  

  
gulad 

  

  
Saeson 

  

  
achos 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 She is fairer than her brother. 2 He is the richest 

  

  
man in the town. 3 It is more wet to-day than yester- 

  

  
day. 4 The bread is as hard as a stone. 5 The horse 

  

  
is cheap, but the cow is cheaper. 6 1 am richer than 

  

  
7 There is not a poorer man in the 

  

  
my brother. 

  

  
country. 8 The English are the most numerous people 

  

  
in America. 9 It was the most important case. 

  

  
EXERCISE XXX. 

  

  
The Degrees of Comparison. 

  

  
cyfai//, 

  

  
antt•y/, 

  

  
g7t'j•ned, 

  

  
hen, 

  

  
goreu , 

  

  
caredig 

  

  
honey 

  

  
friend 

  

  
dear 

  

  
as white 

  

  
old 

  

  
best 

  

  
kind 

  

  
neb, 

  

  
hardd, 

  

  
goteuni, 

  

  
ysgol, 

  

  
foolish 

  

  
anyone, or 

  

  
nobody 

  

  
than the 

  

  
beautiful 

  

  
light 

  

  
school 

  

  
cyJtym, 

  

  
gtvynt, 

  

  
di/lad, 

  

  
hazd, 

  

  
Ileiaf, 

  

  
doeth, 

  

  
Y, 

  

  
swift 

  

  
wind 

  

  
clothes 

  

  
sun 

  

  
smallest 

  

  
wise 

  

  
thy 

  

  
Translate into English : 

  

  
2 Solomon oedd y doethaf 

  

  
r Melusach yw na'r mél. 

  

  
o ddynion. 3 Ei ddillad oedd cyn wyned a'r goleuni. 

  

  
4 Harddach yvv na'r haul. 5 Yr wyf fi yn hen, eyr wyt 

  

  
ti mor hyned, mae Dafydd dy frawd yn hynach, ond Rhys 

  

  
sydd hynaf. 6 lago bach yw y Ileiaf O'r plant. 

  

  
7 Efe 

  

  
oedd fy nghyfaill anwylaf. 8 Hi ydoedd yr eneth oreu yn 

  

  
yr ysgol. 9 Mae Tomos mor ddoethed a'i dad. 10 Yr 

  

  
oedd William fy mrawd yn ffolach na neb. r 1 Cyflymach 

  

  
yw y goleuni na'r gwynt. 

  

  
12 Dy fam sydd fwyafcaredig 

  

  
i ti. 

  

  
3924B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3925A)

  

 (x56)

  

  

  56 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SC IDOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxl. 

  

  
neighbour, cymydog• 

  

  
near, 

  

  
a oos 

  

  
world, 

  

  
byd 

  

  
eira 

  

  
tea, 

  

  
city, 

  

  
friendly, cyfcil/gar snow, 

  

  
dinas 

  

  
Translate into Welsh . 

  

  
1 He is my nearest neighbour. 

  

  
2 He will be the 

  

  
best man. 3 It is' the prettiest flower in the garden. 

  

  
4 John is as tall as his father, 5 Your tea is sweeter 

  

  
than mine. 6 Your brother David is more friendly than 

  

  
your brother John. 7 London is larger than Paris. 

  

  
8 Paris is the most l)eautiful city in the world. 9 Snow- 

  

  
don is the highest Inountain in Wales. 

  

  
10 His hair is 

  

  
as white as snow. 

  

  
11 1 am bad, you are worse, but he 

  

  
is the worst. 

  

  
4.—THE PRONOUN (RHAGENW). 

  

  
A PRONOUN (Rhagenvv) is a word used 

  

  
instead of a Noun. 

  

  
Personal Pronouns (Rhagenwau Per- 

  

  
sonol). 

  

  
There are two Nurnbers, viz., Singular 

  

  
(Rhif Unigol) and Plural (Rhif Liuosog). 

  

  
THE TABLE OF PERSONAL påv'0NOUNS. 

  

  
SINGULAR NUMBER IS i' PERSON 

  

  
PLURAL NUMBER 1ST PERSON 

  

  
( Person Cyntaf Unig). 

  

  
(Person Cyntaj• I-luosog). 

  

  
ni 

  

  
mi 

  

  
1 

  

  
we 

  

  
nyni 

  

  
my/i 

  

  
us 

  

  
ine 

  

  
n inau 

  

  
m inau 

  

  
Fi, I, are modified forms, as, zcyfF1 (I am), f mod 

  

  
(that I am). 

  

  
3925A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3925B)

  

 (x57)

  

  

  

  

  

 

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
SINGULAR NUMBER 2ND PERSON 

  

  
(Ail Berson Uzi'). 

  

  
ti 

  

  
thou 

  

  
tydi 

  

  
thee 

  

  
tithau 

  

  
Di, dithau, are modified 

  

  
shalt not). 

  

  
SINGULAR NUMBER 3RD PERSON 

  

  
(T,-ydydd Person Unig). 

  

  
Masculine Gen. Feminine Gen. 

  

  
he 

  

  
eye 

  

  
him 

  

  
ynlau 

  

  
she 

  

  
her 

  

  
hithau 

  

  
PLURAL NUMBER 2ND PERSON 

  

  
(Ail Berson Lluasog). 

  

  
chzvi 

  

  
chwithau 

  

  
you 

  

  
chzvychzvi 

  

  
forms, as, Ni chei DI ('I'hou 

  

  
PLURAL NUMBER 3RD PERSON 

  

  
( Trydydd Person Lluosog). 

  

  
Common Gen. 

  

  
hwynt, hwy 

  

  
they 

  

  
hzvrnthzvy 

  

  
them 

  

  
hwytha.u 

  

  
Nhw, nhwy, are colloquialisms, as, Mae NHW'n dweyd, 

  

  
which means, Macnt HWY yn dzveyd (They say). 

  

  
NOTE. — 

  

  
is represented in Welsh by ef or hi, ac- 

  

  
cording as the word for which it stands is masculine or 

  

  
feminine. 

  

  
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN (RHAGENW 

  

  
PERSONOL). 

  

  
Rule 29.—1n Welsh, the Personal Pro- 

  

  
nouns are not always expressed with the 

  

  
Personal Verbs. But if the emphasis is to 

  

  
be laid on then), they Illust be used. 

  

  
Yr wy/y;z dlated, 

  

  
Yr tvyf FI yu d/awd, 

  

  
Yr oedd __1','1 yr ysgvi, 

  

  
Yr oedd EFE yu yr ysgvl, 

  

  
I poor 

  

  
I am poor 

  

  
Ile was in school 

  

  
He was in school 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxll. 

  

  
happy, 

  

  
short, 

  

  
dog, 

  

  
after me, 

  

  
after them, 

  

  
brave, 

  

  
soldier, 

  

  
away, 

  

  
Who ? 

  

  
by r 

  

  
ci 

  

  
arfy 01 

  

  
aneu hol 

  

  
deter 

  

  
milwr 

  

  
ymailh , Jjzvrda• 

  

  
children, 

  

  
with him, 

  

  
\Vhere ? 

  

  
before us, 

  

  
long, 

  

  
to her, 

  

  
tired of, 

  

  
angry with, 

  

  
Plant 

  

  
g•ydag ef 

  

  
O'n Idaen ni 

  

  
Uda hi 

  

  
tvedi Idino ar 

  

  
weedi Croni tenth 

  

  
3925B

 

 

 

 

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  58 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Translate ifito Welsh : 

  

  
1 They are happy. 2 It will be short. 3 The dog 

  

  
was after me. 5 1 am a brave soldier. 5 She has been 

  

  
away. 6 Who art thou? 7 The children are with him. 

  

  
8 Where have you been? 9 they be there before 

  

  
us? ro We shall not be long after them. 11 Have 

  

  
you been to her? '2 1 was tired of thee, or I was angry 

  

  
with thee. 

  

  
THE VERB BOD (TO BE). 

  

  
INDICATIVE Moon (MODI) MVNEC,OL). 

  

  
AMSER PRESENOL. 

  

  
Singular ( Cuigvl). 

  

  
PR ESENT TENSE. 

  

  
I'/ural ( L/uosog). 

  

  
tcvf, ydwyn, 

  

  
wyt, ydzvyt, 

  

  
yw, yriyw, mae, 

  

  
ors, sydd, 

  

  
I aln 

  

  
thou art 

  

  
he, she, or it 

  

  
is 

  

  
3'"/ , J'dym, 

  

  
_vch, ydyc/l, 

  

  
ynt, yttynt, maent, 

  

  
we nre 

  

  
you are 

  

  
they are 

  

  
AMSER ANORPIIENOL. 

  

  
redd7"t, by/'izvn, batt'jz, I was 

  

  
thou wast 

  

  
oeddit, byddit, bait, 

  

  
he was 

  

  
oedd, hyddai, bai, 

  

  
AMSER GORPHENOL. 

  

  
I have been 

  

  
buais, 

  

  
huost, buaist, thou hast been 

  

  
he, &c., has been 

  

  
IMPERFECT TENSE. 

  

  
oeddym,åydt m, haem, we were 

  

  
oeddych,hyc ech, baech, you were 

  

  
oeddynt, byddent, baent, they were 

  

  
PERFECT 'rENSE. 

  

  
Iwasom, we have been 

  

  
buom, 

  

  
buoch, /'ttasoch , 

  

  
you have been 

  

  
l;uasant, they have been 

  

  
l'?ton/, 

  

  
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  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
59 

  

  
AMSER TRAGORPHENOL. 

  

  
PLUPERFECr TENSE. 

  

  
buasit, 

  

  
buasai, 

  

  
I had been 

  

  
thou hadst been 

  

  
he had been 

  

  
buasem, 

  

  
buasech, 

  

  
buasent, 

  

  
u e had been 

  

  
you had been 

  

  
they had been 

  

  
AMSER DVFODOL. 

  

  
byddaf, I shall or will be 

  

  
byddi, thou shalt or wilt Be 

  

  
bydd, he, &c., shall or will be 

  

  
FUTURE TENSE. 

  

  
hyddtvn, we shall or will be 

  

  
byddwch, you shall or will be 

  

  
they shall or will be 

  

  
byddant, 

  

  
IMPERATIVE MOOD (MOOD GORCHVMVNOL). 

  

  
BE. 

  

  
let us be 

  

  
byddwn (ni), 

  

  
byddzvyf, 

  

  
let me be 

  

  
bydd, or bydd di, be or be thou brddwch (chtei), 

  

  
be or be ye 

  

  
bydded (or boed), let him be 

  

  
byddant, lyddont, 

  

  
let them be 

  

  
byddent (haw) 

  

  
NOTE.—Some grammarians use oeddem, oeddech, oeddent, 

  

  
as well as oeddym, oeddych, oeddyn/, in the Impel fect Tense. 

  

  
DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE VERB DOD. 

  

  
The different forms of the Verb Bod pre- 

  

  
sent sonne difficulty to the learner. Thus 

  

  
3RD PERSON SINGULAR. 

  

  
English—He is, she is, it is. 

  

  
3RD PERSON PLURAL. 

  

  
They are. 

  

  
Il'elsh— Ytv, ydytv, mae, oes,sy, sydd. Ynt, ydynt, maent, oes, 

  

  
Each word, however, expresses a different 

  

  
shade of nieaning. 

  

  
Y tv, ydyw (Singular 

  

  
and ynt, yd) Tit 

  

  
(Plural) are different forms of the same 

  

  
word, and come between two Nouns (or 

  

  
Pronouns), or between a Noun (or Pronoun) 

  

  
3926B


 

 

 

 

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  60 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
and an Adjective. This form of the Verb 

  

  
Bod is often used to Inake the Predicate the 

  

  
most prominent part of the sentence. 

  

  
Thus 

  

  
LLVFR DA VW hzvn (This IS A GOOD BOOK). 

  

  
GWEISION VI)YN'r hwy (They ARE SERVANTS). 

  

  
Sy, or sydc/ (Singular and Plural) comes 

  

  
after the Subject, and makes that more 

  

  
prominent. 

  

  
HYN sydddda (THIS is good). 

  

  
It is used, too, when the Relative Pro- 

  

  
noun is employed. 

  

  
Y Plant SVDD MN CHWAREU (It is the children WIIO ARE 

  

  
PLAYING). 

  

  
Y dyn SYDI) Y N y ty nuyma ddoe (It is the man WIIO IS IN the 

  

  
house that was here yesterday). 

  

  
NidDaDdd SYI)D OREU (David is not THE ONE WHO IS BEST). 

  

  
Mae, or Y mae, begins a sentence, or 

  

  
clause, and thus has its subject following it. 

  

  
MAE y ferch yma (The girl is here). 

  

  
MAEN'•r teedi dyfod (They have cotne). 

  

  
Y MAE htgn Y/l iatvn (This is right). 

  

  
Oes is used in asking a question, or is 

  

  
joined to the negative No or Not, in sen- 

  

  
tences beginning with " there." 

  

  
A OES genych Iyfr ? (Il AVE you a book 

  

  
NID OES un yma (THERE IS NOT one here). 

  

  
NID OES ysgol 3'jovy (TIIERE IS NO school to-morrow). 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxlll. 

  

  
Write out ten Verbs in English, and give 

  

  
their NV elsh equivalents. 

  

  
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  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISES ON THE VERB BOD. 

  

  
Vocabulary to Eayrcises. 

  

  
51 

  

  
anzddifad, 

  

  
bachgen, 

  

  
buan, 

  

  
caredig, 

  

  
chwi, 

  

  
chwaer, 

  

  
cyfaill, 

  

  
cyJiawn, 

  

  
without parents 

  

  
boy 

  

  
soon 

  

  
kind 

  

  
you 

  

  
sister 

  

  
friend 

  

  
just, the just 

  

  
y cy/iawn 

  

  
NVelshman 

  

  
Cymro, 

  

  
cynoethog, rich 

  

  
da, y da, good, the good 

  

  
dedttydd, happy 

  

  
dewy, 

  

  
diog, 

  

  
doe, 

  

  
brave 

  

  
lazy 

  

  
yesterday 

  

  
y drygionus, the wicked 

  

  
dyn, 

  

  
man 

  

  
dysgedig, 

  

  
learned 

  

  
ere, 

  

  
eich, 

  

  
erioed, 

  

  
Dddlon, 

  

  
he 

  

  
your 

  

  
ever 

  

  
faith ful 

  

  
gonest, 

  

  
go,' eu, 

  

  
gull, 

  

  
ieuanc, 

  

  
llawen, 

  

  
Il:vyddianus, 

  

  
l/yf;-, 

  

  
n,'i/ter, 

  

  
mur, 

  

  
ni, 

  

  
Plentyn, 

  

  
Want, 

  

  
rhydd, 

  

  
sut, 

  

  
tlazt'Æ, 

  

  
tifydd, 

  

  
yno, 

  

  
3'fory, 

  

  
ysgol, 

  

  
ysgv/heig•ion 

  

  
honest 

  

  
best 

  

  
better 

  

  
young 

  

  
merry 

  

  
successful 

  

  
book 

  

  
soldier 

  

  
wall 

  

  
we 

  

  
child 

  

  
children 

  

  
sad 

  

  
free 

  

  
how 

  

  
poor 

  

  
house 

  

  
obedient 

  

  
there 

  

  
to-morrow 

  

  
school 

  

  
scholars 

  

  
NOTE.— Yr is generally placed before tvyf, ydzvyf (I 

  

  
am), wyt, ydtvy/ (thou art),ym, ydym (we are), ych, ydych, 

  

  
(you are), ynt, ydynt (they are b oeddwn (I was), oeddit, 

  

  
(thou wast), oedd (he, she, or it was), oeddym (we were), 

  

  
oeddych (you were), oediiynt (they were), and generally all 

  

  
forms of oedd and tcy/, when these words begin a 

  

  
sentence or phrase. In the same way Y is often placed 

  

  
before mae, as Y mae eye yma " (He is here). 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxlv. 

  

  
Translate into English . 

  

  
1 Yr wyfyn llawen. 2 V mae fy chwacr yn y t'. 3 Yr wyt 

  

  
yn brudd. 4 Ni fuost yn ddiwydy Dafydd. 5 Byddant 

  

  
yn blant da yn yr ysgol. 6 Bydd y plentyn yn well 

  

  
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  62 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
yfory. 7 Byddaf yn gyfaill i chwi. 8 Os byddwch yn 

  

  
onest, chwi fyddwch yn ddedwydd. 9 Yr ydym yn 

  

  
gyfeillion i ddynion da. 10 Ni buasent yn dlawd pe 

  

  
buasent yn ddiwyd. 11 Buoch yn garedig i'r plentyn 

  

  
amddifad. 12 Oeddech chwi yn y dref ddoe? 13 Oedd 

  

  
Dafydd yno? 14 Ni fuom yn fwy Il wyddianus erioed. 

  

  
15 Byddwn yno yfory. 16 Efe yw brawd William. 

  

  
EXERCISE XXXV. 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 We are joyful. 2 Ye are sad. 3 1 am a Welshman. 

  

  
4 The good are happy. 5 The wicked man will be sad. 

  

  
6 If ye are good, ye are rich 7 If thou wilt be diligent, 

  

  
thou wilt be learned. 8 were poor because they 

  

  
had been lazy. 9 They have been young, now they are 

  

  
11 Hast thou been in 

  

  
old. 10 We were on the wall. 

  

  
school to-day? 12 1 was better than you. 

  

  
13 How 

  

  
are you to-day? I am better. 

  

  
15 They will alwa)S be 

  

  
your friends. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxvl. 

  

  
Imperatiz e 1100d. 

  

  
Translate Into English : 

  

  
1 Bydded y bachgen yn garedig. 2 Byddwch ufydd, 

  

  
blant. 3 Bydd ddiwyd, Thomas. 4 Byddant (boent) 

  

  
yn ddedwydd. 5 Bydded eich brawd ffyddlon. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxvll. 

  

  
Translate into Welsh : 

  

  
1 be obedient scholars. 

  

  
2 Be faithful friends 3 Be 

  

  
honest, be just. 4 Be brave soldiers. 5 Let the boys 

  

  
be free, let them be happy. 

  

  
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 (x63)

  

  

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISES ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

  

  
Vocabulary to Exercises xxxvlll. to XLI. 

  

  
63 

  

  
a, ac, 

  

  
aczv, 

  

  
agos, 

  

  
allan, 

  

  
am, 

  

  
boreu, 

  

  
buan, 

  

  
bychan, 

  

  
call, 

  

  
canys, 

  

  
cerdded, 

  

  
cloch , 

  

  
chwi, 

  

  
darllen, 

  

  
dewis, 

  

  
digon, 

  

  
ddoe, 

  

  
dros, 

  

  
drn, 

  

  
eye, 

  

  
eto, 

  

  
fez, 

  

  
gan, 

  

  
glån, 

  

  
heddyzv, 

  

  
h efyd 

  

  
hi, 

  

  
hay, 

  

  
iawn, 

  

  
ie, 

  

  
llazv, 

  

  
and 

  

  
with 

  

  
there 

  

  
near 

  

  
out 

  

  
about 

  

  
on 

  

  
to 

  

  
early 

  

  
soon 

  

  
small 

  

  
wise 

  

  
because 

  

  
walk 

  

  
bell 

  

  
you 

  

  
read 

  

  
choose 

  

  
enough 

  

  
yesterday 

  

  
over 

  

  
man 

  

  
he 

  

  
though 

  

  
again, yet 

  

  
so, that, like 

  

  
with 

  

  
clean 

  

  
to-day 

  

  
also 

  

  
she, her 

  

  
they, them 

  

  
very 

  

  
yes 

  

  
hand 

  

  
mai, 

  

  
metvn, 

  

  
na, nas, 

  

  
nac, nad, 

  

  
IZis, 

  

  
na, nag 

  

  
nave, 

  

  
nazvr, azvr, 

  

  
O, 

  

  
ond, 

  

  
o'rgorcu, 

  

  
Pan, 

  

  
pa le ? 

  

  
'ell, 

  

  
20b amser, 

  

  
l'/ltvng-, 

  

  
siarad, 

  

  
sut, 

  

  
tal, 

  

  
tan, 

  

  
t ref, 

  

  
trén, 

  

  
treed, 

  

  
trzvy, 

  

  
tvei/hiau, 

  

  
tvrt/l, 

  

  
3'forr, 

  

  
yma, 

  

  
yna, 

  

  
YIM, 

  

  
that (Relative) 

  

  
in 

  

  
no, nor, not 

  

  
than 

  

  
no 

  

  
now 

  

  
Oh 

  

  
but 

  

  
very well 

  

  
if 

  

  
when 

  

  
where ? 

  

  
far 

  

  
always 

  

  
tree 

  

  
between 

  

  
speak 

  

  
how 

  

  
tall 

  

  
under 

  

  
town 

  

  
train 

  

  
foot 

  

  
through 

  

  
sometimes 

  

  
by 

  

  
the 

  

  
to-inorrow 

  

  
here 

  

  
in 

  

  
then 

  

  
there 

  

  
Rule 30.—Adjectives are changed into 

  

  
dverbs by prefixing yn, as, buan (quick), 

  

  
y fuan (quickly). 

  

  
NOTE „For the change in the initial consonant, see 

  

  
the Introductorv Chapter on the Mutation of Consonants. 

  

  
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  64 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
EXERCISE xxxvlll. 

  

  
(b) Give the following Adverbs in 

  

  
Welsh : 

  

  
M/ hen, always, now, soon, early, to-day, where, here, 

  

  
there, near, far, out, not, only, how, very, enough, 

  

  
well, then, there. 

  

  
EXERCISE xx.xrx. 

  

  
(a) Write down these Prepositions, and 

  

  
give their English equivalents . 

  

  
1,Vrth, yn, mewn, at, am, gan, dros, ar, tan, trwy, 

  

  
rhwng. 

  

  
(b) What Parts of Speech are : 

  

  
Hefyd, canys, nac, nag, mai, eto, nid, fel, er. 

  

  
EXERCISE XL. 

  

  
(a) Make sentences in Welsh containing 

  

  
the words given in Exercise xxxrx (b). 

  

  
(b) Translate these sentences into English. 

  

  
EXERCISE XLI. 

  

  
Say what Parts of Speech the following 

  

  
words are, and give their Enolish equiva- 

  

  
lents : 

  

  
Dyn, hi, ond, yr, call, ac, etc', yn, m wn, yma, os, fel, 

  

  
darllen, chwi, bychan, tref, tal, trén, yn ••awr, cerdded, ie, 

  

  
nage, O, trwy, llaw, troed, siarad, y, efe, a, weithiau, glån, 

  

  
hwy, dewis, pren, doe, yfory, cloch, hefyd, sut, yna. 

  

  
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  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
PART 11. 

  

  
65 

  

  
EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION. 

  

  
NOTE. —In the worked translations given, it should be noted that 

  

  
where the idiom of the two languages differs, or where the words in 

  

  
the Welsh phrase are not placed in the same order in English, the 

  

  
literal translation may be found by comparing the words printed in 

  

  
the same type. Thus in the fifth examqle given belt-w : 

  

  
country, 

  

  
AIR, 

  

  
healthy, 

  

  
y tvlad 

  

  
AWYR 

  

  
(mae] 

  

  
yn iachus 

  

  
to-day ? 

  

  
Good morning, sir; how are you 

  

  
pa sut yr y'ch chwi heddyw ? 

  

  
Boreu da, syr ; 

  

  
NVhere have you been ? I have been at Swansea for a week. 

  

  
yn Abertawe am wythnos. 

  

  
Pa le y buoch ? 

  

  
yesterday. 

  

  
The o/d man HAD BEEN here before you 

  

  
yma o'ch blaen chwi ddoe. 

  

  
I}VASAI yr hen ddyn 

  

  
to-day after the heavy RAIN. 

  

  
It is fine WEATHER 

  

  
Mae hi'n I)YWYDD hyfr_l'd heddyw ar 01 y GWI„AW trzvm. 

  

  
and the country AIR [is] very healthy. 

  

  
Yes, 

  

  
Vdyw, ac [mael AWYR y zetad yn iachus iazvn. 

  

  
last week 

  

  
'Ithe waves of the sea [were] rough 

  

  
'Itonau y mbr [oeddynt] eirwon yr wythnos ddiweddaf. 

  

  
ort Yr oedd] tonauy mör yn eirwon yr wythnos ddiü'cddaf. 

  

  
We had a very rough VOYAGE in our ship. 

  

  
Cawsom FORDAITH art' iawn yn ein (long ni. 

  

  
3929B



 

 

 

(delwedd 3930A)

(x66) Where is the office? It is a hundred yards further.
Pa le mae y swyddfa? Mae gan’llath ynmhellacb.

Which is the nearest road? This one on the left.
Pa un yw y ffordd nesaf? Hon ar yr aswy.

What is your occupation? Can you do this?
Beth yw eich galwedigaeth chwi? A ellwch chwi wneud hyn?

Have you been to the market? Yes, this morning.
A fuoch chwi yn y farchnad? Do, boreu-heddyw.

I shall be going again tomorrow morning. Will you come? Byddaf yn myned eto yfory. A ddeuwch chwi?

How much a pound is this VEAL? and the beef?
Pa faint y pwys yw y CIG LLO yma? a’r cig-eidion?

Here is a very good LOIN of lamb for you.
Dyma LWYN dda iawn o gig-oen i chwi,

What is the price of this goose? and that DUCK?
Beth yw pris yr wydd yma? a’r HWYAD yna?

You were not in school yesterday I believe.
Nid oeddych yn yr ysgol ddoe yr wyf yn credu.
(Literally, I am believing.)

I was at home all day. I was not well.
Yr oeddwn gartref drwy’r dydd. Nid oeddwn yn iach.

Have you written your lessons all to-day?
A ydych wedi ysgrifenu eich gwersi i gyd heddyw?

Yes. I have been showing them to the teacher now.
Ydwyf. Bum yn eu dangos nwy i’r athraw yn awr.

Shut the door and open the window, if you please.
Cauwch y drws ac agorwch y ffenestr, os gwelwch yn dda.

Did you see the red blood on the face of the big boy?
A welsoch chwi y gwaed coch ar wyneb y bachgen mawr?

The shepherd took the girls with him to the mountains.
Cymerodd y bugail y merched gydag ef i’r mynyddoedd.

 


 

 

 

      
(delwedd 3930B)


(x67) When will they return? I cannot say. Sometime to-night.
Pa bryd y dychwelant? Nis gallaf ddweyd. Rhywbryd heno.

They will be happy at their AUNT’S house with the children. Byddant yn ddedwydd yn nhŷ eu MODRYB gyda’r plant.

He was there yesterday, but SHE will not be here to-day.
Yr oedd ef yno ddoe, ond ni bydd HI yma heddyw.

Is the little girl in the house now? No.
A ydyw yr eneth fach yn y tŷ yn awr? Nac ydyw.

Where is she? She has gone down to the town.
Pa le y mae hi? Mae wedi myned i lawr i’r dref.

What time will she return? About five o’ clock.
Pa amser y dychwela? Oddeutu pump o’r gloch.

I will come in at six o’clock. Very good.
Deuaf i fewn am chwech o’r gloch. Da iawn.

She will be glad to see you. I am sure.
Bydd yn dda ganddi eich gweled. Yr wyf yn sicr.

Who is the owner of that BIG house on the hill?
Pwy yw perchen y tŷ MAWR yna ar y bryn?
 
Is the big red cow in the garden again to-day?.
A ydyw y fuwch fawr goch yn yr ardd eto heddyw?

1.—Y GLOWR (THE COLLIER).

[Mae] llawer rhan o Gymru yn gyfoethog iawn mewn glo,
Many parts of Wales [are] very rich in coal,

ac [enilla] NIFER fawr o ddynion eu bywoliaeth wrth dori
and a large NUMBER of men [earn] their living by cutting

y glo hwn yn y PYLLAU dyfnion. Nis gall GOLEU gyrhaedd
this coal in the deep PITS. No LIGHT can reach

yno oddi allan, a [rhaid] i’r glowyr, fel y gelwir y
there from outside, and the colliers, as these men


 

 

 

(delwedd 3931A)

 



(x68)

 dynion hyn wneud eu gwaith wrth oleu
are called [have] to do their work by the light of

eu canwyllau neu eu lampau. [Mae] gwaith y GLOWR
their candles or of their lamps. The COLLIER’S work [is]

yn aml yn un peryglus IAWN. Weithiau [daw]
often a VERY dangerous one. Sometimes large

darnau mawrion o lo a phridd yn rhydd,
pieces of coal and earth [become] loose,

a syrthiant ar y dynion sydd yn gweithio,
and fall upon the men who are working,

gan eu lladd neu eu niweidio. Ond gelyn gwaethaf
killing or injuring them. But the worst enemy

y glowyr yw y nwy sydd yn dyfod o’r glo.
of the colliers is the gas which issues from the coal.

[Mae] y nwy hwn weithiau [yn casglu] mewn SYMIAU
This gas sometimes [collects] in large QUANTITIES

mawrion yn y pwll-glo, ac yn ffrwydro fel pylor,
in the coal-pit, and explodes like gunpowder,

gan ddryllio ochrau a nen y manau
shattering the sides and roof of the places

lle [mae] y dynion yn gweithio, a gwenwyno yr awyr.
where the men [are] working, and poisoning the air.

[Lleddir] nifer fawr o ddynion weithiau
A large number of men [are] sometimes [killed]

gan y ffrwydriadau hyn, a [gwneir] eu gwragedd a’u plant
by these explosions, and their wives and children

yn weddwon ac amddifaid. Allforia Caerdydd mwy
are made widows and orphans. Cardiff exports more

o lo i wledydd ereill nag unrhyw dref yn y byd.
coal to other countries than any town in the world.




 

 

 


(delwedd 3931B)

 (x69) 2.——LLINELLAU GYDA CHARDEN BLWYDDYN NEWYDD.

‘Rhen Flwydd ar ben thaith
Yn fuan fydd,
Ei heira dôdd, a daeth
Ei holaf ddydd!
Aed gyda hi o’th fron
D’ofidiau oll;
Ac it, fel eira hon,
Aed poen ar goll.

Y Newydd Flwydd sy’n d’od!
Fe gwyd ei haul!
Dy obeith, gwnaed o’i chod,
Gyflawni’n hael!
Rho’ed eurglych hon yn rhwydd
Pob hoen yn lli,
Pob cysur rho’ed, pob llwydd,
Fy ffrynd, i ti!

LINES WITH A NEW YEAR’S CARD.
The Old Year quickly goes,
It fades away:
All melted are its snows
Dawned its last day!
May with it fade for thee
All pain, all woe;
And all the troubles be
Gone, like its snow!

The New Year comes! Soon will
Its sun now shine!
May it for thee fulfil
All hopes of thine!
May gold-bells gladly ring
Joy without end;
May it all comfort bring
To thee, my tnend!

NOTES AND EXPLANATIONS.
‘Rhen Flwydd (yr Hen flwyddyn), the Old Year
ar ben ei thaith, at the end of its journey
dodd (toddodd}, melted
eira, snow
daeth, has come
aed, let them go
bron, breast
D’ (dy), thy
it (i ti), to thee
y Newydd Flwydd. (y Flwyddyn Newydd}, the New Year
cwyd (cyfyd), will rise
gobeith (pl. of gobaith, gobeithion), hopes
cod, purse, store
‘n hael (yn hael), freely, generous
rho’ed (rhodded), let it or them give
hoen, joy
lli, plenty
myned, go
diflanu, fade
gwawr, dawn
gwae, woe
dysgleirio, shine
llawenydd, joy



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3932A) 

(x70) 

  

  

  -o 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
3.—VR HEN GYMRV (THE OLD WELSH). 

  

  
NOTE.—Evcry word in the Exercises from here to the end will be 

  

  
found in the Vocabulary at the end of the book. Note the special 

  

  
directions given at the beginning of the Vocabulary. 

  

  
there was with yr oedd arno 0/11, there was 

  

  
yr oedd ganddo, 

  

  
fear on him, he was afraid of 

  

  
him, he had 

  

  
V n yr hen oedd yn byw trwy yr holl 

  

  
Y hys hon. Eu plant hwy ydym ni, a'u hiaith hwy ydym 

  

  
yn siarad. 

  

  
Vr oedd yr hen Gymro yn hardd a chryf. Am dano 

  

  
yr oedd gwisg o lian, o bob Iliw. Am ei wddf ac am bob 

  

  
braich yr oedd modrwy o aur neu o arian. 

  

  
Medrai wneud basgedi a Ilestri pridd, ac yr oedd yn ei 

  

  
wlad weithydd plwm ac alcan. 

  

  
Yr oedd ganddo lawer o warthcg a moch, a cheffylau 

  

  
buan, a chwn hela. Vr oedd ganddo hefyd ychain i 

  

  
aredig, a gwenith gwyn yn tyfu yn ei gae. Rhwyfai ar 

  

  
hyd yr afonydd a'r llynoedd mewn cwch o wiail, ond yr 

  

  
oedd arno ofn y mör. 

  

  
Nid oedd yr hen Gymry yn byw mewn tref neu ddinas 

  

  
gyda'u gilydd. Codai pcb un ei dj Ile y mynai ef, ar Ian 

  

  
yr afon, neu ar ochr y bryn, neu yn nghanol y coed. 

  

  
Coed oedd muriau y tai, a gwellt neu eithin oedd y to. 

  

  
Ond i ba le yr aent pan ddoi y gelyn? Yr oedd gan- 

  

  
ddynt gaer ar ben bryn neu graig serth, a rhedent yno 

  

  
pan welent y gelyn yn d'od. 

  

  
O gaer i gaer yr oedd ffyrdd yn rhedeg ar hyd penau'r 

  

  
biyniau. Cynhelid ffeiriau Ile y byddai'r'fyrdd yn croesi 

  

  
eu gilydd, ac yno yr oedd adrodd penil!ion, a chware'r 

  

  
delyn, a chanu a dawnsio. 

  

  
Rhai dewr oedd yr hen Gymry, a hael a charedig, yn 

  

  
caru eu gwlad, ac yn hoff o'u gilydd ; ac felly y dylem 

  

  
ninau fod. Ond yr oeddynt yn hoff o ymladd, ac yn 

  

  
newid eu meddwl yn rhy aml, ac ni allent uno å'u gilydd 

  

  
i wneud un gwaith mawr ; ac nid felly y dylem ni fod, 

  

  
3932A



 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3932B) 

  

 (x71)

  

  WEr,SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS; 

  

  
4.-—OLWEN. 

  

  
\Vhen two Nouns come together the second is placed in the 

  

  
Possessive Case, as— 

  

  
Pan tvcli, 

  

  
when thou seest 

  

  
g zvelit/, 

  

  
then was seen 

  

  
IJIikvyr Arthur Fawr, 

  

  
the 

  

  
warriors of Arthur the Great. 

  

  
Arthur the Great's warrioss. 

  

  
tedd Mat/l Cilhzvch the grave 

  

  
of the mother of Cilhwch. 

  

  
Cilhwch's mother's grave, 

  

  
Un o filwyr Arthur Fawr oedd Cilhwch. • Bu ei fam 

  

  
farw pan oedd efyn blentyn bach. Cyn marw, dywedodd 

  

  
ei fam wrth ei dad : 

  

  
Cymer ofal mawr O'r baban, a phan 

  

  
ddaw yn ddyn chwilia am wraig iddo. A hyn fydd yn 

  

  
arwydd i ti : 

  

  
tyred at fy medd bob bore, a phan weli 

  

  
fieren yn tyfu yno, a dau flodyn gwyn arni, y mae yn bryd 

  

  
i ti chwilio am wraig i'r mat)." Ac yna bu far*ö' mamCilhwch, 

  

  
a dodwyd hi yn y bedd, ac yr oedd galar mawr ar ei hol. 

  

  
V n mhen llawer o flynyddoedd, gwelid dau flodyn 

  

  
gwyn yn tyfu ar fedd mam Cilhwch ; a meddyliodd ei 

  

  
dad mai Olwen fyddai y wraig oreu iddo. Ond yr oedd 

  

  
Olwen yn byw yn mhell oddiyno, y tuhwnt i lys Arthur; 

  

  
a dacw Cilhwch yn cychwyn i chwilio am dani. Yr oedd 

  

  
ei farch yn gryf a buan, gyda chyfrwy aur ac awenau o 

  

  
ddolenau aur. V n llaw y llanc yr oedd picell arian, a 

  

  
chleddyf aur ar ei glun. Yr oedd llafn y cleddyf O'r un 

  

  
liiw a mellten, a miniog iawn oedd. O flaen y march yr 

  

  
oedd dau filgi, yn rhedeg yn 01 ac yn mlaen mor gyflym a 

  

  
dwy wenol y mör ; ac yr oedd y march yn cerdded mor 

  

  
ysgafn fel mai prin y plygai y glaswellt dano. 

  

  
A daeth Cilhwch i gartref Olwen; a hi oedd y bryd- 

  

  
ferthaf yn y byd. Gwisg o sidan fflamgoch oedd am 

  

  
dani, a chadwen o aur melyn am ei gwddf, a pherlau 

  

  
dysglaer. Melynach oedd ei phen na blodau y banadl. 

  

  
Gwynach oedd ei chroen nag ewyn y don. Tecach oedd 

  

  
ei dwylaw a'i bysedd na'r blodau wrth ffynon y weirglawdd. 

  

  
Dysgleiriai ei llygaid fel llygaid yr hebog. Gwynach oedd 

  

  
ei dwyfron na bron yr alarch gwyn. Cochach oedd ei -deu- 

  

  
rudd na'r rhosyn cochaf. Pedair meillionen wen a dyfai pale 

  

  
bynag y rhoddai hi ei throed, ac am hyny y gelwid hi Olweti. 

  

  
3932B




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3933A) 

(x72)

  

 

  

  72 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELY MENTARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
5.—PEREDUR. 

  

  
Mab Efrog, brenin yn y gogledd, oedd Peredur. Yr 

  

  
oedd gan Efrog saith o feibion, a Pheredur oedd yr 

  

  
ieuangafo honynt i gyd. Vr oedd ei dad a'i frodyr yn 

  

  
hoff o ryfel, ac o dro i dro lladdwyd hwynt bob un. 

  

  
Gartref gyda'i fam yr oedd Peredur, ac yr oedd arni ofn 

  

  
Inai myned i'r rhyfel wnai yntau pan ddelai yn ddyn , 

  

  
ac am hyny hi a'i cymerodd i fyw i ganol coedwig, fel 

  

  
na fedrai weled rhyfel a rhyfelwyr. 

  

  
Ond rhyw ddiwrnod, daeth tri o farchogion Arthur ar 

  

  
ddamwain trwy'r goedwig ar eu ceffylau, a'u gwisg o 

  

  
ddur gloyw am danynt, a'u picellau hirion yn eu dwylaw. 

  

  
" Beth ydyw y rhai acw, mam ? " meddai Peredur. 

  

  
" Angylion, fy machgen i," meddai hithau. Ac ebai 

  

  
Peredur, "A gaf finau fod yn angel hefyd pan ddof yn 

  

  
fawr? Rhoddodd y plentyn ei fryd ar fod yn filwr; ac 

  

  
wedi tyfu i fyny yn Ilencyn tal cymerodd farch ac arfau, 

  

  
ac aeth ar ei daith trwy'r wlad i achub cam y gwan a'r 

  

  
tlawd. Ac aeth son am dano trwy'r byd. 

  

  
Ar derfyn un dydd daeth i ddyffryn. Ac yn mhen y 

  

  
dyffryn yr oedd cell meudwy ; ac yno y bu y noson 

  

  
hono, a charedig fu y meudwy wrtho. Boreu dranoeth 

  

  
cododd oddiyno. Ac yr oedd cawod o eira wedi disgyn 

  

  
yn y nos, ac wedi gorchuddio y dyffryn. Ac yr oedd 

  

  
gwalch wedi lladd hwyad yn mhen y gell, ond diangodd 

  

  
y gwalch pan glywodd swn ceffyl Peredur. A disgynodd 

  

  
bran ar gig yr aderyn. A safodd Peredur i edrych ar y 

  

  
fran oedd mor ddu, a'r eira mor wyn, a'r gwaed mor goch. 

  

  
A meddyliodd am yr eneth a garai fwyaf, oedd a'i gwallt 

  

  
yn ddu fel y fran, a'i chnawd yn wyn fel tyr eira, a thebyg 

  

  
oedd y gwaed ar yr eira i'r gwrid oedd yn ei gruddiau. 

  

  
A phan oedd yn myfyrio fel hyn, daeth marchogion 

  

  
Arthur heibio. Tarawodd Lai ef a'i bicell, ond tarawodd 

  

  
Peredur ef yn 01 nes oedd yn rholio yn yr eira. Ond 

  

  
dywedodd Gwalchmai yn deg wrtho, ac aeth Peredur 

  

  
gyda hwynt tua llys Arthur. 

  

  
3933A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3933B) 

  

 (x73)

  

  

  

  

  

 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL8. 

  

  
73 

  

  
6.=-MARWOLAETH ARTHUR FAWR (THE I)F.A1u OF 

  

  
ARTHUR THE GREAT). 

  

  
Y n mrwydr Camlan y bu farw Arthur. V bradwr 

  

  
Modred a roddodd y clwyf marwol iddo. Wedi iddo 

  

  
gael ei glwyfo, cariodd dau filwr dewr ef O'r frwydr i Ian 

  

  
y llyn. Tynodd Arthur ei gleddyf Caledfwlch allan, a 

  

  
dywedodd wrth un O'r milwyr . 

  

  
Dos, a thafl y cleddyf 

  

  
hwn i'r llyn." 

  

  
Aeth y milwr at Ian y llyn, ond pan 

  

  
welodd mor hardd oedd y cledclyf, a chymaint o emau 

  

  
oedd ar ei garn, cuddiodd ef yn yr hesg. Daeth yn 01 

  

  
at Arthur. " A deflaist ti ef? " meddai'r brenin. " Do," 

  

  
ebai'r milwr. Beth welaist ti ? " 

  

  
c' i,Velais i ddim," 

  

  
ebai'r milwr wed'yn, 

  

  
ond y toneta a'r gwyntoedd." 

  

  
Yr wyt yn dweyd anwiredd," ebai Arthur ; " dos a thafl 

  

  
y cleddyf i'r dwfr." Aeth yntau, ond yr oedd y cleddyf 

  

  
mor hardd fel na fedrai yn ei fyw ei daflu i'r dwfr; a 

  

  
daeth yn 01 yr ail waith. A deflaist ti'r cleddyf i'r 

  

  
dwfr ? " ebai'r brenin fel cynt. Do," meddai yntau. 

  

  
Beth welaist ti ? " 

  

  
Ni welais ddim ond y tonau yn 

  

  
ymlid eu gilydd tua'r Ian." 

  

  
Yr wyt yn dweyd an- 

  

  
wiredd," meddai Arthur ; dos, a thafl y cleddyf, neu 

  

  
mi a fyddaf farw cyn y gwnei." Yna aeth y milwr, a 

  

  
thaflodd y cleddyf i ganol y llyn ; ac wele law wen yn 

  

  
dyfod O'r llyn ac yn cydio ynddo. Daeth at Arthur, a 

  

  
gofynodd y brenin eto beth a welodd. " Llaw wen," 

  

  
ebai yntau, yn d'od O'r llyn, ac yn cydio yn ngharn y 

  

  
cleddyf." 

  

  
"Ti ddywedaist y gwir O'r diwedd;" meddai 

  

  
Arthur ; 

  

  
'e' cludwch fi at fin y dw'r." A hwy a'i 

  

  
cludasant ef, ac wele long o wydr, a thair brenines ynddi, 

  

  
yn dyfod tua'r Ian. Rhoddwyd Arthur Fawr qr fwrdd y 

  

  
Ilong, a hwyliodd y tair brenines ef i ffwrdd. Dywedai 

  

  
y Cymry ei fod wedi myned i Ynys Afallon 1 wella ei 

  

  
glwyfau, ac y delai yn 01 at ei filwyr drachefn,• a'i gleddyf 

  

  
yn ei law. Buont yn dysgwyl am dano am gar-oedd o 

  

  
flynyddoedd, i'w h*wain yn erbyn y Saeson, ac i enill eu 

  

  
gwlad oddiarnynt. Dnd ni ddaeth Arthur byth yn 01. 

  

  
39303B



 

 

 

(delwedd 3934A)

  

 (x74)

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
7.—CLAWDD, OFFA (OFFA'S DYKE). 

  

  
that 

  

  
er mzvyn, 

  

  
er gzvneud, nothwithstanding 

  

  
the making 

  

  
ni chai yr un Cymro, 

  

  
Welshman should 

  

  
Ncr, God 

  

  
Trugarhaodd Duw wrth bobl yr ynys hon. Daeth 

  

  
pregethwyr o Rufain ac O'r lwerddon i Loegr, a daeth y 

  

  
Saeson yn ddilynyyr lesu Grist. O herwydd hyny 

  

  
buont yn dyheracK wrth y Cymry, a pheidiodd y rhyfel. 

  

  
Rhanwyd yr ynys rhyngddynt. Yr oedd y Saeson i 

  

  
gael Lloegr, a'r Cymry i gael Cymru. Ac er mwyn i 

  

  
bawb wybod pa le yr oedd y terfyn, cododd Offa, brenin 

  

  
Lloegr, glawdd o bridd. Yr oedd y clawdd yn estyn o 

  

  
enau'r afon Dyfrdwy, yn y gogledd, hyd enau'r afon Wy, 

  

  
yn y de—Lloegr ar yr un tu, a Chymru ar y tu arall. 

  

  
Vr oedd yno ddau glawdd, y naill yn ochr y llall. 

  

  
Rhyngddynt yr oedd llanerch werdd, yr hon na pherthynai 

  

  
i neb. Ni chai yr un Cymro ddyfod dros y clawdd i 

  

  
Loegr. Saethai y Sais ef os deuai. Ac os deuai y Sais 

  

  
dros y clawdd i Gymru, yr oedd gan y Cymro hawl i'w 

  

  
saethu yntau. Ond caent fyned at eu gilydd i'r llanerch 

  

  
werdd mewn heddwch, i'siarad, i brynu, ac i werthu. 

  

  
Er gwneud y clawdd, byddai rhyfel yn tori allan weith- 

  

  
iau. Deuai rhai O'r Saeson dros y terfyn i Gymru, i 

  

  
ladrata defaid neu gwn hela; a byddai y Cymry, y nne'n 

  

  
rhaid dweyd, yn myned drosodd i Loegr i ladrata 

  

  
gwartheg y Saeson, ac i roddi eu gwair a'u hjd ar dån. 

  

  
Felly collodd y CY'mry lawer o'u gwlad ; ond yr oedd 

  

  
tri pheth na fedrai'r Saeson fyned å hwy oddiarnynt—eu 

  

  
crefydd, Cymru, a'r iaith Gymraeg. yel y dywedodd 

  

  
Taliesin :—- 

  

  
Eu Ner a folant, 

  

  
Eu hiaith a gadwant, 

  

  
Eu tir a gollant, 

  

  
Ond Gwyllt Walia ! " 

  

  
3934A



 

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3934B)

  

 (x75)

  

  

  

 

  

 

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
75 

  

  
8.—TELVN V MIL,WR (THE SOLDIER'S HARP). 

  

  
V mae gwlad Canaan, Ile y ganwyd lesu Grist, yn 

  

  
mhell iawn oddiyma. Y mae llawer tir a llawer mor 

  

  
rhyngotn ni å hi. Y no y mae Caersalem, a Bethlehem, 

  

  
a Chalfaria; a byddai llawer o bererinion yn myned yno 

  

  
i weled y manau y bu lesu Grist ynddynt. 

  

  
Ond daeth cenedl o bobl greulon O'r anialwch i fyw i'r 

  

  
wlad hono, y rhai nad oeddynt yn caru yr lesu, a llawer 

  

  
o niwed a wnaethant i'r Cristionogion. Pan glywsant 

  

  
hyny, aeth lluoedd o filwyr o Loegr a Ffrainc yno i yru y 

  

  
genedl greulon hono O'r wlad. Yr oedd gan bob milwr 

  

  
lun croes ar ei darian, ac am hyny gelwid y rhyfeloedd 

  

  
hyny yn Rhyfeloedd y Groes. 

  

  
Aeth Thai o Gymru i'r rhyfel hefyd. Un o honynt 

  

  
oedd Hedd Fychan. Gadawodd ei gartref, a'i wraig, a'i 

  

  
blant, a'i delyn, ar ei 01, ac aeth dros y mör i'r rhyfel. 

  

  
Aeth llawer o amser heibio, ac yntau heb dd'od yn 01. 

  

  
Yr oedd y llwch ar ei delyn, ac ni fedrai neb ei chwareu 

  

  
ond efe. Yr oedd ei wraig a'i blant yn dechreu ofni na 

  

  
ddeuai byth, ac nid oedd ganddynt neb i'w hamddiffyn. 

  

  
Yr oedd dyn cryf yn byw ar yr un mynydd a hwynt, a'i 

  

  
enw Garw Llwyd ; a dywedodd fod yn rhaid i'r wraig ei 

  

  
briocli ef, a rhoddi cartref Hedd Fychan iddo. Noson y 

  

  
briodas ddaeth—y fam a'r plant yn wylo, ac nid oedd 

  

  
neb i achub eu cam. 

  

  
Daeth teithiwr ar ei farch at y drws i ofyn am lety. 

  

  
Gofynwyd iddo ddyfod i mewn i wledd y briodas. Daeth 

  

  
yntau. Yr oedd ei wisg ryfel am dano, ac nid oedd neb 

  

  
yn ei adnabod. Gwelodd yr hen delyn, a gofynodd a ga'i 

  

  
Cewch," ebai Garw Llwyd ; a 

  

  
chwareu alaw arni. 

  

  
dyma ef yn chwareu yr alaw na fedrai neb ei chwareu 

  

  
ond Hedd Fychan. Wrth ei glywed yn chwafeu hono, 

  

  
gwelodd ei wraig a'i blant mai Hedd Fychan oedd wedi 

  

  
d'od adre'n fyw. Rhedasant ato, gan ymaqyd am ei 

  

  
wddf a'i gusanu. Ond diangodd Garw Llwyd am ei 

  

  
einioes y noson hono. 

  

  
3934B

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3935A) 

(x76)

  

  

  

  76 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
9.—MAES (THE FIELD OF CROGEN). 

  

  
Dyma enw maes brWydr. Gorchfygodd Owen Gwynedd y Saeson 

  

  
ar faes Crogen. Ond bu llawer Cymro ieuanc farw yno wrth 

  

  
ymladd dros ei "'lad ; a phan oedd yr adar yn canu boreu 

  

  
dranoeth, daeth mam i chwilio am gorph ei bachgen.] 

  

  
maes br;eydr, 

  

  
a battlefield 

  

  
maes y 

  

  
. the field of 

  

  
'vocdd, yr oedd, there was 

  

  
battle 

  

  
1. 

  

  
V frwydr del h drosodd O'r diwedd, 

  

  
Gorchfygwyd y gelyn .vn llwyr, 

  

  
A'r ser edrychasarJt ar ynedd, 

  

  
A'r boreu ddilynodd yr hwyr 

  

  
Roedd yno rai ieuainc yn gorwedd, 

  

  
Am sefyll dros yn bur, 

  

  
V n fore daeth mamau a gwragedd 

  

  
I chwilio am feibion a gwyr. 

  

  
11. 

  

  
l' e ganai mwyalchen, er hyny, 

  

  
Mewn del wen ar lanerch y gad, 

  

  
"l*ra'r coedydd a'r gwrychoedd yn liedu 

  

  
Eu breichiau. dros filwyr ein gwlad • 

  

  
Gorweddai gwr ieuanc yn welw, 

  

  
Fe drengodd bachgenyn gerllaw, 

  

  
'l'ra'i dad wrth ei ochr yn farw, 

  

  
A'i gleddyf yn fyw yn ei law ! 

  

  
111. 

  

  
Gan frodyr, chwiorydd, a nnamau, 

  

  
Fe gasgl y Ineirwon yn n hyd ; 

  

  
Agorwyd y bedd ac fe'i cauwy 

  

  
Ond canai'r fwyalchen o hyd: 

  

  
Du brwydr Maes Crogen yn chwerw, 

  

  
Gwyn fyd yr aderyn nas crwyr 

  

  
Anu alar y byw am y meinv, 

  

  
Y boreu ddilynodd yr Invyr ! 

  

  
3935A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3935B) 

 (x77)

  

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
10.—Y TEITHWYR A'R ARTH (THE TRAVELLERS 

  

  
AND THE BEAR). 

  

  
77 

  

  
nac ofna, 

  

  
y mae genyf, 

  

  
yr un, 

  

  
ar ei hyd, 

  

  
fear not 

  

  
there is with me, I have 

  

  
any 

  

  
at full length 

  

  
dododd, gosododd placed 

  

  
Ilestti empty vessels 

  

  
Yr oedd dau gyfaill unwaith yn myned trwy goedwig. 

  

  
Cofiodd un o honynt fod y Ile yn enwog am eirth, a 

  

  
dywedodd wrth'ei gyfaill : 

  

  
Beth a ddaw o honom os daw arth i'n cyfarfod ?" 

  

  
Nac ofna," oedd yr ateb ; y mae genyf fraich gref 

  

  
a chalon ddewr. Nyni a ymladdwn ochr yn ochr, ac ni 

  

  
wna yr un niwed i ni." 

  

  
Ar hyny clywsant swn mewn llwyn getllaw, a gwelsant 

  

  
arth yn dyfod allan o hono tuag atynt. Dringodd y gwr 

  

  
ymffrostgar i ben coeden, a gadawodd ei gyfaill wrtho ei 

  

  
hun i wynebu y perygl. Syrthiodd hwn ar ei hyd ar y 

  

  
ddaear, ac ataliodd ei anadl fel pe byddai wedi 

  

  
marw. 

  

  
Daeth yr arth ato. Cerddodd o'i amgylch, a gosododd 

  

  
ei ffroen With ei enau. Meddyliai y creadur mai dyn 

  

  
marw oedd, ac yn 01 yr aeth i'r goedwig. Wedi iddo 

  

  
fyned ddigcn pell, disgynodd y broliwr, a gofynodd i' T 

  

  
gyfaill : 

  

  
Pa beth ddywedodd yr arth wrthyt pan y dododd ei 

  

  
enau mor agos i dy glust ?" 

  

  
Atebodd yntau, " Cynghorodd fi i beidio ymddiried 

  

  
mewn dyn ymffrostgar fel tydi." 

  

  
Nid y rhai mwyaf eu swn sydd bob amser yn gwneud 

  

  
mwyaf o waith. Fel y dywed yr hen ddiareb, " Mwyaf 

  

  
swn—llestri gweigion." 

  

  
3935B


 

 

 

(delwedd 3936A)
(x78)

 11.—Y BLAIDD A’R OEN (THE WOLF AND THE LAMB).

o’r diwedd, (literally, from the end)

, at last
gan hyny, therefore
yr un, the same

Un diwrnod poeth yn yr haf, daeth blaidd ac oen at yr un nant i dori eu syched. Ar ol yfed, dechreuodd y blaidd deimlo yn newynog. Syrthiodd ei lygaid ar yr oen oedd yn yfed yr ochr isaf iddo. Meddyliodd ynddo ei hun y buasai yr oen yn giniaw foethus.

Yna dechreuodd chwilio am achos cwerylu â’r creadur diniwed. O’r diwedd, meddai ef wrth yr oen:—

“Paham y meiddi gynhyrfu y dwfr wyf fi yn ei yfed?”

“Syr,” ebai yr oen, mewn llais crynedig, “sut y gall hyny fod? Nid yw y dwfr yn rhedeg oddiwrthyf fi atoch chwi, ond daw oddiwrthoch chwi ataf fi.”

Yr oedd yr ateb mor rhesymol, ac mor amlwg, fel na feiddial hyd yn nod y blaidd ei amheu.

Ond nid oedd y blaidd yn myned i roddi i fyny ei ginaw am ddim. Felly efe a geisiodd am ryw achos arall i gyfiawnhau ei fwriad drwg, ac meddai:—

“Tydi yw yr hwn a amcanodd dori fy nghymeriad i oddeutu blwyddyn yn ol.”

‘‘ Nid ydwyf fi ond tri mis oed, Syr; gan hyny, sut y gallaswn amcanu dori eich cymeriad naw mis cyn fy ngeni?” oedd ateb yr oen.

Pan welodd y blaidd fod yr oen yn well rhesymwr nag ef, efe a ffyrnigodd yn fawr iawn, ac meddai:—

“Os nad tydi ydoedd, dy dad oedd, ac y mae yn rhaid i ti dalu am bechod dy dad.”

Ar hyn neidiodd ar yr oen, a llarpiodd ef mewn eiliad.









 

 

 

  
 
(delwedd 3936B)

(x79) 12. — LLYTHYRAU CYMERADWYAETH (LETTERS OF RECOMMENDATION)

.

bod eisieu bachgyn arno (literally, that the want of a boy was on him), that he wanted a boy
gan ddanfon, sending
gan gyfaill, by a friend
i’m, to my

Anfonodd cyfreithwr i newyddiadur i ddweyd fod eisieu bachgen arno i’w gynorthwyo yn ei swyddfa. Daeth haner cant o fechgyn i gynyg eu hunain. O’u plith dewisodd un, gan ddanfon y lleill i ffwrdd. Gofynwyd iddo gan gyfaill oedd yn y swyddfa ar y pryd, paham y dewisodd y bachgen hwnw yn hytrach na’r lleill, gan nad oedd ganddo un llythyr cymeradwyaeth fel yr oedd gan bob un o’r bechgyn ereill.

“Nid oedd ef heb gymeradwyaeth,’’ oedd yr ateb.

“Pan ddaeth i mewn, sychodd ei esgidiau, a chauodd y drws ar ei ol. Yr oedd hyn yn brawf ei fod yn fachgen cryno a threfnus.

“Rhoddodd ei gadair i’r hen wr cloff a ddaeth i mewn ar ei ol. Yr oedd hyn yn profi ei fod yn fwyn ac yn feddylgar.

“Cododd ei het pan ddaeth i mewn, ac atebodd fy ngofyniadau yn barchus, yr hyn a brofai ei fod yn foesgar.

“Cododd y llyfr a osodais yn fwriadol ar y llawr, yn lle camu drosto fel y gwnaeth y lleill. Profodd wrth hyn ei fod yn fachgen gofalus.

“Arosodd ei dro yn amyneddgar, yn lle gwthio fel rhai o’r lleill, a dangosodd ei fod yn wylaidd.

“Sylwais fod ei wisg yn lân, ei wallt yn gryno, ei ddanedd yn wynion, a’r ewinedd wedi eu glanhau.

“Onid yw y pethau hyn yn gymeradwyaethau? I’m tyb i y maent, ac yn well na llwyth o lythyrau.”



 

 

 

(delwedd 3937A)

(x80)

 13.—Y PLANT A’R CROCHANAID AUR (THE CHILDREN AND THE POT OF GOLD).

aeth â hwynt, went with them, took them.

Clywodd dau blentyn eu mam yn dywedyd unwaith wrth gyfeilles iddi, bod crochan o aur i’w gael yn y fan lle y cyffwrdd yr enfys a’r ddaear. Un diwrnod gwlyb, fel yr oedd y brawd a’r chwaer yn gwasgu eu trwynau yn erbyn y ffenestr, gofynodd Ioan (dyna oedd enw y brawd) i Mair, ei chwaer, a garai hi ddyfod gydag ef i chwilio am y crochan a’r aur.

Atebodd Mair y huasai yn falch iawn i fyned gyda Ioan, a rhedodd i geisio ei het fel y gallent fyned heb oedi.

“Na,” meddai Ioan, “awn ni ddim heno. Y mae y nos ar ddyfod. Nyni a godwn yn gynar boreu yfory, cyn i nhad a mam ddeffro, ac fe ddeuwn yn ol erbyn boreufwyd. O, fel yr agorant eu llygaid pan welant y crochan mawr yn llawn o aur melyn!”

Curodd y plant eu dwylaw wrth feddwl am y cyfoeth oedd yn eu haros.

Tranoeth, fel yr oedd y wawr yn tori, yr oedd Ioan yn curo yn ddystaw wrth ddrws ystafell ei chwaer. Neidiodd Mair o’i gwely, ac yr oedd y ddau yn barod i gychwyn mewn ychydig fynudau. Aethant i lawr y grisiau ar flaenion eu traed, rhag deffro eu rhieni. Wedi agor a chau y drws yn ddystaw, dechreuasant redeg am y cyflymaf, pob un yn meddwl ynddo ei hun am fed y cyntaf i osod ei law ar y crochan.

Nid oedd enfys i’w harwain mor foreu a hyn, ond cofiodd Ioan mai ar ben y bryn oedd o’u blaen y gwelodd yr enfys y tro diweddaf, ac i ben y bryn y penderfynasant fyned.

Ond mae yn hawddach dweyd bryn na’i ddringo, ac felly cafodd. y ddau bleutyn hyn. Wedi dringo am beth amser, ac eto yn mhell o ben y bryn, dechreuodd



 

 

 

 


(delwedd 3937B)


(x81) Mair deimlo’n flinedig. Nid oedd ei brawd mor fywiog ag oedd pan yn cau drws tŷ ei dad.

Yr oeddynt hefyd yn teimlo chwant bwyd, a chafodd y plant nad oedd y gwaith oeddynt wedi ymgymeryd ag ef mor hawdd ag y meddylient ei fod.

Pan welodd Ioan ei chwaer yn llefain, torodd yntau allan i wylo, ac eisteddodd y ddau ar ymyl y ffordd, a gofidient eu bod wedi cychwyn ar neges mor anhawdd ei gwneuthur.

Daeth amaethwr heibio i’r fan lle yr eisteddent, a chymerodd hwynt gydag ef i’w dŷ. Rhoddodd ei wraig fara a llaeth i’r plant, a phan gawsant eu digoni, dechreu¬asant siarad. Nis gallai yr amaethwr beidio a chwerthin pan glywodd natur y neges ar yr hon yr oedd y plant wedi cychwyn o’u cartref.

Wedi iddynt orphwys ychydig, aeth y ffermwr â hwynt yn ol i dŷ eu tad. Mawr oedd llawenydd y fam pan welodd y crwydriaid yn dyfod at y tŷ. Ni fu Ioan a Mair mor ffol a myned i chwilio am y crochan aur yr ail waith.

14.—Y TEITHIWR A’R MWNCIOD (THE TRAVELLER AND THE MONKEYS).

yn mhen tipyn, in a little while
er mwyn, for the purpose of

Fel yr oedd dyn yn ymdeithio yn un o’r gwledydd poethion, daeth i le cysgodol, a gorweddodd ar y ddaear i orphwys. Cyn gwneuthur hyny, agorodd sypyn o gapiau cochion oedd yn gario, a dododd un o honynt ar ei ben, i’w amddiffyn rhag gwres yr haul.

Wedi gorwedd, ni fu yn hir cyn syrthio i drwmgwsg. Anghofiodd gau y sypyn cyn myned i gysgu.

Tra yr oedd ef yn cysgu, daeth heibio haid o fwnciod. Tynodd y capiau eu sylw. Cymerodd pob un o honynt


 

 

 

(delwedd 3938A)
(x82) gap o’r sypyn, gan ei roi ar ei ben. Yna dringasant i frig y coed, o dan gangenau y rhai y cysgai perchenog y capiau. Pan gyrhaeddasant frig y coed, dechreuasant ysgrechain a gwneuthur y seiniau mwyaf erchyll. Fel hyn y dangosent eu llawenydd.

Deffrodd y teithiwr yn mhen tipyn, a mawr oedd ei syndod pan welodd fod pob cap wedi myned.

Nis gallai wneuthur allan pwy oedd y lleidr neu’r lladron. Edrychodd i fyny at frigau y coed, er mwyn cael allan beth oedd achos y cynhwrf oedd yn mhlith y mwnciod. Yr oedd ei syndod yn fwy fyth. Gwelodd mai y mwnciod oeddynt y lladron. Y pwnc a lanwodd ei feddwl nesaf oedd, sut i gael ei eiddo yn ol. Cynygiodd gnau ac afalau iddynt. Gwnaeth bob ymgais ag a allai feddwl am dani i geisio denu y lladron i ddisgyn, ond yn ofer.

Cofiodd o’r diwedd mai creadur hynod am ddynwared dyn ydyw y mwnci. Ar hyn, cymerodd y cap oedd am ei ben a bwriodd ef a’i holl nerth ar y llawr, gan ddysgwyl yn bryderus pa beth a wnaethai y mwnciod. Ar unwaith, wele pob mwnci yn cymeryd y cap oddiar ei ben ac yn ei daflu â’i holl egni tua’r llawr.

Rhedodd y teithiwr i’w casglu, ac wedi gwneud ei sypyn i fyny aeth ar ei ffordd yn llawen, gan benderfynu, os byth y cysgai eto mewn lle o’r fath, na fyddai mor esgeulus a gadael ei sypyn yn agored.

15.—Y BASGEDAID TORTHAU (THE BASKET OF LOAVES).

Pan oedd prinder gwaith, ac mewn canlyniad prinder bwyd, mewn cymydogaeth, gwahoddodd gwr boneddig caredig oedd yn byw yno, ugain o blant tlodion i’w dŷ, a 

 

 

 

 
(delwedd 3938B)
(x83) dywedodd wrthynt ei fod yn bwriadu rhoddi torth bob un iddynt yn ddyddiol, tra y parhaai yr amser tlawd.

“Mae y torthau yn y fasged acw,” meddai ef; “ewch, a chymerwch hwynt, a deuwch yma yfory ar yr un amser.”

Rhedodd y plant am y cyntaf at y fasged, er mwyn sicrhau y dorth fwyaf; ac yna aethant allan, heb feddwl am ddiolch i’r gwr boneddig am ei rodd amserol.

Yn mhlith y rhai a ddaethant i dderbyn y torthau yr oedd geneth, yr hon a safai o’r neilldu tra yr oedd y lleill yn gwthio y naill y llall.

Pan aethant allan, neshaodd at y fasged, a chymerodd y dorth a adewid. Yr oedd y dorth hon y lleiaf o’r holl dorthau; eto, cyn myned allan, crymodd yr eneth yn foesgar, a diolchodd i’r gwr boneddig am ei garedigrwydd.

Aeth y boneddwr at y pobydd i roddi gorchymyn am y torthau erbyn tranoeth. Dywedodd wrtho am wneuthur un o’r torthau yn llawer llai na’r lleill, a gosod haner coron yn ei chanol.

Tranoeth daeth y plant, ar yr awr benodedig, i geisio y bara. Yr oeddynt yr un mor awyddus am y dorth fwyaf ag oeddynt y dydd o’r blaen. Ysgytient eu gilydd yn arw, a throent y torthau yn ol a blaen yn y fasged, fel y gallent gael gafael yn y fwyaf; ac wedi llwyddo yn ei ymgais, elai pob un o honynt allan ar redeg, heb gymaint ag edrych ar y gwr boneddig.

Arosodd yr eneth fach, fel y gwnaeth y dydd o’r blaen, hyd nes i’r plant eraill gymeryd pob un ei dorth.

Yr oedd y dorth a adewid y tro hwn yn llawer llai na’r dorth a gafodd y diwrnod cyntaf; er hyny, diolchodd am dani yr un mor galonog.

Pan gyrhaeddodd gartref, cymerodd ei mam y dorth er mwyn ei rhanu rhwng y plant. Pan ddaeth at y canol, gwelodd rywbeth yn dysgleirio. Cafodd mai darn haner coron oedd yno. Galwodd ar ei merch, a rhoddodd y



 

 

 

(delwedd 3939A)
(x84)

 darn arian iddi gan orchymyn iddi ei gymeryd ar unwaith i’r boneddwr.

“Dyma, Syr,” meddai, pan ddaeth at y boneddwr, “ddarn o arian a gafodd fy mam yn y dorth a gefais i heddyw.” 

“Cedwch ef, fy merch i,” meddai y boneddwr. “Gwobr ydyw am eich ymddygiad moesgar pan yn dyfod i geisio eich torth.”

Clywodd y plant eraill am yr haner coron oedd yn y dorth fach a adawyd ganddynt hwy yn y fasged; a phan ddaethant i ymofyn torthau ar ol hyn, ymddygent yn debyg i’r eneth fach.








 

 

 

  
(delwedd 3939B)
(x85)

 
VOCABULARY
TO THE EXERCISES IN PART II.

NOTE:— This Vocabulary will be found to contain every word given in the exercises. By a careful study of the following rules the student may without difficulty find for himself any inflectional form which a word may take.

1. NOUNS.—(a} Number.—
The root part of the word given before the period (.)
The singular is the whole of the word before the dash (-). The plural is formed by adding the part after the dash to the root. Thus:—

Achos.-ion / cause-s.
Achos / the root part.
Achos / the singular : cause.
Achos.-ion / the plural : causes.

Amaeth.wr-wyr / farmer-s.
Amaeth / the root part.
Amaeth.wr / the singular : farmer.
Amaeth.-wyr / the plural : farmers.

Blod.yn or euyn-au / flower-s.
Blod / the root part.
Blod.yn or Blod.euyn / the singular : flower.
Blod.au / the plural : flowers.

(b) Gender.—The Gender of Nouns is marked by m. for masculine and f. for feminine after the Welsh word.

2. VERBS.—The root part is given before the period. The Infinitive is the whole of the word before the first dash. The Perfect Third Person Singular is formed by adding the part after the dash to the root. The Present and Future First Person Singular




 

 

 



 

 

(delwedd 3940A) 

(x86)

  

  

  86 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
are formed by adding the part in SMALL CAPITAI,S to 

  

  
the root. The Perfect Passive Form i formed by 

  

  
adding the part in brackets () to the root. 

  

  
"l'hus :— 

  

  
Adrodd. -odd-AF (tvyd), to repeat. 

  

  
Adrodd. is regarded as the root part. 

  

  
Adrodd.- is the Infinitive, to repeat. 

  

  
Adrodd.-oddis thg• Perfect Third Person Singular, he, &c., re- 

  

  
peated or has repeated. 

  

  
Adrodd.-AF is the Present and Future First Person Singular, I 

  

  
repeat orl shall repeat. 

  

  
Adrodd. (tvyd) is the Perfect Passive -Form, was or were repeated. 

  

  
All other Persons and Tenses can be found with equal 

  

  
ease by notiéing that the atflxes in the following table tor 

  

  
the Active Indicative are added to the root : 

  

  
Singular, 

  

  
1st. 2nd. 

  

  
zvn, it, 

  

  
ais, 

  

  
aist, 

  

  
asten, asit, 

  

  
Plural. 

  

  
Present and 

  

  
Future. 

  

  
Imperfect. 

  

  
Perfect. 

  

  
Pluperfect. 

  

  
3rd. 

  

  
a. 

  

  
ai. 

  

  
odd. 

  

  
asai. 

  

  
1st. 

  

  
ten, 

  

  
em, 

  

  
asom, 

  

  
asem, 

  

  
cm, 

  

  
2nd. 

  

  
tvch, 

  

  
ech, 

  

  
asoch , 

  

  
asech, 

  

  
och , 

  

  
FOR PASSIVE 

  

  
ALL PERSONS. 

  

  
3rd. Sing. PI. 

  

  
ant. 

  

  
id. 

  

  
ent. 

  

  
asant. zeyd. 

  

  
asent. asid. 

  

  
ont. 

  

  
Future Perfect. tvyf, ech, 

  

  
Thus to form the 

  

  
Perfect, 2nd Person 

  

  
Pluperfect, 3rd Person Singular—Adrodd.asai. 

  

  
Future Perfect, 3rd Person Singular—Adrodd.o. 

  

  
Plural—Adrodd.ont, 

  

  
The above rules hold good for all Régular Verbs. 

  

  
There are a few Irregular Verbs, especially myned, to 

  

  
go ; dyJod, to come ; gwneud or greneuthur, to do or 

  

  
make ; adwaen or adnaåcd, to know or recognize ; cael or 

  

  
catae/, to have ; in which some variations of the rules 

  

  
occur. 

  

  
As a general rule V abs ending in bad (or its modified 

  

  
form fad) are conjugated like the Verb Bod,• To De. 

  

  
3940A






 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3940B)

  

  

  

 (x87)

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
87 

  

  
Among these aregwyböd, to know ; ädhäböd, to recognize ; 

  

  
canfod, to perceive ; cyfatfod, to meet ; darfod, to finish 

  

  
gorfod, to compel. 

  

  
Where a period is given in the Passive Form, add 

  

  
the part before it to the original root, and then add 

  

  
the affixes given above for forming the various tenses, &c. 

  

  
The Participial Form, prefixing yr tvyf yn to the 

  

  
Infinitive, is often employed for the Present and Present 

  

  
Progressive, as YR WVF YN adrodd (I AM REPEATING, or 

  

  
I repeat). YR WYF YN eiwybod (I AM KNOWING it, or I 

  

  
know it). By substituting wedifor yn the Perfect Definite 

  

  
is foimed, as VR WVF WEDI adrodd (I have repeated), YR 

  

  
WVF WEDI ei adnabod (I have known or recognized it). 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with A sometimes have the H pre 

  

  
fixed, as Arglwydd, HArglwydd (Lord). 

  

  
Others commencing radically with Ga, drop the G under certain conditions, 

  

  
leaving the A as the mitial, as GArdd, Ardd (garden). 

  

  
For Rules for these, see Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con- 

  

  
sonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
ac 

  

  
aczv 

  

  
achos. -ion, m. 

  

  
achub. -odd-AF (wyd) - 

  

  
aderyn, adar, m.- 

  

  
adnab.od-u-VDDAF (u.zvyd) 

  

  
adrodd. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
aet!l 

  

  
a/äl. -au, m. 

  

  
afon. -ydd, f. 

  

  
agored - 

  

  
ago'. yd-odd-AF (7CY'd) 

  

  
ao•os 

  

  
agos.hau-haodd-IIAF (ha.tvyd) 

  

  
ancel. -ion or angylion, or en:yl, m. 

  

  
ail-teaith 

  

  
alazv. -0/1, f. 

  

  
alarch, m. 

  

  
alcan, m. 

  

  
allan 

  

  
and 

  

  
there 

  

  
cause-s 

  

  
to save 

  

  
bird-s 

  

  
to know, to recognize 

  

  
to repeat 

  

  
went, would go 

  

  
apple-s 

  

  
river-s 

  

  
as, that 

  

  
open 

  

  
to open 

  

  
near 

  

  
to approach 

  

  
angel-s 

  

  
second-time 

  

  
air-s 

  

  
tin 

  

  
3940B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3941A)

  

  

  

(x88)

  

 

  

  $8 

  

  
am 

  

  
WELSH •FOR .ELEMEN'I'ARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
A—continued. 

  

  
och, nt) 

  

  
am dan-(aj, at, o, i, 0/11, 

  

  
am hyny 

  

  
amaeth. wr-tvyr, m. 

  

  
amcan.u-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
amddifyn. -odd-AF (a-yd) 

  

  
anzheu. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
am/ - 

  

  
amlzvg - 

  

  
amgylch 

  

  
amser. -au, m. 

  

  
amserol 

  

  
aønynedd. (m. )-gar - 

  

  
anadl., m. it-odd-AF (tcyd) - 

  

  
anfon. -odd-AF (zeyd) 

  

  
anhawd,i - 

  

  
aniakvch, m.- 

  

  
antvimedd. -au, m. 

  

  
arall 

  

  
aredig (Irregular) 

  

  
ar hyd • 

  

  
ar hyny 

  

  
ar.n-(af, at, o, i, 0/11, 

  

  
ad. -au, m. 

  

  
arian, m. 

  

  
aros. -odd-AF (zvyd)- 

  

  
arth. eirlh, m.-es, f. - 

  

  
arzvain- 

  

  
och, 3'/,'/) 

  

  
of, for, about 

  

  
about me, thee, him, 

  

  
her, 

  

  
us, you, 

  

  
them 

  

  
therefore 

  

  
farmer-s 

  

  
to attempt 

  

  
to defend 

  

  
to doubt 

  

  
often, frequently 

  

  
plain 

  

  
about 

  

  
time-s 

  

  
timely 

  

  
patience, patient 

  

  
breath, to breathe 

  

  
to send 

  

  
difficult 

  

  
desert 

  

  
lie-s 

  

  
other 

  

  
to plough 

  

  
on 

  

  
along 

  

  
with that 

  

  
on One, thee, Lim, 

  

  
her, 

  

  
us, 

  

  
you 

  

  
them) 

  

  
arm-s, weapon-s 

  

  
anvein. -iodd-1AF (i.wyd) 

  

  
arzvydd. -ion, m. 

  

  
at.-(af, at, o, i, 0m, ach, ynt 

  

  
atcI.-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
ateb.-ion, m. 

  

  
aur, m. 

  

  
awn - 

  

  
awenau, m. - 

  

  
awydd,(m)-us 

  

  
silver, nioney 

  

  
to wait 

  

  
bear-s 

  

  
to lead 

  

  
sign s 

  

  
to (me, thee, 

  

  
her, 

  

  
us, 

  

  
thetn) 

  

  
to hold 

  

  
answer-s 

  

  
cold 

  

  
we will go 

  

  
reins 

  

  
him, 

  

  
you, 

  

  
eagerness, eager 

  

  
3941A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3941B)

  

  

  

(x89)

  

  

  

  

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
89 

  

  
N 0TE.—Words commencing radically with B are sometimes inflected 

  

  
so as to commence with F or M, as Brawd, Frawd, Mrawd (brother). 

  

  
Others commencil g radically with P, change the P into B under certain 

  

  
conditions„as pen, Ben (head). 

  

  
For rules for these see Inyoductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con- 

  

  
sonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
baban. -ad, m 

  

  
bach 

  

  
bachgen. -yn, m. , åechgyn 

  

  
balch 

  

  
banadl, m. 

  

  
bara, m. 

  

  
basged,-i, f. 

  

  
bedd. -au, m. 

  

  
blaen 

  

  
blaen. -au or ion, m. 

  

  
blaidd, Oleiddiaid, m. 

  

  
blinedig 

  

  
ålod.yn or cuyn-au, m. 

  

  
blwyddyn or ilynedd, f. - 

  

  
ålynydd. -au or oedd 

  

  
bod 

  

  
boncdd. tcw-tvyr,. m. 

  

  
gwr boned lie, m. 

  

  
gwyr bone,/di.srion, m. 

  

  
boneddisraidd - 

  

  
boreu. -azt, m. 

  

  
boreußvyd. -ydd, m. 

  

  
brad. wr-tvyr, m. 

  

  
iraich, ircichiau, f. 

  

  
bran, brain, f. - 

  

  
brenin. -ocdd, (m. )-es 

  

  
årig. -au, m. 

  

  
lwol.iwr-ayr, m. 

  

  
bron-au, f. 

  

  
brzvydr. -au, f. 

  

  
bryd, m. 

  

  
bryn. -iau, m. 

  

  
buan 

  

  
buasai 

  

  
buont 

  

  
bwrdd, 

  

  
l)3'77idau, m. 

  

  
bab.y-ies 

  

  
small, little 

  

  
boy, l.ttle boy, boys 

  

  
proud, pleased 

  

  
broom 

  

  
bread 

  

  
basket-s 

  

  
grave-s 

  

  
before 

  

  
end-s 

  

  
wolf, wolves 

  

  
tired 

  

  
flower-s 

  

  
year 

  

  
years 

  

  
be, that 

  

  
gentle. man-men 

  

  
gentleman 

  

  
gentlemen 

  

  
gentlemanly 

  

  
morning-S 

  

  
breakfast-s 

  

  
traitor-s 

  

  
arm-s 

  

  
crow-s 

  

  
king-s, queen-s 

  

  
top branch-es, twig-s 

  

  
boaster-s 

  

  
breast-s 

  

  
battle-s 

  

  
mind, thought 

  

  
hill-s 

  

  
has been 

  

  
quick 

  

  
had been or would 

  

  
have been 

  

  
they have been 

  

  
board-s 

  

  
3941B


 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3942A) 

  

(x90)  

  

  

  

 

  90 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
bwriad.u-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
bwriad. -au, m. 

  

  
btvriad-ol 

  

  
bzvr.w-iodd-IAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
bzvyd. -ydd, m. 

  

  
bychan 

  

  
byd.-oedd, m. 

  

  
bys-edd, m. 

  

  
byth 

  

  
'tv-io• - 

  

  
B —continued. 

  

  
c 

  

  
to intend 

  

  
intention-s 

  

  
intention-al 

  

  
to throw 

  

  
•food -s 

  

  
small 

  

  
world-s 

  

  
finger-s 

  

  
ever, never 

  

  
living 

  

  
live-ly 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with C are sometimes inflected 

  

  
eo æs to commence with G, Ngh, or Ch, as caer, Gaer, NGHaer, cHa:r 

  

  
(wall, fort). 

  

  
For rules for these changes see the Introductory Chapter on the 

  

  
Mutation of Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical yo; ms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
cad, f. 

  

  
cad.air-eiriau, f. 

  

  
cad.wen. -zvyni, l. 

  

  
cadw.-odd-AF 

  

  
cae.-au, m. 

  

  
.caer.-au, f. 

  

  
cael - 

  

  
caent 

  

  
cafod 

  

  
caftv; 

  

  
cai 

  

  
cang•en. -du, f. 

  

  
calon. -au, f. 

  

  
calon. -og- 

  

  
Calvaria 

  

  
cam, m. 

  

  
cam. it-odd-AF 

  

  
canlynia / - 

  

  
• 

  

  
• 

  

  
battle, regiment 

  

  
chair-s 

  

  
chain-s 

  

  
to keep 

  

  
field-s 

  

  
wall-s, fort-s 

  

  
to find, to have 

  

  
they used to get, 

  

  
they were getting, 

  

  
tliey sht )uld or 

  

  
should have 

  

  
I shail or shall have, 

  

  
or shall find 

  

  
he got or has found 

  

  
was found 

  

  
he u•ed to get, or was 

  

  
getting, or should, 

  

  
orshould have; also 

  

  
thou shalt, or shalt 

  

  
'have, or shalt find 

  

  
blanch-es 

  

  
heart-s 

  

  
heart-y 

  

  
Calvary 

  

  
wrong, 

  

  
to step 

  

  
conseq• 

  

  
unjustice 

  

  
:ence-s 

  

  
3942A

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3942B) 

  

(x91)

  

  

  FOR ELEMENTARY sc:roors. 

  

  
C—continued. 

  

  
canol, m. 

  

  
can.t-oedd - 

  

  
can.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
cap-iau coch-ion, m. 

  

  
caredig. -rtvydd 

  

  
carn-au 

  

  
carnedd. -i, f. 

  

  
car n. -au, f. - 

  

  
cartre/. -z, m. 

  

  
car. 10-io d IA F (i.ayd) 

  

  
car a-odd-AF (zcyd) 

  

  
casgl. it-odd-AF (t('3'd) 

  

  
cau. -odd-AF (7f'3'd) 

  

  
cawod. -au or ydd, f. 

  

  
ceTY'l.-.'/?t, m. 

  

  
cell. -oedd, f. 

  

  
ceis.io-iodd-JAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
cenedl. -oedd, f. 

  

  
cerdd. ed-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
ci, cten, m. 

  

  
cig. -oedd, ln. 

  

  
ciniazv. -au. f. 

  

  
clawdd, cloddiau, m. 

  

  
cledly/l -au, m. 

  

  
cloa 

  

  
clud.o-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
clun. -iau, f. 

  

  
dust -iau (f. in N. Wales, 

  

  
cltvyf. -azt, m. 

  

  
ckcyf. a-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
dnat('d 

  

  
cneuen, f. , cnau 

  

  
coch.-ach- 

  

  
cod.i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
coed. -ydd, m. 

  

  
coedzvig•. -oedd, f. 

  

  
cof.io-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
coll. i-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
coq/l, cyrph, m. 

  

  
craig•, creigiau, f. - 

  

  
)-iaid, pl. 

  

  
crefydd. -au, f. 

  

  
creulon 

  

  
Cristian. -ogion, m. 

  

  
m. 

  

  
in S. 

  

  
middle 

  

  
hundred-s 

  

  
to sing 

  

  
red cap-s 

  

  
kind. -ness 

  

  
handle-s 

  

  
heap s 

  

  
heap-s 

  

  
home-s 

  

  
to carry 

  

  
to love 

  

  
to gather 

  

  
to close 

  

  
shower-s 

  

  
horse-s 

  

  
cell-s 

  

  
to seek 

  

  
nation-s 

  

  
to walk 

  

  
dog-s 

  

  
flesh, meats 

  

  
dinner-s 

  

  
dyke-s 

  

  
sword-s 

  

  
lame 

  

  
to carry 

  

  
hip-s 

  

  
ear-s 

  

  
wound-s 

  

  
to wound 

  

  
skin, flesh 

  

  
nut-s 

  

  
red. -der-dest 

  

  
to rise 

  

  
woods, trees 

  

  
forest-s 

  

  
to remenber 

  

  
to lose 

  

  
bod.y-ies 

  

  
rock -s 

  

  
creat u re-s 

  

  
religion-s 

  

  
crue! 

  

  
Christian-s 

  

  
3942B


 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3943A) 

  

(x92) 

  92 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Caontinued. 

  

  
crochan. -au, m. 

  

  
croen, crayn, ln. 

  

  
croes-au, f. 

  

  
croes.i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
crzvydr.yn-iaid, m. 

  

  
cry/. -der 

  

  
crym.u-odd-AE (tvyd)- 

  

  
crynedig 

  

  
cryno 

  

  
cudd.io-iodtl-1AF (i.tcyd) 

  

  
cur.o-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
cusan.u-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
cusan. -au, m. 

  

  
cweryl. -u-odd-AF (ayd) 

  

  
czvch, cychod, m. 

  

  
cychzvyn. -odd-A F (tvyd) 

  

  
cyd. io-iodd•iAF (i.tvyd) 

  

  
cyf.aill(m 

  

  
cyfeillcs. -i or au. f. 

  

  
cyfarf.od.-u-Vl)DAF (u.tvyd) 

  

  
cyfazvn.hau-haodd-iIAF (ha.zvyd) 

  

  
cyßynz-af 

  

  
kyfoeth, m. 

  

  
cyfreith. wr-zvyr, m. 

  

  
cyfrzvy. -on or au, m. 

  

  
cyf.zvrdd-yrddodd-y RDDAF (yrdd.zvyd) 

  

  
cynghor. i-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
cymaint 

  

  
cymeradzvyaeth. -au, f. 

  

  
cymeriad. -au, m. 

  

  
vnzer.yd-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
Cymro, m. , Cymry, ln. - 

  

  
cynzydogaet/l. -au, f. 

  

  
cyn, cynt 

  

  
c.ynai. -iodd-1AF, (i.zvyd) 

  

  
cynar 

  

  
cynhyrf.u-odd-AF (-,cyd) 

  

  
cynorthwy. 0-odd-AF-(wyd) 

  

  
cynhzvr/, m. 

  

  
cynyg. -ion, ln. 

  

  
cynyg•.-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
cyrhaedd. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
cysg-u-odd-AF-( -,eyd) 

  

  
pot-s 

  

  
skin, skins 

  

  
cross-es 

  

  
to cross 

  

  
wander-er-s 

  

  
strong, strength 

  

  
to bow. 

  

  
trembling 

  

  
tidy 

  

  
to hide 

  

  
to beat, to knock 

  

  
to kiss 

  

  
kiss-es 

  

  
to quarrel 

  

  
boat-s 

  

  
to start 

  

  
to seize 

  

  
friend-s 

  

  
female friend-s 

  

  
to meet 

  

  
to justify 

  

  
rapid, quick-est 

  

  
riches 

  

  
lawyer-s 

  

  
saddle-s 

  

  
to touch 

  

  
to advise 

  

  
as much 

  

  
recommendation-s 

  

  
character-s 

  

  
to take 

  

  
Welsh. man-men 

  

  
neighbourhood-s 

  

  
before 

  

  
to keep, to hold 

  

  
eady 

  

  
to brouble, to disturb 

  

  
to åssist 

  

  
noise 

  

  
offer-s 

  

  
to offer 

  

  
to reach 

  

  
to sleep 

  

  
shadowy 

  

  
3943A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3943B) 

  

 (x93) V, 1.1..S11 FOR ELEMENTARV SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Ch 

  

  
93 

  

  
Con:e words commencing radically with C, change the C into 

  

  
Norr.— 

  

  
Ch under ce•J tain conditions, as cyfazll, cH_Üaill (fi iend). 

  

  
For for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation Of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical f€wms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
chwaer, chzvio;ydd, f. 

  

  
chwant, m. 

  

  
chzvareu. -odd-AF (teyd) 

  

  
chwerthin, or clæardd. -odd-AF (7')'d) 

  

  
cha•i 

  

  
chü'i/.io-io..'d-IAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
sister-s 

  

  
M ant 

  

  
to laugh 

  

  
bitter 

  

  
you 

  

  
to search 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically w:th D, are sometimes inflected 

  

  
so as to cotnmence with N, or Dd as oaear, Naeetr, l)naear (eal th). 

  

  
Others cotnmencing radicaliy with T change the T into D under 

  

  
certain conditions, as Tad, Dad (father). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonan ts. 

  

  
The Radit at fot ms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
dactv 

  

  
daea;•, f. 

  

  
daeth 

  

  
dangos. -odd-AF (70)'d) 

  

  
damw-ain-ciniazt 

  

  
(am) dan-(af, at, o, i, 01/1, och, 

  

  
davyfon -odd-Afr (7C'J'd) 

  

  
dan. I-edd, 

  

  
darn-au, m. 

  

  
dau, ln., 1. 

  

  
daze 

  

  
dawns.io-iodd-1ÅF (i.tvyd) - 

  

  
de, dehau 

  

  
dechreu. -odd-AF 

  

  
da/ad, f. , defaid, pl. 

  

  
dearo. -cid-AF d) 

  

  
derzc't'l,', f. 

  

  
denu. -odd-AF (7C')'d) 

  

  
deu-(af, i, ten, CC'C/I, ant) 

  

  
deurudd, IA. 

  

  
detvis.-odd-AF (w) d) 

  

  
deter 

  

  
Jilt) 

  

  
there, behold 

  

  
earth 

  

  
came 

  

  
to show 

  

  
accident-s 

  

  
for or about (me„ 

  

  
thee, him, her, itsy 

  

  
you, them) 

  

  
to send 

  

  
tooth, teeth 

  

  
piece-s 

  

  
two 

  

  
(he, she, it, or they). 

  

  
Mill cone 

  

  
to dance 

  

  
south, right (hand). 

  

  
to begin 

  

  
sheep 

  

  
to awake 

  

  
cak-s 

  

  
to tempt 

  

  
(1, 

  

  
thou, we, you, 

  

  
they) will come 

  

  
cheeks 

  

  
to choose 

  

  
brave 

  

  
3943B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3944A) 

  

(x94)  94 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
b—continued. 

  

  
diangr. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
dig-on 

  

  
dihun.o-odd-AF (wrd) 

  

  
dilyn. -odd-AF (70.vd) 

  

  
di/yn.ter-tvyr, ln. 

  

  
dim - 

  

  
.dinas. -oedd, f. 

  

  
diniwed 

  

  
diolch. -odd-Ali' (wyd) 

  

  
isgyn. -Odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
ditvedd - 

  

  
d, •weddaf 

  

  
diteedd - 

  

  
-au, ln. 

  

  
dod.i-odd-AF (teyd) 

  

  
dof, deua/- 

  

  
doi, delai 

  

  
dozen. -au, f. 

  

  
dl ach€nn 

  

  
dring.o-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
drag. 

  

  
zirws, drysau, m. 

  

  
c it-on 

  

  
dur, m. 

  

  
dute. -iau, m. 

  

  
dtvfr, dyfrot•dd, m. 

  

  
dwy./ron, f. 

  

  
dzvy.lazv, f. 

  

  
dydd. -iau, m. 

  

  
dydd-iol 

  

  
(yn) difod 

  

  
Dyfrawy, f. 

  

  
dyTryn. -eedd, m. - 

  

  
dyl.ai-asid-ASWN 

  

  
dyma 

  

  
dyna 

  

  
dynzvaøe /.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
dysg•laer 

  

  
dysg/eir. io-iodd-IAF (i.tvyd) 

  

  
dysgteyl. -iodd-lAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
dystaw 

  

  
dyzveyd, dyteedyd, dwerd 

  

  
dyzved.yd-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
to escape 

  

  
enough 

  

  
to awake 

  

  
to follow 

  

  
follower-s 

  

  
nothing 

  

  
cit.y-ies 

  

  
harmless 

  

  
to thank 

  

  
to fall, to descend 

  

  
end 

  

  
last 

  

  
at last 

  

  
day-s 

  

  
to place 

  

  
I come, or come 

  

  
came, would come 

  

  
ring-s, link-s 

  

  
again 

  

  
to climb 

  

  
wicked 

  

  
door-s 

  

  
black, s. , black, pl. 

  

  
steel 

  

  
god-s 

  

  
water-s 

  

  
bosom 

  

  
hands 

  

  
thy 

  

  
day-s 

  

  
dai-ly 

  

  
coming 

  

  
Dee (river) 

  

  
vale-s 

  

  
spuld 

  

  
here 

  

  
that 

  

  
to imitate 

  

  
bright 

  

  
to shine 

  

  
to expect 

  

  
silent, soft 

  

  
saying 

  

  
to say 

  

  
3944A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3944B) 

  

(x95) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
Dd 

  

  
95 

  

  
Welsh word commences radically with Dd. Such woras as 

  

  
commence with Dd. are inflected from the radical initial D, as Dafad, DDaJgd 

  

  
(sheep). 

  

  
Fcr Ru'es for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonan s. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with E, sometimes have the H 

  

  
prefixed, as F.gni Hegni, (might). Others commencing radically with G, 

  

  
under certain circumstances drop the G, leaving the E as the initial, as GEN, 

  

  
En (mouth). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vc.cabulary. 

  

  
eb, ebe, ebai 

  

  
alrych.-odd-AF (rc•rd) 

  

  
ef, fe, ej-e 

  

  
egui, m. 

  

  
ehedydd. -ion 

  

  
ei 

  

  
eiddo, m. 

  

  
eiliad. -au, m. 

  

  
cin 

  

  
euuoes. m. 

  

  
eira, m. 

  

  
arth, eirlh, m. 

  

  
eisieu 

  

  
eistedd.-aid-AF (wyd) 

  

  
eithin, m. 

  

  
elai 

  

  
enill. -odd-AF (wyti) 

  

  
enfys. -au, m. 

  

  
entv.•au, m. 

  

  
enwog 

  

  
eraill or erei/l 

  

  
erbyn 

  

  
erchyll - 

  

  
esg•eulus. -dod 

  

  
esgid.-iau,f. - 

  

  
estyn. -odd-AF (zeyd) 

  

  
elo 

  

  
ewch 

  

  
etvin. •edd 

  

  
awn 

  

  
(he, she, or it) said 

  

  
to look 

  

  
he, hinm 

  

  
might 

  

  
sky lark-s 

  

  
his, her, its 

  

  
property 

  

  
moment-s 

  

  
our 

  

  
life 

  

  
snow 

  

  
bear -s 

  

  
want, need 

  

  
to sit 

  

  
furze 

  

  
(he, she, or it) used 

  

  
to go, or was going 

  

  
to win, to gain 

  

  
rainbow-s 

  

  
name-s 

  

  
noted 

  

  
others 

  

  
against 

  

  
hideous 

  

  
careless .-ness 

  

  
shoe-s 

  

  
to reach, to extend 

  

  
again 

  

  
nail-s 

  

  
surf, foam, froth 

  

  
their 

  

  
3944B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3945A) 

  

(x96)  96 

  

  
WI-ISH FOR ELEMEN'I'ARV SCHOOI.S. 

  

  
N0TE.-—Wc res conunencing radically with F undergo no initial change. 

  

  
V,'o: ds radically with B or M chanue these letters for 

  

  
,e.t (brother), Mam, Fam 

  

  
F cer tain circlitnstances, as urawd, 

  

  
(mother). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Initial Consonants. 

  

  
The Raziieal fonns only ave given in the ; y. 

  

  
fez, 

  

  
(i) /jny 

  

  
like, 

  

  
Iny 

  

  
up 

  

  
N TIA — YVcvd* conunencing radically with Ft- undergo no initial change. 

  

  
Most orliinary nouns conunencing with F f, are ot the Fetnitline Gender. 

  

  
iau, f. 

  

  
Lenesi;•. -i, f. 

  

  
Inc/ 

  

  
rot'/,'. -alt, f. 

  

  
//ros/i 'a r 

  

  
Lynon. -au, f. 

  

  
//brd,i, (iyrdd, f. 

  

  
Zyrni r.D-odd-AE (ayd) 

  

  
fiery red 

  

  
fooli4i 

  

  
ICrance 

  

  
'St ril-s 

  

  
K 1st f Ill 

  

  
ay-s, roacl-s 

  

  
to beccnne fierce 

  

  
a svay 

  

  
conunencing radically with G are sometimes inflected so 

  

  
as to drop the G, leaving the foliowing letter, whether Vowel or Consonant as 

  

  
it changes into Ng, as Galar, Alar, NGAIar (Kriet), Glan, Lan, 

  

  
the Initial. or 

  

  
N Glan crris. Ris, NG"iS (step), Gtvledd, wledd, NGtvledd (least). 

  

  
ethers conamencing radically with C, change the C into G under certain 

  

  
circu:nstaaces, as (Yfail!, GYfailI (friend). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutat:on of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
gadael, gadaü'.odd-AF (-,vyd) 

  

  
gafael, f. 

  

  
safael.u-odd-AF (rcyd) 

  

  
gala;-, 111. 

  

  
gal-cd'. -odd-AF (tvyti) 

  

  
ga(l.u-odd-AE (7')'d) 

  

  
gkt(/ascti 

  

  
gan 

  

  
gan hyny 

  

  
gan-(ddo, ddi, ddynt)- 

  

  
oe.ld) oan-(ddD, ddi, ddynt) 

  

  
to leave 

  

  
grief 

  

  
to call 

  

  
can 

  

  
(he, she, or it) could 

  

  
or '.vas able to 

  

  
with 

  

  
therefore 

  

  
with (hitn, her, them) 

  

  
(he, she, they) had 

  

  
3945A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3945B) 

  

(x97) '.VELSII FOR ELEMENTARY 

  

  
G —continued. 

  

  
garzv- 

  

  
gelyn.-ion, ill. 

  

  
gem. -au, hi. 

  

  
gen.azt-cuau, f. 

  

  
geneth. -0.1 

  

  
geni, /,/- \ l,' 

  

  
(map) gcn.y/-ym 

  

  
grerl/atv 

  

  
077)' d 

  

  
Klan. -au,f. 

  

  
glan.hau-haod,/-llAF (ha-tvyd) 

  

  
glasacl/t, ln. 

  

  
g/oczc' 

  

  
goral-us 

  

  
(i. ti')'d) 

  

  
goral. io- iodd- I A 

  

  
gofyn.-odd-A (7C'1'd) 

  

  
go/yniad. -au, 11). 

  

  
gwledd, m. 

  

  
gorch/yg. u-odd-AF (tcyd) 

  

  
gorchudd. io- ;odd-l A 1•• (i. tvy./) 

  

  
gorchy•myn. -o,/d-A (7V)'d) 

  

  
goreu 

  

  
gorphtvys. -a Ill-A l, 

  

  
gorzvedd. -odd-.\ l, 

  

  
(tv) 'd) 

  

  
gosod. -odd-AF (71'Yd) 

  

  
gris.-iau, f. 

  

  
p-udd. -iauq f. 

  

  
gwacd, ln. 

  

  
-odd-.\1•• (701'd) 

  

  
pl., m. 

  

  
gtvair, s. , 

  

  
ozvaith, geeith.iau or ydd, m. 

  

  
gzvalch, gtcc,lch, n). , 

  

  
Gzvalia, f. 

  

  
gtvan 

  

  
gu,'azvr, f. 

  

  
ovelltyn, ln. 

  

  
guardicmr, f. 

  

  
g•zvasg. u I 

  

  
g•zvddf, gydd;au. 

  

  
guali 

  

  
gveirglatcdd, f. 

  

  
gueith.io-iodd-l.\l•• ( i. tvyd) 

  

  
SCHOUI„.;. 

  

  
rough 

  

  
cnmn.y-ies 

  

  
gelli•s 

  

  
Inouth-s 

  

  
gir.-s, 

  

  
born, to bear 

  

  
with (Inc, us) 

  

  
I or (have) 

  

  
near at hand 

  

  
each other 

  

  
-ank-s 

  

  
shore-s, 

  

  
to clean 

  

  
bliglll 

  

  
care-lul 

  

  
to grieve 

  

  
to ask 

  

  
question •s 

  

  
north 

  

  
to conquer 

  

  
to cover 

  

  
to command 

  

  
best 

  

  
to rest 

  

  
to lie 

  

  
to place 

  

  
step-.s, stair-s 

  

  
cheek -s 

  

  
blood 

  

  
to invite 

  

  
hay 

  

  
work-s 

  

  
ha" k -s 

  

  
Wales 

  

  
weak 

  

  
dawn 

  

  
hair-s 

  

  
cows, cattle 

  

  
to press 

  

  
neck-s 

  

  
after 

  

  
hayfield, 

  

  
to "Ork 

  

  
to see 

  

  
3945B 

  

  
97





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3946A) 

  

(x98) 98 

  

  
gzvelzv 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
G —continued. 
gwelw...pale

  

  
gwely. -au, m. 

  

  
g•zvell 

  

  
ovella - 

  

  
gzvellten, gzvellt, f. 

  

  
gzvenith, ln. 

  

  
gzvenol. -iaid, f. 

  

  
ovenol. -iaid-y-mb- 

  

  
gzviail, f. 

  

  
g•wir, m. - 

  

  
gzvisg. -oedd, f. 

  

  
gtvl.ad-cdydd, f. 

  

  
gwledd. -oed,/, f. 

  

  
gwlyb 

  

  
gwnaet4ai 

  

  
gtvnelai 

  

  
gwncud, guneuthur 

  

  
grvcbr. -au, f. 

  

  
gzvr, gwyr, m. - 

  

  
gzvraig, gwragedd, f. 

  

  
gw;cs, m. - 

  

  
gwrid, f. 

  

  
gzvrych.-oedd, m. 

  

  
gwth. io-iodd.IAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
gwyb.od-u-YDDAF (u.zvyd) 

  

  
ovydr.-azt, m. 

  

  
gzvjl, gwylaidd - 

  

  
gzvyllt 

  

  
gzvyn. m. , 

  

  
g•zvyneb. u-odd-AF (tvyd) - 

  

  
Gwynedd, f. 

  

  
gzvyn/yd 

  

  
gzvynt.-oedd, m. 

  

  
g•zcyrdd, m., gwerdd, f. 

  

  
Uda-g 

  

  
u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
paie 

  

  
bed-s 

  

  
better 

  

  
recover 

  

  
straw-s 

  

  
wheat 

  

  
swallow-s 

  

  
seagull-s 

  

  
willows 

  

  
truth 

  

  
dress-es 

  

  
countr.y-ies 

  

  
feast-s 

  

  
wet 

  

  
did or would do 

  

  
to make 

  

  
reward-s 

  

  
man, men, husband-s 

  

  
wife, wives 

  

  
heat 

  

  
blush 

  

  
hedges 

  

  
to push 

  

  
to know 

  

  
glass-es 

  

  
modest 

  

  
wild 

  

  
white-r 

  

  
to face 

  

  
North Wales 

  

  
blessed 

  

  
wind-s 

  

  
green 

  

  
knows 

  

  
with 

  

  
all 

  

  
to drive 

  

  
Ng and Ngh 

  

  
NOTE.—NO Welsh word commences radically with Ng or Ngh. Such 

  

  
words as commence with Ng or Ngh are inflected from the radical G or C, as 

  

  
Garr, NGatr (word) ; can, NGH'i'J (song). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con• 

  

  
sonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
3946A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3946B) 

  

(x99) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
09 

  

  
N0TE.—V/ords cotnmencing radically with I-I undergo no initial change. 

  

  
Some words, however, which commence radically with a vowel have the 11 

  

  
Prefixed under certain circumstances, as xelod, HAelod (member) ; Ettw, 

  

  
HEnw (name). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the of Con- 

  

  
sonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
hael 

  

  
haul, heidiau, f. 

  

  
ha,'ur cant 

  

  
haner coron, m. 

  

  
hardd, heirdd (pl. ) 

  

  
haul, heuliau, m. 

  

  
hawdd. -ach 

  

  
,4atvl. -iau 

  

  
heb 

  

  
heb oedi- 

  

  
hebog.-au, m. 

  

  
'hedydd, m. - 

  

  
heddzvc/l, m. 

  

  
heddyw • 

  

  
he/yd 

  

  
he,'bio 

  

  
hel.a-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
hen 

  

  
leno - 

  

  
herwydd 

  

  
leg. (pl. )-0,', s. , f. 

  

  
het.-iau, f: 

  

  
hi, lithau 

  

  
hip. (s. )-ion, pl. 

  

  
hou 

  

  
hon, f. , hzvn, m. 

  

  
el) hun 

  

  
eu) hunai/ß 

  

  
tvnw, m. , ho„'0, f. 

  

  
hwy . 

  

  
hwy.ad.aid, (f. ) 

  

  
htvyl.io•icdd-IAF (i.zvyå 

  

  
{tvyr, m. 

  

  
hwyr, adj. 

  

  
I'd, prep.• 

  

  
liberal, generous 

  

  
summer-s 

  

  
troop-s 

  

  
fifty 

  

  
half-a-crown 

  

  
beautiful 

  

  
sun-s 

  

  
eas.y-ier 

  

  
right-s 

  

  
without 

  

  
without delaying 

  

  
hawk-s 

  

  
skylark 

  

  
peace 

  

  
to-day 

  

  
also 

  

  
by, past 

  

  
to hunt 

  

  
old 

  

  
to-night 

  

  
because, for 

  

  
rushes 

  

  
hat-s 

  

  
she or her, she also 

  

  
long 

  

  
fond 

  

  
all 

  

  
this 

  

  
him or herself 

  

  
themselves 

  

  
him, her, or that 

  

  
they, them 

  

  
duck-s 

  

  
to sail 

  

  
night 

  

  
late 

  

  
length 

  

  
to, until 

  

  
3946B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3947A) 

  

(x100)

  100 

  

  
hyd lies 

  

  
hydyn nod 

  

  
hynod 

  

  
h)'trach 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY. SCHOOLS. 

  

  
H—continued. 

  

  
until 

  

  
even 

  

  
remarkable 

  

  
rather 

  

  
NOTE.—M'ords commencing radically with I sometimes have the [I pre. 

  

  
fixed, as laith, Hlaith (language). 

  

  
A few others commencing radically with Gi drop the G under cel tain con- 

  

  
ditions, leaving the I as the initial, as Glar, lar (hen). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con- 

  

  
sonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
iailh, ieithoedd - 

  

  
iatvn 

  

  
idd-(o,i,ynt) 

  

  
lest' Grist 

  

  
ieuanc 

  

  
ieuang. -ach-af 

  

  
i/yny 

  

  
tyb i 

  

  
loan - 

  

  
is-af 

  

  
i'zv 

  

  
i' tv amddiTyn 

  

  
Izverddon - 

  

  
to, to the 

  

  
language-s 

  

  
very 

  

  
to (him, her, them) 

  

  
Jesus Christ 

  

  
young 

  

  
young-er-est 

  

  
up 

  

  
to my 

  

  
to our 

  

  
to my mind 

  

  
John 

  

  
low.er-est 

  

  
to his, her, its, ortheir 

  

  
to protect him 

  

  
Ireland 

  

  
NOTE.—Only a few Welsh words commence radically with L. Most 

  

  
words conunencing with L are inflected from the radical LI, as LLatV, I-aw 

  

  
(hand) ; or have dropped the initial G, as GLan, Lan (shore). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Initial Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
(z) lawr- 

  

  
down 

  

  
commencing radically with Ll are sometimes inflected 

  

  
so as to commence with L, as LLaw, Law (hand); LLaeth, Laeth (milk). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation cd 

  

  
Initial Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
Iladrata. -odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
lladd. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
to steal 

  

  
to kill 

  

  
3947A




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3947B) 

  

 (x101)  WEI,SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
L I—continued. 

  

  
101 

  

  
llaeth, 

  

  
Ilafn. -au, m. 

  

  
llai, Ileutj 

  

  
llais, Ileisiau, m. 

  

  
l/all, /leill 

  

  
I/anc.-iatt, m. 

  

  
llances. -au or i, f. 

  

  
llanerch. -au, or Ilenyrch, m. 

  

  
Ilantv. -odd-AF (wyd) - 

  

  
IlarP.io-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
IlatC', dtcylatt', f. 

  

  
llatven 

  

  
Ilawenydd, m. 

  

  
Ilawer 

  

  
llawn 

  

  
llawr, Iloriau, m. - 

  

  
lie. -oedd m. 

  

  
lie, pa le 

  

  
Ilef.ai1z-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
Ileidr, lladron, m. 

  

  
Ileill 

  

  
Ilestri Iridd, m. 

  

  
l/e.ty-tai, m. 

  

  
Ilian, Iliain, m. 

  

  
Iliw.-iau, m. 

  

  
Lloegr, f. 

  

  
Ilong. -au, f. 

  

  
Ilu.-oedd, m. 

  

  
llun. -iau, m. 

  

  
Ihvch, m. 

  

  
Llzvyd, proper n. 

  

  
lltvyd, adj. 

  

  
11tvydd.o-odd-AF (tvy,l) 

  

  
llwyn. -i, m. 

  

  
11tvyr 

  

  
Ilzvyth.-au, m. - 

  

  
lltvylh. -i, m. 

  

  
llyfr.-au, m. 

  

  
1b'" ad-aid, m. 

  

  
llyn.-au or oedd, m, 

  

  
llys.•oedd, m. 

  

  
Il thyr.•au, m. 

  

  
I thyr.en-au, f. 

  

  
milk 

  

  
blade-s 

  

  
smaller, smallest 

  

  
voice-s 

  

  
other, others 

  

  
lad-s, youth-s 

  

  
lass-es, maiden-s 

  

  
plain-s 

  

  
to fill 

  

  
to tear 

  

  
hand-s 

  

  
joyful 

  

  
joy 

  

  
many, much 

  

  
full 

  

  
floor-s 

  

  
places 

  

  
where, wherever 

  

  
cry 

  

  
to cry 

  

  
thie.f-ves 

  

  
others 

  

  
earthenware 

  

  
lodging-s 

  

  
cloth-s 

  

  
colour-s 

  

  
England 

  

  
ship-s 

  

  
multitude-s 

  

  
picture-s, form-s 

  

  
dust 

  

  
Lloyd 

  

  
grey 

  

  
-to succeed 

  

  
bush-es 

  

  
entirely 

  

  
tribe-s 

  

  
load-s 

  

  
book-s 

  

  
eye-s 

  

  
lake-s 

  

  
court-s 

  

  
let ter-s 

  

  
letter-s (alphabet) 

  

  
3947B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3948A) 

  

(x102) 102 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with M are sometimes inflected so 

  

  
as to commence with F, as Mab. Fab (son). 

  

  
Others commencing radically with B change the B into M under certain 

  

  
conditions, as Brawd, Mrawa brother). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Initial Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
mab, meibion, m. 

  

  
mae, y mae 

  

  
maedd.u-odd-AF (tvrd) 

  

  
or meidd.iodd-1AF (i.zvyd) - 

  

  
Illaent 

  

  
maes, meusydd, m. 

  

  
mai 

  

  
Nair, f. 

  

  
nzam.-au, f. - 

  

  
man. -au 

  

  
march, m. - 

  

  
marchog. -ion, m. 

  

  
martv. -01 

  

  
math. •au, m. 

  

  
mater 

  

  
medr, m. 

  

  
medr.u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
medd.ai-AF (id) - 

  

  
medd.zvl-yliai, m. 

  

  
meddylgar- 

  

  
meddwl, meddy/. -iodd-IAF (i.wya") - 

  

  
meitlion (pl.)-en, s. , f 

  

  
meirtvon, m. , pl. 

  

  
melyn. -ach 

  

  
mellt. (pl.)-en, s. , f. 

  

  
merch.-ed, f. 

  

  
meudtvy, m. 

  

  
m cwn 

  

  
mi, minau 

  

  
mier.en-i, f. 

  

  
mi?.qi-gzvn, m. 

  

  
mil. tvr„tvyr, m, 

  

  
min, m. 

  

  
mis.-oedd, m.- 

  

  
son -s 

  

  
is, it is 

  

  
to dare 

  

  
they are 

  

  
field-s 

  

  
that 

  

  
Mary 

  

  
mother-s 

  

  
place-s 

  

  
horse-s 

  

  
knight-s, horse. man- 

  

  
men 

  

  
dead-ly 

  

  
kind-s 

  

  
great, big 

  

  
ability 

  

  
to be able 

  

  
he, I, they said 

  

  
think, v. , thought-s,n. 

  

  
thought ful 

  

  
to think 

  

  
Dutch clover 

  

  
the dead 

  

  
yellow-er 

  

  
lightnings, lightning 

  

  
daughter-s, girl-s 

  

  
ihermit 

  

  
in 

  

  
I, me, or me also 

  

  
briar-s 

  

  
greyhound-s 

  

  
soldier-s 

  

  
edge 

  

  
sharp 

  

  
mon th -s 

  

  
pigs, Pig 

  

  
3948A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3948B) 

  

 (x103) W' El SH 

  

  
modrwy. -au. 

  

  
f. 

  

  
moss.ear 

  

  
moethu.c 

  

  
molian.t-au, m 

  

  
mor 

  

  
mbr. -oedd, m . 

  

  
mor esgeulus 

  

  
mur.-iau, In. 

  

  
tnzvnci. -ed, m. 

  

  
mzvy - 

  

  
mzvy. -af- 

  

  
mzvyalchen, f. 

  

  
mzvyn 

  

  
(er) mzvyn 

  

  
FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
103 

  

  
myfyr. io-iodd-IAF (i. wyd) 

  

  
myned 

  

  
mynud.-au (m. N. Wales, 

  

  
myn.u-odd-AF (wyd) - 

  

  
mynaijyned 

  

  
Ile y mynai 

  

  
mynydd. -au or oedd, m. - 

  

  
M —coniinued. 

  

  
f. S. Wales) 

  

  
polite 

  

  
dainfv 

  

  
praise-s 

  

  
so 

  

  
sea-s 

  

  
so careless 

  

  
wall-s 

  

  
monkey-s 

  

  
more, most 

  

  
bigger, biggest 

  

  
blackbird 

  

  
gentle, mild 

  

  
that, for the sake of 

  

  
to contelnplate 

  

  
to go 

  

  
minute-s 

  

  
to demand 

  

  
he would go 

  

  
wherever he chose 

  

  
mountain-s 

  

  
NOTE.—No Welsh word commences radically with M h, but the initial 

  

  
consonant P is under certain conditions inflected into Mh, as pen, MHen (head). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with N undergo no initial change. 

  

  
Never add H to the radical N. NHatur is never used for Natur (Nature). 

  

  
Words commencing radical ly with D, however, change the D into N under 

  

  
certain circumstances, as Drws, NIWS (door) 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
na'r 

  

  
nac 

  

  
nad 

  

  
nag 

  

  
nail/ 

  

  
naili-y-llall - 

  

  
nail/ ar llal/ 

  

  
no, nor, than 

  

  
nor the, than thc 

  

  
nor 

  

  
not 

  

  
than 

  

  
either 

  

  
one another 

  

  
both, each 

  

  
3948B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3949A) 

  

(x104) 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
N —continued. 

  

  
nant, f. 

  

  
natur, f. 

  

  
vatu 

  

  
neb 

  

  
neg•es.-au or euon, 

  

  
neid.io-iodd-1AF (i.wyd) 

  

  
neilldu or nailldu 

  

  
nerlh.-oedd, m. - 

  

  
nes 

  

  
nes. -af 

  

  
neu 

  

  
nezvid. -iodd-IAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
nezvyddiadur. -on, m. 

  

  
netvynog 

  

  
ni, nyni, ninau 

  

  
nid - 

  

  
pl., m. 

  

  
nos, nosozz, f. 

  

  
brook-s 

  

  
natu re 

  

  
nine 

  

  
anybody, nobody 

  

  
errand-s 

  

  
to jit Inp 

  

  
aside, one side 

  

  
power-s 

  

  
until 

  

  
near-er-est, or next 

  

  
or 

  

  
to change 

  

  
newspaper-s 

  

  
hungry 

  

  
we, or us, we also 

  

  
not 

  

  
hanu 

  

  
night 

  

  
N0TE.—No Welsh word commences radically with N". The Initial 

  

  
Consonant T is, however, under certain circumstances, inflected into NL, 

  

  
as Tad, NHad (father). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in lhe Vocabulary. 

  

  
o 

  

  
NOTE.— Words commencing radically with O sometimes have the 

  

  
prefixed, as oed, Hoed (old). Others commencing radically with Go drop 

  

  
the G under certain conditions, leaving the O as the initial "letter, as GOfal, 

  

  
ofaL(care). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonan ts. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary 

  

  
ochr.-au, f. 

  

  
ochryn ochr - 

  

  
oddeutu 

  

  
odditvrth-(yf, o, 

  

  
oddiar-(naf, no, 

  

  
oddi.yma-yno- 

  

  
oed - 

  

  
i, YD', ych, ynt) 

  

  
ni, non, noch, nynt) 

  

  
pf, from 

  

  
éide-s 

  

  
side by side 

  

  
about 

  

  
from (me, him, her, 

  

  
us, you, them) 

  

  
from (me, him, her, 

  

  
uS, yg u, them) 

  

  
from here, there 

  

  
old 

  

  
3949A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3949B) 

  

(x105) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
O—continued. 

  

  
1 05 

  

  
oed. i-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
oedd. -ynt 

  

  
oen, tvy,tz 

  

  
oner - 

  

  
ofn.i-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
ohon-(wyf, ot, o, i, 01", 

  

  
ohyd 

  

  
o'i 

  

  
o'i amgylch 

  

  
o'i hamgylch 

  

  
du hamgylch 

  

  
al.-ion, m. 

  

  
ar ei 01 

  

  
ar ei hol 

  

  
ar ein hol 

  

  
ar ezt hol 

  

  
and 

  

  
onid 

  

  
O'r ditvedd 

  

  
os 

  

  
och, 

  

  
ynt) 

  

  
to delay 

  

  
was, were 

  

  
lamb-s 

  

  
vain 

  

  
to fear 

  

  
of or from (me, thee, 

  

  
him, her, us, you, 

  

  
them) 

  

  
all times 

  

  
of his, of her 

  

  
of their 

  

  
round him 

  

  
round her 

  

  
round them 

  

  
mark-s 

  

  
after him 

  

  
after her 

  

  
after us 

  

  
after them 

  

  
but 

  

  
not (used interroga• 

  

  
tively) 

  

  
of the 

  

  
at last 

  

  
if 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with P are sometimes inflected 

  

  
so as to commence with B, Mh, or Ph, as pen, Ben, MHen, Pl.-ren (head). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
pa le 

  

  
pa le bynag 

  

  
Pahave 

  

  
Ian 

  

  
Parch us 

  

  
Par.hau-haodd-HAF (ha-zvyd)- 

  

  
parod 

  

  
pazvb 

  

  
pechod. -au , m. 

  

  
tedwar, m pedair, f. 

  

  
what, which 

  

  
where 

  

  
wherever 

  

  
why 

  

  
when 

  

  
respectful 

  

  
to continue 

  

  
ready 

  

  
everybody 

  

  
if 

  

  
sin-s 

  

  
four 

  

  
3949B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3950A) 

  

(x106) 106 

  

  
'e idio 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
p—continued. 

  

  
teid. io-iodd-IAF-( i. 7M)'d) 

  

  
tell 

  

  
fen. -ate, m. 

  

  
fender/yn.u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
tenill. -ion, m. - 

  

  
Penodedig 

  

  
terchenog. -ion, m. 

  

  
tererin. -ion, m 

  

  
ferl. -au, m. 

  

  
terthyn. -odd- A F 

  

  
Perygl. -on, m. 

  

  
leth.-au, m. 

  

  
'eth 

  

  
picell. -au, f. - 

  

  
Plentyn, plant, m. 

  

  
plith, yn mhlit/l 

  

  
tltvm, m. 

  

  
tlyg.u-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
101, 

  

  
rob un 

  

  
fold. -oedd, m. 

  

  
Polydd.-ion, m. 

  

  
poelh 

  

  
trawf, Profon, m. - 

  

  
trege(h.zvc-zvyr, 

  

  
pridd, m. 

  

  
Prin-der, m. 

  

  
priod. i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
piodas. -au, f. 

  

  
Prof. i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
pyd. iau, m. 

  

  
pyder, m. -us 

  

  
pydferlh. -af 

  

  
Pryn.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
'zvuc, Pynciau 

  

  
not, discontinued 

  

  
to end, to stop 

  

  
far 

  

  
top-s, head-s 

  

  
to resolve 

  

  
verse-s 

  

  
appointed 

  

  
owner-s 

  

  
pilgrim-s 

  

  
pearl-s 

  

  
to belong 

  

  
danger-s 

  

  
thing-s 

  

  
some, what ? 

  

  
dart-s, spear-S 

  

  
child-ren 

  

  
among 

  

  
lead 

  

  
to bend 

  

  
every 

  

  
each one 

  

  
people-s 

  

  
baker-s 

  

  
hot 

  

  
proof-s 

  

  
preacher-s 

  

  
earth 

  

  
hardly, scarc.e-ity 

  

  
to marry 

  

  
marriage s 

  

  
to prove 

  

  
time-s 

  

  
anxiety, anxious 

  

  
beautiful, most beau- 

  

  
,tiful 

  

  
to. buy 

  

  
pure 

  

  
subject-s 

  

  
N0TE.—Hardly any Welsh words Commence radically with Ph. Such 

  

  
words as commence with Ph are mostly inflected from the radical P, as pen, 

  

  
PHen (head). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical fQi1ns only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
3950A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3950B) 

  

(x107)

  

  

  

 

  WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
NOTE.—No Welsh word commences radically with R. Such words as 

  

  
commence with R are inflected from the radical Rh, as RHan, Ran (part), or 

  

  
have dropped the initial G, as GRudd, Ruad (cheek). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with R/i are sometimes inflected 

  

  
so as to commence with R, as RHan, Ran (share). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
rhag 

  

  
rhai - 

  

  
rhaid 

  

  
rhan. -au, f. 

  

  
rhan.u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
rhed.eg-odd-AF (zvyd) - 

  

  
rhesynzol 

  

  
rhesym. wr-zvyr - 

  

  
rhiant, s. , rhiaint or rhieni, pl., m. 

  

  
rhodd.-ion, f. 

  

  
rhodd. i-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
rhoi - 

  

  
rhoI.io-iodd-IAF (i.wyd) - 

  

  
rhosyn. -au or rhos, m. 

  

  
Rhufain, f. 

  

  
rhwng 

  

  
rhyng-(zvyf, 01, ddo, ddi, 

  

  
rhwy/ 

  

  
rhwyf.o-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
rhy 

  

  
rhyfel.-oedd, m. 

  

  
rhyfelzvr. -zvyr 

  

  
rhyzv 

  

  
rhyzv. -beth 

  

  
om, och, ddynt) 

  

  
s 

  

  
lest, frcm 

  

  
some 

  

  
must 

  

  
share-s 

  

  
to share 

  

  
to run 

  

  
reasonable 

  

  
reasoner-s 

  

  
parent-s 

  

  
gift-s 

  

  
to give 

  

  
to give, to place 

  

  
to rol 

  

  
rose-s 

  

  
Rome 

  

  
between 

  

  
between (me, thee, 

  

  
him, her, us, you, 

  

  
them) 

  

  
oar 

  

  
to row 

  

  
too 

  

  
war-s 

  

  
warrior-s 

  

  
some 

  

  
some. -thing 

  

  
NOTE.—Words commencing with S undergo no initial change. 

  

  
saeth.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
Sais, Seison, m. 

  

  
saith 

  

  
to shoot 

  

  
English. man —men 

  

  
seven 

  

  
3950B

 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3951A) 

  

(x108) 108 

  

  
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
S—continucd. 

  

  
gain, seiniau, f. 

  

  
sefyll, say. -odd-AF (wytt) - 

  

  
seren, vser 

  

  
serth 

  

  
siarad. -odd-AF (7t'Yd) 

  

  
sicr.hau-haodd-HAF (ha.tvyd) - 

  

  
sidan. -au, m. 

  

  
son, m. 

  

  
szvn, m. , or sain, f. , seiniau - 

  

  
szvydd.fa-feydd, f. 

  

  
syched, m. 

  

  
syched.u-odd-AF, 

  

  
rych.u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
sylw- 

  

  
sylzv.i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
sypyn.-au, m. 

  

  
syndod, m. 

  

  
syr 

  

  
th. io-iodd-IAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
sound-s 

  

  
to stand 

  

  
star-s 

  

  
steep 

  

  
to speak 

  

  
to secure 

  

  
silk-s 

  

  
rumour 

  

  
how 

  

  
sound-s 

  

  
office-s 

  

  
thirst 

  

  
to thirst 

  

  
to wipe 

  

  
attention 

  

  
to notice 

  

  
parcel-s 

  

  
wonder, surprise 

  

  
sir 

  

  
to fall 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with T are. sometimes inflected 

  

  
•oas to commence with D, Nh, or T h, as •rad, Dad, NHaa, Tllad Oather). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabula ry. 

  

  
tad.-au, m. 

  

  
taß.u.-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
taith, tet'thiau, f. 

  

  
tal 

  

  
gal. u-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
tan. -au, m. 

  

  
tan-(af, at, o, i, 0m, och, ynt) 

  

  
tarazv. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
tarian. -au, f. 

  

  
tebyg 

  

  
leg, tecach• 

  

  
teith.itvr-wyr, m. 

  

  
teiml.o-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
telyn.-au, f. - 

  

  
terfyn. -au, m. 

  

  
father-s 

  

  
to throw 

  

  
journey-s 

  

  
tall 

  

  
to pay 

  

  
fire-s 

  

  
under (me, thee, him, 

  

  
her, us, you, them) 

  

  
to strike 

  

  
shield-s 

  

  
like, similar 

  

  
fair-er 

  

  
traveller-s 

  

  
to feel 

  

  
Inrp-s 

  

  
boundar.y-ies, end-s 

  

  
3951A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3951B) 

  

(x109) WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
T —continued. 

  

  
109 

  

  
tipyn, m. 

  

  
yn mhen tilyn - 

  

  
ti, tithau,tydi - 

  

  
tir.-oedd, m. 

  

  
tir.io-iodd-IAF (i.tcyd) 

  

  
t/atvd (s. ), tlodion (pl.), m 

  

  
to.-ion, m. 

  

  
ton. -au, f. 

  

  
tor. i-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
torlh.-au, f. 

  

  
tra 

  

  
trachcfn 

  

  
tranoe!/b 

  

  
tref.-i or ydd, f. 

  

  
trefn. -us 

  

  
freng.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
tri, m. , lair, f. - 

  

  
tro. -ion - 

  

  
treed, traed, f. - 

  

  
tro.i-dd-AF (tvyd) - 

  

  
tros, or trosodd - 

  

  
tros-(zvyf, or of, ot, to, ti, 0/11, och, 

  

  
trugar.hau-haodd-HAF 

  

  
trzvmgtvsg 

  

  
trtvy - 

  

  
trtv-(of, 01, 01/1, och) 

  

  
zvy-(ddo, ddi, ddoc/l, ddynl) 

  

  
trtvyn.-au, m. 

  

  
tu 

  

  
tua-g, or tuag• al 

  

  
tuhzvnt 

  

  
ty, tai, m. 

  

  
tyb.-iazt, f. 

  

  
tydi 

  

  
tyf.u-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
tyn.u-odd-AF (tvyd) 

  

  
tyner. -ach 

  

  
tyred 

  

  
a little 

  

  
in a little while 

  

  
thee, lhou, thou 

  

  
also 

  

  
land-s 

  

  
to land 

  

  
poor 

  

  
roo:-s 

  

  
wave-s 

  

  
to break 

  

  
loaf, loaves 

  

  
while 

  

  
again 

  

  
the morrow, 

  

  
next day 

  

  
town-s 

  

  
order-ly 

  

  
to expire 

  

  
three 

  

  
time-s 

  

  
foot, feet 

  

  
to turn 

  

  
over 

  

  
the 

  

  
tynt) - 

  

  
over One, thee, him, 

  

  
it, her, us, 

  

  
or 

  

  
you, them) 

  

  
to have mercy 

  

  
deep sleep 

  

  
through 

  

  
th rough One, thou,us, 

  

  
you) 

  

  
through (him or it, 

  

  
her, you, them) 

  

  
nose-S 

  

  
side 

  

  
towards 

  

  
beyond 

  

  
house-s 

  

  
opinion-3 

  

  
thou 

  

  
to grow 

  

  
to draw 

  

  
kind•er, soft-er 

  

  
come 

  

  
3951B




 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3952A) 

  

(x110)

  

  

  

 

  WELSH EOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
NOTE.—NO Welsh word commences adically with Th. 

  

  
Such words as commence with Th are inflected from the radical T, as 

  

  
tad, THad (father). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulaw. 

  

  
N0TE.—Words commencing radically with U sometimes have the pre- 

  

  
fixed, as ugain, Hugain (twenty). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms on •y are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
wrain 

  

  
un 

  

  
un.o-odd-AF (zvyd) • 

  

  
unzvaith 

  

  
twenty 

  

  
one 

  

  
to join 

  

  
once 

  

  
w 

  

  
N 0TE.—Words commencing radically with Gtv, drop the G under 

  

  
certain conditions, leaving the W as the initial letter, as Gwaith, waith 

  

  
(work). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Co. sonants. 

  

  
Though, as a rule, only the Radical forms of words are given in the 

  

  
Vocabulary, it has beer. deemed advisable to retain a few of the inflected forms 

  

  
under W which are in 

  

  
f101n Gwawr, Gwedi, &c. 

  

  
watvr, gzvazvr, f. 

  

  
wedi 

  

  
30ined to a verb, 

  

  
war yu (wedi hyn) 

  

  
we/e 

  

  
weuhiau 

  

  
wrlh 

  

  
w,' l/'-(yf, yt, o, i, 0m, 

  

  
wy ( Gwy) 

  

  
wyf, yr zvyf 

  

  
zeyi.o-odd-AF (tey,t) 

  

  
y/ , yr wyc' 

  

  
more common use, as wawr (dawn), wedi (after), 

  

  
marks peyfect tense. 

  

  
ach, ynt)€ 

  

  
dawn 

  

  
iter 

  

  
again or afterwards 

  

  
behold, 10 ! 

  

  
sometimes 

  

  
by, to 

  

  
to (me, thee, 

  

  
her, 

  

  
us, 

  

  
thenl ) 

  

  
Wye (river) 

  

  
I aru 

  

  
to weep 

  

  
thou al t 

  

  
him, 

  

  
you, 

  

  
3952A

 

 

 

(delwedd 3952B)

(x111)

 

WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
111 

  

  
N 0TE.—VVords commencing rad:oally with Y sometimes have the H 

  

  
prefixed; as ychain, Hychain (oxen). 

  

  
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of 

  

  
Consonants. 

  

  
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary. 

  

  
Co mpounds a'r, o'r—and 

  

  
ych.-ain, m. - 

  

  
ychydig 

  

  
yd.-au - 

  

  
yd. zvyf-wyt-ym-ych-ynt 

  

  
yd.ytv-oedd-ynt 

  

  
'fed-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
y/ory 

  

  
yu;rhyd 

  

  
yma 

  

  
ymaJl.yd-odd-AF (zvyd) 

  

  
ymdeith. io-zodd-IAF (i.wyd) 

  

  
ymddiried. -odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
ymddygiad. -au, m. 

  

  
ymfrostgar 

  

  
ym.gais-g•eisiadau, m. 

  

  
ynæymer.yd-odd•AF (zvyd) 

  

  
ymladd. -au 

  

  
ymladd./a. -feydd, f. - 

  

  
ymladd.-odd-AF (wyd) 

  

  
ymlid. -10dd-lAF (i.zvyd) 

  

  
ynzyl. -au, or on 

  

  
YN joined to an adj., maj ks 

  

  
yn bryderus 

  

  
ddyddio/ • 

  

  
yn mhcn • 

  

  
yn m/llilh 

  

  
hyb•ach 

  

  
YN joined to a 

  

  
yn myned • 

  

  
zeylo 

  

  
the 

  

  
the, to the, of the. 

  

  
ox-en 

  

  
few, little 

  

  
corn 

  

  
I am, thou art, we, 

  

  
you, they are 

  

  
is, was, are 

  

  
to drink 

  

  
to-morrow 

  

  
together 

  

  
here 

  

  
to seize 

  

  
to travel 

  

  
to trust 

  

  
behaviour, conduct 

  

  
boastful 

  

  
effort-s 

  

  
to undertake 

  

  
fight-s 

  

  
fight-s 

  

  
to fight 

  

  
to follow, to chase 

  

  
edge-s, side-s 

  

  
in 

  

  
the adverbial fotm. 

  

  
anxious. -ly 

  

  
dai. -ly 

  

  
in a while 

  

  
among 

  

  
rather 

  

  
verb, ks the Present participle. 

  

  
go. -ing 

  

  
grow. -ing 

  

  
weep.-ing 

  

  
then 

  

  
3952B





 

 

 

(delwedd 3953A)

(x112)

 

  

  
yn 01 

  

  
I.SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 

  

  
yn 01 at yn mlaen, 

  

  
ot, lido, cit/i, 

  

  
yn mlaen 

  

  
yno - 

  

  
17,' tau 

  

  
ynys. -au or oedd, f. 

  

  
Y leryg•l 

  

  
ysgafn 

  

  
ysgrech. -iadau. f. 

  

  
ysgrech.ain -odd-AF 

  

  
(wyd) 

  

  
ysgyt.io-iodd-1AF (i. tvyd) 

  

  
•ystafell.-oe:/d, f. 

  

  
Y —continued. 

  

  
, och, ddynl) 

  

  
back, back wrard 

  

  
back and fore 

  

  
in (Inc, thee, him or 

  

  
it, her, us, you, 

  

  
thenl) 

  

  
onward, fonvard 

  

  
there 

  

  
he or him also 

  

  
island-s 

  

  
the danger 

  

  
light 

  

  
screan) s 

  

  
to scream 

  

  
to push 

  

  
room-s 

  

  
3953A





 

 

 

(delwedd 3953B)

(x113)

CONTENTS. 

  

  
Preface to First Edition 

  

  
Prelace to Second Edition 

  

  
Syllabus for Wc-Ish as a Specitie Subject 

  

  
Results of the First Experiments 

  

  
Sample Questions 

  

  
What the Governtnent Blue Book says 

  

  
The Welsh Alphabet 

  

  
WELSH READING AND PRONUNCJA'i JON 

  

  
Diphthongs 

  

  
Consonants 

  

  
Accent 

  

  
TilE. MUTA'I'ION 01.' INI'I IAL CONSONAN rs 

  

  
The Inflected Initial H - 

  

  
IiAR•rs OF SPF.E-CII 

  

  
T ITE ARI'ICLF, 

  

  
T lilt-. NOUN 

  

  
Number 

  

  
Formation or the Plural 

  

  
Double PI 

  

  
Plurals of Conupound Nouns 

  

  
Gender 

  

  
'Ill E 

  

  
N u Inber 

  

  
Gender 

  

  
Degrees 01 Coin parison 

  

  
T Il E PRONOUN 

  

  
The Personal I 'ronoun 

  

  
THE VERB BOD Cro BE) 

  

  
Different For Ins of Bod 

  

  
Exercises on Boa' 

  

  
EXERCISES ON •rilE. PARTS OF 

  

  
EXERCISES FOR "I'RANSI-A'I'ION 

  

  
Exalnples of r I •rau.slated Sentences 

  

  
Exatnple of Prose 

  

  
Exaniple of r y' 

  

  
'l'ranslatlon 

  

  
Exercises 

  

  
VCCABULARV 

  

  
Directions - 

  

  
18 

  

  
20 

  

  
21 

  

  
22 

  

  
23 

  

  
25 

  

  
26 

  

  
28 

  

  
29 

  

  
29 

  

  
31 

  

  
32 

  

  
.33 

  

  
36 

  

  
36 

  

  
40 

  

  
41 

  

  
42 

  

  
53 

  

  
56 

  

  
57 

  

  
58 

  

  
59 

  

  
61 

  

  
63 

  

  
67 

  

  
3953B




 

 

 

(delwedd 3954B)

(x1157)  

 

Advertisements

 

 

 

(delwedd 3955B) 

  

(x117)  College of Otit,qlcg 

  

  
Jitütuttütlth%lfire. 

  

  
President: LORD ABERDARE. 

  

  
OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE. 

  

  
attb 

  

  
PrincfPa1: J. VIRIAMU JONES, M.A. (Oxon), B.Sc.(Lond Fellow ot 

  

  
University College, Lcndon. Reg,istrar: IVOR JAMES. 

  

  
PROFESSORS AND LECTURERS. 

  

  
Professor of Greek : T. F. ROBERTS, B.A., st. John's College, Oxford. 

  

  
Professor of Latin: J. R WARDALE, M.A., Fellow of Clare Colle e, Cam. 

  

  
bridge. Professor of Logic a ici Philosophy: ANDREW SETH, M.A., (Edin.) 

  

  
Professor of English Language, Literatti,re, and History : W. P. KER, M.A., 

  

  
formerly Fellow of All Sou:s' College, Oxford. sscr of Mathematics and 

  

  
I'vo 'essov of Physics : 

  

  
Astronomy: H. W. LLOYD TANNER, MA (Oxon.) 

  

  
THE PRINCIPAL. Professor of Chem stry: C. M. THOMPSON, M.A. 

  

  
(Cantab.), D.Sc. (Lond.), Trinity College, mbridxe, F.C.S. Professor of 

  

  
Biology : W. N. PARKER, F.z.s. Professor C, It c: THOMAS POWEL, 

  

  
M.A., Jesus College, Oxford. Lecturer on French Language Literature : 

  

  
PAUL BAR BIER. Lecturer G ernta:b and Literature: 

  

  
FRANCK ARNOLD, B A.,ffrinity College, Cmnbridge, PhD. (Würzburg). 

  

  
Lecturer CLEMENT PLETON. M.A., Trinity College, 

  

  
Cambridge. Demonstrator in Physics: W. S. HENS IÄEV. B.A., Christ's 

  

  
College, Cambridge. De:nonstratorin Chennslry: J. W. JAMES, Ph D. (Jena), 

  

  
F C.S. Assistant Lecturer tn Mathematics: F. PELT ON, M A.. Gonviile 

  

  
and Caius College, Cambridge. Lecturer in Hebrew: J. LLOYD WILLIAMS, 

  

  
B.A. 

  

  
TUITION FEE FOR LECTURES. PER ANNUM. 

  

  
SrIJüIft1'fiIJipfi, attå prii2%. 

  

  
Six Scholarships of fro rer annum, tenable for three years. Nine 

  

  
Scholarships of [40 per annum, tenable for three years. Nine Scholarships 

  

  
of E 30 per annum, tenable for three years. 

  

  
Seventy-six Exhibitions of CIO. 

  

  
One Scholarship of {25 per annum, tenable for one year, founded by the 

  

  
Ancient Order of Foresters. 

  

  
Sir W. Thomas Lewis' Mining St holarship for five years, of {33 per 

  

  
annum. The competition is limited to persons who have wor ked fcr six years 

  

  
underground in the Rhymney, Merthyr, Aberdare, or Rhondda Valleys. 

  

  
A Scholarship of {50 per annum, tenable at the College, is annually asvar• 

  

  
ded on the result of the examination of the Science and Alt Department in 

  

  
connection with the Ebbw Vale Sliool of Science and Art. 

  

  
Two Scholarships of [20 per annum, tenable {Or three years, open to 

  

  
candidates from the County of Brecknock. 

  

  
On the work of the Session and the results of the Annual Examination 

  

  
in June, 

  

  
(i.) To First Year's Students, eight Prizes of {15, and at least as many 

  

  
Exhibitions of C 10, tenable for one year, as were awarded at the 

  

  
previous Entrance Examination. 

  

  
(ii.) To Second Year 's Students, eight Prizes of E 15, and at least as 

  

  
many Exhibitions of {10, tenable for one year, as were awarded 

  

  
at the Entrance Exantination next but one previous. 

  

  
For further particulars aft?!)' to the Reg-istl ar at the College. 

  

  
3955B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 39548A) 

  

(x118) unibpr$iru qollpgp of ülpx, 

  

  
ABERYSTWYTH. 

  

  
(Endowed and in receipt of a Government grant.) 

  

  
President—THE RIGHT HON. LORD ABERDARE, G.C.B. 

  

  
Principal—THE REV. T. C. EDWARDS, M.A. Oxon. and 

  

  
Lond., D.D. Edin. 

  

  
CURRICULUM.—The instruction at the College is arranged 

  

  
with reference to the Arts and Science Courses of the London University, 

  

  
and the Scholarship Examinations at Oxford and Cambridge. Numerous 

  

  
distinctions have been gained at these Universities by Students from 

  

  
Aberystw th. 

  

  
SUMbARY OF DISTINCTIONS.—The following is a sum- 

  

  
mary of the distinctions gained by the Students since the opening of the 

  

  
College in 1872 : 

  

  
130 Students have matriculated at the University of London, 

  

  
of whom 21 obtained honours (some gaining prizes) and 83 were placed in 

  

  
the first division. 43 have passed the Intermediate Examination for the 

  

  
degree of B.A. 2 obtaining the first place in first-class honours and one an 

  

  
exhibition of {40 a year ; 18 obtained honours, 10 being in the first division. 

  

  
15 have taken the degree of B.A. 3 obtaining honours, 15 have pas •ed 

  

  
the Intermediate Examination for the degree of B Sc., 2 obtaining the first 

  

  
place in first-class honours, one an Exhibition of {40 a year, one obtaining 

  

  
the first place in first-class honours in Chemistry, and 5 obtaining honours, 

  

  
2 have taken the degree of B.Sc., onc obtaining 1st class honours. 13 have 

  

  
assed the Preliminary Scientific Ex *mination for the degree of M.B. One 

  

  
as taken the degree of M.B. and M.D. One has passed the Intermediate 

  

  
Examination for the degree of LL.B. 

  

  
7 Students have gained open Scholarships ; 3 an open Ex- 

  

  
hibition in Cambridge; 6 gained open Scholarships and 6 open Exhibitions 

  

  
in Oxford, and of the 18 who have taken their degrees in Oxford, 5 are first- 

  

  
class men, 12 obtained honours ; of the r 3 who took their degree in Cam- 

  

  
bridge, 2 are first-class men, one a wrangier, 5 obtained honours. 

  

  
One has gained an open Scholarship of ß70 per annum at the 

  

  
University of l)urham : one gained an open Scholarship of fifty guineas at 

  

  
St. Mary's Hospital, London ; one gained a prize, value L 30, at Owen's 

  

  
College, Manchester. 

  

  
A former Sh!dent is Professor of Greek at .Univcrsity College, 

  

  
Cardiff; two are Lecturers at University College,' Aberystwyth ; one is 

  

  
assistant to the Woodwardian Professor of Geölogy at Cambridge ; one is 

  

  
a Demonstrator of Physiology in the Medical School of St. Nlary's Ilospital, 

  

  
London ; one is a Professor at St. David's College, Lampeter. 

  

  
SCHOLARSHIPS.—A large number of Scholarships and Ex- 

  

  
hibitions, ranging in value from to {10, are offered for Compet;tion at 

  

  
the beginning of each Session. 

  

  
•THE NEW HOSTEL FOR WOMEN STUDENTS.— 

  

  
The Hostel will be opened next session under the superintendence of the 

  

  
Lady Principal, Miss E. A. Carpenter, who is highly qualified by her 

  

  
educational experience and attainments to aid the students in Ibeir work. 

  

  
Residence in Hostel for the Sess on {30. 

  

  
FEES.—For Lectures to all Students, LIO the Session'; Single 

  

  
Classes, per term. 

  

  
3956A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3956B) 

  

(x119)  (119) 

  

  
THE NEW COLLEGE BUILDINGS.—The New College 

  

  
Buildings are being rapidly restored. The Science Department will be 

  

  
completed and ready for occupation in January, 1888, and the whole Building 

  

  
by Septe.mber, 1888, in time for the commencement the session 1888-9. 

  

  
The Class Rooms and other arrangements are of a very complete character 

  

  
and accommodation of a superior kind will be provided for af least 300 

  

  
students. 

  

  
LOCAL ADVAN T AGES. —Aberystwyth is beautifully situated 

  

  
on Cardigan Bay. It has excellent sanitary arrangements, and is one of the 

  

  
healthiest towns in the kingdom, the average death rate being only 14 per 

  

  
1,000. An analysis of the water, by Dr. Frankland shows that its purity is 

  

  
not excelled by that of any water supply in Great Britain. Aberystwyth has 

  

  
accommodation for about 5,000 visitors during the summer season, and 

  

  
since this is not utilized during the period of the College Session, out-door 

  

  
Students are able to obtain Lodgings at a VERY MODERATE COST. The sum 

  

  
usually paid is from 3s. ()d. to 5s. per week. 

  

  
Full particulars as to Lectures, Hostel, Scholarships, etc., may be had 

  

  
on application to the Registrar, University College, Aberystwyth. 

  

  
LONSDALE CHAMBERS, 

  

  
27, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, 

  

  
August 20th, 1887. 

  

  
MORGAN LLOYD, 

  

  
Hon. Sen. 

  

  
LEWIS MORRIS, j 

  

  
EDUCATION IN WALES. 

  

  
The Future Development of the Welsh 

  

  
Educational System, 

  

  
Being the Proceedings of the Cynvm-odorion Section of the 

  

  
London National Eisteddfod, 1887, 

  

  
Including the Papers read by Principal V IRI AMU JONES, 

  

  
Cardiff, and Principal REICHEL, Bangor, on 

  

  
The Future of Higher Education in Wales ; 

  

  
Mr. W. EDWARDS, H.M. Inspector of Schools, and 

  

  
Mr. IBERIAYI GWYNFE EVANS, on 

  

  
The Place of/he Welsh Language in Elementary 

  

  
Education in Wales ; 

  

  
Miss E. P. HUGHES, Cambridge, and Miss DILYS 

  

  
DAVIES, London, on 

  

  
Higher Education for Girls in Wales. 

  

  
Price TWOPENCE, Post Free. 

  

  
From—The SECRETARY, The Society for Utilizing the Welsh 

  

  
66, Miskin Street, Cardiff. 

  

  
3956B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3957A) 

  

(x120) C)sfüf5tru ILjigIJ SclJüüI. 

  

  
The School Year is divided into three terms of 13 weeks each, 

  

  
commencing respectively on the 3rd Tuesday in January, the last 

  

  
Tuesday in April, and the 3rd Tuesday in September. 

  

  
There is Accommodation for 65 Boarders. It is desirable that 

  

  
applications for admission should be made as early as possible before 

  

  
the beginning of each term. 

  

  
The Boarders at present represent Sixteen of the Western 

  

  
Counties. 

  

  
The Upper Sixth Form prepares for Scholarships at Oxford 

  

  
and Cambridge ; and the Lower Sixth Form for the Matriculation 

  

  
Examination of London University, for which the High School is a 

  

  
Centre. 

  

  
The Fifth and Fourth Forms prepare for the Oxford Local 

  

  
Examinations (for which the I ligh School is a Centre), and also for 

  

  
the Public Examinations generally. 

  

  
The Third and Second Forms prepare for the Fourth Form, 

  

  
as well as for Business and Commercial Pursuits. 

  

  
The First Form is preparatory, and Boys can be received into 

  

  
this Form at an early age. 

  

  
One Hundred and Ten Public Certificates have been obtained 

  

  
by Pupils direct from School during the last two years. 

  

  
From 15 to 20 Scholarships and Exhibitions, varyingin value 

  

  
from K 40 to '12, are annually offered for comp*ition on the first 

  

  
Tuesday in January. 

  

  
For Syllabus of Scholarships, School Prospectus, and List Of 

  

  
Successes apply to 

  

  
OWEN OWEN, M.A., 

  

  
HEAD MASTL, 

  

  
3957A





 

 

 

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(x121)

(121) 

  

  
*abhütbül Cumreiß 

  

  
CAERDYDD. 

  

  
CVFRES O 

  

  
W ERS 1 DWY-IEITHOG 

  

  
I' tv hader yn yr Ysgol Sabbothol. 

  

  
Parotoedig gan Is-Bwyllgor yr Undeb uchod. 

  

  
Y I,lyrr Cyntaf yn awr yn barod. Pris Ceiniog yr un, na 

  

  
9c. y dwsin. 

  

  
L LENI ABIEC, 

  

  
Sef Lleni Mawrion yn cynwys yr Abiec yn Gymraeg, at wasanaeth 

  

  
dosbarthiadau. Pris Ceiniog a Dimai yr un, neu Swllt y Dwsin. 

  

  
Llyfrau ereill yn cael eu Parotoi. 

  

  
Danfoner pob archebion at—Mr. T. BOWEN, Ysgrifenydd 

  

  
Cynorthwyol yr Undeb, 34, Gregg Frederick St., Caerdydd•. 

  

  
Qsgoliüit SabbütIJüI Cuntteig 

  

  
LIVERPOOL. 

  

  
LLAWLYFR CYMREIG, 

  

  
At wasanaeth leuenctyd Ysgolion Sabbolhol Cymrei& 

  

  
y Trefydd Seisnig. 

  

  
GAN WILLIAM J. THOMAS, LIVERPOOL. 

  

  
Pris Tair Ceiniog. 

  

  
Cyhoeddwyd gan Undeb Ysgolion Sabbothol Cymreig Liverpool 

  

  
a'r Cyffniau. 

  

  
Ceir pob manylion wrth anfon at yr Vsgrifenydd,—Mr. E. W. 

  

  
ROBERTS. 154, Northbrook Street, Prince's Avenue, LiverpooL 

  

  
3957B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3958A) 

  

(x122) THE SOCIETY FOR UTILIZING THE 

  

  
WELSH LANGUAGE 

  

  
(In Association with the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion). 

  

  
Y N NEALL—GWYBOD. 

  

  
STANDING COMMITTEE. 

  

  
Chairman 7} easurer: The Venerable ARCHDEACON GRIFFITHS, 

  

  
Neath. Dr. ISAMBARD OWEN, Mayfair, London. Secretary: 

  

  
Mr. GWYNFE EVANS, 66, Miskin street, Cardiff. 

  

  
THIS Society, which has secured the adhesion of the leading 

  

  
Educationists Of the Principality, and whose membership 

  

  
increasing in all parts of \Vales, aims at the Utilization of the 

  

  
Welsh Language in Elementary, Intermediate, and Higher Edu- 

  

  
cation in Wales and Monmouthshire, and the Grammatical 

  

  
Teaching of the language where required. 

  

  
It does not aim at substituting Welsh for English as the language 

  

  
of instruction. One of its chief objects is to enable the children 

  

  
of Welsh-speaking parents to acquire a more thorough and intelli- 

  

  
ent knowledge of English, by rationally utilizing the practical 

  

  
nowledge they already possess of their home language. 

  

  
The Society is purely Educational, and has no Political aim. 

  

  
It embraces all parties in its ranks, and contains on its Council 

  

  
men of every shade of political opinion. For list of Council, see 

  

  
omiosite page. 

  

  
The publication of books, and the éue carrymg out of other 

  

  
necessary operations of the Society, require a large expendi- 

  

  
ture. It has, therefore, been resolved to raise a Reserve Fund of 

  

  
L 500, to enable the Society to enter more fully on its work. 

  

  
The Most Honourable the Marquis of Bute has generously 

  

  
offered to subscribe {100 as soon as K 500 has been collected. 

  

  
The Council, therefore, appeals to all friends of Welsh Education 

  

  
to aid the Society in raising this Fund. All Donations will be 

  

  
ratefully received by any member of Council, or by the 

  

  
reasurer or Secretary. 

  

  
A minimum Annual Subscription of Hålf-a-Crown entitles a 

  

  
Subscriber to the rights of LMembership in the Society. All 

  

  
applications for Membership, and all enquiries as to the operations 

  

  
of the Society, should be addressed to the Secretary,— 

  

  
BERIAH GWYNFE EVANS. 

  

  
—66, Miskin .So•et, Cardif. 

  

  
3958A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3958B) 

  

(x123) (123) 

  

  
Che Societp for Utilizing the ZUcIgh unitguage 

  

  
Association with the Honourable Society of Cymmvodorion.) 

  

  
YN NEALL—GWYBOD. 

  

  
Chairman and Hon. Treasurer : 

  

  
THE VENERABLE ARCHDEACON GRIFFITHS, 

  

  
Secretary 

  

  
Mr. BERIAII GWYNFE EVANS 

  

  
Offces : 

  

  
66, Miskin Street, Cardiff. 

  

  
Members of the Council : 

  

  
Mr. D. BOWEN, Abercarn, Newport, Mon. 

  

  
Neath. 

  

  
Rev. Alderman AARON DAVIES, Chairman of the Gelligaer School Board. 

  

  
Rev. Principal GETHIN DAVIES, North Wales Baptist College, Llangollen. 

  

  
Mr W. DAVIES, Registrar, University College, Bangor. 

  

  
Mr W. E. DAVIES, 3, Old Palace Yard, Westminster Abbey, S.W. 

  

  
Rev. Principal T. CHARLES EDWARDS, M.A., D.D., University College, 

  

  
Aberystwyth. 

  

  
Mr. THOMAS E. ELLIS, M.P., Cynias, Llanderfel, Bala. 

  

  
Mr. IOHN EDWARDS, Vice-President Manchester Welsh National Society. 

  

  
Mr. THOMAS GEE, Editor of the Baner ac Amserau Cymru, Denbigh. 

  

  
Mr D. HOPKINS, Gelligaer Village School, Cardiff. 

  

  
Mr. R IWAN JENKYN, F.R H.s., President Bangor and Bethesda Teachers' 

  

  
Association. 

  

  
Mr. D. W. JONES (Dafydd Morganwg), Morganwg House. Cathays, Cardiff. 

  

  
Major E. ROWLAND JONES, American Consul, Cardiff. 

  

  
Rev. 1. MORGAN JONES, Wordsworth Street, Roath, Cardiff. 

  

  
Princlpal J. VIRIAMU JONES, M.A., Univ. coli of S. Wales and Mon., Cardin 

  

  
Mr. TOM JOHN, Colliery Schools, l.lwynpia. 

  

  
Mr. R. A JONES, B,A., 4, Harrington Street, Liverpool. 

  

  
Mr. G. E. JONES, Secretary Snowdon Teachers' Association, Nantperis. 

  

  
Mr. OWEN LEWIS (Owain Dyfed), Parkwaun Villa. Mornington Road, 

  

  
Regent's Park, N.W. 

  

  
Professor J. E. LLOYD, M.A., University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. 

  

  
ISAMBARD OWEN, M.A., M.D., 5, Hertford Street, Mayfair, London. 

  

  
Mr. Councillor J. E. POWELL, Grosvenor Road, Wrexham. 

  

  
Professor T. POWEL, M.A., Univ. College of S Wales and Mon., Catxlifl. 

  

  
Mr. Councillor W I PARRY, Vice-Chmrman Carnarvonsbire County Council. 

  

  
Coetmor Hall, Bethesda. 

  

  
Professor T. F. ROBERTS, M.A., Univ. coll. 01 S. Wales and Mon , Cardiff. 

  

  
Rev. Professor D. ROWLANDS (Dewi Mon), Mernorial College, Brecon. 

  

  
Principal H. R. REICHEL, M.A., University College of North Wales, Bangor. 

  

  
Professor JOHN RHYS, M.A., Oxford. 

  

  
Rev. Principal DANIEL ROWLANDS, M.A„ The Training College, Bangor. 

  

  
Mr. ALFRED THOMAS, M.P. Park Place, Cardiff. 

  

  
Mrs. ANNA WALTER THOMAS, st. Ann's Vicarage, Bethesda, N. Wales. 

  

  
Mr. DANIEL THOMAS. Secretary of the Rhymney and Western Valleys 

  

  
Teachers' Association, Upper Board Schools, Rhymney. 

  

  
Mr E. THOMAS (Cochfavf), Gordon Coffee Tavern, Bute Street, Cardiff 

  

  
Mr. T. C. THOMAS, Bedlinog Board Schools, Troedyrhiw, R.S.O 

  

  
Mr. W. G. THOMAS, Brynymor, Carnarvon. 

  

  
Mr. DAVID WILLIAMS, Principal of the Training College, Swansea. 

  

  
His Hon. Judge GWILYM WILLIAMS, Miskin Manor, Llantrisant, Cardiff. 

  

  
Mr. O. WILLIAMS, Pres. S. C'narvonshire Teachers' Assoc., Nevin, 

  

  
Mr. Alderman THOMAS WILLIAM*, JF., Vice-chairman Clamorganshire 

  

  
County Council, Gwaelod-y-garth. Merthyr Tydfil. 

  

  
Mr. T. MARCHANT WILLIAMS, J P., Rhydyfelin. Builth. 

  

  
The Society is prepared to establisn Branchek, and to appoint Local and 

  

  
District Agents where desired T lie co operation cf friends of the 

  

  
movement is invited. Fell particulars Ina y be bad on application to 

  

  
the Secretary. 

  

  
3958B





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3959A) 

  

(x124) 2. 

  

  
3. 

  

  
The $ittionat CiGttihfoi 

  

  
President: THE MOST HONOCRABI.E THE MARQUIS OF BUTE, K.T. 

  

  
Treasurer: SIR J. H. PULESTON, M.P. 

  

  
Hon Secretary : MR. T. MARCHANT WILLIAMS, B.A. 

  

  
Secretary: MR. E. VINCENT EVANS. 

  

  
OFFICES CHAMBERS, 27, CHANCERY LANE, L0N0CN, C. 

  

  
OBHÄCTS or 

  

  
To raise, by means of annual subscriptions and donations, a fund which 

  

  
shall the Association to offer prizes for competition, and in 

  

  
other ways to promote. the usefulness of the Eisteddfod. 

  

  
To secure the holding of only one National Eisteddfod in each year, in 

  

  
North and South Wales alternately ; to select the place at which it 

  

  
shall be held, and fix the conditions to be attached to the selection. 

  

  
To assist in providing a suitable pavilion ; in selecting appropriate sub- 

  

  
jects for competition ; in securing men of eminence to preside at the 

  

  
Eisteddfod meetings ; in preparing the Eisteddfod programme; and 

  

  
in upholding the authority of the Gorsedd. 

  

  
4. To publish a volume of the Eisteddfod transactions annually, and such 

  

  
prize compositions as may from time to time be selected by the 

  

  
Council. 

  

  
The Council beg to call attention to the following List of Publications 

  

  
The Association Prize Essay, Cardiff Eisteddfod, 1883, 

  

  
Elcnpbbiattb Upnu•tig O'r 1300 i'r 1650 D.C. 

  

  
(The History of VVelsh Literature from A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1650). By R. J. 

  

  
PRY SE (Gweirydd ap Rhys). Cloth, Demy 8vo., 500 pp. Price to Members 

  

  
of the Association, 5s. ; to Non-Members, IOS. 6d. 

  

  
The Association Prize Essay, Liverpool Eisteddfod, 1884, 

  

  
yttqlJ Y)ig I! ifc •ani y ift-(mrh. 

  

  
By W. E. DAVIES, with a Preface bv LEWIS MORRIS, Esq., M.A., and a new 

  

  
Autotype Portrait of Sir Hugh Owen. Cloth, Crown 8vo., 140 pp. Price to 

  

  
Non-Members, 2s. 6d. 

  

  
The Association Prize Quartet, Aberdare Eisteddfod, 1885, 

  

  
Quartet in 4 fot Violin, Viola, l')iolonctlla, ani Pianoforte 

  

  
By J. T. REES. Score, 8s. nett; Parts, 2s. each. Reduced Price to Members. 

  

  
Gwobrwyedig gan yr Anrhydeddusaf Ardalydd Bute, K.T., 

  

  
31ctgtis ' 

  

  
gan CuripibeB, 

  

  
Chwareugerdd Roegaidd, wedi ei throi i'r Gymraeg gan Proffeswr D. ROW. 

  

  
LANDS, B.A.(Dewi Mon), Pa c , . D. E. EDWARDES, M.A., Gyda Rhag. 

  

  
arweiniad gan Profieswr T. F. ROBERTS, B.A. 

  

  
Cofnobi01t ?iltiiugol Cist ciå(ob *berbar, 1885. 

  

  
Transactions of the National Eisteddfod of Walés, Aberdare, 1885. 

  

  
Cofnobiotl a qpfangobbiabaxt Ciståbfob Catrnarf01t, 1886. 

  

  
Transactions of the National Eisteddfod of Wales, Carnarvon,.1886. 

  

  
For the Years 1881, 1882, 1883. 1884, 1885, 1886, together with the Transactions 

  

  
•f the Cymmrodorion Section of the National Eisteddfod. 

  

  
Terms of Membership.—An Annual Subscription of not less than Half- 

  

  
a-Guinea, payable in advance to the Secretary, Mr. E. VINCENT EVANS, at 

  

  
the Offce of the Association, Lonsdale Chambers, 27, Chancery Lane, 

  

  
London. W.C. 

  

  
3959A





 

 

 

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(125) 

  

  
Agsnriatiott for Orontoiiltg the I(jigber 

  

  
Ciltration of Oir15 in 

  

  
HONORARY SECRETARIES : 

  

  
Mrs. VERNEV, RHIAXVA, BANGOR, WALES, 

  

  
Miss DILYS DAVIES, 5, GORDON SQUARE, LONDON, W.C. 

  

  
T Hrs ASSOCIATION has been formed ',vith the double purpose of stimulating 

  

  
the desire for better education in women which has been awakened in Wales. 

  

  
and remedying, as far as its may extend, the present lamentabl& 

  

  
deticiency of means for such education. Thanks to the University Colleges, 

  

  
the collegiate part of the course is now partly provided for; but Wales is 

  

  
still almost destitute of the sound intermediate schools which are essential 

  

  
to lead up to the collegiate career, and without which the efforts of the 

  

  
colleges are well-nigh paralysed. 

  

  
The Association therefore proposes— 

  

  
1. To diffuse knowledge of the requisites of good school and college 

  

  
education for girls, and to make its advantages more widely known. 

  

  
2. To collect information as to the present condition cf education 

  

  
as afiécting girls in the various districts of the Principality, and to 

  

  
ascertain how improvements may best be secured under the special 

  

  
conditions of life in Wales. 

  

  
3. To watch carefully over the interests of girls in the expected 

  

  
legislation for intermediate education in Wales, and in any re-arrange- 

  

  
ment of Welsh educational endowments. 

  

  
The condition of Membership is the Payment of a Minimum Annual Subscrip- 

  

  
tion oj Half-a-Crown. 

  

  
Applications for Membership should be Addressed to 

  

  
Miss DILYS DAVIES, Hon. sec. 

  

  
, 5, GORDON SQUARE, 

  

  
LONDON, N.S. C. 

  

  
The following Pamphlets and Reprints have been issued by the Society for 

  

  
the furtherance of its work, and may be obtained of Miss DAVIES for 

  

  
A PENNY EACH. 

  

  
I. 

  

  
2. 

  

  
3. 

  

  
4. 

  

  
5. 

  

  
6. 

  

  
WELSH UNIVERSITY LOCAL EXAMINATIONS. 

  

  
By Mrs. BRYANT, D.Sc. 

  

  
RACE AND NATIONALITY. 

  

  
By ISAMBARD OWEN, M.D., M.A. 

  

  
THE FUTURE OF WELSH EDUCATION. 

  

  
By PRINCIPAL REICHEL, M.A. 

  

  
THE EDUCATION OF WELSHWOMEN. 

  

  
By Miss E. P. HUGHES. 

  

  
ADDVSG MERCIIED CYMRU. 

  

  
Gan Miss E. P. HUGHES. 

  

  
THE PROBLEM OF GIRLS' EDUCATION IN WALES. 

  

  
By Miss DILYS DAVIES. 

  

  
3959B





 

 

 

(delwedd 3960A)

(x126)

 

THE 

  

  
Socictu of 

  

  
FOR TUE ENCOURAGEMENT OF 

  

  
Literature, Science, and Art in Wales, 

  

  
LONSDALE CHAMBERS, CHANCERY LANE, W.C. 

  

  
['resident: THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF POWIS. 

  

  
Chai„nan of Conncil.• STEPHEN EVANS, ESQ., J.P. 

  

  
ll. LLOYD-ROBERTS, ESQ. 

  

  
Treasurer . 

  

  
Secretary: C. NV. JONES, ESQ. 

  

  
This Society, originally founded under Royal patronage in 1751, was 

  

  
revived in 1873 with the object of bringing into closer contact Welshmen, 

  

  
particularly those resident out of Wales, who are anxious to advance tbe wel- 

  

  
fare of their country ; and cf enabling them to unite their efforts for that 

  

  
purpose. Its especial aims al e the imp: oveqnent of Education, and the pro- 

  

  
motion of intellectual culture by the encouragement of Literature, Science, 

  

  
and Art. 

  

  
Meetings of the Society are held in London during the Spring and 

  

  
Summer months, for- the Reading of Papers on Literary, Scientific, and 

  

  
Artistic subjects, and for the discussion of practical questions within the scope 

  

  
of the Society's aims. Meetings of a purely social nature are also held. 

  

  
A series of meetings is annually held in Wales in connection with the 

  

  
National Eisteddfod, under the name of THE CYMMRODORION SECTION," 

  

  
to promote the consideration of Educational and Social Questions affecting the 

  

  
Principality. It was fiom these meetings that the " NATIONAL EISTEDDFOD 

  

  
ASSOCIATION and the " SOCIETY FOR UTILIZING THE WELSH LANGUAGE ' 

  

  
sprang, the latter being mainly the outcome of the inquiries institu{ed by the 

  

  
Society of Cymmrodorion in 18.84 and 1885. 

  

  
The föllowiug publications have been issued by the Society since its 

  

  
revival : 

  

  
THE HISTORY OF THE CYMMRODORION. 

  

  
SALESBURY'S DICTIONARY—BIack letter. 

  

  
ATHRAVAETH GRISTNOGAVL. 

  

  
Y STORY A DE CAROLO MAGNO. 

  

  
HANES AC HENAFIAETH CANU GYDA'R TANNAU—IdriS Fychan. 

  

  
THE GODODIN OF ANEURIN 

  

  
THE BLESSEDNES OF BRYTAINE—Maurice Kyffin. 

  

  
ON THE USE OF THE WELSH LANGUAGE IN ELEMEN'GARY ScH00Ls—Report. 

  

  
ON THE ADVISABILITY OF THE INTRODUCTION OF THE WELSH LANGUAGE 

  

  
INTO TUE COURSE OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION IN WALEs—Report. 

  

  
Y CYMMRODOR, VOLS. I.—VIII., containing articles by PRINCE Lours 

  

  
LUCIEN BONAPARTE, the Marquess of BUTE, &c., &c., besides editions of 

  

  
ancient texts, reprints, &c. 

  

  
Subscriptions to the Socicty, entitling to copies of all its pubEcations, 

  

  
and admission to all meetings, One Guinea per annum. 

  

  
Applications for mernberrship should be addressed to Mr. C. W. JONES, 

  

  
Becretary, Lonsdale Chambers, 27, Chancery-lane, W.C. 

  

  
3960A





 

 

 

 

(delwedd 3960B) 

  

(x127)

    

  

  
BELL'S READING BOOKS 

  

  
(Specimen Catalogue sent upon 

  

  
Are especially designed to give the Children a love of 

  

  
Reading, and so to lighten the task of the Teacher 

  

  
throughout the entire course. 

  

  
A Mistress at a Higher Grade School says The Scholars are very fond of 

  

  
your Books." The Publishers are continually receiving letters from the 

  

  
Masters and Mistresses of Elémentary Schools testifying to the value of 

  

  
the Series in exciting an interest on the part of the children, and thereby 

  

  
attaining quicker and more satisfactory results. 

  

  
The are adopted by the School Boards of London, Edinburgh. Liverpool, 

  

  
irmingham, Leeds, Sheffeld, Nottingham, Portsmouth, &c. 

  

  
Thosc Volumes Prefixed thus have Illustrations or a Fron!zsPiece. 

  

  
INFANTS. 

  

  
, .•.INFANTS' PRIMER . 

  

  
.•.T0T AND THE CAT ... 

  

  
HE OLD BOATHOUSE . 

  

  
HE CAT Art) THE HEN 

  

  
STANDARD l. 

  

  
.•.THE THREE MONKEYS... 

  

  
THE NEW-BORN LAMB 

  

  
THE BLIND Boy 

  

  
STANDARD ll. 

  

  
.•.STORY OF A CAT 

  

  
THE DEY AND THE KNIGHT 

  

  
UEEN BEE AND BUSY BEE.. 

  

  
u Ll.'S CRAG, Tale of the 

  

  
Sea ... 

  

  
STANDARD Ill. 

  

  
.•.GRIMM's TALEs—Selected... 

  

  
GT. ENGLISHMEN, Short Lives 

  

  
.•.ANDERSON 's TRLEs—Selectd. 

  

  
STANDARD IV. 

  

  
GT. ENG'HWOMEN, Short Lives 

  

  
DICKENS' " LITTLE NELL 

  

  
from the Old Curiosity bhop 

  

  
 
 
(STANDARD 

  

  
GT. SCOTSMEN—Short Lives... 

  

  
EDGEWORTH'S TALEs—Sltd... 

  

  
PARABLES FROM N ATV HE—SItd 1 

  

  
.•.MASTERMAN READY—Abdg... 

  

  
1 

  

  
STANDARD V. 

  

  
.•.ARABIAN NIGHTs—Selected 

  

  
1 

  

  
FRIENDS IN FUR & FEATHERS 

  

  
1 

  

  
LAMB'S Tales from SHAKE- 

  

  
SPEARE ... 

  

  
TALES OF THE COAST 

  

  
.•.ROBINSON CRUSOE 

  

  
1 

  

  
STANDARD V AND VI., OR 

  

  
V., VI., V ll., OOMBINED. 

  

  
GULLIVER's TRAVELS—Abd. 

  

  
VICAR OF WAKEFIELD . 

  

  
POETRY FOR Boys 

  

  
.•.SETTLERS IN CANADA... 

  

  
.•.LIFE OF WELLINGTON 

  

  
LIFE OF NELsoN—Southey— 

  

  
1 

  

  
1 

  

  
Abridged 

  

  
1 

  

  
SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY 

  

  
  

  

  
SHAKESPEARE'S PLAYS. 

  

  
With Explanatory Notes for 

  

  
School Use. Kemble's Reading Edition. 

  

  
tULIUS CÆSAR. Price 6d. 

  

  
HENRY THE FIFTH. Price 6d. 

  

  
THE MERCHANT of VENICE. 6d. MACBETH. Price 6d. 

  

  
KING JOHN. Price 6d. 

  

  
AS YOU LIKE IT. Price 6d. 

  

  
LONDON : GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 

  

  
3960B 


  

  


  

  
 


 

 

 

(delwedd 3962A)

(x128)  



  CIJC *ütietu'g Publitatißtts. 

  

  
Welsh as a Specific Subject for Elementary 

  

  
Schools. Compiled by a Committee of Elementary 

  

  
School Teachers. 

  

  
Stage I.—Th1frd edition, considerably enlarged and improved, 

  

  
now ready, Price 6d., Cloth 9d. ; free by post, Id. extra. 

  

  
Stage ll.—Now ready. Price 6d., Cloth 9d. ; free by post, I d. 

  

  
extra. 

  

  
stage 111 — 

  

  
. In preparation. 

  

  
Published for the Society for Utilizing the Welsh Language by Messrs. 

  

  
D. DUNCAN & SONS. Cardiff, and Messrs. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co., 

  

  
London. 

  

  
To be obtained of all Booksellers. The usual terms to the Trade aud to 

  

  
Schools. 

  

  
[ In Preparation. J 

  

  
A Series Of Text Books, specially prepared to meet 

  

  
the requirements of the Code for 

  

  
WELSH AS A CLASS SUBJECT. 

  

  
Full particulars will be shortly announced. 

  

  
[Now ready. I 

  

  
Bilingual Teaching in Welsh Elementary 

  

  
Schools, or Minutes of Evidence of Welsh Witnesses 

  

  
before the Royal Commission, and the Recommendations 

  

  
of the Commissioners on the Subject. 

  

  
Price One Shilling. (Postage 2d.) 

  

  
May be obtained of J. E.. SOUTHALL, Dock Street, Newport ; Messrs. 

  

  
SIMPKIN. MARSHALL & Co., London; or the Secretary of the Society. 66,

Miskin Street. Cardiff


 

 

 



Adolygiad diweddaraf / Latest update: 15-09-2017, 2006-11-02

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