A Welsh to English Dictionary in page format

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An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

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1580e A | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI | 1040e CR | 1075e CY | 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E | 1077e F | 1021e G | 1042e GW | 1038e H | 1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e L | 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N | 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL | 1026e R | 1070e S | 1024e T | 1076e TR | 1025e U,V | 1731e W, X | 1586e Y, Z |

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C, c ‹ek› feminine noun
1) third letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) third letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y

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c
In south-east Wales g ‹g› as the first consonant of the final syllable, if followed by a vowel, is devoiced to c ‹k›
ticyn < dicyn < digyn < ychydigyn (ychydig = a bit) + (-yn diminutive suffix)
Ocwr < Ogwr (river name)

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c
1 in words from British < Celtic < Indo-European, initial ‹k› sometimes corresponds to intial ‹h› in English and German < Germanic < Indo-European. The initial ‹k› is also to be seen in equivalent Latin words.

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Welsh	English
caeth (= captive, enslaved), cf Latin captus (= caught)	(no corresponding word in modern English; German though has der Haft* (= detention), der Häftling (= detainee)*
caru (= to love), cf Latin carus (= dear, beloved, expensive)	whore (= prostitute), Old English hôre
carw (= deer) cf Latin cervus (= stag, deer)	hart ‹haa(r)t› (= male deer)
cas (= aversion), casáu (= to hate)	hate
celynen (= holly bush)	holly
corn (= horn) cf Latin cornu (= corn)	horn
cynt (= quicker; before)	hind (= rear), behind

c
Welsh initial c- in words from English which have initial g-
crand (= grand, impressive) < English grand
cwter (= channel) < English gutter
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c
1 monosyllables with final c
bloc block
brêc brake
broc driftwood
clec bang
cnoc knock
doc dock
llac loose
mêc brand, make
plwc tug, jerk
tric trick

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câ ‹ kaa ›
See aa and caa
1 southern form of cae (= field)
2 southern form of cae (= close, second person singular imperative, < cau = to close)
câ ‹dy ben› < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)
See aa / caa

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ca’ ‹ kaa ›
Usually spelt (less correctly) câ
See aa and caa
1 south-eastern form of cae (= field)
2 southern form of cae (= close, second person singular imperative, < cau = to close)
ca’ ‹dy ben›! < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)

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caa ‹ kaa ›
Usually spelt ca’ and (less correctly) câ
See aa
1 southern form of cae (= field)
2 southern form of cae (= close, second person singular imperative, < cau = to close)
caa ‹dy ben›! < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)

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cää ‹ kää ›
Usually spelt cê / cæ
See aa and caa
1 south-eastern form of cae (= field)
2 south-eastern form of caa
cää ‹dy ben› < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)

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caal ‹ kaal ›
1 southern form of cael (= to get)
Usually spelt câl / ca’l
See aa

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cääl ‹ kääl ›
1 south-eastern form of cael (= to get)
Usually spelt cêl / cæl
See aa / caal

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caar ‹ kaar ›
1 (in place names) e.g. Y Gaar < Y Gaer,
southern form of blaen (= hillfort)
Usually spelt câr / ca’r
See aa

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cäär ‹ käär ›
1 (in place names) e.g. Y Gäär < Y Gaer,
south-eastern form of blaen (= hillfort)
Usually spelt cêr / cær
See aa / caar

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càb ‹kab› masculine noun
PLURAL cabiau ‹kab -ye›
1 cab = enclosed part at the front of a lorry, railway locomotive and sometimes a bus or tram, where the driver sits
2 (crane) cab = enclosed part where a crane operator controls the movements of the machine
3 (tractor) cab = an enclosure over a driver’s seat for shelter from the weather and to give protection to the driver in case the tractor overturns
4 taxi

ETYMOLOGY: English cab = taxi, abbreviated form of
cabriolet 1800- two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage
< French cabriolet = two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage
< cabriole = a little leap, a skip
< cabrioler = jump like a goat
< Latin capreolus = wild goat
< capra = goat;
the word ‘cabriolet’ refers to the light movement of the carriage

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caban ffonio, cabanau ffonio ‹KA ban FOON yo, ka BA ne FON yo› (masculine noun)
1 phone booth

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cábidwl, cabidylau ‹ka BI dul, ka bi DƏ le› (m)
1 capital (ecclesiastical meeting)
2 capital (of a column)

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cabidyldy ‹ka-bi- dəl -di› masculine noun
PLURAL cabidyldai ‹ka-bi- dəl -dai›
1 chapterhouse = building attached to a cathedral or a monastery where a chapter meets, assembly place for the governing body of a cathedral or monastery
Estynnir croeso cynnes i bawb sy’n awyddus i fynychu’r gwasanaeth a gynhelir yng Nghabidyldy’r Abaty am 3pm
A warm welcome is extended to everybody who wants to attend the service which will be held in the chapterhouse of the abbey at 3pm
2 county of Caerfyrddin y gabildi confusion, disorder

ETYMOLOGY: (cabidyl- = penult form of cabidwl) + soft mutation + (ty = house). Cabidwl is a learnèd borrowing from Latin capitulum = ecclesiastical chapter, little head, < (caput = head) + (-ulum - suffix)

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Cablyd ‹ka -blid› masculine noun
1 dydd Iau Cablyd = Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Good Friday

ETYMOLOGY: cablyd < Old Irish caplat (modern Irish caplaid) < Latin capittatio = shaving of the head (on this day monks’ heads were shaved, and their feet were washed).
Cornish diyow Chambliz (= Maundy Thursday), Breton deiz iaou Gamblid (= Maundy Thursday)

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cabmon ‹kab -mon› masculine noun
PLURAL cabmyn ‹kab -min›
1 cabman = man driving in a cab of an excavator, etc
2 cabman = man who drives a hansom cab
3 cabman = taxi driver

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English cabman (cab = horse cab, cabin of an excavator, car which is a taxi cab) + (man); (with the suffix -mon replacing English -man)

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cabôl ‹ka-bool› masculine noun
North Wales
1 mess

ETYMOLOGY: see cyboli
NOTE: also cybôl, cybolfa

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caboledig ‹ka-bol- lê -dig› adjective
1 polished

ETYMOLOGY: stem of caboli (= to polish) + (-edig past particle suffix)

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cacen, cacenni ‹KA ken, ka KE ni› (feminine noun)
1 cake
y gacen = the cake

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cach ‹kaakh› masculine noun
1 shit, dung, excrement

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish kagh (= shit), Cornish cac’h (= shit)
Hibernian Celtic: Irish cac (= shit)
cf Latin cacâre (= to shit); and from this word Catalan cagar (= to shit).
This Latin word is also the ultimate origin of dialect English cack (= shit), and cack-handed (= left-handed)

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cachad ‹kâ -khad› masculine noun
South Wales
1 See: cachiad

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cachdy ‹kakh -di› masculine noun
PLURAL cachdai ‹kakh -dai›
1 shithouse, toilet

ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + soft mutation + (ty = house)

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cachfa ‹ kakh -va› feminine noun
1 cock-up, disaster (said of something that has gone wrong)

ETYMOLOGY: (cach- stem of cachu = to shit) + (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating an action)

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cachgi ‹kakh -gi› masculine noun
PLURAL cachgwn ‹kakh -gun›
1 coward
2 shit = unpleasant person
3 Iacha’ croen, croen cachgi Discretion is better than valour, sometimes to flee a conflict is better than to stand and fight (“healthiest skin, skin (of) coward”)
Also:
Pen iach yw pen cachgi (“(it is) healthy head which-is head (of) coward”)
Iach yw pen cachgi (“(it is) healthy which-is (the) head (of a) coward “)
4 county of Ceredigion cachgi bwm, or simply cachgi = hornet
fel cachgi mewn pot said of a loudmouthed person (“like a hornet in a pot”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + soft mutation + (ci = dog)

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cachgïaidd ‹kakh-gî-edh› adjective
1 cowardly
2 mean, base, low, low-down, contemptible, deplorable
Dywedodd mai gweithred cachgïaidd fu diswyddo’r rheolwr
He said that the sacking of the manager was a deplorable act

ETYMOLOGY: (cachgi = coward) + (-aidd = suffix for forming adjectives)

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cachgïo ‹kakh-gî-o› verb
North Wales
1 lose one’s nerve, get cold feet, back out, chicken out, bottle out
Yr oedd arweinydd Rwsia wedi cachgïo ac wedi ei drechu gan arlywydd ifanc América, Kennedy, meddai rhai
Some said that the Russian leader had got cold feet and had been beaten by the young American president, Kennedy

ETYMOLOGY: (cachgi = coward) + (-o = suffix for forming verbs)

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cachiad <KAKH-yad> [ˡkaxjad] masculine noun

PLURAL cachiadau <kakh-YAA-dai, -de> [kaxjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 shit = the act of shitting

2 instant, short time (i.e. the time it takes to have a shit - ?referring to a hen or birds in general)

North Wales fydda i ddim dau gachiad vulgar I won’t be a moment (“I won’t be two shits”)

South Wales bydda i nôl mwn cachad vulgar I’ll be back in a jiffy (“in a shit”)

NOTE: South Wales cachad (without the consonant i- at the beginning of the final syllable - this loss of the i- is normal in the South)

ETYMOLOGY: (cach-, stem of cachu = to shit) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)

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cachlyd <KAKH-lid> [ˡkaxlɪd] adjective
1 shitty, filthy

2 shitty = unpleasant
wynebu’r dasg gachlyd o orfod parcio mewn lle cyfyng rhwng dau gar
face the shitty task of having to park in a tight space between two cars

ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + (-lyd = suffix for forming adjectives; often has a hint of contempt)

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Cachor <KAA-khor> [ˡkɑˑxɔr] feminine noun
1 Afon Cachor SH4751 = river in Arfon

ETYMOLOGY: the first element is cach (= shit)

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cachu 1 <KAA-khi> [ˡkɑˑxɪ] verb
verb without an object
1 shit, defecate

2 Maen nhw’n cachu trwy’r un twll (said of people who work very closely together in business, politics, etc for their own ends) = They’re as thick as thieves (“they shit through the same arsehole”)

verb with an an object
3 ei chachu-hi foul up, fuck up, screw up; = make a mess of some arrangement, activity; put the spanner in the works

4 mor brin â chachu ceffyl pren (said of something scarce) “as scarce as the shit of a wooden horse”

ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
Cf Middle English kakken (= to defecate), and also Latin cacâre < Greek kakós (= bad)

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cachu 2 <KAA-khi> [ˡkɑˑxɪ] masculine noun
1 shit, “poo”, cack, muck

2 (North) Mae o’n rhy arw i roi croen ei gachu i’r brain (said of somebody who is stingy) (“He’s too mean to give the crust of his shit to the crows”)

3 shit, crap = something held in contempt

Fuon nhw erioed yn credu mewn Thatcheriaeth, nac mewn unrhyw gachu cyffelyb
They never believed in Thatcherism, or any similar crap

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cachu defaid <KAA-khi DEE-vaid, ved> [ˡkɑˑxɪ ˡdeˑvaɪd, -ɛd] masculine noun
1 sheep droppings

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cachu rwtsh <KAA-khi RUCH> [ˡkɑˑxɪ ˡrʊʧ]
1 a load of crap

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cachwr ‹ka -khur› masculine noun
PLURAL cachwyr, cachwrs ‹kakh -wir, ka-khurs›
1 shitter, a person who shits

2 shit = unpleasant person; scumbag

Yno, yn eu holl ogoniant, yr oedd cocia wyn, crafwrs, cachwrs a llyfwrs y genedl Gymreig yn croesawu’r prins
There, in all their glory, were the fools, creeps, shits and arselickers of the Welsh nation welcoming the prince

3 North Wales y cachwr uffarn! you shit! you bastard! (said, for example, as an insult to someone who does you a bad turn) (uffern / uffarn = hell)

ETYMOLOGY: (cach-, stem of cachu = to shit) + (-wr = suffix for forming nouns indicating an agent, ‘man’)

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caci, cacis ‹KA ki, KA kis› (masculine noun)
1 kaki (fruit)

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cacynen, cacwn ‹ka KƏ nen, KA kun› (feminine noun)
1 wasp
y gacynen = the wasp

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cād ¡¡(cad)¡¡¡ ( ‹kaad› feminine noun
PLURAL cadau ‹kâ -de›
1 battle
y gad = the battle
mynd i’r gad dros to go into battle on behalf of; to campaign to help (a person, etc)

Mae hanner dwsin o fudiadau cefn gwlad yn mynd i’r gad dros y ffermwyr
Half a dozen countryside organisations are going into battle for the farmers

2 element in many personal names from the British period, some of which have survived until modern times or have been revived in the modern period
Argad, Bodgad, Cadafael, Cadell, Cadéyrn, Cadfael, Cadfan, Cadfarch, Cadfrawd, Cadlyw, Cadno, Cadog, Cadwal, Cadwaladr, Cadwallon, Cadwgan, Cadwr, Dingad, Eurgad, Gwengad

3 cadlys ‘battle-court’, from which comes pencadlys ‘main battle-court’, ‘company headquarters, administrative headquarters’

4 croesgad crusade (croes = cross, Christian symbol) + soft mutation + (cad = battle)

5 cadbennaeth commander-in-chief (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (pennaeth = leader)

6 catrawd regiment (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (rhawd = army)

7 North Wales cad-yng-nghad at loggerheads

8 North Wales cad-yng-nghudyn at loggerheads

9 prefix strong, powerful; see Cadnant (= strong stream), cadwydd (= brambles, bramble brake); see also cadarn (= strong)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cad < British *kat- < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish kaz (= battle), Breton kad (= battle)
From the same Celtic root: Irish cath (= battle)

On the European mainland, kat- occurs as an element in place names in the zones which formerly had Celtic populations

In Normandy, Caen is from a Celtic word meaning “battle field” (kat- = battle) + (mag- = field, plain)

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cadach poced ‹KA dakh PO ked› (masculine noun)
1 handkerchief

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cadair ‹kâ-der› feminine noun
PLURAL cadeiriau ‹ka-deir-ye›

1 chair = individual seat, usually with four legs and a back
y gadair the chair

Yr oedd ef yn eistedd ar gadair yn ymyl y drws
He was sitting on a chair near the door

cadair asgellog wing chair
cadair blygu folding chair (plygu = fold)
cadair ddwyfraich armchair (dwyfraich = two arms)
cadair dreiglo (South Wales) (American: buggy) (Englandic: pushchair; also: baby buggy, buggy) (treiglo = to roll)
cadair dro swivel chair (tro = turn)
cadair drochi ducking stool (drochi = to dip, to submerge)
cadair drydan electric chair (trydan = electricity)
cadair fawr (county of Caerfyrddin) (mawr = big)
(1) armchair (2) big pew in a chapel (mawr = big)
cadair freichiau armchair (breichiau = arms)
cadair gefn (Cwm Tawe) armchair (cefn = back)
cadair godi chair lift (codi = to lift)
cadair gynfas deckchair (cynfas = canvas)
cadair hir chaise longue (hir = long)
chwarae newid cadeiriau musical chairs (chwarae = to play, newid = change)
cadair olwynion wheelchair (olwynion = wheels)
cadair siglo rocking chair, rocker (siglo = to rock)
cadair uchel baby’s high chair (uchel = high)
cadair wellt straw-bottomed chair (gwellt = straw)
cadair wiail cane chair (gwiail = canes)
cadair wrth fwrdd dining chair (wrth = next to, bwrdd = table)
cadair wthio (American: buggy) (Englandic: pushchair; also: baby buggy, buggy) (gwthio = to push)
saer cadeiriau chair maker (saer = craftsman)

2 cathedra, bishop’s throne in the cathedral

3 (university) professorship

4 seat occupied by a person presiding at a meeting or debate
cymryd y gadair take the chair, preside

5 (place names) fortress. In the medieval tale Breuddwyd Facsen (the Dream of Macsen) it is related how Macsen went hunting in Caer Fyrddin and from there onward to the summit of “Y Frevi Fawr” and set up camp there. A Chadair Facsen y gelwir y bebyllfa honno hyd heddiw (“And (it is) the camp of Macsen that that encampment is called to this day”)

Cadair Idris / Cader Idris mountain in Gwynedd which probably indicates a fort belonging to some past chief called Idris, though in the popular tradition Idris was the name of a giant

Pencader SN4436 village in the county of Caerfyrddin ‘hill (of the) fort’
(pen = hill) + (cadair = fort)

6 (place names) rock in the shape of a chair. Cf eisteddfa ‹ei-stedh-va›

(1) Cadair Arthur (“(the) seat (of) Arthur, Arthur’s seat”)

(2) Cadair Fronwen

(3) Cader yr Arglwyddes (“(the) seat (of) the lady, The lady’s seat”)

In his Topographical Dictionary of Wales, 1849, Samuel Lewis, in describing the parish od Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch, mentions “Cader yr Arglwyddes, an eminence about a quarter of a mile to the west of the church”

(4) Trwyn y Gader ‹truin ə gâ-der› SH2993 a headland on the north coast of Ynys Môn, 7 kilometres (5 miles) west of Cemais. ‘the nose (headland) (of) the chair (rock in the form of a chair)’

7 South-west Wales cradle

8 South-west Wales udder (of cow, ewe, goat, etc)
cadair buwch cow’s udder

9 seat for the pencerdd (chief bard) in the hall of a Welsh king / Welsh prince

10 (1800s) convention of bards (in this sense first used by Iolo Morganwg (1757-1826), poet and antiquary)
Cadair Powys the Powys convention of bards

11 chair awarded to a bard in an eisteddfod who has won the competition for the best poem (‘awdl’ - alliterative poem in different metres)
also: cadair eisteddfodol eisteddfod chair

cadair bardd eisteddfod chair, (winning) bard’s chair

cipio’r Gadair win the chair in an eisteddfod

atal y Gadair withold the Chair = not award the chair to any competitor, because no entry in the competition is considered good enough

cadair ddu chair awarded posthumously in an eisteddfod (literally: black chair, that is, one covered with a black cloth as a sign of mourning)

12 chair = steel socket holding a rail to the sleeper

13 (peninsula of Llyn, county of Gwynedd) plough handles

14 cluster of branches or twigs from the same trunk

15 cluster of stalks from the same seed

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cadair < cadeir < British < Latin catedra < cathedra

From the same British root: Cornish kader (= chair), Breton kader (= chair)

From the same Latin root: Irish cathair (= city; church)

NOTE: singular form: literary pronunciation (1) cadair ‹kâ-dair›, (2) general colloquial form cader ‹kâ-der›, (3) north-west Wales (an ‘a-final’ area) cadar ‹kâ-dar›, (4) south-east Wales (another ‘a-final’ area) catar ‹kâ-tar›

plural form: literary pronunciation cadeiriau ‹ka-deir-yau›, (2)South-west cadire ‹ka-dî-re›, (3) centre and North-east cadeirie ‹ka-dî-re›, (4) North-west cadeiria ‹ka-deir-ye›, (5) South-east cadira ‹ka-dî-ra›

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Cadair Arthur ‹ka -der ar -thir› feminine noun
1 Welsh name for the rock known as Arthur’s Seat, above Edinburgh
2 place in the peninsula of Gwyr, south-east Wales

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chair (of) Arthur’ (cadair = chair) + (Arthur = Arthur)

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cadair dro ‹ka -der droo›
1 swivel chair
y gadair dro = the swivel chair

ETYMOLOGY: ‘chair (of) turning’ (cadair = chair) + soft mutaiton + (tro, stem of troi = turn)

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Cadair Idris ‹ ka -der i-dris ›
1 (SH6913) mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) (893 metres in height)

Situated between the rivers Mawddach and Dysynni, it was on the boundary between the old kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.

In local tradition, Idris was a giant (Idris Gawr = Idris (the) giant)

Below there is Llyn y Gadair “(the) lake (of) Y Gadair”

The peak is called Pen y Gadair “(the) peak / top (of) Y Gadair” – the elements written separately as it is not a habitative name (The incorrect Penygadair is sometimes seen).

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372367 Pen y Gadair

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372372 Pen y Gadair

Local name: Y Gader (The general rule in writing place names is to use the standard Welsh form. Cadair <ˡkɑˑdaɪr> is generally cader <ˡkɑˑdɛr> colloquially. This local form is sometimes seen (Cader Idris) though modern maps have Cadair Idris.

The school in the town of Dolgellau below the mountain though is Ysgol y Gader, as is a local dental practice.

(delw 0035) Awst / August 2003

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) chair (of) Idris”

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cadarn <KAA-darn> [ˡkɑˑdarn] (adjective)
1 strong

2 y rhyw gadarn (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)

3 (district of Meirionydd) Mae’n gwyntio yn gadarn It’s blowing hard, There’s stormy weather

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cadarnle <ka-DARN-le> [kaˡdarnlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL cadarnleoedd <ka-darn-LEE-oidh, -odh> [kadarnˡleˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1 stronghold, bastion, fort; military defensive structure

2 stronghold, bastion = place where a principle or belief is strongly defended and supported
Cardarnle Islamyddol yw’r rhan hon o’r wlad This part of the country is an Islamist stronghold

3 (Welsh language) stronghold, bastion, place where the Welsh language is the majority language of the community

Beth am ddyfodol y Gymraeg yn ei chadarnleoedd? What about the future of Welsh in its strongholds?

4 stronghold = place where support for a political party is very strong

Cadarnle Torïaidd oedd Mynwy Mynwy was a stronghold of the Tory Party (= English Conservative Party)

ETYMOLOGY: (cadarn = strong) + soft mutation + (lle = place)

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caddugol <ka-DHII-gol> [kaˡðiˑgɔl] adjective
1 gloomy

ETYMOLOGY: (caddug = gloom) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

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cadeiriau <ka-DEIR-yai, -ye> [kaˡdəɪrjaɪ, -jɛ] (plural noun)
1 chairs; see cadair

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cadeirio <ka-DEIR-yo> [kaˡdəɪrjɔ] (verb)
1 (eisteddfod) award a chair to the winning poet

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cadeirlan ñ <ka-DEIR-lan> [kaˡdəɪrlan] feminine noun
PLURAL cadeirlannau <ka-deir-LA-neai, -ne> [kadəɪrˡlanaɪ, -ɛ]
1 cathedral = main church in a diocese where the bishop of the diocese has his throne

y gadeirlan = the cathedral

Cadeirlan y Santes Fair Saint Mary’s Cathedral (name of a Roman Catholic cathedral in Wrecsam)

clos cadeirlan cathedral close, the precincts of a cathedral

Cadeirlan Deiniol Saint Deiniol’s Cathedral (Bangor, Gwynedd)

2 Heol y Gadeirlan street in Caer-dydd (“road of the cathedral”). The road goes from the centre of the city in the direction of Llan-daf, a former cathedral village in the countryside and now a district of Caer-dydd

ETYMOLOGY: (cadeir-, penultimate form of cadair = chair, bishop’s throne) + soft mutation + (llan = church).

A recent coining.

Not included in the 1953 section of Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary covering this part of the alphabet. Felt to be less cumbersome than the usual form eglwys cadeiriol (“church + cathedratic”, cathedratic church, church with a cathedra, church with a bishop’s throne)

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cadeirydd, cadeiryddion <ka-DEI-ridh, ka-dei-RƏDH-yon> [kaˡdəɪrɪð,kadəɪˡrəðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 chairman

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Cadfan <KAD-van> [ˡkadvan] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

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cadfarch <KAD-varkh> [ˡkadvarx] masculine noun
PLURAL cadfeirch <KAD-veirkh> [ˡkadvəɪrx]
1 literary warhorse

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (march = horse)

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cadfloedd <KAD-vloidh> [ˡkadvlɔɪð] feminine noun
PLURAL cadfloeddiau <kad-VLOIDH-yai, -ye> [kadˡvlɔɪðjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 literary war cry
y gadfloedd = the warcry

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (bloedd = cry)

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Cadi <KAA-di> [ˡkɑˑdɪ] feminine noun
1 woman’s name (Catherine)

2 in some expressions, a girl with boyish characteristics
South Wales cadi fachgen, cati fachgen tomboy
North Wales cadi bechgyn tomboy

3 in some expressions, a boy with girlish characteristics

North Wales cadi ffan effeminate man

North Wales cadi genod boy who prefers the company of girls

cadi merched boy who prefers the company of girls

cadi Martha effeminate man

ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a variant of Welsh Cati, pet form of Catryn (= Catherine), but more likely Cadi is direct from English Kaddy < Katty < Katharine (there was a tendency to voice medial consonants in some words in English)

NOTE: in the south-east, Cadi > Cati (the initial consonants “d, b, g” of the final syllable become devoiced “t, p, c” in this region)

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Cadi Siân Dafydd <KAA-di SHAAN DAA-vidh> [ˡkɑˑdɪ ˡʃɑːn ˡdɑˑvɪð] feminine noun
1 a woman who renounces the Welsh language and culture in the belief that anything English is far superior; Welshwoman who shows contempt for her language and nation, preferring to be considered English

A man with these attitudes is a “Dic Siôn Dafydd” “Dick / Richard (son of) John (son of) David”. This was the name of a character in a poem of the same name by Jac Glanygors (John Jones, 1766-1821). Dic moves to London to become a haberdasher, and decides to become English. He maintains that he has forgotten his Welsh, and on visiting his mother back in Wales he inisists on speaking English to her, a language which she does not understand)

The name for the female equivalent was used by Emrys ap Iwan in “Breuddwyd Pabydd Wrth ei Ewyllys” (c. 1890) (‘a papist’s dream off how he would have things to be’).

ETYMOLOGY:
(Cadi = Catherine, Catty) + (Siân = Jane) + (Dafydd = David),
“Cadi (daughter of) Siân (daughter of) Dafydd;

This is an imitation of Dic Siôn Dafydd –

(1) substitution of Cadi as a common name for a woman; a clever substitution since it shares three letters with the name Dic

(2) Siân instead of Siôn - a common name for a girl and the name corresponding to Siôn,

(3) retention of Dafydd as the final element

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cadlan <KAD-lan> [ˡkadlan] feminine noun
PLURAL cadlannau <kad-LA-nai, -ne> [kadˡlanaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (obsolete) battlefield
y gadlan = the battlefield

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (llan = field)

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cadlanc <KAD-langk> [ˡkadlaŋk] masculine noun
PLURAL cadlanciau <kad-LANGK-yai, -ye> [kadˡlaŋkjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 cadet = student at a military college or a naval college

2 cadet = young person training to become a military or naval officer

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (llanc = youth, lad, young man)

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cadlas <KAD-las> [ˡkadlas] feminine noun
PLURAL cadlasau <kad-LA-sai, -se> [kadˡlasaɪ, -ɛ]
1 obsolete green, enclosure (for playing certain games - bowls, tennis)
y gadlas = the green

2 farmyard

3 North Wales rickyard = place to store hay

4 South-east Wales; obsolete dance = a get-together for dancing, merrymaking

5 Y Gadlas <ə GAD-las> [ə ˡgadlas] (= the farmyard) monthly Welsh-language community newspaper serving the area between the rivers Conwy <KOO-nui> [ˡkoˑnʊɪ] and Clwyd <KLUID> [klʊɪd] in North-west Wales, south of the village of Abergele <a-ber-GEE-le> [abɛrˡgeˑlɛ]

6 Place names:

..a/ In Llýsfaen, Baecolwyn, county of Conwy there is a “Gadlas Road” (which would be Ffordd y Gadlas in Welsh)

..b/ Possibly Gatlas ST3492 (county of Mynwy), and Coed y Gatlas, “Gatlas Lane”, north of Caerllion
Query: I have no earlier examples of this place name - is this from gadlas / gadlys? On the map it is seen to be near a ‘Civil War Fort’

Such a form would be expected in the south-east (Y Gadlas > Y Gatlas) since devoicing d > t occurs generally before a vowel if at the head of the penultimate syllable.

This seems too to be the case of dl > tl in the south-eastern dialect – as in the case of Pysgodlyn (fishpond) > Pysgotlyn

..c/ Cadlas street name in Ceiconna (county of Y Fflint)

..d/ Y Gadlas SJ3637 farm in Shropshire, England, near Llandudlyst yn y Traean / Dudleston Heath

Beside it on the map there is a symbol for an earthwork, marked ‘Moat’

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/367163

ETYMOLOGY: cadlas < cadlys (= fort, earthworks). The change > a apparently happened as a result of the influence of the ‘a’ in the first syllable.

Other examples of this are the words
Siarlas (= Charles) < Siarlys, and
taplas (= merrymaking, party) < taplys

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cadle <KAD-le> [ˡkadlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL cadleoedd <kad-LEE-oidh, -odh> [kadˡleˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1 battlefield

2 place names:
...(1) Cadle, near Fforest-fach (county of Abertawe)
...(2) Bodgadle in the peninsula of Llyn (county of Gwynedd) (bod = house)

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (lle = place)

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cadlef <KAD-lev> [ˡkadlɛv] feminine noun
PLURAL cadlefau <kad-LEE-vai, -ve> [kadˡleˑvaɪ, -ɛ]
1 warcry, battle cry
y gadlef = the battle cry

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (llef = cry)

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cadlys <KAD-lis> [ˡkadlɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL cadlysoedd <kad-LƏS-oidh, odh> [kadˡləsɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 defensive ditch; fort, camp;
it occurs in the place names
...(1) y Gadlys, Aber-dâr (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf, South-east Wales),
...(2) y Gadlys, Llangynwyd (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, South-east Wales)

2 courtyard, enclosure; see the entry cadlas above

3 pencadlys masculine noun ‘main battle-court’, ‘company headquarters, administrative headquarters’

ETYMOLOGY: (cad <kaad> [kɑːd] = battle) + soft mutation (+ llys ‹lhiis› = court). In modern Welsh llys is masculine, but in older Welsh it was originally feminine; in certain old compounds such as cadlys it remains feminine, as well as in some place names (Llys-wen = (the) white court, rather than Llys-gwyn)

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Cadnant ‹kad -nant› feminine noun
1 Afon Cadnant = river in the county of Gwynedd near Caernarfon SH4963

2 Afon Cadnant = river in the county of Conwy near the town of Conwy SH8654
...Ysgol Cadnant name of a school in the town of Conwy

3 Afon Cadnant = river in the county of Môn near the village of Porthaethwy SH5675

ETYMOLOGY: (cad prefix = strong, forceful, < cad = battle) + (nant = stream); the sense is “stream with a strong flow”, rushing headlong as in a battle

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cadno ‹kad-no› masculine noun
PLURAL cadnóid, cadnawod, cadnawon, cedny ‹kad-nô-id, kad-nau-od, kad-nau-on, ked-ni›
South Wales
1 fox

2 fox = (this animal hunted as a pastime)
hela cadnoaid foxhunting, hunting foxes

3 (during the day) unreliable weather - fair weather which is likely to give way to bad weather later in the day

-Ryn ni wedi cael tywydd teg o’r diwedd
-O, cadno yw e
-We’ve got good weather at last
-Oh, it won’t last the morning (“it is a fox”)

4 (during a period longer than a day) unreliable weather
diwrnod cadno a fine day in the middle of wet weather

5 Hys gyda’r ci a hwi gyda’r cadno to have a foot in both camps, to support both sides in a dispute (“‘at him, boy!’ with the dog and ‘let’s go!’ with the fox”)

6 crafty person, sly person, cunning person
Mae’n hen gadno = he’s a smart one

7 sly person, cunning person, untrustworthy person (the word is used by some monolingual speakers of Cambrian English in the south - “Don’t trust him - he’s a proper old cadno”

mor ffalsed â’r cadno as untrustworthy as the fox, as false as the fox

cyfrwys fel cadno as sly as a fox, as cunning as a fox, as artful as a monkey (in the north: “fel llwynog” = like a fox)

8 derogatory - unpleasant person, despicable person
(y brenin gormesol) Da gennym i gyd, mi wn, fod addysg a diwylliant wedi gyrru’r cadno hwnnw i’w ffau am byth
(the figure of the depostic king) we are all thankful, I know, that education and culture have sent that fox / despicable character to his den for ever

ETYMOLOGY: Cadno is most likely a personal name (not used in modern Welsh) with a final element -gno (= well-known, fine). Some names of this type are found incorporated in place names –

..1/ Beuno (Llanfeuno, in Herefordshire, England),

..2/ Gwyddno (Porthwyddno, older form of Y Borth in the county of Ceredigion),

..3/ Machno (Afon Machno, river in Conwy county, Penmachno - a village by this river),

..4/ Mochno (Cors Fochno, a bog in the county of Ceredigion).

..5/ Tudno (Llandudno, county of Conwy),

For more information on these names see -gno. The first element in Cadno is cad = battle, from Celtic kat-, an element used frequently in Celtic compound names, and found in Welsh names such as Cadwaladr, and Cadfael (and its hypochoristic form Cadog).
The name may have been used to avoid using the ‘real name’ for the animal. There are examples in many languages of a taboo on using this ‘real name’ of certain animals and alluding to them by the use of descriptive forms or personal names.

(1) In north Wales a fox is llwynog, (“bushy (animal)”), referring to its tail, from llwyn = bush.

(2) In Catalan, the animal is guineu - in origin a Germanic personal name ‘Winihild’.

(3) In the Lowlandic language of Scotland it is called tod (apparently a personal name) and also lowrie (apparently the personal name Lawrence), or a combination of these lowrie-tod, tod-lowrie.
(4) In English ‘Reynard’ was a common by-name for a fox, from the medieval story Renard The Fox.

Compare bynames for the hare - y gwta or y gota (“the bob-tailed (animal)”), and the usual name for the animal which is probably also from a byname - yr ysgyfarnog - (“the eared (animal)”, the animal with long ears)

NOTE: popularly cadnoaid > cadnöid; and there is a metathesised form cedny > cendy; in South-east Wales there is metathesis of cadno > canddo / cynddo
The singular form cadnaw sometimes found in literature is results from imitation of other words in a final -o which is a reduction of a historial -aw still found in derivatives.

An example is athro = teacher. The -aw is seen in the plural athrawon and the feminine form athrawes (= woman teacher). For this reason some writers considered that the obsolete form athraw was more correct than the modern reduced form athro.

(In fact, cadnaw is not a recent form since there is an example of it as long ago as the 1400s).
Thus cadnaw comes from the belief that this is the underlying form of cadno, though this is not the case. In turn, from cadnaw come

(1) the plural forms cadnawon, cadnawod (more usually cadnoid, cedny) and

(2) the word for vixen cadnawes (more usually cadnöes).

The -aw form could also be the result of the influence of the word cenau = young dog, young fox, the plural of which is cenawon

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cadnöes ‹kad- nô -es› feminine noun
PLURAL cadnoesau ‹kad-no- e -se›
South Wales
1 vixen = female fox;
y gadnöes = the vixen

ETYMOLOGY: (cadno = fox) + (-es suffix for forming nouns which indicate a female)
NOTE: also cadnawes; in North Wales, llwynoges; in the South-east, also gast cadno (“bitch (of) fox”)

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cadoediad ‹kad-oid-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL cadoediadau ‹kad-oid-yâ-de›
1 ceasefire, truce = temporary pause in fighting
cadoediad dros dro temporary truce

2 armistice, peace = cessation of fighting to discuss peace terms

Diwrnod y Cadoediad Armistice Day, anniversary of the armistice signed on Nov 11 1918 which ended the First World War (USA: Veterans Day). After the Second World War it was replaced by Sul y Coffa, (Remembrance Sunday) (also called Dydd y Coffa Remembrance Day), the second Sunday in November and so the Sunday closest to November 11; on this day the dead of both World Wars are commemorated

3 ceisio cadoediad seek a truce

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + (oediad = delay)

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Cadog ‹kâ -dog› masculine noun
1 in older Welsh, a hypochoristic form of Cadfael

ETYMOLOGY: (cad-, first element of the name Cadfael) + (-og suffix)
The Breton equivalent is Kazeg

NOTE: In South-east Wales Cadog > Catwg.
See Catwg, Llangatwg

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cadr ‹kadr› adjective
1 obsolete handsome

2 obsolete powerful, mighty

3 as an element in certain names for males from the British period: Cedrig, Cedris

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kat-ro < *kat- = to fight.
In Breton it is in everyday use as kaer (= beautiful, fair) < kazr < British *kat-ro

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Cadrod ‹kad -rod› masculine noun
1 early Welsh personal name
2 Cadrawd early form of the name, with the diphthong aw, which in modern Welsh in the final syllable is the simple vowel o
Cadrawd was the pseudonym of Thomas Christopher Evans (1846-1918),
Cadrawd Calchfynydd a ruler of the district of Calchfynydd in the 500s; this was possibly in southern Scotland (Calchfynydd is “chalk mountain”, probably modern day (English) Kelso / (Scots) Kelsae / (Gàidhlig) Cealsach.
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (rhawd = course, route) > Cadrawd > Cadrod
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cadw ‹KA du› (verb)
1 keep

2 cadw ar rywun cover up for somebody
.....Un peth ydi i mi gau fy ngheg am y dwyn - peth arall ydi i mi gadw ar lofrudd
It’s one thing for me to keep my mouth shut about the theft – but it’s quite another thing to cover up for a murderer

3 cadw + NOUN

CEFN: cadw cefn rhywun plead someone’s cause

CYFRINACH: cadw cyfrinach keep a secret
.....Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r gyfrinach I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on my oath to keep the secret”)

DYDD: cadw dydd yr Arglwydd keep the Lord’s Day, keep the Sabbath, observe the Lord’s Day

GOLWG: cadw golwg am look out for something

GWELY: cadw’ch gwely be confined to bed, be in bed, stay in bed

LLONG: cadw llong uwchláw’r dŵr keep a ship afloat

LLYGAD: cadw llygad am look out for, keep an eye out for

LLYGAID: cadw’ch llygaid yn eich gwegil to have a blinkered attitude (“to keep your eyes in the back of your neck”)

PWYLL: cadw’ch pwyll keep your wits about you, act prudently (“keep your prudence”)

STŴR: cadw stŵr make a noise, be rowdy

SŴN: cadw sŵn make a noise

TREFN: cadw trefn gaeth ar (rywbeth) strictly control (something

TWRW: cadw twrw make a noise, be rowdy

3 cadw + yn (= as)

RHYWBETH: cadw (rhywbeth) yn ddirgelwch keep (something) a secret

4 cadw + yn (= linking particle)

cadw yn heini ‹KA du ən HEI ni› / cadw’n heini (verb) keep fit

5 cadw + rhag (= preposition)

cadw rhag annwyd escape a cold

6 cadw + adverbial phrase

cadw yn y cudd keep a low profile, keep your head down, try not to draw attention, remain in hiding (“keep in the hiding”)

7 cas cadw da healthy outward appearance, (man, animal), good condition
(“condition (of) good keeping”) (cas = case, condition) + (cadw = to keep, keeping) + (da = good )
...mewn cas cadw da in good condition; in good repair, in good working order

8 (past participle) kept, kept by, saved; reserved;
llaeth cadw milk kept for churning, milk for churning ("kept milk")
sedd gadw PLURAL seddau cadw reserved seat

9 (in phrases meaning ‘to make a noise”)

cadw stŵr make a noise, be rowdy
cadw sŵn make a noise
cadw twrw make a noise, be rowdy

10 save from perdition

South Wales Dir caton pawb! may God save us all! God preserve us! < Duw a’n catwo ni bawb (“may God save us all”)

11 observe a religious day, observe a tradition

cadw’r Calan observe New Year traditions; observance of New Year traditions

cadw’r Saboth observe the Sabbath; observance of the Sabbath
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Cadwaladr ‹kad WA la dar› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

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Cadw’ch afraid erbyn eich rhaid ‹ka -du əkh av-raid er –bin də hraid ›
1 be thrifty, keep what you don't need now for possible future use; put something away for a rainy day; waste not, want not = if you do not waste things, you won't be poor

ETYMOLOGY: “keeping your unneeded (things) against your need” (cadw = keep / keeping) + (’ch < eich = your) + (afraid (adjective) = unnecessary; (noun) = unnecessary things) + (erbyn = against) + (eich = your) + (rhaid = necessity)

NOTE: Also:

(different preposition) cadw’ch afraid at eich raid (at = towards),

(with dy = thy, instead of eich = your) cadw d’afraid erbyn dy raid, cadw d’afraid at dy raid

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cadw cyfrinach ‹ka -du kə-vrî -nakh›
1 keep a secret
Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r gyfrinach I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on my oath to keep the secret”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cadw = to keep) + (cyfrinach = secret)

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cadw drws agored ‹ka -du druus a-gô-red›
1 keep open house, be very hospitable, welcome all and sundry

ETYMOLOGY: “keep (an) open door” (cadw = keep) + (drws = door) + (agored = open)

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cadwedig ‹kad –wê-dig› adjective
1 (theology), redeemed, saved
pechadur cadwedig a redeemed sinner, a sinner who has been saved

ETYMOLOGY: (cadw = keep, save) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective)

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cadw golwg ar ‹ka -du gô -lug ar›
1 keep an eye on, observe (“keep a view on”)

Rhaid cadw golwg ar sut maen nhw’n gwario arian y trethdalwyr
We have to keep an eye on how they spend the taxpayers’ money

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cadw-mi-gei ‹ka -du mii gei › masculine noun
(North Wales)
1 money box, piggy bank

ETYMOLOGY: “keep (and) you shall get” = save the money and you shall have it later
(cadw = keep!, imperative form of cadw = to keep) + (mi gei = you shall get)

Mi gei is (mi preverbal particle) + soft mutation + (cei = you shall get, from the verb cael = to obtain, receive, get)

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cadwydd ‹kad-widh› plural
1 brambles, bramble brake, place full of brambles

ETYMOLOGY: (cad = intensifying prefix; this prefix is derived from cad = battle) + soft mutation + (gwydd = trees, bushes); Welsh < British

From the same British root: Cornish kazwedh
(As in the Cornish place name Porthkazwedh, English “Cadgwith”)

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cadwyn, cadwynau ‹KAD win, kad WI ne› (feminine noun)
1 chain = string made up of links (of paper, metal, etc)
blaen cadwyn end of a chain

2 fel ci ar gadwyn straining at the leash (“like (a) dog on (a) chain”)

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cae ‹kâi › masculine noun
PLURAL caeau ‹kei -e›
1 field

2 (obsolete) hedge

dodi cae o amgylch (rhywbeth) place a hedge around something
Marc 12:1 Ac efe a ddechreuodd ddywedyd wrthynt ar ddamhegion. Gŵr a blannodd winllan, ac a ddododd gae o’i hamgylch, ac a gloddiodd le i’r gwingafn, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Mark 12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.

gosod cae yng nghylch (rhywbeth) place a hedge around something

Mathew 21:33 Clywch ddameg arall. Yr oedd rhyw ddyn o berchen tŷ, yr hwn a blannodd winllan, ac a osododd gae yn ei chylch hi, ac a gloddiodd ynddi winwryf, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Matthew 21:33 Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country:

gwasgaru cae destroy a hedge (“scatter a hedge”)
Pregethwyr 10:8 Y sawl a gloddio bwll, a syrth ynddo; a’r neb a wasgaro gae, sarff a’i brath
Ecclesiastes 10:8 He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh an hedge, a serpent shall bite him.

dryllio cae destroy a hedge (“make pieces of a hedge”)
Salmau 89:39 Diddymaist gyfamod dy was; halogaist ei goron, gan ei thaflu i lawr. (89:40) Drylliaist ei holl gaeau ef; gwnaethost ei amddiffynfeydd yn adwyau.
Pslams 89:39 Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant: thou hast profaned his crown by casting it to the ground. (89:40) Thou hast broken down all his hedges; thou hast brought his strong holds to ruin.

tynnu ymaith gae remove a hedge (“pull away a hedge”)
Eiseia 5:5 Ac yr awr hon mi a hysbysaf i chwi yr hyn a wnaf i’m gwinllan: tynnaf ymaith ei chae, fel y porer hi; torraf ei magwyr, fel y byddo hi yn sathrfa
Isaiah 5:5 And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down:

cau cae make a hedge
Eseciel 13:4 Dy broffwydi, Israel, ydynt fel llwynogod yn yr anialwch (13:5) Ni safasoch yn yr adwyau, ac ni chaeasoch y cae i dŷ Israel, i sefyll yn y rhyfel ar ddydd yr ARGLWYDD
Ezekiel 13:4 O Israel, thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts. (13:5) Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for the house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the LORD.

Eseciel 22:30 Ceisiais hefyd ŵr ohonynt i gau y cae, ac i sefyll ar yr adwy o’m blaen dros y wlad, rhag ei dinistrio; ac nis cefais
Ezekiel 22:30 And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but I found none.

3 cae drain thorn hedge
Micha 7:4 Y gorau ohonynt sydd fel miaren, yr unionaf yn arwach na chae drain; dydd dy wylwyr, a'th ofwy, sydd yn dyfod: bellach y bydd eu penbleth hwynt.
Micah 7:4 The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now shall be their perplexity.

Diarhebion 15:19 Ffordd y diog sydd fel cae drain; ond ffordd yr uniawn sydd wastad.
Proverbs 15:19 The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain.

4 field = land enclosed by a fence or hedge used for livestock
cae pori pasture (“field (of) grazing”)
cae porfa pasture

5 field = land enclosed by a fence or hedge used for crops
cae ŷd cornfield
cae gwair hay meadow

cae llafur field of cereals

cae tro ploughed field (“field + ploughed”)
cae troi ploughed field (“field (of) ploughing”)

6 (chwaraeon = sport) field, ground = piece of land for the playing certain sports
cae antur adventure playground

7 field, ground for other activities
cae sioe showground

8 ar ganol y cae in the middle of the field
yng nghanol y cae in the middle of the field

9 (Place names) Frequent in field names, and through transference, in settlement names (farms, villages, suburbs, houses, streets)

FIELD NAME: Cae’r Ffynnon well field, (“(the) field (of) the well”). Usually as Cae Ffynnon (in field names / place names the linking definite article is often lost)

SETTLEMENT NAME: Caerffynnon, Caeffynnon (settlement names are more correctly spelt as a single word)

10 Gwarycaeau Street in Port talbot (“Gwar Y Caeau”)

The local form would be “gwar y cia”.

“(the place”) above the fields”

11 SJ3049 Cored y Caeau Name of a weir on the river Clywedog in Y Bers / Bersham, Wrecsam
“(the) weir (at) Y Caeau”

Pont y Caeau a bridge here “(the) bridge (at) Y Caeau”

12 ddim yn yr un cae â not in the same street as, far superior, beyond compare (“not in the same field as”)

13 mill dam; riverside embankment, earthwork to raise the height of a riverbank to prevent flooding (ar- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + ( cae = enclosure)

14 (South Wales) cae’r nos field near a farmhouse where cattle and sheep are kept during the night
mynd i gae'r nos go off to bed, hit the sack (“go to the night-time field”)

15 (North Wales) cae’r hun bed (“(the) field (of) the sleep”)

16 bod mewn cae arall (“be in another field”) be missing the point, be parking up the wrong tree

17 nid + bod yn pori yn un cae (“not + be grazing in the same field”) be missing the point, be parking up the wrong tree
Dwyt ti ddim yn pori yn yr un cae You don’t get my point

18 cau < cae-u (cae = hedge) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

19 cae ras racecourse (“field (of) race”)
cae rasio racecourse (“field (of) racing”)
cae rasys racecourse (“field (of) races”)

Y Cae Ras (English: The Racecourse, or The Raceourse Ground) is the name of the football stadium in Wrecsam, where Wrexham Football Club began playing in 1872, the year it was founded, on what was originally land used for cricket and horse-racing.

CAE as a final element:

20 argae (qv) embankment

21 coetgae (qv) field (originally ‘hedge’, and then ‘the place enclosed by a hedge’)
coetgae < cóed-gae (coed = trees) + soft mutation + (cae = hedge)

Quite frequent in place names, especially in the south-east; it has various colloquial pronunciations. Generally misspelt as “coedcae” or “coed cae”, and as a result often explained as meaning “coed y cae” “(the) field (by) the wood”

22 cytgae common boundary, boundary hedgebank between two farms
cytgae < cýd-gae (cyd- < cyd- = existing together, joint, shared) + soft mutation + (cae = hedge, hedgebank) (d-g > t)

23 hyddgae (qv) deer park
(hydd = deer) + soft mutation + ( cae = hedge; field)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cae (= field) < *cagh < British *kag- < Celtic <Indoeuropean

From the same British root: Cornish ke (= hedge), Breton kae (= hedge)

French quai (= quay) < Gaulish *kaion

Thus English quay (a word taken from French) and Welsh cae are both words of Celtic origin

Related words in Germanic (from the same Indoeuropean root)
..a/ English hedge and also haw / hawthorn (originally with the sense of “the bush used for making hedges”)
..b/ Dutch haag (= hedge)

NOTE: South-east Wales - caeau > cia

Similar sense developments to that of cae – that is, the change from “that which encloses” to “that which is enclosed, the area within the enclosure” is to be seen in the following examples:

..a/ Welsh bangor (top row of woven twigs > fence > enclosure > monastery, as in the place name Bangor – two examples in north Wales)

..b/ Welsh gweirglodd (hay meadow) < gweirglawdd

(gweir- penult form of gwair = grass, hay) + soft mutation + (clawdd = earth bank, stone wall)

..c/ English pale (= pole, strip of wood) > fence > enclosed area (as in The Pale, the English-occupied area in Ireland around Baile Átha Cliath)

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caead ‹kei -ad› verb
1 close

ETYMOLOGY: Cf. Cornish keas (= to close)

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caead ‹kei-ad› masculine noun
PLURAL caeadau ‹kei- â -de›
1 lid
rhoi caead ar eich piser shut someone up, stop someone from talking (“put a lid on his pitcher”)
Dyna gaead ar ei biser! That’s shut him up! That’s put a stop to him!

2 tailboard
caead trol tailboard of a cart
caead cert tailboard of a cart
caead wagen godi tailboard of a tipper lorry

3 shutter
caead Fenis Venetian shutter
rhoi’r caeadau lan put up the shutters
caead rhwyllog Persian blind, roller shutter – outside window blind with adjustable slats

4 (Photography) shutter
clicied caead shutter release
cymflymder caead shutter speed

5 caead allan exclusion, shut-out

6 (adjective) closed
pengaead closed at one end
...heol bengaead cul-de-sac
llawgaead stingy, mean (llaw = hand) + soft mutation + (caead = closed)

ETYMOLOGY: (cae- = stem of cau = to close) + (-ad, -ed suffix for forming a past participle)

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Caeamérica ‹ kai-a-me–ri-ka›
1 street name in Llanfairfechan (county of Conwy) (spelt as two words “Cae America”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae América’ “(the) field (of) America”
(cae = field) + (América = America)

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Y Caeau ‹KEI-ai, -e›
1 “the fields”

Name of a farm north-east of the village of Pentrehelygain SJ1972 / “Pentre Halkyn”, county of Y Fflint

2 Parcycaeau / Caia Park a district of Wrecsam

“(the) park (of ) Y Caeau”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/981216

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Caebedw ‹ kai- mor -fa›
1 street name
..a/ Acre-fair (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as two words “Cae Bedw”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

..b/ Caerffili (county of Caerffili) (spelt as two words “Cae Bedw”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
‘cae’r bedw’ “(the) field (of) the birch trees”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (bedw = birch trees)

The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…

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Caebitffald ‹kai- bit -fald›
1 street name in Tre'r-ddôl (SN6692) (county of Ceredigion) (spelt as two words “Cae Bitffald”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r bitffald’ “(the) field (of) the pound”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + soft mutation + (pitffald = pound ‹for stray animals›)

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Caeblodau ‹kai- blô -de›
1 street name in Baecinmel (county of Dinbych) (spelt as two words “Cae Blodau”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r blodau’ ‘(the) field (of) the flowers’
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (blodau = flowers)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…

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Caecastan ‹kai- ka -stan›
1 street name in Rhuthun (county of Dinbych) (spelt as two words “Cae Castan”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r castan’ “(the) field (of) the chestnut tree”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + soft mutation + (castan = chestnut tree)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…

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cae chwarae ‹kai KHWA re› (masculine noun)
1 sports field

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Cae Crwn ‹kai- krun › masculine noun
1 field name

ETYMOLOGY: y cae crwn = the round field

(cae = field) + (crwn = round)

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Cae-crwn ‹kai- krun › masculine noun
1 street name
..a/ Dynfant (county of Abertawe) (spelt as two words “Cae Crwn”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
..b/ Machynlleth (county of Powys) (spelt as two words “Cae Crwn”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: y cae crwn = the round field. See preceding entry.

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Cae Deintur ‹kai dein-tir›
1 (or Cae Dintur). Field name (lost) in Caer-dydd.
John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911), notes
"Kaye y Dyntur... A field in the Treasurer’s Manor of Llandaff (1535.) It was a piece of pasture ground on the highway from Llandaff to Fairwater (1649)”

ETYMOLOGY: cae’r deintur “(the) field (of) the tenter frame” > cae deintur.
The linking definite article is often lost in place names.
(cae = field) + (’r < yr = definite article) + (deintur = tenter frame)

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Caedeintur ‹kai dein-tir›
1 street name in Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: As above. Street names without an element indicating “street” are spelt as settlement names, that is, as a single word. It seems though that the name is spelt (incorrectly) “Cae Deintur” officially.

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Cae-glas ‹kâi glaas›
1 Cae-glas house name
2 Cae-glas street name in Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam)
3 Cae-glas locality in Abertawe SS6595

ETYMOLOGY: “y cae glas” the green field (y = definite article) + (cae = field) + (glas = green).

In names on signs, maps, etc the initial article is omitted, though it is understood, and in context it should re-emerge – Mae e’n byw yn y Cae-glas He lives in Cae-glas, rather than *Mae e’n byw yn Nghae-glas

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Cae-haf ‹kai- haav › masculine noun
1 street name in Pentrecátheral (county of Y Fflint)

ETYMOLOGY: cae’r haf = the field of the summer

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cae haidd ‹kai haidh › masculine noun
1 barley field

ETYMOLOGY: (cae = field) + (haidd = barley )

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Cae-haidd ‹kai haidh › masculine noun
1 street name in Llanymynech (county of Powys) (spelt as two words “Cae Haidd”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: “y cae haidd” = the field (of) barley

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Cae-glo ‹kai- gloo › masculine noun
1 street name
..a/ Cefn-mawr (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as two words “Cae Glo”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
..b/ Wrecsam (spelt as two words “Cae Glo”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)

ETYMOLOGY: “cae’r glo” = the field of the coal
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…

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Cae-go ‹kâi-goo›
1 district west of Rhos-ddu (county of Wrecsam)

ETYMOLOGY: “cae’r gof” (“(the) field (of) the smith”)
(cae = field) + (yr = definite article) + (gof = smith).
The final ‹v› is often lost in the north in one-syllable words, hence gof > go.

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cael
1 have something done, to be the object of some action
cael torri eich gwallt get your hair cut (“receive (the) cutting (of) your hair”)
cael tyllu ei chlustiau have your ears pierced 'receive (the) piercing (of) her ears'
cael tynnu eich llun have your photo / picture taken ("receive (the) pulling (of) your picture")

2 have = eat
cael brecwast have breakfast

3 have, get = experience, undergo, suffer (a feeling, sensation)
cael sioc have a shock

4 have a (specified) type of life
cael bwyd go ddiflas have a fairly disagreeable life (e.g. after a death, separation, etc)

5 have (difficulty, a problem)
chefais i ddim trafferth o gwbl I didn’t have any trouble at all

6 have = give birth to
cael plentyn = to have a child

7 have (a dream) cael breuddwyd

8 have (+ type of weather)
Gesoch chi dywydd braf yn yr eisteddfod?
Did you have good weather in the eisteddfod?

cael rhew caled (said of cold weather when water or the ground, etc is frozen hard) (“have a hard frost / ice”)

9 (indicates permission) be granted permission to, be allowed to, to be able to
cael mynd adre be allowed to go home, be allowed home
Pam nad yw pobl y wlad honno yn câl dewis ’u llywodreth?
Why aren’t the people of that country allowed to choose their government?

10 expressions indicating ‘to see’
cael gweld (rhywbeth) yn well get a better view of something
cael golwg ar have a look at
mynd i gael golwg ar y dre go and have a look round town

11 get = receive an injury
cael crafiad ar eich llaw scratch your hand (= be scratched on the hand)

12 find, come across = discover by chance
Yn y gwely winwns ces i e
I found it in the onion bed

13 succeed in, manage to
Chefais i gysgu fawr ddim ers nosweithiau I’ve not been able to sleep much for many nights now

14 wyt ti’n eu cael nhw? North Wales Have you gone barking mad? Have you taken leave of your senses? (“are you getting them?”)

15 get, catch (a disease)
Fe ges i ryw hen glefyd imbed (embyd) yno I caught some bloody awful disease there

16 cael bod... find that, discover that, become aware of the fact that
Rhywbeth sy’n rhoi gwefr anhygoel i ddysgwyr yw cael eu bod yn gallu deall Cymraeg llafar tu allan i’r dosbarth
Something which gives an incredible thrill to learners (of the language) is finding that they can understand spoken Welsh outside the class

17 (indicates the passive) “get, receive”;
Used to form the passive voice with periphrastic constructions. In literary Welsh a termination is added to the verb, according to the tense:
-ir = present-future,
-wyd = past,
-id = imperfect,
-asid = pluperfect,
-er = present subjunctive,
-id = imperfect subjunctive
Although forms with -wyd and sometimes -ir are to be heard in colloquial Welsh, they are far from frequent. Generally the verb cael is used along with a possessive determiner

gweld = to see,
cael eich gweld = be seen (“get your seeing”)
cafodd ei anfon ‹KAA-vodh i AN-von› he was sent (“he got his sending”)

18 get = win (prize, award, trophy, honour)

19 get = undergo, suffer (punishment, beating)

20 cael gan rywun wneud rhywbeth get somebody to do something

21 er mwyn cael enghraifft for argument’s sake

22 cael y gwaethaf ohoni come out of it badly

23 have = have sexual intercourse with
merch hawdd ei chael an easy piece, an easy lay (“girl easy her getting”)

24 (South Wales) cael eich cymal aga get into one’s stride (in some task)

25 obtain
cael cyfrinach o groen rhywun prise / wheedle a secret out of somebody (“get a secret from the skin of someone)”

26 cael blas o’ch ffisig eich hun have / get a taste of your own medicine

27
BLAS: cael blas o’ch ffisig eich hun have / get a taste of your own medicine
CRAFIAD: cael crafiad ar eich llaw scratch your hand (= be scratched on the hand)
CYMAL: (South Wales) cael eich cymal aga get into one’s stride (in some task)
GWAETHAF: cael y gwaethaf ohoni come out of it badly
GWLYCHFA: cael gwlychfa get a soaking, get soaked, get drenched
GWLYCHFA: cael gwlychfa at eich croen get soaked to the skin

Present Indicative: 1 caf, cawn; 2 cei, cewch, 3 caiff, cânt Impersonal: ceir
Imperfect Indicative: 1 cawn, caem; 2 cait, caech; 3 câi, caent; Impersonal: caed
Past Indicative: 1 cefais, cawsom; 2 cefaist,, cawsoch; 3 cafodd, cawsant; Impersonal: cafwyd, caed (colloquial: 1 ces, cawson; 2 cêst,, cawsoch; 3 cath / cadd / (South Wales) cas, cawson)
Pluperfect Indicative: 1 cawswn, cawsem; 2 cawsit, cawsech; 3 cawsai, cawsent; Impersonal: cawsid
Present Subjunctive: 1 caffwn, caffem; 2 caffit, caffech; 3 caffai, caffent; Impersonal: ceffid; or the same as the Imperfect Indicative: 1 cawn, caem; 2 cait, caech; 3 câi, caent;
Imperative: 1 -, -; 2 -, -; 3 caffed / caed, caffent / caent; Impersonal: caffer, caer
In the second person there is no imperative: other verbs are used, depending on the sense; for example, dos i nôl / ewch i nôl (North Wales) = go and fetch; cer i moyn / ewch i moyn (South Wales) = go and fetch

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cael a chael ‹kail aa khail ›
1 a narrow squeak; touch and go
Cael a chael! Just made it!

Cael a chael yw hi It’s touch and go

Cael a chael yw hi bob tro i'r 'steddfod wneud elw
It’s touch and go every time for the Esiteddfod to make a profit

Cael a chael oedd hi na laddwyd mohonom ni
We were within an inch of death, it was a miracle we weren’t killed

Cael a chael oedd hi na laddwyd mohonom ni

We were within an inch of death

ETYMOLOGY: (“get and get”)
(cael = get) + (a = and) + aspirate mutation + (cael = get)

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cael adferiad ‹kail ad- ver -yad›
1 recover one’s health, get well again

Gobeithiai gael adferiad hyd y ddau ddiwrnod olaf y bu fyw
He hoped to recover from his illness (“hoped to get recovery”) until the last two days he was alive

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (adferiad = recovery)

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cael bachiad ‹kail bakh-yad›
1 (fishing) get a bite
2 (North Wales) get a job

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (bachiad = hold, bite)

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cael eich cefn atoch ‹kail əkh ke-ven a-tokh› verb
1 recover after an illness

ETYMOLOGY: (“get your back to you”) (cael = to get) + (eich = your) + (cefn = back) + (atoch = to you, < at = to)

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cael eich haeddiant ‹kail əkh heidh-yant ›
1 get what one deserves = get one's come-uppance, get one's just deserts,
2 get what one deserves = get one's proper due for, get recognition for
cael ei haeddiant llawn am ei syniadau get full recognition for his ideas

ETYMOLOGY: ‘get your desert’ (cael = get) + (eich = your) + (haeddiant = desert, what is deserved)

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cael estyniad einioes ‹kail e-stƏn-yad ein-yois ›
1 get a new lease of life (after a period of illness, depression, loss of vitality, etc to have a renewed vigour, health, drive, optimisim, happiness, etc) (“get an extension of life”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (estyniad = extension) + (einoes = life)

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cael ffit ‹kail fit › verb
1 have a fit
Fe gaiff ffit pan glyw amdano He’ll have a fit when he finds out
NOTE: (cael = have, get, receive) + (ffit = fit)

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cael gwaith ‹kail gwaith ›
1 find it hard to, find it an effort to, find it a job to
Fe gaiff e waith dal i fyny He’ll have a bit of a job to catch up

Ar ôl ymddeol, rw-i'n cael gwaith codi cyn deg y bore
After retiring, I find it a job to get up before ten in the morning

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (gwaith = work)

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cael gwared ag annwyd ‹kail GWA red ag A nuid› (phrase)
1 shake off a cold

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cael hen ddigon ar ‹kail dhÌ –gon ar›
1 have just about enough of

ETYMOLOGY: (“get more than enough on”) (cael = get) + (hen = old; ‘more than’) + soft mutation + (digon = enough) + (ar = on)

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cael hit ‹kâil hit› verb
1 hurt oneself, give oneself a blow
2 cael hit ar = knock, bang (part of the body against)

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cael hwyl ‹kail huil › verb
1 enjoy oneself, have fun
cael hwyl fawr have great fun

cael hwyl ar gost (rhywun) enjoy oneself at somebody's expense

Yr oedd y plant yn cael hwyl wrth symud y cadeiriau The children were enjoying themselves moving the chairs

Yr oedd nant fach ar ganol y cae a chaem ninnau hwyl yn neidio drosti There was a stream in the middle of the field and we had fun jumping over it

2 cael hwyl a hanner have a grand old time, have a really great time

3 cael hwyl am ben make fun of, mock

4 cael hwyl ar (rywbeth) enjoy (something)
cael gwell hwyl ar enjoy (something) more

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (hwyl = enjoyment)

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cael lle i ‹kail lhee ii›
1 have reason to
cael lle i obeithio have reason to be hopeful, find grounds for optimism
cael lle i gasglu fod... have reason to suppose

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cael min ‹kail miin ›
1 (North Wales) get an erection, have an erection

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to have) + (min = sharpness / erection)

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cael modd i fyw ‹kail moodh ii viu ›
1 wedi cael modd i fyw be delighted, be cock a hoop, be pleased as Punch (“to have received (a) means to live”)

2 derive immense satisfaction (from the misfortune of another)

ETYMOLOGY: (“to receive (a) means to live”) (cael = to receive) + (modd = a means, a way, a manner) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (byw = to live)

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cael oes go dda ‹kail ois goo dhaa ›
1 live to a ripe old age
Fe gafodd oes go dda He had a long life, he lived to a ripe old age (“he got a good amount of life / a fairly good life”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (oes = a life) + (go dda = fairly get, a good amount of (something)

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cael sterics ‹kail ste -riks›
1 have a fit of hysterics

ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (sterics = hysterics)

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Cae Morfa ‹ kai- mor -fa›
1 “Cae Morfa Road” a street name in Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (in Welsh it would be Heol Cae Morfa)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r morfa’ “(the) field (of) the sea-fen”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (morfa = sea-fen)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae

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Caeo ‹KEI o› (feminine noun)
1 place name

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Caeperson ‹ kai- per -son›
1 street name
..a/ Acre-fair (county of Conwy) (“Cae Person”)
..b/ Llanddarog (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Cae Person”)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r person’ “(the) field (of) the parson”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (person = parson)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…

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caer ‹KAIR› (feminine noun)
1 fortress, castle
y gaer = the fortress

2 city

3 wall

caer y fynwent the churchyard wall

Mr. Luid observes, that in Caermarthenshire the wall of the church-yard is called Caer y Fynwent (i.e. Edward Lhuyd / Edward Llwyd 1660-1709)

The Privileges of the University of Cambridge / George Dyer / Volume II / 1824

3 with certain classical names
..a/ Caerdroea (“castle / city (of) Troy”) Troy

..b/ Caergystennin (“castle / city (of) Constantine”) Constantinople

..c/ Caersalem (“city (of) Salem / peace”) Jerusalem (the first portion was misunderstood as meaning ‘city’and translated into Welsh as such; the second element was taken to be Salem or peace)

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Caer ‹kâir› feminine noun
1 Chester = city in North-west England, on the border with Wales. Full name: Caerllion Fawr.
Latin name: Deva. The English name Chester (from Latin ‘castrum’) means ‘Roman fort’. The Welsh name in full is Caerllion Fawr = Greater Caerllion (to differentiate it from Caerllion in South Wales). Caerllion means ‘fortress of the legion’.

2 Stryd Caer Chester Road, (the) road (leading to) Chester. A street name in Yr Wyddgrug, county of Fflint

3 Swydd Gaer the county of Chester, Cheshire. Generally Welsh counties are prefixed by sir and English counties by swydd: Both are followed by soft mutation

4 North Wales, colloquial Sir Gaer the county of Chester, Cheshire

ETYMOLOGY: caer = (Roman) camp
NOTE: See: Caerllion Fawr

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Caer Antur ‹kair- an -tir›
1 town founded by the Welsh settlers in the Welsh settlement in Patagonia; In Castilian, Rawson. Now the administrative capital of the province of Chubut.
Alternative later Welsh name: Tre Rawson / Trerawson

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) fort (of) (the) venture” (caer = fort) + (antur = venture) (probably in imitation of numerous Welsh place names with caer as the first element, where it usually indicates a Roman fort – Caer-dydd, Caerfyrddin, Caernarfon, Caer, Caerffili, etc).
According to the conventions of modern Welsh spelling it would be better spelt run together – Caerantur

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Caer Dinam ‹ kair- dii -nam› (f)
1 A folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830).
Explained as “Dinam fort, in Llanddinam parish”.

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Caerdroea ‹ kair- droi -a› (f)
1 Troy
difrod Caerdroea, the sack of Troy

ETYMOLOGY: (caer = fort, castle) + soft mutation + ( Troea = Troy)

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Caer-dydd ‹kair-DIIDH› (feminine noun)
1 capital of Wales (anglicised from: Cardiff) (“the Roman fort by the river Taf”) (standard form: Caerdydd. Technically the form without a hyphen is not correct, but it is an exception to the rule)

2 arfau Caer-dydd the coat of arms of Caer-dydd

Gwesty Arfau Caer-dydd Cardiff Arms Hotel - name of a hotel and public house in Caer-dydd Generally known as in Welsh as Gwesty’r Arfau “(the) hotel (of) the arms”, and in English as the “Cardiff Arms”

Parc Arfau Caer-dydd Cardiff Arms Park – a rugby stadium in Caer-dydd
Generally known in Welsh as as Parc yr Arfau “(the) parc (of) the arms”, and in English as the “Arms Park”

ETYMOLOGY: The original Welsh name was Caer-dyf

The House of Commons Journal mentions the city on 3 March 1646:
Resolved, &c. That the Town and Castle of Caerdiffe, be kept garisoned, with Two hundred Men in it.(British History Online, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25035)

The English form is based on the older Welsh form; later the final f [v] in the Welsh name was replaced dy dd [dh] – this occurs colloquially in a handful of words in Welsh, such as tyfu (= to grow) > tyddu

Tyf instead of Taf is explained as being a genitive form in British, with a final –i which has affected the preceding vowel “a”. Although a-i in British usually gives “ei” in modern Welsh, there are instances of “y”, as in alarch (= swan), with its two alternative plural forms elyrch and eleirch.

Some books explain the second element as “the Roman general Didius, a governor of nearby provinces”, which is etymologically impossible, and neither does it fit the pattern of Welsh names with Caer.

Analysing the name as a moden Welsh compound, we have Caer-dydd < Caer-dyf (caer = Roman fort) + soft mutation + (Tyf, a form of the river name Taf)

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Caereinion ‹kai REIN yon› (feminine noun)
1 medieval territory in the north-east (“fortress of Einion”)

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Caerfallwch ‹kâir-vâ-lhukh› masculine noun
1 Pseudonym of Thomas Edwards (1779-1858), Welsh lexicographer, very much influenced by the eccentric lexicographer William Owen-Pughe (1759-1835). His Welsh name Caerfallwch was the name of his birthplace, in Llaneurgain, county of Y Fflint, north-east Wales.

He produced lists of neologisms especially in the fields of science and commerce, and some of these are now in general use in Welsh.

buddsoddi = to invest
cyngerdd = concert
daeareg = geology
degol = decimal
hirgrwn = oval
nwy = gas
pwyllgor = committee
safon = standard

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Caerfyrddin ‹kai VƏR dhin› (feminine noun)
1 city in the south-west “Roman fort by Mor-din-”, which was a British hillfort, = ‘sea fort / maritime fort / fort by the sea’)

2 Caerfyrddin-fach (“little Caerfyrddin”) SN5161 farm south of Pennant (Ceredigion)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/777807

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Caer-gaint ‹kair GAINT› (feminine noun)
1 Canterbury “(the) Roman camp (of) Kent”

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Caer-grawnt ‹kair GRAUNT› (feminine noun)
1 Cambridge, England

:_______________________________.

Cae’rgromlech ‹kair grom -lekh›
1 street name in Y Ffôr (county of Gwynedd) (“Cae'r Gromlech”)

ETYMOLOGY: (cae = field) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (cromlech = cromlech) (“(the) field (of) the cromlech”)

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Caergybi ‹kair GƏ bi› (feminine noun)
1 town in the county of Môn

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Caerlleon ‹kâir-lhê-on› feminine noun
1 See Caerllion Fawr

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Caerllion ‹kâir-lhî-on› feminine noun
1 ST3390 Town in the county of Casnewydd. (The English name is “Caerleon”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/827269

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) fort (of the) legion”
(caer = ‹Roman› fort) + soft mutation + (llion = legion) > *Caerlion > Caerllion (soft mutation annulled, r-l)
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
This element is < British < Latin legion- < legiônis (genitive form = of the legion)

:_______________________________.

Caerllion Fawr ‹kâir-lhî-on vaur› feminine noun
1 Chester = city in the noerth-west of England, onthe border with Wales..

Also Caerllion and Caer. A variant of Caerllion is Caerlleon

· Swydd Gaerllion county of Chester, Cheshire

· Swydd Gaer county of Chester, Cheshire

· Sir Gaer (colloquial) county of Chester, Cheshire

· Penri - Addoldy y Bedyddwyr - Caerlleon (sign on a Welsh chapel in the city of Chester) (“Penri (name of a Puritan martyr, John Penry 1563-1593) - church (of) the Baptists - Chester”)

ETYMOLOGY: “Great(er) Caerllion, Caerllion Magna” to distinguish it from the place also called Caerllion which is in South-east Wales.

(Caerllion) + soft mutation + (mawr = great, big).
See the entry Caerllion above

NOTE: See Caer

:_______________________________.

Caerloyw ‹kair–loi-u› feminine noun
1 Gloucester = city in western England. Latin name: Glevum
Swydd Gaerloyw (‘(the) county (of) Gloucester’), Gloucestershire

ETYMOLOGY: (caer = Roman fort) + soft mutation + (Gloyw). The word gloyw means ‘bright’ and was possibly the name of a stream or pool in this location – an example of a place name with this element in Wales is Gloywlyn ‘bright lake’ – a lake in Llanbedr, Gwynedd

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Caerlwytgoed ‹kair-luit-goid› feminine noun
1 Lichfield = city in central England (the original British / Roman settlement was at Wall, 3km south-west of the city centre)

ETYMOLOGY: “the Roman camp at Llwytgoed (grey wood)” .
caer (= fort) + soft mutation + (Llwytgoed)

Equivalent to modern Welsh Llwytgoed (llwyd = grey) + soft mutation + (coed = wood), with the devoicing of “d” - llwydgoed > llwytgoed - see t-g

British *lêto-kêt > early Welsh > Old English “Lyccid”, to which was added Old English “feld” (= field, open country)

:_______________________________.

Caer-lyr ‹kair-LIIR › feminine noun
1 Welsh name of Leicester in England

2 Caer-lyr (spelt Caerlyr) – name of a house in Penmaen-mawr.
English name: nowadays Caerlyr Hall.

Built in around 1896 by James Allanson Picton, Christian minister, author and Liberal politician (Liverpool 8 August 1832 –Caer-lyr, Dwygyfylchi 4 February 1910), Liberal M.P. for Leicester 1884-1894 (which is the reason for the name of his North Wales home). Having first entered parliament in 1884, he was reelected in 1885, 1886, and 1892. The eldest son of Sir James Allanson Picton and Sarah Pooley. His father championed the cause of the construction of a Liverpool Free Library, and the 'Picton Reading Room' is named in his honour. James the younger was noted for his passionate radical views and and his support for secularism in education.
http://www.ipri.it/profile_james_picton.htm

Interestingly, he opposed the adoption of the name Dwgyfylchi for the houses known as Capelulo but previously as Dwygyfylchi. Dwygyfylchi was in fact the name of the parish in which they were situated.

“In 1907 it was suggested at a Council Meeting that Capelulo Post Office be changed to Dwygyfylchi Post Office, but Dr. Picton of Caerlyr and twenty eight residents protested against the change and none was made.”

Author not stated; from the “Penmaenmawr Historical Society Booklet 1978” on the Penmaenmawr and Dwygyfylchi Website http://www.penmaenmawr.com/historyVillageNames.html

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Caernarfon ‹kair-NAR-von› feminine noun
1 town in Gwynedd

ETYMOLOGY: Caer yn Arfon “(the place called) Caer (which is) in (the kántrev of) Arfon”

Caer usually denotes a Roman fortification, and in this case it is the Roman fort of Segontium.

Arfon is the kántrev facing the island of Môn / Anglesey (“opposite Môn) (ar prefix = opposite, facing) + soft mutation + (Môn = name of the island).

The structure of the name is slightly unusual, resembling ecclesiastical names with a distinguishing tag which often is the name of the district (whether a kántrev or kúmmud) in which they are situated –

Llanfair ym Muallt, in Powys, originally Llanfair ym Muellt, the Llanfair which is in the kántrev of Buellt

Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch ‹lhan-rhei-adr ə nghin-meirkh›, in the county of Dinbych. SJ0863 ‘the place called Llanrhaeadr which is the kúmmud of Cinmeirch (in medieval times, Ceinmeirch).

Caer does not seem to be qualified usually by district names, but by

..a/ personal names (Caereinion, Caer-sŵs, Caerffili, Caergybi),

..b/ a river name in Caer-dydd, called Cardiff by English-speakers, from Caer-dyf (caer + river Taf),

..c/ or a nearby feature Caerfyrddin (Carmarthen), (caer + Myrddin, from a British name Moridunon, sea-fort, a native hilltop fort overlooking the Tywi estuary of the time).

There is though the case of Caer-went (fort of the kingdom of Gwent), the old Roman town of Venta Silurum, “market of the Silurian people”.

The kingdom of Gwent takes its name from Venta Silurum – Latin venta becoming Welsh gwent. It is possible thought that it means rather “Caer (at the place known as Gwent, formerly Venta)”.

Sometimes there are examples in the 1800s of a more etymological spelling of Caernarfon (but repsresenting a conscious effort to spell the name in full rather than any existing spoken form), that is, by spelling out the preposition yn in full – for example, p.346, Y Gwiliedydd, 1836:

Cofiant Byr am Griffith Williams, Bardd, Braichtalog, Sir Gaerynarfon.
Short Obituary of Griffith Williams, Poet, Braichtalog, county of Caernarfon, spelt as “Caer yn Arfon”

NOTE: Colloquial pronunciations are

Cyrnarfon ‹kər-NAR-von›,

Cynarfon ‹kə-NAR-von›,

Cnarfon ‹KNAR-von›;

and with metathesis Cnafron ‹KNAV-ron›

:_______________________________.

Caersalem ‹kair- saa-lem›

1 Jerusalem

2 name of a Calvanistic Methodist chapel in Y Fflint

ETYMOLOGY: (“city (of) Salem” or “city (of) peace”)
(caer = city) + (Salem, final element of Jerusalem, traditionally supposed to mean ‘peace’)
The first element jeru- was understood as meaning ‘city’and translated into Welsh as such)

In Hebrew it is Yerushaláyim

Whatever the true derivation of the name Jerusalem is, it was interpreted in the 1800s as being jeru (= city) and salem (= peace)

Psalm 76 calls Jerusalem ‘Salem’:

Salmau 76:1 I’r Pencerdd ar Neginoth, Salm neu Gân Asaff. Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel. (76:2) Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion.
Psalms 76:1 To the chief Musician on Neginoth, A Psalm or Song of Asaph. In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2) In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.

An explanation of these verses in a Bible Concordance in Welsh, 1824:
SALM LXXVI. Hwyrach i'r Salm hon gael ei hysgrifenu pan waredwyd Jerusalem oddiwrth Senacherib. GREEN, HORSLEY. Adn. 1. Hynod yw Duw yn Judah, yr oedd efe yn adnabyddus yn mysg yr Iuddewon, i'r rhai yr oedd efe yn arfer ei ddatguddio ei hun yn aml. Adn. 2. Yn Salem, hen enw Jebus, a alwyd wedi hyny Jerusalem. A. CLARKE. Arwyddocäad yr enw yw dinas heddwch, ac e dybiodd rhai fod yr enw hwn wedi ei roddi ar y ddinas yma am mai yma yr oedd cymmod i gael ei wneuthur trwy waed y groes. DAVIDSON, BOOTHROYD.
Esboniad ar y Beibl Sanctaidd, Owen Jones, Wyddgrug, 1840
SALM LXXVI. Maybe this Psalm was written when Jerusalem was delivered from Senacherib. GREEN, HORSLEY. Verse. 1. God was manifest in Judah, he was known among the Jews, to whom he would reveal himself frequently. Verse 2. In Salem, the old name of Jebus, which was called Jerusalem After that. A. CLARKE. The meaning of the name is city of peace, and some people thought that this name was given to since it was here that the covenant was to be made through the blood of the cross. DAVIDSON, BOOTHROYD.

On the wikipedia page for Salem it is stated: In ancient times it was the name of a locality in the Near East (Palestine), and traditionally identified with Jerusalem before the name "Jerusalem" was used
Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem, a ddug allan fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:
Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God.

Genesis 22:14 Ac Abraham a alwodd enw y lle hwnnw JEHOFAH-jire; fel y dywedir heddiw. Ym mynydd yr ARGLWYDD y gwelir.
Genesis 22:14 And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovahjireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen.

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Caerwedros ‹kair WE dros› (feminine noun)
1 place name; village in Ceredigon

:_______________________________.

Caer-went ‹kair- went›

1 village in the county of Mynwy, on the site of a former Roman town

ETYMOLOGY: It seems that Caer-went means

“(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Venta (in Latin and British) / Gwent (in Welsh))”,

rather than

(“(the) (Roman-built) fort (of the kingdom of) Gwent”).

It would then be of the same type as

..a/ Caerlöyw (the Welsh name for Gloucester, England), “(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Glevum (Latin) / *Glevon (British), or Gloyw (in Welsh)”,

..b/ Caerlwytgoed (the Welsh name for Litchfield, England). “(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Letocetum (Latin) / *Letoketon (earlier *Leitokaiton) (British), or Llwytgoed (in Welsh)”

(Present-day Lichfield is three miles north of the site of Letocetum. When and why the settlement moved along with its name to this different location is unknown. At the original site there is now a village called Wall SK0906.)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/202560 Roman remains at Wall

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/131672 map

The old Roman town where Caer-went ST4690 is situated was Venta Silurum, “market of the Silurian people”.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST4690 map, photos of Roman remains

The kingdom of Gwent takes its name from Venta Silurum – Latin venta becoming Welsh gwent.

Also of this same type (caer + name of Romano-British town) is Caerlwytgoed, the Welsh name for Lichfield in England. (caer = Roman town) + soft mtation + (Llwytgoed)

The name comes from “Leto-keto-n” (Letocetum in Latin), the name of a Romano-British village at Wall, 3 miles to the south of present-day Litchfield. Llwytgoed is the modern Welsh equivalent of Leto-ket-, and which is represented by Lich- in the name Lichfield. .

NOTE: Cas-gwent, on the river Gwy, a much later name, and a shortening of Castell Gwent, certainly refers to the territory of Gwent (“(Norman) castle (at the entrance to) (the kingdom of) Gwent”)

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Caerwrangon ‹kair- wra -ngon›
1 Worcester SO8454 = city in western central England

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/701048

Swydd Gaerwrangon Worcestershire
saws Caerwrangon Worcester sauce

ETYMOLOGY: (caer = Roman fort) + ??

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Caerwyn ‹KEIR win› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (caer = fort) + (-wyn suffix for male names, soft-mutated form of gwyn = white; fair)

Names with –wyn with apparently elements from place names or geographic features: Brynwyn, Glynwyn (though this mae be based on Glyndwr in the first instance), Rhydwyn

:_______________________________.

Caesiriol ‹kai-sir-yol›

1 street name in Ynys-hir (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (spelt as two words, “Cae Siriol”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together) “pleasant field / merry field”

ETYMOLOGY: “y cae siriol” “the pleasant field / merry field”
(y = definite article) + (cae = hill) + (siriol = happy / merry / cheerful / pleasant)

Settlement names and street names resembling settlement names are written together as one word, hence Cae Siriol would be the (unlikely) name of a field and Caesiriol the name of a house or street

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cae tatws ‹kae- ta -tus› masculine noun
1 potato field

2 North Wales un yn y cae tatws a’r llall yn y cae maip talk at cross-purposes; one person talking about one matter, and the other about another matter, and both believing that they are talking about the same thing; (“one in the potato field and the other in the turnip field”)

Mae un yn y cae tatws a’r llall yn y cae maip They’re talking at cross-purposes

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caeth ‹ kâith › adj
1 captive, enslaved, in servitude, controlled
Rw i'n gaeth i'r cloc y dyddiau hyn I’m a slave to the clock these days

2 siaced gaeth strait-jacket = tight coat which a criminal or lunatic is made to wear to prevent or struggling or agression or escape; also gwasgod waeth

3 strict

cadw trefn gaeth ar (rywbeth) strictly control (something)
mesurau caeth, mesurau caethion strict measures in Welsh poetry
cael gorchymyn caeth i wneud rhywbeth receive strict orders to do something
Bedyddiwr Caeth Strict Baptist
rheolaeth gaeth strict control
cyfyngiad amser caeth strict time-limit

4 addicted
caeth i gyffuriau addicted to drugs
bod yn gaeth i opiwm be an opium addict
mynd yn gaeth i alcohol become an alcoholic
mynd yn gaeth i’r ddiod become an alcoholic
bod yn gaeth i waith be a workaholic

5 (restricted movment) trapped, confined
bod yn gaeth i’ch gwely be bedridden
caeth i'r gwely confined to bed

Tra roeddwn i'n gaeth i'r gwely mi fum i'n gwrando ar y radio trwy'r dydd
While I was confined to bed I listened to the radio all day

bod yn gaeth i’ch tŷ be housebound; confined by illness; cooped up in the house,
not able to leave the house

caeth i'ch cartref confined to your house, housebound
bod yn gaeth i’ch cadair olwyn be wheelchair bound

6 ty caeth tied house, tied cottage; a house belonging to a worker's employer (usually a farmworker living in a house owned by the farmer) which must be vacated if he loses the work or retires ("captive house")

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh caeth < British *kakto- < *kapto-
From the same British root: Breton: kaezh (= poor, dear)

From the same Indoeuropean root:
Latin captus (= caught).
Compare the English words from Latin (1) captive and (2) caitiff (archaic) (= low person) < French caitif (= prisoner) < Latin captîvus (= prisoner).

The Germanic word corresponding to Celtic *kapto- has given in modern German ‘haft-‘ : der Haft (= detention), der Häftling (= detainee, prisoner)

:_______________________________.

caeth ‹ kaith › m
PLURAL caethion ‹ keith -yon›
1 (obsolete) slave, captive, serf, bondsman
Place-name element in Cricieth
(“hill of the bondsmen, serfs”) (crug = hill) + (caith, old plural of caeth = bondsman)

2 caeth i opiwm opium addict (m)
caethes i opiwm opium addict (f)

3 addict
caethion i gyffuriau drug addicts

ETYMOLOGY: see caeth adjective

:_______________________________.

caethes ‹ keith es› m
PLURAL caethesau ‹ keith–es-ai, -e›

1 female slave; female addict

ETYMOLOGY: (caeth = (male) slave) + (-es suffix for forming feminine nouns denoting people or animals)

:_______________________________.

caethgyfle ‹ceith gəv -le› masculine noun
1 (district of Dwyfor, North-west Wales) fix (eg inability to get down from a tree, cliff), predicament

bod wedi mynd i gaethgyfle end up in a blind alley, end up in a real fix

mewn caethgyfle in a fix

y caethgyfle yr oedd Ffrainc ynddo yn ddiweddar the difficult situation that France was in recently

ETYMOLOGY: (caeth = restricted) + soft mutation + ( cyfle = position, place)

:_______________________________.

caethiwed ‹kei THI wed› (masculine noun)
1 slavery

:_______________________________.

caethiwus ‹kei-thi-wis› adjective
1 addictive

ETYMOLOGY: (caethiw-, stem of caethiwo = enslave) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

caetsh, caetshus <KAICH, KAI-chis> [kaɪʧ, ˡkaɪʧɪs] (masculine noun)
1 cage
2 caetsh adar <kaich AA-dar> [kaɪʧˡ ɑˑdar] birdcage

:_______________________________.

caewr <KEI-ur> [ˡkəɪʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL caewyr <KEI-wir> [ˡkəɪwɪr]
1 hedger,person who makes or maintains hedges around fields. Also plygwr, gwrychwr

2 caewr gwregys belt fastener

ETYMOLOGY: (cae-, stem of cau = to close) + (-wr agent suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cafall <KAA-valh> [ˡkɑˑvaɬ] masculine noun
1 (obsolete) horse

2 Cafall name of Arthur’s dog

Cefn Carn Cafall Carn Gafallt <KEE-ven karn KAA-valht> [ˡkeˑvɛn karn ˡgɑˑvaɬt] (“(the) hill (of) Carn Cafall, (the) cairn (of) Cafall”)

Name of a hill in Powys (in the lower part of the county which was formerly the county of Brycheiniog).

Nowadays Carn Gafallt <karn KAA-valht> [ karn ˡgɑˑvaɬt] SN9464, where the final syllable seems to have been confused with allt (= wooded hillside), which perfectly describes its situation. Curiusly, the same confusion has occured with the name of nearby Llanfair ym Muallt (Builth Wells), where the name of the old kántrev Buellt (= cow pasture) (bu = cow) + soft mutation + (gwellt = grass) > buwellt > buellt, the final syllable has been misunderstood as allt.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/136597 Carn Gafallt

Here is to be found one of the Marvels of Britain (Mirabilia Britanniae) according to The History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum) written around the year 800 and attributed to the monk Nennius.

In a stone on the summit, from the time that Arthur hunted the boar Twrch Trwyth described in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, there is a footprint of his hound Cafall

See Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Clwyd-Powys / The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust http://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/elan/evlite.htm

ETYMOLOGY: British < Latin câbâllus (= horse). (The Latin word is in fact taken from a Celtic source, said to be Galatian Celtic – equus was the usual word for a horse in Latin.)

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caffael 1 ‹kà -fel› verb
NOTE: nowadays this verb is in the form cael, except in some special uses, and in the traditional Welsh Bible (William Morgan’s 1588 translation, and the 1620 version based on this)
1 get, receive, find; (as a noun) finding, discovery;

Mathew 13:45 Cyffelyb yw teyrnas nefoedd i farchnatwr, yn ceisio perlau teg (13:46) Yr hwn wedi iddo gaffael un perl gwerthfawr, a aeth, ac a werthodd gymaint oll ag a feddai, a’i prynodd ef
Matthew 13:45 The kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seekly goodly pearls (13:46) Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold all that he had, and bought it

Gŵyl Caffael y Groes (“(the) festival (of) (the) finding (of) the cross”) the Invention of the Cross, a Christian festival held on May 3 to commemorate the discovery in Jerusalem in AD 326 by Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, of what was alleged to be the true cross

2 Law caffael merched i buteinio procure girls for prostitution

3 (masculine noun) acquisition, gain, take
Yr oedd yr offerynau a arferid i gloddio am aur yn gyffredin ac anhylaw iawn; ac mae yn debyg nad oeddid yn casglu hanner y mŵn o’r tir, o eisieu offerynau cyfaddas. Y caffael, at ei gilydd, a gyfrifid o wns i ddwy y dydd i bob dyn. (Y Traethodydd 1851, t. 351)
The tools which were used to dig for gold were very ordinary and unsuited to the task; and it is likely that half of the ore from the earth was not collected, for want of adequate tools. The take, in all, was calcuated to be between one and two ounces per day for each man

:_______________________________.

caffael 2 ‹ka -fel› participle adjective
1 found; plentyn caffael foundling, a child which is found abandoned and whose parents are unknown;
History ysbyty plant caffael foundling hospital, institution where foundlings are cared for

2 imiwnedd caffael acquired immunity
caffael- (= found, obtained, acquired), root of the verbnoun caffael (= get, obtain, acquire, find) In some cases in Welsh, the root and the verbnoun are identical. The root can be used as a past participle.

3 anghaffael breakdown
Fe gafodd fy nghar ryw anghaffael My car broke down
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (caffael = acquisition, gain; to obtain, to get)

:_______________________________.

caffaelgar ‹ka- feil -gar› adjective
1 acquisitive

ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain, older form of modern Welsh cael) + (-gar, adjectival suffix indicating tendency)

:_______________________________.

caffaeliad ‹ka-feil -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL caffaeliadau ‹ka-feil- yâ -de›
1 acquisition

2 Bible booty, captured goods

Eseia 49:24
A ddygir y caffaeliad oddi ar y cadarn? neu a waredir y rhai a garcherir yn gyfiawn?
Cf. Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd / The New Welsh Bible 1988, where ‘caffaeliad’ is not used:
A ddygir ysbail oddi ar y cadarn? A ryddheir carcharor o law’r gormeswr?)
Isaiah 49:24
Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful captive delivered?

3 Bible caffaeliad golwg recovery of eyesight, restoration of eyesight

Luc 4:18
i bregethu gollyngdod i’r caethion, a chaffaeliad golwg i’r deillion, i ollwng y rhai ysig mewn hydd-deb
(Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd: i gyhoeddi rhyddhad i garcharorion, ac adferiad golwg i ddeillion, i beri i’r gorthrymedig gerdded yn rhydd)
Luke 4:18
to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are bruised

4 advantage, help, gain; boon (something very useful or helpful)

bod yn gaffaeliad be an advantage, be advantageous

Buasai mynegai wedi bod yn gaffaeliad yn y llyfr bach hwn
An index would have been advantageous in this little book

bod yn gaffaeliad mawr i be a tremendous boon for...

Bu penodiad Cynan fel Cofiadur yn 1935 yn gaffaeliad mawr i’r Orsedd
The appointment of Cynan as the Registrar in 1935 was a tremendous boon for the Gorsedd (‘assembly of bards’)

bod yn gaffaeliad mawr / bod yn gryn gaffaeliad come in very handy

fe fyddai’r offeryn ’na’n gaffaeliad mawr that tool will come in very handy

5 Law caffaeliad puteiniaid procurement (of girls for prostitution)

ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain; a forerunner of modern Welsh cael = obtain) + (-iad)

:_______________________________.

caffaelwr ‹ka-fei -lur› masculine noun
PLURAL caffaelwyr ‹ka- feil -wir›
1 acquirer, obtainer, procurer

2 caffaelwr puteiniaid procurer, man who procures girls for prostitution

ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain, in modern Welsh cael) + (-wr = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

caffed ‹kâ -fed› verbs

1 (from cael) Imperative, third person singular.(Also caed)= let (somebody) get / have / find

Samuel-1 1:18 A hi a ddywedodd, Caffed dy lawforwyn ffafr yn dy olwg. Felly yr aeth y wraig i’w thaith, ac a fwytaodd; ac ni bu athrist mwy
Samuel-1 1:18 And she said, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. So the woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.

2 Caffed amynedd! Be patient!
(from the New Testament Caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith = let patience have her perfect work)

Epistol Iago yr Apostol 1.4 Ond caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith; fel y byddoch berffaith a chyfan, heb ddiffygio mewn dim.
Epistle of James the Apostle But let patience have her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.

:_______________________________.

caffi m (pl caffis) ‹ka fi, ka fis›
1 café
(fom English {káfi} café)

:_______________________________.

cafflo (verb) ‹KAF lo›
1 deceive

2 cafflo bola i daclo pen to rob Peter to pay Paul (“deceive a belly to decorate a head”, deceive the belly to adorn the head )

:_______________________________.

Cafflogion ‹ka FLOG yon› (feminine noun)
1 In north-east Wales, a medieval territory

:_______________________________.

caffo ‹gâ -fo› verb
1 (Present Subjunctive: 3 singular) may he / she / it get, may he / she / it receive

Esmwyth hûn a gaffo i fwrw ymaith ei flinder
May he have a peaceful sleep to cast off his fatigue; Glanffrwd (William Thomas 1843-1890) in his book entitled “Llanwynno” (1888) in which he looks back on the people and events of his native parish, says this of Dafydd Edwards, buried in Llanwynno churchyard (page 57).

:_______________________________.

cafn ‹ka -van› masculine noun
PLURAL cafnau ‹kav -ne›
1 trough = wooden trough, hollowed out of a tree trunk; stone trough, hollowed from a block of stone

2 feeding trough or drinking trough

cafn buarth farmyard trough
cafn bwyd feeding trough
cafn ceffyl horse trough
cafn dŵr drinking trough
cafn gwartheg concrid crwn ar ganol y cae a round concrete cattle trough in the middle of the field
cafn moch pig trough, trough for pigs to eat swill from

Genesis 30:38 Ac efe a osododd y gwiail y rhai a ddirisglasai efe, yn y cwterydd, o fewn y cafnau dyfroedd, lle y deuai’r praidd i yfed, ar gyfer y praidd; fel y cyfebrent pan ddelent hwy i yfed
Genesis 30:38 And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should conceive when they came to drink.

3 kneading trough (for making bread)

4 (Meteorology)
cafn o wasgedd isel a trough of low pressure

5 wine-press, vat (wine-press = device used to extract juice from crushed grapes; a vat in which the juice from crushed grapes is collected).
cafn gwin wine press

melys gwin o gafn arall (“sweet (is the) wine from (the) press (of) another (person)”)
stolen apples always taste sweeter

Job 24:11 Y rhai sydd yn gwneuthur olew o fewn eu parwydydd hwynt, ac sydd yn sathru eu cafnau gwin, ydynt sychedig
Job 24:11 Which make oil within their walls, and tread their winepresses, and suffer thirst.
gwingafn (m) gwingafnau
1 winevat
Marc 12:1 Ac efe a ddechreuodd ddywedyd wrthynt ar ddamhegion. Gŵr a blannodd winllan, ac a ddododd gae o’i hamgylch, ac a gloddiodd le i’r gwingafn, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Mark 12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.
(gwin = wine) + soft mutation + (cafn = vat)

6 lander, gutter, rain trough (on roof of a building) = channel along eaves of a roof for taking away rainwater

7 mill-race

cafn y felin the mill race

Yr oedd yr hen gafn yn ddefnyddiol i gario y dwfr i droi y felin, ond ei fod yn pydru wrth wneud hyny. (Hanes Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl.
Thomas Morgan. 1899, Caerdydd. Tudalen 50)
The old race was useful for carrying water to turn the mill, but it became rotten as it did so (“but it mouldered when doing that”)

8 (obsolete) canal (nowadays camlas)

9 dug-out = boat hollowed out of a single piece of wood

10 ferry-boat
(1) In this sense in the place name Tal-y-cafn (“place opposite / facing the ferry boat”) at a spot where there was formerly a boat carrying passengers across the river Conwy

(2) cafn Enlli a flat-bottomed boat which used to take travellers from the mainland across Swnt Enlli (English name: Bardsey Sound) from the Welsh mainland to Ynys Enlli (the island of Enlli) (English name: Bardsey Island)

11 soundboard of a harp

12 cafn tor hollow of a hand, a cupped hand
yfed o gafn tor drink from the hollow of one’s hand

13 valley of a roof, angle formed where two slopes of a roof meet
ceibren cafn valley rafter

14 scoop (of an elevator) = type of bucket

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic.

Compare these cognates in other languages:
(1) Latin scabere (= to scratch); from this comes Latin scabies (= scurf) > English scabies ‹skéibiiz›

(2) English to shave < Old English sceafan; related to German schaben (= to scrape; to grate (carrots)

(3) Greek skaphe (= trough, basin, bowl, boat), skaptô (= to dig)

NOTE: cafn is pronounced in the North as ‹kavn›, and as cafan ‹kaa-van› in the south.

Cf the pronunciation of cefn (= back) - ‹kevn› in the North, and cefen ‹kee-ven› in the south.

:_______________________________.

cafnaid ‹kav -ned› masculine noun
PLURAL cafneidiau ‹kav-neid-ye›
1 troughful

ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-aid noun suffix to indicate ‘fullness’)

:_______________________________.

cafnio ‹kav -nyo› verb
1 scoop out

2 dig out

3 hollow out

4 gouge

5 cafnu cross a river in a ferry boat

ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cafnog ‹kav -nog› adjective
1 concave, trough-shaped

2 gouged out

3 V-shaped, shaped like a V
to cafnog valley roof, one where the bottoms of two roof slopes meet

ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

cafnu ‹kav -ni› verb
1 see cafnio

ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cafnwr ‹kav -nur› masculine noun
PLURAL cafnwyr ‹kavn-wir›
1 boatman, man who operates a cafn

ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-wr suffix = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

Cai ‹KAI› (masculine noun)
man’s name; Celtic saint’s name; name of a giant in Welsh mythology

:_______________________________.

caib ‹kaib› feminine noun
PLURAL ceibiau ‹keib -ye›
1 pickaxe
y gaib = the pickaxe

2 North Wales caib groes roadmender’s pickaxe
3 ceibio to use a pickaxe

4 ceibiwr person who uses a pickaxe, labourer

5 gwaith caib a rhaw (1) heavy manual labour (“work (of) pickaxe and spade”)
(2) spadework, groundwork = basic and fundamental part of a task

Y sector wirfoddol sy’n gwneud llawer o’r gwaith caib a rhaw wrth ddarparu gwasanaethau, cyngor a gofal i bobl Cymru the voluntary sector does a lot of the groundwork in providing services, advice and care to the people of Wales

6 meddw gaib as drunk as a lord (“drunk (like a) pickaxe” – a pickaxe stood on its head it is likely to wobble and fall)

7 “blwyddyn y tair caib” (‘the year of the three pickaxes’) the year 1777 (from the resemblance of the figure seven to a pickaxe)

ETYMOLOGY: Origin unknown, but probably of British origin; Scottish (Gaelic) has a similar word caibe (= spade), apparently from early Welsh

:_______________________________.

caiff ‹kaif› verb
1 see cael; Present Indicative: third-person singular, present-future; he / she / it will get, will receive;

2 fe’i caiff hi! he’s in for it! he’ll cop it! (said of somebody who does something risky or illegal which is bound to result in failure or punishment)

:_______________________________.

caill ‹kailh › masculine noun
PLURAL ceilliau ‹keilh -ye›
1 testicle

Wil wal waliog (a local name for a cormorant)
Twll tin ceiliog,
Coc dryw bach,
A cheilliau sgwarnog
(Children’s rhyme, Llan-rŵst, in Llafar Gwlad 9 Haf 1985)

Wil wal waliog (= cormorant) (Wil = William) (wal waliog – meaningless words)
(the) arse hole (of a) rooster / cock
(the) cock (of a) little wren
And (the) testicles (of a) hare

2 ungaill having only one testicle
(un = un) + soft mutation + (caill = testicle)

3 ceillgwd scrotum “testicle-bag”
(ceill- penult form of caill = testicle) + soft mutation + ( cwd = bag)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh caill < ceill < British
From the same British root: Cornish kell (= testicle), Breton kell (= testicle)
From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin calculus (= small stone)

:_______________________________.

cain ‹kain›
1 (obsolete) ridge, back, hill

2 (Place-names) Cinmeirch <KIN-meirkh> [ˡkɪnməɪrx]

Cinmeirch < Céinmeirch < Ceinméirch < cein y meirch “(the) ridge (of) the horses”
(cein, an older form of cain = back, ridge; in modern Welsh, a monosyllable has ai instead of the older ei, but if ei occurred in a penult syllable it remained unchanged) + (y definite article) + (meirch = horses, plural of march = horse).

This element occurs in Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch SJ0863

(“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the ‘cwmwd’ / commote / district) (called) Cinmeirch”).
4km south-east of Dinbych on the road to Rhuthun. (Llanrhaeadr is “church (by the) waterfall”)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British kebno- or kemno-
Cornish kein (= back), Breton kein (= back)

:_______________________________.

Cain ‹kain›
1 river name

Afon Cain the river Cain

Mechain “(the) plain (of) (the river) Cain” < *Machain
(ma = plain) + spirant mutation + (Cain river name)

Llanfechain – a village on Afon Cain. “church (of the area called) Mechain” (llan = church) + soft mutation + (Mechain, division (‘kantrev’) of the country of Powys Wenwynwyn).

but originally

Llanarmon ym Mechain “(the) Llanarmon (which is) (in the kántrev of) Mechain”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/518983

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

ETYMOLOGY: cain (= beautiful); but possibly a personal name – otherwise Afon Gain would be expected, but it is called Afon Cain.

As a saint’s name in Llan-gain (church and parish three miles from Caerfyrddin, on the northern bank of the river Tywi in Caerfyrddin county)

:_______________________________.

cainc, ceinciau, cangau ‹KAINGK, KEINGK ye, KA nge› (feminine noun)
1 branch
Yr oedd y blagur yn dechrau dangos ar gangau'r coed,
The blossoms were beginning to show on the branches of the trees

2 tune, melody
canu ei hoff gainc be on his hobby horse, be going on and on about something
cainc delyn a harp melody

Cainc Llafihangel Ystrad (“Cainc Llanvihangel Ystrad”) The Tune of Llanvihangel Dale
Cainc y Cathreiwr The Ox-driver’s Tune
Cainc Llywelyn Llywelyn’s Strain
Cainc yr Aradwr The Ploughman’s Tune
Cainc Pont y Ty^ Pridd (“Cainc Pont y Ty Pridd”) The Bridge of Ty Pridd Tune
Cainc yr Odryddes The Milkmaid’s Song
Folk tune names mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830), with English names appended

3 a division of the Mabinogi
Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, the Four Tales of the Mabinogi
yn y Bedwaredd Gainc in the fourth tale, in the fourth branch
4 ply = one of strands twisted together in making rope or yarn
y gainc = the ply

teircainc of three strands, having three strands or threads
(teir- penult form of tair = three – femenine form) + (cainc = strand, feminine noun)

rhaff deircainc three-strand rope, rope made of three strands

5 (North Wales) knot in wood

6 (Electricity) a spur (in wiring)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *kank-
From the same Celtic root: Irish géag (= branch), céachta (= plough)
Castilian gancho, Portuguese gancho (= hook; originally crooked branch) are possibly of Celtic origin

:_______________________________.

cais, ceisiau ‹KAIS, KEI she› (masculine noun)
1 application (for a job)
2 try, attempt
3 request
ar gais taer rhywun at the urgent request of

:_______________________________.

ca’l ‹ kaal ›
1 southern form of cael (= to get)
Usually spelt (less correctly) câl
See aa / caal

:_______________________________.

..1 cala ‹ka -la› masculine noun
PLURAL caliau ‹kal -ye›
1 (South Wales) penis, membrum virile

cala â chodiad arno erect penis (“(a) penis with (a) erection on it” )
blaen cala glans (“top (of) penis”)

2 (South-east Wales) cala’r gwcw (Arum maculatum) cuckoo pint, Lords-and-Ladies “(the) penis (of) the cuckoo”).

The standard name is pidyn y gog (which in fact is the northern form, with the same meaning - “(the) penis (of) the cuckoo”) (pidyn = penis) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + cog (= cuckoo)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kalg- Celtic < Indoeuropean *qel

From the same British root: Cornish kal < kalgh (= penis), Breton kalc’h (= penis) Breton
From the same Celtic root: Irish colg (= sword, tip of sword, awn of barley)

NOTE: Also: cal

:_______________________________.

..2 cala (calaf), calafau ‹KA la, ka LA ve› (feminine noun)
1 stalk (of a plant)

:_______________________________.

calan ‹kâ -lan› masculine noun
PLURAL calannau ‹ka-la-ne›
1 first day of the month

2 Calan Mai = the first of May, May Day. (“calend (of) May”). See the separate entry

3 Calan Gaeaf = the first of November. ("Calend (of) winter"). The colloquial form is Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a› or Glangaea ‹glang-gei-a›.
See the separate entry

4 Calan Awst August the first, a feastday commemorating the miraculous deliverance of Peter from prison; formerly also a harvest festival; in the town of Caerfyrddin there is a street in the central called Heol Awst
(“street (of) (the feastday of) (the first day of) August”).
The English name is Lammas Street (lammas is ‘loaf + (religious) mass’).

5 Y Calan = (USA: New Year’s) (Englandic: New Year) (“the calend”)
Nos Galan New Year’s Eve, 31 December (“(the) night (of) (the) calend”)
Dydd Calan New Year’s Day, 1 January (“(the) day (of) (the) calend”)
parti Calan a New Year party
canu clychau’r Calan ring in the New Year

6 Y Calan (adverb) (USA: at New Year’s) (Englandic: on New Year’s Day)
In the saying about the lengthening day after the winter solstice:

Awr fawr Calan, dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl Fair
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday, and three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan) on January the first, (half an hour in the morning a half an hour in the evening), two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the thirteenth, and three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second

7 fore Calan (adverb) on the morning of New Year’s Day
y rhaglen fore Calan the programme on the morning of New Year’s Day

8 calennig New-Year gift (to children as a reward for singing New-Year carols).
See the separate entry

9 calendr calendar = printed sheet(s) with the year tabulated according to days, weeks and months.
See the separate entry

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin calandae, word related to calâre (= proclaim).
Cf English to call

:_______________________________.

Calan Gaeaf ‹ka-lan gei-a› masculine noun
1 First Day of Winter in pre-Christian times (day following the first new moon of the winter season). The year was divided into two seasons, winter and summer, each lasting half a year. The first day of summer was Calan Haf, on the day following the first new moon of the summer season) (nowadays Calan Mai, celebrated on May 1)

2 This celebration (Calan Gaeaf) was Christianised, and celebrated on 1 November. In England this is All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas)

3 Formerly it referred to All Saints’ Day Old Style, now November 12.

Following the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750 in the London Parliament, in 1752 England and its colonies (but not Scotland) changed to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. 1 November Old Style became 12 November New Style. In certain areas of Wales Calan Gaeaf was celebrated according to the Old Style calendar, on the twelfth, which was known as Hen Galan Gaeaf (= old “Calan Gaeaf”)

4 Nos Galan Gaeaf Hallowe’en “(the) night (preceding) Calan Gaeaf”

(nos = night) + soft mutation + (Calan Gaeaf). There is soft mutation after nos in names of days (e.g. Gwener = Venus, nos Wener Friday night), though here nos is the night of the same day.

ETYMOLOGY: (the) calend (of) (the) (winter) (calan = calend) + (gaeaf = winter)
Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish Kalann Gwav (= Hallowe’en), Breton kala-goav (= Hallowe’en).

NOTE: Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times / Author: Edward Anwyl / Year 1903 / p.66: For the Celt the year began in November, so that its second half-year commenced with the first of May. The idea to which Cæsar refers, that the Gauls believed themselves descended from Dis, the god of the lower world, and began the year with the night, counting their time not by days but by nights, points in the same direction, namely that the darkness of the earth had a greater hold on the mind than the brightness of the sky. The Welsh terms for a week and a fortnight, wythnos (eight nights) and pythefnos (fifteen nights) respectively confirm Cæsar’s statement.

NOTE:

..a/ gaeaf colloquially is gaea (a final v in a polysyllabic word is lost in colloquial Welsh)

..b/ in the pre-pretonic syllable, colloquially there is a reduction of the sequence (c) + (vowel) + (l) though the loss of the vowel

Calan Gaeaf > C’langaea / Clangaea

There are colloquial forms which are a further development of this
..c/ Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a› (change of the vowel of the tonic syllable a > y) (an occasional feature in spoken Welsh)

..d/ Glangaea ‹glang-gei-a› (the soft mutation is probably the result of the influence of Nos Galan Gaeaf / Nos G’langaea, Nos Glangaea (= the eve of All Saints, Hallowe’en)

:_______________________________.

Calan Haf ‹KAA-lan HAAV› masculine noun
1 First Day of Summer in pre-Christian times (day following the first new moon of the summer season). The year was divided into two seasons, winter and summer, each lasting half a year.) Equivalent to the Irish Lá Bealtaine, in English Beltain, which was formerly celebrated with bonfires on the hills

The first day of winter was Calan Gaeaf, on the day following the first new moon of the summer season.

2 May 1, the first of May, May Day. In this sense, usually Calan Mai (qv)

:_______________________________.

Calan Mai ‹kâ-lan mai› masculine noun
1 first of May, May Day.
Noswyl Calan Mai May Eve, Eve of May Day, Walpurgis Night (April 30)

galan Mai on May Day (adverbial phrases have soft mutation of the initial consonant of the first element if the consonant is mutable)

Galan Mai cynhelir cystadleuaeth hynod ym mhentref Eidalaidd Portmeirion
i ddarganfod Merch Gryfaf Cymru On May Day an unusual competition will be held in the Italiate village of Portmeirion t discover Wales’s Strongest Woman

Ar Galan Mai ers talwm byddai'n arferiad addurno bedwen dal a dawnsio o'i
chwmpas. On May Day / every May Day in the past it was the custom to decorate a tall birch tree and to dance around it

2 Formerly it referred to May Day Old Style, now November 12, and called Hen Galan Mai (= old “Calan Mai”)

Following the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750 in the London Parliament, in 1752 England and its colonies (but not Scotland) changed to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. 1 November Old Style became 12 November New Style.

3 first day of the Celtic summer (the six months until Calan Gaeaf, November 1); Beltane; formerly celebrated with bonfires on the hills

ETYMOLOGY: (the) calend (of) (May) (calan = calend) + (Mai = May)
Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish Kala’ Mae (= May Day), Breton kala-mae (= May Day)

NOTE: Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times / Author: Edward Anwyl / Year 1903 / p.66: For the Celt the year began in November, so that its second half-year commenced with the first of May. The idea to which Cæsar refers, that the Gauls believed themselves descended from Dis, the god of the lower world, and began the year with the night, counting their time not by days but by nights, points in the same direction, namely that the darkness of the earth had a greater hold on the mind than the brightness of the sky. The Welsh terms for a week and a fortnight, wythnos (eight nights) and pythefnos (fifteen nights) respectively confirm Cæsar’s statement.

NOTE:

..a/ Colloquial forms are based on a coalesced form Calánmai, where the accent has shifted to be on the new penultimate syllable.

..b/ in the pre-pretonic syllable, colloquially there is a reduction of the sequence (c) + (vowel) + (l) though the loss of the vowel

Calánmai > C’lánmai / Clánmai

In the south hte colloquial forms are

......1 Clanmai (i.e. Clánmai) ‹KLAN-mai› .

......2 Clamai (i.e. Clámai) < Clám|mai < Clán|mai ‹KLA-mai› (the n has assimilated to the following m)

......3 Clame (i.e. Clánme) < Clámai ‹KLA-me› The identification of –mai with the name of the month is lost, and the diphthong ai in the final syllable is reduced to the simple vowel e, a usual sound change in the colloquial language. If this form exists in the south-east, it is Clama (south-western final –e is south-easter final -a)

In the North usually with soft mutation, possible from the adverbial use of the phrase

Gláma (north-west), Gláme (north-east)

:_______________________________.

calch ‹KALKH› (masculine noun)
1 chalk, limestone
2 carreg galch limestone

:_______________________________.

Calfinaidd ‹kal VII naidh -nedh› (adj)
1 Calvinist

Trefnyddion Calfinaidd Calvanistic Methodists (mainly 1800s) (abbreviation: T.C.)

The abbreviation T.C., to be seen in this photo of Tarsus, an abandoned chapel in Y Penrhyn SH8517, Gwynedd

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/506353

Methodistiaid Calfinaidd Calvanistic Methodists (abbreviation: C.M.)

ETYMOLOGY: (Calfin = Calvin) + (-aidd adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

Calchfynydd ‹kalch VƏ nidh›
1 Welsh kingdom or sub-kingdom in what is today south-east Scotland
This is probably modern day (English) Kelso / (Scots) Kelsae / (Gàidhlig) Cealsach.

2 Cadrawd Calchfynydd a ruler of the district of Calchfynydd in the 500s

(delw 7019)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/159287 Kelso

ETYMOLOGY: “chalk mountain” (calch = chalk) + soft mutation + (mynydd = mountain)

NOTE: In Kelso, there is a street called Chalkheugh Terrace This is “chalk hill”. “The Chalkheugh” (locally pronounced Cawkheuch) was the name for the high ground by the river Tweed.

The Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical, 1882-1885, edited by Francis H. Groome. http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townhistory235.html
The Chalkheugh is described as “a precipitous bank with strata of gypsum cropping to the surface”

Statistical Accounts of Scotland”, 1791-1799, page 584. http://www.bromfield.us/bromfields/Wil_sb_rtf.htm (“The Will of Colonel Stephen Bromfield”)
“Kelso is probably derived from the word Calx. This conjecture seems the more probable, from an eminence on the Tweed side, on which part of the town stands. This height is called the Chalk-heugh, or Calchow, one of the ancient names of the town, and contains a great quantity of Gypsum, and other calcareous matters; all which, in the Celtic language, were denominated Kelk, hence Kelkon; and the Monks denominated the seal of the ancient monastery, Sigillum Monasterii de Calco. This eminence (the Chalkheugh) also affords a delightful prospect, which, by some, is thought to eclipse that from the bridge.”

“The Monastic Annals of Teviotdale. Or, The History and Antiquities of the Abbeys of Jedburgh, Kelso, Melros, and Dryburgh”. Edinburgh 1832. Reverend James Morton.
HISTORY OF THE TOWN AND ABBEY OF KELSO. The Town of Kelso is situated in the parish of the same name, in Roxburghshire, on the north bank of the river Tweed, opposite its junction with the Teviot, about twenty-three miles from Berwick, where that river flows into the sea. Its name is evidently derived from Chalkheugh*, the name of a remarkable cliff overhanging the Tweed, on the summit of which part of the town is built. This cliff is so called from its containing veins of gypsum, and other calcareous earths, which were visible in its sides before the year 1810, when the river, in its impetuous floods, threatening to undermine it, it was cut down into terraces and sloping gardens, and defended from the stream by a strong wall. This etymology may be distinctly traced in the various forms in which the name appears in ancient records, where it is written Kalkhow, Kelquou, Calco, Calchou, Calcheowe, and Kellesowe. The earliest mention of it is at the time of the founding of its monastery, in 1128, when it appears, from the charter of the royal founder, that there was then a church called " the church of the blessed Virgin Mary, on the bank of the river Tuede, in the place which is called Calkou."

* Locally pronounced " Cawkheucli." Calch, in the ancient British language, and Cealc, in the Anglo-Saxon, like the Latin Calx, signify chalk. How, in Anglo-Saxon and old Scots, and Heugh, in modern Scots, " a hill, or height." CHALMERS'S Caledonia.

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caled ‹KAA led› (adjective)
1 hard

2 gwargaled stubborn, stiffnecked
(gwar = nape of neck ) + soft mutation + (caled = hard)

Exodus 32:9 Yr ARGLWYDD hefyd a ddywedodd wrth Moses, Gwelais y bobl hyn; ac wele, pobl wargaled ydynt
Exodus 32:9 And the LORD said unto Moses, I have seen this people, and, behold, it is a stiffnecked people

3 (question) hard, difficult to answer
Dyna un galed i ti Here’s a hard one for you

4 Ni thorrir asgwrn gan air caled Hard words break no bones (“a bone is not broken by a hard word”)

5 bod cyn galeted ag einion be very obstinate (“as hard as an anvil”)

6 (in names of streams) strong, swift-flowing

..a/ Cledan < Caledan (caled) + (-an diminutive suffix added to adjectives)

..b/ Cletwr < Caled-ddwr (caled + soft mutation + (dŵr = water; stream)

..c/ Ffrwd Galed ‘strong stream’
(ffrwd = hillside stream) + soft mutation + (caled = hard; strong, swift-flowing)
Ffrwdgaled street name in Tregarth, Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (“Ffrwd Galed”)

7 Tircalad This house name was noted by John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in his 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911)

“TIR-CALAD (the hard land.) A free tenement in the parish of Roath and manor of Roath-Keynsham (1702.) A ruined house and land named in the Heath Enclosure Award of 1809. In 1840 it was called Coed Tir Caled, hard-land wood.”

“y tir caled” (y definite article) + (tir = land) + (caled = hard).
In the south-east an e in the final syllable becomes > a, hence caled > calad

8 llafur caled (punishment) hard labour

9 llain galed motorway hard shoulder

10 gweithio’n galed to work hard

ETYMOLOGY: Breton kalet (= hard)
Gaulish Caleti, Caletes
Celtic *kalet-os
Related to Latin callus (= hard skin)
:_______________________________.

caleden ‹ka- lê -den› feminine noun
PLURAL caledennau ‹ ka-la- de -ne›
1 callus – skin which is thick or hard as a result of constant friction (as on the sole of the foot)
y galeden = the callus

ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + (-en suffix for forming nouns)
From the same British root: Breton kaledenn (= corn on foot)

:_______________________________.

Caledan ‹ka- lê -dan›
1 SO5013 stream by Llaneuddogwy; also the name of a village south of Llaneuddogwy and this stream

SO5203 Rhaeadr Caledan translation of Cleddon Falls

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/95602

ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard; forceful (of flowing water)) + (-an diminutive suffix) > caledan > c’ledan / cledan > cledon (o replacing a).

Cf (yn) wastad (= constantly) > South Wales wastod, where o has replaced a in the final syllsable

The stream in mentioned in Llyfr Llan-daf / The Book of Llandaff c. 1125, spelt as “Caletan” (though the “t” represents the sound <d> [d] in the spelling of the time, that is, Caledan

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Caledfwlch ‹ka- led -vulkh› [kaˡlɛdvʊlx] masculine noun
1 (mythology) name of Arthur’s sword

This Welsh name is the origin of the somewhat distorted Latin form “Caliburnus”, which in turn is the origin of the English name “Excalibur”

ETYMOLOGY: “(weapon of) hard slashing / cutting”, hard thruster, hard cleaver, etc
(caled = hard) + soft mutation + (bwlch = cut, gap, breach)

:_______________________________.

caledfyd ‹ka- led -vid› [kaˡlɛdvɪd] masculine noun
1 hardship, deprivation

ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + soft mutation + (byd = world, situation, condition)

:_______________________________.

calediad ‹ka- led -vid› [kaˡlɛdvɪd] masculine noun

PLURAL calediadau ‹ka-led-YAA-dai -e› [kalɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ -ɛ]

ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + (-i-ad noun suffix)

1 the devoicing of a voiced consonant

2 (In reference to Y Wenhwyseg, i.e. Gwentian or South-eastern Welsh) the devoicing of a voiced consonant at the head of a final syllable, as in doti instead of dodi (= to put)

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caletaf (caleta’, c’leta’) ‹ka LE ta› [kaˡlɛtav, kaˡlɛta, ˡklɛta] (adjective)
1 hardest

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caletach (c’letach) ‹ka LE takh› (adjective)
1 harder

:_______________________________.

caletsen ‹ka-LET-sen› [kaˡlɛtsan] feminine noun
1 (South-east Wales) old crone, hard-faced old woman

ETYMOLOGY: caletsen < caledsen (caled = hard) + (-sen, suffix; in imitation of mursen = prudish woman)

:_______________________________.

caletsythder ‹ka-let- səth -der› [kalɛtˡsəθdɛr] masculine noun
1 rigidity

ETYMOLOGY: (calet- > caled = hard) + (sythder = rigidity, straightness)

In compound words, a final d becomes t before s.
Compare dyletswydd = duty
(dyled = duty, swydd = function)
and other words of the type: cytsain (= consonant), cytser (= constellation)

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call ‹kalh› [kaɬ] adjective

NOTE: (South Wales) The colloquial form has a long vowel cāll ‹kaalh› [kaːɬ] (the majority of monosyllables with final –ll final have a lengthened vowel in the South)

1 wise, sensible, shrewd, prudent = able to discern, to make sensible decisions; as a noun wise person, wise man, wise woman

Call pob ffôl tra tawo (saying) - Fools appear wise until they speak (literally “(it is) wise every fool while (he) keeps quiet”)

Mae’r calla’n colli weithiau - Even the wisest make mistakes sometimes (literally “the wisest lose (their judgement) sometimes”);

also Mae’r calla weithiau’n colli

Y calla’ ’dawo Enough said, It’s best not to mention it (“the wisest may he be silent”): Usually said without the definite article: Calla’ ’dawo / Calla dawo

Tawed y calla’ Enough said (“let the wisest be silent”)

Gair i gall Enough said (“a (single) word to a wise man (is sufficient)”)

2 sane = having one’s full mental capacities; compos mentis, of sound mind
In negative phrases to indicate foolishness, stupidity:

(a) Dyw e ddim yn gall - He’s out of his mind (literally “he’s not sensible”)

(b) Wyt ti’n gall? - Have you gone mad? (literally “are you sensible?”)

(c) hanner call daft (literally “half sensible”) In South Wales the colloquial form is ’narcall ‹nar-kalh› < hanercall < hanner call

(d) hanner call a dwl daft (literally “half sensible and dull”), or simply hanner call

3 yn gall adverb sensibly, judiciously
Siarad yn gall, ddyn, neu cau dy geg - either talk sense or shut up
(literally “talk sensibly, man, or shut your mouth”)

4 call a ffôl = both the wise and the stupid
pob call o ben anybody in his right mind

5 wise = showing that prudence has been used, or the existence of the ability to make sensible choices

6 intelligent, clever
Mae e’n gallach o’r hanner na’i frawd
He’s a lot more intelligent than his brother
(literally “he’s more intelligent from the half / by half than his brother”)

7 sensible = that makes sense, not gibberish

8 cyfrwysgall crafty, wily, cunning
(cyfrwys = wily, cunning) + soft mutation + ( call = sensible)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British.
If not from British < Celtic, then it is British < Latin cal’d(us) < callidus (= astute, clever).
Cf Cornish kall (= cunning), from the same British root.

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Calla dawo ‹ka-lha dau -o›
1 Best not to mention it, The least said the better, Enough said

ETYMOLOGY: calla dawo / calla’ ’dawo < y callaf a dawo “(it-is) the wisest that might-keep-silent”

(y definite article) + (callaf, superlative form of call = wise) + (a relative pronoun, who, that) + soft mutation + (tawo = he might keep silent, third person singular subjunctive of tewi to keep silent, to become silent)

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callor ‹ka -lhor› masculine noun
PLURAL callorau ‹ka- lho -re›
1 cauldron

2 Hafodygallor former name in Rhiwabon; survives simply as Hafod
Probably “(the) summer place (of) the cauldron”
(Noted in “HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-names” / Melville Richards)

ETYMOLOGY: callor < callawr < Latin caldâr-ia (= hot bath; cauldron) < calidus (= warm)

Corresponding words in the other British languages:
Cornish kaltor (= kettle),
Breton kaoter (= cooking pot)

Cf English cauldron < French < Latin caldâr-ium (= hot bath; hot bathing room)

NOTE: also occurs as a feminine noun: y gallor

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calon, calonau ‹KA lon, ka LO ne› (feminine noun)
1 heart
y galon = the heart
calon garreg a heart of stone

2 wrth fodd eich calon extremely satisfying after one's own heart, exactly as desired (“at the satisfaction of your heart”)

gwneud gwaith sydd wrth fodd eu calon do a job which is his heart’s desire

Dyn wrth fodd fy nghalon yw e He’s a man after my own heart (= he’s the kind o man that I like)

3 agor eich calon i unbosom yourself to, unburden yourself to

4 bod yn biti o galon gennych dros... feel really sorry for / feel extremely sorry for

5 Cwn dy galon! Cheer up! (“Lift-up / raise your heart”)

6 calon afal apple core

7 â’ch holl galon wholeheartedly

8 Calon Drom “(a) heavy heart” Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: Heavy Heart

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calonnog ‹ka LO nog› (adjective)
1 wholehearted
yn galonnog wholeheartedly

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calonogi ‹ka lo NO gi› (verb)
1 encourage

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calonogol ‹ka lo NO gol› (adjective)
1 encouraging

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calonrwygol ‹ka-lon- rui -gol›
1 heartrending

ETYMOLOGY: (calon = heart) + soft mutation + (rhwyg- stem of rhwygo = to tear apart, to rip) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

calsiwm ‹KALS yum› (masculine noun)
1 calcium

:_______________________________.

calyn ‹ka -lin› verb
(North Wales)
1 to go out with, to date
See canlyn

:_______________________________.

cam, camau ‹KAM, KA me› (m)
1 pace, step

2 o gam i gam ‹o GAM i GAM› step by step

3 ni + rhoi cam o'i le not put a foot wrong, not make a mistake ("not put a step (out) of its place")

:_______________________________.

cam, ceimion ‹KAM, KEIM-yon› (adjective)
1 wrong, false; twisted, bent, crooked

bwyell gam adz (Englandic: adze) = tool for shaping wood
(bwyell = axe) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked)

2 squinting
Hen Ifan Gam A folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). Translated as Old Squinting Evan

3 gwargam stooped, stooping, with head and shoulders bent forward
(gwar = nape of neck ) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked)

4 gwyrgam ‹guir-gam› crooked, bent; not vertical, slanting
(gŵyr = crooked, bent, askew, slanting) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked, bent)

adfeilion aflêr yr hen wrychoedd gŵyrgeimion
the untidy remains of the old bent hedges

5 gyddfgam wrynecked, with a twisted neck
(gyddf-, penult form of gwddf = neck) + soft mutation + (cam = twisted)

aderyn gyddfgam (bird) wryneck

6 cymryd cam ffôl do something rash (“take (a) foolish step”)

7 coesgam (obsolete) bow-legged, bandy-legged (coes = leg) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked)
bergam (obsolete) bow-legged, bandy-legged (ber = leg) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked)
bongam (obsolete) bow-legged, bandy-legged (bon = bottom) + soft mutation + (cam = crooked)

8 helygen gam (helyg ceimion)
(Salix matsudana) contorted willow

9 in river names
..1/ Afon Camarch (SN9521) = river in the district of Brycheiniog, county of Powys

Llangamarch (SN9347) village on this river (“the) church (by the river) Camarch”)

Camarch < Camfarch (“(the) winding (river / stream called) March”)
(cam = winding) + soft mutation + (March = stream name, literally “horse”)

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camadeg ‹ka MA deg› (feminine noun)
1 inopportune moment, bad time

:_______________________________.

Camarch ‹ka -markh›
1 Afon Camarch (SN9521) = river in the district of Brycheiniog, county of Powys
Llangamarch (SN9347) village on this river (“the) church (by the river) Camarch”)

ETYMOLOGY: Camarch < Camfarch (“(the) winding (river / stream called) March”)
(cam = winding) + soft mutation + (March = stream name, literally “horse”)

:_______________________________.

camddeall ‹kam DHI alh› (verb)
1 misunderstand
efallai 'mod i'n camddeall, cofiwch I might be wrong, mind
os nad w i'n camddeall if I’m not mistaken

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, mal-) + soft mutation + (deall = understand)
:_______________________________.

camddehongli ‹kam-dhe- hong-li› verb
1 misinterpret
Yr oedd e wedi camddehongli cymeriad Mrs Jones. Benyw feleisus oedd hi yn y bôn
He had misinterprted the character of Mrs. Jones. When it came down to it, she was a malicious woman

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = mis-, badly) + soft mutation + ( dehonglu = interpret )

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camddehongliad ‹kam-dje- hongl -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camddehongliadau ‹kam-dhe-hongl- yâ -de›
1 mistranslation

ETYMOLOGY: (camddehongl-, stem of camddehonglu = misinterpret) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

cam-drin ‹kam DRIIN› (verb)
1 mistreat, abuse
2 (noun) abuse
cam-drin rhywiol sexual abuse

:_______________________________.

camdriniaeth ‹kam DRIN yeth› (feminine noun)
1 mistreatment, abuse
2 camdriniaeth rywiol sexual abuse

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camel, camelod ‹KA mel, ka MEE lod› (m)
1 camel

Hwnnw oedd y gwelltyn olaf ar gefn y camel this was the straw that broke the camel’s back, this was the last straw (“this was the last straw on the back of the camel”)
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cámera ‹ka -me-ra› masculine noun
PLURAL camerâu ‹ka-me- rai›
1 camera = device for producing photos

2 camera = device for producing TV pictures

Fe fydd y camerâu teledu yn ffilmio’r digwyddiadau
The TV cameras will film the events

cámera teledu cylch cyfyng (CTCC) closed circuit TV camera (CCTV)

(delw 7360) (Gorsaf Abertawe / Swansea Station, Awst 2006)
ETYMOLOGY: English camera < Latin camera (= chamber; vault) < Greek kamara

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camerw ‹kam- e -ru› feminine noun
1 crooked acre, crooked field (of an acre)

This is apparently the origin of the street name Y Gamer in Glynceiriog (county of Dinbych) (that is, an educated guess, without having studied the history of the name of this particular place)

In field names, where erw is a final element in a compound word, the final -w is often lost pumer < pum erw (five acres), wyther < wyth erw (eight acres), etc

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crookèd) + (erw = acre)

:_______________________________.

camesbonio ‹kam-e-spon-yo› verb
1 explain incorrectly, give an incorrect explanation,

Pentrecythraul - Mae llawer wedi camesbonio enw’r pentre hwn
Pentrecythraul - many people have incorrectly explained the name of this village

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, bad) + (esbonio = explain)

:_______________________________.

camesgoriad ‹ kam-es- for -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camesgoriadau ‹ kam-es-gor-yâ-de›
1 miscarriage, loss of a child which a woman is bearing

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, bad) + (esgoriad = giving birth)

:_______________________________.

camfa ‹kam -va› feminine noun
PLURAL camféydd, camfâu ‹kam-veidh, kam-vâi›
1 stile
y gamfa = the stile

2 dal rhywun ar y gamfa catch someone in the act, catch someone with his trousers down – to surprise in some illicit action or embarrassing situation ("catch (someone) on the stile", that is, crossing the stile)

3 cael eich dal ar y gamfa (“get your catching on the stile”, be caught going over the stile) = be caught with one’s trousers down, be caught unawares, be caught in the act

4 fe awn ni dros y gamfa yna pan ddown ni ati we’ll cross that bridge when we come to it, we’ll deal with that problem in due course (“we shall go over that stile when we come to it”)

5 South-west Wales (with a change of m > n) canfa gap-filler = stakes wattled with thorns for blocking a gap in a hedge

6 county of Ceredigion groyne = wooden construction extending from a shore into the sea to break he force of the waves and to prevent the sea from moving sand and pebbles

ETYMOLOGY: (cam-, stem of the verb camu = to step) + (-fa, suffix = place)
NOTE: Colloquially also ‹v› > ‹dh› - camfa > camdda

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camfa dro ‹kam-va droo› feminine noun
PLURAL camféydd tro ‹cam-veidh troo›
1 turnstile
y gamfa dro = the turnstile

ETYMOLOGY: (camfa = stile) + soft mutation + (tro = turned, stem of the verb troi = to turn, used as a past participle)

:_______________________________.

camfaethiad ‹kam-veith-yad› masculine noun
1 malnutrition

ETYMOLOGY: (camfaeth-, stem of camfaethu = feed badly) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

camfaethu ‹kam-vei-thi› verb
1 feed badly

2 malnutrition

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºfaethu (cam = incorrect, bad) + soft mutation + (maethu = feed, nurture)

:_______________________________.

camglasgiad ‹ kam- gas -glyad› nm
PLURAL camglasgiadau ‹ kam-gas-glâ -de›
1 erroneous conclusion
tynnu camgasgliad oddiwrth falsely conclude from (something), draw a false conclusion

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºglasgiad (cam = mis-, wrong, false) + soft mutation + ( casliad = conclusion)

:_______________________________.

camgydweddiad ‹kam-gəd- wedh -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camgydweddiadau ‹kam-gəd-wedd- yâ -de›
1 false analogy

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = mis-, badly) + soft mutation + (cydweddiad = analogy)

:_______________________________.

camgyfieithiad ‹kam-gəv- yeith -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camgyfieithiadau ‹kam-gəv-yeith- yâ -de›
1 mistranslate

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºgyfieithiad (camgyfieith-, stem of camgyfieithu = mistranslate) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

camgyfieithu ‹kam-gəv- yei -thi›
(verb with an object)
1 mistranslate

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºgyfieithu (cam = mis-, badly) + soft mutation + ( cyfieithu = translate)

:_______________________________.

camgymeriad ‹kam-gə-mer-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camgymeriadau ‹kam-gə-mer-yâ-de›
1 mistake, error, bloomer (USA: goof)

camgymeriad dybryd a grave error

Cred llawer y dyddiau hyn nad yw’r Beibl a’i neges yn perthnasol iddynt. Camgymeriad mawr ydyw hynny
Many people believe that the Bible and its message is not relevant to them. That’s a big mistake

2 gwneud camgymeriad rhwng mix up, confuse (“make (a) mistake between”)
Rydwi’n credu ei bod yn gwneud camgymeriad rhwng dau fath o nionod, y nionyn Cymreig a garlleg cnydiog
I think she’s mixing up two kinds, the Welsh onion and the tree onion (“croppable garlic”)

3 mewn camgymeriad by mistake, in error (“in (an) error”)

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºgymeriad (camgymer-, stem of camgymeryd, camgym’ryd = “take wrongly”, make a mistake) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

camgymryd ‹kam-gəm-rid› verb
1 make a mistake (USA: to goof)
os nad ydw i’n camgymeryd if I’m not mistaken, if I’ve heard right

2 camgymeryd A am B mistake A for B, take A for B

Ildiodd y llu Ffrengig a laniodd ym Mhen-caer, Sir Benfro yn 1797 ar ôl camgymeryd merched lleol yn eu sioliau cochion a’u hetiau duon Cymreig am filwyr Seisnig
The French contingent which landed at Pen-caer in Penfro county in 1797 after mistaking the local women in their red shawls and Welsh black hats for English soldiers

ETYMOLOGY: cam ºgymryd (cam = mis-, wrong) + soft mutation + (cymryd = to take).
Apparently a calque on English mistake (mis- prefix = wrongly) + (take)

NOTE: Also: camgymeryd ‹kam-gə-mê-rid›

:_______________________________.

Camlan ‹kam -lan› feminine noun
1 SH7024 Afon Camlan = river in Meirionnydd

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH7024 map

2 SH8511 Camlan = locality in Mallwyd, Meirionnydd

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8511 map

3 Camlan – place of Arthur’s death in battle according to tradition. The battle took place around the year 539 and is mentioned in the “Annales Cambriae”, the Annals of Wales, of which there are three versions, the earliest being a text from around the year 1100. The annals state that Medrod and Arthur were killed in the battle, but it is not clear whether they fought together as allies or against each other as enemies.

In a “triawd” (triad – stanza which records three events, or three observations or three sayings) which notes the three needless battles of Britain (Tri Ofergad Ynys Prydain), there appears the line
...a Chamlan a ddigwyddodd oherwydd cweryl rhwng Gwenhwyfar a Gwenhwyfach
...and Camlan which happened because of a quarrel between Gwenhwyfar and Gwenhwyfach

The location of this Camlan is not known, but it is not in Wales. Suggested locations are
..1) Ryskammel / Camelford SX1083 in Cornwall,

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/79632

..2) or some location in Somerset, south-west England,

..3) or Salisbury SU1430 in Wiltshire, south-west England, suggested by the English writer Thomas Malory (1405-1471), the author or compiler of Le Morte Darthur / Le Morte d’Arthur.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/31018

..4) or Birdoswald NY6166 on Hadrian’s Wall, a defensive wall built by the Romans, which is in northern England, near the border with Scotland. The site at Birdoswald was known by the Romans as “Camboglanna” (in origin a British name, which would be Camlan in modern Welsh).

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/17585

5) The name may be a complete invention by Chrñetien de Troyes

(wikipedia 2008-11-25): The castle is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien de Troyes’ poem Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette (Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart) dating to the 1170s, though it is not mentioned in all the manuscripts. It is mentioned in passing, and is not described:

A un jor d'une Acenssion / Fu venuz de vers Carlion / Li rois Artus et tenu ot / Cort molt riche a Camaalot / Si riche com au jor estut. ^[

Upon a certain Ascension Day King Arthur had come from Caerleon, and had held a very magnificent court at Camelot as was fitting on such a day.

In older Welsh the proper name Camlan was used as a common noun, camlan (= intense battle). In much the same way one might say in English ‘it was Paschendale all over again’ to refer to a great battle and slaughter (from the battle fought on October 30, 1917). Or Armageddon. Or The Blitz.

4 Cad ºGamlan “the battle of Camlan” (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (Camlan). (The use of mutation in such a context is characteristic of older Welsh, and a modern phrase of the same type would not have it).

In the county of Ceredigion the expression cadgamlan is used to mean (1) noise, din; (2) noisy place.

ETYMOLOGY: The Welsh places called Camlan apparently mean “curved river bank” (at least the present forms suggest this meaning; earlier forms may show a different
etymology)

British Camboglanna (= curved river bank)
(British kambo-) + (British glanna).

Arthur’s Camlan may be this compound Camboglanna, but equally it might have been some other name similar in form which “Camlan” has replaced.

Analysed as a Welsh name, it would be cam ºlan (cam = curved) + soft mutation + (glan = river bank).

:_______________________________.

camlas ‹KAM-las› feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL camlesi, camlesydd ‹kam-LE-si, kam-LE-sidh ›
1 canal

y gamlas the canal

arglawdd camlas a canal embankment

arglawdd y gamlas the canal embankment

camlas longau, camlesi llongau ship canal

Camlas Longau Manceinion Manchester Ship Canal
cwch camlas, cychod camlas barge

Cwrtycamlas (“Cwrt y Camlas”) street name in Aberhonddu / Brecon “(the) court (of) the canal”

Gerycamlas

..1/ (“Ger y Camlas”) place in Trefaldwyn / Montgomery (Powys)

..2/ house name in Trefor (county of Dinbych)

Tŷcamlas tŷ’r camlas house name in Llangollen (“Ty Camlas”)

Coedcamlas coed y camlas “(the) wood (of) the canal”, canal wood; street name in Cwm-brân (Torfaen)

Cwrt Glanycamlas “Glanycamlas Court” (“(the) bank / side / edge (of) the canal”) (“Cwrt Glan y Camlas”) place in Llangollen (Dinbych)

Heol y Camlas street in Gwersyllt (Wrecsam) “(the) street (of) the canal”, “canal street”

Tremycamlas (“Trem Y Camlas”) house name in Parcygelli, Rhisga (Caerffili)

2 millstream, channel

3 (possibly) river bank, riverside meadow
Y Gamlas is the name of a meadow by the Irfon river at Y Garth, in the Brycheiniog district of Powys

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crooked) + soft mutation + (glas = stream)

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camog <KA-mog> [ˡkamɔg] feminine noun
PLURAL camogau ‹ka- mô -ge›
1 felloe
y ºgamog = the felloe

2 Llys y ºGamog court of the town of Dinbych (“court of the felloe”)

3 curvature; arc, parabola

4 bando stick = curved stick for playing bando (game similar to hockey)

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crooked) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
Cf. Irish camóg (= curved stick)

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..1 camp, campiau ‹KAMP, KAMP ye› (masculine noun)
1 feat

2 pencampwr ‹pen KAM pur› champion ‘chief doer of feats’

3 Campau Gwyr Rhufain Gesta Romanorum

:_______________________________.

..2 camp, campiau ‹KAMP, KAMP ye› (masculine noun)
1 camp

:_______________________________.

..3 camp ‹KAMP› (masculine noun)
1 (Patagonia) Y Camp = the desert Also: Y Paith

:_______________________________.

campfa, campféydd ‹KAMP va, kamp VEIDH› (feminine noun)
1 gymnasium (‘feat place, prowess place’)
y ºgampfa = the gymnasium

:_______________________________.

campwaith, campweithiau ‹KAMP waith, kamp WEITH ye› masculine noun
1 masterpiece

:_______________________________.

campws, campysau ‹KAM pus, kam PƏ se› (masculine noun)
1 campus

:_______________________________.

camu ‹KA mi› (verb)
1 to step

2 carreg ºgamu stepping stone, cerrig camu stepping stones; one of a row of stones above water level in a stream or marsh each one step distant from the other for crossing from one side to the other

:_______________________________.

camweddwr ‹cam-wê-dhur› masculine noun
PLURAL camweddwyr ‹cam-wedh-wir›
1 delinquent, wrongdoer

ETYMOLOGY: (camwedd = wrong, injustice) + (-wr, suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

camystumio ‹kam-ə- stim -yo› verb
1 (verb with an object) (wood) to warp

2 (verb without an object) to become warped

3 (verb with an object) disfigure, deform, distort, twist out of shape

4 (verb without an object) become disfigured, become deformed, become distorted, become twisted out of shape

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong) + (ystumio = to deform)

:_______________________________.

camystyr ‹kam- ə -stir› masculine noun
PLURAL camystyron ‹kam-ə- stə -ron›
1 erroneous meaning, false meaning

Camystyr yw hwn a ºroes y geiriadurwr William Owen-Pughe i’r gair
This is a false meaning which the lexicographer William Owen-Pughe gave to the word

ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong) + (ystyr = meaning)

:_______________________________.

can ‹kan›
South-east Wales
adjective
1 white, bright; bara can white bread

masculine noun:
2 white flour

3 flour

4 can garw wheatgerm (“rough flour”)

:_______________________________.

can- ‹kan ›
1 original form of the preposition gan = with (in modern Welsh, many simple prepositions are soft-mutated forms – gwar > war (moden Welsh ar, with the loss of the initial “w”), gwrth > wrth (= by); a number still have both forms in general use - tan / dan (= under), tros / dros (over), trwy / drwy (= through))

The form can appears with aspirate mutation after the conjunction a (= and) in literary Welsh a chan... (and with)

2 prefix (non-productive) = with, after
..1/ canfod (= to perceive)
.
.2/ canllaw (= handrail, bannister)

..3/ canlyn (= to follow)

..4/ canmol (= to praise)

..5/ cennad (f) permission, leave. Cennad was originally cannad
cannad < *canghad (can- = with) + soft mutation + (gad- stem of gado, gadael = to leave).
The vowel change a > e shows the influence of cennad (= messenger )

..6/ cynhorthwy (= help, aid, assistance)

ETYMOLOGY: British *kant-

:_______________________________.

can, caniau ‹KAN, KAN-ye› (masculine noun)
1 can
can dŵr watering can

:_______________________________.

cân, caneuon ‹kaan, ka NEI on› (feminine noun)
1 song
y gân = the song

2 cân roc, caneuon roc ‹kaan ROK, ka NEI on ROK› (feminine noun)
rock song

3 Cân yr Aderyn house name, Caernarfon “(the) song (of) the bird”

:_______________________________.

cánabis ‹ka-nə-bis› masculine noun
1 cannabis, common hemp Cannabis sativa
ystor cánabis cannabis resin, from the dried leaves and flowers
resin cánabis cannabis resin, from the dried leaves and flowers

cyffuriau cyfreithiol fel álcohol a thybaco, a rhai anghyfreithlon fel écstasi a chanabis
legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco, and illegal ones like ecstacy and cannabis

ETYMOLOGY: English cannabis < Greek kannabis

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caneri, caneris ‹ka NE ri, ka NE ris› (masculine noun)
1 canary

:_______________________________.

canfasio ‹kan VA sho› (verb)
1 to canvass

:_______________________________.

canfod ‹kan -vod› verb
1 perceive, notice

2 see
cyn belled ag y gall y llygad ganfod i bob cyfeiriad in every direction as far as the eye can see

3 discover, find out

4 canfod tir cyffredin find common ground

5 to spot, recognise
ceiso canfod to try and recognise

6 detect, find, locate

7 see, realise, become aware of

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (can- = with) + soft mutation + (bod = being, to be) < British
From the same British root: Breton kavout (= find)

:_______________________________.

cangarw, cangarwod ‹kang ga RUU, kang ga RUU od› (masculine noun)
1 kangaroo

:_______________________________.

cangen, canghennau ‹KA ngen, ka NGHE ne› (feminine noun)

1 branch (tree);
y gangen = the branch
canghennau’r coed the branches of the trees

2 branch office

3 girl, maiden
O cais fy nghangen gu O seek my dear maiden, look for my dear girl (from the folk song A Ei Di'r Deryn Du?”Will you go blackbird (i.e. as a love messenger for me to my sweetheart)?”)

4 (North-west Wales) unpleasant woman

:_______________________________.

cangen las ‹ka-ngen laas › feminine noun
PLURAL canghennau las / canghennau gleision ‹ka-nghe-ne glaas / glei-shon›
1 (Thymallus thymallus) grayling

ETYMOLOGY: (cangen = branch) + soft mutation + (glas = green)

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canghellor, cangellorion ‹ka NGHE lhor, ka nge LHOR yon› (masculine noun)
1 chancellor

:_______________________________.

canghen ‹ka-ngen›
1 nineteenth-century variant spelling of cangen

“Ty Cwrdd y Mynydd / Canghen o Ebenezer / Adeiladwyd 1875”

meeting house of the upland pasture / a branch of Ebenezer (a church in Trefdraeth / Newport) / it was built 1875

Plaque on former chapel SN0437 near Parrog, county of Penfro

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/514803 plaque

:_______________________________.

canghennau ‹ka NGHE nai, ne›
1 branches; plural of cangen

:_______________________________.

caniad, caniadau ‹KAN-yad, kan-YÂ-de› (masculine noun)
1 singing

2 caniatgar fond of singing
caniatgar < caniád-gar
(caniad = singing) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, suggesting ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

:_______________________________.

caniatâd ‹ka ni a TAAD› (masculine noun)
1 permission
rhoi caniatâd (i rywun) give (somebody) permission, give permission (to somebody)
cael caniatâd (gan rywun) get permission (from somebody)

:_______________________________.

caniatáu ‹ka ni a TAI› (verb)
1 to permit

:_______________________________.

caniatgar ‹kan- yat -gar› adj
1 fond of singing

ETYMOLOGY: caniatgar < caniád-gar (caniad = singing) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

:_______________________________.

canllyn ‹kan -lhin›
1 (In the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) and in neighbouring northern Ceredigion) accompany
See: canlyn

:_______________________________.

canlyn ‹KAN lin› (verb)
1 to follow
2 taflu arian da i ganlyn arian drwg throw good money after bad (“throw good money to follow bad money”)

4 Dyna ganpunt arall i ganlyn y gwynt (of money spent or wasted) That’s another hundred pounds spent, That’s another hundred pounds down the drain, That’s another hundred pounds I’ll never see again (“There’s another hundred pounds to follow the wind”)

NOTE: In the north, also with the loss of the ‘n’ – ca’lyn / calyn
In the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) and in neighbouring northern Ceredigion canllyn

:_______________________________.

canlyniad, canlyniadau ‹kan LƏN yad, kan lən YA de› (masculine noun)
1 consequence
2 bod o ganlyniad i be a consequence of
3 cymal canlyniad consecutive clause

:_______________________________.

canmlwyddiant ‹kan-mluidh-yant› masculine noun
PLURAL canmlwyddiannau ‹kan-mluidh-ya-ne›
1 centenary, hundredth anniversary
Cyfrol a gyhoeddwyd yn 1991 i ddathlu canmlwyddiant geni Kate Roberts
A volume published in 1991 to celebrate the hundredth anniversary / the centenary of the birth of Kate Roberts

2 hanner canmlwyddiant fiftieth anniversary

ETYMOLOGY: (canmlwydd = a hundred years of age) + (-iant = suffix)

:_______________________________.

canmol ‹KAN mol› (verb)
1 to praise

:_______________________________.

canmoliaeth ‹kan MOL yeth› (feminine noun)
1 praise
y ganmoliaeth = the praise

:_______________________________.

Canna ‹ka -na›
1 Nant Canna stream in Caer-dydd. The stream no longer exists but the name survives
...(1) in the district name in Caer-dydd, Pontcanna (bridge over the Canna stream),
...(2) and in Treganna (farmstead (of) Canna) apparently a modern name on the pattern of Pontcanna. This name with “tre” is used as the Welsh form of English Canton (name of an adjoining district) Previously the Welsh form had been Cantwn, from the English name (Canna + English “tûn” = farmstead).
The stream flowed into the river Taf.

2 Nant Canna stream in the village of Tre-os (county of Bro Morgannwg).
Nantcanna street name in the village of Tre-os (county of Bro Morgannwg). The Ordnance Survey Street Atlas (1995) has ‘Nant Canna’ as the street name and ‘Nant Ganna’ as the name of the brook (on the 1880 map, marked as ‘Llanganna Brook’) which flows from Llan-gan through Tre-os and into the river Ewenni

ETYMOLOGY: The two seem to have different origins.
(1) (Caer-dydd) Unknown. Possibly based on the adjective can (= white), as in the stream name in Merthyrtudful Cannaid (= white, bright)
(2) (Tre-os) Apparently the name of a saint (Canna), to whom the church in Llan-gan (also known as Llanganna) is dedicated

:_______________________________.

cannoedd ‹KA nodh› (plural noun)
1 hundreds

:_______________________________.

cannwyll, canhwyllau ‹KA nuilh, ka NHUI lhe› (feminine noun)
1 candle
y gannwyll = the candle

2 llosgi'r gannwyll yn ei deupen burn the candle at both ends, exhaust oneself (“burn the candle it its two ends”)
Also: llosgi'r gannwyll yn y ddeupen (“in the two ends”)

3 llosgi’r gannwyll yn hwyr burn the midnight oil (“burn the candle late”)

4 cannwyll corff ‹ka nuilh KORF›
corpse candle; eerie light at night, which was assumed to be a candle burning to forewarn of a death in the family or in the immediate neighbourhood; probably from natural combustion of decomposing material in ponds and lakes)

5 cannwyll dân, canhwyllau tân ‹ka nuilh DAAN, ka nhui lhe TAAN›
Roman candle (type of firework)

:_______________________________.

cannydd ‹ka -nidh› masculine noun
PLURAL canyddion ‹ka-nədh-yon›
1 bleach = a chemical that removes colour or stains

ETYMOLOGY: literally “whitener” (cann-, stem of cannu = to bleach, to whiten) + (-ydd suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

cannyn ‹ ka-nin ›
1 one hundred people (obsolete)

2 nid cyfrinach ond rhwng dau, rhwng tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it becomes everybody’s secret (“ ‹it is› not a secret except between two; between three people, one hundred people will hear it”)

rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw (“ ‹it is› ‹a› secret ‹of› two people, ‹it is› ‹a› secret that-it-is; ‹it is› ‹a› secret ‹of› three people, one hundred people will hear it”)”)

ETYMOLOGY: (tri = one hundred ) + nasal mutation + (dyn = person)
cant + dyn > can’ ººnyn > cannyn

:_______________________________.

canol, canolau ‹KA nol, ka NO le› (masculine noun)
(in the South, cenol) ‹KE nol›
1 middle
yn y canol union in the dead centre

2 bys canol middle finger (“middle finger”)
canolfys middle finger (“middle finger”)

3 ynghanol ‹ə NGHA nol› (preposition) in the middle of
yn y canol union right in the middle

yng nghanol union (rhywbeth) right in the middle of (something)

yn union yn y canol right in the middle

yn union yng nghanol (rhywbeth) right in the middle of (something)

yn ei chanol hi (“in the middle of it”)

Ryn ni yn ei chanol hi yn peinto’r tŷ Were in the middle of painting the house

4 ar ganol ‹ar GA nol› (preposition)
in the middle of

5 Canol Caer-dydd ‹KA nol kair DIIDH› (masculine noun)
Central Caer-dydd

6 canol y dre ‹KA nol ə DREE› (feminine noun)
the town centre

7 Heol Ganol “middle road / middle street”. Street name in
..a/ Bryn-mawr (county of Blaenau Gwent)
..b/ Caerffili
..c/ Nant-y-moel (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..d/ Y Sarn (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)

:_______________________________.

canolbarth ‹ka NOL barth› (masculine noun)
1 midland region

2 Canolbarth Cymru ‹ka NOL barth KƏM ri› (masculine noun)
mid-Wales
yng Nghanolbarth Cymru in mid-Wales

3 Y Canolbarth ‹ə ka NOL barth› (masculine noun)
The Midlands; Mid-Wales

4 Canolbarth Lloegr ‹ka NOL barth LHOI-ger› (masculine noun)
The English Midlands, the Midlands of England

:_______________________________.

canolbwyntio ‹ka nol BUINT yo› (verb)
1 to concentrate

:_______________________________.

canolfan, canolfannau ‹ka NOL van, ka nol VA ne› (fm)
1 centre
y ganolfan / y canolfan = the centre

2 bod â’ch canolfan yn... (company) be based in

3 military base
canolfan fyddin = army base
canolfan lynges = naval base

:_______________________________.

canolfan chwaraeon, canolfannau chwaraeon ‹ka NOL van khwa REI on, ka nol VA ne khwa REI on› (feminine noun)
sports centre

:_______________________________.

canolfan dydd, canolfannau dydd ‹ka NOL van DIIDH, ka nol VA ne DIIDH› (feminine noun)
1 day centre

:_______________________________.

canolfan hamdden, canolfannau hamdden ‹ka NOL van HAM dhen, ka nol VA ne HAM dhen› (feminine noun)
1 leisure centre

:_______________________________.

canolfan iechyd ‹ka- nol-van ye -khid› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL canolfannau iechyd ‹ka-nol- va-ne ye -khid›
1 health centre = building where the doctors serving a particular district have their offices and consulting rooms together

ETYMOLOGY: “centre (of) health” (canolfan = centre) + (iechyd = health)

:_______________________________.

canolfor ‹ka- nol-vor› nm
1 y Canolfor the Mediterranean Sea
Glannau’r Canolfor the Mediterranean (region) (“(the) shores (of) the Mediterranean Sea”)

ETYMOLOGY: “middle sea” (canol = middle) + soft mutation + (môr = sea)

:_______________________________.

canoliaethol ‹ka-nol- yeith -ol› adjective
1 centralist = favouring the exercise of power only by a central authority

ETYMOLOGY: (canoliaeth = centralism) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

canolig ‹ka-no·-lig› adjective
1 medium, middling
o faint canolig of medium height
canolig eich maint of medium height
mewn cerfwedd canolig in medium relief

ETYMOLOGY: (canol = middle) + (-ig adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

canol-longwr ‹ka-nol- lo -ngur› masculine noun
PLURAL canol-longwyr ‹ka-nol- long -wir›
1 midshipman = junior officer ranking between a cadet and a sub-lieutenant

ETYMOLOGY: (canol = middle) + soft mutation + (llongwr = sailor)

:_______________________________.

canoloesol ‹ka nol oi sol› adjective
1 medieval
ffug-ganoloesol pseudo-medieval

ETYMOLOGY: (canoloes- < canoloesoedd = Middle Ages) + (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

canolog ‹ka NO log› (adjective)
1 central

:_______________________________.

canolwr, canolwyr ‹ka NO lur, ka NOL wir› (masculine noun)
1 referee (‘middleman’)

:_______________________________.

canon, canonau ‹KA non, ka NO ne› (masculine noun)
1 cannon = weapon
pelen canon PLURAL pelenni canon cannonball

:_______________________________.

canran ‹ kan -ran› f
PLURAL canrannau ‹ kan-ra-ne›
1 percentage
y ganran = the percentage

Mae canran uchel o siaradwyr Cymraeg yn y rhan hon o’r dre there’s a high percentage of Welsh speakers in this part of the town

ETYMOLOGY: (kan < cant = hundred ) + soft mutation + ( rhan = part)
:_______________________________.

canrif, canrifoedd ‹KAN riv, kan RI vodh› (feminine noun)
1 century
y ganrif = the century

:_______________________________.

canser, canserau ‹KAN ser, kan SE re› (masculine noun)
1 cancer
2 canser y croen ‹KAN ser ə KROIN› skin cancer

:_______________________________.

cant ‹KANT› (masculine noun)
1 hundred
2 Mae un gair cystal â chant imi I can take a hint (“one word is as good as a hundred to me”)

3 (adv) gant y cant one hundred per cent
Rw i’n cytuno gant y cant â John Evans I agree one hundred per cent with John Evans

4 cant a mil o (bethau) a hundred and one things (an arbitrary number to indicate a great quantity) (“a hundred and a thousand of things”)

...a chant a mil o bethau eraill ...and a hundred and one other things (e.g. when explaining the advantages of something, when they are too numerous to mention in their totality)

:_______________________________.

cant ‹KANT› (masculine noun)
PLURAL: cantau ‹KAN-te, KAN-tai›
1 wheel rim

2 (obsolete) circle, rim, periphery

3 the name Morgan was in early Welsh *Morgant “great circle”, probably meaning 'person with great influence'. The compound is from the British period (pre 400 AD)
Analysed as a modern Welsh word it would be (mor- form of mawr = big) + soft mutation + (cant = circle)

ETYMOLOGY: British *kant-
Cf Breton kant (= circle), Middle Irish céad (= stone column)
Latin canthus (= metal tyre, iron band around a wheel) < Greek kanthos (= felloe of a wheel).

Canthus is used in English as an anatomical term – “either corner of the eye, where the eyelids meet” but originally applied to the entire edge of the eyelid.
French has canton (administrative district) from Occitan canton (= corner, angle) < Latin canthus

Probably Old Welsh kant
..1/ in the mountain name Pen-y-Ghent (“boundary hill”), in Yorkshire, on the edge of the district of Craven, an old Welsh territory; on the old boundary there is also Cant Beck;

..2/ Pennygant [NY44 99] in Scotland seems to be the same name as Pen-y-Ghent;

..3/ Kant (English: Cant), in Cornwall, for example, on the north bank of the Camel estuary, is the southern edge of Trigg Hundred.

..4/ In Lanarkshire in Scotland there are the Cant Hills, north of Shotts.

..5/ On the present Lancashire and Yorkshire border, a boundary line of districts predating the counties, there is Cant Clough.

See NAMES ON THE EDGE: HILLS AND BOUNDARIES. Dr Mary Higham, Clitheroe, Lancashire. COMANN AINMEAN-AITE NA H-ALBA / SCOTTISH-PLACE-NAME SOCIETY. Peairt / Perth. 07-11-1998 http://www.spns.org.uk/perthconf.htm

:_______________________________.

cantor ‹kan -tor› masculine noun
PLURAL cantorion ‹kan-tor-yon›
1 singer

Salmau 68:25 Y cantorion a aethant o’r blaen, a’r cerddorion ar ôl; yn eu mysg yr oedd y llancesau yn canu tympanau
Psalm 68:25 The singers went before, the players on instruments followed after; among them were the damsels playing with timbrels.

2 singer = member of a choir

3 (in choir names): Cantorion Teifi “the singers (of the river) Teifi”

4 (History) Cantor Formerly in the cathedral of Tyddewi, head of the cathedral chapter (administrative body of canons of a cathedral), later superseded by a deon (dean)

5 prif gantor (“main singer”) precentor = person who leads the congregation in singing

ETYMOLOGY: from Latin cantor, first example in Welsh in the 14^th century < Latin canere (= to sing)

NOTE: also in the modern period there is a form cantwr, showing the influence of the suffix -wr (= man)

:_______________________________.

cantores ‹kan-tô-res› feminine noun
PLURAL cantoresau ‹kan-to-rê-se›
1 female singer
y gantores = the singer

Pregethwyr 2:8 Mi a bentyrrais i mi hefyd arian ac aur, a thrysor pennaf brehinoedd a thaleithiau; mi a ddarperais i mi gantorion a chantoresau, a phob rhyw offer cerdd, difyrrwch meibion dynion
Ecclesiastes 2:8 I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.

ETYMOLOGY: (cantor = singer) + (-es, suffix for forming feminine nouns)

:_______________________________.

cantorion ‹kan-tor-yon›
1 plural form of cantor = singer

:_______________________________.

cantref ‹kan -tre› masculine noun
PLURAL cantrefi ‹kan- trê -vi›
1 kantrev, an ancient administrative division, a ‘hundred’

Some cantref names are still in use, found as tags to village names

.....(1) Betws yn Rhos - ‘(the) Betws (which is) in (the cantref of) Rhos’. (betws = church)

.....(2) Betws Cedewain (Ordnance Survey map reference SO1296) ‘(the) Betws (which is in the cantref of) Cedewain’,

.....(3) Caernarfon (Caer yn Arfon) - Caer in (the cantref of) Arfon), etc.
.....(Caer = camp, Roman settlement)

.....(4) Castellnewydd Emlyn (Ordnance Survey map reference SO1296) ‘(the) Castellnewydd (which is in the cantref of) Emlyn’, (Castellnewydd = new castle)

.....(5) Llanfechain (Ordnance Survey map reference SJ1820) formerly Llanarmon ym Mechain (‘(the) Llanarmon (which is) in (the cantref of) Mechain’),
.....(Llanarmon = church of Garmon)

.....(6) Llanfair Caereinion (‘(the) Llanfair (which is in the cantref of) Caereinion’),
.....(Llanfair = church of Mary)

.....(7) Llanfair ym Muallt (anciently Llanfair ym Muellt, with ‘e’)
(‘(the) Llanfair (which is) in (the cantref of) Buellt’),
(in English ‘Builth’, an approximation of ‘Buellt’);
nowadays the full name in English is ‘Builth Wells’ to indicate its status as a spa town, ‘Wells’ having been added in the 1800s

.....(8) Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant, (‘(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the cantref of) Mochnant’)

.....(9) Llan-rhos, formerly Llanfair yn Rhos (‘(the) Llanfair (which is) in (the cantref of) Rhos’)

.....(10) Llansanffráid yn Elfael (‘(the) Llansanffráid (which is) in (the cantref of) Elfael’
.....(Llansanffráid = church of Saint Bríd)

.....(11) Llansanffráid Gwynllŵg (‘(the) Llansanffráid (which is) in (the cantref of) Gwynllŵg (called by the English ‘Saint Brides Wentloog’)

Pen Pumlumon Arwystli ‘the peak of the mountain with five peaks which is in the cantref of Arwystli’ (Pumlumon = five peaks)

Penrhyn Gwyr (called by the English ‘The Gower Peninsula’) (‘(the) peninsula (of the cantref of) Gwyr’)

Other kantrev names have been revived, as in the name
Ysgol Penweddig, a Welsh-language secondary school in Aberystwyth, which was in the kantrev of Penweddig in the territory of Ceredigion

ETYMOLOGY: ‘area containing a hundred trêvs / dwellings’
(can, preconsonantal form of cant = a hundred) + (tref = trêv, dwelling, farm)

The forty-eight cantrefi were (in alphabetical order):

∆

01	Aberffraw
02	Ardudwy
03	Arfon
04	Arllechwedd
05	Arwystli
06	Buellt
07	Caereinion
08	Cantref Bychan
09	Cantref Mawr (Brycheiniog)
10	Cantref Mawr (Ystrad Tywi)
11	Cantref Selyf
12	Cedewain
13	Cedweli
14	Cemais (Dyfed)
15	Cemais (Gwynedd)
16	Cyfeiliog
17	Dyffryn Clwyd
18	Eifionnydd
19	Elfael
20	Emlyn
21	Gwyr
22	Gwarthaf
23	Gwrinydd
24	Gwrtheyrnion
25	Gwynllwg
26	Is Aeron
27	Is Coed
28	Llyn
29	Maelienydd
30	Maelor
31	Mechain
32	Meirionydd
33	Mochnant
34	Pebidog
35	Penfro
36	Penllyn
37	Penweddig
38	Penychen
39	Rhos (Dyfed)
40	Rhos (Gwynedd)
41	Rhosyr
42	Rhufoniog
43	Senghennydd
44	Swydd y Waun
45	Talgarth
46	Tegeingl
47	Uwch Aeron
48	Uwch Coed

:_______________________________.

Cantref Bychan ‹KAN tre BƏ khan› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the little kantrev’

:_______________________________.

Cantre’r Gwaelod ‹KAN trer GWEI lod› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the bottom kantrev’ - supposed drowned region off the Ceredigion coast

:_______________________________.

Cantref Mawr ‹KAN tre MAUR› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the big kantrev’

:_______________________________.

Cantref Selyf ‹KAN tre SE liv› (feminine noun)
1 ‘Solomon’s kantrev’

:_______________________________.

canu ‹KA ni› (verb)
verb without an object
1 to sing

2 Roedd ei ben yn canu He saw stars (“his head was singing”)

3 Mae eisiau aderyn lân i ganu don’t accuse others of faults which you yourself have (“there is need of a clean bird to sing”)

4 (bell) ring
hi + bod wedi canu ar (rywun) have had one's chips, be finished, be all over (for somebody)
Mae hi wedi canu arno fe, His number is up, He's doomed, He’s done for; His days are numbered, He's not got long to live
(literally: it (= the bell) has rung on him / has rung to his disadvantage”)

Dywedir fod y ddwy garreg yn canu fel cloch pan gânt eu taro
It is said that these two stones ring (“sing”) like a bell when they are struck
verb with an object
5 to sing
canu emyn to sing a hymn
canu clodydd rhywun sing (somebody’s) praises
Also with the sense of ‘to make (something) sing’
6 (bell) ring = make a bell ring
Mae rhywun yn canu'r gloch Someone is ringing the (door)bell
canu clychau’r Calan ring in the New Year

7 to play (an instrument)
canu’r gitâr to play the guitar

:_______________________________.

canu’n iach i ‹KA nin YAAKH›
1 say goodbye to (‘sing ‘be well’ to)

:_______________________________.

canwr, canwyr ‹KA nur, KAN wir› (masculine noun)
1 singer

:_______________________________.

cap, capiau ‹KAP, KAP ye› (masculine noun)
1 cap

:_______________________________.

capel, capeli ‹KA pel, ka PE li› (masculine noun)
1 chapel = Nonconformist place of worship

2 chapel = chapel of ease, secondary church in a parish

3 Tywynycapel SH2578 Locality in the county of Môn
(“(the) sand dunes (of) the chapel”)
English name: Trearddur Bay

(tywyn = sand dunes ) + (y definite article) + (capel = chapel)

:_______________________________.

capelaidd ‹ka- pe-ledh › adjective
1 chapel (modifier), pertaining to a chapel

ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

capel anwes ‹ka-pel an -wes› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli anwes ‹ka-pê-li an-wes›
1 chapel of ease = church for parishioners (often on the outskirts of a parish) for whom the parish church is too distant (usually in the centre of the parish)

ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (anwes = indulgence)

:_______________________________.

Capel Carreg ‹ka-pel ka-reg›
1 name of a chapel in Steuben, New York State
“In 1804 this Union Society (The First Welsh Congregational Society of the Town of Steuben) had built a log church in Steuben designed to serve also as a schoolhouse. When this burned, Christmas night, 1804, a new frame building was erected, which gave way in 1820 to a stone church, known thereafter as Capel Careg or more frequently as Capel Ucha.” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

2 name of a chapel near Remsen, New York State
“The Calvinistic Methodists established the following churches. In 1828 a church was established known as Pen-y-graig on the road from Remsen to Boonville, three miles from Remsen village in the town of Steuben. In the same year, Capel Nant was built in Steuben about three miles southwest of Remsen village. In 1828 also they organized a church at French Road in Steuben township about two miles north of Pen-y-graig. They were not able here to erect a church building until 1835. Three years after these three Calvinistic Methodist churches were organized, another was formed, this in the village of Remsen in 1831, known as Capel Careg (Stone Church).” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel (of) stone’, the stone chapel’ (capel = chapel) + (carreg = stone)

:_______________________________.

Capel Coch ‹ə ka-pel kookh ›
1 chapel in Steuben, New York State
“In these ways were the churches weakened and had we their records we might expect a constant falling-off in the membership. Many of them had to combine for strength. The Baptist Church of Remsen was the successor to that group which had left Capel Isel, the Steuben Baptist Church, and established Capel Coch...

The Baptists also were scattering their churches through this district, though not in such large numbers. Capel Isel, their first church, was built in Steuben about a mile and a half west of Remsen village. But it was super-Calvinistic and those who leaned more toward the Arminian views soon became dissatisfied, broke away from the old church and established Capel Coch (Red Church), half a mile northwest of Capel Isel. This church did not flourish, and so to reach a district not quite so well supplied with religious services, the building was moved to a site about a mile north of Remsen village. Some time later it was abandoned and a building erected in the village in its stead. In a short time another Baptist church was established at Bardwell in the town of Remsen about four miles to the east of the village. In Prospect alone, two miles south of Remsen, was built a Baptist chapel where services were held for many years.”

(The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

ETYMOLOGY: “y capel coch” ‘(the) red chapel’ (y = definite article) + (capel = capella) + (coch = red)

:_______________________________.

Capel Coed y Mynach ‹ka-pel koid ə mə-nakh›
1 SO3402 village 4km northwest of Brynbuga (county of Mynwy). English name: Monkswood

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel (of ease) (of) Coed y Mynach’ (capel = chapel). Coed y Mynach is ‘(the) wood (of) the monk’.

:_______________________________.

capel Cymraeg ‹ka-pel kəm- raig› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli Cymraeg ‹ka-pê-li kəm-râig›
1 Welsh chapel = a Nonconformist chapel where the official language is Welsh

ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (Cymraeg = Welsh)

:_______________________________.

Capeldewi ‹ka-pel deu -i›
1 (SN6382) locality in the county of Ceredigion, 5km east of Aberystwyth

2 (SN4542) locality in Ceredigion, 4km northeast of Llandysul

3 (SN4720) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin, 6km east of Caerfyrddin,

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel (of) (saint) David’ (capel = capella) + (Dewi = David)

NOTE: Official spelling is Capel Dewi (two words), though as one word it would be more in keeping with the recommendations for the spelling of settlement names (though Rhestr Enwau Lleoedd of the University of Wales, the list of correct spellings, gives Capel Dewi)

:_______________________________.

capel gorffwys ‹ka-pel gor-fuis› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli gorffwys ‹ka- pe –li gor-fuis›
1 chapelle ardente, funeral chapel, mortuary chapel

ETYMOLOGY: ‘chapel (of) rest’ (capel = chapel) + (gorffwys = to rest)

:_______________________________.

Capel Isel ‹ka-pel i-sel›
1 name of a chapel and group of buildings in Steuben, New York State
“The Baptists were a little behind the others in organizing their church. Beginning about 1800, Morgan Williams had preached to them occasionally in different places, and upon the arrival of Rev. Richard Jones from Philadelphia in 1806, the First Welsh Baptist Church of Steuben was formed. They soon built a log church about half a mile from the Union Church, this, like the later buildings on the same spot, was known as Capel Isel (the Low Church - it was in a hollow).” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) low church’ (capel = church, chapel) + (isel = low)

:_______________________________.

Capel Nant ‹ka-pel nant ›
1 name of a chapel near Remsen, New York State
“The Calvinistic Methodists established the following churches. In 1828 a church was established known as Pen-y-graig on the road from Remsen to Boonville, three miles from Remsen village in the town of Steuben. In the same year, Capel Nant was built in Steuben about three miles southwest of Remsen village. In 1828 also they organized a church at French Road in Steuben township about two miles north of Pen-y-graig. They were not able here to erect a church building until 1835. Three years after these three Calvinistic Methodist churches were organized, another was formed, this in the village of Remsen in 1831, known as Capel Careg (Stone Church).” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

ETYMOLOGY: “capel y nant” ‘(the) chapel (by) the brook”
(capel = church, chapel) + (y = definite article) + (nant = brook / stream)

:_______________________________.

capel Pab ‹ka-pel paab› masculine noun
North Wales
1 Roman Catholic church

ETYMOLOGY: “chapel (of) Pope”, Pope’s chapel (capel = chapel) + (Pab = Pope)

:_______________________________.

caplan, caplaniaid ‹KA plan, ka PLAN yed› (masculine noun)
chaplain

:_______________________________.

caplaniaeth ‹ka PLAN yeth› (feminine noun)
1 chaplaincy
y gaplaniaeth = the chaplaincy

:_______________________________.

car, ceir (1) ‹KAR, KEIR› (masculine noun)
1 car

2 golchfa geir, golchfeydd ceir car wash

3 car cefn codi ‹kar KE ven KO di›
hatchback car (“car (of) (a) back (of) lifting”, car with a back which lifts up)

4 car heddlu, ceir heddlu ‹kar HEDH li, keir HEDH li› police car

5 drych car car mirror = side mirror or rear-view mirror

ETYMOLOGY: English car
:_______________________________.

car, ceir (2) ‹KAR, KEIR› (masculine noun)
1 sled
2 carfil dray horse (car = sled) + soft mutation + (mil = animal)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *karr-
:_______________________________.

ca’r ‹ kaar ›
1 (in place names) e.g. Y Ga’r < Y Gaer,
southern form of caer (= fortress, hillfort)
Usually spelt (less correctly) câr
See aa / caar

:_______________________________.

Caradog ‹ka RA dog› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name

:_______________________________.

cárafan ‹ka–ra-van› masculine noun
PLURAL carafanau, cárafans ‹ka-ra-vâ-ne, ka-ra-vans›
1 caravan = a company of merchants or pilgrims travelling together for safety, camel train

2 caravan = gipsy house on wheels

3 (American: trailer) (Englandic: caravan) holiday vehicle, towed behind a car

4 (American: trailer) home in a trailer park, (Englandic: caravan) home in a caravan park

ETYMOLOGY: English caravan < Italian caravana < Persian kârwân
NOTE: Also carafán ‹ka-ra-van›
Colloquially carifán ‹ka-ra-van›,
North Wales – ciarifán ‹kya-ra-van›, ciari ‹kya-ri›

:_______________________________.

carafanio ‹ka-ra-van-yo› verb
1 to caravan = spend a holiday travelling with a caravan towed behind a car)

ETYMOLOGY: (cárafan = caravan) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

carafanwr ‹ka-ra-va-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL carafanwyr ‹ka-ra-van-wir›
1 (USA: trailerist, trailerite) (Englandic: caravaner)

ETYMOLOGY: (cárafan = caravan) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

caráff ‹ka- raf › masculine noun
PLURAL caraffau ‹ka-râ-fe›
1 carafe = glass bottle for water, wine

ETYMOLOGY: English < French < Italian < Castilian garrafa < Arab gharrâfa (= drinking vessel)

:_______________________________.

carbwl ‹ car -bul› adj
1 poor, clumsy, untidy

2 Cymraeg carbwl garbled Welsh, mangled Welsh
siarad Cymraeg carbwl speak bad Welsh

3 confused, convoluted
Rw i’n methu gwneud na phen na chynffon o’i ddadl garbwl dros ddiddymu’r Cynulliad
I can’t make head nor tail of his convoluted argument for abolishing the Welsh Assembly

ETYMOLOGY: (“very blunted”) carbwl < carnbwl (carn = principal ) + soft mutation + (pŵl = blunt, blunted, dull, pale, lacklustre)

:_______________________________.

cárbwncl ‹kar –bun-kəl› masculine noun
PLURAL carbynclau ‹kar-bən-kle›
1 carbuncle = rounded reddish gemstone
Spelt with a ‘u’ in the 1620 Bible:

Diarhebion 31:10 Pwy a fedr gael gwraig rinweddol? gwerthfawrocach yw hi na’r carbuncl
Proverbs 31:10 Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies.

2 carbuncle = skin infection, similar to a large boil

ETYMOLOGY: English carbuncle < Latin carbunculus < carbô (= coal)

:_______________________________.

carcas ‹kar -kas› masculine noun
PLURAL carcasau ‹kar-ka-se›
1 carcase = the dead body of an animal

Nid oedd y cig yn cael ei rannu oddi wrth yr esgyrn ond fod y carcas cyfan yn cael ei falu’n fân fel bod yr esgyrn yn bowdr
The meat wasn’t separated from the bones but instead the whole carcass was ground up fine so that the bones became a powder

2 human body (humorous or derogatory)
North Wales hel dy garcas oddi yma! = get lost! be off with you! “gather your carcass”

ETYMOLOGY:

(1) Welsh carcas

< (2) English carcase and carcass

< (3) Middle French carcasse

< (4) Italian carcassa, of unknown origin.

The English forms carcase / carcass replaced an earlier form in English: carkois from Anglo-French < Old French carquois (= skeleton).

Modern French carcasse is (a) carcass (dead animal), (b) body of living person, (c) framework or skeleton or shell of a house or ship

:_______________________________.

carchar, carcharau ‹KAR khar, kar KHA re› (masculine noun)
1 prison
mynd â rhywun i’r carchar take someone to prison
Aed ag ef i’r carchar He was taken to prison
gwneud penyd yn y carchar do a stretch in prison, serve a prison sentence

2 tramgwydd yn dwyn cosb o garchar imprisonable offence

:_______________________________.

carcharor ‹kar- kha -ror› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharorion ‹kar-kha- ror -yon›
1 prisoner

2 Ynys y Carcharorion island in Bae Dulas, Ynys Môn (“(the) island (of) the prisoners”)

3 cymryd yn garcharor take prisoner (“take as prisoner”)
Fe’i cymerwyd yn garcharor gan y Japaneiaid yn Singapore
He was taken prisoner by the Japanese in Singapore

ETYMOLOGY: (carchar = prison) + (-or = suffix for forming nouns, from Latin -ârius)

:_______________________________.

carcharores ‹kar-kha- rô -res› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharoresau ‹kar-kha-ro- re -se›
1 female prisoner

ETYMOLOGY: (carcharor = prisoner) + (-es = suffix for forming feminine nouns )

:_______________________________.

carcharor rhyfel ‹kar- kha -ror hrə-vel› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharorion rhyfel ‹kar-kha- ror -yon hrə-vel›
1 prisoner of war, POW (pee-oh-double u)
Mae yno hen adeilad fu unwaith yn fynachlog ac ar ôl hynny’n wersyll i garcharorion rhyfel
There is an old building there that was once an old monastery and after that a camp for POWs, for prisoners of war

:_______________________________.

carcharu ‹kar- kha -ri› verb
1 imprison, lock up, lock away
2 masculine noun imprisonment, detention

ETYMOLOGY: (carchar = prison) + (-u = suffix for forming verbs)
cf Cornish karghara = to imprison

:_______________________________.

cardbord ‹ kard -bord› masculine noun
1 cardboard

ETYMOLOGY: English cardboard (card) + (board)
cf Welsh hardbord (= hardboard) < English hardboard (hard) + (board)

:_______________________________.

cardden ‹ kar -dhen› feminine noun
PLURAL carddennau ‹ kar- dhe -ne›

1 enclosure, fort
Y Gardden “the fort”; found as a place name in South Wales and North-east Wales

2 In street names

..a/ Y Gardden a street in Rhiwabon (county of Wrecsam) (the form used is “Gardden” without the definite article)

..b/ There is a ”Gardden View”, Rhiwabon (county of Wrecsam) which would be Tremygardden / Golwgygardden in Welsh

..c/ There is a ”Gardden Road”, Rhosllannerchrugog (county of Wrecsam) which would be Ffordd y Gardden in Welsh

..d/ Tremygardden (“the) view (of) Y Gardden”) is a street name in Pen-y-cae (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as “Trem Y Gardden”, though the rule in Welsh is to spell settlement names as a single word)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

carddenu ‹kar-dhê-ni› verb
1 (South-east) carddenu rhywun i wneud rhywbeth entice / induce / coax somebody to do something

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

Cardi ‹kar -di› masculine noun
PLURAL Cardis ‹kar -dis›
1 (nickname) person from the county of Ceredigion
Fel llawer o’i gyd-Gardis... like many of his fellow Cardis

2 a person from this county seen as somebody who is very careful with money, one who drives a hard bargain, one who is reluctant to spend money (supposedly characteristic features of people from Ceredigion)

3 gwlad y Cardi ‘(the) land (of) the Cardi’, the county of Ceredigion
Falle ma’r ffaith bo fi wedi cal ’y magu yng ngwlad y Cardi yw e
Maybe it’s because of the fact that I was brought up in the land of the Cardis

4 (obsolete) In south-east Wales, someone from the country who had come to work in the industrial valleys – not necessarily from Ceredigion
Pan ddaeth Idris Howell i weithfeydd Morgannwg gyntaf erioed, nid heb deimladau go gymysglyd y dechreuodd ar ei wasanaeth fel groser yn Siop y Wlad mewn pentref bywiog yng nghyffiniau Pont-y-pridd... Daeth rhai cwsmeriaid i’r siop, a theimlai beth anhawster wrth ymdrechu deall iaith ac anghenion rhai o honynt.

“Cardi ych chi, sbo,” ebai un o weithwyr y nos wrtho, pan ar ymweliad â’r siop i gael wns o ddybaco main,

“Nage, nid Cardi: o shir Ga’r wy’ i’n dod,” ebai Idris.

“Ia, ia; ond Cardis yw pawb sy’n dod o’r parth ‘na: ma’ch iaith chi bob ifflyn y’n gwed taw Cardi ych chi. Ond fe ddewch chi, machgen i, mhen spel, ishta un o honom ni. Mae popeth yn cymryd amser i dyddu, ishta gwetws yr iâr wrth y cyw.

(spelling amended) Mwyar Duon / D James (Defynnog) The Welsh Leader 25 05 1906

When Idris Howell first came to the Works (industrial valleys) in Morgannwg, it wasn’t without fairly mixed feelings that he began his service in the Country Shop in a lively village by Pont-y-pridd... Some customers came into the shop, and he had (“he felt”) felt some difficulty trying to understand the type of Welsh (“the language”) and the requirements of some of them.

“You’re a Cardi, I take it,” said one of the night-shift workers to him, when on a visit to the shop to buy an ounce of fine tobacco,

“No, I’m not a Cardi: I come from Shir Ga’r (the county of Caerfyrddin),” said Idris.

“Yes, yes; but everyone from that part of the country is a Cardi (“Cardis are everybody who comes from that area”): everything about your way of speaking (“your language every fragment”) says that you are a Cardi. But you’ll become, my lad, after a while, like one of us. Everything takes time to grow. as the hen said to the chicken.

ETYMOLOGY: Cardi, shortening of Cardiganshire, until 1974 the English name of this county, when the historic Welsh name was reintroduced - Ceredigion (origin of the English name “Cardigan”)

:_______________________________.

cardiau ‹KARD ye› (plural noun)
1 cards; plural of cerdyn

:_______________________________.

cárdigan, cárdigans ‹KAR di gan, KAR di gans› (masculine noun)
1 cardigan

:_______________________________.

cardod ‹KAR dod› (masculine noun)
1 charity, almsgiving; alms
byw ar gardod live on charity

2 trifling amount

:_______________________________.

cardotyn, cardotwyr ‹kar DO tin, kar DOT wir› (masculine noun)
1 beggar

:_______________________________.

caredig ‹ka RE dig› (adjective)
1 kind = considerate

2 kind = helpful
A fyddech mor garedig â llenwi’r ffurflen amgaedig?
Please be so good as to fill in the enclosed form?

3 Cofiwch fi yn garedig ato Give him my kind regards

:_______________________________.

caredigrwydd ‹ka re DI gruidh› (masculine noun)
1 kindness

:_______________________________.

carej ‹ka-rej› feminine noun
PLURAL cárejis ‹ka-re-jis›
1 railway carriage
y garej = the carriage

ETYMOLOGY: English carriage < Old Northern French carier (= to carry) < Late Latin carricâre (= carry by cart) < Latin carrus (= cart) < Celtic;
cf Welsh car (= sled) < British < Celtic

:_______________________________.

carejen ‹ka-re-jen› feminine noun
PLURAL cárejis ‹ka-re-jis›
1 railway carriage (North Wales)
y garejen / y garejan = the carriage

ETYMOLOGY: (carej = carriage) + (-en diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

caren ‹kâ -ren› feminine noun
PLURAL carennod ‹ka- re -nod›
1 (North Wales) old crone
y garen = the old crone

2 (North Wales) carrion = dead and rotting flesh
drewi fel hen garen stink to high heaven (“stink like old carrion”)

3 (county of Caerfyrddin) animal which is skin and bone, sorry-looking animal

4 (county of Caerfyrddin) term of endearment for a little girl

5 (county of Caerfyrddin) (masculine noun) term of contempt for a rogue

ETYMOLOGY: English caren, dialect variant of carrion (= carrion) < French < Late Latin carônia < Latin carô, carnis (= meat). In modern French charogne (= carrion)

:_______________________________.

cares ‹kâ-res› feminine noun
PLURAL caresau ‹ka-re-se›
1 kinswomen
y gares = the kinswoman

Diarhebion 7:4 Dywed wrth ddoethineb, Fy chwaer wyt ti; galw ddeall yn gares.
Proverbs7:4 Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy kinswoman:

Job 42:11 Yna ei holl geraint, a’i holl garesau, a phawb o’i gydnabod ef o’r blaen, a ddaethant ato, ac a fwytasant fwyd gydag ef yn ei dŷ, ac a gwynasant iddo, ac a’i cysurasant ef, am yr holl ddrwg a ddygasai yr Arglwydd arno ef: a hwy a roddasant iddo bobo un ddarn o arian, a phob un dlws o aur.
Job 42:11 Then came there unto him all his brethren, and all his sisters, and all they that had been of his acquaintance before, and did eat bread with him in his house: and they bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him: every man also gave him a piece of money, and every one an earring of gold.

ETYMOLOGY:(câr = kinsman) + (-es feminine suffix)

:_______________________________.

carfan, carfanau ‹KAR van, kar VA ne› (feminine noun)
1 faction, group
y garfan = the faction

2 carfan bwyso, carfanau pwyso ‹kar van BUI so, kar VA ne PUI so›
pressure group

3 (haymaking) windrow, a row of raked sun-dried grass

:_______________________________.

Carfan ‹KAR van›
1 Query - in place names – a personal name, realated to the Gaulish personal name "Carmanos"?

British *Karmán- > Welsh *Carfáwn (karváun) > *Cárfawn (kárvaun) > *Carfon (kárvon) > *Carfan (kárvan)???

:_______________________________.

carfil ‹kar -vil› masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod ‹kar- vi -lod›
1 drayhorse

2 clumsy animal

3 in the district of Dwyfor (county of Gwynedd) as a term of disrespect
yr hen garfil main (literally “the skinny old horse”)

4 auk = black and white diving seabird
carfil bach (Plautus alle) = little auk
carfil mawr (Pinguinus impennis) = great auk (extinct since the middle of the nineteenth century)

ETYMOLOGY: (car = sled ) + soft mutation + ( mil = animal)

:_______________________________.

carfil bach ‹kar-vil baakh › masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod bach ‹kar-vi-lod baakh ›
1 (Plautus alle) = little auk

ETYMOLOGY: (carfil = auk) + (bach = little)

:_______________________________.

carfil mawr ‹kar-vil maur › masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod mawr ‹kar-vi-lod maur ›
1 (Pinguinus impennis) = great auk (extinct since the middle of the nineteenth century)

ETYMOLOGY: (carfil = auk) + (mawr = big)

:_______________________________.

car gwyllt ‹kar gwilht› masculine noun
PLURAL ceir gwyllt ‹ ceir gwilht›
1 (obsolete) bicycle
In the days of long ago, when bicycles were an object of awe and wonder to the youth of Carnarvon, we never called them by any other name other than ceffyl haearn or car gwyllt
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue
NOTE: ceffyl haearn = iron horse, car gwyllt = wild sled

ETYMOLOGY: “wild sled” (ceir = sled) + (gwyllt = wild)

:_______________________________.

cariad ‹KAR yad› (masculine noun)
1 love

2 (masculine or feminine noun) girlfriend, boyfriend;

3 (in address someone) darling

4 cwlwm cariad loveknot = a bow of ribbon symbolizing the link between two lovers
“knot (of) love” (cwlwm = knot) + (cariad = love)
Cariad Cwlwm name of a street in Y Barri (county of Bro Morgannwg)

5 (as the ending of a letter; message in a greeting card, etc) llawer o gariad (“much love”, “a lot of love”) lots of love

:_______________________________.

cariadus ‹kar YÂ dis› (adjective)
1 loving = showing loving glances
golwg gariadus a loving look

:_______________________________.

cario ‹KAR yo› (verb)
1 to carry

2 cario mwg mewn hwilber (“carry smoke in a wheelbarrow”) try to do the impossible
Also: cario mwg mewn berfa (“carry smoke in a wheelbarrow”)

3 fel cario dŵr mewn shif (said of an impossible task) like carrying water in a sieve

:_______________________________.

carisma ‹ka- ri -sma› masculine noun
1 charisma = special quality in a person which attracts and inspires others
Mae hi wedi’i mesmereiddio gan ei garisma a’i rym
She’s mesmerised by his charisma and his power

Llipryn o Dori heb rithyn o garisma ar ei gyfyl
A Tory wet sponge without an ounce of charisma about him

Mae yna fwy o garisma mewn postyn lamp na sydd gan Ms Jones
There’s more charisma in a lamp post than there is in Ms Jones

2 (Christianity) charisma = a power given by God

ETYMOLOGY: English charisma < Church Latin < Greek kharisma < kharis (= grace)

:_______________________________.

carlamu ‹kar LA mi› (verb) (carw + llamu; carw = deer, llamu = to leap)
to gallop

:_______________________________.

carn, carnau ‹KARN, KAR-ne› (masculine noun)
1 hoof (of a horse)
yn gyrn, croen a charnau hook, line and sinker (“horns, skin / hide and hooves”)

llyncu stori’n gyrn, croen a charnau swallow a story hook, line and sinker, accept something improbable without questioning it

2 hilt (of a sword)

:_______________________________.

carn, carnau ‹KARN, KAR-ne› (feminine noun)
1 cairn; pile of stones on top of a grave
y garn the cairn

Heol y Carnau street name in Caerffili

“(the) street of Y Carnau” (y carnau = the cairns)

:_______________________________.

carn- ‹karn › prefix
1 main, principal, top; notorious, arrant, utter, through and through, downright, complete, out and out

carn-butain incorrigible whore
carn-leidr arrant thief
carn-fradwr arrant traitor
carn-filain complete rogue

2 carbwl = awkward, clumsy < carnbwl
(carn = principal) + soft mutation + (pŵl faint; blunt)

ETYMOLOGY: at y carn “to the hilt” = completely; carn (= hilt) < carn (= hoof)

:_______________________________.

carnau < kar-nai -ne>
1 piles of stones, cairns; plural form of carn

:_______________________________.

carnbutain (f) carnbuteiniad
1 arrant whore, unmitigated whore, shameless hussy

:_______________________________.

carnedd <KAR-nedh > (f)
PLURAL: carneddau, carneddi <kar-NEE-dhai, -e>

1 heap
2 pile of stones, rockpile
3 tumulus
4 (South Wales) carnedd o arian person loaded with money (lit: a heap of money)

5 Y Garnedd house name, Bangor

Llyn y Garnedd / Llyn y Garnedd Uchaf

Penrhosgarnedd SH5570 district of Bangor (Gwynedd)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/384442

Rhosgarnedd house (farm?) in Llansannan

Y Garnedd SH8974 farm name, Dolwen, county of Conwy

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8974

ETYMOLOGY: (carn = pile of stones) + (-edd suffix)

:_______________________________.

Carnedd <KAR-nedh>

1 Farm SO0291 south-west of Caer-sws

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0291

ETYMOLOGY: carnedd (= pile of stones)

:_______________________________.

Y Carneddau < ə kar-NEE-dhai, -e>

:_______________________________.

Carneddau Teon < ə kar-NEE-dhai, -e TEE-on>
1 The Stiperstones SO3698, a five-mile long quartzite ridge in Shropshire, England, north-east of the Welsh village of Hyssington. Highest point is 536m.

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO3698

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) rockpiles (of) Teon” (carneddau, plural of carnedd = pile of stones) + (Teon meaning unknown, perhaps a personal name)

:_______________________________.

Carnedd Ddafydd < KAR-nedh DHAA-vidh> (f)
1 SH6663 mountain in the district of Arfon (Gwynedd)

1044m (third highest in Wales, after Yr Wyddfa / Snowdon, )

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH6663

ETYMOLOGY:

:_______________________________.

Y Carneddi < ə kar-NEE-dhi>
1 mountain in the district of Arfon (Gwynedd)

2 Carneddi name of a farm in Nantmor which was the birthplace of “Carneddog”, Richard Griffith (1861-1947), who apart from farming here as generations of his family before him was also a poet and a prose writer, as well as a writer for Welsh periodicals, and a local historian. His pseudonym alludes to the name of the farm (carneddog = abounding in cairns; carnedd = cairn, -og adjectival suffix)

ETYMOLOGY: carneddi, a plural form of carnedd (= pile of stones)
(carnedd) + (-i plural suffix)

Other places show the more usual plural form carneddau
(carnedd) + (-au plural uffix)

:_______________________________.

Carnedd Iago < KAR-nedh YAA-go> (f)
ETYMOLOGY:

:_______________________________.

Y Carneddi Llwydion < ə kar-NEE-dhi LHUID-yon>
ETYMOLOGY:

:_______________________________.

Carnedd Llywelyn < KAR-nedh lhə-WEE-lin>
1 (SH6864) mountain in Gwynedd, 1062m (second highest in Wales)

ETYMOLOGY:
:_______________________________.

Carnedd Moel Siabod < KAR-nedh moil SHAA bod>
1 mountain in Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY:

:_______________________________.

carneddog <kar-NEE-dhog> (adj)

1 abounding in stones or rocks

2 “Carneddog”, the bardic pseudonym (enw barddol) of Richard Griffith (1861-1947), born in the hill farm of Carneddi, in Nantmor. Apart from farming here as generations of his family before him was also a poet and a prose writer, as well as a writer for Welsh periodicals, and a local historian. His name alludes to the name of his farm.

ETYMOLOGY: (carnedd = cairn) + (-og adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

carneddol <kar-NEE-dhol> (adj)
1 abounding or stones or rocks or cairns

2 place name: hill in Llanfihangel Bachellaeth (Dwyfor)

ETYMOLOGY: (carnedd = cairn) + (-ol adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.
Carnedd Wen < KAR-nedh WEN>
1 mountain in Powys

:_______________________________.

Carnedd y Ci < KAR-nedh Ə KII>

ETYMOLOGY:

:_______________________________.

Carnedd y Filiast ‹ kar -nedh ə vil-yast›
1 name of two mountains in the North-west
a) SH620627 by Llandygái (county of Gwynedd)
b) SH871445 by Cerrigydrudion ( county of Conwy)

ETYMOLOGY: (‘the cairn / heap of stones / tumulus of the greyhound bitch’)
(carnedd = cairn) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (miliast greyhound bitch)

:_______________________________.

Carnelian ‹kar-NEL-yan› (masculine noun)
1 the bardic name of Coslett Coslett (1834-1910)
See Clic y Bont (a group of poets and musicians from Pont-y-pridd)

:_______________________________.

Carn Fadog [ KAR-nedh VAA-dog]
1 SN7616 A cairn by the peak of Cefn Carn Fadog (512m) “(the) hill (of) Carn Fadog”,

ETYMOLOGY: Carn Fadog “the cairn (of) Madog”, “madog’s cairn”

(carn = cairn, pile of stones) + soft mutation + (Madog)

:_______________________________.

Carn Ingli ‹karn-ING-li›
1 bardic name of (1803-1863) Joseph Hughes, poet, born in Trefdraeth (county of Penfro)
See Hen Arweinwyr Eisteddfodau / Daniel Williams / Llyfrau Pawb 12 / 1944

:_______________________________.

Carno ‹kar -no›
1 SO0193 Afon Carno = river in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)

2 SN9696 locality in Maldwyn, near Caer-sws

3 a parish at this place

4 Twyncarno SO1108 locality in Rhymni (county of Caerffili) ‘hill of the Carno stream’ (twyn = hill) + (Carno stream name)

ETYMOLOGY: The main element of the name is probably carn (= rock)

:_______________________________.

Carnwyllion ‹karn WILH yon› (feminine noun)
1 south-east - medieval division

:_______________________________.

caro ‹câro› masculine noun
1 she/ he / it may love; third-person singular subjunctive of caru = to love
Duw a gâr a’i caro’i hunan (qv) God helps him who helps himself, God helps those who help themselves

:_______________________________.

carol ‹ ka -rol› nm
PLURAL carolau ‹ ka-rô-le ›
1 carol = Christmas song (joyful)
carol Nadolig Christmas carol
carol Ystwyll carol sung at Epiphany
carol plygain matin song (sung on Christmas morning)

2 (obsolete) carol = song sung to accompany dancing

3 (obsolete) dance

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carol (1300-1400)
< Middle English carole (= song) < (dance with somgs) < (circle)
< Old French
< Latin (corolla = little circle) < (corôna = crown) + (-olla diminutive suffix)
< Greek choráules (= flute player in a choral dance) < chorós (= choir) + (aulós = flute) + (-ês agent suffix)

:_______________________________.

carp ‹karp › masculine noun
PLURAL carpiaid ‹karp-yed›
1 (Cyprinus carpio) carp
Also: cerpyn (qv)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carp < English carp an adaptation of English carp < Old French < Germanic

:_______________________________.

carped, carpedi ‹KAR ped, kar PE di› (masculine noun)
1 carpet

:_______________________________.

carpiau ‹karp-ye› plural noun
1 rags; plural of cerpyn = rag
NOTE: In the south it is carpau > carpe

:_______________________________.

carrai ‹ka -re› feminine noun
PLURAL careiau ‹ka- rei-e ›
1 thong
y garrai = the thong

2 carrai esgid shoelace, bootlace (USA: shoestring)

3 (place names) strip = long narrow strip of land (South-east Wales). Found as carri, with a i in the final syllable. (y Garri Wen, etc)

4 name of a sheep's ear mark (a long narrow cut from the tip)

5 carrai chwip whiplash, the lash or leather string of a whip

6 careio (verb) cut into thongs; plough into strips

7 careiog (adjective) thonged = having thongs

8 tatter, strip
tynnu yn gareiau tear to shreds

9 ni + hidio carrai not care less (“not care a thong, lace”)
Dw i ddim yn hidio carrai amdano I couldn’t care less about it

ni + malio carrai not care less (“not care a thong, lace”)
Dw i ddim yn hidio carrai amdano I couldn’t care less about it

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carrai < *corrai < *correi < British *korreg-
< Latin corrigia (= thong, shoe thong)
NOTE: Colloquial form of the plural: careiau > c’reiau > c’riau > crie / cria

:_______________________________.

Carrasius auratus
1 pysgodyn aur (m), pysgod aur goldfish

:_______________________________.

Carrasius carassius
1 byrbysgodyn (m), byrbysgod crucian carp

:_______________________________.

carreg ‹ka -reg› feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig ‹ke -rig›
1 stone
y garreg = the stone

cerfio carreg to carve a stone
cerrig mân pebbles (“little stones”)
torri carreg to break a stone

2 stone used as a missile, brickbat

taflu carreg (at) throw a stone at, cast a stone at

Ioan 8:3 A’r ysgrifenyddion a’r Phariseiad a ddygasant ato ef wraig, yr hon a ddaliesid mewn godineb... (8:5) A Moses yn gyfraith a orchmynodd i ni labyddio’r cyfryw; beth gan hynny yr wyt ti yn ei ddywedyd? (8:6) ...Eithr yr Iesu, wedi ymgrymu tua’r llawr... (8:7) ...ac a ddywedodd wrthynt, Yr hwn sydd ddibechod ohonoch, tafled yn gyntef garreg ati hi
John 8:3 And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery... (8:5) Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be stoned: but what sayest thou? (8:6)...But Jesus stooped down... (8:7) ...and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her.

Pwy a sieryd Gymraeg mor bur ag y gall daflu carreg at ryw bechadur mewn treiglo?
Who speaks Welsh so perfectly that he can cast a stone at a sinner in the matter of mutations?

pledu carreg trwy’r ffenest throw a stone through the window

lluchio carreg throw a stone

Y neb sy’n byw mewn tŷ gwydr gocheled luchio cerrig People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones

3 stone = mineral in the form of a stone

halen carreg bar of salt

4 troi carreg turn over a stone, overturn a stone
Ni fydd carreg heb ei throi No stone will be left unturned

Fydd yr un garreg heb ei throi yn f’ymchwiliad nes cael hyd i’r llofrudd
Not one stone will be left unturned in my investigation until the murderer is caught

treiglo carreg turn over a stone, overturn a stone (“roll a stone”)

treiglo pob carreg
leave no stone unturned = investigate thoroughly (“roll over every stone”)

5 pont garreg stone-slab bridge, bridge made from a single stone slab, broad flat thick piece of stone spanning a stream

There is a photo of such a bridge in North Wales, over the stream called Nant Cadair, in Gwynedd, at the website “28th January 2001 - Cadair Idris”
www.hmallett.co.uk/28012001.html (no longer accessible 2008-12-06)

Pontgarreg (SN3354) “stone-slab bridge”, village in the county Ceredigion 3k east of Llangrannog

6 (in a construction)

carreg aelwyd hearthstone, the stone which forms a fireplace

carreg drws doorstep, carreg y drws = the doorstep

Gofala fod carreg dy ddrws dy hun yn lân
People in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones, don’t criticise people for faults which people could find in you too (“make sure that your own doorstop is clean”)

carreg ar garreg stone on stone

Ni adawyd carreg ar garreg Not one stone was left standing, there was left not one stone standing, the building was razed to the ground

7 carreg bwdr hearthstone = soft stone for whitening hearth, doorstep (“rotten stone”)

8 stone used as a plinth, stand, platform

Gerllaw Eglwys Llanllugan ym Mhowys y mae’r garreg y bu Howel Harris yn pregethu oddi arni
By the church in Llanllugan in (the county of) Powys is the stone from on which Howel Harris used to preach

9 stone of a fruit; pit (= fruit stone); pip of a fruit (apple pip, grape pip)

carreg eirinen peach stone
carreg grawnwin grape pip

10 stone = stone used in certain games

11 stone = jewel; diamond, etc

12 stone as a metaphor for lack of feeling (or inability or unwillingness)

Teimlai fel pe buasai ei chalon wedi troi yn garreg ddideimlad
She felt as if her heart had turned into unfeeling stone

13 testicle (cf English stone = testicle; in English, formerly standard, now slang)

14 troi’n garreg turn into stone

15 weight

Lefiticus 19:36 Bydded i chwi gloriannau cyfiawn, gerrig cyfiawn, effa gyfiawn, a hin gyfiawn: yr Arglwydd eich Duw ydwyf fi, yr hwn a’ch dysgais allan o dir yr Aifft
Leviticus 19:36 Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin, shall ye have: I ‹am› the Lord your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt.

16 standing stone

Tair Carreg (the) three stones, on the hill between the towns of Merthyrtudful and Rhymni

Y Cerrig Duon SN8520 “the black stones” Prehistoric stone circle by the source of Afon Tawe, near Glyntawe

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/12968 Y Cerrig Duon

17 (place names): rock, cliff; rock in the sea

18 carreg ryd stepping stone, cerrig rhyd stepping stones; one of a row of stones above water level in a stream or marsh each one step distant from the other for crossing from one side to the other
carreg gamu stepping stone, cerrig camu stepping stones

19 o fewn tafliad carreg within a stone’s throw
o fewn tafliad carreg i (qv) a stone’s throw from

20 carreg fustl plural: cerrig bustl gallstone

21 carreg sebon soapstone, soap earth, steatite - greasy variety of talc

22 hel cerrig collect stones, pick up stones (to clear a field)
hel gerrig o gae clear stones from a field

23 lladd dau aderyn ag un garreg kill two birds with one stone, achieve two objectives with a single action, do something which is doubly beneficial
also: lladd dwy frân ag un garreg (“kill two crows with one stone”)

24 (similes) or galed â charreg as hard as stone, rock hard

mor ddall â’r garreg as blind as a bat (“as blind as the stone”)
bod mor ddall â’r garreg be as blind as a bat (“be as blind as the stone”)

25 carreg fellt meteor stone (“stone (of) lightning flashes”)

26 adjective made of stone
calon garreg sydd ganddi she has a heart of stone ("(it is) (a) heart (of) stone that-is with-her")

glo carreg stone coal, anthracite ("stone (of) coal")

Capel Carreg name of a chapel in Steuben, New York State ‘(the) chapel (of) stone’, the stone chapel’
“In 1804 this Union Society (The First Welsh Congregational Society of the Town of Steuben) had built a log church in Steuben designed to serve also as a schoolhouse. When this burned, Christmas night, 1804, a new frame building was erected, which gave way in 1820 to a stone church, known therafter as Capel Careg or more frequently as Capel Ucha.” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)

27 cerrig adjective made of stone; yielding stone
wal gerrig stone wall
clawdd cerrig stone wall
chwarel gerrig stone quarry (“quarry (of) stone”)

28 I’r cwm rhed y cerrig, felly arian i fonheddig
(saying) Money goes where money is, The rich get all the money
“(it is) to the valley (that) run the stones, in-the-same-way money to (a) gentleman”

29 gosod y garreg sylfaen place the foundation stone

30 carreg a dreigla ni fwsogla a rolling stone gathers no moss, somebody who moves from place to plce will have few possessions or responsibilities ("(it is) (a) stone which rolls, (it) does not gather moss")

Dyw’r garreg sy’n twmlo’n tyfu dim mwsog A rolling stone gathers no moss

31 (North-west Wales) fel diawl dan garreg said of a constant complainer “like a devil under a stone”

32 clefyd llwch y garreg pneumoconiosis (“(the) illness (of) the stone”)

33 clochdar y cerrig (Ornithology) Saxicola torquata = stonechat (‘cluck / cackle / chatter of the stones’)

34 carreg fflint flint, flintstone

35 Mae cerrig arno He’s got gallstones “(the illness called) cerrig / stones is on-him”)

36 carreg ar garreg stone on stone
Ni adawyd carreg ar garreg Not one stone was left standing, There was left not one stone standing, The building was razed to the ground

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish karreg (= stone, rock) (as in the place name An Garreg = The Stone, The Rock), Breton karreg (= stone).

The Irish word carraig (= rock) is from British (the final –g is an indicator of this; native words tend to have –ch)

:_______________________________.

carreg dafl ‹ka–reg davl› feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig tafl ‹ke–rig ta -val›
1 slingstone = stone thrown from a sling

ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stick) + soft mutation + (tafl ‘thrown’, stem of the verb taflu = to throw)

:_______________________________.

Carreg-fach ‹ka-reg vaakh› feminine noun
1 house name

ETYMOLOGY: “small stone, little rock” (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (bach = small, little)
NOTE: One might have expected Y Garreg-fach, with the definite article, but some place names and house names are in the indefinite form
:_______________________________.

carreg farch ‹ ka-reg varkh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig march ‹ ke-rig markh ›

1 mounting block, a stone on which a horse rider may climb in order to mount his horse more easily

Roedd rhywun yn sefyll ar ben y garreg farch ac yn siarad yn uchel wrth gnewyllyn o bobl Somenody was standing on top of the mounting block and speaking in a loud voice to a knot of people

ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (march = horse)

:_______________________________.

carreg fedd ‹ka-reg veedh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig beddau ‹ke-rig bê -dhe›
1 gravestone, tombstone

ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (bedd = tomb, grave)

:_______________________________.

carreg filltir, cerrig milltir ‹ka reg VILH tir, ke rig MILH tir› (feminine noun)
1 milestone

:_______________________________.

carreg galch ‹ka-reg galkh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig calch ‹ke-rig kalkh › 1 limestone
1 mewn Cymraeg cerrig calch (= “Welsh (of the) limestone (quarries)”) in broken Welsh
Pen Cerrig Calch

ETYMOLOGY: “stone (of) lime” (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (calch = limestone)

:_______________________________.

carreg orchest <KA-reg OR-khest> [ˡkarɛg ˡɔrxɛst] feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig gorchest <KE-rig OR-khest> [ˡkɛrɪg ˡɔrxɛst]
1 boulder used for lifting or throwing in contests of strength

Dyn yn taflu carreg orchest oedd arwyddlun yr wyl
The symbol / logo of the festival was a man throwing a boulder

ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (gorchest = feat)

:_______________________________.

carreg siglo‹KA-reg SI-glo› [ˡkarɛg ˡsɪglɔ] feminine noun
1 rocking stone

2 ST0890 Y Garreg Siglo, on Gomin Pont-y-pridd (Rhondda Cynon Taf)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/122956

ETYMOLOGY: “stone (of) rocking” (carreg = stone) + (siglo = to rock, to shake)

:_______________________________.

carri <KA-ri> [ˡkarɪ] feminine noun
1 (place names) strip = long narrow strip of land (South-East Wales)
(y Garri Wen, etc)

See carrai (= strip, thong, shoelace)

:_______________________________.

carrog ‹ka -rog› [ˡkarɔg] feminine noun
1 torrent, stream

..a/ Carrog fferm ar bwys Llangristiolus (Ynys Môn)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4372 map

..b/ Afon Carrog, county of Dinbych.

Name of a railway station between the river and Llidiart-y-parc SJ1143

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2421 yr orsaf / the station

ETYMOLOGY: Equivalent to modern Welsh (carr-) + (-og adjectival suffix)

Welsh carrog (literally = flowing) < carrawg < British (karr-âk-) < Celtic, IE *kers (= to flow).
Related to Welsh car (= a sled), also car (= car, i.e. road vehicle) < English < French < Gaulish;

Also related to Latin “curro, currere, cucurri, cursus” (= to run)

:_______________________________.

cartél, cartelau <kar-TEL, kar-TEE-lai, -e> [karˡtɛl,karˡteˑlaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 cartel

:_______________________________.

carth, carthion ‹KARTH, KARTH-yon› [ˡkarθ, ˡkarθjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 tow (= prepared fibres of flax or hemp), cotton waste, oakum

2 carthion excrement; sewage = liquid refuse, especially urine and faeces

gwaith chwalu carthion sewage works, sewage farm (“work / works (of) destroying excrements”)

tanc carthion septic tank

:_______________________________.

carthffos, carthffosydd <KARTH-fos, karth-FO-sidh> [ˡkarθfɔs, karθˡfɔsɪð] (feminine noun)
1 sewer
y garthffos = the sewer

:_______________________________.

carthlyn <KARTH-lin> [ˡkarθlɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL carthlynnoedd, carthlynnau <karth-LƏ-noidh, - nodh, -nai, -ne> [karθˡlənɔɪð, -ɔð, -aɪ, -ɛ]
1 laxative, purgative

ETYMOLOGY: (first recorded example: 1780) (carth- stem of carthu = to purge) + soft mutation + ( llyn = liquid )
:_______________________________.

carton <KAR-ton> [ˡkartɔn] m
PLURAL cartonau <kar-TOO-nai, -e> [karˡtɔnaɪ, -ɛ]

1 carton = cardboard container for liquids
carton llaeth milk carton
cf cartonaid o laeth a carton of milk

ETYMOLOGY: English < French < Italian cartone < carta < Latin charta (= papyrus) < Greek khartês < a word in used by the Egyptians
:_______________________________.

cartonaid <kar-TO-naid, -ed> [karˡtoˑnaɪd, -ɛd] m
PLURAL cartoneidiau <kar-to-NEID-yai, -e> [kartɔˡnəɪdjaɪ, -ɛ]

1 carton = contents of a carton (cardboard container for liquids)
cartonaid o laeth a carton of milk

ETYMOLOGY: (carton = carton) + (-aid suffix for forming nouns indicating the content or capacity of a container )
:_______________________________.

cartref <KAR-trev> [ˡkartrɛv] masculine noun

PLURAL cartrefi <kar-TREE-vi> [karˡtreˑvɪ]

1 home = place where a person lives

bod â’ch cartref eich un have a home of your own

rhoi cartref i rywun give somebody a home (= give somebody a place to live)
bod yn ail gartref be a home from home (= be a place in which one feels to be as comfortable as one’s one home)

cyrraedd eich cartref arrive home
newid cartref move house (“change home”)
rhedeg cartref run a home

un garw am ei gartref (male), un arw am ei chartref (female) home-bird, somebody very attached to one’s home (America: homebody)

un hoff o’i gartref (male), un hoff o’i chartref (female); home-bird, somebody very attached to one’s home (America: homebody)

nwyddau i’r cartref household goods
creu cartref set up home, make a home
chwalu cartref break up a home
di-gartref (adjective) homeless

2 gartref (adverb) at home, in the house (soft mutation is used in creating adverbials from other elements of speech)

aros gartref stay at home
bod gartref be at home
gwnewch fel petáech gartref make yourself at home (“do as if you were at home”)

(South Wales) gartref home = towards home

(South Wales) mynd gartref to go home (in standard Welsh mynd adref)

3 oddi cartref away from home

mynd oddi cartref leave home
gadael eich cartref leave home
Gorau Cymro, Cymro oddi cartref the best Welshman is one away from home (a Welsh person takes pride in Welshness and the language when living abroad but neglects this in Wales)

4 home = place (country, district, city) of one’s origin; home village, home district

Mae’r alaw ‘Bedw Gwynion’ wedi ei henwi ar ôl lle yn ardal Dinas Mawddwy, yr ardal oedd yn gartref i David Roberts, Telynor Mawddwy
The melody ‘Bedw Gwynion’ (white birches) is named after a place in the area of Dinas Mawddwy, the area which was the home of David Roberts, Telynor Mawddwy (the Mawddwy harpist)

Yr oedd dau fachgen o’m cartref {Craig-cefn-parc} yn yr ysgol yn Llansawel...
There were two lads from my home village {Craig-cefn-parc }in school in Llansawel (“Briton Ferry”)...

5 (ship) home = place of origin

porthladd cartref home port

6 (Christianity) eich hir cartref heaven

mynd i dy eich hir gartref go to one’s long home = go to heaven,

Pregethwr 12:5 Ie, yr amser yr ofnant yr hyn sydd uchel, ac yr arswydant yn y ffordd, ac y blodeua y pren almon, ac y bydd y ceiliog rhedyn yn faich, ac y palla chwant; pan elo dyn i dy ei hir gartref, a’r galarwyr yn myned o bob tu yn yr heol
Ecclesiastes 12:5 Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his long home, and the mourners go about the streets

hebrwng i dŷei hir gartref bury (someone) (“accompany someone to his long home”)

7 (adjective) home = made at home

bara cartref home-made bread
brethyn cartref homespun cloth
bwyd cartref home cooking (“food (of) home”)
cwrw cartref (‘beer (of) home’) home brew, home-brewed beer
ffilm gartref home movie

8 gweithiwr cartref home worker

9 Y Siroedd Cartref The Home Counties, the counties surrounding London; London and the Home Counties are the most prosperous part of the English state

10 home = the interior of as state (in contrast to tramor = overseas, foreign)

amddiffyn cartref (Military) home defence, defence of a country against an invader
gwasanaeth cartref

..1/ (Military) home service – military service inside one’s own state or country;

..2/ (Radio) radio service for the inhabitants of a state, contrasted with a service for listeners abroad

y Llynges Gartref the Home Fleet, the Fleet of Navy ships defending the state
newyddion cartref home news

tollau tramor a chartref (Englandic: customs and excise)= taxes on imported goods and goods produced within a state (“tolls (of) abroad and (of) home”))

11 cartref yw cartref, er tloted y bo home is best, there’s no place like home, be it ever so humble (“home is home, though so poor it be”)

12 does un man fel cartref there’s no place like home

Also: does unman yn debyg i gartref there’s no place like home

13 hoff gan bawb ei gartref there’s no place like home (“(it is) fond with everybody his home”)

14 home = habitat of an animal or bird or insect

Ar hyd un ochr yr oedd llwyn uchel o goed, cartref llawer colomen
Along one side was a tall grove of trees, the home of many pigeons

15 (railway) arwydd cartref home signal

16 cymorth cartref home help, provision of assistance in the home for the old or the infirm

cynorthwywr cartref home help (man who assists the aged or infirm at home)
cynorthwywraig cartref home help (woman who assists the aged or infirm at home)

17 home = (sport) the own ground of a team

y cae cartref the home ground
y tîm cartref the home team
chwarae oddi cartref = play away from home

18 (School) gwaith cartref homework

19 home = residence for people needing special attention (old people, the sick, orphans, etc)

cartref geni maternity home, place for looking after women before and after the birth of a child
cartref hen bobl old people’s home
cartref henoed old people’s home
cartref i droseddwyr ifainc remand home, institution for the rehabilitation of young offenders
cartref i’r deillion home for the blind
cartref nyrsio nursing home = (1) private residence for looking after the old or the sick; (2) (Englandic) private maternity home, place for looking after women before and after the birth of a child
cartref plant children’s home, orphanage
cartref plant amddifaid children’s home, orphanage (“home (of) orphaned children”)
cartref troseddwyr remand home

20 ail gartref second home = holiday home, a house usually in a rural area or coastal area used for holidays in addition to a main home

ETYMOLOGY: (a) The expected form would be *cardref with the soft mutation of the second element.

...(1) Probably (câr = kinsman, relation) + (tref = trêv, farm).

...(2) Another possibility is car (= cart, wagon) as the first element.

(b) There is no corresponding term in either Cornish or Breton.

(c) Cartref is a masculine noun; apparently tref was originally masculine.

In modern Welsh tref (= ‘town’, formerly ‘farm’) is feminine, and also in compounds based on this hendref (= winter farm), melindref (= mill town), etc.

NOTE: (1) in the spoken language the final <v> [v] is not pronounced: cartref > cartre

(2) In South Wales gatre < gartref < cartref. Loss of the “r” before “t”; and the soft-mutated form with initial “g-” is used as the radical form. In the 17^th century gartref was taken to be the radical form (from the influence of the adverb gartref)

:_______________________________.

cartref plant <KAR-tre PLANT> [ˡkartrɛ ˡplant] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefi plant <kar-TREE-vi PLANT> [karˡtreˑvɪ ˡplant]
1 children’s home = home for children who are orphaned or abandoned or removed from unsuitable family environments

ETYMOLOGY: “home (of) children” (cartref = home) + (plant = children); translation of English children’s home

:_______________________________.

cartrefle <kar-TREV-le> [karˡtrɛvlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefleoedd <kar-trev-LEE-oidh, -odh> [kartrɛvˡleˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 abode, residence, place of residence, dwelling place
Oddiyma aethum i ardal Westerville i weled fy mrawd a'i deulu, ac oddiyno i Columbus, prif ddinas y dalaeth (p. 52,000). Hen gartrefle i mi ydoedd y ddinas hardd hon.
(Dros Gyfanfor a Chyfandir: Sef Hanes Taith o Gymru at Lanau y Môr Tawelog ac yn ôl, Trwy brif Daleithau a Thiriogaethau yr Undeb Americanaidd.William Davies Evans,1883)

From here I went to the Westerville area to see my brother and his family, and from there to Columbus, the capital of the the state (population 52,000). This beautiful city had been an old place of residence for me.
:_______________________________.

cartreflu <kar-TREV-li> [karˡtrɛvlɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefluoedd <kar-trev-LII-oidh, -odh> [kartrɛvˡliˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1 home army = a reserve militia of civilians with military training for defence against an invader

Y Cartreflu the Home Guard = a volunteer military force of civilians for the defence of the English state in the Second World War (1939-1945)

ETYMOLOGY: "army (of) home" (cartref = home) + soft mutation + (llu = host, army)

:_______________________________.

1 caru <KAA-ri> [ˡkɑˑrɪ] verb
verb with an object

1 love = have affection for (person, animal);
caru ei gilydd / caru’i gilydd love each other

Yr wyf yn dy garu di I love you (“I am in your loving (of) you”).

Southern colloquial:
..1/ Rwy’n dy garu di,
or
..2/ W i’n dy garu di

Northern colloquial:
..1/ Dw i’n dy garu di

2 love = have affection, loyalty and respect for;
caru iaith eich gwlad to love the language of your country, to love the native language

3 love = have passionate affection for another person, feel sexual attraction towards another person

4 A’m caro, cared fy nghi Love me, love my dog; if you wish to love somebody, you will have to love all aspects of that person, accept both the person’s good and bad points (“the one that might love me, let him love my dog”)
verb without an object

5 love = perform the sexual act with

6 caru â (rhywun) to court (someone), to woo (someone)
South Wales caru sha (rhywun) to court (someone), to woo (someone)

llwy garu, llwyau caru (“spoon (of) wooing, “spoon (of) courting”), love spoon = a wooden spoon carved by a young man for his sweetheart as a token of his love. Also llwy serch

7 llythyr caru love letter

8 stori garu love story

9 hygar amiable, lovely

Llawer hagr hygar fydd Beauty is only skin deep (“Many (an) ugly (one) (it-is) amiable that-is”) (hy- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (car- < caru = to love)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic;

Cornish kara (= to love); Breton karout (= to love)

Indo-European kâ- (= to like, to desire)

Indo-European *kâ-ro- > Old English hoore, Modern English whore

Indo-European *kâ-ro- > Latin kârus (= dear) (as in modern English caress, charity, cherish)

Indo-European *kâ-mo- > Sanskrit kâma (= love, desire, Hindu goddess of love) The kâma sûtra is the “book of love”; sûtra (= thread, book of philosophy)

:_______________________________.

2 caru <KAA-ri> [ˡkɑˑrɪ] masculine noun
1 (South Wales) (addressing someone) my dear, my love, darling
Dere ’ma, caru bach Come here, my little darling (to a child)

:_______________________________.

carw <KAA-ru> [ˡkarʊ] masculine noun
PLURAL ceirw <KEI-ru> [ˡkəɪrʊ]
1 deer

2 stag, hart

3 carlam gallop.
The origin of this word is carw-lam “deer leap”

(carw = deer) + soft mutation + (llam = leap, jump)
ar garlam at a gallop

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic

From the same British root: Cornish karow (= deer), Breton karv (= deer)

Cf words of the same Indo-European origin –
..1/ Germanic
German Hirsch (= hart), English hart [haat, haart] (= male deer),

..2/ Italic
Latin cervus (= deer). From this is the Catalan word cérvol (= deer), and English cervid (= animal of the Cervidae family), cervine = ((1) relating to a deer, (2) dark yellowish-brown),

..3/ Greek keras (= horn)

:_______________________________.

carwr, carwyr <KAA-rur, KAR-wir> [ˡkɑˑrʊr,ˡkarwɪr] (masculine noun)
lover

:_______________________________.

Carwyn <KAR-win> [ˡkarwɪn] (m)
1 male forename

ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (câr- root of caru = to love) ) + (-wyn suffix for male names, soft-mutated form of gwyn = white; fair)

See Ceirwyn

:_______________________________.

..1 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] (masculine noun)
1 hate

2 Cas gan gath y ci a’i bratho Once bitten twice shy
(“(it is) hateful with a cat the dog which may bite it”)

:_______________________________.

..2 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] PLURAL: casiau (masculine noun)
1 book cover
darllen llyfr o gas i gas read a book from cover to cover

:_______________________________.

..3 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] masculine noun
PLURAL casau <KA-sai, -se> [ˡkasaɪ, -ɛ]
1 case, state, condition
cas cadw da good condition
mewn cas cadw da in good condition; in good repair, in good working order

ETYMOLOGY: English case <KAAS> [kɑːs] (now pronounced <keis> [kəɪs] – the Welsh word preserves the former English pronunciation) < Old English casus (= grammatical case) < Latin câsus (= happening, occurrence, incident) < cadere (= to fall)

Also in English case there is the influence of French case (= happening, occurrence, incident), which is also from Latin câsus

:_______________________________.

..4 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] (adjective)
1 nasty

2 (South Wales) gwynt cas bad smell, nasty smell, disagreeable smell
Mae gwynt drwg ar ei anadl He’s got bad breath, his breath smells (“there’s a bad smell on his breath”)
gwynto yn gas smell bad, stink

3 casineb <ka-SII-neb> [kaˡsiˑnɛb] (masculine noun) hatred

:_______________________________.

casaol <kas-AA-ol> [kasˡɑˑɔl] adjective
1 (in compound words) detesting, hating
estrongasaol xenophobic = hating foreigners (estron = stranger) + soft mutation + (casaol)

ETYMOLOGY: (casá- stem of casáu = to detest, to hate) (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

casáu <ka-SAI> [kaˡsaɪ] (verb)
to hate

:_______________________________.

casäwr <ka-SAA-ur> [kaˡsɑˑʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL casawyr <ka-SA-wir> [kaˡsawɪr]
1 hater
(obsolete) casäwyr Siôn Tarw the haters of John Bull, people who hate the English

2 Sais-gasäwr Anglophobe, person with a hatred of English people
Also casäwr Saeson

3 gwreig-gasäwr mysoginist, man who hates women
Also casäwr gwragedd

4 casäwr priodas misogamist

5 estrongasäwr xenophobe (man)
(estron = stranger) + soft mutation + (casäwr = hater, person who hates)
estrongaswraig [ˡɛstrɔngaˡsɑˑ–^wraig, -^wrɛg]

xenophobe (woman)

ETYMOLOGY: (casa- stem of casáu = to hate) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cas cadw da <kaas KAA-du DAA> [kɑːs ˡkɑˑdʊ dɑː]
1 healthy outward appearance, (man, animal), good condition

Pawb yn rhyfeddu bod cas cadw da ar yr anifail ar ôl gwrthod bwyta am bythefnos
Everyone was astonished that the animal looked healthy after refusing to eat for two weeks

mewn cas cadw da in good condition; in good repair, in good working order

ETYMOLOGY: (“condition (of) good keeping”) (cas = case, condition) + (cadw = to keep, keeping) + (da = good )

:_______________________________.

casedd <KA-sedh> [ˡkasɛð] masculine noun
1 (usually in compound words) hatred
estrongasedd xenophobia = hatred of foreigners

ETYMOLOGY: (cas = dislike, aversion) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

caseg <KA-seg> [ˡkaˡsɛg] feminine noun
PLURAL cesig <KE-sig> [ˡkɛˡsɪg]
1 mare = female horse, zebra, etc
y gaseg = the mare

2 caseg las plural cesig glas or cesig gleision grey mare

3 Well gen i fy hun faco Caer, ond pawb at 'i ffansi, fel y deydodd y dyn wrth roi cusan i'r gaseg (Enoc Huws, gan Daniel Owen; 1891)
Myself I prefer Chester tobacco, but whatever takes your fancy, as the man said as he kissed his mare (“giving a kiss to the mare”)

4 Pantygaseg (ST2599) locality in the county of Torfaen, 3km west of the town of Pont-y-pwl (“hollow (of) the mare”)

5 cesig gwynion (“white mares”) white horses, waves

6 bod wedi ei gwisgo fel caseg sioe be dressed up like a dog's dinner, overdressed (“be dressed like a show mare”, a mare in a show)

7 caseg gyfeb plural cesig cyfeb mare in foal; also caseg gyfebol plural cesig cyfebol

8 caseg fagu plural cesig magu brood mare, mare kept for producing foals

9 rhawn y gaseg (Hippuris vulgaris) mare’s tail (“horsehair of mare”)

10 caseg yn gofyn march mare in heat (“seeking a stallion”)

11 caseg y ddrycin (“mare of the storm”) Turdus pilaris = fieldfare
Alternative names: socasau llwydion, sogiar, socasau llwydion

12 neidio caseg felen (“jump a yellow mare”) = (island of Môn) play leapfrog

13 caseg dwy dram (Aber-dâr) big fat woman (“mare (big enough to pull) two wagons (of coal)”)

14 caseg eira (“mare (made of) snow”) snowball = boulder-sized snowball
mynd fel caseg eira to snowball, to increase rapidly in size or importance

15 caseg (place names) rock shaped like a mare

Caseg Falltraeth (“(the) mare (of) Malltraeth”)
(The expected local pronunciation is Carrag Malltrath; in the north-west final e > a, caseg > casag, and final ae > e > a, Malltraeth > Malltrath

This is a rock in Bae Malltraeth (“(the) bay (of) Malltraeth”) off Llangadwaladr (SH3869)

A number of smaller rocks between Y Gaseg (the mare) and the shore are called Yr Ebolion (= the foals)

The rock has a cleft; and locally it is said Mae’r gasag yn gweryru (the mare is neighing) when in a storm the sea rushes through the cleft, producing an odd sound

(From an article by Tomos Roberts in “Ar Draws Gwlad – Ysgrifau ar Enwau Lleoedd” / Gwynedd O. Pierce, Tomos Roberts, Hywel Wyn Owen / 1997 / Gwasg Carreg Walch)

16 Pantygaseg (the) hollow (of) the mare
(pant = hollow) + (y = the) + soft mutation + ( caseg)
..a/ (ST2599) locality in the county of Torfaen, 3km west of the town of Pont-y-pwl
..b/ Name of a short-lived copper mine (1872-1879) near Amlwch, Ynys Môn

17 caseg eira snowball = boulder-sized snowball
mynd fel caseg eira to snowball, to increase rapidly in size or importance
tyfu fel caseg eira (rumpur, story) grow like a snowball

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < *kasseka < Celtic
From the same British root: Breton kaseg (= mare), Cornish kaseg (= mare)

NOTE: (South-east and North-west Wales ) casag

:_______________________________.

casgl, casglion ‹KA skal, KASKL yon› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 pile, collection
y casgl / y gasgl = the pile

:_______________________________.

casgliad, casgliadau ‹KASKL yad, kaskl YA de› (masculine noun)
1 collection

2 conclusion = deduction
camgasgliad erroneous conclusion
(cam = mis-, wrong, false) + soft mutation + ( casliad = conclusion)

:_______________________________.

casglu ‹KA skli› (verb)
1 to collect
2 cael lle i gasglu fod... have reason to suppose that...

:_______________________________.

casglwr ‹KA sklur› (verb)
1 collector

:_______________________________.

Y Casglwr ‹KA sklur› (verb)
1 ‘the (book) collector’ (a magazine name)
Website: http://www.geocities.com/casglwr (2008-10-14 - no longer functioning)

:_______________________________.

Casgob ‹KA skob› (feminine noun)
1 place (south-east Wales)

:_______________________________.

Cas gŵr na charo’r wlad a’i maco ‹kaas guur naa khâ-ror wlaad ai ma-ko›
1 only an ungrateful man will not love the country which bore him

ETYMOLOGY: (it is) hateful (a) man who doesn’t love the country which raises him
(cas = hateful) +
(gŵr = man) +
(na = who not) + spirant mutation +
(caro = he / she / it may love third person singular subjunctive of caru = to love) +
(yr = the) + soft mutation +
(gwlad = country) +
(a = which) +
(‘i = his) +
(maco = it may raise, third person singular subjunctive of magu = to raise)

:_______________________________.

Casi ‹KA si› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name (Catrin)

:_______________________________.

casineb ‹ka SI neb› (masculine noun)
1 hatred

:_______________________________.

Cas-mael ‹kas MAIL› (feminine noun)
1 SN0029 village, south-west

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/966009

:_______________________________.

casnach ‹KAS-nach› (masculine noun)
1 (North Wales) slime = slimy matter on the
surface of a stagnant pond

2 fluff (Rhosesmor, Sir y Fflint SJ2168)

Papur Fama, Gorffennaf 1991: Rhosesmor: casnach (Mrs Olwen Morgan) 'Y manblu sy'n casglu o dan y gwely' (fluff)
= the down which collects under the bed

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Irish
Modern Irish has caisne (= particle), casnóg (= a twist of thread)

:_______________________________.

Casnewydd ‹ka SNEU idh› (feminine noun)
1 town, south-east (English name: Newport) <Nyúupoot>

ETYMOLOGY: “new castle” Casnewydd < Castellnewydd (castell = castle) + (newydd = new)

:_______________________________.

casnodyn ‹kas- noo -din› masculine noun
PLURAL casnod ‹kas-nod›

1 (obsolete) flock of wool

2 (obsolete) flake of snow

3 (obsolete) spangle of gold

4 (North Wales) slimy matter on surface of stagnant water

5 Casnodyn name of one of the Gogynfeirdd (Welsh poet of the 12^th to the 14^th centuries). He was a Morgannwg (“Glamorgan”) poet – apparently from Cilfái (in the present-day county of Abertawe).

One his works is an “awdl” (alliterative poem combining different metres) addressed to Madog Fychan of Coetref, in Llangynwyd parish.

Named after Casnodyn was one of the pioneers of the Welsh settlement in Patagonia (1865 onwards), William Casnodyn Rhys, from the village of Y Tai-bach (in the former county of Morgannwg, now in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)

ETYMOLOGY: casnodyn is (casnod = particle, fragment) + (diminutive suffix -yn).
Casnod is of unknown origin, but probably of British origin. There is a similar word in Irish caisne (= particle, fragment)

:_______________________________.

cas penseli ‹kaas pen SE li› (masculine noun)
1 pencil case

:_______________________________.

cast ‹kast › masculine noun
PLURAL castiau ‹cast -ye›
1 (theatre) cast = the actors in a play or film

2 (art, metallurgy) cast = object of glass, metal that has been shaped in a mo(u)ld when the material was in a molten state
cast efydd bronze cast

ETYMOLOGY: English cast (= a throw) < Old Norse kasta

:_______________________________.

castan ‹ka -stan› feminine noun
PLURAL castanau ‹ka- sta -ne›
1 chestnut
y gastan the chestnut
cneuen gastan PLURAL cnau castan chestnut
y gneuen gastan the chestnut

2 (Aesculus hippocastanum) marchgastan horse chestnut (fruit)
(march = horse) + soft mutation + (castan = chestnut)
A translation of English horse chestnut, itself a translation of Latin castanea equîna)

Also: castan y meirch horse chestnut (fruit)
(castan = chestnut) + (y definite article) + (meirch = horses, plural of march = horse)

3 (Castanea sativa) castan felys PLURAL castanau melys sweet chestnut (fruit)
y gastan felys the sweet chestnut

4 chestnut tree
y gastan the chestnut tree
pren castan PLURAL prennau castan the chestnut tree
coeden gastan PLURAL coed castan the chestnut tree

5 (Trada natans) (fruit) castan ddŵr PLURAL castanau dŵr water chestnut
y gastan ddŵr the water chestnut

6 (collective noun) horse-chestnut trees
y castan the horse-chestnut trees

7 Caecastan street name in Rhuthun (county of Dinbych) (“Cae Castan”)
‘cae’r castan’ “(the) field (of) the chestnut trees”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (castan = chestnut trees)

8 (adjective) chestnut = of wood from a chestnut tree

9 (adjective) chestnut = of the colour of a chestnut
Also: castanlliw, lliw castan

ETYMOLOGY: learnèd borrowing from Latin, that is, one which happened after the Roman occupation which ended in after 400AD

Welsh câstânia < Latin castanea < Greek kastanon.

If not, it is from Old French castaine, or from Middle English castayne, from Old French.

In modern French: châtaigne

Breton kistin (= horse chestnuts) < French

:_______________________________.

castanlliw ‹ka- stan -lhiu› adjective
1 (horse) light bay

ETYMOLOGY: (castan = chestnut) + soft mutation + (lliw = color / colour) > castán-liw > castanlliw (n-l > n-ll)

:_______________________________.

castell, cestyll ‹KA stelh, KE stilh› (masculine noun)
1 castle

2 erlid o goed i gastell hound from pillar to post, hound from place to place (“chase from wood to castle”)

3 clos castell castle close, the precincts of a castle

4 Crudycastell Street name in the town of Dinbych (county of Dinbych) (“Crud Y Castell”)
(“(the) cradle (of) the wind”) (crud = cradle) + (y = the) + ( castell = castle)

:_______________________________.

Castell Coch ‹ka stelh KOOKH› (masculine noun) (Ffoto / foto)
1 castle by Caer-dydd - “(the) red castle”

:_______________________________.

Y Castell Coch ym Mhowys ‹ə ka -stelh kookh əm mho -wis›
1 (or simply Y Castell Coch, without the tag ‘ym Mhowys’)
English name: Powys Castle

ETYMOLOGY: (“the red castle in (the former kingdom of) Powys”)
(y = the) + (castell = castle) + (coch = red) + (yn = in, > ym before the letter ‘m’) + nasal mutation + (Powys name of a former kingdom and since 1974 a county roughly corresponding to this)

:_______________________________.

Castellgenorwy ‹ka-stelh-ge-no-rui ›
1 locality in England (Gwent-yn-Lloegr) (SO5216) 4km north-east of Trefynwy.
English name : Ganarew

ETYMOLOGY: (castell = castle) + (Genorwy = ?)

:_______________________________.

Castell-maen ‹ka-stelh main›
1 (SO2453) village in England on the border with Wales, in the county of Shropshire,
siutated 6km south-west of Ceintun / Kington
English name: Huntington

(delw 7105)

ETYMOLOGY: Apparently “stone castle” (castell = castle) + (maen = stone)

:_______________________________.

Castell-nedd ‹ka stelh NEEDH› (feminine noun)
1 town, south-east

:_______________________________.

Castellnewydd Emlyn ‹ka –stelh neu-idh em-lin›
1 locality in the county of Caerfyrddin (Ordnance Survey map reference SO1296)
Local name: Castellnewy'
English name: “Newcastle Emlyn”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/209736 Heol y Sycamorwydden, Castellnewydd Emlyn

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

2 More bombastically – Y Castell Newydd yn Emlyn
Enwau Lleoedd. Anerchiad y Llywydd, y Prifathraw John Rhys, i Eisteddfod y Castell Newydd yn Emlyn, Awst 13. 1896.
(Enwau Lleoedd / John Rhys/ Cymru Cyfrol XI. Rhif 63. Hydref 15fed, 1896)
Place Names. Address by the President, Professor John Rhys, to the Eisteddfod of Y Castell Newydd yn Emlyn, August 13. 1896.

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) Castellnewydd (which is in the kántrev / cantref of) Emlyn”

Castellnewydd is “new castle”, (castell = castle) + (newydd = new), and Emlyn was added to distinguish it from other places called Castellnewydd.

The new castle was built around 1240, to replace the old castle in Cilgerran
(Information from “Enwau Lleoedd”, an article by Hywel Wyn Owen, Prentis, Cyfrol 7, Rhifyn 8, Haf 1994)

The only other Castellnewydd of note in Wales is Castellnewydd ar Wysg, now Casnewydd ar Wysg (literally “(the) Castellnewydd on (the river) Wysg / Usk”), or simply Casnewydd; the English name is Newport)

There is though a Castellnewydd Bach SM9729 (Little Newcastle, according to the English) in the nearby county of Penfro / Pembroke (locally Casnewy’ Bach)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/961117

(delw 7292)
:_______________________________.

castelltref ‹ka –stelh-tre›

PLURAL castelltrefi, castelltrefydd ‹ka-stelh-tree-vi, -vidh›
1 castletown, town built next to or around a castle

ETYMOLOGY: “castle-town” (castell =castle) + soft mutation + (tref = town) > *castelldref > castelltref (combination ll-d reverts to ll-t)

:_______________________________.

Castileg ‹ka-stî-leg› feminine noun
1 Castilian = the official language of the Spanish state, and other countries, based on the dialect of Castille
y Gastileg = the Castilian language

2 Castilian = the dialect of Castille

3 adjective Castilian = relating to the language of Castille

ETYMOLOGY: (Castîl = region in Iberia) + (-eg suffix, indicates a language)

:_______________________________.

castio ‹kast -yo›
1 play tricks

2 cast (metal)

3 cast (actors) = assign rôles
teipgastio typecast = continually gave the same kind of role to (an actor / actress)

4 cast (characters) = find a suitable actor for a character in a film or play
Mae wedi bod yn anodd iawn castio’r cymeriadau
It’s been really hard to cast the characters

5 (South-east Wales) casto = to count

ETYMOLOGY: (cast = throw, trick) + (-io suffix for forming verbs). This suffix is –o in the south, hence casto

:_______________________________.

castiog ‹kast -yog› adjective
1 sly, wily
Un castiog yw e He’s sly, He's a sly one
castiog fel mul tricky to deal with (“tricky like a mule”)
bod yn gastiog fel mul be a slippery customer

ETYMOLOGY: (cast = trick) + (-iog, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

caswir ‹KA swir› (masculine noun)
1 unpleasant truth, hurtful truth, unpalatable truth, bitter truth

:_______________________________.

cat, catiau ‹KAT, KAT ye› (masculine noun)
1 piece

:_______________________________.

Catalaneg ‹ka ta LON neg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Catalan language
Y Gatalaneg = the Catalan language

Y Gwledydd Catalaneg Els Països Catalans / The Catalan Countries.

The Catalan-speaking lands of The Principate of Catalonia (El Principat de Catalunya) (mostly within the Castilian state, though a section north of the Pyrenees is in the French state, and the western flank is in the province of Aragon), The Valencian Country (El País Valencià) and the Balearic Islands (Illes Balears), and the state of Andorra.

The name means ‘the Catalan-speaking countries’, hence Y Gwledydd Catalaneg in Welsh, rather than Y Gwledydd Catalanaidd

:_______________________________.

Catalanwr ‹ka-ta-la-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL Catalanwyr ‹ka-ta-lan-wir›

1 Catalan = a man from Catalonia - normally Catalaniad (formal) Cátalan (colloquial)

NOTE: catalanwr is used in the e-mail address of Albert Vergés, a Welsh-speaking Catalan from Gràcia, Barcelona, Catalan Countries

ETYMOLOGY: (Cátalan < English Catalan) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

Y Catalondir ‹ə ka ta LON dir› (neologism)
1 (neologism) the Catalan Countries

:_______________________________.

Catalonia ‹ka ta LON ya› (feminine noun)
1 Catalonia

:_______________________________.

catamarán, catamaranau ‹ka ta ma RAN, ka ta ma RA ne› (masculine noun)
1 catamaran

:_______________________________.

catâr ‹ca TAAR› (masculine noun)
1 catarrh

:_______________________________.

catelus ‹ka TE lis› (adjective)
1 rich (South) = “having cattle”

:_______________________________.

caten, catiau ‹KA ten, KAT ye› (feminine noun)
1 piece
y gaten = the piece

:_______________________________.

cath, cathod ‹KAATH, KA thod› (feminine noun)
1 cat (South - plural is cathau) ‹KA the›
y gath = the cat

2 (North Wales)
cath glap (1) the game of tipcat (2) the cat used in this game (cath = cat, clap = noise of striking)

3 fel cŵn a chathod - ymladd fel cŵn a chathod (many people) fight like cat and dog (“like dogs and cats”)

Roedd y Taffis a’r Padis yn ymladd fel cŵn a chathod yn ardaloedd glo América
The Taffies and the Paddies fought like cats and dogs in the coalmining areas of America

4 Busnesu a laddodd y gath Curiosity killed the cat

5 fel cath am laeth (“like (a) cat for milk”) said of somebody who drinks too much beer, etc

6 Cath i dŷ a chi i deulu (“(a) cat for (a) house and (a) dog for (a) family”) (Advice for someone who is thinking of keeping a pet – a cat is loyal to the place where it lives, and a dog to the people who look after it”)

7 bod naw byw cath yn (rhywun) have the nine lives of a cat (= have many lucky escapes from danger)
mae naw byw cath yn hwnnw he’s got the nine lives of a cat

8 blingo’r gath i’r gynffon spend wildly, spend every last penny, spend the lot (“skin the cat to the tail”)

9 bod yn dorch (cat) to be curled up (“be a torque”)
Roedd y gath yn dorch o flaen y tân The cat was curled up in front of the fire

10 (North Wales) cael slempen cath give yourself a catlick, have a quick wash

:_______________________________.

Cathar, Cathariaid ‹KA thar, ka THAR yed› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 Cathar (believer with an animist interpretation of Christianity, in medieval Occitania)

:_______________________________.

cathes, cathesau ‹KA thes, ka THE se› (feminine noun)
1 she-cat, tabby
y gathes = the she-cat

:_______________________________.

cath fach, cathod / cathau bach ‹kaath VAAKH› (feminine noun)
1 kitten (“little cat”)

:_______________________________.

Cathonnen ‹ka-tho-nen› feminine noun
1 ST 3790 hamlet in the county of Casnewydd, 3km east of Caerllion, over the river Wysg. English name: Catsash

ETYMOLOGY: apparently a translation of the English name: (cath = cat) + (onnen = ash tree)

:_______________________________.

cathreica ‹kath- rei -ka› verb
2 (tomcat) seek a female

lleisio aflar cathod sy’n cathreica a chrwydro’r nos
the caterwauling of tomcats wandering at night seeking female cats

ETYMOLOGY: cathreica < cathwreica (cath = cat) + soft mutation + (gwreica = seek a wife)

:_______________________________.

Cathrin ‹ka -thrin› feminine noun
1 girl’s name = Catherine

ETYMOLOGY: Cymricisation of the English name; Cathrin < English ‹ka-thrin› Catherine

:_______________________________.

catrawd ‹ka -traud› feminine noun
PLURAL catrodau ‹ka-trô -de›
1 regiment = military formation under a colonel’s command
y gatrawd = the regiment

Tra roedd yn y fyddin, roedd yn aelod o gatrawd y ‘9th Welsh’
When he was in the army, he was a member of the ‘9^th Welsh’ regiment

ETYMOLOGY: catrawd < cadrawd (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (rhawd = army).

The Welsh lexicographer William Owen-Pughe (1759-1835) has the word as one of the many neologisms in his 1793 dictionary (“A Welsh and English Dictionary”).

Catrawd is in fact an Old Welsh spelling of the obsolete word cadrawd (= regiment) (in Old Welsh, in a medial position, t could represent ‹d› as well as ‹t›).

If the word had survived into modern Welsh, it would have become cadrod - the diphthong aw in a final syllable would have been reduced to o, as in the case of words such as

(1) athro (teacher, originally athraw), cf athrawes (= female teacher)

(2) croesaw (welcome, originally croeso), cf croesawu (= to welcome)

(3) cinio (dinner, originally ciniaw), etc cf ciniawa (= to dine)

Cadrawd (qv) is also a forename

:_______________________________.

Catrin ‹KA trin› (feminine noun)
1 Catherine

:_______________________________.

cau ‹KAI› (verb)
1 to close

2 cau’ch esgidiau do up your shoelaces / your shoes

3 cau’r drws yn glap / cau'r drws yn glep bang the door shut, close the door with a bang, slam the door shut

4 to hedge = to build a hedge, to repair a hedge, to trim a hedge, to close a gap in a hedge
cryman cau hedging hook
cau a chloddio hedging and ditching, to repair hedges and dig ditches

5 cau’ch ceg fel llyffant = to shut up, to not say any more (in the district of Arfon, now part of the county of Gwynedd) (“to shut your mouth like a toad”)

The past participle od cau (= to close) is cau (= closed; enclosed), although cae would be expected. This past participle form is the
root of the verb, and cau is “cae-u” (root cae) + (-u verb suffix). But to prevent confusion with cae (= field; hedge) cau is used (though then there is confusion with cau = (noun) a hollow, (adj) hollow, empty)

ar gau (shop, etc) closed

:_______________________________.

cau ‹KAI› masculine noun
PLURAL ceuoed ‹keu-oidh, -odh› (m)
1 hollow

SH7012 Craig Cau by Cadair Idris, Dolgellau, Gwynedd;
craig y cau “(the) cliff (of) the hollow”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/520443 Craig Cau

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/23009 Craig Cau

SH7112 Llyn Cau below the cliff here;
llyn y cau “(the) lake (of) the hollow”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/135856 Llyn Cau

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/9787 Llyn Cau

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cau < ceu < cou < British *kaw- < Latin cauus, if not a Celtic word (British *kow < Celtic *kow-) + (-a suffix for forming verbs)

Breton has a cognate kav (= a cellar)

:_______________________________.

cau ‹KAI› (adjective)
1 hollow

2 In certain place names it is possibly “empty, deserted, abandoned”

Hafod-gau “empty summer farm”
(hafod = summer place, summer farm) + soft mutation + (cau = empty)

..a/ Blaenpennal SN6264 (county of Ceredigion)
..b/ Llanddeiniolen SH5466 (county of Gwynedd)
..c/ Llanenddwyn SH5723 (county of Gwynedd)
..d/ Llanfair Talhaearn SH9270 (county of Conwy)
..e/ Llanfair y Creuddyn SN6676 (county of Ceredigion)
..f/ Nantglyn SJ0062 (county of Dinbych)
..g/ Ysbyty-ystwyth SN7371 (county of Ceredigion)

(delw 7058)

(See “HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-names” / Melville Richards)

ETYMOLOGY: See above

:_______________________________.

cawell ‹kau -elh› masculine noun
PLURAL cewyll, cawellau, cawelli ‹keu-ilh, ka-wê-lhe, kau-ê-lhi›
1 basket

Exodus 29:3 A dod hwynt mewn un cawell, a dwg hwynt yn y cawell, gyda'r bustach a’r ddau hwrdd.
Exodus 29:3 And thou shalt put them into one basket, and bring them in the basket, with the bullock and the two rams.

2 creel, fisherman’s basket

3 cawell cimwch (plural: cewyll cimychiaid) lobster pot

4 cawell pladur cradle for a scythe

5 rhoi cawell i (rywun) jilt, reject a lover, break off with a lover, finish a relationship (“give a basket to”); to stand (somebody) up

Cf the German idiom jemandem einen Korb geben (“give a basket to somebody”)
(girl) give a boy the brush off, turn somebody down

cael cawell gan be jilted by ("get a basket from")

6 cawell adar birdcage
Roedd y parot yn sbecian yn gall drwy wifrau ei gewyll
The parrot was looking wisely through the wires of its cage

7 cawell asennau ribcage; (“basket (of) ribs”)
cawell yr asennau the ribcage

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin cauella; in the other British languages - Cornish kowell (= basket, cage, beehive), Breton kavell (= cradle)

:_______________________________.

cawella ‹kau-ê-lha› (verb without an object)
1 set lobster pots

ETYMOLOGY: (cawell = lobster pot) + (-a suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

cawg, cawgiau ‹KAUG, KAUG ye› (masculine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) bowl

:_______________________________.

cawgen ‹KAU gen› (feminine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) = cawg
y gawgen = the bowl

:_______________________________.

cawgiaid, cawgieidiau ‹KAUG yed, kaug YEID ye› (masculine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) bowlful

:_______________________________.

cawio ‹KAU yo› (verb)
1 (fishing) tie (a fly)

:_______________________________.

cawl ‹KAUL› [kaʊl] (masculine noun)
1 soup, broth

2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i gawl (“leave it between someone and his broth”)
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of their actions

3 cegin gawl PLURAL ceginau cawl soup kitchen (place dispensing soup to homeless people)

:_______________________________.

cawl ‹KAUL› [kaʊl] (plural noun)
1 (obsolete) cabbages

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin caul(is) (= plant stalk, hollow stem; cabbage)
From the same British root:
..a/ Cornish kowl (= cabbages )
..b/ Breton kaol (= cabbages)

Also from Latin:
..a/ English <koul> cole (= cabbage; “any plant of the genus Brassica - cabbage, rape. Also called colewort”) < Old English <kaal> <Latin caulis (= plant stalk, hollow stem; cabbage)

..b/ Lowlandic (language of Sctland, Scots) <keel> kale (a Northern English form of cole) (= broth in which the main ingredient is kale / cabbage);

From the same Indoeuropean word
..1/ Germanic
….a/ Old English <hol> (= hole), modern English hole and hollow
….b/ German höhle (cave; lair or den or hole of an animal);
….c/ Norwegian hule / hole (= cave, cavern, den, lair)

..2/ Greek koilos (= hollow, empty)

:_______________________________.

cawlach <KAU-lakh> [ˡkaʊlax] masculine noun
1 cock-up, mess
gwneud cawlach o make a mess of

ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup) + (-ach diminutive suffix indicating contempt)

:_______________________________.

cawl bôn y gwt <KAUL BOON ə GUT> [ˡkaʊl ˡboːn ə ˡgʊt] (masculine noun)
1 oxtail soup

:_______________________________.

cawl cennin <kaul KE-nin> [kaʊl ˡkɛnɪn] masculine noun
1 leek soup (considered to be the typical soup of Wales)

ETYMOLOGY: ‘broth (of) leeks’ (cawl = broth) + (cennin = leeks, < cenhinen = leek)

:_______________________________.

cawl dall <kaul DALH> [kaʊl ˡdaɬ] masculine noun
South Wales
1 soup with no fat in it - soup from the cheapest meat, typical of farm servants; a symbol of poverty

ETYMOLOGY: “blind broth” (cawl = broth) + (dall = blind)

:_______________________________.

cawl eildwym <kaul EIL-duim> [kaʊl ˡəɪldʊɪm] masculine noun
1 reheated soup; soup from a previous meal which has been heated again for another meal

2 something stale and uninteresting, old material served up again in a different form to make it appear new (as in a sermon, speech, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: “reheated broth” (cawl = broth) + (eildwym = reheated)

:_______________________________.

cawl erfin <kaul ER-vin> [kaʊl ˡɛrvɪn] (masculine noun)
1 turnip soup

:_______________________________.

cawlio <KAUL-yo> [ˡkaʊljɔ]
verb with an object

1 mess up, leave (something) in a mess, disarrange, mix up, muddle, make a mess of, muff
verb without an object

2 talk nonsense

3 (North Wales) cowlio change (weather)

4 feel sick, want to vomit

ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup; mess ) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) In the south -o replaces -io, hence cawlio > cawlo)

NOTE: Cambrian English has cowl ‹kaul› = make a mess of things < cawl(i)o) Cambrian English: cowl = make a mess of things 24 05 83 WM

:_______________________________.

cawl llaeth <kaul LHAITH> [kaʊl ˡɬaɪθ] (masculine noun)
1 milk soup

:_______________________________.

cawl llefrith <kaul LHE-vrith> [kaʊl ˡɬɛvrɪθ] (masculine noun)
1 (North Wales) milk soup

:_______________________________.

cawl moch <kaul MOOKH> [kaʊl ˡmoːx] (masculine noun)
1 a disordered mess (‘pig soup’)

:_______________________________.

cawl potsh <kaul POCH> [kaʊl ˡpɔʧ] (masculine noun)
1 mess (‘soup of purée’)

:_______________________________.

cawl Sir Benfro <kaul siir BEN-vro> [kaʊl siːr ˡbɛnvrɔ] (masculine noun)
1 Penfro soup

:_______________________________.

cawlen y môr, cawl y môr <KAU-len ə MOOR, kaul ə MOOR> [ˡkaʊlɛn ə ˡmoːr, kaʊl ə ˡmoːr] (feminine noun)
1 sea kale, sea cabbage

:_______________________________.

cawlio <KAUL-yo> [ˡkaʊljɔ] (verb)
1 mess up

:_______________________________.

cawliwr <KAUL-yur> [ˡkaʊljʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL cawlwyr <KAUL-wir> [ˡkaʊlwɪr]
1 (North Wales) person who messes things up, clumsy person, unskilful person

ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = broth; mess) + (-i-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

cawlo <KAU-lo> [ˡkaʊlɔ] verb
(South Wales)
1 mess up, leave (something) in a mess, disarrange

ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup; mess ) + (-o suffix for forming verbs; in the south it replaces -io)
See cawlio

:_______________________________.

cawod, cawodydd <KAU-od, kau-OO-didh> [ˡkaʊɔd, kaʊˡoˑdɪð] (feminine noun)
1 shower (weather), shower (bathroom)
y gawod = the shower

2 cawod o genllysg <KAU-od o GEN-lhisk> [ˡkaʊɔd ɔ ˡgɛnɬɪsk]
hailshower (North)

3 cawod o gesair <KAU-od o GE-sair, -ser> [ˡkaʊɔd ɔ ˡgɛsɛr]
hailshower (South)

4 bàth cawod, bathau cawod shower bath
cawodfath, cawodfathau shower bath

Studies in Welsh Philology / Samule J. Evans, M.A. / Year 1909 / Page 17: Mediaeval cawad (a shower) is now more usually cawod or cafod, though the ‘a’ is still retained colloquially in Demetian [i.e. South-western Welsh]

:_______________________________.

cawodlyd <kau-OD-lid> [kaʊˡɔdlɪd] (adjective)
1 showery

:_______________________________.

cawr, cewri <KAUR, KEU-ri> [kaʊr, ˡkɛʊrɪ] (masculine noun)
1 giant

2 Ynys Fach Llyffan Gawr (SN0141) promontory north of Brynhenllan. Dinas (the county of Penfro) south-west Wales - “the Ynys Fach of Llyffan the Giant”

English name: Dinas Island

Ynys Fach ‘little island’
(ynys = island) + soft mutation + (bach = little)
(Llyffan = man’s name) + soft mutation + (cawr = giant).

3 Bedd y Cawr (SJ0172) locality in the county of Dinbych (North-east Wales)
("(the) grave (of) the giant")

:_______________________________.

caws, cawsau <KAUS, KAU-sai, -sai, -e> [kaʊs,ˡkaʊsaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 cheese

2 bara caws bread and cheese
Alternative form: bara a chaws / bara chaws bread + and + cheese
Bedyddiwr Bara Caws (nickname) Scotch Baptist (“baptist (of) bread (and) cheese”)

3 caws Caerffili <kaus kair-FII-li / kər-FII-li> [kaʊs kaɪrˡfiˑlɪ, kərˡfiˑlɪ] (masculine noun)
Caerffili cheese

4 cosyn a cheese

5 cael caws o fola ci to do the impossible, get back something which is lost for ever (“get cheese from (the) stomach (of) (a) dog” - once the dog has eaten it, that’s that!)

6 Nant-y-caws Ostensibly (“(the) stream (of) the cheese”)
(nant= stream) + (y = definite article) + (caws = cheese)

..1/ SN4518 locality in the county of Caerfyrddin, 4km east of Caerfyrddin (though it seems that the final element was originally cawsi = causeway, and not caws = cheese))

..2/ SN4518 locality 3km south of Croesoswallt (Oswestry), Anglaterra (“(the) stream (of) the cheese”)

7 siop gaws cheese shop, cheesemonger’s

8 gwerthwr caws cheesemonger

:_______________________________.

cawsen <KAU-sen> [ˡkaʊsɛn] feminine noun
1 pavement

y gawsen the pavement

(Tal-sarn, Ceredigion) O flaen y tai henaf mae palmant a elwid gan y diweddar Mrs Lloyd, Shop Isa ‘y gawsen’ (1936 Cardiganshire Antiquarian Society 11 p61)
In front of the oldest houses there is a pavement called by the late Mrs Lloyd, of Shop Isa (lower shop) ‘y gawsen’

ETYMOLOGY: (caws-, first syllable of cawsai = causeway) + (-en suffix added to form a femenine noun)

:_______________________________.

cazŵ, cazŵs <ka-ZUU, ka-ZUUZ> [kaˡzuː, kaˡzuːz] (masculine noun)
1 kazoo (type of whistle

Adolygiadau diweddaraf - latest updates 2008-12-01 16.28

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