0181e The
English-language surnames found in Wales HUGH / HUGHES / PUGH are all based on
the Welsh forename Huw. The patronymic ap Huw / Puw ("son (of) Huw"),
spelt in English, is the basis of the surname Pugh. The patronymic Huw
("(son of) Huw") is the basis of Hugh; and Hughes ("Huw's son")
is a translation of ap Huw and Huw. Now read on! ("Origin of the Surname
Hughes".)
http://www.theuniversityofjoandeserrallonga.com/kimro/amryw/1_enwau/enwau_cyfenwau_cymru_hughes_0181e.htm
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Article headings:
01
IS HUGHES A WELSH NAME? NO. HUGHES IS REALLY AN ENGLISH NAME!
02
THE PATRONYMIC SYSTEM IN
03
THE WELSH NAME 'HUW' IS A NAME OF NORMAN ORIGIN
04
COMMENTS ON THE A NATIVE WELSH NAME 'HYWEL' [HOU-el] ANGLICISED AS 'HOWELL'
[HAU-ųl]
05
'HUW' USED AS AN EQUIVALENT OF 'HYWEL'
06
OTHER EXAMPLES OF FOREIGN
NAMES USED AS AN EQUIVALENT OF A NATIVE WELSH NAME
07
'HUW' AS AN INDEPENDENT NAME
08
THE TWO BRANCHES OF THE CELTIC LANGUAGE (BRITISH AND IRISH)
09
'MAB' (BRITISH) AND 'MAC' (IRISH), BOTH MEANING 'SON'
10
HOW THE WORD MEANING 'MAB' EVENTUALLY DISAPPEARED IN PATRONYMICS (MAB > FAB
> AB / AP > zero)
11
THE ADOPTION OF FIXED SURNAMES
12
ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SURNAMES BASED ON WELSH 'HUW' ('PUGH', 'PUGHE', 'HUGH',
'HUGHES')
13
DIVESTING ONESELF OF THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SURNAME 'HUGHES'
14
WHY ARE HUGHES / PUGH SUCH COMMON NAMES?
15
WHAT MORUS GLASLYN WROTE ABOUT THE SURNAME HUGHES IN 1892
16
'HUGHES' IS ESPECIALLY COMMON IN NORTH-WEST
17
'PUGH' IS ESPECIALLY COMMON IN
18
LOOK AT YELLOW PAGES - FIND HUNDREDS OF 'HUGHES's AND 'PUGH's!
19
IN GENERAL, THE SURNAME 'PUGH' IS SLIGHTLY OLDER THAN 'HUGHES'
20
WHY IS THE SURNAME 'HUGHES' SO COMMON IN
21
A 'HUGHES' IN
22
ANOTHER "HUGH" NAME - HOOSON
23
PROMINENT 'HUGHES's IN WELSH LITERATURE
24
REFERENCES - BOOKS AND ARTICLES
25
LINKS TO OTHER 'HUGHES' WEBSITES
26
PAGES IN THIS WEBSITE WHICH GIVE MORE INFORMATION ON THE WELSH-LANGUAGE SURNAMES
OR PATRONYMICS 'AP HUW' / 'PUW' / 'HUWS'
Notes on the Welsh letter 'y'
(1) The letter 'y' is ambiguous.
(2) In some cases, it is to be pronounced as a schwa - that is, the vowel in the
first syllable of English 'about', 'connect', etc.
(3) In others it is pronounced as an 'i' (as in English 'bit', mint', etc), or
long, 'ii' (as in English 'seen')
(4) This is in South Wales; in the North this 'i' is rather different to the
English sound in 'bit' or 'seen', or the South Wales pronunciation.
(5) In some texts for learners of Welsh, the y representing [i, ii] is marked
in some way - usually it is an upside-down h. Here, for ease of reading the
Welsh version, we have used '’'. This letter is never used in standard Welsh
spelling
(6) Examples of names (a) with a short i - Gw’n, Br’n, Gl’n; (b) with a long i
- Rh’s, Ll’r; (c) with the schwa - y (= the), yr (= the), yn (= in); (d) with
both - myn’dd (= mountain), llyth’r (= letter)
01 IS HUGHES A WELSH NAME? NO. HUGHES IS REALLY AN
ENGLISH NAME!
In
In fact, though it is a
typical Welsh surname, in the sense that it is very widespread in
·····
02 THE
PATRONYMIC SYSTEM IN
(DEFINITION: patronymic - a
name derived from the name of a father)
The patronymic system is considered
typical of the Irish, Scots, and Welsh; indeed, it has been in use by Irish and
Scottish speakers down to the present day. At one time it was used in
As was to happen later in
Three and a half centuries
after losing its independence in 1282, the status of Wales as a zone under
English military occupation was altered in 1532 when Wales was annexed by
England to create a state named 'England and Wales'. From this time on, there
was a concentrated effort to force the Welsh to give up their language and
customs and adopt those of
One of these customs was the
fixed surname. It should be said though that even before the political
absorption of
·····
03 THE
WELSH NAME 'HUW' IS A NAME OF NORMAN ORIGIN
The English-language surname
Hughes is based on the Welsh forename Huw. The name Huw is in fact a straight
borrowing form the
According to 'A Dictionary of
Surnames' (Patrick Hanks and Flavia Hodges - 1988 - Oxford University Press)
the name is a short form of one of the many Germanic compounds with 'hug-' as a
first element (such as Hug-hard, which has given 'Howard' (hard = hardy,
brave, strong), hug-behrt (which has given Hubert) (behrt =
bright, famous; modern English bright). "Hugh was a popular name among the
·····
04 COMMENTS
ON THE NATIVE WELSH NAME 'HYWEL' [HOU-el] ANGLICISED AS 'HOWELL' [HAU-ųl]
A traditional name in
medieval times among the leaders in the petty kingdoms of
(The name means 'eminent',
'visible'. The basis of the name is the root 'gwźl-' meaning 'see'. It
exists in the modern Welsh 'gweld' = 'to see' (a contracted form of an
earlier two-syllable word 'gweled'). 'Hy-' is a prefix indicating
'good' or used as an intensifier. It causes a soft mutation - that is to say,
the initial consonant of a following word is changed. In the case of an initial
'g', this in Old Welsh became 'gh'; in modern Welsh this 'gh' has been lost.)
HY- plus GWEL
gave:
HY-GHWEL, which in turn became:
HYWEL
When the
It has been suggested
that the fact that there is a dialect of Welsh which pronounces the schwa as an
'i' could have helped this identification. Thus 'Hywel', pronounced as 'Hiwel'
[HI-wel], is even closer to 'Hugh'. But there is probably no need to search for
such an explanation. Even a vague resemblance was enough to begin considering
the two names as equivalents. One objection to the suggestion is that the
dialect where 'y' becomes 'i' is in the far south-west, in Penfro, though it
could have been a spoken feature over a larger area at one time (though it
seems unlikely).
The English form of Hywel is
Howell, probably from an intermediate Welsh form Howel [HOU-el]
It is not unusual in certain
Welsh dialects for the schwa (the 'obscure' vowel sound, spelt 'y' in Welsh) to
open out to 'o' if it occurs before 'w' -
cywir > cowir (= correct)
Llangywair > Llangower (place name, mid-Wales)
Tyw’n > Tow’n (place name, = sand dunes)
Llanwynno > Llanwonno (place name,
In 'Welsh Surnames' (T
J Morgan and Pr’s Morgan 1985 Caerd’dd / Cardiff Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru /
University of Wales Press) the authors remark that in the 1400's and 1500's what
is noticeable from administrative documents of the period is how Huw
suddenly displaced Hywel in certain areas, especially in North-west
Wales. J E Griffith in his 'Pedigrees of Anglesey and Caernarvonshire Families'
gives an example of how the names were seen to be interchangeable -
'Howel alias Hugh
Nannau' (in modern Welsh, this would be spelt:
Hywel alias Huw Nannau).
Another example concerns the
tradition of passing a grandfather's first name to the eldest grandson.
'Llangian in Lleyn,
Margaret, d. of Hugh ap Lewis ap Howel ap Llewel’n'
(in modern Welsh, the names
would be spelt: Llangļan (name of a village; in the district of ) Ll’^n,
Marged (daughter of) Huw ap Lew’s ap Hywel ap Llywel’n). This is
especially interesting because it also shows the substitution of Lew’s / Lewis
for Llywel’n in naming the grandchild after the grandfather.
The authors point out that
the displacement of Hywel by Huw occurred on a far lesser scale in the
North-east, and hardly at all in the South.
Although Huw developed into a
name in its own right, people were still conscious that one was the equivalent
of the other. A minor poet in Mōn, Hugh
Evans 1767-1841 had the bardic name of Hywel
Eryri (It was the tradition for Welsh poets to adopt a Welsh name - often a
first name with a following place name - to replace the official English name).
[= Hywel from the district of Eryri - the land around the mountain 'Yr W’ddfa'
('burial mound'), known to the English as 'Snowdon']. And in the last century Hugh Williams, a Baptist minister and
hymn-writer, styled himself Hywel Cern’w
(from Llangern’w, 'sanctuary / cell / church of Cern’w', a village near the
coastal town of Abergele in North-west Wales. 'Cern’w' is the name of a monk of
the Celtic church).
·····
06 OTHER
EXAMPLES OF FOREIGN NAMES USED AS AN EQUIVALENT OF A NATIVE WELSH NAME
Besides Llywel’n/Lewis - as
we have seen above - other examples of these equivalents are (native
Welsh/Norman), and for women Lleucu/Lucy, Gwlad’s/Claudia.
Also Iorwerth/Edward, where
Edward is a name that had been used by the native English kings before the
Conquest, but later used by the Normans too.
·····
07 'HUW' AS
AN INDEPENDENT NAME
Eventually Huw became an
independent first name, existing alongside Hywel (see below for examples) -
rather like many names in English today which were originally diminutives but
are now names in their own right - especially women's names - Elizabeth/Betty,
Jaqueline/Jackie, Mary/Molly, and so on.
·····
08 THE TWO
BRANCHES OF THE CELTIC LANGUAGE (BRITISH AND HIBERNIAN)
We need to look briefly at
what the Celtic languages are before moving on to discuss 'ap'.
There are two branches of
Celtic. One is Hibernian (or Goidelic), at one time confined to Ireland.. Which
part of the European continent it came from is uncertain. Probably it came from
Gaul - roughly the northern part of the modern-day French state; but there is a
possiblility that it reached the islands from Iberia - the part of Europe where
the Spanish and Portuguese states are today situated. Although we can't be
sure, it is possible that it was spoken in the two islands - in the island of
Britain as well as Ireland - before the arrival of a later form of Celtic from
Gaul. This spread throughout the island of Britain - hence its name 'British' -
(and replaced the earlier Hibernian type of Celtic if we accept that the
ancestors of the Hibernian people had also occupied Britain).
The speakers of this language
who settled in Ireland must have adopted the Hibernian form of Celtic.There is
evidence that this new wave of immigrants also occupied areas in Ireland,
especially in the North. But the language failed to establish itself in
Ireland, or at least the newcomers assimilated into the existing population,
and so Hibernian Celtic was not replaced as in Britain.
Hibernian became Irish, and
with Irish expansion the Irish language was later spoken in various colonies on
the island of Britain. From this Irish outside Ireland modern-day Scottish and
Manx have come. There were Irish colonies in Wales for example but nearly all
trace of the occupation has gone, apart from a few place names and some dialect
words used in those areas where there was an Irish presence. But as we have
remarked, the Scottish language derives from Irish. (In fact, the two languages
even today are to a great extent mutually intelligible after over one and a
half thousand years). (Sometime around 400 AD some Northern Irish had crossed
over the narrow strip of sea separating Northern Ireland from Britain and eventually
occupied the northern half of the island. The Irish spoken in Britain
eventually became distinct from the Irish of Ireland - and this is how Scottish
came about )
(usually - but somewhat inaccurately - known as 'Gaelic' / Scottish Gaelic/
Gallicin English).
Comparing the two groups,
Irish in the modern period is more conservative than British in that it has
retained more characterisitcs of the old Common Continental Celtic. The Romans
occupied Britain for over four hundred years, and this affected the British
language to a certain extent (there are some 500 words surviving from the Latin
of the Roman settlers in Welsh, for example); but it seems there was a
simplification of the language (abandonment of case systems no special forms
for the vocative, genitive, or dative; this did not happen in Hibernian) after
the Romans abandoned the island.
The British language over the
centuries split into four separate languages, as the British were cornered in
three separate zones in Britain by the Germanic invaders, the English, who had
begun to penetrate and occupy British lands from around 400AD onwards. Or else
they found refuge on the continent, in Armorica (modern Brittany). The
languages which came about were Cumbric (which was spoken in what is today Northern
England and Southern Scotland, and disappeared around 1100), Welsh, Cornish and
Breton.
In both Irish and Scottish,
'son' is 'mac' [MAK in Irish, MAKHK in Scottish]'. The 'k' sound in many words
in Irish, Scottish and Manx is found as 'p' or sometimes 'b' in the British
languages. For instance, the word for 'head' in Irish is 'ceann' [KYAUN], and in Welsh it is 'pen' [PEN]. 'Horse' in Irish is 'each' [EKH] . The equivalent in Welsh is 'eb-' ('ebol' is 'pony'). (Words with K and KH, and words
with P and B, developed from a consonant KW in earlier Common Celtic, and in
Indo-European)
So it not surprising that in
the British languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) we have mab [MAAB] which
corresponds to Irish and Scottish 'mac'.
In fact, earlier, in British,
the word was 'mapos' (MAP plus a nominative case termination). The sound 'p' in
Old British became 'b' in later British if on either side of it there was a
vowel. Thus 'mapos' became 'mabos' . The ending then dropped off, giving early
Welsh/Cornish/Breton 'MAB'.
In fact, though, the
old spelling with 'p' was maintained well into medieval times in Welsh in words
spelt with 'b' in modern Welsh. The spelling MAP represented MAB [MAAB], a
pronunciation which has been maintained for over one thousand, five hundred
years. But in some cases the 'b' became a 'p' once again.
But it is not difficult to
know if the spelling with 'p' in genealogies and wills, other legal documents,
and administrative documents represented 'p' or 'b' - as we shall see below..
·····
09 'MAB'
(BRITISH) AND 'MAC' (IRISH), BOTH MEANING 'SON'
As we pointed out, 'mab' is
equivalent to Irish / Scottish / Manx 'mac'. We'll give an example of the
similarity of usage.
The English-language surname
MacDonald is in fact the Scottish patronymic
Mac Dhomhnaill,
son {of} Domhnall,
equivalent to Welsh
Mab
Dyfnallt.
son {of} Dyfnallt
(both names mean 'world
leader' and are from the same Celtic composite form). (There is mutation of the
initial syllable in Scottish, but not in Welsh)
Note that in Welsh the system
of indicating a genitive relationship is much simpler. It is indicated by
position alone (mab Dyfnallt). In English it is indicated by the position and
the preposition 'of' (son of John), or by position and the possessive apostrophe
plus 's' (John's son).
In Scottish, the initial is
mutated where possible (in this case, d > dh), and there is a vowel change
within the name where possible (here, a > ai).
·····
10 HOW THE
WORD MEANING 'MAB' EVENTUALLY DISAPPEARED IN PATRONYMICS
The element indicating 'son'
has gone through a number of stages when functioning as part of a patronymic.
We can summarise the stages as follows:
(MAB) > (FAB) >
(AB / AP) > (zero)
·····
(1) MAB [MAAB] > FAB [VAAB]
n modern Welsh, 'the son of
Huw' is 'mab Huw' [maab HIU].
Wiliam
mab Huw (=
Wiliam son {of} Huw) /WIL-yam maab HIU/
Welsh has three systems
of consonant mutation. One of these is popularly called 'y treiglad meddal'
("soft mutation"). The initial consonant of a word can change in
certain contexts. In the case of 'm', this becomes [v] (which is spelt as 'f'
in Welsh. The sound [f] is spelt 'ff')
In earlier Welsh, a mutated
intial consonant was used in such phrases expressing relationships.
Wiliam fab Huw
/WIL-yam vaab HIU/
·····
(2) FAB [VAAB] > FAB [VAB] > AB [AB]
Because this element was
unstressed, the original long vowel became short. The following name received
more attention by speakers saying a name, and the lack of importance of the
form VAAB resulted in the reduction to VAB
Wiliam
fab Huw /WIL-yam vab HIU/
And the initial 'v' sound
dropped away.
Wiliam ab
Huw /WIL-yam ab HIU/
There are many instances in
Welsh of 'f' [v] falling away, either at the beginning of a word or in the
middle
For example,
1 'fi' = I, me; and in certain cases it is simply 'i'.
2 Bordorgan, a place name - orginally Bodforgan, the house of Morgan
3 Rhiwabon, a place name - originally Rhiwfabon, the hillside of Mabon
And we might add that there
are also examples in English of this phenomenon:
1 head [HED] was originally Old English [HEEVD, HEE-vųd] (hźavod)
2 has [HAZ] was originally Middle English [HAVZ] (haves)
3 Colloquially, 'v' is often lost in the preposition of [OV, ŲV].
"Kinda" [kįindų] instead of "kind of"; six o' clock, etc
·····
(3) AB [AB] > AP [AP]
In Welsh alliterative verse, a voiced consonant (G B D) if followed by
an 'H' is considered equivalent to an unvoiced consonant (K P D). The 'H'
unvoices the preceding voiced consonant. And this is what happened with many
patronymics where the father's name began in 'H'.
Wiliam ab
Huw > Wiliam ap Huw [WIL-yam ap HIU] > Wiliam Puw
[WIL-yam PIU],
The Puw form became a fixed
surname in some areas, respelt in English as PUGH or PUGHE.
Other examples of an intial
P- are:
ap Harri (son of Henry /
Harry) > Parri > English spelling PARRY
ap Rh’s > Pr’s >
English spelling Price (representing priis but after the changes of
pronunciacition of long vowels in English around 1500 it became the present-day
prais); also Preece (priis), probably a later form as the ii > ai change
in English has not occurred.
ap Hywel (son of Hywel) >
Pywel > English form Powell
ap Rhisiart (son of Richard)
> Prisiart > English form Prichard
(This unvoicing would have occurred after the forms 'mab' and 'fab' too,
but for the sake of simplicity we have shown it as only a variant of the short
form 'ab')
In modern Welsh, the
rule for the use of 'ab' / 'ap'
(1) ap before
consonants (including the semi-consonants i and w) - ap Siōn, ap Iorwerth, ap
Wiliam
(2) ab before vowels
(a e i o u w ) and aspirates (h rh) - ab
Ifan, ab Wmffre, ap Huw, ap Rh’s
·····
(4) AP [AP] > zero
As early as 1500 in some
districts 'ap' disappeared altogether.
Wiliam
Huw /WIL-yam HIU/
The Huw form became a fixed
surname in other areas, respelt in English as HUGH,
or with a genitive 's' HUGHES.
Interestingly, in an article
by Peter Wynn Thomas (1985) there is a quote from an article by T E Morris
(1932) regarding this final 's' -
"It has been suggested
(Morris 1932: 100) during their formative period S-names were most prevalent
among the clergy and members of the official classes. That there may have been
a social trigger for S-suffixing is further suggested by Williams (1961: 58-61)
who finds that in Glamorgan at least S-names were, particularly during the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries, if not earlier, also more characteristic of urban
rather than rural dwellers" (Hence pairs such as Hugh/Hughes,
Howell/Howells, Harry/ Harries, Owen/Owens, etc)
·····
11 THE
ADOPTION OF FIXED SURNAMES
Two extracts from two
articles by T E Morris, the first in 1892 and the second in 1932. [My comments, or the addition of equivalents in modern
Welsh orthography, are in square brackets]
Cyfenwau Cymréig (=
Welsh Surnames) T E Morris (Morus Glasl’n) (Lecture in Welsh
given to the Tabernacle (Chapel) Literary Society, King's Cross, London, March
5th, 1892)
Yr yd’ch yn
gw’bod am yr hanes’n hwnw [hwnnw] am r’w Sais yn teithio ar geff’l dros un o fynyddoedd
Cymru ar noson dyw’ll. Wedi m’n'd [m’nd] ychydig yn mlaen [ymlaen] clywai lais rh’wun yn llefain ā'i
holl egni am gynnorthw’ [gynhorthw’]; a thybiai mai o waelod rh’w bwll yn ym’l y ffordd y
codai y llais. Aeth h’d yno gan floeddio rh’wbeth yn Saesneg; atebw’d ef gydag
acen gwir Gymreigaidd, 'Help, master, help." "Help! what, who are
you?" meddai y teithiwr.
"Jenkin-ap-Griffith-ap-Robin-ap-William-ap-Rh’s-ap-Evan," oedd yr
atebiad. [Sienc’n ap Gruffudd ap Rhob’n ap Wiliam
ap Rh’s ab Ifan]. O'i gyfieithu i'r Gymraeg, meddai y
Sais, gan ar yr un pr’d sparduno [sbarduno] ei farch - "Y creaduriaid diog, pa reswm s’dd i
haner [hanner] dwsin ohonoch orfeddian yn y pwll yma! y ffyliaid gwirion, helped y
naill godi'r llall!"
TRANSLATION: You know of the
story of an Englishman who is travelling on horseback on a dark night over one
of the Welsh mountains. After making his way for a bit he hears the voice of
someone yelling as loud as he can for help, and he thinks that the voice is
coming from the bottom of a pit at the side of the road. He goes there shouting
something in English; he is answered in a heavy Welsh accent, 'Help, master,
help!' 'Help! What, who are you?' asks the traveller.
"Jenkin-ap-Griffith-ap-Robin-ap-William-ap-Rh’s-ap-Evan," came the
answer. [Sienc’n ap Gruffudd ap Rhob’n ap Wiliam ap
Rh’s ab Ifan] - [Sienc’n/Jenkin son of
Gruffudd/Griffith son of Rhob’n/Robin son of Wiliam/William son of Rh’s son of
Ifan/Evan]. The English said (translating his words into Welsh), as he
spurred on his horse at the same time, 'You lazy oafs, why on earth are half a
dozen of you lying around in the pit! You daft idiots, why don't you help one
another up?'
Welsh Surnames in the
Border Counties of Wales / T E Morris / Cymmrodorion
Transactions Volume 43 1932 pp93-173
(Welsh naming practice
involved the use of old Welsh personal names as Christian names well on in the
eighteenth century when the surname was a changing one in Wales, but by the end
of that century the balance of baptismal names in the Principality [of Wales] had become distinctly Norman or
English or Biblical, and our old native names had been superseded and well-nigh
discarded, when we adopted permanent surnames at different times in different
districts.
This was, of course,
generations subsequent to the lengthy era of long names, dating from the days
of the Welsh princes down to the Tudor period, when Welshmen, however humble,
had their pedigrees embodied for nine generations or more or less, in their
ordinary names.
[There is an
expression in Welsh - used for example to say one is not related to anybody
even remotely (especially if it is an unsavoury character) - "Nid w’f fi
na'm teulu yn perth’n iddo h’d yn oed yn y nawfed ach" - I'm not related
to him and nor is my family even in the ninth degree - that is, not even in the
generation of my great-great-great-great-great-great-great grandfather]
These long names were not
habitually used by those who bore them, except on important or offical
occasions. A Welshman, though bearing such a flamboyant name as Llywel’n ap
Daf’dd ap Ieuan ap Griffith ap Meredith ap Eynon ap Morgan ap Owen ap Llywarch [a curious example - half the names are spelt in English,
and ap is used instead of ab - should be Llywel’n ap Daf’dd ap Ieuan ap
Gruffudd ap Maredudd ab Einon ap Morgan ab Owen ap Llywarch] was
best known to his neighbours as Llywel’n ap Daf’dd ap Ieuan, or as Llywel’n ap
Daf’dd, bryd’dd [= the poet], etc.
These long and cumbrous names were slowly but surely curtailed, mainly through
the influence of the clergy and officials and of the Law Courts, until the
short and singular form, such as Llywel’n ap David (or Daf’dd) was universally
adopted [that is, Llywel’n ap Daf’dd colloquially,
but officials would have translated names as much as possible, replacing them
wherever possible with English equivalents];
in other words, the father's Christian name became, as a general rule, his
son's surname. The abbreviations ab and ap (for mab and map,
meaning son or son of) connecting the respective names, plainly
indicated this relationship. This universality of custom became so obvious or
was so well understood, that the ab or ap was dropped as
superfluous, unless either had been absorbed in the paternal baptismal name
during the period of transition; hence the names Bowen [ab Owen], Bevan [ab
Efan], Bedward [ab Edward], etc., Parry [ap Harri], Price [ap
Rh’s], Pugh [ap Huw], etc. The Welshman's name was thus generally
(not always) reduced to the simple two name form, e.g. Llywel’n David, which
two names were retained during life, but there was no further permanence in the
last or the 'over above' nme, which we call the 'surname', simply because the
baptismal name of the father became the surname of his son for that son's life
only. When the son had a child, he or she took as his surname the baptismal
name of his father, or occasionally another forbear, or even a well-known
member of the child's kith and kin; and thus the custom continued from father
to son, and from generation to generation.
This system of changing
surnames each generation flourished in certain parts of Wales until the middle
of the last century or later, when the existing surname became permanent, with
the result that the last paternal baptismal name now became, once and for all,
the family name..."
·····
12
ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SURNAMES BASED ON WELSH 'HUW' ('PUGH', 'PUGHE', 'HUGH',
'HUGHES')
AP HUW > PUW >
English-language surname Pugh, (or the less
usual spelling Pughe)
AP HUW > HUW >
English-language surname Hugh; or
English-language surname Hughes (Hugh's [son])
= possibly Hugh + the
genitive suffix -es (equivalent to modern English apostrophe + s)
or if not, a spelling Hughe + the genitive suffix -s
·····
13
DIVESTING ONESELF OF THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SURNAME 'HUGHES'
In Wales, there is a tendency
among the more patriotic section of the population to regain their birthright
and go back to authentic Welsh tradition, or at least to eliminate a foreign
surname, which is seen as a sign of subjugation. For some who have the
English-language surname Hughes, maintaining it is an indication of complicity
in the impostion of an alien culture. Various solutions exist to rid oneself of
this mark of a conquered people:
(1) RESPELLING: Some with the
surname Hughes argue that it can no longer be regarded as an 'English' name,
just as the name 'Huw' itself is fully Welsh. In such cases the
English-language surname Hughes [hyuuz] has been Cymricised as HUWS [hyuus]. Similarly PUGH has been respelt with
a correct Welsh spelling, PUW.
(2) FIXED SURNAME:
Another option is to continue to use a fixed surname, but using the Welsh
patronymic, rather than the English form and spelling. Thus HUGHES would become
HUW or AP HUW. (I know of no examples of this in the case of
HUGHES, though there are many examples with other English-language surnames,
such as Jones, Williams, etc which have been replaced by AP SIŌN, AP GWILYM).
(In the Welsh-language magazine Y Casglwr ("the (book) collector")
for Winter 2000 there appears the name of a subscriber to the magazine whose
last name is Huw; this could be a surname (a translation into Welsh of
'Hughes') or a new patronymic meaning 'son of Huw').
(3) PATRONYMIC: A third
option is to use the traditional patronymic system. Thus Siōn Hughes, son of
Morgan, would become Siōn ap Morgan. The ap-less patronymic form, Siōn
Morgan, is also possible, but in returning to the patronymic system, the use of
'ap' is regarded as being very important. As well as being regarded as more
authentic, since the use of 'ap' is a reversion to the original practice, the
'ap' it is seen as a badge of Welsh identity. For this reason patronymic forms
without 'ap' don't seem to be adopted as official forms).
For a daughter there are also
examples of the use of 'AP' names (either as a fixed surname or as a
patronymic) especially from around 1980 onwards but this is incorrect -
traditionally daughters were 'ferch' or 'erch', from 'merch' = daughter. Since
it is a male-oriented system, many women prefer to use the next option:
(4) MIDDLE NAMES AS SURNAMES.
Middle names are of many types, but very often they are place names - a
tradition stemming from the last century. One solution is to use the official
surname only in dealings with local administration and government agencies, and
to otherwise ignore it. Thus:
a woman named Elen Teifi Hughes would become Elin Teifi
a man named Huw Dyfi Hughes would
become Huw Dyfi
Another further step which is
sometimes taken is to legalise this dropping of the surname, and to convert the
middle name into an official surname
(5) NICKNAMES: These
are popularly used in Wales, especially where there are many people with the
same name. A William Hughes might be known as Wil Bach (if small - or very
tall), Wil Wrecsam (if from the town of Wrecsam), etc. But a nickname or
by-name is unlikely to be adopted as an official name. Most nicknames are
rather more cruel than the two examples quoted.
·····
14 WHY ARE
HUGHES / PUGH SUCH COMMON NAMES?
It is noticeable that the
fixed surnames of Wales are very different from the fixed surnames of Cornwall
and Brittany. Here they tend to be place-names - usually names of farms. (A
similar phenomenon is observable in Basque). The use of farm names to identify
an individual is still widespread in Wales - but only as a by-name. I f we
imagine a farmer, for example, Morgan ap Llywel’n from Blaen-y-cwm, we would
have found that to his neighbours he would have been Morgan Blaen-y-cwm, called
after his farm. When fixed surnames were adopted though, it never became the
practice to use the farm name as an official name.
And a family living in
Blaen-y-cwm today would still be known by the name of the farm locally, despite
the official surname. So Gw’n Jenkins would be Gw’n Blaen-y-cwm to his
neighbours, who might not be aware of his 'official' name..
If there had not been this
propensity to use patronymics, as in Cornwall and Brittany at the time of
adopting fixed surnames, we could have expected a wide variety of surnames as
in Brittany - farm names, but also occupations, descriptions and nicknames. In
England too we notice the same pattern (with local place names rather than farm
names).
There are instances of
occupations, descriptions and nicknames in Welsh surnames - but they are few
and far between in comparison with the patronymics
As well as the reliance on
patronymics for forming these English-type surnames, which restricted the type
of surnames, another factor must be mentioned. The period in which patronymics
were being transformed into fixed surnames coincided with a period in which the
range of first names had become very restricted. In earlier times it seems that
there had been a wealth of forenames, British formations used also by the
Cornish and the Bretons. But by late medieval times and the early modern period
Welsh a handful of adaptations of Norman names prevailed - Siōn, Wiliam /
Gwļl’m, Rhisiart, etc with some native survivals - Rh’s, Morgan, Owain (in the
form Owen), Ieuan / Iefan / Ifan / Efan, Llywel’n, Cadwaladr. And by the time
the practice of using fixed surnames had taken hold in the more resistant West
(as late as the 1800's), there had begun a trend to give Biblical forenames to
children, some of which then became fixed surnames - Job, Moses, and so on.
·····
15 WHAT
MORUS GLASLYN WROTE ABOUT THE SURNAME HUGHES IN 1892
This is what T.E Morris
(Morus Glasl’n) had to say about the name Hughes over a century ago, in 1892,
in a lecture delivered in Welsh in London. (Taken from our Glasl’n
page, where we are gradually copying out the full article on Welsh surnames and
adding an English translation)
Daeth cyfenwau
Normanaidd gyntaf i Gymru gyda Robert Fitzhamon a'i ddeuddeg marchog, y rhai y
cawn eu bod wedi ymsefydlu ym Mro Morganwg {Morgannwg}, adeg marwolaeth William
yr Ail, yn y flw’dd’n 1100...
Norman surnames first came to
Wales with Robert Fitzhamon and his twelve knights who we find settled in the
Lowlands of Morgannwg ('Vale of Glamorgan') at the time of the death of William
the Second, in the year 1100
{The author mentions the name
Hu which is found in medieval Welsh texts}
Yr yd’m yn credu
mai aralleiriad yd’w yr hen ffurf Gymreig Hu am yr enw cynarach {cynharach}
Normanaidd Hugh, a geir yn y "Domesday Book" fel Hugo. Nid oes nemawr
sail, os oes dim, dros y dywediad a geir yn y ll’fr, a elwir "The Norman
Pope" (1874), mai enw Cymraeg neu Geltaidd yd’w Hugh... Ni cheir yr enw o
gwbl yn y Mabinogion; a Normaniaid oedd yr holl bersonau o'r enw yna a
grebw’llir ym Mrut y Tywysogion. Darllenwn yn y Brut am farwolaeth "hu
vras, Iarll kaer llion," yn 1100; a chyfeirir yn y ll’fr at 'Hu dy la
Sai', 'Hu dy Roc, a 'Hu dy Sai'. Cawn hef’d y ffurf ddiweddar o Hugh, er
engraifft {enghraifft}
'Huw de
Andelei'...
Ymddeng’s fod Huw
Huws, neu y Bardd Coch o Fon {Fōn}, yr hwn a fu f’w y ganrif ddiweddaf {ddiwethaf},
{1790-1863} yn sillebu ei enw fel h’n.
We believe that the old Welsh
form Hu is a variant of the earlier Norman name Hugh, which is found in the
Domesday Book as Hugh {a book with the results of a survey of land carried out
in 1086 by the commissioners of the Norman king William 1, twenty years after
the Conquest of England}. There's little basis, if any at all, for the
assertion in the book titled 'The Norman Pope' (1874) that Hugh is a Welsh or a
Celtic name. The name is not to be found at all in the Mabinogion {collection
of Welsh magic and supernatural tales based on old Celtic legends and
mythologies}; and all the people who had the name who are mentioned in Brut y
Tywysogion were Normans. {'The Chronicle of the Princes', a Welsh-language
translation of a Latin text on six hundred years of Welsh history from the
death of Cadwaladr Fendigaid in 682 to the death of Llywel’n ap Gruffudd in
1282}. In the Chronicle we read of the death of "hu vras, Iarll kaer
llion" = Hu Vras, Earl of Caerllion, in 1100; and there are references to
'Hu dy la Sai', 'Hu dy Roc, and 'Hu dy Sai'. We also find the late form Hugh,
for example 'Huw de Andelei'. It seems that Huw Huws, or Bardd Coch o Fōn {'The
red-haired poet of Mōn', the poet's bardic name}, who lived in the last century
{1790-1863}, spelt his name like this {H-U-W instead of H-U-G-H}}
Bu ychydig
ysgrifenu {ysgrifennu} ar y cyfenw yma yn y Notes and Queries, flynyddau yn ōl:
a dywedai Mr Gildersome-Dickenson (7fed gyfres, cyf. xi, tud. 334) fod Hughes
yn gyfenw beth bynnag mor foreu {fore} ā 1450-1; a thystiolaetha Mr. Higgins, o
Maidenhead, fod y dull Cymreig o gyfenwi y mab yn ol {ōl} enw y tad mewn bri yn
Sw’dd Amw’thig yn foreu {fore} iawn; oherw’dd gelwir mab un Hugh Higgons yn
John Hughes yn y Visitation of Salop a ysgrifenw’d yn 1623. Dywed un
ysgrifen’dd {ysgrifenn’dd} "na ddefnyddid Hughes fel cyfenw yn {yng}
Nghymru c’n 1550; a phur anaml y deuir ar draws yr enw bed’dd Hugh c’n yr adeg
yma. Y pr’d h’n cawn saith o deuluoedd o'r enw Hughes yn codi, un o dylw’th
Caradog Freichfras, dau o dylw’th Elystan, un o dylw’th Cowr’d ap Cadfan, un o
dylw’th Owain Brogynt’n, a dau o dylw’th Tudor Trefor. Bu farw Hugh ap William,
sylfaen’dd teulu yr Hughesiaid o Gwerclas, yn 1600. Yr oedd Rh’s Hughes - yr
Hughes cyntaf o Faes y Pand’ {Faesypand’}, yn uchel sir’dd yn y flw’dd’n
1582:" Nid oes un amheuaeth nad oedd Hugh yn enw bed’dd cyffredin yn ein
gwlad yn yr unfed ganrif ar bymtheg; ac yn ol {ōl} pob teb’g yr oedd yr enw yn
un adnabyddus yn {yng} Nghymru yn ystod y tair neu y pedair canrif c’n hyn’
{hynn’}. Yr oedd Hugh Lupus, yr hwn a grew’d yn Iarll Caer, yn 1070, yn enw
adnabyddus yn {yng} Ngw’nedd; a bu iarll arall ar ei ol {ōl}, sef Hugh
Cyfeiliog (1153-1180) o'r un enw....
There was a little bit
written in {the magazine} Notes and Queries many years ago; and Mr
Gildersome-Dickenson (7th series, vol. xi, p. 334) said that Hughes
was a surname in any case that went back as early as 1450-1; and Mr. Higgins,
of Maidenhead, reports that the Welsh practice of naming the son after the
father was in use in Shropshire {an English county bordering mid-Wales, parts
of which had a Welsh-speaking population in medieval times} very early on;
because the son of one Hugh Higgons was called John Hughes in the Visitation of
Salop written in 1623. One writer states that "Hughes was not used as a
surname in Wales before 1550; and one very rarely comes across the first name
Hugh before this period. At this time we find the emergence of seven families
with the surname Hughes, one from the family of Caradog Freichfras {Caradog Big
Arm}, two from the family of Elystan, one from the family of Cowr’d ap Cadfan,
one from the family of Owain Brogynt’n, and two from the family of Tudor
Trefor. Hugh ap William, the founder of the Hughes family of Gwerclas, died in
1600. Rh’s Hughes - the first Hughes from Maesypand’, was High Sheriff in the
year 1582:" There's no doubt that Hugh was a common first name in our land
in the sixteenth century; and very likely the name was known in Wales in the
three or four centuries before this. Hugh Lupus, who was made Earl of Chester
in 1070, was a name known in Gw’nedd {a kingdom in the north-west of Wales};
and an later earl had the same name - Hugh Cyfeiliog (1153-1180) {'Huw from the
district of Cyfeiliog'}...
·····
16 'HUGHES'
IS ESPECIALLY COMMON IN NORTH-WEST WALES
In Peter Wynn Thomas's
article on surnames and dialectology there is an interesting set of figures
about the prevalence of certain surnames in certain areas. We reproduce the
figures for Hughes, set out as part of a table showing the percentage of the
occurence of various surnames according to the old Welsh counties. One is data
from 1873, from a study made in 1977 on names included in the Return of Owners
of Land for England and Wales, published in 1875. This is contrasted with data
from the Farmers section of Yellow Pages Telephone Directories for Wales for
the period 1983-4.
This indicates a significant
cluster of Hughes in the whole of North Wales, with a particularly high
concentration in the North-west.
|
COUNTY |
1873 |
1984 |
|
Mōn (Gogledd-orllewin Cymru) |
24 |
20 |
|
Caernarfon (Gogledd-orllewin Cymru) |
17 |
18 |
|
Dinb’ch (Gogledd-ddw’rain Cymru) |
17 |
17 |
|
Y Fflint (Gogledd-ddw’rain Cymru) |
10 |
07 |
|
Meirionn’dd (Canolbarth Cymru) |
03 |
03 |
|
Trefaldw’n (Canolbarth Cymru) |
06 |
11 |
|
Maesyfed (Canolbarth Cymru) |
01 |
03 |
|
Brycheiniog (Canolbarth Cymru) |
01 |
00 |
|
Ceredigion (Canolbarth Cymru) |
06 |
07 |
|
Penfro (De-orllewin Cymru) |
03 |
06 |
|
Caerfyrddin (De-orllewin Cymru) |
06 |
06 |
|
Morgannwg (De-ddw’rain Cymru) |
02 |
00 |
|
Mynw’ (De-ddw’rain Cymru) |
02 |
01 |
That is to say, of all the examples of HUGHES
found in the 1873 list, almost a quarter of the total occured in one county
alone - Mōn. And a century later Mōn still accounted for the greatest
percentage, albeit a slightly lower percentage - 20%
Only 4% of the 1873 total are to be found in the
South-east of Wales (Morgannwg and Mynw’), which fell to 1% by 1984.
If you want to see a map with these thirteen
Welsh counties (which were abolished in 1974), go to this page which is part of
the Data-Wales Website: http://www.data-wales.co.uk/oldmap.htm
·····
17 'PUGH' IS ESPECIALLY COMMON IN EAST-CENTRAL WALES
In another article in the same publication,
there is an interesting series of maps in the article by Peter Wynn Thomas and
Ann Jones on the distribution of Welsh surnames
Here the HUGHES form is contrasted with PUGH.
Earlier they established that English-language Welsh surnames which contained a
fossilised 'ap' or 'ab' element were to be found mostly in the south-east.
"In particular it has been asserted (Morris
1932: 154) that AP names are concentrated principally in South-east Wales and
the parts of Flintshire, Denbighshire, and Montgomeryshire which border on
England... (Our map) demostrates that Morris's observations are indeed
confirmed with respect to the South-eastern prominence he claimed for AP
names...Further north, however, it would appear that Morris's impressions are
not substantiated..."
HUGHES is shown to be virtually absent from the
south-east of Wales; PUGH is strongest in the east-central Wales (Maesyfed and
Trefaldw’n) and virtually absent in the South-east. It is also virtually absent
in the North-west.
·····
18 LOOK AT
YELLOW PAGES - FIND HUNDREDS OF 'HUGHES's AND 'PUGH's!
http://www.yell.co.uk/
Do
your own research! This is the link for "Yell from Yellow Pages". In
"Type of Business" type in 'Farmers', and in location
"Wales,United Kingdom". You'll find scores of Welsh surnames, many of
them Hughes and Pughs. However, the names seem to be listed alphabetically
according to initials in most cases (H Edwards, H Evans, etc) rather than
surnames (Hughes A, Hughes Arfon, etc)
·····
19 IN
GENERAL, THE SURNAME 'PUGH' IS SLIGHTLY OLDER THAN 'HUGHES'
(1) What conclusion is to be drawn from this? The fossilisation of
patronymics began earlier in the areas in the east, near the border with
England, when the use of 'ap/ab' was still general in Welsh naming practice. As
we have seen, the use of 'ap/ab' was later discontinued, and the father's name
immediately followed the son's name.
MORGAN AP LLYWELΫN > MORGAN
LLYWELΫN
(2) But if the name began with a vowel, the
final p became the initial consonant of the following name. The form ap Huw became Puw,
spelt in English as PUGH.
Siōn ap Huw > Siōn Puw > John Pugh
(3) The later form Huw, without the preceding
'ap', gave HUGH, HUGHES
Siōn Huw > John Hugh, or John Hughes
(4) Curiously enough this new pattern (Morgan Llywel’n, Siōn Huw, etc) is the
same as the one used for indicating possession in modern Welsh. For example,
'Mary's house' would be 't’ Mair' = (the) house (of ) Mary.
(5) And as we have seen, 'Llywel’n's son' is 'mab Llywel’n' (the) son (of)
Llywel’n, later ab Llywel’n and then ap Llywel’n.
This genitive phrase (ap Llywel’n) was used in apposition.
DEFINITION: apposition = the placing of a word next to another, especially the
addition of one noun to another, in order to qualify or explain the first -
e.g. William the Conqueror, my friend Sue (The Oxford English Reference
Dictionary)
(6) In effect, the pattern (FORENAME) + (PHRASE IN APPOSITION) has been
replaced by the normal genitive pattern.
Morgan ap Llywel’n Morgan (who is the) son (of) Llywel’n
Morgan Llywel’n - (the) Morgan (of) Llywel’n.
Siōn ap Huw Siōn (who is the) son (of) Huw
Morgan Llywel’n - (the) Siōn (of) Huw.
·····
20 WHY IS
THE SURNAME 'HUGHES' SO COMMON IN ENGLAND?
The reason is simply emigration from Wales,
which has occurred on a large scale over the past two centuries. Although some
examples of Hughes may be from Ireland, where (1) the name replaced certain
genuine Irish names, or (2) may have been brought over by Welsh soldiers or
settlers, as a percentage of the total of Irish surnames it is very small indeed.
So in spite of a massive immigration of Irish people too into England the vast
majority of Hughes's in England must derive ultimately from emigrant Welshmen
who settled in England at some point.
(The Surnames of Ireland - Edward MacLysaght -
Irish University Press - 1973 : Hughes - "A well-known English name very
numerous in all the provinces except Munster. It is often also a synonym of Ó
hAodha")
·····
21 A 'HUGHES' IN UKRAINE
The following entry appears in "The Oxford
Companion to the Literature of Wales" (a translation of a Welsh-language
guide) [golyg’dd (editor) Meic Stevens / Oxford University Press / 1986 /
hawlfaint (copyright) Yr Acįdemi Gymréig] :
"Hughes, John (1814-19), a pioneer of the iron industry in
Russia, was a native of Merthyr Tydfil [Merth’rtudful], Glamorgan. He began his
working life at the Cyfarthfa works but in 1869, at the invitation of the
Russian government, he formed the New Russia Company for the development of the
steel and iron industires in that country. The town which grew around his
foundries became the centre of the Donetz industrial basin: It was called after
its founder, Yuzovka, and workers from Wales were encouraged to settle there.
After the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the company was taken over by the
Soviet Government. In 1924 the town's name was changed to Stalino, in honour of
a Ukrainian leader, and in 1961 to Donetsk."
(In fact, since the demise of the Soviet Union
and the emergence of Ukraine as an independent state it has now reverted to
Yuzovka.)
Extract from the website
http://www.msen.com/~okno/factfig/ukraine.html
"Ukraine - Facts and Figures"
Capital: Kiev
(Kyyiv) (population 2,646,000)
Other cities: Kharkov
(1,700,000), Yekaterinoslav (formerly Dnipropetrovsk - 1,186,000), Yuzovka (formerly Donetsk -
1,121,000), Odessa (1,087,000), Zaporozhye (900,000), Lviv (810,000), Krivoi
Rog (720,000)
·····
22 ANOTHER "HUGH" NAME - HOOSON
Wales has another name based on Hugh - the
English surname 'Hooson'. Originally a Lancashire surname, it has become
established in North-east Wales, like many other Lancashire and Cheshire
surnames. A popular poet in the Welsh language in this century was Isaac Daniel
Hooson (1880-1948), from Rhosllannerchrugog in Sir Ddinb’ch (now in Sir
Wrecsam). For many years the Member of the London Parliament representing the
county of Trefaldw’n (Montgomery) was another Welsh-speaker, Eml’n Hooson.
·····
23 PROMINENT 'HUGHES's IN WELSH LITERATURE
(Again from the 'Oxford Companion to Welsh
Literature') (d. ± = approximate age at death)
Annie Harriet Hughes ('Gwyneth Vaughan') 1852-1910 (d. ±58), Talsarnau,
Meirion’dd - novelist (Her son, Arthur Hughes (1878-1965), a poet, emigrated to
Patagonia, from where he contributed to Welsh language newspapers in Wales)
Beti Hughes 1926-1981 (d. ± 55) (San Clźr, Sir Gaerfyrddin) novelist
Enoc Huws not an author, but actually the title of a novel in Welsh
(1891) by Daniel Owen, which probably is the reason that the spelling Huws
became familiar, and regarded as an acceptable Welsh equivalent, of Hughes,
later adopted by many Welsh-speakers to replace Hughes.
Gwil’m Rees Hughes, b.1930, Llanllechid, Sir Gaernarfon, poet
Gwil’m Thomas Hughes, 1895-1978 (d. ±83), Gl’n Ceiriog, Sir Ddinb’ch,
playwright
Hugh Hughes, or Huw ap Huw, or Y Bardd Coch o Fōn, Llandyfrydog,
Yn’s Mōn (1693-1776) (d. ±83), poet and tutor of poets
Hugh Hughes (1790-1863) (d. ±73), Llandudno, Sir Gaernarfon. Artist and
publisher
Hugh Derfel Hughes 1916-1890 (d. ±74), Llandderfel, Meirion’dd. Poet
Isaac Hughes ('Craigfr’n') 1852-1928 (d. ±76), Mynwentycrynw’r,
Morgannwg. Novelist
John Hughes (1775-1854 (d. ±79 ) Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, Sir
Drefaldw’n. Calvanist Methodist minister and writer.
John Hughes (1850-1932 (d. ±82) Abertawe / Cwmafan, Morgannwg. Calvanist
Methodist minister and writer.
John Ceiriog Hughes ('Ceiriog'), 1832-1887 (d. ±55). Llanarmon Dyffr’n
Ceiriog, Sir Ddinb’ch.
John Gruff’dd Moelw’n Hughes ('Moelw’n') 1866-1944 (d. ±78),
Tanygrisiau, Blaenau Ffestiniog. Hymnwriter
Jonathan Hughes 1721-1805 (d. ±84), Llangollen, Sir Ddinb’ch. Poet
Mathonw’ Hughes, 1901-1999 (d. 98), Llanllyfni, Sir Gaernarfon. Poet,
editor.
Richard Hughes (d. 1618), Cefnllanfair, Sir Gaernarfon. Poet.
Richard Hughes (1794-1871) (d. ±77), Adw’'r-clawdd, Sir Ddinb’ch.
Publisher. He at first printed religious works; the business was continued by
his son Charles under the name Hughes a'i Fab (= Hughes and Son), an imprint
which still exists and is now in the possession of Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru / The
Welsh Books Council for publishing Welsh-language childrens books
Richard Cyril Hughes b1932, Yn’s Mōn. Novelist
Richard Samuel Hughes 1855-1893 (d. ±38), Aberystw’th. Songwriter.
Stephen Hughes 1622-1688 (d. ±66), Caerfyrddin. Translator,
Nonconformist leader
Thomas Rowland Hughes (1903-1949 (d. ±46), Llanberis, Sir Gaernarfon.
Novelist and poet.
·····
REFERENCES - BOOKS AND ARTICLES
01 Morris,
T.E (Morus Glasl’n*) (1898)
CYFENWAU CYMREIG / WELSH
SURNAMES
pp 189-190 Y Geninen
(Papyr [papur] a ddarlledw’d gerbron Cymdeithas Lenyddol y Tabernacl, King's
Cross, Llundain, Mawrth 5ed, 1892)
(Paper read before the Tabernacle (Chapel) Literary Society, King's Cross,
London, March 5th, 1892)
*Morus
Glasl’n is a bardic name, Morus from Glasl’n (a farm name = the blue lake)
·····
02 Morris,
T.E (Morus Glasl’n*) (1932)
Welsh Surnames in the Border
Counties of Wales
Y Cymmrodor XLIX, part 1
·····
03 Thomas,
Peter W’nn (1985)
Welsh Surnominal Areas and their
Implications for Historical Dialectology
Papurau Gwaith Ieithyddol Cymraeg Caerd’dd /
·····
04 Thomas,
Peter W’nn and Jones, Ann (1985)
The Distribution of Welsh Surnames
Part 1
Papurau Gwaith Ieithyddol Cymraeg Caerd’dd / Cardiff Working Papers in Welsh
Linguistics Volume 4 (1985) ISSN 0263-0362 pp 135-146
·····
05 Williams,
D Elw’n (1961)
A Short Enquiry into the Surnames
of Glamorgan from the Thirteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries
Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (THSC), part 2, pp45-87
·····
LINKS TO OTHER 'HUGHES' WEBSITES
01 http://www.barryhughes.com/hughesfamilies/origin.html
Hughes Origins (Explains the origins of the surname Hughes. Extremely
inaccurate, unfortunately).
·····
02 http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Acres/1655/families/hughes_howard.html
Genealogy
of Howard Hobard Hughes (the odd
fella)
in the
'Hughes' Website (David Hughes, Basel, Switzerland)
"I
thought it would be fun to see just who Howard was related to. I found
the following information on the web; it comes from a work entitled
"Genealogy of Howard Robard Hughes Jr" by Mary Smith Fay. It appeared
in the National Genealogical Quarterly, March 1983, Vol 71 #1, page
5-12...."
"Howard Robard Hughes (Jr)
born 24 Dec 1905, Houston, Harris Co, TX, occupation Aviator, Movie Producer,
married (1) 1 Jun 1925, in Christ Church Cathedral, Houston, TX, divorced 1929,
Ella Botts Rice, married (2) 13 Mar 1957, in Tonopah, NV, divorced 1970, Jean
Peters, born Bedford Co, VA, occupation Movie Star. Howard died
0867e
Biographies of over 250 Welsh settlers (including 18 Hughes) in Blue Earth
County, Minnesota, compiled in the year 1895
PAGES IN THIS WEBSITE WHICH GIVE MORE INFORMATION ON
THE WELSH-LANGUAGE SURNAMES OR PATRONYMICS 'AP HUW' / 'PUW' / 'HUWS'Go to the corresponding pages
0182e ap Huw
0183e Huws
0184e Puw
Awdur / author: IANTO
'BERTWE 1999
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