1918e The phonology of the Lakota language, spoken by some 6000 people in the USA and Canada

http://www.theuniversityofjoandeserrallonga.com/kimro/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_lakota_cymraeg_CEFFYL_ffonoleg_1918e.htm

Y Tudalen Blaen / Home page

..........1864e Y Porth Saesneg / The English Gateway

....................0010e Y Gwegynllun / Siteplan

..............................0417e Geiriaduron yn ôl y Seiliaith / Dictionaries in Welsh / English / Catalan

...........................................1813e Geiriaduron ar gyfer siaradwyr Saesneg / Dictionaries for English-speakers

............................................................y tudalen hwn / aquesta pàgina


.. 















Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
La Web de Gal·les i Catalunya

Geiriadur Lacota : Cymráeg a Saesneg
Dictionary of Lakota : Welsh and English
 



Cynnwys / Contents


Adolygiad diweddaraf 
Adolygiad diweddaraf
2005-02-01
 

 (Llawer o fylchau i'w llenwi, ond dyfal donc... lots of gaps yet to be filled)
 1913k Y dudalen hon yn Gymraeg (ffonoleg Lacota)
 1917c Aquesta pàgina en català (la fonologia de la llengua lakota)

Mae nifer o orgraffau Lakota yn bod.
There are a number of spellings for Lakota.

Er enghraifft, mae un a ddefnyddir gan Gywaith Lakhota Prifysgol Colorado yn y llyfr "Beginning Lakhota" (1976);
For example, there is one used by the University of Colorado Lakhota Project in "Beginning Lakhota" (1976);

ac un arall yn "Everyday Lakota - An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners". (Lakota Pob Dydd - Geiriadur Lakota-Saesneg ar gyfer Dechreuwyr) Golygyddion: Joseph S. Karol, Stephen L. Rozman, Ph.D. / St. Francis, South Dakota, USA / The Rosebud Educational Society (Cymdeithas Addysgol Rosebud) / 1971, ailadolygiad 1974.
and another in "Everyday Lakota - An English-Sioux Dictionary for Beginners". Editors: Joseph S. Karol, Stephen L. Rozman, Ph.D. / St. Francis, South Dakota, USA / The Rosebud Educational Society / 1971, revised 1974.

Mae’r ddwy ograff yn debyg; mae’r ddwy yn defnyddio arwyddnofau neu farciau diactritig, a llythrennau â seiniau sydd yn wahanol i’r seiniau y maent yn cynrychiloi yn Saesneg.
The two spelling systems are similar; they both use diacritics and they use certain letters with values different from the English values.

Mae dwy ograff 'gul' yn bod, ond y mae tueddiad i ddefnyddio orgraffau 'llydan'. Nid y'r rhai hyn yn cyfleu cymaint o wybodaeth ffonetig ond ar llaw arall maent yn symlach ac yn fwy hwylus i'w darllen ac i'w hysgrifennu i'r sawl sydd yn fwy cyfarwydd â'r Saesneg.
These two are 'narrow' spellings; but there is a tendency to use 'broad' spellings. These convey a lot less phonetic information, but they are simpler to read and write (at least, for people who know the language!).

Mae ganddynt y nodweddion hyn:
Features of broad spellings are:
 
(1) hepgorir y marciau diacritig, hynny yw
(1) the dropping of diacritics: these are -

(i) hanner cylch dyrchafedig â'i enau tua'r dde, sydd yn dynodi'r sain 'h';
(i) raised semi-circle with right-facing mouth, which represents an 'h' sound;

(ii) hanner cylch dyrchafedig â'i enau tua'r chwith, sydd yn dynodi'r stop glotol;
(ii) raised semi-circle with left-facing mouth, which represents a glottal stop;

(iii) 's' â hatshec uwch ei phen, hynny yw, 'v' fach, sydd yn dynodi'r sain 'sh' fel yn y Gymraeg 'siop';
(iii) 's' with a hachek above it, whixh represents 'sh' as in English 'shop';

(iv) llythyren 'h' â dot uwch ei phen, a 'g' uwch ei phen (seiniau tebyg i'r Gymraeg sych, bach)
(iv) an h with a dot above it, and a g with a dot above it (for sounds similar to German ich, nach)

(v) acen ddyrchafedig i ddynodi'r sillaf y mae arni'r pwyslais
(v) an acute accent to show the stressed syllable
 
(2) yn aml defnyddir sumbolau orgraffyddol sydd yn cyfateb i rai Saesneg
(2) English spelling equivalents are often used

(i) e.e., cynrychiola'r llythyren 'c' yn Lakota y sain 'tsh' yn Gymraeg (patsh); mae rhywrai yn ei hysgrifennu ar ffurf 'ch'
(i) for example, the letter 'c' in Lakota represents the 'ch' sound in English; some Lakotas write it 'ch'.

(ii) Dynoda'r llythyren s â hatshec uwch ei phen (v fach) y sain s; ond fe'i gwelir yn aml ar ffurf 'sh' (defnyddir yr 's' blaen ar gyfer y sain [s]).
(ii) The letter s with a hachek (small v) above represents s; but it is often seen written 'sh' (otherwise it would be confused with the letter 's' which exists for the [s] sound).

(iii) Mae trwynoli ar dair o'r pum llafariad. Fe rydd yr orgraffau cul 'n' â chwt fach ar ei choes dde ar ôl y llafiad i'w thrwynoli. Yn yr orgaffau llydan fe ysgrifennir y llafariaid trwynol hyn yn yr un modd â'r llafariad di-drwynoli (a, i, u); neu fe roir llythyren 'n' (ond gall hyn beri dryswch am fod yr 'n' yn bodoli fel llythyren annibynnol a seinir [n].
(iii) Some vowels are nasalised, and the narrow spellings place an 'n' with a long tail on the downstroke to show such vowels. In broad spellings these nasal vowels are spelt the same as non-nasal vowels (a, i, u); or else the letter 'n' is used (which can be confusing, because 'n' exists as a separate letter pronounced [n].

(v) Ceir sain 'h' ar ôl rhai cytseiniaid, a dodir yr hanner cylch dyrchafedig â'i enau tua'r dde i'w dynodi'r sain hwn. Yn yr orgraffau llydan nid oes yr un sumbol ar gyfer yr 'h' (e.e. Lakota); neu fe'i dynodir â llythyren 'H' (e.e. LakHota)
(iv) Some consonants are followed by an 'h', and the raised semi-circle with right-facing mouth shows this. In broad spellings, this h sound is either not indicated (Lakota); or else the letter h is used (Lakhota)

(vi) mae hefyd stop glotol mewn rhai geiriau. Mae Geiriadur Cymdeithas Addysgol Rosebud yn defnyddio'r hanner cylch dyrchafedig â'i enau tua'r chwith; mae yng nghwrs iaith Prifysgol Colorada sumbol tebyg i ofynnod. Ni ddynodir y stop glotol mewn orgraffau llydan.
(v) there is also a glottal stop in some words. The Rosebud Educational Society Dictionary uses the raised semi-circle with left-facing mouth; the University of Colorada course uses a symbol similar to a question mark. In broad spellings the glottal stop is not indicated.

Mae'r marciau diacritig yn anodd i'w cynnwys mewn sgript ASCII neu HTML.
The use of diacritics means that it is hard to reproduce these spellings using ASCII or HTML.

Yn y rhestr o eiriau Lakota (Lak'hóta) yr ym yn defnyddio ffurfiau ar yr orgraffau cul wedi eu cyfaddasu fymryn, sef y sumbolau isod. Ond gellir eu hadnabod yn ddidrafferth yn yr orgraffau dewisach gan y Lakotas eu hunain. Mae 29 o gytseiniaid consonants ac 8 o lafariaid (a, i , e, o, u, a'r trwynolion añ, iñ, uñ)
We have used a slightly amended form of the narrow spellings, with the following symbols. But it should be easy to recognise these words in the Lakotas' own preferred spellings. There are 29 consonants (below) and eight vowels a, i , e, o, u, and the nasals añ, iñ, uñ

p

t

ch

k

-

pH

tH

chH

kH

-

p¿

t¿

ch¿

k¿

-

b

-

-

g

-

-

s

sh

kh

h

-

s¿

sh¿

kh¿

-

-

z

zh

gh

-

w

l

y

-

-

m

n

-

-

-

 
In alphabetical order:

GRAPHEME NUMBER

GRAPHEME

CORRESPONDING SOUND IN ENGLISH

EXAMPLE

NOTES

01

a, á

as English short 'a' in 'cat'
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

shápa = black

(1)

02

añ, áñ

nasal a
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

chañ = wood

(1) (2)

03

b

as in English

blézela = clear

 

04

ch

as 'ch' in English

wanákhcha = flower

 

05

ch¿

'ch' + glottal stop

 

 

06

chH

'ch' + h sound

 

(3)

07

e, é

as short 'e' in English 'wet'
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

chéya = cry

(1)

08

g

as in English 'go'

gleshká = spotted

 

09

gh

as Scottish 'loch' or German 'nach'

mágha = field

 

10

h

as in English

hogáñ = fidh

 

11

i, í

as short 'i' English 'fit'
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

mni = water

(1)

12

iñ, íñ

nasal i
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

ichíñ = because

(1) (2)

13

k

as 'c' in English 'cat'

okó = between

 

14

k¿

'k' + glottal stop

 

 

15

kH

'k' + h sound

wíkHañ = rope

(3)

16

kh

as German 'ich'

khóta = grey

 

17

kh¿

'kh' + glottal stop

 

 

18

l

as in English

khlakhlá = bell

 

19

m

as in English

mnitHa = to drown

 

20

n

as in English

oná = prairie fire

 

21

o, ó

as in English 'pot'
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

pHo = mist

(1)

22

p

as in English

napsú = finger

 

23

p¿

'p' + glottal stop

 

 

24

pH

'p' + h sound

pHézhi = grass

(3)

25

s

as in English

ska = white

 

26

s¿

's' + glottal stop

 

 

27

sh

as in English 'siop'

shishóka = robin (American robin)

 

28

sh¿

'sh' + glottal stop

 

 

29

t

as in English

táñka = big

 

30

t¿

't' + glottal stop

 

 

31

tH

't' + h sound

tHípi = house

(3)

32

u, ú

as in the English short vowel bull
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

chañkú = path

(1)

33

uñ, úñ

nasal u
(with an acute accent if it occurs in a stressed syllable)

shúñka = dog

(1) (2)

34

w

as 'w' in English 'well'

wákpala = stream

 

35

y

as 'y' in English 'yes'

wíyaka = feather

 

36

z

as in English - zinc

máza = metal

 

37

zh

as in French 'rouge' (written as a 'j' normally in Lakota)

zhícha = rich

 

 

  
  
TUDALENNAU ERAILL YN Y WEFAN HON / OTHER PAGES IN THIS WEBSITE

1927e
Rhestr o gynnwÿs y llÿfr 'History of the Welsh in Minnesota...' (Hanes Cymrÿ Minnesota)
Contents page of the book 'History of the Welsh in Minnesota...'
·····
0857e
Y Cymrÿ yn erbÿn y Sioux a'r Winnebagos - gwrthryfel 1862
The Welsh against the Sioux and the Winnebagos - the 1862 Rebellion


GWEFANNAU ERAILL AM Y BOBL LACOTA / OTHER WEBSITES ABOUT THE LAKOTAS PEOPLE

(1) http://www.lakotaoyate.com/welcome.html Lakota Oyate (2005-09-23 - no longer accessible)
"To defend and preserve Lakota culture from exploitation."
·····
(2) http://www.enter.net/~drutzler/intro.htm Welcome to Spirit's Place (2005-09-23 - no longer accessible)
"So yeah, I am Native American. Lakota actually. I do "Indian stuff", but I am a human being first and foremost. I created this set of pages for many reasons. First, to help keep Native information easily available for all... The Lakota Language Page will be updated monthly with a new subject. This month's lesson: "Animals". Check it out for basic grammar and phonetics. There is no charge for these lessons, no club to join or anything else to "buy". This is for you, the curious, the seeking and the informed"  
·····
(3) http://207.254.63.58/language1.htm Introduction to Lakota (en anglès)
 
·····
(4)
http://airos.org.html AIROS (American Indian Radio On Satellite) (en anglès) La ràdio de les primeres nacions dels Estats Units
http://airos.org/grid.html Programme Schedule for AIROS (en anglès) La graella de la programació
"The AIROS network is a national distribution system for Native programming to Tribal communities and to general audiences through Native American and other public radio stations as well as the Internet. Alter*Native Voices / California Indian Radio Project / Different Drums / Earthsongs / National Native News / Native America Calling / Native Sounds-Native Voices National / New Letters on Air / Voices from the Circle / Wellness Edition

Ble'r wyf i? Yr ych chi'n ymwéld ag un o dudalennau'r Gwefan "CYMRU-CATALONIA"
On sóc? Esteu visitant una pàgina of the Web "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Galles-Catalunya)
Where am I? You are visiting a page from the "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Wales-Catalonia) Website
Weø(r) àm ai? Yùu àa(r) víziting ø peij fròm dhø "CYMRU-CATALONIA" (= Weilz-Katølóuniø) Wébsait

CYMRU-CATALONIA