0980e
Gwefan Cymru-
http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_clawdd_offa/22_cymru_dros_glawdd_offa_enwau_euas_eng_cym_0980e.htm
0001z Yr
Hafan
..........1864e
Y Fynedfa yn Saesneg / Gateway in English
....................0010e Y Barthlen /
Siteplan
..............................1998e Cymru dros Glawdd
Offa - Y Gynhwyslen / Wales beyond Offa’s Dyke - Contents Page
..............................................y tudalen hwn
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Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia |
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0981k Y tudalen hwn yn Gymraeg (Irredentiaeth a Chymru tu
hwnt i Glawdd Offa)
1999c Aquesta pŕgina en catalŕ (Irredentisme i Gal·lčs més
enllŕ de la Fossa d’Offa)
The cantrevs (Welsh: cantrefi, plural of cantref = ‘one hundred farmsteads’ -
an administrative unit) of Euas (English:
Ewias, Ewyas) and Erg˙n (English:
Archenfield) were called by the poets ‘dw˙ wir lawes
Gwent’ - the two true sleeves of Gwent. They were thoroughly Welsh
areas, although they bordered areas settled by the English some centuries
previously. With the incorporation of the Welsh lands into the English state in
1536/42, the old English county of Herefordshire was extended westward.
The boundary between the Welsh and English lands had been the river Gw˙ (Wye in
English), but part of the course of the river Mynw˙ (Monnow in English) became
the boundary between the new shire of Monmouth (= Trefynw˙) and the shire of
Hereford.
(See http://www.borderdisc.com/mag/offasdyke.htm
Offa’s Dyke / Clawdd Offa.
Here it is suggested that the dyke was a demarcation line rather than a
defensive wall and ditch. This theory is backed by the break in the dyke in
Erg˙n (Archenfield in English), which, although a Welsh territory, was possibly
regarded as neutral territory both by the Welsh and the English. It was
populated by the Welsh, but it was under Mercian control. For the King of
Mercia it was a buffer against Welsh lands further west, and it was felt that
no physical boundary line was necessary here.)
The districts of Euas and Erg˙n were taken into Herefordshire, though the Welsh
language was not eradicated until the 1800s (see quotes below)
The Welsh names of Erg˙n and Euas have in some cases been preserved; in other
cases they have been replaced by English forms, some of which go back a
thousand years. The Welsh forms were in some instances still in use in Sir
Fynw˙ / Monmouthshire by the Welsh-speakers here until the early 1900s, when
the Welsh language was eradicated here too.
The current Welsh names in Euas and Erg˙n were no longer used in the rest of
Wales, and it is only through the study of the forms in older literature that
we can know what they were. In other instances, there is no record of the Welsh
name, although the name itself seems to be a direct translation of an original
Welsh form (Dewsall - Dewi’s well - was very likely Ffynnon Dewi (or Ffynnon
Ddewi) in Welsh).
(delw 0425)
Click on the map
(Place names in Euas and Erg˙n - the original Welsh names and
the current English forms)
ENGLISH NAME / WELSH NAME /
MAP REFERENCE
Ffynnondewi* and Eglw˙s-fraith*
are not attested forms, but the English names appear to be translations of
Welsh forms; these would be the equivalent (and possibly the original) Welsh
forms
Abbey Dore / Abat˙ Daur / SO3830
Archenfield / Erg˙n /
Ballingham / Llanfuddwalan / SO5638
Bridstow / Llansanffráid / SO5824
Bryngwyn / Br˙n-gw˙n /
Clodock / Clydog / SO3227
Dewsall / Ffynnondewi* / SO4933
Dewchurch (Little Dewchurch) / Llanddewi
/ SO5331
Dewchurch (Much Dewchurch) / Llanddewi
Rhos Ceirion / SO4831
Dingestow / Llanddingad / SO4510
Foy / Llandyfói / SO 5928
Ewyas / Euas /
Garway / Llanwrfw˙ / SO4522
Golden Valley / Ystrad Daur / SO3536
Ganarew / Castellgeronw˙ / SO5216
Hentland / Henllan /
Kenderchurch / Llangynidr /
Kentchurch / Llan-gain / SO 4125
Kilpeck / Llanddewi Cil Peddeg / SO4430
Llancillo / Llansylfw˙ / SO3625
Llancloudy / Llanllw˙dau / SO4920
Llandinabo / Llanwnabw˙ / SO 5128
Llanfrother / Llanfrod˙r / ??
Llangarren / Nantgaran / SO5221
Llangunnock / Llangynog /
Llanrothal / Llanrhyddol /
Llanveyno / Llanfeuno / SO3031
Llanwarn / Llan-wern
(Llan-wern Teilo a Dyfrig) / SO5028
Llyndu / Ll˙n-du / ??
Longtown / Y Dref-hir / SO3228
Marstow / Llanfarthin / SO5619
Michaelchurch / Llanfihangel Cil Llwch / SO5225
Michaelchurch Escley / Llanfihangel / SO3134
Moccas / Mochros / SO3542
Dewchurch (Much Dewchurch) / Llanddewi
Rhos Ceirion / SO4831
Mynydd Brith / Myn˙dd-brith /
Pencoyd / Pen-coed / SO5126
Penrose / Penrhos / ??
Peterstow / Llan-bedr / SO4125
River Frome / Afon Ffraw / SO5638
River Lugg / Afon Llugw˙ / SO 5637
Sellack / Llansulwg / SO5627
St Devereux / Llanddyfrig / SO4431
St Weonards / Llansainwenarth / SO5924
Treferanon / Trefranwen /
Trelasdee / Tre-lewis-du /
Tretire / Rh˙d-hir / SO5223
Vowchurch / Eglw˙s-fraith* / SO3636
Welsh Bicknor / Llangystennin Garth Brenni / SO5917
Whitchurch / Llandywynnog / SO5617
(Place names in Euas and Erg˙n - the current English forms and the
original Welsh names)
WELSH NAME / ENGLISH NAME / MAP REFERENCE
Abat˙ Daur (Abbey Dore) SO3830
3km ne of Pontrilas
Afon Ffraw (River Frome) SO5638
Frome, a river in the county of Hereford, England; it rises 10km to the north
of the town Bromyard, passing through this town and flowing into the river Lugg
(“Llugw˙” in Welsh) 5km east of Hereford This is the same name as the river
Ffraw in Yn˙s Môn, and the river Frome in Somerset - the source is
British *fram- (= ?rapid).
Afon Llugw˙ (River Lugg) SO 5637
Rises 12km n or Trefyclo, flows east to Llanllieni, s into river Gw˙ 6km south-east
of Henffordd
Br˙n-gw˙n (Bryngwyn)
= (the) white hill
Castellgeronw˙ (Ganarew)
SO5216
Clydog (Clodock) SO3227
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: ecclesia Sancti Clitauci ) 7km west of Pontrilas
Eglw˙s-fraith* (Vowchurch) SO3636
10km north of Pontrilas, in the Daur valley
Erg˙n (Archenfield)
Euas (Ewyas)
Ffynnondewi*
(Dewsall) SO4933
7 km SW of Rhosan ar W˙ / Ross on Wye.
Henllan (Hentland)
The meaning is ‘old church’, hen + llan
Llan-bedr (Peterstow) SO4125
3 km SE of Pontrilas. (Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann petyr). The meaning is (the)
church (of) Peter. The English name is a translation of the Welsh name.
Llanddewi SO5331
Dewchurch (Little Dewchurch)
9km south of Hereford
(= church of Dewi)
Llanddewi Cil Peddeg (Kilpeck) SO4430
Peddeg > Peg [peeg]. The loss of a medial [dh] is a feature of other words
in Welsh - e.g. rhoddi > rhoi (= to give)
Llanddewi Rhos Ceirion (Dewchurch
/ Much Dewchurch) SO4831
9km south of Hereford
Llanddingad (Dingestow) SO4510
6km sw of Hereford
Llanddyfrig (St Devereux) SO4431
11 km sw of Hereford
(= church of Dyfrig)
Llandyfói (Foy) SO 5928
4 km N of Rhosan ar W˙ / Ross on Wye. (Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lanntimoi)
Llandywynnog (Whitchurch) SO5617
(= the church of Tywynnog) 6km ne of Trefynw˙.
Tywynnog is ty- (= hypochoristic prefix) + soft mutation + Gwynnog (forename)
Llanfarthin (Marstow) SO5619
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Martin) 7km sw of Rhosan ar W˙
(= church of Saint Martin)
Llanfeuno (Llanveyno)
SO3031 (= the church of Beuno) 10km nw of Pontrilas
Llanfihangel (Michaelchurch Escley) SO3134
11km north-west of Pontrilas
Llanfihangel Cil Llwch (Michaelchurch) SO5225
(= the church of Mihangel by the place called Cil Llwch).
Cil is ‘secluded place, corner, nook,
creek’; llwch is ‘lake’)
8km sw of Rhosan ar W˙
Llanfrod˙r (Llanfrother)
(= the church of the friars )
(llan = church) + soft mutation + (brod˙r, plural of brawd = brother, friar)
Llanfuddwalan (Ballingham) SO5638
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Budgualan) (= the church of Buddwalan)
Llan-gain (Kentchurch) SO 4125
3 km SE of Pontrilas. (Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Gein)
(= the church of Cain)
There is another Llangynog in the county of Caerfyrddin (“Carmarthenshire”)
Llangynidr (Kenderchurch)
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann cinitir) (= the church of Cynidr)
There is another Llangynidr in the county of Powys (district of Brycheiniog)
Llangynog (Llangunnock)
(= the church of Cynog)
There is another Llangynog in the county of Caerfyrddin (“Carmarthenshire”)
Llangystennin Garth Brenni (Welsh Bicknor) SO5917
(= the church of Cystennin [Constantine] at Garth Brenni) 7km south of Rhosan
ar Wy; in a bend of the river Gw˙
Llanllw˙dau (Llancloudy) SO4920
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann loudeu) (= the church of Llw˙dau) 8km al nord
de Trefynw˙
Llanrhyddol (Llanrothal)
Ll˙fr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Ridol (which represents the same pronunciation as
the modern spelling Llanrhyddol). (= the church of Rhyddol)
Llansainwenarth (St Weonards) SO5924
In Ll˙fr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Sant Guainerth .
A similar name is Llanwenarth (SO 2714) in Llan-ffw˙st Fawr, Sir Fynw˙ (= the
church of the monk Gwenerth).
The change of final e to a is a noted feature of the Welsh of
south-east Wales.
11km north of Trefynw˙
Llansanffráid (Bridstow) SO5824
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann San Freut) (= the church of saint Bridget)
Llansulwg (Sellack) SO5627
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann suluc) (= the church of Sulwg) 4km north-west of
Rhosan ar W˙
Llansylfw˙ (Llancillo) SO3625
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Suluiur) (= The church of Sulfw˙).
4km south-west of Pontrilas
The change of a vowel in the stressed penult > y (the obscure vowel) is
occurs at times in the Welsh of the south-east.
Final wy [-ui] in south
We may supose Llansulfwy > Llansulfw > Llansulw (from which the English
form Llancillo would come)
Many names with final Welsh -w [u] are -o [ou], -ow [ou] in English
Mynwy > Monnow, Arwy > Arrow, etc
Possibly Llansulw / Llansulfwy > Llansylw / Llansylfwy in Welsh, wherethe
change in vowel affected the literay form
Llan-wern - the full name is Llan-wern
Teilo a Dyfrig (Llanwarn) SO5028
In Ll˙fr Llan-daf (1150) Lann Guern, which represents Llan-ghwern
(= the church in the marsh)
Llan-wern is a common place name in the south; the full name differentiatesit
form these other places - “the Llan-wern dedicated to Teilo and Dyfrig”.
10km north-west of Rhosan ar W˙
The English form has ‘warn’ which would have been pronounced to rhyme with
‘barn’.
In English in the 1700s -er- became -ar- in many words -
university / varsity,
clerk / clark (but USA retains clerk),
Berkeley ("Barkeley") / but with -er- in the USA, etc
Llanwnabw˙ (Llandinabo) SO 5128
10 km NW of Rhosan ar W˙ / Ross on Wye. The earliest recorded form is Lann
Iunabui (1150) ("llan Iwnabw˙").
There seems to have been a variant with the hypochoristic ‘ty’ - Ty-iwnabw˙,
which gave "llan Dinabw˙"., from which the English form of the name
comes.
The reduction of w˙ in a final syllable > w is typical of
southern Welsh "llan Dinabw", which in English forms is often rplaced
by ‘o’ or ‘ow’. Another example is the river Mynw˙ , which would have been
Mynw, hence the English form "Monnow".
In the Welsh form of the name Iwnabwy has lost the initial i- (another example
of this is Iefan > Efan ‘Evan’).
In the English form the reduction seems to have been to Inabwy (with the loss
of w) (another example of initial consonantal i > vowel i is Iefan >
Ifan, ieuanc > iefanc > ifanc = young)
Llanwrfw˙ (Garway) SO4522
(Ll˙fr Llan-daf 1150: Lann Guoroue) (= the church of Gwrfw˙)
8km south-west of Pontrilas
Ll˙n-du (Llyndu)
(= the black pool)
Mochros (Moccas) SO3542
= pig moor (moch = pigs) + soft mutation + (, rhos = moor)
16km west of Hereford
Myn˙dd-brith (Mynydd Brith)
‘speckled mountain’ - in fact, better translated as moorland (mynydd) with land
of verying quality (brith = unevenly dsitributed, varied)
Nantgaran (Llangarren) SO5221
The valley of the stream called Garan (which means ‘crane’). There are no
earlier forms with ‘nant’ but the llan is very unlikely in this instance, and
it seems to be another case of the frequent confusion of nant and llan and the
subsequent use of llan - examples abound in Welsh place names
9k north of Trefynw˙
Pen-coed (Pencoyd) SO5126
pen y coed = the end of the wood, wood end
9k west of Rhosan ar W˙
Penrhos (Penrose)
pen y coed = the end of the moor, moor end
Rh˙d-hir (Tretire) SO5223
The combination d+h naturally gives ‘t’ in Welsh - the syllable [tiir] changed
to [tair] in English during the long-vowel changes of the 1500s (original long
‘i’ becomes the modern [ai] sound, as in ice, my, fly, etc all originally
pronouced with long ‘i’). The first element has been confused with ‘tre’ (=
farmstead). 8km west of Rhosan ar W˙
Trefranwen (Treferanon)
(the tręv of Beranon)
Tre-lewis-du (Trelasdee)
(the tręv of Lew˙s Du)
Y Dref-hir (Longtown) SO3228
8 km W of Pontrilas. The meanining in Welsh is the same = the long ‘tuun’ (or
farmstead)
Ystrad Daur (Golden Valley) SO3536
= valley of the Daur stream
Golden Valley is a mistranslation, from understanding Ystrad Daur as Ystrad Aur
(where the second ‘d’ is subsumed in the preceding one) which would mean ‘valley
of gold’. In fact, within this area of
1 Golden Valley – Gloucestershire, part of the vaelley of the River Frome
south-east of Stroud SO8802
2 Golden Valley – Gloucestershire, 5km west of Cheltenham SO9022
3 Golden Valley – Hereford and Worcester, 6km south of Bromyard SO6549
4 Golden Valley – Avon, part of the Boyd valley above Bitto, 3km east of
Keynsham ST6870
.....
THE WELSH
CHARACTER OF ARCHENFIELD
Page 89; The Population of the Welsh Border - Melville Richards -
77-100, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session 1970 (Part
1), published 1971
Domesday Book acknowledged the peculiarly Welsh character of Archenfield, and
although the district was occupied first by Fitzosborn and then granted to
Hubert de Burgh in 1277, its population remained Welsh for many centuries. Evidence
for this ma be found in the family papers of
.....
THE WELSH
LANGUAGE IN COMMON USE UNTIL ABOUT 1860
Page 95; The Population of the Welsh Border - Melville Richards.
Pages 77-100, Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Session
1970 (Part 1), published 1971
Archenfield was still Welsh enough in the time of Elizabeth for the bishop
of Hereford to be made responsible together with the four Welsh bishops for the
translation of the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer into Welsh. Welsh was
still commonly spoken here in the first half of the nineteenth century, and we
are told that churchwardens’ notices were put up in both Welsh and English
until about 1860 (Transactions Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club, 1887, page
173). Welsh was spoken by individuals until comparatively recently.
0979k Eirinwg
0981k Y Tudalen "Iredentiaeth" - rhaid adennill y Tir
Coll - Croesoswallt, Euas, Ergyn, ayyb
Adolygiad diweddaraf 2000-07-09, 2006-11-12
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