A Welsh
to English Dictionary in page format
http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_tr_1076e.htm
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Dictionaries in English
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geiriadur arlein hwn / Index to this online dictionary
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Gwefan
Cymru-Catalonia |
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∆
1580e A | 1039e B | 1735e BR | 1018e C | 1071e CE | 1675e CI | 1040e CR | 1075e CY
| 1020e D | 1674e DI | 1072e E
| 1077e F | 1021e G | 1042e GW | 1038e H | 1676e HY, I, J, K, | 1865e L
| 1022e M | 1677e MI | 1047e N
| 1600e O | 1023e P | 1073e PL | 1026e R | 1070e S | 1024e T | 1076e TR | 1025e U,V
| 1731e W, X | 1586e Y, Z |
tra ‹TRAA› (preposition)
1 while
tra'r oedd yn ymladd yn Rhyfel Cartref America while he was fighting in
the American civil war
2
cynaeafu tra bo’n dywydd deg make
hay while the sun shines, make the most of an opportunity
:_______________________________.
tra ‹TRAA› (adverb)
1 very (literary) (causes spirant mutation of three consonants – c-ch, p-ph, t-th)
2 tra
chyfoethog ‹tra khə
VOI thog›
very rich
:_______________________________.
traad ‹ traad ›
1
southern form of traed (= feet)
Usually spelt trâd / tra’d
See aa
:_______________________________.
trääd ‹ trääd ›
1
south-eastern form of traed (= feet)
Usually spelt (less correctly trêd /
træd
See aa / traad
:_______________________________.
traath ‹ traath ›
1
southern form of traeth (= beach)
Usually spelt trâth / tra’th
See aa
:_______________________________.
trääth ‹ trääth ›
1
south-eastern form of traeth (=
beach)
Usually spelt (less correctly trêth
/ træth
See aa / traath
:_______________________________.
trac ‹trak› masculine
noun
PLURAL traciau
‹trak -ye›
1 (railway) (a) track = rails mounted on crossties (American English) / sleepers (Englandic),
(b) track = course of an
abandoned railway
Ar lawr y dyffryn mae trac hen reilffordd On the
floor of the valley there is an old railway track
llwybr beicio 15 milltir newydd sy’n dilyn yr
hen drac
rheilffordd a new bike path 15
miles long which follows / goes along the old railway track
2 race track (for cars)
trac rasio racing track
3 track = way
trac graeanog gravel track
Trowch i’r
chwith heibio i’r
eglwys ar drac llydan. Ewch
drwy’r llidiart
Turn left past the
church on a wide track. Go through the gate
trac athletau athletics
track
Trac Seiclo’r Maendy Maendy Cycle Track
4
trac treigl caterpillar track,
caterpillar tread (“track
(of) rolling”)
5 track (on a record or tape)
trac sain soundtrack
trac teitl y cryno-ddisg the title
track of the CD
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh trac <
English track < French <
Germanic; modern Dutch has trekken (=
to pull)
:_______________________________.
trac cerdded
‹trak ker-dhed› masculine noun
PLURAL traciau
cerdded ‹trak –yai -ye ker-dhed›
1 duck board, one of a number of boards placed
on muddy ground to form a temporary pedestrian track which is easily removable;
used for example on an eisteddfod field (“track (of) walking”)
:_______________________________.
trachefn ‹tra- khee
-ven› adverb
1 again; usually with soft mutation drachefn
2 obsolete,
preposition behind;
“Kae tracheuen y skibbor”, Year 1676; Llangrallo / Laleston (county of
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr / Bridgend)
Modern spelling - Cae Trachefen y Sgubor
Literary form: Cae Trachefn yr Ysgubor
ETYMOLOGY: (tra = beyond)
+ spirant mutation + (cefn = back)
NOTE: in South Wales, trachefn > trachefen, trachefan
:_______________________________.
trachwant ‹tra -khwant› masculine noun
PLURAL trachwantau ‹tra-khwan–tai -e›
1 lust, sexual desire
2 covetousness, desire to own something
ETYMOLOGY: (tra, intensifying
prefix) + (chwant = desire)
:_______________________________.
tractor, tractorau
‹TRAK tor, trak TO re› (masculine noun)
1 tractor
:_______________________________.
tra’d ‹ traad ›
1
southern form of traed (= feet)
Usually spelt (less correctly trâd
See aa / traad
:_______________________________.
traddodiad, traddodiadau
‹tra DHOD yad, tra dhod YÂ de› (masculine noun)
1 tradition
cynnal traddodiad uphold a tradition
:_______________________________.
traddodiadol
‹tra dhod YÂ dol› (adj)
1 traditional
:_______________________________.
traddodi ‹tra DHÔ di› (verb)
1 give (a lecture, etc)
2 traddodi pregeth = give
a sermon
:_______________________________.
traed ‹TRAID› (plural noun)
1 peus
See: troed ‹TROID› = peu
:_______________________________.
traed moch ‹traid mookh›
1 disorder, mess, chaos,
disarray
bod yn draed moch be in a mess
Roedd y stafell yn draed moch The room was a mess
gwneud traed moch o’r cwbl make a mess of
everything
mynd yn draed moch ar end
disastrously for someone
Mi eith yn draed moch arnon ni os na frysiwn ni We’ll be for it if we don’t hurry
mynd yn draed moch (meeting,
association, etc) fall into disarray, end in disarray
-
Esboniodd sut yr aeth pethau yn draed moch yn y gymdeithas
He explained how the association fell into disarray
Dyma ni’n dod i drafod y cynnig ac aeth y cyfarfod yn draed moch ar unwaith
We began to dicuss the proposal and the meeting descended into chaos at once
ETYMOLOGY: “feet (of) pigs”, pig's feet (traed = feet) + (moch
= pigs). The expression is said to come from the fact that a pig which tries to
swim cuts its throat with its trotters
:_______________________________.
traeth, traethau
‹TRAITH, TREI the› (masculine noun)
1 beach, sands
ar y traeth on the beach, on the sands, on the shore
2 sandflats
Y Traeth Bach SH5636 (qv) (lower down this page)
Y Traeth Mawr SH3567 (qv) (lower down this page)
:_______________________________.
traeth ‹traith› f
PLURAL traethau
‹bikh- trei -the›
1 (obsolete) treatise, account,
declaration, narration.
The usual word is traethawd
2 buchdraeth biography
This literary word was never in general use. An example of it is a book title
for the year 1888. Buchdraeth y Parch. (= Parchedig) John Mills, Llundain. “(the) biography (of) the Reverend John Mills,
London”
(buch-, first syllable of buchedd = life) + soft mutation + (traeth = treatise, declaration,
narration). First occurrence of this word noted for the year 1818.
:_______________________________.
traethawd ‹trei-thaud› masculine noun
PLURAL traethodau
‹trei- thô -de›
1 treatise, thesis, dissertation
2
essay
traethawd arobryn prize-winning essay, winning essay
3
newspaper article, report
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin tractât(us)
This is a word from literary Welsh, and so aw
has been maintained; i.e. there is not the usual colloquial reduction of aw in a final syllable to ‹o›
: *traethod
:_______________________________.
Y Traeth Bach
‹ə traith baakh› masculine noun
SH5636
1 shore in the county of Gwynedd (in the district of Meirionnydd) “the little beach “
:_______________________________.
traethell, traethellau
‹TREI thelh, trei THE lhe› (feminine noun)
1 sandbank
y draethell = the sandbank
:_______________________________.
traeth gwyllt
‹traith gwilht› masculine noun
PLURAL traethau
gwylltion ‹treith-ye gwəlht-yon›
1 quicksand = area of loose wet sand on a seashore into which heavy
objects sink
ETYMOLOGY: “wild beach” (traeth = beach) + (gwyllt
= wild)
:_______________________________.
Y Traeth Gwyn
‹traith GWIN› masculine noun
1
name of various beaches
..a/ Y Ceinewydd SN3859, Ceredigion
..b/ near Llangoed SH6079, Ynys Môn
..c/ Portmeirion SH5837,Gwynedd
..d/ Tyddewi SM7525, Penfro
Also Bae Traeth Gwyn
ETYMOLOGY: “the
white beach, the white sands”
(y definite article) + (traeth = beach) + (gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
traethlin ‹tReith
-lin› feminine noun
PLURAL traethlinau
‹treith- lî -ne›
1 shoreline = a boundary line between land and water
y draethlin = the shoreline
ETYMOLOGY: (traeth = beach) + soft mutation + (llin = line)
:_______________________________.
Y Traeth Mawr
‹ə traith mAuR›
1 SH5939 sandflat in the county of Gwynedd
Y Traeth Mawr SH5839 (“the
big sandflat, the greater sandflat”) is the tidal estuary of Afon Glaslyn, the upper section of
which, beyond the embankment (Y Còb) completed in 1811, is now mostly reclaimed
land. Y Traeth Bach SH5357 (“the little sandflat, the lesser sandflat”) adjoins it to the south and east, at
the estuary of Afon Dwyryd.
As a result of the conversion of most of Y Traeth Mawr to grazing land, this “greater sandflat” it is now much smaller than
the “lesser sandflat” (Y Traeth Bach).
The two sandflats gave the name to the Deudraeth headland (Penrhyn Deudraeth),
to Castelldeudraeth on the headland, and to the village of Penrhyndeudraeth.
Deudraeth “two sandflats” is (deu- < dau = two) + soft
mutation + (traeth = beach, strand, sandflat) – that is , Y Traeth Mawr and Y Traeth
Bach
The village of Penrhyndeudraeth.was built in the second half of the nineteenth
century by David Williams of Castelldeudraeth in nearby Minffordd. The short
name for the village is Y Penrhyn. Y Penrhyn Uchaf (“upper Penrhyn”) was originally known as Y
Cefn-coch (“the
red hill”) , and
the name is perpetuated in the name of the primary school – Ysgol Cefn Coch.
The two sandflats are also referred to in the identifying tag of the
village of Llanfihangel, to dsitinguish it from numerous other settlements
called Llanfihangel. This is Llanfihangel y Traethau “(the) Llanfihangel (which is by) the
sandflats”
(Llanfihangel – church
of Michael the Archangel)
(delw 7410)
ETYMOLOGY: penrhyn deudraeth “(the) headland (of) Deudraeth”
(penrhyn = headland) + (Deudraeth)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gwylan/2493612128/sizes/o/
Aber Dwyryd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1159427
Y Traeth Mawr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/183606
Y Traeth Mawr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/84815
Y Traeth Bach
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/364696
SH5638 Y Cei Balast
2 Y Traeth Mawr SH3567 beach at Abérffro (Ynys Môn)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1027638
ETYMOLOGY: “the big
beach / sandflat”
(y = definite article) + (traeth = beach) + (mawr = big)
:_______________________________.
traethu ‹TREI thi› (verb)
1 declare
2 traethu barn ar (rywbeth)
voice an opinion about (something)
:_______________________________.
trafaeliwr ‹tra VEIL yur›
1 spelling variant of trafeiliwr
:_______________________________.
trafal,
trafals/trafeiliau ‹TRA vals, tra VEIL ye› (feminine noun)
1 (North) commercial salesman’s round / route
y drafal = the commercial salesman’s round
:_______________________________.
trafeiliwr,
trafeilwyr ‹tra VEIL
yur, tra VEIL wir› (masculine noun)
1 commercial salesman
:_______________________________.
trafferth,
trafferthion ‹TRA ferth, tra FERTH yon› (feminine noun)
1 trouble
y drafferth = the trouble
trafferthion rhywiol sexual
disfunction, sexual problems
2
gyda chryn drafferth with great difficulty
3
arbed i rywun y drafferth o wneud
rhywbeth save somebody the trouble of doing something (“save to somebody the trouble of doing
something”)
4
deddf arbed trafferth the law of
least effort (“(the)
law (of) saving trouble”)
5
mynd i’r drafferth o
(wneud rhywbeth) go to the trouble of (doing something)
:_______________________________.
traffig ‹TRA fig› (masculine noun)
1 traffic
:_______________________________.
traffordd,
traffyrdd ‹TRA
fordh, TRA firdh› (feminine noun)
1 (American: turnpike, freeway) (England: motorway)
y draffordd = the mororway
:_______________________________.
trafnidiaeth
‹trav NID yeth› (f)
1 transport
trafnidiaeth
gyfannol integrated
transport
trafnidiaeth gyhoeddus public transport
:_______________________________.
trafod ‹TRA vod› (verb)
1 discuss
cylch trafod discussion group
trafod syniadau discuss ideas, brainstorm
2
handle
Ni bydd mysyglog faen o’i fynych drafod A rolling stone gathers no moss (“it will not be mossy a stone
from its frequent handling”)
:_______________________________.
trafodion ‹tra- vod
-ion› plural noun
1
transactions = a written account of what was discussed in a meeting
2
transactions, proceedings = volume or book of the papers read in a conference
3
trafodion cynhadledd conference
proceedings
ETYMOLOGY: plural of the verbnoun trafod
(= to discuss)
:_______________________________.
tragwydd ‹TRA guidh› (adj)
1 eternal
yn dragwydd eternally, for ever
Hebreaid 13:8 Iesu Grist, ddoe a heddiw yr un, ac yn
dragywydd.
Hebrews 13:8 Jesus Christ the
same yesterday, and today, and for ever
2 dragwydd always, eternally. There is soft mutation of an initial
consonant in adverbial phrases, hence tragwydd > dragwydd
:_______________________________.
tragwyddoldeb
‹tra-gui- dhol -deb› masculine noun
1 eternity
am dragwyddoldeb for eternity, eternally
2
Bible y bryniau tragwyddoldeb the lasting hills
Genesis 49:26 Rhagorodd
bendithion dy dad ar fendithion fy rhieni, hyd derfyn bryniau tragwyddoldeb:
byddant ar ben Joseff, ac ar gorun yr hwn a neilltuwyd oddi wrth ei frodyr.
Genesis 49:26 The blessings of
thy father have prevailed above the blessings of my progenitors unto the utmost
bound of the everlasting hills: they shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the
crown of the head of him that was separate from his brethren.
Deuteronium 33:15 Ac â hyfrydwch pen mynyddoed y dwyrain, ac â hyfrydwch
bryniau tragwyddoldeb
Deuteronomy 33.15 And for the chief things of the ancient mountains, and for
the precious things of the lasting hills
ETYMOLOGY: (tragwyddol = eternal) + (-deb = suffix for
forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
tragwyddolfyd
‹tra-gui- dhol -vid› masculine noun
1 eternity
y tu yma i’r
tragwyddolfyd this side of eternity, in our mortal existence
ETYMOLOGY: (tragwyddol = eternal) +
soft mutation + (byd = world)
:_______________________________.
tragwyddoli ‹tra-gui- dhô -li›
(verb with an object)
1 perpetuate
ETYMOLOGY: (tragwyddol = eternal) +
+ (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
trai ‹TRAI› (masculine noun)
1 low tide, ebb (of tide)
llanw a thrai ebb and flow (“flow and ebb”)
2
Mae hi’n drai ar y
claf The patient’s
life is ebbing away (“it
is low tide on the patient”)
:_______________________________.
trais, treisiau
‹TRAIS, TREIS-ye› (masculine noun)
1 violence
2
di-drais non-violent, peaceful
gwrthsafiad di-drais passive
resistance
3
pwylldrais brainwashing = the
practice or technique of making someone believe that what is not true is true
(pwyll = mind) + soft mutation +
(trais = violence, rape)
:_______________________________.
trallod ‹tra -lhod› masculine
noun
PLURAL trallodion,
trallodau ‹tra- lhod -yon, tra- lho -de›
1 tribulation, woes, distress, trouble, difficulties
mewn trallod in distress
teulu mewn trallod a family in
distress
Mi glywis lais rhywun yn galw mewn
trallod I heard the voice of someone in distress calling
dwyn trallod ar bring trouble on
ETYMOLOGY: (tra- = intensifying
prefix) + (llawd - This element is
the same as modern Welsh llawd = sow’s desire for a boar)
:_______________________________.
trallwng ‹tRA -lhung› masculine noun
1 (place names) dirty pool,
boggy spot, swamp, marsh
ETYMOLOGY: (tra
intensifying prefix) + (llwng, variant of llwnc, stem of the verb
llyncu = to swallow)
:_______________________________.
Y Trallwng ‹ə TRA-lhung›
1 (SN9629) parish in the
district of Brycheiniog (county of Powys)
Former name: Trallwng Cynfyn (the meaning is “the place called Y Trallwng in Cynfyn’s territory” rather than “Cynfyn’s swamp”)
(1961) population: 148, proportion of Welsh-speakers: 28%
(1971) population: 145, proportion of Welsh-speakers: 21%
2 (SJ2207) locality in the district
of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
Local form: y Trallwm
Old name: Trallwng Llywelyn (the meaning is “the place called Y Trallwng in Llywelyn’s territory” rather than “Llywelyn’s swamp”); also y Trallwng-coch
The town is the administrative centre of the district of Trefaldwyn / Maldwyn
The English name is: “Welshpool”, or locally “The Pool” (a direct translation of the Welsh name)
“Welshpool” - probably not the “Pool in Wales”, to differentiate it from places in England
called Pool – e.g. “Poole”, a town on the south coast of England, but
rather the “Pool of the Welsh”, from a nearby place called Pool inhabited
by English people, although there is no record of this place.
There are other examples on the border with England where in one part of a
district Welsh customs and laws prevail (Welshry), whereas in the other part
English customs and laws prevail (Englishry) - Welsh Frankton and nearby English
Frankton, Shropshire; Welsh Bicknor (Herefordshire) and nearby English Bicknor
(Gloucestershire)
The pool / swamp of the name “possibly refers the pool below Powys Castle” (Modern Place-names in Great Britain and
Ireland, Adrian Room 1983)
2 (SS6996) locality in Abertawe
3 locality in the county of Rhondda
Cynon Taf
4 street name in Llandeilo (county of
Caerfyrddin)
5
village on the island of Môn
ETYMOLOGY: See the previous entry
:_______________________________.
tram ‹tram› masculine
noun
PLURAL tramiau
‹tram -ye›
1 (USA: streetcar, trolley car) (Englandic: tram, tramcar) = vehicle
on rails set into a road electrically driven or horse drawn
2
dram coaltram, tub; small vehicle
for moving coal away from a coalface in a mine
3
tram ceffyl horse car, horse-drawn
tram, tub; small vehicle for moving coal away from a coalface in a mine
ETYMOLOGY: English tram, taken from
Low German c1500 with the sense of ‘shaft of a cart’
:_______________________________.
tramffordd ‹tram -fordh› feminine noun
PLURAL tramffyrdd ‹tram -firdh›
1 (USA: tramroad) (Englandic: tramway) small railway for moving
stone in a quarry or coal in a mine, etc
y dramffordd the tramway / the
tramroad
2
tramline, tramway, tramtracks = tracks on which a tram runs
3
tramline, tramway - a network of tramlines
map y dramffordd - map of the
tramway network
4
tramline company, tramway company
ETYMOLOGY: translation of English tramway,
tramroad (tram = tram) + (ffordd =
way, road)
:_______________________________.
tramgwydd PLURAL
tramgwyddau
‹TRAM guidh, tram GUI dhe› (masculine noun)
1 stumbling
maen trangwydd stumbling block
Eseia 8:13 ARGLWYDD y lluoedd ei hun a sancteiddiwch; a bydded efe yn ofn i
chwi, a bydded efe yn arswyd i chwi: (8:14) Ac efe a fydd yn noddfa; ond
yn faen tramgwydd
ac yn graig rhwystr i ddau dy Israel, yn fagl ac yn rhwyd i breswylwyr
Jerwsalem.
Isaiah 8:13 Sanctify the LORD of hosts himself; and let him be your fear, and
let him be your dread. (8:14) And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone
of stumbling and for a rock of offense to both the houses of Israel, for a gin
and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
2 offence, infringement of a rule
tramgwydd yn dwyn cosb o garchar
imprisonable offence (“offence
carrying a punishment of prison”)
:_______________________________.
tramor ‹tra -mor› adjective
1 overseas, foreign = outside the isle of Britain
2
y Swyddfa Dramor Foreign Office; (=
USA: State Department); Ministry of the Exterior
y Weinyddiaeth Dramor The State Department
(USA)
3
(South-east) gwyr tramor foreigners
4
rhywle tramor somewhere abroad, some
foreign country
5
iaith dramor foreign language
6
gwlad dramor foreign country
7
arian tramor foreign currency
8
gohebydd tramor foreign
correspondent
9
gwyliau tramor holidays abroad,
foreign holidays
Mae mynd am wyliau tramor heb sticer GB
ar eich pen ôl yn gofyn am drwbl... Yn Ffrainc mae dirwy ar ochr y ffordd o
600F (£75) am fod heb GB... (Cymro 22 05 1996)
Going on holidays abroad without a GB sticker (Great Britain) on the back
of your car is asking for trouble... In France there’s an on-the-spot fine (“roadside fine”) of 600F (£75) for not
having a GB (sticker)...
10 hebog tramor (Falco peregrinus) =
peregrine falcon
ETYMOLOGY: (tra = across) + (mor = sea) < British *tros mari that is, across the sea,
outside the island of Britain
Cornish: tramor (= foreign, of
another country)
:_______________________________.
tramorwr ‹tra- mô
-rur› masculine noun
PLURAL tramorwyr
‹tra- mor -wir›
1 foreigner, person fron outside Great Britain
ETYMOLOGY: (tramor (adjective) =
foreign) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
tramwyaeth ‹ tram- ui -eth› feminine noun
1
coming and going, movement, traffic
ETYMOLOGY: (tramwy-, arrel de tramwy = go, move, travel ) + (-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
trannoeth ‹TRA-noith, -oth› (adv, m)
1 the following day
bore trannoeth the
following morning
tan bore trannoeth until the following morning
:_______________________________.
transh ‹transh› masculine noun
PLURAL transhus ‹tran -shis›
1 trench, ditch
2 ‘transh’ is found in a number of
place names in the south-east:
(1) Tŷn-y-transh ST0079 (“(the) smallholding (by) the ditch”) name of a farm in Llanharri
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=161494
(2) Y Transh SS8581 (“the ditch”) name of a farm in Stormy Down, county
of Bro Morgannwg, by a track leading to the village of Trelales SS8879 (in the
parish of Llandudwg Uchaf “Tythegston”).
(3) Y Transh (“the ditch”) SO2700 locality on the western edge
of the town of Pont-y-pŵl (county of Torfaen)
Pen-transh place north of Y Transh
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1011055
Heol Rufeinig, Pen-transh / Roman road, Pen-transh
(“The Geograph British
Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and
information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
(4) Coed y Transh (“(the) wood (of) the ditch”) by Llanfihangel y Fedw
ST2485, county of Casnewydd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/336479
Pont Rhymni, Llanfihangel y Fedw
ETYMOLOGY: English trench < Old
French trenche (= something that has
been cut) > trenchier (= to cut)
< Latin truncâre (= to cut);
In modern French it is tranche (=
slice of bread; cross section; portion, etc), tranchée (= trench), trancher
(= to cut)
:_______________________________.
traphont ‹TRAA-font› feminine noun
PLURAL traphontydd
‹tra-fon-tidh›
1 viaduct = bridge which carries a road or railway across a valley
y draphont = the viaduct
traphont reilffordd, traphontydd rheilffordd railway viaduct
(traphont = viaduct) + soft mutation
+ (rheilffordd = railway, railroad)
traphont ddŵr ‹trâ -font duur› PLURAL traphontydd dŵr ‹tra-fon-tidh duur› aqueduct = bridge carrying a canal over a valley
(traphont = viaduct) + soft mutation
+ (dŵr = water)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/845235
Traphont reilffordd ger Malltraeth (Ynys Môn), Railway viaduct near Malltraeth
(Ynys Môn / Anglesey)
(“The Geograph British
Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and
information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: (tra- = intensifying
prefix) + spirant mutation + (pont =
bridge)
NOTE: Sometimes fforddbont is used for ‘viaduct’
:_______________________________.
tras, trasau
‹TRAAS, TRA se› (feminine noun)
1 (genealogy) lineage
y dras = the lineage
:_______________________________.
trasen ‹ tra -sen› feminine noun
PLURAL tresys
‹ tre -sis›
1
(South-west) trace, pulling strap of a horse
See tres
:_______________________________.
trásiedi,
trasiedïau ‹TRA she di,
tra she DI e›
(feminine noun)
1 tragedy
y drásiedi = the tragedy
:_______________________________.
trasys ‹ tra -sis› pl;;)
1
(South-west) plural of trasen trace,
pulling strap of a horse
See tres
:_______________________________.
tra’th ‹ traath ›
1
southern form of traeth (= beach)
Usually spelt (less correctly trâth
See aa / traath
:_______________________________.
traul, treuliau
‹TRAIL, TREIL-ye› (feminine noun)
1 expense
y draul the expense
treiliau expenses
cael digon at eich treuliau cover
your expenses
2 bwrw’r
draul estimate the cost, work out
how much something will cost, count the cost
Sant Luc 14:28 Canys pwy ohonoch chwi â’i fryd i ar adeiladu tw^r, nid eistedd
yn gyntaf, a bwrw’r
draul, a oes ganddo a’i
gorffenno?
Luke 14:28 For which of you, intending to build a tower, sitteth not
down first, and counteth the cost, whether he have sufficient to finish it?
Mae i ymfudiaeth fel i
bob peth arall ddau wyneb, yr hagr a’r teg – y tywyll a’r goleu. Bwriwch
y draul. Ystyriwch
y mater. Barnwch drosoch eich hunain. (Y Gwladgarwr, Aber-dâr. 19
Ebrill 1862)
Emigration like everything else has two sides to it (“has two faces”), the good
one and the bad one (“the ugly and the fair”) the dark side and the bright side
(“the dark and the light”). Work out the cost. Consider the matter. Judge for
yourselves.
3 wear and tear
4 digestion
diffyg traul indigestion (“lack (of) digestion”)
:_______________________________.
trawfforch ‹TRAU-forkh› feminine noun
PLURAL trawffyrch
‹TRAU-firkh›
1 tuning fork, “pitchfork”
y drawfforch = the pitchfork
ETYMOLOGY: (traw = (Music) pitch) + (fforch = fork)
:_______________________________.
trawiad ‹TRAU-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL trawiadau
‹trau-YAA-dai, -e›
1 blow, hit
ar un trawiad at a stroke (= by a single
action), then and there
A dyma’r landlord yn dyblu y rhent ar un trawiad
The landlord doubled the rent then and there
2
stroke = sudden loss of consciousness
trawiad gwres heat stroke
3
trawiad ar y galon heart attack;
cael trawiad ar y galon have a heart attack
A sudden occurrence of an uncontrollable condition
4
gwrthdrawiad collision
5 trawiad ar y galon heart attack (“a hit/ blow on the heart”)
Mae ysmygu yn cynyddu’r perygl o gael trawiad ar y galon
Smoking increases the risk of having a heart attack
:_______________________________.
traws ‹TRAUS› (adjective)
1 crosswise, across
2
trosedd offence, crime (USA:
offense)
(traws = across) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
traws- ‹TRAUS› (prefix)
1 trans-, over, across
traws-Iwerydd trans-Atlantic
:_______________________________.
trawsblannu ‹trau SPLA ni› (verb)
1 transplant (organ, plant)
:_______________________________.
trawsffordd ‹ traus -fordh› (f)
PLURAL trawsffyrdd
‹ tRAus- firdh›
1
byway, byroad, back road, remote road
2 cutacross, a road which links two roads by cutting across a space between
them
There is a road called Trawsffordd in Ystradgynlais a section of the B4599
which joins the A4067.
The name should surely be Y Drawsffordd, with the definite article.
(delw 7056) Gyrnosfa, Heol y Gorof, Heol Aberhonddu,
Trawsffordd, Heol Ynyscedwyn, Afon Tawe, Rhestr Glantawe
ETYMOLOGY: (traws = across, trans-)
+ (ffordd = road)
:_______________________________.
Trawsfynydd ‹traus və nidh › (verb)
1 village in Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/534791 Capel Moreia
(“The Geograph
British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs
and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
A similar name is Trás-os-Montes [tɾaz-uʒ-'mõtɨʃ]
in northern Portugal (“across
the mountains”)
ETYMOLOGY: “(area) across (the) mountain” (traws
= across, trans-) + soft mutation + (mynydd
= mountain)
:_______________________________.
trawslin ‹ traus -lin› masculine
noun
PLURAL trawsliniau
‹ traus- lin -ye›
1
diagonal
ETYMOLOGY: (traws = across, trans-)
+ soft mutation + (llin = line)
:_______________________________.
trawslythreniad ‹traus-ləth
ren -yad›
1 transliteration
Abbreviation: trsl.
ETYMOLOGY: (trawslythrenn- stem of trawslythrennu = transliterate) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
trawst,
trawstiau ‹TRAUST, TRAUST ye› (masculine noun)
1 beam (of roof)
:_______________________________.
tre’ ‹TREE› (feminine noun)
1 See: tref ‹TREEV› = town
y dre = the town
:_______________________________.
Tre-boeth ‹tre-boith
› feminine noun
1 (SS6596) locality in the county of Abertawe (Gorllewin Morgannwg)
Local form: Tre-booth
2
SJ4165 Handbridge; locality in the county of Cheshire, England; by
Chester, south of the River Dyfrdwy
(delw 7408)
ETYMOLOGY: “burnt trêv” (tref = ‘trêv’, farmstead) + soft mutation
+ (poeth = burnt)
‘Burnt’ could refer either to the trêv or to
the soil of the trêv
NOTE: In south Wales oe > o; thus, poeth > pooth
:_______________________________.
Trebor ‹TREE-bor› (m)
1 Man's name. In fact, it is the name Robert written
backwards. The first example of this is the bardic name of the poet Robert
Williams of Llanrhychwyn, Gwynedd (1830-1877), which was Trebor Mai (“Trebor of the month of May”), though in fact in origin it was the
English phrase ‘I am
Robert’ reversed.
2 Trebor Lloyd Jones
(1909-1979), author born in Y Bala, Gwynedd
:_______________________________.
Trecastell ‹tre-KA-stelh›
1 place name
..a/ Trecastell Farm SH3370 in Ynys Mòn, near Y Berffro /
Abérffraw
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH3370
map
Porth Trecastell “(the) cove (of) Trecastell” (called “Trecastell Bay” by the English)
………………………
..b/ Trecastell SN8829 Village in Brycheiniog, Powys (called “Trecastle” by the English)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/145862
………………………
..c/ Trecastell SO4506 Farm near Llangodan (county of Mynwy)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO4506
map
………………………
..d/ Trecastell Farm SH6178 near Llan-faes, Ynys Môn (spelt “Tre-castell” on the Ordnance Survey map”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/416914
Trecastell
………………………
..e/ Trecastell ST0181 Farm near Llanhari (Rhondda Cynon
Taf)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/406565
Trecastell
Coed Trecastell woodland north-west of Trecastell “(the) wood (by) Trecastell”
ETYMOLOGY: “(the)
trêv / manor (by) the castle” tref
y castell > tre’r
castell > tre castell (loss of the linking definite article ’r)
(tref / tre = trêv) + (y / yr / ’r definite article) + (castell
= castle)
:_______________________________.
trech ‹treekh› (adjective)
1 stronger
Trech metel na maint “(it is) stronger bravery
than size”
mynd yn drech na (rhywun) to become too much for (someone) to cope with
Mae’r cyfan yn
mynd yn drech na fi It’s
all getting to be too much for me
trechaf treisied, gwannaf gwaedded (qv)
deddf treched treisaf > treched (qv)
trech dwy wrach nag un (qv)
trech gwlad nac arglwydd (qv)
masculine noun
2
someone stronger, something stronger
cwrdd â’ch trech
meet more than your match
:_______________________________.
trechaf ‹TREE-khav› adjective
1 strongest
2 (as a noun) the strongest one, the mightiest one
cael y trechaf ar get the better of (“get the strongest on”)
ETYMOLOGY: (trech = stronger) + (-af superlative adjective
termination)
:_______________________________.
trechaf treisied, gwannaf gwaedded ‹TREE-kha TREI-shed, GWA-na
GWEI-dhed›
1 survival of the fittest, might is right, dog eat dog
ETYMOLOGY: “let (the)
strongest oppress, let (the) weakest shout”
(trechaf = strongest)
+ (treisio = to oppress; -ed third person singular imperative
ending),
+ (gwannaf = weakest)
+ (gwaeddu, gwaedd- = to
shout; -ed third person singular imperative ending)
NOTE: Often only the first part used of the saying is used: Trechaf treised,
the rest being understood.
A variant is Trechaf treisied, gwannaf gwichied “let (the) weakest squeak” (gwichian, gwichi- = to squeak; -ed third
person singular imperative ending)
:_______________________________.
treched ‹TREE-khed› verb
1 it may oppress
y ddeddf treched treisaf the
law of the jungle, survival of the fittest, might is right, dog eat dog (“the law (of) (the)
strongest) may oppress”)
:_______________________________.
trech dwy wrach nag un ‹treekh dui
wraakh nag iin›
1 two heads are better than one
ETYMOLOGY: “(it is)
stronger two witches than one”
(trech = stronger) + (dwy two, feminine form) + soft mutation + (gwrach
= witch) + (nag = than, form of na before a vowel) + (un =
one)
:_______________________________.
trech gwlad nac arglwydd ‹treekh gwlAAd naag AR-gluidh›
1 tyranny doesn’t
last
ETYMOLOGY: “(it is)
stronger a country than a lord”;
the power of the populace is greater than that of a lord ruling over them
(trech = stronger) + (gwlad = country) + (nac = than, form
of na before a vowel) + (arglwydd = lord)
:_______________________________.
Tredelerch ‹tRe-DEE-leRkh›
1 former village in Mynwy,
now a district of Caer-dydd
The English name is Rumney, which led some to mistakenly believe that the Welsh
name was Rhymni, and indeed it so appeared on bilingual signs in the city. The
village was on the eastern bank of the Rhymni river, but Rhymni is a town
(spelt Rhymney in English) in the uplands of the county of Caerffili
(originally it was within the county of Mynwy) near the source of the river.
The name Tredelerch was quite unknown, even to the city’s Welsh speakers, but it has made a
reappearance on signs and in the name Parc Tredelerch ST2178 for a new park at
Lamby, south of Tredelerch
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/48379 Parc
Tredelerch
:_______________________________.
Tre-din ‹tre- diin ›
1 mynd i Dre-din (company) go bankrupt,
go up the spout, go down the river, collapse
ETYMOLOGY: ‘village (of
the) ass / arse ’
(tref / tre = farm ‹in place names›, town) + soft mutation + (tin
= bottom, American: ass, Englandic: arse)
:_______________________________.
tref ‹treev› feminine
noun
PLURAL trefi ‹trê
-vi›
Colloquial form: tre ‹tree›
y dref / y dre = the town
1
town
tref gaerog walled town
2
place names farmstead
3 recent place names town
(e.g. Treforus)
4 some towns are identified in some contexts with the name of some
prominent resident
Tref Glyn-dŵr (“(the) town (of) Glyndwr”) = Machynlleth, where Owain
Glyn Dwr established a parliament in the year 1406
Tref Daniel Owen (“(the) town (of) Daniel Owen”) = Yr Wyddgrug, after the
town’s famed novelist
(1836-1895)
5 an example of a town identified by the nickname of its residents
is Caernarfon (Gwynedd) -
Tre’r Cofis (“town of the ‘coves’”) The word cofi (= bloke, fellow) is from English ‘cove’ (= bloke, fellow), with the addition of the Welsh diminutive
suffix -i. From its association with
the town it has come to mean also ‘inhabitant of Caernarfon’. According to Webster’s Dictionary, ‘cove’ is ‘said to be from Romany kova (= creature)
6 some towns are identified
with the name of some well-known characteristic
Tre’r Sosban nickname for Llanelli (‘the town of the saucepan’ in allusion to the song ‘Sosban Fach’ –
little saucepan, related to the the tinplate works in this town)
7 Yr
Ucheldref / Yr Ucheldre (qv) “the high trêv / farmstead” Place name (occurs as a
farm name and a street name)
(uchel = high ) + soft mutation + (tref = trêv / farmstead)
8 coetref (coetre) ‹koi-trev, koi-tre›
PLURAL coetrefi ‹koi-tRee-vi›
“trêv /
farmstead in a wood, trêv / farmstead by a wood”
(coed = wood, trees) + soft mutation + (tref = trêv, farmstead =
hedge) > coed-dref > coetref (the sequence d-d > t)
In place names as coetre, which in the ‘a-zones’ (north-west and south-east) becomes coetra
9
cytref conurbation
cytref < cyd-dref (cyd- prefix =
together) + soft mutation + (tref =
town)
10 tref
enedigol (rhywun) the town which is the birthplace of (someone), the town
where (someone) was born
Abergele – tref enedigol Emrys ap Iwan Abergele – the birthplace of Emrys ap Iwan
11 tref + a river name
Most seem to be late forms, with tref or tre meaning ‘village /
town’ in most cases
Trecynon [tre-KƏ-non] [trɛˡkənɔn] (“the
village on the Cynon river”) (from mid-1800s)
Trefalun [tre-VAA-lin] [trɛˡvɑˑlɪn] farmstead on the river Alun (a
translation of an English name)
Trefenai [tre-VEE -nai] [trɛˡveˑnaɪ] (“the
village on the Menai Strait”) (Street name, Brynsiencyn, Ynys Môn)
Trefechan [tre-VEE-khan] [trɛˡveˑxan] (housing estate in Merthyrtudful) Rather than ‘little town’ this would
seem to be “town / housing estate (by) (the) (Taf) Fechan river”. If it were
‘little town / village / estate’ maybe Y Drefechan would be expected (y =
definite article) + soft mutation + (tre = town, < tref) +
soft mutation + (bechan, feminine form of bychan = small). Taf
Fechan [taav
VEE-khan] [tɑːv ˡveˑxan] is
(Taf, river name, feminine) + soft mutation + (bechan, feminine
form of bychan = small).
Trefynwy [tre-VƏ-nui] [trɛˡvənʊɪ] Monmouth
(“the town on the river Mynwy / Monnow”)
Trelái [tre-LAI] [trɛˡlaɪ] (“the
village on the Elái or Lai river”)
Treorci [tre-OR-ki] [trɛˡ ɔrkɪ] (“the
village on the Gorci stream”)
12 tref anghyfannedd ghost town (“uninhabited town”)
:_______________________________.
Trefaldwyn
‹tre VALD win›
1 town in the county of Powys. English name:Montgomery
2 Equivalent to Sir
Drefaldwyn county of Trefaldwyn / Montgomeryshire
Abbreviation Trefn. = Trefaldwyn, county of Trefaldwyn
:_______________________________.
Trefalun ‹trev-AA-lin›
1 a hall SJ3656 (“Trevalyn
Hall”) in Wrecsam
county
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/219429 Trefalun
ETYMOLOGY: “trêv
(by) (Afon) Alun / (the river) Alun”)
(tref / tre = trêv, farm) + (Alun)
:_______________________________.
Tref Daniel Owen
‹treev dan-yel ou-en› feminine noun
1 (“(the)
town (of) Daniel Owen”).
A by-name for Yr Wyddgrug. See tref
:_______________________________.
Trefenai ‹tre-VEE-nai›
1 street name in Brynsiencyn
(county of Ynys Môn)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) village (by) (the) Menai” – Menai is a strait between the island of Môn
and the rest of Wales
(tref = trêv, farmstead; town) + soft mutation + (Menai)
:_______________________________.
Trefesgob ‹trev-E-skob› feminine noun
1 SO3288 Bishop’s
Castle, Shropshire
(delw 7089)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/38232
ETYMOLOGY: tref yr esgob (“(the) town (of) the bishop”).
Egwin Shakehead, an Anglian landowner here in pre-Norman times, gave part of
his lands to the Bishop of Hereford after being cured of the palsy through a
miracle at the tomb of Ethelbert in Hereford Cathedral. A subsequent Bishop of
Hereford built a castle here.
:_______________________________.
Tref
Glyn-dŵr ‹treev glin duur› feminine
noun
1 (“(the)
town (of) Glyn-dŵr”).
A by-name for Machynlleth. See tref
:_______________________________.
trefi ‹TREE-vi› (plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
See: tref / tre ‹TREEV, TREE› = town
:_______________________________.
treflan ‹tRev -lan› feminine noun
PLURAL treflannau ‹trev-
lA -ne›
1 village; small town, townlet
mewn treflan fechan yn Sir Gaerfyrddin in a small town in the county of
Caerfyrddin
2 Treflan street name in
..a/ Aberdyfi (county of Gwynedd)
..b/ Bangor (county of Gwynedd)
..c/ Llansantffráid ym Mechain (district of Maldwyn, county of Powys)
..d/ Y Ffôr (county of Gwynedd)
3 y dreflan “the village” (y = definite article) + soft
mutation + (treflan = village)
Dreflan is a street name in
..a/ Cwmgïedd, Ystradgynlais (district of Brycheiniog, county of Powys)
..b/ Rhosgadfan (county of Gwynedd)
..c/ Yr Wyddgrug (county of Y Fflint) This one would seem to be in
commemoration of the novel Y Dreflan written in 1881 by the novelist from this
town, Daniel Owen (1836-95)
ETYMOLOGY: (tref = trêv,
farmstead; town) + soft mutation + (llan = enclosure)
:_______________________________.
trefn (“trefen”), trefnau ‹TREE ven, TREV-ne› (feminine noun)
1 arrangement; order, state of being tidy
y drefn = the order
cadw trefn gaeth ar strictly control
2
dodrefnyn (= piece of furniture),
plural dodrefn (= furniture). In
older Welsh dodrefn meant “room” < dy-o-drefn (do prefix = ‘to’) + soft mutation + (go / gwo prefix = under) + soft mutation + (trefn = order)
3
dod i drefn settle down, get back to
normal, (“come to order”)
Mae pethau wedi dod i drefn Things
are back to normal, Things have settled down (after a mishap, disruption, war,
etc)
Yr oedd pethau heb ddyfod i drefn eto ar ol y rhyfel
Things hadn’t got back to normal yet
after the war
4
rhoi pethau yn eu trefn sort things
out, put things in order (“put
things in their order”)
5
cyfundrefn system, organisation (cyfun = joint ) + soft mutation + ( trefn = order)
y gyfundrefn nerfol the nervous
system
y gyfundrefn heulol the solar system
Cyfundrefn y Cenhedloedd Unedig (CCU)
United Nations Organisation (UNO)
6 claddu dan yr hen drefn
eat heartily (“bury
under / according to the old system”)
7
yn nhrefn amser with the passage of
time, over time (“in
(the) order (of) time”)
:_______________________________.
Trefn.
1 abbreviation = Trefaldwyn
Equivalent to Sir Drefaldwyn county
of Trefaldwyn / Montgomeryshire
:_______________________________.
Trefnannau ‹trev-NA-nai, -e› (f)
1 village SJ2015 in Powys (as “Trefnanney” on the Ordnance Survey map).
Slightly to the north-west there is a farm of the same name (“Trefnanney Fm” on the Ordnance Survey map).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=283874
map
To the north-east, above Y Sarnau, there is “Tref-nannau Bank”
SJ2315
Query: ?Cefn Trefnannau in Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: tref y nannau “(the) trêv (of) (the) streams”
(tref = trêv, farmstead) + (y definite
article) + (nannau a plural form of nant
= stream)
The usual plural of nant nowadays in nentydd
:_______________________________.
trefniad,
trefniadau ‹TREVN-yad, trevn-YAA-dai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 arrangement
2 “Trwy
drefniad yn unig” “By appointment only”
:_______________________________.
trefnu ‹TREV ni› (verb)
1 organise, arrange
ETYMOLOGY: (trefn = order) + (-u
verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
trefnwr,
trefnwyr ‹TREV nur, TREVN wir› (masculine noun)
1 organiser
ETYMOLOGY: (trefn-, stem of the verb trefnu = to organise,
to order) + (-wr noun suffix,
denoting an agent, from gŵr = man)
:_______________________________.
trefnwr
angladdau ‹TREV nur an GLA dhe› (masculine noun)
1 funeral director, undertaker
:_______________________________.
trefnydd,
trefnyddion ‹TREV nidh, trev NƏDH yon› (masculine noun)
1 methodist
Trefnyddion
Calfinaidd Calvanistic Methodists (mainly 1800s)
Nowadays Methodistiaid
Calfinaidd
The abbreviation is T.C., to be seen in this photo of Tarsus, an
abandoned chapel in Y Penrhyn SH8517, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/506353
ETYMOLOGY: (trefn-, stem of the verb trefnu = to organise,
to order) + (-ydd noun suffix,
denoting an agent)
:_______________________________.
Trefonnen ‹tre-VO-nen› feminine
noun
1 SJ2526 locality 4km south-west
of Croesoswallt (“Oswestry”), England
2
ST3483 locality in the county of
Casnewydd. English name: “Nash”
Coleg Trydyddol Gwent, Campws Trefonnen,
Heol Trefonnen, Casnewydd NP19 4TS
“Gwent Tertiary
College, Newport ‘Nash’ Campus, Nash Road, Newport
NP19 4TS”
ETYMOLOGY: “the trêv of
the ash tree” (tref = trêv, farmstead) + (onnen = ash tree)
:_______________________________.
Trefonwys ‹tre-VOO-nuis ›
1 street name in Bangor
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/383548
Trefonwys
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (“(the)
town (of) (the) people-from-Môn”)
(tre = town) + soft mutation + (Monwys = inhabitants-of-Môn )
:_______________________________.
Trefor ‹TREE vor› (feminine noun)
1 place-name (‘big
trêv, big farmstead’)
2 man’s name
(anglicised as Trevor)
:_______________________________.
Treforus [tre-VOO-ris]
1 village SS6598 in the county of Abertawe. English name: Morriston
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/32251
Local name: Dreforis
NOTE: p. 445, Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952; the soft mutation
is explained as being the result of the name’s frequent occurrence in speech
after the prepositions i (= to) and o (= from), and the
soft-mutated form came to be regarded as the radical form
Treforus / Treforis > Dreforis, i Dreforis (= to Treforus), o Dreforis
(= from Treforus)
(The spelling with i to represent the local pronunciation removes any
ambiguity, since althought i and u are both pronounced as i in
the south, in the north they are still two separate vowels with different
pronunciations)
NOTE: Also spelt Treforys. This is the spelling of the Welsh name of the
Ordnance Survey map.
:_______________________________.
trefwr ‹TREE
-vur› masculine noun
PLURAL trefwyr ‹TREV-wir›
1 town-dweller, townsman
trefwyr townspeople, townsfolk, town-dwellers
trefwyr Dyffryn Tywi the people of the towns in the valley of the river
Tywi
ETYMOLOGY: (tref = town)
+ (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
Tref y Caerau ‹treev ə KEI rai -e› f
1 reshaping of the name Tre’r Ceiri (Tref y Ceiri) (“(the) trêv or farmstead (of) the giants”) near Llithfaen in Gwynedd.
Y Brython (= the Briton, the Welshman), 1859, pages 428-9
Cilmin Droettu - Yr oedd Cilmin yn cyfaneddu ym mysg ellyllon a gwŷr
cyfarwydd... Daeth ryw dro ar ddamwain yn gyfeillgar ag un o'r rhai olaf hyn.
Gwyddai y cyfarwydd holl ddirgel gyfrinion anian yn drwyadl oddi gerth un...
hysbyswyd ef gan ei frodyr cyfarwydd, fod y cyfryw gyfrin wedi ei ysgrifo ar
blagawd teg, gan ryw law heb fod yn eiddo dyn, yng nghudd ger llaw coryn un o
binaclau pigfain yr Eifl, a bod yno ellyll cuchiog yn ei wylio... Cilmin, yr
hwn ni wybuasai erioed pa beth oedd ofn, a ebrwydd gynnygiodd ei wasanaeth, i
wneud cais am y trysor... Ymaith â Chilmin tua Mynydd y Gefeilliaid Mawr (dyma
enw arall ar yr Eifl), ac ar ôl brwd deithio am hir amser, daeth o'r diwedd at
Nant Gwrtheyrn, yr hwn gwm sydd wedi ei furiaw o gwmpas â wal ddiadlam o
greigiau ysgrynyglyd... Ymgripiodd o'r Nant, a dyfod a wnaeth nes y cyrhaeddodd
Dre'r Ceiri, neu Dref y
Caerau, cadarnle milwraidd ar goryn y big bellaf oddi wrth y môr o'r tri
mynydd. Yr oedd pob “ysgafell a chafell a chell” yn y fan, y pryd yr aeth Cilmin yno, yn cael
eu cyfaneddu gan ellyllon, a phob un o'r ellyllon yn barod ar yr awgrym lleiaf
i ddyfod allan i amddiffyn iawnderau eu prif lywydd, yr hwn a drefai ar gopa'r
graig uwch eu penau; a mawr y dinystr a'r direidi a fynych gyflawnid ganddynt ar
hyd a lled y wlad... Ger llaw hefyd, yn Moel Carn y Wrach, yr arosai Cawres...
ar yr adeg yr oedd Cilmin yn cyflawni ei gampwaith rhyfygus yr oedd y Gawres yn
dyfod â llonaid ei ffedog o geryg... gan fwriadu ei gwynias boethi yn nhân
ufelfar yr ellyll, a'u taflu wedyn yn do difaol i'r meusydd cyfagos. Pan ganfu
hi Cilmin yn dyfod mor ffwdanllyd, dychrynu a wnaeth, a gollwng y geryg i lawr
ar lethr y Foel a enwyd, ac y maent yno fyth, a gelwir hwy Barclodaid y Gawres.
Ar ôl hyn bu byd chwith rhwng y Gawres, Yr Ellyll a Chilmin.
TRANSLATION: Cilmin Droetu (Cilmin of the black foot). Cilmin lived among elves
and men of knowledge - by chance he once became friendly with one of the
latter. The man of knowledge knew all the hidden secrets of nature thoroughly
except for one... he was informed by his fellow men of knowledge, that this
secret was written on a fair parchment, by a hand which was not human, hidden
near the peak of one of the tapering pinnacles of the Eifl, and there angry
elves watched over it... Cilmin, who had never known the meaning of fear,
quickly offered his service, to attempt to obtain the treasure... Off went
Cilmin towards Mynydd y Gefeilliaid Mawr (the mountain of the big twins) - that
is another name for the Eifl - and after travelling zealously for a long time,
he at last came to Nant Gwrthéyrn, which valley is walled around with a wall of
sharp rocks which once crossed over there is no return. He crept up from the
Nant, and came until he reached Tre'r Ceiri ('hamlet of the giants') or Tref y
Caerau ('hamlet of the earthworks / walls'), a military stronghold on the top
of the peak of the three mountains furthest from the sea. Each ledge and nook
and cranny in the place, when Cilmin went there, was occupied by elves, and
each elf was ready at the least indication to come out to defend the rights of
their main leader, who lived on the top of the rock above their heads; and
great was the destruction and mischief often done by them the length and
breadth of the contry... Nearby too, in Moel Carn y Wrach ('bare top of the
crag of the witch') there lived a Giantess... at the time Cilmin was carrying
out his daring deed the Giantess was coming with her apron full of stones...
intendung to make them white hot in the (?unknown word - 'ufelfar') fire of the
elves, and throw them afterwards as a destructive covering into the
neighbouring fields. When she saw Cilmin coming towards her in such a bustle,
she took fright, and dropped the stones down on the slope of the Moel mountain
earlier mentioned, and there they are to this day, and they are called
Barclodaid y Gawres (the apronful of the giantess). After this things were bad
between the Giantess, the Elves and Cilmin.
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) trêv / farmstead / hamlet (of) the
walls / earthworks / hillforts”)
(tref = trêv / farmstead / hamlet) + (y = the) + (caerau =
walls / earthworks / hillforts, plural of caer).
:_______________________________.
Trefycernyw ‹treev-ə-KER-niu›
1 (SO3141) locality in
Gwent-in-England, in the English county of Hereford, 9km east of Y
Gelligandryll (Powys)
Also: Llan Trefycernyw
English name: Dorstone
ETYMOLOGY: (tref = “trêv”, farmstead) + (y = definite article) + (cernyw = ??)
:_______________________________.
Tref-y-clawdd ‹treev ə KLAUDH›
1 See Trefýclo
:_______________________________.
Trefyclo / “Trefýclo” ‹tre- və
-klo›
1 (SO2872) locality in the
district of Maesyfed (county of Powys); original name: Tref-y-clawdd
English name: Knighton
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY:
..1/ Tref-y-cláwdd “the trêv / farmstead of the dyke” (it is situated on Clawdd Offa (“Offa’s Dyke”), a boundary ditch
between Wales and England)
..2/ Tref-y-cláw (loss of a final “dd”, seen in other words in Welsh – e.g. Dewi (= David), in older Welsh Dewydd, Ebwy
(river name), in older Welsh Ebwydd
..3/ Trefýclaw accent shift – another example where the accent shifts to the definite article Penýberth
(county of Gwynedd) < Pen-y-bérth
..4/ Trefýclo reduction of the diphthong ‹au› > ‹o› in the final syllable, a general
characteristic of Welsh (athro = teacher < athraw, croeso
= welcome < croesaw)
:_______________________________.
Trefynwy ‹tre- vən
-ui›
1 Monmouth, town in the
borderland at the point where the river Mynwy (Monnow) flows into the river Gwy
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the)
town (of) (the river) Mynwy”,
town on the banks of the Mynwy)
The Welsh name is rather unusual, with tref and the name of a river (or
at least tre, the form generally used for centuries, though literary
Welsh conserves the historical form with a final f [v] ). That is, if Trefynwy
represents Tre Fynwy, rather than Tref Fynwy.
Other instances of tref + river name (though they might be late names)
Trefalun a hall in Wrecsam by Afon Alun / the river Alun
Treorci in the Rhondda valley has (tre) + (Orci – name of a local stream) however.
(Trecynon by Afon Cynon / the river Cynon in the county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf is a nineteenth century coining)
It seems that the English name Monmouth (i.e. “Monnow-mouth”) is a translation of the former Welsh
name, Abermynwy.
English 'mouth' is used for places where a river flows into the sea
(Teignmouth, Dartmouth, Bournemouth, etc in England) The use of English “mouth” in inland place names, meaning a ‘stream confluence’, is highly unusual,
suggesting that the name “Monmouth” is a translation of the
Welsh name.
When inland, the element aber means confluence, and it is followed by
the name of the affluent which falls into a larger stream or river.
Aber Mynwy (“(the)
confluence (of)
(the) Mynwy (river)
(and the Gwy river)”).
:_______________________________.
Tre-grug ‹tre GRIIG› (feminine noun)
1 division (cwmwd, “kúmmud”) of the cantref (“kántrev”) (medieval administrative unit) of
Gwent Is Coed, South-east Wales
(delw 7383)
ETYMOLOGY: tref y grug “heather farmstead”,
“(the) farmstead (of)
the heather”, (tref
/ tre = “trêv”, manor, farmstead) + (y
definite article) mutation + (grug = heather).
:_______________________________.
Tre-gwyr ‹tre GUIR› (feminine noun)
1 The Welsh name for Gowerton
ETYMOLOGY: (tre = town, -ton) + (Gŵyr = Gower)
As with many late names with tre, no soft mutation follows, though in
older Welsh the soft mutation always occurred, as can be seen from the
multitude of place names with tre / tref.
Had the soft mutation been present, the name would have been *Tre-ŵyr.
Gŵyr was the name of the old kúmmud here, and “Gowerton” was in the centre of it. Half the
kúmmud was the peninsula known as Penrhyn Gŵyr “(the) peninsula (of the kúmmud of)
Gŵyr”, in English,
“The Gower Peninsula”, or simply “The Gower”.
Gowerton was the name of the railway station. Probably rather than a historical
reference to the kúmmud, “Gower” was used in the sense of
the peninsula, and the station was to be the gateway to the Gower coast.
:_______________________________.
Trehafod ‹tree- HAA-vod›
1 Village ST0491 on the banks of the west bank of the river Rhondda
south of Y Porth and north of Pont-y-pridd.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/638535
map
ETYMOLOGY: “hafod town
/ village / place” (tre
< tref = “trêv”, but used in
nineteenth-century names as ‘town’, a group of dwellings near
a works or mine) + (Hafod)
On the 1847 Tithe Apportionment
Map in the area where Trehafod stands today there were three farms called Hafod
- Hafod Uchaf (= upper), Hafod Genol (= middle) and Hafod Fawr (= great)
Hafod (qv) = summer place, summer pasture, summer farm, summer farmhouse
:_______________________________.
Trehwbwb ‹tree- hu -bub›
1 In Llwyneliddon / St. Lythans ST1172 (county of Bro Morgannwg)
there is Trehwbwb (tre = village), which in 1762 was Tir Wbwb (the loss of h is typical of
south-eastern Welsh)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/373477
Llwyneliddon map
ETYMOLOGY: “tre hwbwb” < “tir hwbwb” (= disputed land)
(tir = land) + (hwbwb = hubbub, dispute)
Welsh hwbwb < English hubbub,
probably from an Irish word.
In Scottish (Gaelic) there is ubub!,
an expression of contempt
:_______________________________.
treiddio ‹TREIDH yo› (verb)
1 penetrate
2
didraidd opaque
(di-, negative prefix) + soft
mutation + (traidd, root of treiddio = penetrate)
lliw didraidd opaque colour
gwydr didraidd
opaque glass
:_______________________________.
treigl ‹TREI gil› masculine noun
1 rolling
trac treigl caterpillar track,
caterpillar tread (“track
(of) rolling”)
:_______________________________.
treiglo ‹TREI glo› (verb)
1 (Welsh grammar) mutate a consonant
2
roll
Carreg a dreigla ni fwsogla A
rolling stone gathers no moss, somebody who moves from place to place will have
few possessions or responsibilities ("(it is) (a) stone which rolls, (it)
does not gather moss")
:_______________________________.
..1 treio ‹TREI o, TRI o› (verb)
1 ebb
2
Mae bywyd y claf yn treio The
patient’s life is
ebbing away
ETYMOLOGY: (trei- < trai = ebb tide) + (-o verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
..2 treio ‹TREI o, TRI o› (verb)
1 try
ETYMOLOGY: (trei- < English to try) + (-o verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
treisiad ‹ trei-shad
› feminine noun
PLURAL treisiedi,
treisiaid ‹ trei-shê-di, trei-shed›
South Wales
1
heifer
NOTE: col.loquial forms: trisiad (=
trishad), trisad, treisiad (= treishad), treisad
South-east: trisheti < tresiedi (plural)
Godre Ceredigion treisien (= treishen)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
treisiad ‹ trei-shad
› masculine noun
PLURAL treisiadau
‹ treis-yâ-de›
1
violence, attack
2
rape
treisiad merch rape of a girl
:_______________________________.
treisio ‹TREI sho› (verb)
1 rape, violate
2 vanquish, overcome, conquer, oppress, subjugate
treisio gwlad dan eich troed subjugate and trample under foot a country
(“vanquish a country
under you feet”)
Os treisiodd y gelyn fy ngwlad dan ei draed
Mae heniaith y Cymry mor fyw ag erioed
(Welsh national anthem) If the enemy subjugated my country under his feet
The old language of the Welsh people is as alive as ever
3
pwylldreisio brainwash
(pwylldreis- stem of pwylldreisio = to brainwash) + (-i-o verb-forming suffix)
(pwyll = mind) + soft mutation + (trais = violence, rape)
pwylldreisiad brainwashing = an application of methods to
make someone believe that what is not true is true
(pwylldreis- stem of pwylldreisio = to brainwash) (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
eich treisio’ch
hun yn ormod o lawr work far too much (“to subjugate yourself far too much”)
:_______________________________.
Trelew (Tre-lew) ‹tre-leu› feminine noun
1 locality in Dyffryn Camwy, Patagonia
2
Trelew tre lwyd, digon o faw a dim bwyd
local saying - “Trelew
(a) grey town, plenty of mud and no food” (Y Cymro 28 10 2000)
ETYMOLOGY: “town (of)
Llew” (tre = town) + soft mutation + (Llew). Named after one of the first
pioneers, Lewis Jones (1836-1904).
The name Lewis, of Norman origin, is
a old-established replacement for the native name Llywelyn, of which a variant is Llewelyn –
that is, ‹e›
in the first syllable instead of ‹ə›, the neutral vowel.
The short form from this variant is Llew,
which (coincidentally) is the same word as “lion”.
Llew was used in Cymricised names
for Lewis as in the case of
(1) Lewis Davies Jones (1851-1928)
(Llew Tegid), a folk-song collector and lyric-writer for folk tunes who came
from Y Bala (hence ‘Tegid’, since the town is situated
by the lake known as Llyn Tegid); and
(2) Lewis William Lewis (1831-1901)
(Llew Llwyfo) a poet and novelist from Pen-sarn, Llanwenllwyfo, county of Ynys
Môn.
NOTE: If the name Trelew were to be
spelt in accordance with present place-name spelling rules, it would be Tre-lew (an accented monosyllable at
the end of a name is preceded by a hyphen).
:_______________________________.
Trellywelyn [tre-lhə-WEE-lin] [trɛɬəˡweˑlɪn]
1 an administrative and electoral ward in Y Rhyl (Conwy) (spelt as “Trellewellyn). Also a road here “Trellewelyn Road” (in this street name it is spelt correctly,
with one ‘l’, unlike the name of the ward), which in
Welsh would be Ffordd Trellewelyn, and “Trellewelyn Close”, which in Welsh would be Clōs Trellewelyn.
ETYMOLOGY: tre Llywelyn “(the)
town (of) Llewelyn ” (tre = town) + (Llewelyn)
No details to hand of its origin, but it must be a recent name as there is no soft
mutation of Llywelyn after tre (“Trelywelyn” would be expected).
See SOFT MUTATION, listed as an entry in the ‘S’
section of this dictionary,
:_______________________________.
trem ‹TREM› (f)
PLURAL tremion, tremiau
1 view
Common in the names of houses and streets
Tremarfon (view of Arfon), street name in Llan-rŵst
2 look, gaze, of one’s
eyes
trem eich llygaid the look in one's eyes
a thipyn o ofn yn nhrem ei lygaid and a bit of fear in his eyes
(“in the look of
his eyes”)
3 viewpoint
Tremion (1990s) title of a comment column in the weekly Y Cymro
ETYMOLOGY: trem < drem < British < Celtic, from the root *derk
(= to see), from which drych (= mirror) , edrych (= to look)
Breton has dremm (= face; look, aspect; surface)
:_______________________________.
Tremafon ‹trem â-von›
1 “view (of
the) river”, river view
..1/ house name
..2/ street name
..a) Yr Wyddgrug, county of Y Fflint (“Trem Afon”)
..b) Penparcau, Aberystwyth, county of Ceredigion (“Tremafon”)
ETYMOLOGY: “trem yr
afon” (trem = view) + (yr = definite article) + (afon
= river). The linking definite article is often omitted in place names
NOTE: Less correctly with the elements separated Trem Afon
:_______________________________.
Tremarfon ‹trem-AR-von›
1 “view (of
the district of) Arfon”
Street name in Llan-rŵst
(trem = view) + (Arfon = district name).
:_______________________________.
Tremangell ‹trem- a
-nghelh›
1
street name in Aberangell (SH8410) in the district of Meirionnydd (county of
Gwynedd) (the name is spelt as one word “Tremangell”)
ETYMOLOGY: “trem Angell” “(the) view (of the river)
Angell
(trem = view) + (Angell = river name).
:_______________________________.
Tremffrancon
‹trem frang -kon›
1 name of a street in Bangor (in the county of Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (“view (of) (Nant)
Ffrancon”) (trem = view) + (Ffrancon)
(Nant Ffrancon SH6363 - part of the valley of the Ogwen between Bethesda and
Llyn Ogwen)
:_______________________________.
tremle,
tremleoedd ‹TREM le, trem LEE oidh -odh› (masculine noun)
1 view, lookout place
2 Tremle Locality SN4435
south of Pencader (Caerfyrddin)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/860931
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) +
soft mutation + (lle = place)
:_______________________________.
Tremorfa ‹tre- mor
-va›
1
a district of Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: A twentieth-century coining: tre’r morfa “(the) town (of) the sea-fen”
(tre = town) + (’r definite
article) + (morfa = sea-fen)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names: tre’r… > tre…
:_______________________________.
Trem-y-don ‹trem ə don›
1 “view (of)
the sea”, sea view
..1/ house name
..2/ street name
....a) Llysfaen, Baecolwyn (SH8678), county of Dinbych
....b) Y Barri, county of Bro Morgannwg
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(ton = wave, sea)
NOTE: Less correctly, as a habitative name, with the elements separated Trem y Don
:_______________________________.
Tremyforyd ‹trem-ə-VOO-rid›
1 “view (of)
Y Foryd”
Street name in Baecinmel (county of Dinbych) (“Trem y Foryd”)
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (Y Foryd).
Moryd means ‘estuary’.
Y Foryd (SH9980) is the place
between Abergele (county of Conwy) and Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) where the
river Clwyd flows into the sea
NOTE: Less correctly, as a habitative name,
with the elements separated Trem
y Foryd
:_______________________________.
Tremygardden
‹trem ə gar-dhen›
1
“(the) view (of) Y
Gardden”
A street name in Pen-y-cae (county of Wrecsam) (spelt with the elements
separated “Trem Y
Gardden “)
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (Y Gardden = the fort < cardden).
NOTE: Less correctly, as a habitative name, with the elements separated: Trem
y Gardden
:_______________________________.
Tremymoelwyn
‹trem-ər-MOIL-win›
1
Street name
Penrhyndeudraeth, county of Gwynedd (“Trem y Moelwyn”)
Llan Ffestiniog county of Gwynedd (“Trem y Moelwyn”)
Tanygrisiau, county of Gwynedd (“Trem
y Moelwyn”)
ETYMOLOGY: “view of Y
Moelwyn”, Moelwyn view
(trem = view) + (Y Moelwyn = name of a mountain,
literally ‘the bare
white (hill)’)
:_______________________________.
Trem-y-môr ‹trem ə moor ›
1 “view of
the sea”, sea view
..1/ house name
Gilfachreda, Y Ceinewydd,
Ceredigion (“Trem y Môr”)
Y Sarn-bach, Aber-soch, Gwynedd (“Trem-Y-Môr”)
Llanberis, Conwy (“Trem y Môr”)
Llanfair, Harlech (“Trem y Môr”)
..2/ a street name in a number of places
....a) Abergele, county of Dinbych
....b) Aber-gwaun, county of Penfro
....c) Bracla, county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
....d) Llanmorlais, county of Abertawe
....e) Rhosneigr, county of Môn
....f) Tyn-y-gongl, county of Môn
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (y = definite article) + (môr = sea)
:_______________________________.
Tremymynydd ‹trem ə mə -nidh›
1 “view of
the mountain”, mountain
view
..1/ house name
..2/ a street name in a number of places
....a) Abergele, county of Dinbych
....b) Mwynglawdd, county of Wrecsam
....c) Treherbert, county of Rhondda Cynon Taf
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (y = definite article) + (mynydd = mountain)
NOTE: Less correctly with the elements separated Trem y Mynydd
:_______________________________.
Trem-y-nant ‹trem ə nant ›
1 house name
2
a street name in a number of places
....a) Bangor, county of Gwynedd (as “Trem y Nant”)
....b) Coed-y-glyn, county of Wrecsam
....c) Pentrebrychdyn, county of Wrecsam
ETYMOLOGY: “view of
the stream / brook ”,
stream view, brook view (trem =
view) + (y = definite article) + (nant = stream, brook)
NOTE: Less correctly with the elements separated Trem y Nant
:_______________________________.
Tremyrafon ‹trem-ər-AA-von›
1 “view (of)
the river”, river view
..1/ house name
..2/ a street name in
....a) Baecinmel, Y Rhyl, county of Y Fflint
....b) Cyffordd Llanddudno, county of Conwy
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (yr = definite article) + (afon = river)
NOTE: Less correctly with the elements separated Trem yr Afon
:_______________________________.
Tremyteifi ‹trem ə tei -vi›
1 Tremyteifi / Trem y Teifi
(“view (of) the (river)
Teifi”) street name in
Llandysul, county of Ceredigion
Although the use of the definite article before a river name occurs
colloquially, it is considered to be incorrect Welsh - Tremteifi / Trem Teifi would be a more standard form
:_______________________________.
Tremyrwyddfa
‹trem-ər-UIDH-va›
1
“view of Yr Wyddfa ”, Snowdon view
..1/ house name
..2/ a street name in
....a) Penrhyndeudraeth, county of Gwynedd
....b) Pen-y-groes, county of Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY: (trem = view) + (Yr Wyddfa = name of a mountain,
literally ‘the tumulus’)
NOTE: Less correctly with the elements separated Trem yr Wyddfa
:_______________________________.
trên, trenau
‹TREEN, TREE ne› (masculine noun)
1 train
trên wedi rhedeg yn rhydd a runaway
train
trên teithwyr passenger train
2
gorsaf drenau train station, railway
station (USA: depot)
:_______________________________.
trengi ‹TRE ngi› (verb)
1 to die (usually of animals)
2
bod ar fin trengi have on foot in
the grave (“be on the
point of dying”)
:_______________________________.
Treoda ‹tre-ô-da›
1 According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911), “An ancient messuage in the
village of Whitchurch, immediately north of the remains of Whitchurch Castle”
2
farm in Dyffryn, Bro Morgannwg
ETYMOLOGY: (tre = trêv, farmtown) +
(Oda name)
:_______________________________.
Treosbon ‹tre-O-spon ›
1 Welsh name of Osbaston, Shropshire, near y Cnycyn / Knockin
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=290162
:_______________________________.
Trerannell ‹tre- ra -nelh›
1 Locality in Pen-y-bont at Ogwr by the river Llynfi between
Pen-y-fai and Pen-y-cae. The name has been translated into English at some
point as Angelton, through believing the name to be a form of “Tre’r angel”
(“(the) trêv (of) the angel”). Welsh initial Tre- was often translated as a final
element -ton in English.
There is apparently an ‘Angelton
Road’ here (not marked
on street guides) which would be Heol
Trerannell in Welsh. There are buildings called “Angelton Cottages” (which would be Tai Trerannell) and in Pen-y-fai a street called “Angelton Green” (translated into Welsh, this would be Tontrerannell
ETYMOLOGY: Trerannell = Tre’r’annell <
Trear’annell < Treariannell “(the)
trêv (by the) Arianell (stream)”
(tre + Ariannell).
The name of the stream is (ariann-
< arian = silver) + (-ell suffix found in certain stream or
river names)
NOTE: See Ariannell
:_______________________________.
Tre’r Cofis ‹treer ko
-vis›
1 nickname for Caernarfon (Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (= town of the ‘coves’). A cofi is an inhabitant of Caernarfon, from English cove (= fellow, bloke, chap) with the
addition of the Welsh diminutive suffix -i
;
ultimately from a Romany word = man
:_______________________________.
Tre’r-ddôl ‹treer- dhool›
1 (SN 6592) locality in the county of Ceredigion
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) trêv
(of) the river meadow”
(tref = “trêv”, farmstead) + (yr
definite article) + soft mutation + (dôl = meadow within the bend of a
river)
:_______________________________.
Tre’r Delyn / Trerdelyn ‹treer de-lin›
1 house in the parish of Pencraig, county of Powys. English name:
Harpton Court. Here the historian John Lewis (1548?-1616?) was born, the author
of the text in English “The
History of Great Britain... til the Death of Cadwaladr” (first published over a century after
his death, in 1729)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) trêv
(of) the harp”
(tref = “trêv”, farmstead) + (yr
definite article) + soft mutation + (telyn = harp)
:_______________________________.
Tre’r-llan ‹treer- lhAn›
1 part of the village of Llandrillo (county of Dinbych)
2
part of the village of Cilcain (county of Dinbych)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) trêv
(of) the church”
(tref = “trêv”, farmstead) + (yr
definite article) + (llan = stone monastic cell, church, parish church)
:_______________________________.
Tre’r-maen ‹treer- mAen›
1 NY5966 Triermain, farm in Cumbria
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) trêv
(of) the stone”
(tref = “trêv”, farmstead) + (yr
definite article) + (maen = stone)
:_______________________________.
Tre-rys ‹tre-RIIS›
1 SO5220 Trereece, Herefordshire
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/115357
:_______________________________.
tres ‹ trees › feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL tresi,
tresau ‹ tre -si, -sa›
1
trace = one of a pair of leather straps, originally ropes or chains, connecting
the collar of a draught animal to the vehicle it pulls
2
something resembling a trace
tres o wymon strand of seaweed
3
cicio dros y tresi to kick over the
traces, to rebel, to defy convention or restraints
A horse could sometimes get its leg over one of the traces attempting to get
out of its harness, which was dangerous for the person working with the horse
as it was able to kick out more freely.
3
tresi aur (Laburnum anagyroides ) (“chains of gold”) laburnum, golden chain
ETYMOLOGY: tres (= pulling strap in
a harness) is from English trace, a
singularisation of the French plural form traits
(=pulling straps) < trait (=
pulling strap) < Latin tractus
(=n pulling) < trahere (= to pull)
NOTE: South-west trasen / y drasen, plural trasys
:_______________________________.
treth ‹TREETH› feminine
noun
PLURAL trethi
‹TREE-thi›
1 tax = money demanded from citizens or entities by an
administration to pay for public infrastructures and services, as a proportion
of the value of an income, property, or a sale
y dreth the tax
2
tax = burden, hard effort, difficult task
3
ad-daliad treth tax rebate
4
blwyddyn drethi, PLURAL blynyddoedd trethi = tax year
5
casglu trethi tax collecting
6
codi treth (ar rywun) tax (somebody)
(“raise a tax on...”)
7
codi trethi (ar rywbeth) tax
(something) (“raise
taxes on...”)
8
di-dreth tax-free, free of tax,
tax-exempt, exempt from tax
9
hafan rhàg trethi (“haven in front of taxes”) tax haven
10
twyllwr trethi tax dodger, person
who (legally but often questionably) avoids paying taxes which he / she is
obliged to pay
11
efadwr trethi tax evader, person who
finds illegal ways of not paying taxes
efadu trethi tax evasion
12
osgöwr trethi tax avoider, person who finds legal ways of reducing his /
her tax liabilities
osgói trethi tax avoidance
13
eithrio (rhywun) rhàg talu trethi
grant a tax exemption to (somebody), exempt (somebody) from paying taxes
:_______________________________.
trethadwy ‹tre- thAA-dui› adjective
1 taxable; subject to tax
2
incwm trethadwy taxable income
3
anhrethadwy tax deductible
ETYMOLOGY: (treth- stem of trethu = to tax) + (-adwy suffix)
:_______________________________.
treth ar gyfoeth
‹treeth ar gə-voith› feminine noun
1 wealth tax
ETYMOLOGY: “tax
on wealth” (treth = tax) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (cyfoeth
= wealth, riches)
:_______________________________.
treth ar werth
‹treeth ar werth› feminine
noun
1 (also = TAW ‹tau›) Value Added Tax, VAT
ETYMOLOGY: “tax on
wealth” (treth = tax) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (gwerth
= value)
:_______________________________.
treth bwrcas
‹treeth bwr-kas› feminine
noun
1 purchase tax
ETYMOLOGY: “tax (of)
purchase” (treth = tax) + soft mutation + (pwrcas = purchase)
:_______________________________.
trethdalwr ‹treth-da -lur› masculine
noun
PLURAL trethdalwyr
‹treth-dal -wir›
1 taxpayer
ETYMOLOGY: (treth = tax) + soft
mutation + (talwr = payer, person
who pays)
:_______________________________.
treth fewnforio ‹treeth veun-vor-yo› feminine
noun
PLURAL trethi
mewnforio ‹trê -thi meun-vor-yo›
1 import tax
ETYMOLOGY: (treth = tax) + soft
mutation + (mewnforio = to import)
:_______________________________.
treth gynyddol
‹treeth gə-nə -dhol› feminine
noun
PLURAL trethi
cynyddol ‹trê -thi kə-nə-dhol›
1 progressive tax
:_______________________________.
trethiant ‹treth yant› masculine noun
1 taxation
:_______________________________.
treth incwm ‹treeth ing-kum› feminine
noun
1 income tax
2 datganiad treth incwm
income tax return
3 ffurflen dreth incwm
income-tax return form; short form: ffurflen
dreth
:_______________________________.
trethu ‹trê -thi› verb
1
to tax = impose a tax, place an obligation on sb to pay a tax
2 to tax = make objects of taxation (income, property, sales, etc)
3 to tax = place a burden on; trethu eich amynedd try / tax somebody’s patience,
ETYMOLOGY: (treth = tax) + (-u = suffix for forming a verb)
:_______________________________.
treth y pen ‹treeth ə pen› feminine
noun
1 poll tax, head money = tax of so much per person
:_______________________________.
Tretomas ‹tree-to
-mas› feminine noun
ST1888
1
locality in Cwm Rhymni (Morgannwg Ganol), by the village of Bedwas (In English,
the spelling Trethomas is used)
ETYMOLOGY: (the) town (of) Tomas
(tre, colloquial form of tref = town; industrial village) + (Tomas = Thomas).
From W.J. Thomas, a coalowner
:_______________________________.
Tre-twr ‹tree-tuur› feminine
noun SO1821
1 locality in the county of Powys (Brycheiniog)
ETYMOLOGY: (the) trêv (of) the tower ‹tref + yr + twr›
:_______________________________.
Treuddyn ‹trei
-dhin› feminine noun
1 locality SJ2558 in the
county of Y Fflint
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Treuddyn < Trefddyn “fortified
trêv”
(tref) + soft mutation + (dynn = fort)
NOTE: Locally the name is pronounced Tryddyn
‹trə-dhin›
:_______________________________.
treuliedig ‹treil- yee
-dig›
adj;;)
1
worn, worn out
2
threadbare, tatty
3
trite, hackneyed
4
eroded
5
anhreuliedig indigestible;
undigested; imperishable; unspent
ETYMOLOGY: (treuli- stem of treulio = to spend) + (-edig suffix for forming a past
participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
treuliad ‹treil -yad› masculine noun
1 digestion
diffyg treuliad = indigestion
:_______________________________.
treuliau ‹treil -ye›
plural noun
1 expenses
plural form of traul
:_______________________________.
treulio ‹treil
-yo›
verb with
an object
1
(time) spend;
Treuliodd beth amser yn Iwerddon
He spent some time in Ireland
2
wear out;
Mae wedi treulio ei sgidiau
He’s worn out his shoes
3
(food) digest
verb without an object
4 wear, become worn, wear out; waste or be damaged by use, time,
exposure;
Mae’r carped yn
dechrau treulio
The carpet’s showing
signs of wear
5
Geologia hindreulio (rock) weather, become weathered, become weatherworn,
get worn away
ETYMOLOGY: (traul = wear, erosion) +
(-io, suffix for forming verbs)
Third person singular, present tense (= will spend, etc) : (literary form) treulia, (colloquial form) treuliff
In South Wales, the usual form of the verb is treulo (the loss of the i at
the beginningof the final consonant (io
> o) is usual in the South)
:_______________________________.
treuliol ‹treil
yol› adjective
1 digestive; problemau
treuliol = digestive problems
2 abrasive
:_______________________________.
treulydd ‹trei
-lidh›› masculine noun
PLURAL treulyddion ‹trei-lədh -yon›
1 abrasive = material such as sandpaper
:_______________________________.
trewais ‹treu -es› verb
1
I hit (past tense)
See taro
:_______________________________.
Trewalchmai ‹tre- walkh
-mai›
SH3975
1 parish in the county of Ynys Môn (North Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: (the) trêv (of) Gwalchmai
(tref) + soft mutation + (Gwalchmai = man’s name)
:_______________________________.
Tre-wern ‹tre wern›
1 SO2257 locality in the
district of Maesyfed in the county of Powys
2
its parish
3
SJ2811 locality in the district of
Trefaldwyn in the county of Powys
4
its parish
5
locality in Croesoswallt (England)
ETYMOLOGY: (the) trêv (of) the swamp / the alder grove
(tref = farm) + soft mutation + (gwern = alder swamp, wet ground)
:_______________________________.
Tréwyddfa ‹tre-UIDH -va›
1 SS6697 locality in the county of Abertawe / Swansea
ETYMOLOGY: (the) trêv (of) the burial moind
tref yr wyddfa (tref = trêv,
farm) + soft mutation + (gwern =
alder swamp, wet ground)
:_______________________________.
Tréwyn ‹tRe -win›
1 SO3222 village in the
county of Mynwy
English name: Wynston
ETYMOLOGY: from the family
surname ‘Wyn / Wynne’, originally an epithet Wyn (=
white-haired), < gwyn (= white, white-haired)
NOTE: Although the form Tre-wyn would be expected, with the accent on the final
syllable, the accent has shifted to the first syllable.
(To indicate that Trewyn is not a misspelling of Tre-wyn, we have placed an
accent on the element with unusual stress. Other examples of shifted stress this
in place names are... (Note: the acute accent is not standard usage)
..1/ Abérffraw on the island of Môn (*Aber-ffraw would be the expected form),
..2/ Nántmel (*Nant-mêl) in Powys, etc)
..3/ Penýberth (*Pen-y-berth) in the Llyn peninsula
..4/ Trefýclo (also Tref-y-clawdd) in Powys on the border with England,
..5/ Y Gáerwen (*Y Gaer-wen) , county of Ynys Môn
:_______________________________.
tri ‹TRII› (masculine noun)
1 three (feminine form: tair)
:_______________________________.
triagl ‹trî -ag› masculine noun
1 treacle = dark syrup from the sugar refining process (also: triagl du) (du = black)
2
treacle = this substance formerly used as an antidote against bites and poisons
ETYMOLOGY: English 1400- < French triacle
(this word does not occur in modern French) < Latin thêriaca (= antidote) < Greek thêriakê (antidosis) = (antidote to the bite of an animal) < thêrion (= wild animal)
NOTE: Variants:
(1) triag (district of Maldwyn, in
the county of Powys)
(2) trieg North Wales,
(3) triog
In spoken Welsh, a final l after
b / d / g is omitted
Other examples are:
..1/ posib (posibl = possible),
..2/ danad (danadl = nettles),
..3/ peryg (perygl = danger).
See ‘l’ for more examples.
:_______________________________.
triagl du ‹tri ag DII› (masculine noun)
1 molasses
:_______________________________.
triagl melyn
‹tri ag ME lin›
1 golden syrup
:_______________________________.
triawd, triawdau
‹TRI aud, tri AU de› (masculine noun)
1 trio
:_______________________________.
triban ‹trî-ban› masculine noun
PLURAL tribannau
‹tri-ba-ne›
1 (poetry) triplet
2 a design with three peaks, the symbol of the Welsh autonomy party,
Plaid Cymru
ETYMOLOGY: (tri = three) + (ban = line of poetry) / (ban = peak)
:_______________________________.
Tri Chof Ynys
Prydain ‹trii khoov ə-nis prə-den› -
1 the three lores which the bards preserved and fostered – these three lores were (1)
the history of the island of Britain, (2) the British language, and (3)
genealogy
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) three
memories / lores (of) (the) island (of) Britain”
(tri = three) + spirant mutation + (cof = memory) + (Ynys Prydain = island (of) Britain)
:_______________________________.
tridyn ‹ trii-din › m
1
three people
2
nid cyfrinach ond rhwng dau, rhwng
tridyn, cannyn a’i
clyw tell a secret to more
than one person and it becomes everybody’s secret (“‹it is› not a secret except
between two; between three people, one hundred people will hear it”)
Rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn,
cannyn a’i
clyw You can keep a secret
between two people, but you can’t
keep a secret between three people; A secret between two people remains a scret
– but between three the
whole world will hear of it “(a)
secret (of) two people, (it-is) (a) secret that-it-is; (a) secret (of) three
people, one hundred people will hear it”)
ETYMOLOGY: (tri = three) + (dyn = person)
:_______________________________.
trigain ‹TRI gen› (masculine noun)
1 sixty (‘three
twenties’)
:_______________________________.
trigfa ‹ trig -va› [ˡtrɪgva] feminine noun
PLURAL trigféydd,
trigfaon ‹ trig- veidh, trig- va-on› [trɪgˡvəið,
trɪgˡvaˑɔn]
1
dwelling place, abode
2 Trigfa house name
Trigfa street name in Moelfre (Ynys
Môn)
ETYMOLOGY: (trig-, stem of trigo = live, inhabit) + (-fa, suffix = place)
:_______________________________.
trigo ‹TRII go› [ˡtriˑgɔ] (verb)
1 (in a place) live, inhabit
2
(animal) die
3 suffix –drig
< -trig
..1/ daeardrig earth-dwelling
(daear = earth) + soft mutation + (trig-, stem of trigo = to inhabit)
..2/ prendrig tree-dwelling
(pren = tree) + soft mutation + (trig-, stem of trigo = to
inhabit )
..3/ tywotrig sand-dwelling
(tywod = sand) + soft mutation + (trig-, stem of trigo =
to inhabit ) > tywod-drig > tywotrig (d-d > t)
:_______________________________.
trilliw ‹tri -lhiu› adjective
1 tricolour, three-coloured, of three colours
cath drilliw tabby cat,
tortoiseshell cat, cat with black / brown stripes on a grey background
baner drilliw tricolour flag,
tricolour
ETYMOLOGY: (tri = three) + (lliw = colour)
:_______________________________.
Trillo ‹tri -lho›
1 saint’s
name
Llandrillo a village near Bala
Llandrillo = Llandrillo yn Rhos, a suburb of Colwyn Bay (English name:
Rhos on Sea)
ETYMOLOGY: Probably a hypochoristic name. The final o is probably (-o
diminutive ending)
:_______________________________.
trilliw ‹tri -lhiu› adjective
1 tricolour, three-coloured, of three colours
trim, trims / trimiau ‹TRIM, TRIMS / TRIM ye› (masculine noun)
1 trimmings, adornment
:_______________________________.
Trimsaran ‹trim SA ran› (feminine noun)
1 place-name
:_______________________________.
1 trin ‹TRIIN› (verb)
1 treat
2 cael trin eich gwallt
have a hair do
:_______________________________.
2 trin ‹TRIIN› (f)
1 battle, conflict, trouble, tribulation
doeth drannoeth y drin wise after the event (“wise the day after the tribulation”)
:_______________________________.
Trinant ‹TRII nant› (feminine noun)
1 place-name: ‘three
valleys”
:_______________________________.
trindod ‹trin -dod› feminine noun
PLURAL trindodau
‹trin-dô-de›
1 trinity = threefoldness, threeness; the state of being triple
y drindod = the trinity
2
trinity = three in one; a group of three considered as a unit
3
a trio of gods
4
trinity = the God of orthodox Christians, considered to be made up of three
persons - the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost
5
Eglwys y Drindod Sanctaidd Holy
Trinity Church, name for a church dedicated to the Holy Trinity
Eglwys y Drindod church in
Ystradmynach (county of Caerffili) (Slater’s Guide, 1880)
Eglwysydrindod ST3489
locality in Casnewydd; English name: Christchurch
Coleg y Drindod Trinity College,
Llanbedr Pont Steffan; part of the University of Wales
6
Llandrindod (qv) SO0561 a town in the county of Powys.
(Llan y Drindod - (the) church (of) the trinity)
7
Sul y Drindod Trinity Sunday, the
Sunday after Whit Sunday
8
tymor y Drindod Trinity term, an
expression for the summer term in certain educational institutions
9
bwa’r Drindod
alternative name for the rainbow (“(the) bow (of) the Trinity”) (normally: enfys)
10
Tŷ’r Drindod
Trinity House, an organisation which provides lighthouses and buoys on the
coasts of the island of Great Britain
11 Rhodfa’r Drindod (“(the) parade / walk (of) the
trinity”)
street in Llandudno (county of Conwy) (“Trinity Avenue”
in English)
ETYMOLOGY: trindod < tríndawd < *trin’dáwd < *trinidáwd < British < Latin < trînitât-em < trînitâs;
trînus = threefold.
If the syllable had been lost in Latin trinitât-
> trin’tât the
result in Welsh would have been *trinnawd
In other British languages: Breton treinded
(= trinity)
:_______________________________.
triniaeth, triniaethau
‹TRIN yeth, trin YEI the› (feminine noun)
1 treatment
y driniaeth = the treatment
:_______________________________.
triog ‹TRI og› (masculine noun)
1 see: triagl
:_______________________________.
triongl, trionglau
‹TRI o ngəl,
tri O ngle›
(masculine noun)
1 triangle
:_______________________________.
triongli ‹tri O ngli› (v)
1 trianglulate
1
piler triongli / pileri triongli triangulation pillar
:_______________________________.
trip, tripiau
‹TRIP, TRIP ye› (masculine noun)
1 trip, journey
2
trip ysgol Sul ‹trip ə
skol SIIL›
Sunday-school trip
triphlyg ‹tri -flig› (adjective)
1 triple = made up of three parts
2
three-stranded, made up of three strands
edau triphlyg three-stranded thread
3
brechlyn triphlyg triple vaccine
chwarae triphlyg (Baseball) triple
play
ffiwg driphlyg (Music) triple fugue
naid driphlyg triple jump
odl driphlyg (Poetry) triple rhyme
Y Cynghrair Triphlyg The Triple
Alliance
..(a) England, Sweden, Netherlands against France 1688;
..(b) France, Netherlands, England against Castile 1717;
..(c) Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy 1882-1914
Y Cytundeb Triphlyg TheTriple
Entente (England, France and Russia 1882-1917, as a reaction to the Triple
Alliance of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Italy 1882-1914)
Y Goron Driphlyg The Triple Crown
ETYMOLOGY: (tri = three) + spirant
mutation + (plyg = fold)
:_______________________________.
Trisant ‹TRI sant› (feminine noun)
1 place-name
:_______________________________.
trist ‹TRIST› (adjective)
1 sad
2
trist gennyf fod... ‹TRIST ge niv vood› (adjective)
it saddens me that... (‘sad
with me being...’)
3
â naws drist iddo tinged with
sadness (“with a sad
nature / touch to it”)
:_______________________________.
tristáu ‹tris TAI› (verb)
1 sadden
:_______________________________.
tristfawr ‹TRIST vaur› (adjective)
1 very sad
:_______________________________.
tristwch ‹TRI stukh› (masculine noun)
1 sadness, gloom
Symudodd o Langurig i Gilfynydd i fyw, a
bu tristwch ar ei ôl yn ei hen ardal
He moved from Llangurig to Cilfynydd to live, and there was sadness in his home
district after he left
2
taflu i dristwch cast into a gloom
:_______________________________.
triw ‹TRIU› (adjective)
1 true
:_______________________________.
triwant ‹triu-ant› masculine noun
PLURAL triwantiaid
‹triu-ant-yed›
1 truant = schoolchild who doesn’t attend school without any justification for the absence
2
chwarae triwant (USA: play hooky /
hookey) (Englandic: play truant)
ETYMOLOGY: English truant, 1300-
< French truant < Gaulish;
modern French truand = crook /
gangster / beggar; cf Welsh truan =
unfortunate person, wretch, from a British word
:_______________________________.
triwantiaeth
‹triu- ant -yeth› feminine
noun
1 truancy
Daeth nifer o rieni gerbron llys yn
Aber-dâr wrth i’r cyngor lleol weithredu i gael gwared
ar driwantiaeth
A number of parents appeared in court in Aber-dâr as the local council attempts
to stamp out truancy
ETYMOLOGY: (triwant = truant) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
1 tro, troeon ‹TROO, TROI on› (masculine noun)
1 turn
Daw ei dro i bawb Every dog has his
day (“will-come his
turn to everyone”)
2 bend,
curve
tro sydyn a tight curve, a tight
bend
3 tro trwstan, troeon trwstan ‹troo TRU stan, troi
on TRU stan›
(masculine noun)
mishap
4
occasion
deudro twice (“two turns”)
(deu- = dau two ) + soft mutation + (tro
= turn).
ar ddeudro the second
time, with the second try (“on two turns”)
Fe wnaeth e hi ar ddeudro Hi managed
it the second time
5
mewn dim o dro in no time at all, at
once
6
rai troeon a few times
7
Un tro... / Ryw dro... Once upon a time (conventional phrase for beginning a
fairy tale, etc)
(Also: Unwaith..., Gynt..., Ers
talwm..., Ers llawer dydd...”)
:_______________________________.
2 tro ‹tRoo ›
1 stem of the verb troi (=
to plough) used as a past participle (= ploughed)
cae tro = ploughed field
2
cadair dro swivel chair
‘chair (of) turning’ (cadair = chair) + soft mutation + (tro, stem of troi =
turn)
grisiau
tro spiral staircase
3
gwneud y tro suit, do = fit the
purpose, fit the bill, be useful though not entirely adequate (“do/make the turn”); make do
gwneud y tro i’r dim do
nicely
Wnaiff mo'r tro It won’t do, It’s no good
Bu raid i'r car hwnnw wneud y tro i mi
am bedair blynedd
I had to make do with that car for four years, that car had to do me for four
years
Fe wnaiff hwn y tro i mi This'll do
me, this will suit my purpose
Fe wnaiff y bocs ’ma’r tro yn iawn This box will do me
fine
:_______________________________.
trochfa ‹trokh -va› feminine noun
PLURAL trochféydd
‹trokh- veidh›
y drochfa = the plunge, etc
1
plunge, ducking
2
soaking
rhoi’r planhigion
ar y patio iddyn nhw gael trochfa iawn dan y glaw
to put the plants on the patio for them to get a good soaking / watering in the
rain
ETYMOLOGY: (troch-, stem of trochi = immerse) + (-fa, suffix for forming nouns
indicating a place or an action)
:_______________________________.
trochi ‹trô -khi›
verb with an object
1 immerse, submerge
2
dip (sheep) = wash by immersing in a disinfectant
3
dirty, mess up, mucky, make mucky
Mae hi wedi trochi ei dillad bob tamed
She’s muckied all her
clothes (“she’s dirtied her clothes every
bit”)
4
dip = place under water and bring up again
5
dip = put partially into a liquid and take out again
6
paddle
verb without an object
7 dip = go under water and come up again
mynd i drochi go for a dip (in the
sea)
8
masculine noun trochi afon scum, foam which pollutes a river
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
trochiad [TROKH-yad] [ˡtrɔxjad] masculine
noun
PLURAL trochiadau
[trokh-YAA-dai, -e] [trɔxˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 immersion
2
dip = short swim (in the sea, a lake, a river)
mynd am drochiad go for a dip (in
the sea)
3
dip = soft savoury mixture into which biscuits or potato crisps are dipped
before being eaten
4
(sheep) dip = washing by immersion in a disinfectant
ETYMOLOGY: (troch-, stem of trochi = immerse) + (-iad, suffix for forming masculine
nouns)
NOTE: the change drochiad > drochad (the loss of the consonantal i at the beginning of a final syllable)
is typical of the south
:_______________________________.
trochiad caws,
trochiadau caws [trokh-yad
KAUS, trokh-YAA-dai, -e, KAUS] [ˡtrɔxjad ˡkaʊs, trɔxˡj
ɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkaʊs] (masculine noun)
1 cheese dip
:_______________________________.
trochiant [TROKH-yant] [ˡtrɔxjant] masculine
noun
PLURAL trochiannau
[trokh-YA-nai, -e] [trɔxˡjanaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 dip = noxious liquid in which sheep are dipped in order to rid
them of parasites
Fe ddywedodd y llywodraeth nad oedd
digon o dystiolaeth fod y trochiant “OP” wedi amharu
ar iechyd y ffermwyr
The government said that there wasn’t enough evidence that the dip “OP” (ORGANOPHOSPHATE) had harmed the health of the farmers
:_______________________________.
trochion [TROKH-yon] [ˡtrɔxjɔn]
plural noun
1 trochion sebon or simply trochion lather, soapsuds
ETYMOLOGY: (troch-, stem of trochi = immerse) + (-ion, suffix for forming a
plural noun)
:_______________________________.
troed, traed
[TROID, TRAID] [trɔɪd, traɪd] (masculine noun)
1 foot
bys troed toe
2 neidio ar eich traed
jump to your feet
3
nerth eich traed [nerth
əkh TRAID] [nɛrθ
əx ˡtraɪd] (adverb)
very quickly, as fast as you can, as fast as your legs can carry you (“(with
the) strength (of) your feet”)
4
clymu rhywun draed a dwylo hogtie
somebody, bind hand and foot
5
oer fel troed hwyaden (“cold
like (the) foot (of a) duck”,
as cold as a duck’s
foot)
6 blaenau traed tips of the toes
on tiptoe: ar flaenau’ch traed [ar-VLEI-naikh, -ekh, TRAID] [ar ˡvləɪnaɪx, -ɛx, ˡtraɪd] (“on (the) tips (of) your feet”)
ar flaenau ei draed (“on (the) tips (of) his feet”), etc
7 taro’ch troed ar (rywbeth) stumble over, trip over (“hit your foot on”)
8
rhoi’r troed gorau
ymlaenaf put your best foot forward = do your best, go your fastest
9
golchi traed alarch try to do the
impossible (“wash (the)
feet (of) (a) swan”)
10
hel eich traed (“gather one's feet”) go away, go off
Rhaid imi hel ’nhraed I
must be going, It’s
time for me to go
11 codi ar eich traed get to your feet
12
rhoi'ch troed gorau ymlaen put your
best foot forward, make a move, start walking (“put the best foot forward”)
(Sefyllfa: Mae’r gof
ar fin dychwelyd i’w
efail) "Well ‘i mi roi'r troed gora
mlaen'" ebe Huw, 'swybod ar y ddaear na fydd o wedi gweld i wyn ar rwbath
os bydd o acw o mlaen i. Mae o'n meddwl fod pawb yn lladron, a lleidar weiddith
lleidar gynta wyddoch
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
(Situation: The smith is about to go back to his smithy) “I’d
better put my best foot forward,”
said Huw. There’s no
knowing whether he’ll
take a fancy to something if he’s
down there before me. He thinks that everybody is a thief, but a thief is
always the first to accuse others of thieving (“a thief shouts thief first”)
13 taro eich troed wrth garreg ub your foot on a stone (stub - cause
to strike accidentally)
14 dan eich traed under your feet, in subjection, defeated, conquered
darostwng (rhywbeth / rhywun) dan eich traed put something / somebody
in subjection under your feet
Hebreaid 2:8 Ti a
ddarostyngaist bob peth dan ei draed ef. Canys wrth ddarostwng pob peth iddo,
ni adawodd efe ddim heb ddarostwng iddo. Ond yr awron nid ydym ni eto yn gweled
pob peth wedi eu darostwng iddo.
Hebrews 2:8 Thou hast put all things in subjection under his feet. For
in that he put all in subjection under him, he left nothing that is not put
under him. But now we see not yet all things put under him.
Os treisiodd y gelyn fy ngwlad dan ei draed
Mae heniaith y Cymry mor fyw ag erioed
(Welsh national anthem) If the enemy subjugated my country under his feet
The old language of the Welsh people is as alive as ever
:_______________________________.
troedio [TROID-yo] [ˡtrɔɪdjɔ] (verb)
1 to tread, walk
(watchman, patrol, policeman) troedio’ch rownd pound the beat (“tread / walk your round”)
2
aildroedio (rhywbeth) walk (along
something) again
aildroedio’r un llwybr retrace
your steps, go back the way you have come (“retread the same path”)
3
troedio yn eich unfan mark time (“tread in your same place”)
ETYMOLOGY: (troed = foot) + (-i-o verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
troell, troellau
[TROILH, TROILH-ai, -e] [trɔɪɬ,
ˡtrɔɪɬaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 wheel
y droell = the wheel
troell crochenydd potter’s
wheel
:_______________________________.
troellen,
troellennau [TROI-lhen,
troi-LHE-nai, -e] [ˡtrɔɪɬɛn,
trɔɪˡɬɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 spiral
y droellen = the spiral
:_______________________________.
troellog [TROI-lhog] [ˡtrɔɪɬɔg] (adj)
1 twisting
2 spiral
grisiau
troellog spiral staircase
:_______________________________.
troellwr [TROI-lhur] [ˡtrɔɪɬʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL troellwyr [troilh-WIR] [trɔɪɬwɪr]
1 disc jockey, DJ
Also: troellwr disgiau
2 in bird names:
troellwr bach (Locustella naevia) =
grasshopper warbler
troellwr bach rhesog (Locustella
lanceolata) lanceloted warbler
troellwr mawr (Caprimulgus
europaeus) = nightjar (in dialect English: churn-owl)
ETYMOLOGY: (troell- stem of troelli = to spin) + (-wr
suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
trogylch [TROO-gilkh] [ˡtroˑgɪlx] masculine noun
PLURAL trogylchau,
trogylchoedd [tro-GƏL-khai, -e, tro-GƏL-khoidh, -odh] [trɔˡgəlxaɪ, -ɛ,
trɔˡgəlxɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 (USA: traffic circle) (Englandic: roundabout) = central island at
a road junction around which traffic circulates in one direction; junction with
such an island
Also: cylchfan
2
circus = circular area where streets converge
Trogylch Rhydychen Oxford Circus,
London
ETYMOLOGY: (tro= turn, turning ) +
soft mutation + ( cylch = circle )
:_______________________________.
troffi [TROO-fi] [ˡtroˑfɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL troffïau
[tro-FII-ai, -e] [trɔˡfiˑaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 trophy
ETYMOLOGY: English trophy <
French trophée < Latin < Greek
tropaion < tropê (= turn; turning back an enemy, victory over an enemy),
related to trepein = to turn
:_______________________________.
trogen [TROO-gen] [ˡtroˑgɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL trogod
[TROO-god] [ˡtroˑgɔd]
1
tick = parasite with a barbed probiscus that feeds on the blood of warm-blooded
animals
y drogen the tick
gwaredu ci o drogod detick a dog, rid
a dog of ticks
ETYMOLOGY: trogen / t’rogen < torogen
< (torog = ticks) + (-en suffix added to nouns to make a
singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun); < British
In Breton: teureug, plural teureuged
For (tVr) > (t’r) in the pretonic syllable, cf tarewais i (I hit) > t’rewais i / trewais i, tarawon ni (we hit) > t’rawon ni / trawon ni
:_______________________________.
troi [TROI] [trɔɪ] (verb)
1 turn
2
Mae aml lwyth wedi troi yn y porth
Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched
(“many a load has
rolled over at the (city) gate”)
3
ei throi hi go off, go away
‘turn it’ (ei = it / her) + aspirate mutation +
(troi = turn) + (hi (of) it / her)
Rhaid imi ei throi hi I must be getting along
ei throi hi am adre go off home
4
troi rhywun o gwmpas eich bys bach
twist somebody round your little finger
5 troi clust fyddar i rywbeth turn a deaf ear to something
6 troi’r cloc yn ei ôl
..1/ put the clock back
..2/ put the clock back = change from summer time to daylight-saving time on
the last Sunday in October
7
troi stumog rhywun turn someone’s stomach
gwneud i’ch stumog droi
make your stomach turn (“do
to you (the) turning (of) your stomach”)
8
troi afon o’i chwrs
divert a river
9
troi heibio ward off
troi perygl heibio ward off danger
troi heibio ddyrnodau (rhywun) ward
off (somebody’s) blows
10
troi trwyn rhywun put someone’s nose out of joint, offend
someone by taking a place of privilege that was his, place or by taking
something which the other person believes belongs to him (“twist (the) nose (of) somebody”)
troi’ch trwyn ar
turn up your nose at (“turn
your nose on”)
11 cae troi ploughed field (“field (of) ploughing”)
12 troi ychydig o’r ffordd make a slight diversion (“turn a bit from the road”)
Darfu i amryw gynulleidfaoedd yn Pennsylvania a New York erfyn arnaf droi
ychydig o’r
ffordd i alw heibio iddynt pan ar fy nhaith tua Chymru (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan Jones / 1892
/ t153 )
Some congregations in Pennsylvania
and New York have asked me to make a slight diversion to visit them when on my way to Wales
:_______________________________.
troi eich bodiau
‹troi əkh
bod -ye›
1 twiddle your thumbs
ETYMOLOGY: (troi = turn) + (eich = your) + (bodiau = thumbs, plural de bawd
= thumb)
:_______________________________.
troi ymláen ‹troi əm lain› (v)
1 turn on, switch on (light, radio, TV, computer, etc)
Bellach does dim pwrpas troi Radio
Cymru ymláen
There’s no point now in
switching on Radio Cymru
ETYMOLOGY: partial translation of English ‘turn on’;
troi = turn + ymláen = forward
:_______________________________.
trombôn,
tombonau ‹trom BOON, trom BOO ne› (masculine noun)
1 trombone
:_______________________________.
trosben [TROS-ben] [ˡtrɔsbɛn] masculine noun
PLURAL trosbennau ‹tros-BE-nai, -ne› [trɔsˡbɛnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 somersault
2 trosben dwbl double
somersault
ETYMOLOGY: Shortening of the
phrase tin-dros-ben “ass over head” (tin
= ass / arse) + (tros = over) + soft mutation + (pen = head). Tros
is an alternative form (and the original form) of the preposition dros
:_______________________________.
Trosnant [TROS-nant] [ˡtrɔsnant] masculine
noun
1 farm name, house name
..a/ Name of a primary school SU7107 in Havant, Hampshire
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=96523
Leigh Park, Havant
(delw 7418) The school logo, showing a bridge over a stream
..b/ Heol Trosnant street in Pont-y-pŵl, Torfaen
..c/ Trosnant SO0425 farm near Aberhonddu / Brecon
..d/ Cilgant Trosnant (“Trosnant Crescent”),
Pen-y-bryn, Hengoed (county of Caerffili)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/507047
Trosnant
ETYMOLOGY: "across the stream,
on the other side of the stream” (tros-, < traws prefix = across) + (nant = stream)
Cf Trawsnant, Trawsfynydd, Trawsgoed
:_______________________________.
trosedd ‹tro -sedh› masculine
noun
PLURAL troseddau ‹tro-sê-dhe ›
1 offence, crime (USA: offense)
cyflawni trosedd commit a crime
troseddau rhywiol sexual offences
pennu cosb addas i’r trosedd make the punishment fit the crime (“set an adequate punishment
for the crime”)
2
cofnod troseddau police record,
criminal record
3
trosedd rhyfel war crime
4
misdemeanour, bad behaviour, naughtiness, transgression
ETYMOLOGY: (traws = across) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
trawsedd > trosedd
Cf –aw > –o in a
tonic syllable:
..1/ caws (= cheese in general), cosyn (= a cheese);
..2/ old names with mawr > mor as
a first element Morach, Morfudd, Morgan,
Morial, Morudd, etc
:_______________________________.
troseddu ‹tro SEE dhi› (verb)
1 offend, commit an offence
:_______________________________.
troseddwr,
troseddwyr ‹tro SEE dhur, tro SEDH wir› (masculine noun)
1 delinquent, offender, criminal
2 cipio troseddwr pick up
a criminal
:_______________________________.
trosffordd,
trosffyrdd ‹TROS fordh, TROS firdh › (femenine noun)
1 (Englandic: flyover) (American: overpass) = a road bridge over
another road
:_______________________________.
trosol ‹tro-sol› masculine noun
PLURAL trosolion
‹tros-OL-yon›
1 crowbar, lever = long iron bar for moving heavy things
Trosol y Tŷ Bar of the House of Commons (in the Parliament in England)
(the bar is line opposite the Speaker's chair marking the boundary of the
parliament house)
Numeri 4:10 A godasant ef a’i holl ddodrefn mewn gorchudd o groen daearfoch, a gosodant ef
ar drosol
Numbers 4:10 And they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a
covering of badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar.
Eseciel 38:11 A thi a ddywedi. Mi a af i fyny i wlad sydd yn preswylio yn
ddiogel, gan drigo oll heb gaerau, ac heb drosolion na dorau iddynt,
Ezekiel 38:11And thou shalt say, I
will go up to the land of unwalled villages; I will go to them that are at
rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having neither
bars nor gates,
:_______________________________.
trot ‹TROT› (mf)
PLURAL trotiau
‹TROT-yai, -e›
1 trot
ar drot at a trot
acha trot (south-east) at a trot
mynd ar drot go at a trot
ar drot wyllt at a wild trot
bod ar drot o hyd be always on the go, move around without resting
2 trotian (qv) to trot
ETYMOLOGY: English trot
:_______________________________.
trothwy,
trothwyau / trothwyon ‹TROO thui, tro THUI e
/ tro THUI on›
(masculine noun)
1 threshold
:_______________________________.
trotian ‹TROT yan› (verb)
1 trot
ras drotian, rasys trotian trotting
race
NOTE: ras trotian is incorrect,
as the soft mutation is required
:_______________________________.
trowsus,
trowsusau ‹TROU sis, trou SI se› (masculine noun)
1 trousers: variant of trywsus
2 trowsus bach ‹trou ser
BAAKH›
short trousers (North)
:_______________________________.
trowynt,
trowyntoedd ‹TRO wint, tro WIN todh› (masculine noun)
1 whirlwind
ETYMOLOGY: (tro = a twist, a
turn) + soft mutation + (gwynt =
wind)
:_______________________________.
trsl.
1 abbreviation = trawslythreniad transliteration
:_______________________________.
truan, trueniaid
‹TRII an› (masculine noun)
1 poor thing
:_______________________________.
trueni ‹tri EE ni› (masculine noun)
1 a pity
2
cymryd trueni ar ‹kəm
rid tri EE ni ar› (phrase) take pity on
3 bod yn drueni gennych dros... feel sorry for
:_______________________________.
truenus ‹tri EE nis› (adjective)
1 pitiful, wretched
:_______________________________.
truenusrwydd
‹tri e NIS ruidh› (masculine noun)
1 wretchedness
:_______________________________.
trugaredd ‹tri-GAA-redh› (masculine noun)
1 pity, compassion = feeling for somebody's suffering
Does dim trugaredd i’w
gael ganddi She shows no mercy (“there’s
no mercy for its having with her”)
2 bod ar drugaredd rhywun be at somebody’s mercy
3 cymryd trugaredd ar (rywun)
take pity on someone
4
didrugaredd merciless, unmerciful,
hardhearted, unremitting
cosb ddidrugaredd harsh punishment
:_______________________________.
trugareddfa ‹ tri-ga- Redh va› feminine
noun
1
mercy seat = throne of God
trugareddfa o
aur coeth a mercy seat of
pure gold
(Exodus 25:17-22)
(25:17) A gwna drugareddfa o aur
coeth, o ddau gufydd a hanner ei hyd, a chufydd a hanner ei lled.
(25:17)
And thou shalt make a mercy seat of pure gold:
two cubits and a half shall be the length thereof, and a cubit and a half the
breadth thereof.
(25:18) A gwna ddau geriwb o aur; o gyfanwaith morthwyl y gwnei
hwynt, yn nau gwr y drugareddfa.
(25:18) And thou shalt make two
cherubims of gold, of beaten work shalt thou make them, in the two ends of the mercy seat.
(25:19)
Un ceriwb a
wnei yn y naill ben, a'r ceriwb arall yn y pen arall: o'r drugareddfa ar ei dau ben hi y gwnewch y ceriwbiaid.
(25:19) And make one cherub on the one end, and the other cherub on the other
end: even of the mercy seat shall ye make the
cherubims on the two ends thereof.
(25:20)
A bydded y
ceriwbiaid yn lledu eu hesgyll i fyny, gan orchuddio'r drugareddfa
â'u hesgyll, a'u hwynebau bob un at ei gilydd: tua'r drugareddfa
y bydd wynebau y ceriwbiaid.
(25:20) And the cherubims shall
stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy
seat with their wings, and their faces shall look one to another; toward
the mercy seat shall the faces of the cherubims
be.
(25:21)
A dod y drugareddfa i fyny ar yr arch, ac yn yr arch dod y
dystiolaeth a roddaf i ti.
(25:21) And thou shalt put the mercy seat above
upon the ark; and in the ark thou shalt put the testimony that I shall give
thee.
(25:22)A mi a
gyfarfyddaf â thi yno, ac a lefaraf wrthyt oddi ar y drugareddfa,
oddi rhwng y ddau geriwb y rhai a fyddant ar arch y dystiolaeth, yr holl bethau
a orchmynnwyf wrthyt i feibion Israel.
(25:22) And there I will meet with thee, and I will commune with thee from
above the mercy seat, from between the two
cherubims which are upon the ark of the testimony, of all things which I will
give thee in commandment unto the children of Israel.
2
gold on the ark of the covenant, said to be the resting place of God
Exodus 26:29 Gosod hefyd aur dros
yr ystyllod, a gwna eu modrwyau o aur, i osod y barrau trwyddynt: gwisg y
barrau hefyd ag aur.
Exodus 26:29 And thou shalt
overlay the boards with gold, and make their rings of gold for places for the
bars: and thou shalt overlay the bars with gold.
Exodus 26:34 Dod hefyd y drugareddfa
ac arch y dystiolaeth yn y cysegr sancteiddiolaf.
Exodus 26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat
upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place.
ETYMOLOGY: (trugaredd = mercy) (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a
place)
:_______________________________.
trum, trumiau /
trumau ‹TRIM, TRIM-ye, TRI-me› (masculine noun)
Originally drum
1 ridge = mountain ridge
2 Y
Drum [ə DRIM] [ə ˡdrɪm]
A farm SJ0308 by Llanerfyl,
Powys
“the ridge” (y definite article)
+ (drum = ridge)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=277591
map
3 Seems to be a feminine noun trum / y drum in some place names
Y Drum Ddu <ə
drim DHII> [ə ˡdrɪm ˡðiː]
(f)
peak SN9744 in Mynydd Epynt, Powys, west of Drovers’ Arms
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=219997
2 peak north-west of Y Bontnewydd ar Wy, Powys
:_______________________________.
trumwedd ‹trim -wedh› (feminine
or masculine noun)
1 trace, sign, vestige
Cysylltir y chwedl hefyd ag ambell i
lecyn arall, a dywedir i’r gwenwyn o’r Pair wenwyno meirch Gwyddno Garan Hir, a cheir yma a thraw
nant a elwir yn Wenwyn Meirch Gwyddno, neu yn fyrrach, Gwenwyn Meirch, megis y
gelwir ffrwd yn rhywle rhwng Conwy a Bangor; nid cof gennyf pa le yn iawn y
mae. Ond dyna sylwedd yr ystori, a buasai yn dda gennyf wybod a oes trymwydd o’r un chwedl i’w chael yn yr ardaloedd hyn,
megis yn y Gwenwynfarch gerllaw Tre’ Main (Enwau Lleoedd / John Rhys/ Cymru
Cyfrol XI. RHIF 63. Hydref 15fed, 1896)
This tale is also connected with other places, and it is said that the
poison from the Cauldron poisioned the horses of Gwyddno Garan Hir, and here
and there you find streams called Gwenwyn Meirch Gwyddno (the poison of the
horses of Gwyddno), or shortened as Gwenwyn Meirch, like the name of a stream
somewhere between Conwy and Bangor; I don’t remember exactly where it is. But that’s substance of the story and I’d be happy to know i’f there is a trace of the
same tale in these parts, like the (stream name) Gwenwynfarch near Tre’ Main
2
appearance, form, outline
3
peak, hill
ETYMOLOGY: (trum = hill, peak,
ridge) + soft mutation + (gwedd =
appearance)
NOTE: Dinbych, Meirionydd. Also the north of Ceredigion as trymwydd
(loss of quality of the tonic vowel > y
(obscure vowel), not unusual in Welsh; and confusion with the element gŵydd = presence)
:_______________________________.
trw- ‹tru›
1 a stem of the preposition trwy
(= through) (used for first and second persons) trwof, trwot
:_______________________________.
trwch ‹truukh› masculine noun
PLURAL trychion
‹trəkh -yon›
1 cut
2
thickness
Nid yw harddwch ond trwch croen
Beauty is only skin deep (“not
is beauty but (the) thickness (of) skin”)
3
the majority of, the greater part of
trwch poblogaeth Dwyfor the greater
part of the inhabitants of Dwyfor
teithio i wledydd eraill yw trwch mawr
ei gwaith
the greater part of her job involves travelling to other countries
Pobl o Loegr oedd trwch y rhai a
siaradodd yn y cyfarfod
Most of the ones who spoke in the meeting were people from England
Treuliodd drwch ei fagwraeth yno
He spent most of his childhood there
4
layer
Yr oedd trwch o iâ ar y llyn There
was a layer of ice on the lake
5
trwch o wallt mop of hair
Yr oedd trwch mawr o wallt ar ei ben
There was a great mop of hair on his head
6
(in talking of thick snow falling)
Yr oedd yr eira yn dod i lawr yn drwch
The snow was falling thickly
Fe wnaeth hi drwch o eira neithiwr A
lot of snow fell last night
7
bod yn drwch o be covered in
Mae’r celfi’n drwch o lwch The furniture’s all covered in dust
8
trwch blewyn (qv) a hair’s breadth
ETYMOLOGY: ?
:_______________________________.
trwch blewyn
‹truukh bleu -in›
1
a hair’s breadth
crac trwch blewyn hairline crack
gwahaniaeth trwch blewyn subtle
distinction (“difference
(of) hair’s breadth”)
2
o drwch blewyn by a hair’s breadth
dianc (rhag rhywbeth) o drwch blewyn
escape by a hair’s
breadth (from something)
dianc (rhag rhywbeth) o drwch blewyn
escape by a hair’s
breadth (from something)
o fewn trwch blewyn i gael ei ladd within a hair’s
breadth of getting killed
3
drwch blwyn o hard by, at a minimum
distance from (with soft mutation of the initial consonant of the phrase to
indicate its adverbial / prepositional function)
drwch blewyn o'r agoriad right by
the opening
ETYMOLOGY: “thickness
(of) hair” (trwch = thickness) + (blewyn = hair)
:_______________________________.
trwchus ‹TRUU -khis› adjective
1 thick
llyfr trwchus thick book
Yr oedd carped trwchus ar y llawr There was a thick carpet on the floor
2
(person) stocky, bulky; heavy and compact in stature
dyn bychan trwchus a barf frowngoch yn
dechrau britho
a short stocky man with a reddish beard going white
llyfr trwchus thick book
3
(grass, trees) thick, dense
fforest drwchus thick forest
ETYMOLOGY: (trwch = thick) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
trwm, trymion
‹TRUM, TRƏM
yon›
(adjective)
1 heavy
2
esgidiau trymion = heavy-duty shoes
3
bod dan faich trwm o waith be snowed
under with work (“be
under a heavy burden of work”)
4
metel trwm (Music) heavy metal
:_______________________________.
trwmbel ‹trum-bel› masculine noun
PLURAL trwmbeli
‹trum-beel-i ›
1 cart
2 dung-cart, tipcart for carrying dung
3 the body of a cart, minus shafts and wheels; the box of a cart in which the
load is carried
ETYMOLOGY: trwmbel < twmbrel <
English tumbrel / tumb’rel (= tipcart, dumpcart)
< Middle English tumberel <
OF tumberel (= tipcart),
from tomber (= to fall)
Another meaning of tumberel in Middle English was “ducking stool”,
and it occurred in Medieval Latin as tumberellum
(= ducking stool)
The current Welsh word trwmbel is the result of metathesis T-BR >
TR-B
Modern French has:
tombereau (= tipcart); (= cartload); (= dumper truck, in québécois; in France, the English word (le) dumper is
more usual);
tomberau à ordures (= (Englandic) rubbish lorry / (American)
garbage truck)
A History of Agriculture and Prices in England from 1259 to 1793
(1866–1902). Volume 1.
James Edwin Thorold Rogers (1823-1890) CARTS AND WAGONS. “When it [a cart] was used for manure it
is often called ‘tumberel’, but also ‘dung-cart’….. Twice we found the word ‘tumberel:’ at Oxford in 1298, and at Alton Barnes in 1386. The word,
however, was by no means local. The punishment of the tumberel was inflicted
(51. Hen. III.) upon such butchers as sold “contagious flesh, or that died of murrain;” the culprit being exposed in a cart to
the derision, and occasionally perhaps to the ill-usage, of those who had
suffered by his fraud.”
:_______________________________.
trwm eich clyw ‹trum əkh
kliu› adjective
1 hard of hearing (“heavy
your hearing”)
Un trwm ei glyw fu Jêms Jôns erióed
Jêms Jôns (James Jones) had always been hard of hearing
:_______________________________.
trwser, trwseri
‹TRU ser, tru SEE ri› (masculine noun)
1 trousers (South)
2
trwser byr ‹tru ser BIR› short trousers (South)
:_______________________________.
trwsio ‹TRU sho› (verb)
1 repair
:_______________________________.
trwst, trystiau
‹TRUST, TRƏST
ye›
(masculine noun)
1 noise, rumble
2 trwst taran a clap of thunder
:_______________________________.
trwy ‹trui› preposition
1 through
2
by means of
3
i mewn trwy un glust ac allan trwy’r llall in one ear and out the other, in at one ear and out
at the other
Aiff i mewn trwy un glust ac allan trwy’r llall
It goes in one ear with him and out the other
4
trwy ras Duw by the grace of God
5 “Trwy
drefniad yn unig” “By appointment only”
6 trwy rym arfau by force of arms, using weapons
7 Cerddodd ias trwof A shiver went down my spine (“a shudder went / walked through me”)
8 Fe aeth rhyw ias trwof A
shiver went down my spine (“some (kind of) shudder went through me”)
9
(South) plentyn trwy’r llwyn lovechild (“child through the bush”)
10
rhoi’ch cleddyf
trwy rywun put your sword through someone, wound or kill someone with a
sword
11 trwy goelbren by lot, by means of
drawing lots
rhennid y comin glas trwy goelbren
the common was shared out by lot, was divided up by choosing the short straw
ETYMOLOGY: cf Breton: dre =
through
NOTE: colloquial form: trw ‹tru›
see drwy
(1) trwo i ‹TRU oi› (first person
singular) through me
(1) trwon ni ‹TRU o ni› (preposition)
(first person PLURAL) through us
(2) trwot ti ‹TRU o ti› (preposition)
(second person singular) through you (‘thee’)
(2) trwoch chi ‹TRU o khi› (preposition)
(second personPLURAL) through you (you all)
(3) trwyddo fe / fo ‹TRUI dho ve / vo› (preposition)
(third person masculine singular) through him
(3) trwyddi hi ‹TRUI dhi
hi›
(preposition)
(third person feminine singular) through her
(3) trwyddyn nhw ‹TRUI dhi
nu›
(preposition)
(third person PLURAL) through them
:_______________________________.
trwyddedai,
trwyddedeion ‹trui DHEE dai, trui dhe DEI on› (masculine noun)
1 licensee
:_______________________________.
trwydded, twyddedau
‹TRUI dhed, trui DHEE de› (feminine noun)
1 permit, licence (American: license)
y drwydded the permit / the licence
y drwydded hon this permit / this licence
2
trwydded breswyliad ‹TRUI dhed bre SUIL yad›
residence permit
3
trwydded bysgota, trwyddedau pysgota fishing permit
trwydded cerbyd modur motor vehicle
licence
trwydded cerbyd nwyddau ‹trui dhed KER bid› goods vehicle licence
trwydded deledu, , trwyddedau teledu
‹TRUI dhed de LE di› TV licence
trwydded fewnforio, trwyddedau mewnforio
import licence
trwydded hela hunting permit
trwydded pedler, trwyddedau pedler
hawker’s licence
trwydded waith, trwyddedau gwaith ‹trui dhed WAITH› work permit
trwydded yrru, trwyddedau gyrru driving
licence
daliwr trwydded (m), dalwyr trwydded licence-holder,
licensee (= person with a licence)
rhoi trwydded i to give a licence to, to grant a licence to, to license
4
trwydded i werthu álcohol licence to sell alcohol
..a/ mewn-drwydded on-licence = a
permit which allows alcohol to be drunk on the premises where it is sold;
(mewn-, prefix = inside) + soft
mutation + (trwydded = licence)
..b/ all-drwydded off-licence = a
permit which allows a shop to sell alcohol if it is taken away for consumption
Also: trwydded allanol off-licence
archfarchnad ag all-drwydded a supermarket with an off-licence
siop all-drwydded
off-licence = a shop with this permit
siop ddiodydd
(f), siopau diodydd off-licence
= a shop with this permit
siop drwyddedig
(f), siopau trwyddedig off-licence
= a shop with this permit
óff-léisens (f) óff-léisensỳs (Englishism, colloquial) off-licence = a shop with this permit
didrwydded unlicensed
heb drwydded unlicensed
:_______________________________.
trwyddedig
‹trui DHEE dig› (adj)
1 licensed
tŷ trwyddedig (m), tai
trwyddedig (literally “licensed
house”) licensed premises (place licensed to
sell alcohol for consumption on the premises)
deliwr trwyddedig (m), delwyr trwyddedig licensed dealer
tafarnwr trwyddedig (m), tafarnwyr trwyddedig licensee (of a
pub) (man)
tafarnwraig drwyddedig (m), tafarnwragedd trwyddedig licensee (of
a pub) (woman)
annhrwyddedig unlicensed (an- + nasal mutation + trwyddedig)
:_______________________________.
trwy dwyll
‹trui duilh ›
1 by false pretences
ETYMOLOGY: (trwy = through) + soft
mutation + (twyll = deceit)
:_______________________________.
trwy gydol...
‹trui GƏ
dol›
(preposition)
1 throughout (the day, etc)
:_______________________________.
trwy law ‹trui lAu › preposition
1 by the hand of
Samuel-1 18:25 A dywedodd Saul, Fel hyn y dywedwch wrth Dafydd; Nid yw y
brenin yn ewyllysio cynnysgaeth, ond cael cant o flaengrwyn y Philistiaid, i
ddial ar elynion y brenin. Ond Saul oedd yn meddwl peri lladd Dafydd trwy law y
Philistiaid.
Samuel-1 18:25 And Saul said, Thus shall ye say to David, The king desireth
not any dowry, but an hundred foreskins of the Philistines, to be avenged of
the king's enemies. But Saul thought to make David fall by the hand of the
Philistines.
ETYMOLOGY: 'through the hand of’ (trwy = through) + + soft mutation +
(llaw = hand)
:_______________________________.
trwyn, trwynau
‹TRUIN, TRUI ne› (masculine noun)
1 nose (Scotland: neb); = part of the face just above the mouth
Mae ’nhrwyn i’n rhedeg
I’ve got a runny nose,
my nose is running
Sycha dy drwyn! Blow your nose!
Wipe your nose!
trwyn smwt snub nose
trwyn hir long nose
trwyn mawr big nose
trwyn bach small nose
trwyn fflat flat nose
trwyn coch red nose (also as a sign of fondness of drinking alcohol)
2
trwyn y person (American: pope’s nose) (Englandic: parson’s nose) fatty part of tail
end of a cooked chicken (“(the)
nose (of) the parson”)
3
headland, promontory; tip of a headland
Trwyn y Witsh (Abertawe),
Trwyn y Sger (Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr);
Trwyn y Tâl (Gwynedd),
Trwyn y Gorlech (Gwynedd),
Trwyn y Gadair / Trwyn y Gader (Ynys
Môn) SH2993 (“Carmel
Head” in English) (qv)
Trwyn y Penrhyn “(the)
tip (of) the promontory”
west of Portmeirion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5737
map (“Trwynypenrhyn” on the map, as if a
habitative name)
etc
4 codi’ch trwyn ar
(rywbeth/rywun) be disdainful towards (something),
regard (something / somebody) with disdain
5 Dyw e’n
ddim ond dwy lygad a thrwyn (South)
he’s all skin and bone (“He is nothing but two eyes and a nose”)
6
Coleg y Trwyn Pres Brasenose
College, University of Oxford (“(the)
college (of) the nose (of) brass”)
7
tywys rhywun gerfydd y trwyn lead
someone by the nose (force someone to do what they are unwilling to do”)
8
dal eich trwyn hold your nose
(because of a bad smell)
9
torri’ch trwyn i
ddial ar eich wyneb to cut off your nose to spite your face (“cut off your nose to
get-revenge on your face”)
to do something which will harm your rival / adversary / enemy even though it
causes yourself a great deal of harm too
10
troi trwyn rhywun put someone’s nose out of joint, offend
someone by taking a place of privilege that was his, place or by taking
something which the other person believes belongs to him (“twist (the) nose (of) somebody”)
11
troi’ch trwyn ar
turn up your nose at (“turn
your nose on”)
12 bod
drwyn wrth gynffon (cars in a traffic jam) be nose to tail
dyma fi’n anelu trwyn y car
i gyfeiriad Llangurig so I pointed the car (“here’s me pointing the nose of the car”) in the
direction of Llangurig
:_______________________________.
Trwyn y Gader
‹TRUIN ə GAA-der›
1 SH2993 a headland on the
north coast of Ynys Môn, 7 kilometres (5 miles) west of Cemais. The English use
the name ‘Carmel Head’.
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the nose
(headland) (of) the chair (rock in the form of a chair)’
(trwyn = nose) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(cadair = chair)
:_______________________________.
Trwyn y Penrhyn
‹truin ə PEN-hrin›
1 SH5837 the tip of Penrhyn Deudraeth, the headland of Deudraeth
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/84818
Trwyn y Penrhyn
ETYMOLOGY: “(the)
nose (of) the headland”
the tip of the headland, the tip of the Deudraeth headland.
(trwyn = nose) + (y = definite article) + (penrhyn = headland)
Deudraeth is “two
sandflats” is (deu-
< dau = two) + soft mutation + (traeth = beach, strand, sandflat)
– that is , Y Traeth
Mawr and Y Traeth Bach
The headland is at the junction of Y Traeth Mawr SH5839 (“the big sandflat, the
greater sandflat”) to
the west – the tidal
estuary of Afon Glaslyn, the upper section of which, beyond the embankment (Y
Còb) completed in 1811, is now mostly reclaimed land, and Y Traeth Bach
SH5357 (“the little
sandflat, the lesser sandflat”)
to the south and east, at the estuary of Afon Dwyryd.
As a result of the conversion of most of Y Traeth Mawr to grazing land, this “greater sandflat” it is now much smaller than
the “lesser sandflat” (Y Traeth Bach).
(delw 7410)
:_______________________________.
Trwyn y Sger
‹truin ə sker ›
1 SS7879 headland in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, 4km north of
Porth-cawl.
English name: Sker Point
ETYMOLOGY: (trwyn = nose /
promontory) + (y Sger name of a
locality, and a mansion) + (sger =
rocky place, from an English dialect word “sker”)
:_______________________________.
trwy reddf ‹trui redhv› adverb
1 instinctively
ETYMOLOGY: (trwy = through) + soft
mutation + (greddf = instinct)
:_______________________________.
try- ‹TRƏ› (prefix)
1 through; corresponds to the English prefixes through- / thorough-,
per-, dia-
gloyw (= bright), tryloyw (= diaphanous, i.e. almost completely
translucent)
2 intensifier
tân (= fire), trydan (=
electricity)
ETYMOLOGY: in fact a form of the preposition trwy (= through) < British trê
:_______________________________.
trybedd,
trybeddau ‹TRƏ
bedh, trə BE dhe› (feminine noun)
1 tripod
y drybedd = the tripod
:_______________________________.
tryblith ‹trə -blith› masculine noun
1 mess, muddle, chaos, confusion
tryblith meddwl mental confusion
ETYMOLOGY: (try- = intensifying
prefix) + soft mutation + (plith =
middle; among, between)
:_______________________________.
tryc, trycs /
tryciau ‹trək,
trəks / TRƏK ye› (masculine noun)
1 truck = small vehicle
tryc agored ‹trək
a GO red›
2
open truck (= pick-up)
tryc damweiniau ‹trək
dam WEIN ye›
3
wrecker (England: breakdown lorry)
:_______________________________.
trychfilyn ‹ trəkh-
vii -lin› m
PLURAL trychfilod
‹ trəkh- vii-lod›
Sometimes as trychfil ‹TRƏKH-vil›
1
insect
Mae rhai trychfilod wedi bod ar y ddaear ers 500 miliwn o flynyddoedd
some insects have been on earth for 500 million years
2 (as trychfil) term of disrespect
for a person
yr hen drychfil hyll! “ugly old
insect”!
ETYMOLOGY: (trychfil = insect) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns)
Trychfil is apparently “bad animal”
trych- < trwch (= bad, evil, wicked; unfortunate; wretched) + soft mutation
+ (mil = animal).
First recorded instance 1775 (noted in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University
of Wales Dictionary)
A variant noted in the late 1800s is trychwil,
apparently influenced by chwil / chwilen
(= beetle)
:_______________________________.
trydan ‹trə -dan› masculine noun
1 electricity
golau trydan electric light
pwynt trydan power point, wall
socket
pall trydan power cut, blackout, power failure (USA: also power
outage, power loss)
toriad trydan power cut, blackout,
power failure (USA: also power outage, power loss)
ETYMOLOGY: “great fire” (try- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (tân = fire)
:_______________________________.
trydaniad ‹trə-dan-yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL trydaniadau
‹trə-dan-yâ-de›
1 electricification
2 electrical charge
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan-, stem of trydanu = electrify) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
trydanladdiad
‹trə-dan-ladh-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL trydanladdiadau
‹trə-dan-ladh-yâ-de›
1 electrocution = death by an electric charge
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan = electricity) +
soft mutation + (lladd = to kill) +
(-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
trydanol ‹trə-dâ-nol› adjective
1 electric
glas trydanol electric blue
llyswen ‹lhə-su-en› drydanol electric eel
Electrophorus electricus
offer trydanol electrical equipment
sioc drydanol electric shock
....rhoi sioc drydanol i... give an
electric shock to...
sioc trydanol statig static electricity shock
2
plural noun trydanolion electrical equipment, electrics
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan = electricity) +
(-ol = suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
trydan statig
‹trə -dan sta-tig› masculine
noun
1 static electricity
sioc trydanol statig static electricity shock
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan = electricity) +
(statig = static)
:_______________________________.
trydanu ‹trə-DAA-ni› verb
1 charge (a battery)
trydanu batri charge a battery
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan = electricity) +
(-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
trydanwr ‹trə-DAA-nur› masculine
noun
PLURAL trydanwyr
‹trə- dan -wir›
1 electrician
Trydanwr gyda dros 20 mlynedd o brofiad.
Prisoedd rhesymol am ailweirio, gosod sustemau larwm a chawodydd
Electrician with more than 20 years experience. Reasonable prices for rewiring,
installing alarm systems and showers
ETYMOLOGY: (trydan = electricity) +
(-wr = suffix - indicates the agent,
literally ‘man’, soft mutation of gwr)
:_______________________________.
trydar ‹TRƏ-dar› (verb)
1 (bird) tweet
:_______________________________.
trydedd ‹TRƏ dedh› (adj) (f)
1 third (feminine)
y drydedd the third one
:_______________________________.
trydydd ‹TRƏ didh› (adj) (m)
1 third (masculine)
bob yn drydydd dydd Llun every third
Monday
:_______________________________.
tryfan ‹trə -van› masculine noun
1 (place names) peak
2
Tryfan SH6659 (also Mynydd Tryfan) mountain in the county
of Gwynedd, between Capelcurig and Bangor
3
in the name of a school in Bangor, county of Gwynedd
Ysgol Tryfan Tryfan School
4
Rhostryfan SH4957 (“(the) moor (of) (the hill called)
Tryfan”) village 5km
south of Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd )
ETYMOLOGY: (try- = intensifying
prefix ) + soft mutation + (ban =
peak)
:_______________________________.
tryfesur ‹trə-ve -sir› masculine noun
PLURAL tryfesurau
‹trə-ve-
sî -re›
1 diameter
ETYMOLOGY: (try- = intensive prefix) + soft mutation + ( mesur =
measure)
:_______________________________.
Tryleg ‹tRə -leg›
1 (SO5005) locality in the county of Mynwy (South-east Wales)
English name: Trelleck
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/69923
2
a parish at this place
3 division
(cwmwd, “kúmmud”) of the cantref (“kántrev”) (cantref = medieval administrative
unit) of Gwent Is Coed, South-east Wales
(delw 7383)
ETYMOLOGY: “three
standing stones” (try-
prefix = three) + soft mutation + (lleg, variant of llech =
slab). Cf trywyr / triwyr (= three men), trychant / trichant (=
three hundred)
:_______________________________.
tryledu ‹tRə-LEE-di›
1
(light) diffuse
ETYMOLOGY: (try- = intensifying prefix ) + soft mutation + (lledu =
widen, disperse)
:_______________________________.
tryledwr ‹trə-LEE-dur›
PLURAL tryledwyr
‹trə-LED-wir›
1 (light) diffuser
ETYMOLOGY: (tryled-, stem of tryledu = to diffuse) + (-wr,
suffix denoting a man or a device < gŵr = man)
:_______________________________.
tryloywlun ‹trə-loi-u-lin› masculine noun
PLURAL tryloywluniau
‹trə-loiu-
lin -ye›
1 slide
ETYMOLOGY: (tryloyw = transparent) + soft mutation + ( llun =
picture)
NOTE: Colloquially the Englishism sleid is used, from English slide
:_______________________________.
trym- ‹trəm› adjective
1 penult-syllable form of trwm
= heavy
(1) derived forms
trymaidd = heavy, oppressive
trymder = heaviness
trymed = as heavy, trymach = heavier, trymaf = heaviest
trymháu = make heavier, become
heavier
trymion = heavy (plural form of the
adjective)
(2) compound words
cwsg sleep, trymgwsg deep sleep, slumber
gwaith work, trymwaith heavy work
llwyth load, trymlwythog heavyladen
:_______________________________.
trymedd ‹tRə -medh› masculine
noun
1 heaviness
gefn trymedd nos in the dead of night (“back (of) heaviness (of) night”)
ETYMOLOGY: (trym- < trwm = heavy) + (-edd suffix for
forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
trymgwsg
1 deep sleep, heavy slumber, heavy
sleep
bod mewn trymgwsg be in a deep sleep, be fast asleep
dihuno o’ch trymgwsg wake
from one’s slumber
syrthio i drymgwsg fall into a deep
sleep
Daniel 10:9 Eto mi a glywais sain ei eiriau ef: a phan
glywais sain ei eiriau ef, yna yr oeddwn mewn trymgwsg at fy wyneb a’m hwyneb tua’r ddaear.
Daniel 10:9 Yet heard I the voice of his words: and when I heard the voice of
his words, then was I in a deep sleep on my face, and my face toward the
ground.
ETYMOLOGY: (trwm = heavy) + soft mutation + (cwsg = sleep)
:_______________________________.
trymion ‹trəm -yon› adjective
1 plural form of trwm =
heavy
esgidiau trymion = heavy-duty shoes
ETYMOLOGY: (trwm = heavy) + (-ion suffix for forming plurals of
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
trymwaith ‹trəm -waith› masculine
noun
1 toil, hard work
ETYMOLOGY: (trym-
penultimate-syllable form of trwm =
heavy ) + soft mutation + (gwaith =
work)
:_______________________________.
trymwydd ‹trəm -widh› masculine
noun
1 = trumwedd (trace,
sign)
:_______________________________.
trystfawr ‹TRƏST-vaur›
(adj)
1 noisy
(tryst- penultimate-syllable form of
trwst = noise; thunderclap) + soft
mutation + (mawr = great, big)
:_______________________________.
trysor, trysorau
‹TRƏ
sor, trə SO re› (masculine noun)
1 treasure
Ynys y Trysor Treasure Island
trysor cudd hidden treasure
darganfod trysor discover a treasure
...Darganfyddodd e drysor cudd mewn ogof
he discovered some hidden treasure in a cave
trysor y môr-ladron the pirates’ treasure
trysor wedi’i guddio o dan
lechfaen treasure hidden under a stone slab
teithio'n bell i geisio trysor,
a hwnnw yma wrth ein traed
go far afield in
search of treasure that was right under our noses all the time (“travel far to
seek treasure, and that-thing here at our feet”)
trysor lladrad stolen treasure (stem
of lladrata = to steal, equivalent
to an English past participle ‘stolen’)
trysor wedi’i ddwyn stolen treasure (“treasure [which is] after its
stealing”)
trysor a ladratwyd stolen treasure (“treasure which has been stolen”)
trysor a dducpwyd stolen treasure (“treasure which has been stolen /
taken”)
:_______________________________.
trysorlys, trysorlysoedd
‹trə
SOR lis, trə sor LƏ sodh› (masculine noun)
1 treasury
Canghellor y Trysorlys The Chancellor of the Exchequer (in the English
government, the Minister of Finance)
:_______________________________.
trysorydd, trysorwyr
‹trə
SO ridh, trə SOR wir› (masculine noun)
1 treasurer
ein cyn-drysorydd our ex-treasurer,
our former treasurer
trysorydd y capel the treasurer
of the chapel
trysorydd y sir the county treasurer,
the treasurer of the county council
trysorydd y gymdeithas the treasurer
of the association
trysorydd y consortiwm the treasurer of the consortium
trysorydd y pwyllgor the treasurer of the committee
trysorydd y papur bro Lleu the treasurer of the community newspaper
Lleu
:_______________________________.
Tryweryn ‹ trə-WEE-rin›
Llyn Tryweryn SH7838 http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/149310
Afon Tryweryn river flowing into Y Bala to join the Dyfrdwy
(delw 7322)
Cofiwch Dryweryn Remember Tryweryn, slogan painted on walls to
exhort Welsh people to be alert, and not to allow the English to encroach on
our lands and destroy our communities.
This followed the expropriation of land and the destruction of the Welsh
village of Capelcelyn by the English city of Liverpool in order to build a dam
and a lake to supply the city with water.
This was achieved by means of an Act of Parliament which had the backing of the
English members of parliament, and in defiance of the opposition of the Welsh
members (apart from a single Welsh MP who did not vote), and of the great
majority of people in Wales to this takeover of Welsh land.
In all the Welsh owners were dispossessed of 800 acres of land. The lake and
dam were officially inaugurated in 1965.
The project was promoted by the Labour politicians who at the time governed
Liverpool City Council. In October 2005, the City Council, now under Liberal
Democrat control, issued an apology for the action of the Labour administration
of the time, and members of all parties in Liverpool County voted in favour of
an apology. Although seen by many as a welcome acknowledgement of who was right
and who was wrong in the destruction of the Welsh-speaking community of
Capelcelyn, the surviving inhabitants of the village did not believe the apology
was of any value.
According to a report on the BBC Wales website (19 October 2005) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4354256.stm
:
Betty Watkin-Hughes, whose family was forcibly moved from Capel Celyn said:
"I think nothing of it, it is just away to say goodbye and sweep it all
under the carpet. They can keep their apology and start doing what's right for
the people who are left."
(cofiwch = remember! - second person plural imperative) + soft
mutation + (Tryweryn)
There is a soft mutation of an object noun after an inflected verb
Cofiwch is (cof-i- stem of cofio = to remember) + (-wch
second person plural imperative ending)
Also Cofia Dryweryn
(cofia = remember! - second person singular imperative) + soft
mutation + (Tryweryn)
Cofia is (cof-i- stem of cofio = to remember) + (-a second
person singular imperative ending)
(delw 7062)
:_______________________________.
trywsus ‹ tRəu -sis› masculine
noun
PLURAL trywsusau
‹ trəu-si -se›
1
trousers, pair of trousers
trywsusau trousers, pairs of
trousers
un trywsus one pair of trousers (1)
dau drywsus two pairs of trousers
2
torch trwysus trouse cuff
(Englandic: trouser turn-up)
trouser turn-up
Gwentian (= south-eastern Welsh):
torcha’i drywzuz (torchau ei
drywsus) his trouser cuffs, the cuffs of his trousers
ETYMOLOGY: English trouses, plural
of trouse (= trousers) < trews < Scottish triubhas < Old French.
Cf Late Latin tubrucus (= breeches)
In modern English a distinction is made between trouse ‹trauz› (= Irish breeches), and trews ‹truuz› (= Scottish breeches).
The English form trousers shows the influence of the
word drawers (= underpants)
NOTE: See also trowsus
:_______________________________.
trywydd, trywyddau
‹TRƏ widh, trə WƏ dhe› (masculine noun)
1 trail; route; track
dilyn trywydd ofer go down a blind alley, go along a path that leads
nowhere (“follow a futile trail”)
dilyn yr un trywydd follow the same route, go along the same track
Trwydd y Dref The Town Trail (a pedestrian circuit of a town especially
for tourists passing by important and interesting features)
trywydd beicio cycle route
trywydd wedi’i
farcio a marked trail / route
mynd oddi ar y trywydd leave the track; (conversation) get off the topic
colli’r
trywydd lose the trail
colli trywydd y llwynog (hunting) lose the trail of the fox
colli trywydd ei hen
ffrind lose track of his old friend
bod ar y trwydd iawn be on the right track (= go about something in a
manner which will lead to a successful conclusion)
dodi (rhywun) ar y trwydd iawn put (someone) on the right track
rhoi (rhywun) ar y trwydd iawn put (someone) on the right track
bod ar y trwydd anghywir be on the wrong track (= go about something in
a manner which will lead to an unsuccessful result)
dilynwch y trywydd ar y chwith follow the track on the left
:_______________________________.
tshacra ‹cha -kra› feminine noun
PLURAL tshacras
‹cha -kras›
Patagonian Welsh
1 smallholding, farm
ETYMOLOGY: Castilian of Argentina < Quechua
:_______________________________.
tsharjo ‹char -jo› verb
1 (colloquial) charge (a battery); literary word: llwytho
tsharjo batri charge a battery
ETYMOLOGY: (thsarj- = English
to charge) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: Also tsharjio (with –io)
:_______________________________.
Tsheceg ‹CHE keg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Czech (language)
:_______________________________.
Tshecia ‹CHEK ya› (feminine noun)
1 Czechia
:_______________________________.
Tsheina ‹CHEI na› (feminine noun)
1 China
:_______________________________.
Tsheineiaid ‹chei NEI ed› (plural noun)
1 Chinese people
:_______________________________.
Tsheineieg ‹chei NEI eg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Chinese (language)
:_______________________________.
tsheto ‹che -to› verb
South Wales
1 verb without an object
cheat
2
verb with an object cheat
3
(South Wales) tsheto'r gwt push in
(in a queue), jump a queue, jump the queue ("cheat the queue")
(in the North neidio’r ciw)
ETYMOLOGY: (tshêt) + (-o suffix for forming verbs); tshêt < English cheat (Welsh preserves the pre-1500 English pronunciation ‹cheet› with a long ‘e’) < escheat (= to take land; a feudal lord took possession of land
where there were no legal heirs, or if the tenant had been outlawed) < Latin
*excadere (ex + cadere = to fall)
:_______________________________.
tshipsen ‹CHIP sen›
1 chip (for playing poker)
:_______________________________.
tu, tuoedd ‹TII, TI odh› (masculine noun) side
tu allan ‹tii A lhan› (adverb) outside
y tu mewn ‹tii MUEN› (masculine noun) the inside, the interior
tu yma i ‹tu ə
MA i›
(preposition) on this side of
tu ôl ‹tii OOL› (adverb) behind
tu ôl i ‹tii OOL i› (preposition) behind
tu ôl i’r barrau behind bars, in prison (“behind the bars”)
tu draw ‹tii DRAU› (adverb) beyond
y tu draw ‹tii DRAU› (masculine noun) the place beyond
tu draw i ‹tii DRAU ii› (prep) beyond
tu hwnt ‹tii
HUNT› (adverb) beyond
tu hwnt i beyond
o tu hwnt i (col·loquialment o dwnti) from beyond, from the other
side of
o dwnti’r Clawdd from England “from
beyond the Dyke
:_______________________________.
tua, tuag ‹TI a, TI ag› (preposition)
(tua + consonant, tuag + vowel)
1 towards - tua Chaerdydd
= towards Caer-dydd
2
around (approximate amount) tuag ugain = around twenty
3
with adverbs
tuag i fyny upwards
tuag yn ôl backwards
tuag yma towards here
tuag adref homewards (South Wales: sha thre)
NOTE: in South Wales as sha, shàg
:_______________________________.
tuag at ‹ti-ag-at› preposition
1 towards = in the direction of
Pwy sydd isio brechdan? holodd, gan ddal
y dorth yn erbyn ei ffedog a chychwyn torri tuag at ei mynwes
Who wants a sandwich? she asked, holding the loaf against her apron and
beginning to cut towards her bosom
2
after nouns :
cariad tuag at love for
cariad ffôl (tuag at rywun)
infatuation with
casineb tuag at hatred towards,
hatred of
gweithred eiddigeddus tuag at a
jealous act against
teimladau drwg tuag at ill-feeling
towards
cyfeirio’ch ymdrechion
tuag at (ryw nod) direct your efforts towards (some goal)
gweithred eiddigeddus tuag at a
jealous act against
teimladau drwg tuag at ill-feeling
towards
3
after adjectives
anioddefgar tuag at intolerant of
ymddwyn yn annheg tuag at behave
unfairly towards
teimlo’n ddig
tuag at (rywun) feel angry with (someone)
4
before adverbs
tuag at allan towards the outside
ETYMOLOGY: (tua = towards) + (at = to). The preposition tua is made up of tu (= side) + â = with.
In front of a vowel, â > ag- Thus, tuag
NOTE: South Wales shag at
:_______________________________.
y tu arall i
‹ə tii â –ralh ii› (preposition)
1 on the other side of (“the other side to”)
y tu arall i'r afon on the other side of the river
ETYMOLOGY: Cf. Breton en tu al da
:_______________________________.
tua thref ‹ti-a three› adverb
1 home = in the direction of home
NOTE: used in South Wales in the form sha
thre
mynd sha thre go home
Literary form: tuag adref
ETYMOLOGY: (tua = towards) + spirant
mutation + (tref = home)
:_______________________________.
tud ‹tiid› masculine
noun
1 obsolete people
2
found in many names (= “people”) from the British period,
some preserved in place names; some of these old names have been revived as
given names in the modern period
Illtud, Gwrtud, Rhystud, Tudfab, Tudful, Tudfor, Tudfwlch,
Tudnerth, Tudnou, Tudri, Tudug, Tudur, Tudwal, Tudwystl, Tutglyd
3 obsolete
country, territorial unit
4
alltud
...(1) obsolete foreigner, alien,
non-tribesman
...(2) modern Welsh = exile
(all- = out) + soft mutation + (tud = people) > all-dud > alltud
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British teut-â
< Celtic
From the same British root: Breton tud
(= parents), Cornish tuz (= people)
From the same Celtic root: Irish tuath
= (1) people, tribe; (2) country, kingdom, territory
From the same Indoeuropean root:
..a/ GERMANIC:German Deutsch (=
German); English Dutch and Teutonic;
..b/ Lithuanian Tautà (= Germany)
< Germanic
:_______________________________.
tudalen, tudalennau
‹ti DA len, ti da LE ne› (masculine noun)
1 page
2 blaen tudalen front (of
a page),
ETYMOLOGY: tu (= side) + dalen (= leaf)
(dalen is feminine, but the main
element of the word is tu, a
masculine noun; and so the word tudalen is
masculine; however it is often treated as feminine because of the -en ending)
:_______________________________.
tudalen gweili
‹tu-dA-len gwei-li› masculine noun
PLURAL tudalennau
gweili ‹ti-da-le-ne gwei-li›
1 flyleaf = blank page at the beginning or end of a book
ETYMOLOGY: (tudalen = page, leaf of a book) + (gweili = empty)
:_______________________________.
Tudful ‹TID vil› (feminine noun)
1 name of female saint
2 found in the place-name Merthyrtudful (south-east Wales)
:_______________________________.
Tudno ‹TID no› (masculine noun)
1 name of a male saint
2 found in the place-name Llandudno (north-west Wales)
:_______________________________.
Tudur ‹tii-dir› masculine noun
1 man’s
name, revived in the twentieth century
Short form: Tùd ‹tid›
Anglicised form: Tudor
2
surname
Anglicised form: Tudor, from the patronymic (1) ap Tudur (= son (of) Tudur), or (2) Tudur (= (son of) Tudur) (‘ap’
began to disappear from patronymics from the 1500s onwards)
3
Pandytudur ‹pan-di tî-dir› SH8564 locality in the
county of Conwy, 6km north-east of Llan-rwst:
“(the) fulling mill
(of) Tudur”. In fact
this is not the original name, which is Pandybudr
‹pan-di bii-dir›; Pandytudur is an alteration of “y pandy budr” “(the) dirty / (the) muddy
fulling mill”
ETYMOLOGY:
Welsh Tudur < Tudyr < British *teuto-rîks ‘king
of the people’
The elements making up the name are equivalent to modern Welsh tud (people) and rhi (king)
From the same British root: Breton Tuder
:_______________________________.
y tu hwnt ‹ə tii HUNT› (preposition)
1 beyond
2
y tu hwnt i bob amheuaeth beyond
doubt (“beyond all
doubt”)
3
y tu hwnt i adferiad iredeemable,
beyond help (“beyond
restoration”)
:_______________________________.
tùn, tuniau ‹TIN, TIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 tin
2
gwaith tùn tinworks
In Y Morfa, Llanelli, there is a street called Rhes Gwaith Tùn (= rhes y gwaith tùn) “(the) terrace / the row (of) the
tinworks”
:_______________________________.
tunaid, tuneidiau
‹TI ned, ti NEID ye› (masculine noun)
1 tin = tinful (North-west: tyniad,
tyniadau)
:_______________________________.
tunelli ‹ti NE lhi› (plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
1 tons; See: tunnell ‹TI nelh› = ton
:_______________________________.
tunnell, tunelli
‹TI nelh, ti NE lhi› (feminine noun)
1 ton
y dunnell = the ton
:_______________________________.
tu ôl ‹ə tii ool› masculine
noun
1 y tu ôl the rear, the back part
o’r tu ôl
from behind
ymosod o’r tu ôl
attack from behind
2
behind, bottom, arse
ETYMOLOGY: (tu = side) + (ôl = rear, behind)
:_______________________________.
turtur ‹tiR -tir› feminine noun
PLURAL turturod ‹tir-tî-rod›
1 (Streptopelia turtur) turtle dove
y durtur = turtle dove
Canai’r
durtur yn alarus o frig hen ffawydden
The turtle dove was singing plaintively / mournfully from the top of an old
beech tree
Salmau 74:19 Na ddyro enaid dy durtur i gynulleidfa y
gelynion: nac anghofia gynulleidfa dy drueiniaid byth.
Psalms 74:19 O deliver not the soul of
thy turtledove unto the multitude of the wicked: forget not the congregation of
thy poor for ever.
Lefiticus 5:7 Ond os ei law ni chyrraedd werth oen, dyged
i'r ARGLWYDD, am ei gamwedd yr hwn a bechodd, ddwy durtur, neu ddau gyw
colomen; y naill yn aberth dros bechod, a'r llall yn boethoffrwm.
Leviticus 5:7 And if he be not able to bring a lamb, then he shall bring for
his trespass, which he hath committed, two turtledoves, or two young pigeons,
unto the LORD; one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering.
ETYMOLOGY: Medieval English turtur
< French < Latin.
Modern French has tourterelle.
Alternatively turtur may have been taken into Welsh directly from
French;
or directly from Latin, as a learned borrowing
(a borrowing in the British period would have given *turthur, with “th”)
:_______________________________.
tusw ‹TI-su› masculine noun
PLURAL tuswau,
tuswon ‹TIS-wai, -e, TIS-won›
1 bunch, boquet, cluster, posy (of flowers)
2 bunch, handful
tusw o saets a bunch of sage
tusw o wellt a bunch of straw
tusw o wair a bunch of hay
tusw clocs straw put into clogs to keep the feet dry
Cofiant Matthews, Ewenni, John James Morgan, 1922, p401
Dacw’r
llinos yn ymolch yn y nant, a defnyddio’i hadain, fel tusw isop, a thaenellu’r holl gorff â dwfr glân
See the linnet washing ityself in the brook, and using its wings, like
a bunch of hissop, and sprinkling all the body with clean water
3 tuft of hair
:_______________________________.
tuth ‹TIITH› masculine noun
PLURAL tuthiau
‹TITH-yai, -e›
1 canter; trot
ar duth cantering
y ceffylau'n ymarfer ar y
cae, ar drot, ar duth ac ar garlam
the horses exercsing on the field, at a trot, at a canter, and at a
gallop
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
Breton has tizh (= speed)
:_______________________________.
tuthio ‹TITH-yo› (v)
1
to canter; to trot
ETYMOLOGY: (tuth = canter) + (-i-o verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
tuthiwr ‹TITH-yur› masculine noun
PLURAL tuthwyr
‹TITH-wir›
1 pace-setter, pace-maker (runner in a race who sets a pace for
another runner or other runners to try and keep up with)
ETYMOLOGY: (tuth = canter) + (-i-wr noun suffix to indicate an
agent)
:_______________________________.
twb ‹tub › masculine noun
PLURAL tybiau
‹təb -ye›
1 tub
Often as twbyn
(twb = tub) + (-yn diminutive
suffix added to nouns)
2
twbyn lwcus lucky dip (in a tub)
3
tub (used to force rhubarb)
Dw i’n mynd i
dynnu'r twb oddiar y riwbob I’m going to tale the tub off the rhubarb
4 byw o dan dwbyn “live under a tub”, not have a clue about
anything, about something
5 twbyn o ddyn ‹TU bin o DHIIN› fat man (a tub of a man)
ETYMOLOGY: English tub < Middle
Dutch (modern Dutch tobbe = tub)
:_______________________________.
twbyn ‹tu -bin› masculine
noun
PLURAL tybiau
‹təb -ye›
1 tub
See twb
ETYMOLOGY: (twb = tub) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
twca ‹tu-ka › masculine noun
PLURAL twcaod ‹tu-kâ-od
›
1 knife (one used by a slaughterer, castrator), slaughtering knife
Rho dy dwca yn ei gwain
Put a sock in it, shut up (“put
your knife in its sheath”)
ffitio fel gwain am dwca be a
perfect fit, fit like a glove (“fit like a sheath around a
knife”)
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English (= modern English tuck) < French estoc
(= sword, trunk) < Germanic;
cf German der Stock (= stick);
cf English stock < Old English stoc (= trunk, stick);
cf French estocade (= deathblow)
:_______________________________.
twchu ‹TUU-khi›
1
colloquial form of tewychu (= fatten up, thicken)
twchu mochyn to fatten up a pig
tew|y|chu > t’wy|chu
> t’w’|chu
:_______________________________.
twf ‹tuuv› (masculine noun)
1 growth
2
ar eich llawn dwf fully grown (“on your full growth”)
3 yn eich llawn dwf
..1/ (person) fully grown, grown-up, adult, mature
gweld dynion yn eu llawn dwf yn chwarae â threnau bach
seeing grown men playing with toy trains
..2/ (fruit) ripe
afal yn ei lawn dwf a ripe apple
:_______________________________.
twlc, tylciau
‹TULK, TƏLK
ye›
(masculine noun)
1 pig pen (England: pig sty)
:_______________________________.
Twlc y Filiast
‹TULK ə VIL-yast› [tʊlk
ə ˡvɪljast] (masculine
noun)
1 SN3316 burial chamber in Llangynog, Caerfyrddin
(delw 7100)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN3316
http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/site/2234/twlc_y_filiast.html
lluniau, photos
ETYMOLOGY: “the
greyhound bitch’s lair / den / kennel”
(twlc = lair / den / kennel) + (y = definite article, ‘the’) + soft
mutation + (miliast = female
greyhound)
NOTE: A History of
Carmarthenshire, Sir John E Lloyd (Editor). (2 volumes, Cardiff, 1935, 1939).
Published by the London Carmarthenshire Society: “The name Twlc-y-filiast is frequently applied
to a dolmen in South Wales (Gwal-y-filiast occurs again as the name of a ruined
dolmen in the parish of Llangyndeyrn)”
:_______________________________.
twll, tyllau
‹TULH, TƏ
lhe›
(masculine noun)
1 hole
2
twll llygad PLURAL: tyllau llygaid eye socket (“hole (of) eye”)
3
(musical instrument) twll bys finger
hole
4 mewn
twll in a hole
gadael (rhywun) mewn twll to leave
(somebody) in the lurch
5
(Morwriaeth) dŵr twll sbydu
bilge water (“water
(of) (the) hole (of) emptying”)
6
pendwll having a head full of holes
(feminine form: pendoll)
(pen = head) + soft mutation + (twll = hole)
llysywen bendoll lamprey (“eel with a head full of holes” )
llysywod pendoll lampreys, Petromyzontidae
7 dimple
Twll yn ei Boch “(a)
dimple in her cheek” Folk tune name mentioned in “The
Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: The
Dimpled Cheek
ym mhob twll a chornel in every nook and cranny (“in ever hole and corner”)
:_______________________________.
twll botwm ‹tulh BO tum› (masculine noun)
1 buttonhole
:_______________________________.
twll cwningen
‹tulh ku-ni-ngen› masculine
noun
PLURAL tyllau
cwningod ‹tə-lhe ku-ni-ngod›
1 rabbit hole
ETYMOLOGY: “hole (of a)
rabbit, PLURAL: holes (of) rabbits”
:_______________________________.
twll dan y stâr
‹tulh dan STAAR› (masculine noun)
1 (South) room under the stairs
:_______________________________.
Y Twll Du ‹ə tulh dii›
1 (Ordnance Survey Map Reference: SH 6358) fissure
in the rock face on the north side of Glyder Fawr, 8km west of Capelcurig in
the county of Conwy.
Name used by the English: Devil’s Kitchen
ETYMOLOGY: (“the black
hole”) (y = the) + (twll = hole) + (du =
black)
:_______________________________.
twll llygoden
‹tulh lhə
GO den›
(masculine noun)
1 mousehole
:_______________________________.
twll tan y grisiau
‹tulh tan ə
GRI she›
(masculine noun)
1 (North) room under the stairs
:_______________________________.
twll tin ‹tulh TIIN› [tʊɬ ˡtiːn] masculine noun
PLURAL tyllau tinau [TƏ-lhai,
-e, TII-nai, -e] [ˡtəɬaɪ,
-ɛ, ˡtiˑnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 asshole, (Englandic:
arsehole, bum hole), anus = excretory opening at the end of the alimentary
canal
2 twll tin y byd ‹tulh TIIN
ə BIID› [tʊɬ ˡtiːn ə ˡbiːd] (said of a remote place) the back of beyond,
a dump of a place (“the
asshole / arsehole of the world”)
byw yn nhwll tin y byd live in a real dump of a place
3 in expressions of contempt
Twll dy din di! ‹TULH də DIIN di› [ˡtʊɬ də
ˡdiːn dɪ]
Piss off! Balls to you! Bugger
you! (to one person) (familiar form with pronoun ti = thou)
(literally: your asshole / your arsehole “(the) hole (of) your ass / arse”)
Twll eich tin chi! > Twll ych tin chi! ‹TULH əkh TIIN khi› [ˡtʊɬ əx
ˡtiːn xɪ] Piss off! Balls to you! Bugger you! (to one
person) (formal form with pronoun chi
= you)
“(the) hole (of) your ass
/ arse”) (using the chi form = you, formal when used for one person)
Twll eich tinAu chi! > Twll ych tine chi! ‹TULH əkh TII-nai, -e, khi› [ˡtʊɬ əx
ˡtiˑnaɪ, -ɛ, xɪ] Piss Piss off! Balls to you! (to many) (use
of pronoun chi = you all)
“(the) hole (of) your
asses / arses”)
Twll ei din e!
> Twll ’i din e! ‹TULH i DIIN e› [ˡtʊɬ ɪ ˡdiːn ɛ] Well, he can just bugger off
“(the) hole (of) his ass /
arse”)
Twll ei thin hi!
> Twll ’i thin ’i! ‹TULH i THIIN hi, TULH i THIIN i› [ˡtʊɬ ɪ ˡθiːn hɪ,
ˡtʊɬ ɪ ˡθiːn ɪ] Well, she can just bugger off
“(the) hole (of) her ass /
arse”)
Twll eu tinAu nhw! > Twll ’u tine n’w! ‹TULH i TII-nai, -e, nu› [ˡtʊɬ ɪ
ˡtiˑnaɪ,
-ɛ, nʊ] Well, they can just bugger off
“(the) hole (of) their
asses / arses”)
Twll tin pob Sais Bugger the English ‹tulh TIIN poob SAIS› [tʊɬ ˡtiːn poːb ˡsaɪs]
(“(the) asshole / arsehole
(of) every Englishman”)
twll (= hole), tin (= person’s bottom, arse), pob (= every), Sais (= Englishman, literally and historically ‘Saxon’)
Iechyd da i bob Cymro a thwll tin
pob Sais “good health to every
Welsh person and bollocks to every English person” (a drinking toast)
‹YEE-khid DAA i boob KƏM-ro
a thulh TIIN poob SAIS› [ˡjeˑxɪd ˡdɑː ɪ boːb ˡkəmrɔ a θʊɬ ˡtiːn poːb ˡsaɪs]
Twll tin pob Sais, iechyd
da ‹tulh TIIN poob SAIS YEE-khid DAA› [tʊɬ ˡtiːn poːb ˡsaɪs
ˡjeˑxɪd ˡdɑː]
A
drinking toast. “Bugger
the English (and) (I wish you) good health”.
This phrase also forms part of, and is the title of, a well-known drinking song
in Wales.
“The Tryweryn
Dam and Reservoir was officially opened in October 1965 by the Lord Mayor of
Liverpool who was greeted by a large group of Welsh protestors singing,
hymn-like, the words ' Twll din pob Sais.....'
Website: The Flag in the Wind http://www.scotsindependent.org/features/singasang/gwent.htm
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hole (of) (the) ass (USA), arse
(Englandic)”
(twll = hole) + (tin = ass / arse)
NOTE: Also (but rarely) twll din (though the soft mutation of tin
is aberrant here)
(Possibly through confusion with dyn = man; as if twll dyn “(the) hole (of a) man”)
:_______________________________.
twll yn eich ’stumog ‹tulh ən əkh STI mog› (phrase)
1 “a hole in
your stomach”
(expression used talking of hunger)
Mae twll yn fy stumog I’m hungry (‘there is a hole in my stomach’)
:_______________________________.
twll yn y wal ‹ tulh ən ə wal›
1 hole in the wall
peiriant
arian twll yn y wal hole-in-the-wall cash
machine
peiriant twll
yn
y wal
hole-in-the-wall
cash machine
:_______________________________.
Y Twll-yn-y-wal ‹ə tulh ən ə wal›
1 place in Y Bala
Roedd o’n gorwedd ar y
palmant y tu allan i Twll-yn-y-wal (=
i’r Twll-yn-y-wal)
He was lying on the pavement outside Twll-yn-y-wal
2 Heol Twll-yn-y-wal street in Margam (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the hole in
the wall’ (y = the) + (twll = hole) + (yn = in)
+ (y wal = the wall)
:_______________________________.
Twm ‹tum› masculine noun
1 man’s name
(pet form of Tomos)
2
Twm-lygad-y-ceiniog (qv) an old
skinflint
3
twm-pib (qv) popular name for the
oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus).
(Standard name: pioden y môr =
magpie (of) the sea, sea magpie) (‘Tom (of) (the) pipe’)
ETYMOLOGY: first syllable of Twmws,
a variant form of Tomos (= Thomas),
if not a direct borrowing from English, where ‘Tum’ was used in addition to ‘Tom’
(for example, in Lancashire in the 1800s)
NOTE: Also Twmi ‹tu-mi›, with the
addition of the diminutive suffix -i
:_______________________________.
Twm Barlwm ‹tum BAR lum›
1 A mountain two miles north-east of Rhisga (county of Mynwy) in South-east
Wales.
(delw 7399)
The original form was Twyn Barlwm. Strictly
speaking it is the name of the distinctive mound which forms the summit of the
ridge, at the eastern end of a hillfort, and not the mountain itself. The
mountain itself would be (or have been) Barlwm.
Twyn Barlwm is “(the) mound (on the)
Barlwm (mountain)”.(See
ETYMOLOGY below)
The mound, visible from many places in the surrounding area,. is known
to English speakers of the area as the “Tump”
(More recently the “Pimple” seems to have come into
vogue. The mound when seen from a great distance is so small that it is like a
pimple against the skyline).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/88185
View of the mound of Twyn Barlwm / Twm Barlwm
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/752963
View of the mound of Twyn Barlwm / Twm Barlwm
(“The Geograph British
Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and
information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: The original name is Twyn
Barlwm (“(the) mound (on the) Barlwm (mountain)”).
This twyn (mound) is possibly Late Bronze Age or Iron Age in
date. According to wikipedia (information accessed 2008-10-18), the mound “was also thereafter
possibly a Roman signal point and there is also a substantial Norman motte and
bailey castle incorporated into the eastern end of the fort, probably of early
Norman construction.”
Barlwm is an adjective meaning ‘bare-topped, with a bare summit, with a treeless summit”
(bar = peak, hilltop, mountain top) + soft mutation + (llwm = bare).
It was possibly distinctive in being treeless because of the hillfort, compared
to the surrounding tree-covered summits.
A similar adjective in Welsh in meaning and construction is penllwm (“bald-headed; having a
head of thin hair”)
(pen = head) + soft mutation + (llwm
= bare).
The element bar is not commonly found, but it occurs in:
..1/ Berwyn by Llangollen (adjective, “white-topped”) (bar = summit) + soft mutation + (gwyn
= white)
..2/ Crug-y-bar (Caerfyrddin; “(the)
mound (of) the hilltop”
..3/ Nant Bargod
(County of Caerffili) (“boundary stream”)
bargod = eaves of a house; (bar = summit) + soft mutation + (-cod element with unknown meaning)
..4/ Nant-y-bar (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) ??“(the) stream (of) Y Bar”, i.e. the stream flowing down from the high ground called Y Bar or ‘the peak / the hiltop’
(delw 7329)
NOTE: Sometimes it is claimed
that Twm here is the same as “Tom” (Thomas) in Welsh. But evidently this
is not the case, as explained above.
..1/ twyn > twn Before the
tonic vowel, the diphthong wy [ui] has been reduced to the simple vowel [u]
..2/ There is also assimilation of the n to the following b
Twn Barlwm > Twm Barlwm
The pronunciation of n before b, p is often m in Welsh (Llanbedr > Llanbed > Llambed).
It occurs in other languages too:
English: in careless pronunciations such as Banbury (Oxfordshire) > Bambry
Latin: (in-) + (pês
= foot) > impedîre (= shackle
the feet )> English impede
NOTE: The reduction Twyn Barlwm > Twm Barlwm may be compared to
a) the reduction of twyn to twn-, twm- in the word twmpath (= mound)
b) a colloquial pronunciation of Llwynypia in the Rhondda valley.
TWMPATH:
twmpath < *twnpath
< *twynpath < (twyn = hill, mound) + (unknown element)
This is exactly the same reduction and
assimilation as in Twmbarlwm
LLWYNYPIA:
A local form Llwnpia occurs in from “Ni’n Doi”, a humorous series of
anecdotes in the south-eastern dialect of Welsh by Glynfab (1918). (llwyn y
pia > llwyn pia > llwn pia)
Probably too the spelling Llwnpia should be more exactly Llwmpia, since the assimilation of n > m can be
assumed to have occurred
:_______________________________.
twmffat, twmffatiau
/ twmffedi ‹TUM fat, tum FAT ye / tum FE di› (masculine noun)
1 (North) funnel
(delw 7400)
:_______________________________.
Twm lygad y
geiniog ‹tum lə-gad ə gein-yog› masculine noun
1 name given to one who is very tight with money, an old skinflint
ETYMOLOGY: ‘Twm (of
the) eye (of) the penny’
i.e. someone who looks a penny in the eye (Twm
= Tom) + soft mutation + (llygad =
eye) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (ceiniog = penny)
Epithets after a personal name underwient soft mutation of the initial
consonant in older Welsh.
NOTE: also: Siôn lygad y geiniog (=
John), Ieuan lygad y geiniog (=
John)
:_______________________________.
Twm o’r Nant ‹tum or NANT› (masculine noun)
1 Thomas Edwards. Playwright 1738-1810.
:_______________________________.
twmp [TUMP] [tʊmp] masculine
noun
PLURAL tympiau
[TƏMP-yai, -ye] [ˡtəmpjaɪ, -ɛ]
especiallySouth Wales
Diminutive form: twmpyn
1 mound, hillock
2 pile
3 lump
twmpyn o gig a lump of meat
twmpyn ar ei goes a lump on his leg
4 a lump of a person (twmpyn (m),
twmpen (f))
twmpen dew fat lump of a woman
twmpyn tew fat lump of a man
2
Pen y Twmpa [PEN ə TUM-pa] [pɛn ə ˡtʊmpa] (635mm) SO2235 peak in the district of Brycheiniog in southern Powys, 7km
east of the village of Talgarth. (“(the) summit (of) the mounds / hillocks”)
English name: The Tumpa, or Lord Hereford’s Knob
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/270807
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/47072
(“The Geograph British Isles
project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and
information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
Y Twmp SO3518. Farm near Llanwytherin, Mynwy. (On maps as “Tump”).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=196559
ETYMOLOGY: English tump (= mound).
This English word is of unknown origin, but it has ben suggested that it is
probably a variant of top, and
possibly influenced by lump.
Joseph Wright, English Dialect Dictionary, 1905: Tump. A mound, small
hillock, esp. such as is raised by ants or moles.
NOTE: Outwardly the Welsh name Pen y
Twmpa seems to be a local form of “Pen y Tympiau”,
“(the) peak (of) the
hillocks”.
Earlier forms are needed to see the true derivation.
NOTE: Twmpa may not in fact be a
form of tympiau.
If it were twmpe it would be
explicable, since the plural form tympiau
is twmpe colloquially (suffix -e instead of -iau is normal in the south; and also the retention of w in the penult.
In the south-east twmpe > twmpa (with an e in the final syllable > a,
but in this case it is unusual since Brycheiniog is outside the e > a area)
:_______________________________.
twmpath [TUM-path] [ˡtʊmpaθ] masculine noun
PLURAL twmpathau
[tum-PAA-thai, -e] [tʊmˡpɑˑθaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 little hill, hillock
2
hump = slight rounded ridge across a road to slow down drivers
Also called: traffic hump, road hump, speed hump, sleeping policeman
Croesfan Sebra a Thwmpath (on road signs) Humped Zebra Crossing
(“zebra crossing and a
hump”)
3
burial mound, tumulus
4 castle mound
See Y Twmpath, Y Twmpath Mawr
5
twmpath morgrug ant-hill
6
twmpath gwadd plural twmpathau gwaddod mole hill (dialect
English: molecast)
7
twmpath dawns, PLURAL twmpathau dawns [TUM-path DAUNS, tum-PA-thai, -e, DAUNS] [ˡtʊmpaθ ˡdaʊns,
tʊmˡpaθaɪ, -ɛ, ˡdaʊns] or colloquially simply twmpath
·····(1) place in the
open air where people used to meet to dance, sing, and practise rural sports
such as jumping, wrestling; flat place for dancing, dance mound
·····(2) The activities
at such a mound (By 1850 the traditional ‘twmpath’
had died out)
·····(3) (present-day
meaning) folk-dance event, party with folk dancing
8
clump
nant y mynydd yn disgyn dros lechweddau
Moel y Gader rhwng twmpathau grug a brwyn
the mountain stream flowing down the slopes of Moel y Gader between clumps of
heather and rushes
ETYMOLOGY: twmpath < *twnpath < *twynpath < (twyn =
hill, mound) + (unknown element)
:_______________________________.
Y Twmpath [ə TUM-–path] [ə ˡtʊmpaθ]
1 name of a castle mound or motte in Rhiwbina (county of Caer-dydd /
Cardiff)
near Heol y Wenallt
http://www.castlewales.com/twmpath.html
ETYMOLOGY: (y = definite article) +
(twmpath = mound)
:_______________________________.
Y Twmpath Mawr
[ə TUM-path MAUR] [ə ˡtʊmpaθ
ˡmaʊr]
1 place by Castell Tregawntlo, near Tregawntlo (county of Bro
Morgannwg) SS8777
ETYMOLOGY: (y = definite article) +
(twmpath = mound) + (mawr = big)
:_______________________________.
twm-pib [tum-PIIB] [tʊm ˡpiːb] masculine noun
1 popular name for the oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus. (Standard name: pioden y môr = magpie (of) the sea, sea
magpie)
(delw 7327)
ETYMOLOGY: Twm pib “Tom
(of) pipe / whistle”, “Tommy whose call is like a
pipe playing” (Twm, familiar form of Tomos = Thomas) + (pib = pipe; (or in the North: whistle))
:_______________________________.
twmplen [TUM-plen] [ˡtʊmplɛn] f
PLURAL twmplins,
tumplenni [TUM-plins,
tum-PLE-ni] [ˡtʊmplɪns,
tʊmˡplɛnɪ]
y dwmplen = the dumpling
1 dumpling
= lump of flour paste or dough cooked in a meat or vegetable stew
2 dumpling
= thick pudding consisting of a mass of dough with fruit inside, cooked by
baking or boiling
templen afalau > twmplen fale
apple dumpling
ETYMOLOGY: English dumpling <
possibly lumpling (lump) + (-ling diminitive suffix)
:_______________________________.
Twm Siôn Cati
‹tum shoon KA ti› (masculine noun)
1 Folk hero who fought against injustice c1550.
:_______________________________.
twndish, twndishiau
[TUN-dish, tun-DISH-yai,
-ye] [ˡtʊndɪʃ,
tʊnˡdɪʃjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 (South) funnel
:_______________________________.
twnnel, twnnelau, twnneli [TU-nel,
tu-NE-li] [ˡtʊnɛl,
tʊˡnɛlɪ] (masculine noun)
1 tunnel
:_______________________________.
twp [TUP] [tʊp] (adjective)
1 daft, stupid
Paid â bod yn dwp Don’t be stupid
:_______________________________.
twpsyn [TUP-sin] [ˡtʊpsɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL: twps,
twpsod, twpsiaid / twpsed [TUPS, TUP-sod, TUPS-yaid, TUP-sed] [tʊps, ˡtʊpsɔd,
ˡtʊpsjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 fool, idiot, blockhead, dolt, daftie, dunderhead, half-wit,
woodenhead, woodentop, fathead, simpleton (USA: klutz, bonehead, mutt, goof,
dumb-bell, jackass)
twpsyn hollol a complete fool
rhyw dwpsyn o Geidwadwr some
Conservative half-wit
ETYMOLOGY: (twps = fools, idiots) +
(-yn diminutive suffix added to
nouns to make a singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun), from
the adjective twp (= simple, stupid)
NOTE: There is a feminine form: twpsen
:_______________________________.
twr, tyrrau [TUR, TƏ-rai, -re] [tʊr, ˡtəraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 heap, pile
2 group, crowd
twr o bobl a crowd of people
twr o fechgyn yn gwthio heibio i'w
gilydd a crowd of boys pushing past each other
3 twr barlys barley mow (Webster’s 1828 English Dictionary: A
mow of barley, or the place where barley is deposited
4 tyrru pile up; (people) come / go
in droves
:_______________________________.
tŵr, tyrau [TUUR, TƏ-rai, -re] [tuːr, ˡtəraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 tower
:_______________________________.
twrach ‹TUU-rakh›
(adverb)
1 (North Wales) perhaps, maybe
A reduced form of twyrach ‹TUU-rakh›
See hwyrach
NOTE: Originally hwyrach was nid hwyrach (“not later”)
A Welsh Grammar
(Historical and Comparative). John Morris(-)Jones, 1913. Page 437: It is curious that nid
hwyrach is generally reduced to hwyrach in the recent period, though
it survives ias tw(y)rach in Gwyn. dial. (= Gwynedd dialect)
..1 nid hwyrach > *nitwyrach (d-h > t)
..2 *nitwyrach > twyrach (loss
of the pretonic syllable)
..3 twyrach > twrach (reduction
of the pretonic diphthing wy >
simple vowel w, a feature of other
words in Welsh, especially gwybod (=
to know) > gwbod)
:_______________________________.
Twrceg [TUR-keg] [ˡtʊrkɛg] (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Turkish
y Dwrceg the Turkish language
:_______________________________.
twrch, tyrchod
[TURKH, TƏR-khod] [tʊrx, ˡtərxɔd] (masculine noun)
1 boar
2 twrch daear mole
twrch mole
cysgu fel twrch sleep like a log (“sleep like a mole”)
bod mor ddall â thwrch daear be as
blind as a bat (“be as blind as a mole” / “earth-pig”)
:_______________________________.
Twrch Trwyth
[turkh-TRUITH] [tʊrx ˡtrʊɪθ] (masculine noun)
1 a boar hunted by Culhwch in the fifth tale of the Mabinogion
:_______________________________.
twrci, twrcïod
[TUR-ki, tur-KII-od] [ˡtʊrkɪ, tʊrˡkiˑɔd] (masculine noun)
1 turkey
:_______________________________.
twristiaeth [tu-RIST-yaith, -yeth] [tʊˡrɪstjaɪθ,
-ɛθ] (feminine
noun)
1 tourism
:_______________________________.
twrw [TUU-ru] [ˡtuˑrʊ] (masculine noun)
1 noise
cadw twrw make a noise, be rowdy
pobl yn y dafarn drws nesa yn cadw twrw yn oriau maân y bore
people in the pub next door being rowdy in the early hours of the morning
:_______________________________.
twt [TUT] [tʊt] (adjective)
1 neat
:_______________________________.
twyll [TUILH] [tʊɪɬ] (masculine noun)
1 fraud, deceit, swindle, swiz
Twyll yw e It’s a swindle
twyll hollol downright swindle
2
trwy dwyll by false pretences
cymeryd arian oddi ar rywun drwy dwyll swindle somebody out of his money
NOTE: Sometimes learners of Welsh confuse this with twll (qv) (= hole)
:_______________________________.
twyllo [TUI-lho] [ˡtʊɪɬɔ] (verb)
1 cheat, swindle
2
un hawdd ei dwyllo (m), un hawdd ei thwyllo (f) an easy touch,
somebdoy easily
3
Chymer hi ei thwyllo gan neb No-one
can pull the wool over HER eyes, She wont be tricked by anyone (“she won’t take her cheating with anybody”)
:_______________________________.
twyllwr [TUI-lhur] [ˡtʊɪɬʊr] masculine
noun
PLURAL twyllwyr
[TUILH-wir] [ˡtʊɪɬwɪr]
1 swindler, cheat, confidence trickster, hustler, conman (USA: also:
grifter) (Englandic: also: twister)
2
impostor
ETYMOLOGY: (twyll-, stem of twyllo = to cheat) + (-wr agent suffix, ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
twym [TUIM] [tʊɪm] (adjective)
1 warm
:_______________________________.
twymo [TUI-mo] [ˡtʊɪmɔ] (verb)
1 warm up
2 warm
(oneself) up
3
ymdwymo [əm-DUI-mo] [əmˡdʊɪmɔ] (verb) warm (oneself) up
:_______________________________.
twyn, twyni [TUIN, TUI-ni] [tʊɪn,
ˡtʊɪnɪ] (masculine noun)
1 hill (South)
2
sandhill
twyn tywod PLURAL twyni tywod sandhill
but in places names simply as twyni (= sandhills, burrows)
Twyni Cynffig called by the English “Kenfig Burrows”
Twyni Merthyr-mawr “Merthyr Mawr Burrows”
Twyni Margam Margam Burrows
llyffant y twyni (Bufo calamita)
(“(the) toad (of) the
sand-dunes”) natterjack
toad
rhedwr y twyni (Cursorius cursor)
cream-coloured courser “(the)
runner (of) the sand dunes / sandhills”
3
twmpath little hill, hillock < twynpath < (twyn =
hill, mound) + (unknown element)
4
Twm Barlwm (qv) [tum-BAR-lum] [tʊmˡbarlʊm] name of a hill in South-east Wales
< twyn barlwm
(twyn = mound) + (barlwm bare-topped) “(the) mound (on) (the hill
called) Barlwm”.
The mound in question is part of a Bronze-Age or Iron-Age hill fort, which
seems to have been reshaped in part after the Norman invasion in an attempt to
buld a defensive structure either by the Norman invaders or more likely by the
Welsh inhabitants of the zone.
5
“Dantwyn Road” street name in
Pontarddulais (county of Abertawe) (in Welsh this would be Heol Dan-twyn
Dan-twyn < dan y twyn “below the hill” (dan = below) + (y
definite article) + (twyn = hill)
In place names, the linking definite article y is often dropped
6 Sometimes in place names with the name of a farm in whose lands it is found: Twyn y Werfa (Aber-dâr), Twyn y Glog (Ynys-y-bŵl)
:_______________________________.
Y Twyn ‹ə TUIN› [ə
ˡtʊɪn]
1 locality in Tir-y-berth (county of Caerffili)
2
“The Twyn” street name in Tre-lyn
(county of Caerffili)
3
“The Twyn” street name in Caerffili
(county of Caerffili)
ETYMOLOGY: (“the hill”) (y definite article) (twyn
= hill)
:_______________________________.
Twynbedw ‹tuin-BEE-du› [tʊɪnˡbeˑdʊ]
1 street name in Y Porth (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
2
Heol Twynbedw street name in Clydach
(county of Abertawe)
ETYMOLOGY: twyn y bedw = ‘hill
of the birch trees’ (twyn = hill) + (y definite article) + (bedw
= birch trees) (the loss of the linking definite article is common in place
names)
:_______________________________.
Twyncarno ‹tuin-KAR-no› [tʊɪnˡkarnɔ]
1 SO1108 locality in Rhymni (county of Caerffili)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘hill of the
Carno stream’ (twyn = hill) + (Carno stream name)
:_______________________________.
twyncyn [TUIN-kin] [ˡtʊɪnkɪn] masculine noun
1 hillock
Y Twyncyn (“the hillock”) district in Dinaspowys, county of Bro
Morgannwg, South-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (twyn = hill) + (-cyn diminuitive suffix)
:_______________________________.
Y Twyn Drysïog
‹ə TUIN drəs-II-og› [ə ˡtʊɪn drəˡsiˑɔg]
1 SO1608 Briery Hill (county of Blaenau Gwent)
ETYMOLOGY: (“the
white hill”) (y definite article) + (twyn = hill) + (drysïog = brambly, full of bramble bushes)
:_______________________________.
Twyn Ffynhonnau Goerion [TUIN ə fən-HO-nai, -e, GOIR-yon] [ˡtʊɪn ə
fənˡhɔnaɪ, -ɛ, ˡgɔɪrjɔn]
1 SO2308 hill west of Blaenafon (Torfaen)
ETYMOLOGY: twyn y ffynhonnau goerion “(the) hill (of) the cold springs”
(twyn = hill) + (y definite article) + (ffynhonnau = springs, plural of ffynnon = spring, well) + (goerion plural form of goer, a local form of oer = cold)
In the Welsh of Gwent a prosthetic g was
added to oer (= cold), probably
through assuming that the radical form is goer,
and that oer is a soft-mutated form
of this
Other words in Welsh that have acquired an initial g:
(South Wales) allt (= hill) > gallt
(South Wales) iâr (= hen) > giâr
(North Wales) addo (= to
promise) > gaddo
:_______________________________.
Twyn Gof ‹tuin GOOV› [tʊɪn
ˡgoːv]
1
SO0644 hill in Gwenddwr, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/669340
ETYMOLOGY: twyn y gof “(the)
hill (of) the smith”)
(twyn = hill) + (y definite article) + (gof = smith, blacksmith)
:_______________________________.
Y Twyn Gwyn ‹ə tuin GWIN› [ə tʊɪn ˡgwɪn]
1
Heol y Twyn Gwyn street name in
Dinas (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (occurs as “Twyn Gwyn Road”)
ETYMOLOGY: (“the white
hill”) (y definite article) + (twyn = hill) + (gwyn = white)
NOTE: Y Twyn Gwyn if it refers to
the hill; Y Twyn-gwyn if it refers
to a farm named after the hill
:_______________________________.
Twyn-shôn-ifan
‹tuin shoon II-van› [tʊɪn
ʃoːn ˡiˑvan]
1 place by Ystradmynach (county of Caerffili)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hill
(of) Siôn (the son of) Ifan”;
(Shôn or Siôn = John; Ifan also =
John). The name in English would be ‘John Evans’
:_______________________________.
Y Twyn Teg ‹ə tuin TEEG› [ə tʊɪn ˡteːg]
1 Twyn-teg street name in
Bryn-coch, Castell-nedd
ETYMOLOGY: (“the fair
hill”) (y definite article) + (twyn = hill) + (teg = fair)
:_______________________________.
Twyn y Beddau ‹tuin ə BEE-dhai, -dhe› [tʊɪn
ə ˡbeˑðaɪ, -ɛ]
1 earthwork in Llanigon (Powys)
A Topographical Dictionary of Wales / Samuel Lewis / 1849 (Llanigon,
present-day county of Powys):
Of the antiquities with which it is said the parish formerly abounded, there
are but very few remains. On the hills are some circular intrenchments; and
near the spot where the counties of Brecknock, Hereford, and Monmouth unite, is
a large barrow, called Twyn-y-Beddau, or the "mound of the graves,"
270 feet in circumference, and 12 feet high, which is supposed to have been
raised to commemorate some battle fought here,
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the)
mound / hill (of) the graves”)
(twyn = hill) + (y definite article) + (beddau = graves, plural of bedd = grave)
:_______________________________.
Twynyreglwys
‹tuin ər E-gluis› [tʊɪn
ər ˡɛglʊɪs]
1 place in Tregolwyn (Bro Morgannwg)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) hill
(of) the church”) (twyn = hill) + (yr definite article) + (eglwys
= church)
:_______________________________.
Twynyreos ‹tuin ər EE-os› [tʊɪn ər
ˡeˑɔs] (settlement
name)
1
name of a street in Treherbert (Rhondda Cynon Taf), South-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) hill
(of) the nightingale”)
(twyn = hill) + (yr definite article) + (eos = nightingale)
:_______________________________.
Twynyrharris
‹tuin ər HA-ris› [tʊɪn
ər ˡharɪs]
1 place in Ystradmynach (county of Caerffili)
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently “(the)
hill (of) Harris”; (twyn = hill) + (yr definite article) + (Harris
= surname).
The use of the article before an English surname was at one time usual in
Welsh, and is found in many place names.
Harris is for “Harri’s (son)”, an English translation of Welsh ‘Harri’ (= (son of) Harri) or ‘ap Harri’ (= son (of) Harri)
:_______________________________.
Twynyrodyn [tuin ər OO-din] [tʊɪn
ər ˡoˑdɪn]
1 place-name, south-east Wales (‘hill of the (lime) kiln’)
:_______________________________.
Twyn y Werfa [tuin ə WER-va] [tʊɪn ə ˡwɛrva]
1 a hill by Y Werfa, a mansion in
Aber-nant, Aber-dâr (county of Rhondda Cynion Taf)
(English name: Werfa House).
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) hill (of) Y Werfa”)
:_______________________________.
twyrach ‹TUI-rakh›
(adverb)
1 (North Wales) perhaps, maybe
Also as twrach ‹TUU-rakh›
See hwyrach
NOTE: Originally hwyrach was nid hwyrach (“not later”)
A Welsh Grammar,
Historical and Comparative. John Morris(-)Jones, 1913. Page 437: It is curious that nid
hwyrach is generally reduced to hwyrach in the recent period, though
it survives ias tw(y)rach in Gwyn. dial. (= Gwynedd dialect)
..1 nid hwyrach > *nitwyrach (d-h > t)
..2 *nitwyrach > twyrach (loss
of the pretonic syllable)
..3 twyrach > twrach (reduction
of the pretonic diphthing wy >
simple vowel w, a feature of other
words in Welsh, especially gwybod (=
to know) > gwbod)
:_______________________________.
twysgaid “twshged” [TUIS-kaid, TUSH-ked] [ˡtʊɪskaɪd,
ˡtʊʃkɛd] (feminine noun)
1 (South) large amount, great quantity
y dwysgaid = the large amount
:_______________________________.
ty [tə] [tə] (possessive determiner)
1 obsolete your (in modern Welsh
the soft-mutated form is always used: dy)
2 Found as a prefix in hypochoristic
forms of early Welsh names which are preserved in place names
(a) Brïog >
Tyfrïog
Llandyfrïog (county of Ceredigion)
[BRII-og, tə-VRII-og,
lhan-də-VRII-og] [ˡbriˑɔg, təˡvriˑɔg, ɬandəˡvriˑɔg]
Brïog is a familiar form of Briafael [bri-AA-vail, bri-AA-vel] [brɪ təˡvriɑˑvaɪl,
-ɛl]
(b) Cai >
Tygái
Llandygái (county of Gwynedd)
[KAI, tə-GAI-og,
lhan-də-GAI] [kaɪ, təˡgaɪ, ɬandəˡgaɪ]
(c) Gwynnog
> Tywynnog
Llandywynnog (place in the English border county of Hereford)
(gwi-nog, təwi-nog, lhan-də-wi-nog)
[GWƏ-nog, tə-WƏ-nog,
lhan-də-WƏ-nog] [ˡgwənɔg, təˡwənɔg,
ɬandəˡwənɔg]
(d) Maelog >
Tyfaelog
Llandyfaelog:
(one in the county of Caerfyrddin, two in the district of Brycheiniog, in the
county of Powys)
(mei-log, tə-vei-log, lhan-də- tə-vei-log)
[MEI-log, tə-VEI-log,
lhan-də-VEI-log] [ˡməɪlɔg, təˡvəɪlɔg, ɬandəˡvəɪlɔg]
(e) Sul
> Sulio > Silio > Tysilio
Llandysilio (various places with this name)
Addition of a diminutive suffix –io; the i in this syllable causes the
change u > i in the previous
syllable
[SIIL, SIL-yo, tə-SIL-yo,
lhan-də-SIL-yo] [siːl, ˡsɪljɔ, təˡsɪljɔ, ɬandəˡsɪljɔ]
(u formerly a rounded vowel; addition of the suffix –io causes it ot be unrounded, and
pronounced as [i])
(f) Sul > Tysul
Llandysul
(one in the county of Ceredigion; another in the district of Maldwyn, in the
county of Powys)
[siil, TƏ-sil, lhan-DƏ-sil] [siːl, ˡtəsɪl, ɬandəˡsɪl]
:_______________________________.
tŷ [TII] [tiː] masculine noun
PLURAL tai,
teiau [TAI, TEI-ai, -e] [taɪ, ˡtəɪaɪ,
-ɛ]
1
house = dwelling for a family, place for living in
cadw yn y tŷ stay at home
caeth i’r tŷ
house-bound (“restricted
to the house”)
cerdded tai go gossiping from house
to house (“walk houses”)
glân yn y tŷ (dog, cat, etc)
house-trained (“clean
in the house”)
gŵr y tŷ the man of the
house, the head of the household
hel tai (North Wales) go gossiping
from house to house (“gather
houses”)
Sant
Marc 8:3 Ac os gollyngaf hwynt ymaith ar
eu cythlwng i’w
teiau eu hunain, hwy a lewygant ar y ffordd: canys rhai ohonynt a ddaeth o
bell.
Saint Mark 8:3 Ac os gollyngaf hwynt ymaith ar eu cythlwng i’w teiau eu hunain, hwy a lewygant ar y
ffordd: canys rhai ohonynt a ddaeth o bell.
2
house = specific type of dwelling
tŷ boncyffion log house
tŷ bychan small house
tŷ cefngefn back-to-back house,
one of a row which shares an access lane with the back of another row of houses
tŷ cowrt courtyard house, a
house which shares an internal courtyard
tŷ crwn circular house, round
house
tŷ gorsaf station house,
railway house (Tŷ’r Orsaf (house name) Station House)
tŷ hir long house, type of
Welsh rural dwelling with attached cowhouse under the same roof
tŷ pâr semi-detached house
tŷ sengl detached house (“single house”)
tŷ tanddaearol underground
house
tŷ teras terraced house
3
(in certain expressions) public house, tavern; usually as tŷ tafarn
cael glasiad ar draul y tŷ have
a drink on the house
gŵr y tŷ the pub landlord
4
(in certain expressions) house = place of entertainment, theatre;
chwaraedy playhouse, theatre;
chwarae o flaen tŷ gwag play to
an empty house
“tŷ llawn” full house = the
theatre is full; there are no more seats available in the theatre;
5
(tŷ / tai - attributive) household, house;
glo tai house coal (“coal of houses”)
nwyddau tŷ household goods;
6
house = building for worship;
addoldy place of worship
tŷ Duw (qv) the house of God;
tŷ’r Arglwydd
the Lord’s house;
7
obsolete monastery
tŷ brodyr a friary, tŷ’r brodyr
the friary
Tŷddewi (place name) the
monastery of Dewi (“St
Davids”)
8
house = building where a legislative assembly meets; also the people who make
up this assembly;
Tŷ’r Arglwyddi
The House of Lords (in the English Parliament)
Tŷ’r Cyffredin
The House of Commons (in the English Parliament)
Tŷ’r
Cynrychiolwyr The House of Representatives (in the USA)
yn y Tŷ in Parliament (“in the House”)
9
house = (in the name of a company headquarters, administration, etc; usually a
direct translation of an English name)
Tŷ Ffynnon Fair = Ladywell
House
10
tŷ merched drwg brothel (“house of bad girls”)
11
cymdeithas tai housing association =
non-profit organisation providing rented housing for a community
12
house = subdivision of a school to which pupils are arbitrarily allocated for
promoting internal competition in academic work, sports.
13
(Astrology) house = sign in the zodiac where a planet has he greatest
influence; any of the twelve divisions of the celestial sphere
14
house = building for certain animals on a farm or in a zoo;
beudy cowhouse (British *bowo-tig-)
tŷ adar or adardy aviary / tŷ’r adar the aviary
tŷ eliffantod elephant house / tŷ’r eliffantod
the elephant house
tŷ llewod lion house / tŷ’r llewod
the lion house
tŷ mwncïod monkey house / tŷ’r mwncïod
the monkey house
tŷ pengwiniaid penguin house / tŷ’r pengwiniaid
the penguin house
tŷ ymlusgiaid reptile house / tŷ’r ymlusgiaid
the reptile house
15
(North Wales) tai allan (houses +
out) farm buildings, out-houses; stables, barns, cowhouses
In South Wales: tai maas or teie maas (from teiau, a double plural form used in parts of the south)
16
tŷ bwgan haunted house
17
in names for a toilet
tŷ bach toilet (general name) (“little house”)
geudy toilet (geu- < gau = false)
(Biblical name)
cachdy shit-house (vulgar)
18
used in the names of emporium = retail store with different departments selling
a wide range of goods
Usually the name of the store was in English and it indicated the provenance of
the merchandise.
The Welsh forms are:
Tŷ Birmingham Birmingham House
(a city in midland England)
Tŷ Lerpwl Liverpool House (a
city in North-west England)
Tŷ Llundain London House (a
city in South-east England)
Tŷ Manceinion Manchester House
(a city in North-west England)
19
cath i dy a chi i deulu (“(a) cat for (a) house and
(a) dog for (a) family”)
(Advice for someone who is thinking of keeping a pet – a cat is loyal to the place where it
lives, and a dog to the people who look after it”)
20
cloch tŷ = doorbell; cloch y tŷ = the doorbell
canu cloch y tŷ = ring the
doorbell
21
forms many compound nouns in -dy.
that is, ty used as a suffix
..1/ cloch = bell, clochdy = belfry, bell tower
..2/ gafr = goat, gafrdy goat-house
..3/ hwr = whore, hwrdy = whorehouse, brothel, bordello
..4/ modur = car, modurdy = garage
-ty after b, g, d
..1/ abad = abbot > *abad-dy > abaty = abbey
..2/ brag = malt > brag-dy > bracty (but also bragdy)
(= brewery)
22
rhy hwyr edifaru wedi llosgi’r ty it’s
no use crying over spilt milk (“(it-is)
too late regretting after (the) burning (of) the house”)
23
pen ty roof of a house
llysieuyn pen tai (Semprevivum
tectorum) house leek
(“plant (of) top (of)
houses”, hung from the
rafter) ( llysieuyn = vegetable /
plant) + (pen = top) + (tai = houses, plural of tŷ = house)
24
Y Tainewydd “the new houses” place name
As a street name (Tainewydd)
..1/ Brynsiencyn, Llanfairpwllgwyngyll (county of Môn)
..2/ Llanfaelog, Tŷ-croes (county of Môn)
..3/ Talwrn, Llangefni (county of Môn)
..4/ Ynys-y-bŵl (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
Also with the plural form of the adjective newyddion
Tainewyddion – name of streets in
..1/ Llandegla (county of Dinbych)
..2/ Gwytherin (county of Conwy)
..3/ Aberdyfi (county of Gwynedd)
..4/ Rhostryfan (county of Gwynedd)
25
Croesawdy (house name) house of welcome
(croesaw-, stem of creosawu = to welcome) + soft mutation
+ (tŷ = house)
26 arfdy armoury, arsenal; the place where armour or arms are kept (arf = arm ) + soft mutation + (tŷ = house)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh tŷ <
“tigh” < British *tig-os < Celtic *teg-os
< Indo-European *steg- (= to
cover)
The plural form tai (= houses) < tei < British *tigja < *tig-esa
From the same British root: Breton ti
(= house), Cornish chi, earlier ti (= house)
From the same Celtic root: Irish teach
(= house), Scottish taigh (= house)
From the same Indo-European root:
..1/ cf Latin tegere (=
to cover) > Catalan teula (=
roof), toga (= toga), detectar (= to detect), protectar (= to protect)
..2/ cf Greek steg- (=
roof) > English stegosaurus (New
Latin –saur = lizard)
..3/ cf English thatch (=
straw or reed roofing)
..4/ cf Dutch > English deck
(of a ship)
The Basque word tegi (= house) is
probably taken from Gaulish
NOTE: (1) there is a double plural teie
(teiau) in the south
(2) A diminutive plural is teios
(tai + -os)
:_______________________________.
tyaid [TII-aid.
-ed] [ˡtiˑaɪd,
-ɛd] masculine
noun
PLURAL tyeidiau [ti-EID-yai,
-e] [tɪˡəɪdjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 houseful
Nhw godson dyad o blant da
(South-eastern Welsh);
Codasant dyaid o blant da (Standard
Welsh)
They raised a houseful of good children
ETYMOLOGY: (ty = house) + (-aid, suffix = full)
:_______________________________.
tyb [TIIB] [tiːb] masculine
or feminine noun
PLURAL tybiau
[TƏB-yai, -e] [ˡtəbjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 supposition, opinion
y tyb / y dyb = the supposition
2
yn fy nhyb i in my view
3
rhithdyb delusion (“illusion + supposition”)
4
oferdyb wishful thinking (“futile + supposition”)
5
hunan-dyb self-importance
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
tybaco [tə-BA-ko] [təˡbakɔ] (masculine noun)
1 tobacco
2
siop dybaco tobacconist’s
Also: siop faco
:_______________________________.
tybed [TƏ-bed] [ˡtəbɛd] (phrase)
1 I wonder
:_______________________________.
tybied ‹təb -yed› verb
NOTE: Also tybio
1 suppose, surmise
2
suppose someone to be (a certain person), mistake (a certain person) for
someone else
Tybio mai Jac Tŷ-draw oedd Evans y
Bont wnaeth e
He thought that Jac (from) Tŷ-draw was Evans (from) Y Bont
3
think, imagine
Yr hen a ŵyr yr ieuanc a dybia
(or: ...yr ifanc
a dybia)
Old people know, and young people think (they know)
4
think = believe, have the opinion
Nid wyf yn tybied iddo 'ddod dros y peth
I don’t believe he got
over the thing (the misfortune)
tybio fel arall think otherwise
5
lled-dybio / lletybio suspect, half
suspect (“half think”)
6
drwgdybio suspect (somebody)
ETYMOLOGY: (tyb- < tyb = belief) + (-i-ed suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
tybio ‹təb -yo› verb
1 think, surmise; variant of tybied
:_______________________________.
Tŷ
Birmingham
1 Birmingham House (Birmingham is a city in the English midlands). In names of
emporia (retail stores selling a wide range of goods) in certain Welsh towns
the 1800s, where the goods came from Birmingham.
Usually this kind of shop name, indicating the provenance of the merchandise,
was in English.
Other names of this type are:
Tŷ Lerpwl Liverpool House
(Liverpool is a city in north-west England)
Tŷ Llundain London House.
Tŷ Manceinion Manchester House
(Manchester is a city in north-west England)
There is a Birmingham House in Dolgellau according to the 1891 Census: and a
Google search (2008-10-04) reveals one in Machynlleth and one in Llan-non
(Ceredigion)
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta,
tai bwyta ‹tii BUI ta, tai BUI ta› (masculine noun)
1 restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta
Eidalaidd ‹ti BUI ta ei DA ledh› (masculine noun)
1 Italian restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta
Ffrengig ‹ti BUI ta FRE ngig› (masculine noun)
1 French restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta
Groeg ‹ti BUI ta GROIG› (masculine noun)
1 Greek restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta
Indiaidd ‹ti BUI ta iin DI edh› (masculine noun)
1 Indian restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ bwyta
Tsheineaidd ‹ti BUI ta chei NE edh› (masculine noun)
1 Chinese restaurant
:_______________________________.
tŷ caeth ‹tii kâith› masculine
noun
PLURAL tai caeth
‹tai kâith›
1 tied house, tied cottage; a house belonging to a worker’s employer (usually a
farmworker living in a house owned by the farmer) which must be vacated if the
employee loses the work or retires (“captive house”)
:_______________________________.
y Tŷ-coch ‹tii kookh› masculine noun
1 house name, place name (“the red house”)
(1) (Caer-dydd) (lost name). A house between Tre-lai and Caerau. According to
John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’
(1889-1911):
“TY-COCH (red house) A farm between Ely and Caerau.”
Survives in the street name “Heol y Tŷ-coch” in Tre-lai (or at least “Ty-Coch Road” officially) and three
street names in English with ‘Red
House’
(2) (Caer-dydd) (lost name) John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911): “TY-COCH (red house) An ancient building opposite Cardiff
Castle, later the Cardiff Arms inn.”
(3) ST2993 (house name) locality on the south side of Cwm-brân (county of
Torfaen)
(4) a district of Abertawe, where there is also a road Heol Tŷ-coch
(5) street name in Rhymni (county of Caerffili)
(6) farm west of Rhiwderin (county of Casnewydd); in the village is Clos Tŷ-coch (or at least
officially “Ty-Coch
Close”)
NOTE: House names / farmhouse names strictly speaking should be written as one
word, as with other habitation names (villages and towns) (Tŷ-coch) but often house names with tŷ are spelt with the elements separated (Tŷ Coch)
:_______________________________.
ty cyngor, tai
cyngor ‹ti KƏ
ngor, tai KƏ ngor› (masculine noun)
1 council house
:_______________________________.
tydach chi ddim
(tyda’ chi ddim)
‹tə
da khi DHIM›
(verb)
1 you’re not
(North-west)
:_______________________________.
tydan nhw ddim
(tyda’ nhw ddim)
‹tə
da ni DHIM› (verb)
1 they’re
not (North-west)
:_______________________________.
tydan ni ddim
(tyda’ ni ddim) ‹tə
da ni DHIM›
(verb)
1 we’re not
(North-west)
:_______________________________.
Tyddewi ‹tii- dheu
-i›
1 (SM7525) locality in the county of Penfro, south-west Wales, where
there is the cathedral of Saint David; centre of the south-western diocese of
Wales
English name: Saint Davids
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the)
house (of) David”, the
monastery of David), (ty = house) +
soft mutation + (Dewi = David)
:_______________________________.
tydech chi ddim
(tyde’ chi ddim)
‹tə
de khi DHIM›
(verb)
1 you’re not
(North-east)
:_______________________________.
tyden nhw ddim
(tyde’ nhw ddim)
‹tə
da khi DHIM›
(verb)
1 they’re
not
:_______________________________.
tyden ni ddim
(tyde’ ni ddim) ‹tə
de ni DHIM›
(verb)
1 they’re
not (North-east)
:_______________________________.
Tydrath ‹tə -drath›
1 local form of the name Trefdraeth
(county of Penfro)
:_______________________________.
tydwi ddim ‹tə du i DHIM› (verb)
1 I’m not
(North)
:_______________________________.
Y Ty-du ‹ə tii-DII›
1 SO3812 A farm near Llan-arth, Mywy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=191156
map
2 ST2887 A village (English name: Rogerstone) in the county of
Casnewydd ar Wysg
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1145058
map
ETYMOLOGY: “the black
house” (y definite article) + (ty = house) + (du = black)
:_______________________________.
tydy hi ddim
‹tə
di hi DHIM›
(verb)
1 she’s not
(North)
:_______________________________.
tydyn nhw ddim
(tydi’ nhw ddim)
‹tə
di nu DHIM›
(verb)
1 they’re
not (North)
:_______________________________.
tydy o ddim ‹tə da o DHIM› (verb)
1 he’s not
(North)
:_______________________________.
Tyfodwg ‹tə-vô-dug› masculine noun
1 name of a saint of the Celtic Church. One of the three saints to
whom the church at Llantrisant is dedicated (llan y tri sant - (the) church
(of) the three saints - Illtud, Gwynno and Tyfodwg)
Place names with Tyfodwg:
(1) Llysdyfodwg
(“Tyfodwg court”)
(llys = court) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
street name in Tonysguboriau, by Llantrisant
(2) Llandyfodwg (“(the) church (of) Tyfodwg”)
(llan = church) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
SS9587 church in the village
of Glynogwr (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
(3) Ystrad-dyfodwg ‹ə-strad də- vô-dug›
(“(the) valley
(of) Tyfodwg”) (ystrad = valley) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
ST 0177 village in the county of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf
Also written Ystradyfodwg (which
better reflects the pronunciation, but obscures the sense).
(4) There is a “Dyfodwg
Street” in Treorci
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) though the name in English name would be more
correctly “Tyfodwg
Street”, since the soft
mutation is out of place. The Welsh form would be Heol Tyfodwg. However Heol
Dyfodwg is also a possibility, though unusual in modern Welsh, with the
saint’s name
soft-mutated to Dyfodwg after a feminine singular noun, as in Llandyfodwg
The name seems to have occurred through taking Ystrad-dyfodwg to be “ystrad Dyfodwg”, (the) valley (of) Dyfodwg,
without realising that it is a soft-mutated form and not a radical form.
Soft-mutation after ystrad is
unusual (in the neighbouring Rhymni valley there is Ystradmynach, with no soft mutation). But on the western edge of
the south-eastern area there are a couple of names with soft mutation - Ystradfellte (< Mellte), and Ystradgynlais (< Cynlais).
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
y Tŷ-fry ‹ə tii vrii›
South-east Wales
1 house name
...(a) farm in Sain Siorys (Bro Morgannwg)
2
street name
..a/ Aber-dâr SO0002 (county
of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
..b/ Porthtywyn / Burry Port (Caerfyrddin) (misspelt as “Ty Fri”)
ETYMOLOGY: “the
high house” (ty = house) + (fry = (adverb) up above)
This is *bry, a form of bre = hill, with soft mutation to
denote adverbial function.
:_______________________________.
tyfiant, tyfiannau
‹TƏV
yant, təv YA ne› (masculine noun)
1 growth
2 growth (of vegetation)
3 growth = tumour
Also ardyfiant growth, excrescence =
protruberance; outgrowth on a part of the body or an organ of the body
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (tyfiant = growth)
:_______________________________.
tyfu ‹TƏ vi› (verb)
1 grow
2
Dyw’r garreg sy’n twmlo’n tyfu dim mwsog A
rolling stone gathers no moss (“the
stone that tumbles grows no moss”)
:_______________________________.
Tŷ-glas ‹tii-GLAAS› (masculine noun)
1 place-name - blue house
:_______________________________.
ty gwydr, tai
gwydr ‹tii GWI dir, tai GWI dir› (masculine noun)
1 greenhouse (“house
(of) glass”)
:_______________________________.
Y Tŷ-gwyn ‹tii gwin› masculine noun
1 house name, place name (“the white house”,
whitewashed house)
2
(Caer-dydd) (lost name) According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911): “Whitehouse, The Welsh ‘Ty Gwyn’. A farmhouse which
stood near the right bank of the river Taff, on the south side of Cowbridge
Road, a little west of Lower Cathedral Road.”
Nant y Tŷ-gwyn – a brook by this house
“The Whitehouse Brook
took its name from this house, near which it flowed into the Taff after
pursuing its course along the west side of Cathedral Road. The brook was
condemned as a nuisance and filled in (1874). “Whitehouse Ditch” was the later name which marked its degradation. In Welsh
the brook was called Nant-y-ty-gwyn. Some traces of it remained until 1895. It
was the boundary between the parishes of Cardiff and Llandaff.”
Pont y Tŷ-gwyn – the probable Welsh name of “Whitehouse Bridge” (assuming that the English
name is a translation of the Welsh name, as is most likely), a bridge by this
house.
“A stone across this
brook, opposite Pontcanna Cottages, was dignified with the title of Whitehouse
Bridge (1862). Brook Street, Canton, is near the confluence of this stream with
the river.”
3
Y Tŷ Gwyn the White House,
residence of the president of the United States in Washington D.C.
4
Allt-tŷ-gwyn (hill of
Tŷ-gwyn) street name in Rhosllannerchrugog (county of Wrecsam). English
name: Vinegar Hill
NOTE: House names / farmhouse names strictly speaking should be written as one
word, as with other habitation names (villages and towns) (Tŷ-gwyn) but often house names with tŷ are spelt with the elements separated (Tŷ Gwyn)
:_______________________________.
tŷ haf ‹tii haav› masculine noun
PLURAL tai haf
‹tai haav›
1 holiday home, holiday cottage (USA: cottage = summer residence)
ardaloedd tai haf holiday home areas
ETYMOLOGY: ‘house (of)
summer”, summer house (tŷ = house) + (haf = summer)
NOTE: (North Wales) ty ha ‹tii haa›, with the loss
of the final ‹v›,
typical in the north with monosyllabic words ending in ‹v›
Hence the ironic slogan “Ta-ta
Tai Ha” to be seen at
one time in North Wales (on T-shirts) (1970s) when foreigners’ holiday homes in the Welsh-speaking
areas were being torched – “bye-bye
holiday homes”. Ta-ta is from English ta-ta (= goodbye, farewell), used
sometimtes in Welsh.
:_______________________________.
tyla ‹tə -la› masculine
noun
1 South-east Wales form of tyle = hill. In south-east Wales a final -e becomes –a
(1) Tyla-gwyn, (“white hill”) farm in the county of Bro Morgannwg,
over the river Ewenni from the village of Pen-coed (county of Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr)
(2) Tyla-gwyn, (“white hill”), street name in Penpedairheol (county
of Caerffili)
(3) Tyla-gwyn, (“white hill”), street name in Nantgarw (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(4) Tyla-glas, (“green hill”), street name in Parcwatfford (county
of Caerffili)
(5) Tyla-coch, (“red hill”), street name in Llanharri (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(6) Tyla-teg, (“fair / bonny hill”), street name in Pant-mawr (county of
Caerdydd)
(7) Heol Tylacelyn, (Tylacelyn road)
(“hill (of) (the) holly
bushes”), street name
in Tonypandy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: See tyle
:_______________________________.
tylciau ‹TƏLK ye› (plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
1 See: twlc ‹TULK› = pig pen (England: pig sty)
:_______________________________.
tyle ‹tə-le› masculine noun
PLURAL tyleau
‹tə- lê -e›
1 especially south-east Wales: hillside, slope; hill
Common element in place names of south-east Wales.
Since in most of the south-east a final -e
becomes -a, the usual form in the
region where this change occurs is tyla,
plural tylea (= tylee / tyleau).
Many place names have tyla, but
since the convention is to use the standard form of a word in the spelling of a
place name, there are many instances of tyle
where in fact the local pronunciation is (or was) tyla
(1) Tylegarw, (“rough hill”) name of a road near Pont-y-clun
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
(2) Tyle-glas, (“green hill”) street name in Y Pil (county of
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
(3) Tyle-teg, (“fair / bonny hill”)
..a/ street name in Clydach (county of Abertawe);
..b/ street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (Caerfyrddin)
(4) Tylemali, (“hill (of) Mali (= Mary)”) street name in Llyswyrny
(county of Bro Morgannwg)
2
south-east Wales: hillside path
3
obsolete (feminine noun) couch
y dyle the couch
ETYMOLOGY: The Irish word tulach (=
hillock) is possibly from the same Celtic root:
:_______________________________.
Y Tyleheulog
‹tə-le-HEI-log›
1 SO0840 Farm by Crucadarn, Brycheiniog, Powys (on map as “Tyleheulog”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/559572
map
ETYMOLOGY: y tyle heulog “the sunny hill”
(y definite article) + (tyle = hill) + (heulog = sunny).
:_______________________________.
Tyleri ‹tə LEE ri› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s
name
:_______________________________.
tylino ‹tə
LII no›
(v)
1 knead
2 massage
parlwr tylino massage parlour; usually
in fact such a place is a brothel
A calque on English “massage parlour” (palwr
= parlour) + (tylino = to knead
(dough); to massage)
:_______________________________.
tylluan,
tylluanod ‹tə
LHII an, tə lhi AA nod› (feminine noun)
1 owl
y dylluan = the owl
:_______________________________.
tylwyth,
tylwythau ‹TƏ
luith, tə LUI the› (masculine noun)
1 family
:_______________________________.
tylwythen deg,
tylwyth teg ‹təl-UI-then DEEG, tə-luith TEEG› (feminine noun)
1 fairy
y dylwythen deg the fairy
tylwythen deg y goeden Nadolig ‹təl-UI-then
DEEG ə GOI-den na-DOO-lig› Christmas tree
fairy
2
(obsolete) gorsedd y Tylwyth Teg
fairy mound
3
clychau’r tylwyth teg
(Erinus alpinus) fairy foxglove (“(the) bells (of) the fairies”)
:_______________________________.
y Ty-mawr ‹tii-MAUR› masculine
noun
1
farm name
According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911), referring to a house in Y
Rhath (Roath), Caer-dydd (Cardiff):
“LLYS-DU (the black
court.) Also called Ty-mawr, Great House. A picturesque old house
adjoining Roath churchyard on the south-east, between it and Cwrt-bach.”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=4957650
..b/ farm by Afon Gwy, near Dôl-fach, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=246102
map
ETYMOLOGY: y tŷ mawr the home farm, literally “the big house / the great house”
(y definite article) + (tŷ = house) + (mawr = slope, hillside).
The introductory definite article is usually omitted in place names (maps and
signs, etc)
NOTE: In areas where English has ousted the Welsh language, the name is
sometimes found translated as Great House
……………………….
..a/ farm SO3311 north of Penpergwm, county of Mynwy (“Great House”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO3311
……………………….
..b/ farm ST4699 north-east of Drenewydd Gelli-farch / Wolvesnewton, county of
Mynwy (“Great House”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=179448
……………………….
..c/ SO3720 Farmhouse east of Llangatwg Lingoed, county of Mynwy (“Great House”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=198357
……………………….
..d/ SO3017 Farmhouse at Llandeilo Bertholau, county of Mynwy (“Great House”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=195664
……………………….
..e/ SO0944 Farmhouse at Llandeilo Graban county of Powys (“Great Ho” on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=219985
……………………….
..e/ SO3900 Farmhouse in Llangyfiw (county of Mynwy) (“Great Ho” on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=180355
map
:_______________________________.
tymer, tymherau
‹TƏ
mer, tə MHE re› (feminine noun)
1 temperament, temper
y dymer = the temper
2
colli tymer ‹ko lhi TƏ
mer›
(verb)
lose one’s temper
Ewch o’ ’ma cyn y
colla i ’nhymer
Go way from here before I lose my temper
mewn tymer ofnadwy (miwn tymer ofnadw) in a terrible temper
hwrdd o dymer fit of temper
ffrwydrad o dymer fit of temper
pwl o dymer fit of temper
:_______________________________.
tymestl,
tymhestloedd ‹TƏ mes təl,
tə MHEST loidh› (feminine noun)
1 tempest, storm
y demhestl the storm
:_______________________________.
tymherau ‹tə MHEE re›
(PLURAL form)
1 See: tymer ‹TƏ-mer› temper
:_______________________________.
tymheredd ‹tə MHEE redh› (masculine noun)
1 temperature
tymheredd
uchel a high temperature
tymheredd isel a low temperature
tymheredd dros 37.5°C (tri-deg saith pwynt pump gradd
Celsiws) a temperature
over 37.5°C
pan fo’r tymheredd yn disgyn islaw 5°C (pum gradd Celsiws) when the temperature falls / drops
below 5C
pan fo'r tymheredd yn disgyn
yn is na 5 C when the temperature falls / drops below 5C
y tymheredd yn codi the temperature
rising
codi tymheredd (rhywbeth) raise the
temperature (of something)
gostwng tymheredd (rhywbeth) lower
the temperature (of something)
:_______________________________.
tymhestloedd
‹tə
MHEST lodh›
(plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
1 See: tymestl = tempest
:_______________________________.
tymhorau ‹tə MHOO re› (plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
1 See: tymor ‹TƏ-mor› = season
:_______________________________.
tymor, tymhorau
‹TƏ
mor, tə MHOO re› (masculine noun)
1 season
2
prison term
bwrw eich tymor yn y carchar do
time, serve out your sentence in prison (“spend your season in the prison”)
3
gosod ychydig o’r
neilltu ar gyfer tymor glawog save a little for a rainy day (“put a bit aside for a rainy season”)
4
tymor seneddol parliamentary term,
the life of a parliament between general elections
:_______________________________.
tymp ‹TƏMP›
(masculine noun)
1 gestation
:_______________________________.
-tyn ‹ tin ›
1
-d + dyn (= man) -d-ddyn > -tyn
tlawd (adjective = poor) + dyn > tlod-ddyn > tlotyn
poor man, pauper
diniwed (adjective = innocent,
naïve) + dyn > diniweid-ddyn > diniweityn innocent man, naïve man
:_______________________________.
tyndro,
tyndroeon ‹TƏN dro, tən DROI
on› (masculine noun)
1 adjustable spanner
2 tyndro soced ‹tən dro
SO ked› fixed spanner
:_______________________________.
tyner ‹TƏ ner› (adjective)
1 tender
:_______________________________.
tynerwch ‹tə-NEE-rukh› (masculine noun)
1 tenderness
:_______________________________.
tynhau ‹tən-HAI› (verb)
1 tighten
clywai y bysedd meinion yn tynhau am ei llaw
she felt the slim fingers tightening around her hand
:_______________________________.
tymp ‹TƏMP›
(masculine noun)
1 gestation
:_______________________________.
Tynllechwedd ‹tin-LHECH-wedh› masculine noun
1
farm west of Gwyddelwern, county of Dinbych
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0646
ETYMOLOGY: tyn llechwedd < tyn y llechwedd “(the) smallholding (on) the slope” (tyn = farm, smallholding) + (y definite article) + (llechwedd = slope, hillside). The
linking definite article is often omitted in place names.
See also Tynyllewchwedd, with the definite
article
:_______________________________.
Tŷ-ni ‹tii NII› masculine noun
1
house name
..a/ house in Bangor (Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: ein tŷ ni “our house (of) us”,
“our house”
(ein
/ yn = our) + (tŷ = house)
+ (ni = (of) us)
The possessive determiner ein has
been omitted
NOTE: The literary form of ‘our
house’ is ein tŷ.
The colloquial form has a suffixed pronoun yn
tŷ ni
(our is historically yn, and this is
still in use colloquially; the written language has ein, showing the influece of Latin eius (= his), and so spelt in the 1620 Bible, mainly as an
orthographic convention to distinguish yn
(= our) from yn (preposition = in),
and yn (predicate marker or adverb
marker)
:_______________________________.
tynn / tyn ‹TIN› (adjective)
1 tight
dal y slac yn dynn have a cushy job
(“hold the slack ‹a loose rope› tight”)
2 llawdyn mean, stingy (llaw = hand ) + soft mutation + ( tyn = narrow)
:_______________________________.
tyngu ‹TƏ-ngi› (verb)
1 swear
2
tyngu yn anudon swear falsely,
commit perjury
Lefiticus 6:3 Neu os cafodd beth gwedi ei golli, a dywedyd celwydd amdano, neu
dyngu yn anudon; am ddim o'r holl bethau a wnelo dyn, gan bechu ynddynt:
Leviticus 6:3 Or have found that which was lost, and lieth concerning
it, and sweareth falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning
therein:
:_______________________________.
tynnu ‹TƏ ni› (verb)
1 pull
2
dirdynnu (1) torture, torment (2)
contort
(dir- = intensifying prefix) + soft
mutation + (tynnu = pull)
Roedd ei wyneb wedi ei ddirdynnu gan
boen His face was contorted with pain
3
tynnu am (age) be getting on for
Mae e’n tynnu am ei
hanner cant He’s
getting on for fifty
4
tynnu’r dŵr o’ch llygaid make your eyes water (“draw water from your eyes”)
Roedd y mwg yn tynnu’r dŵr o’n llygaid The smoke was
making my eyes water
5
Nid hawdd tynnu mêl o faen You can’t get blood out of a stone (“it is not easy to get / draw
honey from a stone”)
6
tynnu’ch esgidiau
take your shoes off
7
tynnu sylw rhywun attract somebody’s attention
gwneud rhywbeth fel ag i dynnu sylw pawb
do something (so as) to draw everyone’s attention
8
(clothes) tynnu... oddi am = take
off
Also simply tynnu
tynnu’ch esgidiau
take your shoes off
tynnu’r wenwisg oddiam offeirad defrock a priest, expel a priest from the priesthood (“pull / remove the
surplice from around the priest”)
9
tynnu ar y tennyn strain at the
leash
10
tynnu’ch clustiau
pull your ears
(South-west) Mae e’n tynnu ’nghlustiau He gets on my
nerves, He gets up my nose, He gets on my tits (“he pulls my ears”)
10
tynnu at ben talar be nearly
completed (“draw to the
end of headland” ‹of a ploughed field›”)
11
tynnu enw rhywun oddi ar restr take
somebody’s name off a
list, remove somebody’s
name from a list
12
gwrthdynnu distract
(gwrth- = contra, against ) + soft
mutation + ( tynnu = pull)
gwrthdynnu sylw distract attention
13 tynnu ar tease; pick on sb, get at sb, rag sb, make fun of sb, mock
sb
Bu’r genod eraill yn tynnu arni’n
ddidrugaredd nes yr oedd hi yn ei dagrau
The other girls teased her remorselessly until she was in tears
Arferai Ifan yrru’r bws ysgol i
Benmachno. Byddem yn tynnu arno o gefn y bws nes y byddai wedi gwylltio’n
gacwn. Ifan used to drive
the school bus to Penmachno. We’d
mock him from the back of the bus until he was hopping mad
14 tynnu sylw (rhywun) attract somebody’s attention
gwneud rhywbeth fel ag i dynnu sylw pawb
do something (so as) to draw everyone’s attention
15
tynnu sylw (rhywun) at (rywbeth)
draw someone’s attention to (something)
16
tynnu tua’r
terfyn draw to a close
(in a speech)
Rhaid i mi
dynnu tua’r terfyn, rhag eich blino â gormod o ffeithiau I have to draw to a close for fearing of tiring you with
too many facts
:_______________________________.
tynnu at ‹tə-ni at› verb
1 (age, time, etc) be getting on for, be almost
Tynnu at bedair oed oeddwn i ar y pryd
I was nearly four at the time
Roedd yn tynnu at yr hwyr It was
getting on for evening
tynnu at eich terfyn come to an end
Roedd y dydd yn tynnu at ei derfyn
the day was drawing to its close
2 tynnu at ben talar be nearly completed (“draw to the end of headland” ) (i.e. of a ploughed field)
3 tynnu ato / ati =
shrink; (length of period of daylight) get shorter
Mae'r dyddiau'n tynnu atyn The days
are getting shorter
Y mae hyn yn sicrhau na wna'r crwst fydd
ar yr wyneb ddim tynnu ato
This ensures that the crust on top won’t shrink
ETYMOLOGY: (tynnu = pull) + (at = to)
:_______________________________.
tynnu ati ‹tə ni A ti› (verb)
1 shrink
:_______________________________.
tynnu coes
(rhywun) ‹TƏ
ni KOIS rhiu in› (verb)
1 pull someone’s
leg, take the piss
:_______________________________.
tynnu dillad
‹TƏ
ni DI lhad›
(verb)
1 take off one’s
clothes
:_______________________________.
tynnu dŵr o’ch ddannedd ‹to-ni duur ookh da -nedh›
1 make your mouth water
Roedd arogleuon y madarch yn ffrïo yn
tynnu dŵr o ’nannedd
The smell of the mushrooms frying was making my mouth water
ETYMOLOGY: (“draw water
from your teeth”) (tynnu = draw) + (dŵr = water) + (o’ch = from your) + (dannedd
= teeth, plural of dant = tooth)
:_______________________________.
tynnu dŵr o’ch llygaid ‹to-ni duur ookh lhə -ged›
1 make (your) eyes water
Roedd y mwg yn tynnu dŵr o’n llyged The smoke was making my eyes water
Bu’r yr awel yn
brathu nes tynnu dŵr o'm llygaid i The wind was so sharp it made my
eyes water (“the wind
bit until it drew water from my eyes”)
ETYMOLOGY: (“draw water
from your eyes”) (tynnu = draw) + (dŵr = water) + (o’ch = from your) + (llygaid
= eyes, plural of llygad = eye)
:_______________________________.
tynnu yn bedwar
aelod a phen ‹tə-ni ən bed-war ei-lod a fen›
1 tynnu (rhywun) yn bedwar aelod a phen tear (someone) from limb to limb
2
reprimand severely
ETYMOLOGY: “pull [off]
[in the form of] four limbs and (a) head”
(tynnu = pull) + (yn = linkword) + soft mutation + (pedwar = four) + (aelod = limb, member) + (a
= an) + aspirate mutation + (pen =
head)
:_______________________________.
tynnu yn groes
‹tə –ni ən grois› verb
1 be awkward, be contrary
er mwyn tynnu’n groes i bawb
just to be difficult, for the sake of being difficult, just to be different
from everybody else, just to annoy everybody by disagreeing
:_______________________________.
tynnwr lluniau,
tynwr lluniau ‹TƏ nur LHIN ye, TƏN wir LHIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 photographer
:_______________________________.
tyno ‹TƏ no› (masculine noun)
1 meadow
See Tynohelyg below
:_______________________________.
Tyno Helig ‹tə no HE lig›
1 According to tradition, a kingdom occupying a tract of land seven
miles by ten which lies under the sea between Y Gogarth (Llandudno) and Penmon
and Llan-faes in Ynys Môn (Isle of Anglesey).
The sea is said to have flooded the land some time before 660 AD.
The ruler of the kingdom was said to be Helig ap Glannawg, who dwelt in Llys
Helig.
See “Chwedl Tyno Helig”, Eirlys Gruffydd, Llafar
Gwlad Rhif 25 (Haf 1989)
ETYMOLOGY: “tyno Helig” “(the) meadow (of) Helig)”
(tyno = meadow) + (Helig, said
to be Helig [ap Glannawg]).
(delw 7522)
:_______________________________.
Tŷn-rhos ‹tin- hroos›
1 place name ‘moorland
farm’
2
In Wisconsin, there is “Tyn
Rhos Church” 385113N
0822447W and “Tyn Rhos
Cemetery” 385114N
0822445W
(Tyn Rhos Congregational Church, Tyn Rhos Road, Perry township. Chapel founded
in the year 1838)
ETYMOLOGY: “tyddyn y
rhos” (tyddyn = smallholding, farm; the short
form tyn is found in place names) +
(definite article y) + (rhos = moorland).
In place names, this linking definite
article is often lost. Hence Tŷn-y-rhos > Tŷn-rhos. See
also this full form Tŷn-y-rhos
:_______________________________.
Tŷn-y-clwt ‹tin-ə-klut›
1 house in Bangor (Gwynedd) (“Tyn-y-clwt”)
ETYMOLOGY: tyn y clwt “(the)
smallholding (of) the patch of land”
(tyn < tyddyn = smallholding) + (y
= definite article) + (clwt = small
piece of ground, patch of land)
NOTE: In place names, this linking definite article is often lost – in the name of the house it
has been retianed or restored –
Tyn-y-clwt – but in the name of the road it is absent - Tyn-clwt
:_______________________________.
Tŷnycoetgae ‹tin-ə-koi-ka›
1 place in Cefncoedycymer (county of Merthyrtudful)
2
ST1988 place in Machen (county of Caerffili), 2km south west of the village
ETYMOLOGY: (the) smallholding (of) the ‘coetgae’
;
(tyn < tyddyn = smallholding) + (y
= definite article) + (coetgae =
field; pasture on high ground)
:_______________________________.
Tynydomen ‹ tin-ə- do -men›
1
SJ 012107
Locality at Llangadfan (county of Powys) on the road from Y Trallwng to Mallwyd
English name: Cann Office
ETYMOLOGY: “tyddyn y
domen” (“(the) smallholding (of) the
castle mound”).
Nowadays it is an inn; in the back garden there is a mound which is the remnant
of a motte and bailey castle constructed in the twelfth century
:_______________________________.
Tynllechwedd ‹tin-LHECH-wedh› masculine noun
1
a long house in the dispersed village of Pant-mawr, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=253308
map
ETYMOLOGY: tyn y llechwedd “(the) smallholding (on) the slope”
(tyn = farm, smallholding) +
(y definite article) + (llechwedd = slope, hillside).
See also Tynllechwedd (without the definite
article y)
:_______________________________.
Tŷn-y-rhos ‹tin-ə- hroos›
1 farm name
Place in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) Here there is a stream, Nant Tŷn-y-rhos (“(the) stream (of) Ty’n-y-rhos (farm)”) which flows into the Iaen river at
Talerddig (SH9200)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘moorland
farm’ “tyddyn y rhos” (tyddyn = smallholding, farm; short form in place names tyn) + (definite article y) + (rhos = moorland). In place names, this linking definite article is
often lost.
NOTE: See also Tŷn-rhos
:_______________________________.
Y Tŷ-poeth
‹tii POIITH›
1 place-name
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the burnt
house’
(definite article y) + (ty^ = house) + (poeth = burnt).
:_______________________________.
tŷ pridd ‹tii-
priidh› masculine noun
1 clom house, literally “earthern house”
= house of blocks of clay and straw
2
Pont-tŷ-pridd (= pont y ty
pridd) (“(the)
bridge (by) the earthern house”).
Name of a town in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf in south-east Wales.
:_______________________________.
tyr ‹tir ›
1 form of the third person singular present-future of torri (= to break)
(literary form; the colloquial form is torriff
or torrith)
Angen a dyr ddeddf
Necessity no knows law , when a person is in dire need he or she will break the
law to survive (“(it is) need which breaks law”)
Dyfal donc a dyr y garreg
Bit by bit does it, persistence pays off (“(it is) (a) constant knock that will-break the stone”)
:_______________________________.
tyrau ‹TƏ re› (plural noun)
(PLURAL form)
1 See: tŵr ‹TUUR› (= tower)
:_______________________________.
tyrchod ‹TƏR khod› (plural noun)
(plural form)
1 See: twrch (= boar)
:_______________________________.
tyrd ‹TIRD› (verb)
1 (North Wales) come
ETYMOLOGY: tyrd / tyr’d ‹TIRD› < tyred ‹TƏ red›
Cf A similar reduction to a single syllable, where a penult ‹Ə› becomes ‹I›
mynd, myn’d < myned (= to go)
Other reductions to a single syllable through the collapsing of a final
syllable or loss of an intermediate consonant :
dod < dy’od < dyfod (= to come)
gweld, gwel’d < gweled (= to see)
cael < caffael (= to get)
NOTE: tyrd can be heard further reduced to ty’d ‹TID›, with the loss of the ‘r’
:_______________________________.
tyred ‹TƏ red› (verb)
1 come (North)
:_______________________________.
tyrfa, tyrfaoedd
‹TƏR
va, tər Va odh› (feminine noun)
1 crowd
y dyrfa the crowd
:_______________________________.
tyrpant ‹TƏR pant› (masculine noun)
1 turpentine, turps
:_______________________________.
tyrpeg ‹tər -peg› masculine
noun
1 turnpike = a gate across a road to prevent passage until a toll
has been paid. (Originally a horizontal turnstile made with four horizontal
pikes or arms revolving on the top of a post)
iet dyrpeg or iet dwrpeg turnpike gate
2
heol dyrpeg, heolydd tyrpeg turnpike
road = a road where tolls are demanded at a turnpike gate
3
main road (which is a former turnpike road)
Rhaid troi o’r tyrpeg ym
mhentref Glanrafon, a mynd i fyny ffordd drol
You have to turn off the main road in Glanrafon and go up a cart track
ETYMOLOGY: English turnpike (=
barrier or gate on a road where a toll is levied) < turnpike (= revolving post with pikes) (turn + pike)
NOTE: Also:
..1/ trampeg ‹tram-peg›,
..2/ trwmpeg ‹trum-peg›,
..3/ trympeg ‹trəm-peg›,
..4/ twrpeg ‹tur-peg›
:_______________________________.
tyrrau ‹TƏ-rai,
-re› n
1 plural form of twr (= pile,
heap)
:_______________________________.
tyrru ‹TƏ-ri› v
1 pile up
2 come together, crowd together
Dechreuwyd tyrru o gwmpas y tri lleidr People
began to crowd around the three thieves
3 go in droves / in large numbers, come in
droves
Bu pobl yn tyrru i'r amgueddfa i weld y
sgerbwd
People went in droves to the museum to see the skeleton
Byddai’r plant yn
tyrru i lan y môr pan ddeuai'r llong i’r bae
The children would go in droves to the sea shore when the boat would come
into the bay
Mae pobl wedi bod yn tyrru at y feddygfa gyda brathiadau pryfed a cholynnau
People have been going in large numbers to the doctor’s office (Englandic: doctor’s surgery) with insect bites
and stings
tyrru yn eu miloedd go / come in
their thousands
pobl yn tyrru i'r ddinas yn eu miloedd i
wneud eu siopa 'Dolig
people going to the city in their thousands to do their Christmans shopping
:_______________________________.
tyst, tystion
‹TIST, TƏST
yon›
(masculine noun)
1 witness = a person who has seen an event and can give a first-hand
explanation of what happened
bod yn dyst byw o (rywbeth) be a
first-hand witness of (something) (which happened a long time ago)
2 witness = person who testifies in a court of law
pwyso ar wynt tyst pressurise a
witness (“weigh on the
wind / breath of...”)
3
llygad-dyst eye-witness = person who
has observed an event and who can explain what has happened
(llygad = eye) + soft mutation + (tyst witness)
tyst byw a living witness
Gwir fy mod, fel cynifer o'm cyfoeswyr, wedi dysgu'r sol-ffa ar y modulator yn y capel. Ond yr wyf yn dyst
byw y gall brân ganu'r modulator.
It’s true that like
many of my contemporaries I learnt
sol-fa with the modulator in the
chapel. But I’m a
living witness to the fact that (even) a crow can sing using the modulator
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin testis (= witness).
According to the American Heritage Dictionary, testis is literally
“third (person) standing by”.
The first element te–comes from an older tri–, a combining form
of the word for “three,” and the second element –stis is a noun derived
from the Indo-European root st
- meaning “to stand”.
:_______________________________.
tystio ‹TƏST yo› (verb)
1 to witness
:_______________________________.
tystiolaeth ‹təst YOO leth› (feminine noun)
1 evidence
y dystiolaeth = the evidence
:_______________________________.
tystlythyr ‹təst- lə -thir masculine noun
PLURAL tystlythyrau ‹təst-lə thə re›
1 testimonial; recommendation, evidence of the efficacy or
usefulness of a product
2
reference, testimonial; = description by a former employer of a person’s dependability as an
employee
ETYMOLOGY: (tyst- penult form of tyst = witness) + soft mutation + ( llythyr = letter)
:_______________________________.
Tysul ‹TƏ sil› (masculine noun)
1 saint’s
name
See ty-
2 Llandysul Village name
ETYMOLOGY: Hypochoristic form of the name Sul (= sun)
(ty- prefix, literally “thy, your”) + (Sul)
Note: Also Tysilio, with the addition of the diminutive suffix –i-o
Tysul > Tysulio > Tysilio
:_______________________________.
ty tafarn, tai
tafarnau ‹tii TA varn, tai ta VAR ne›
(masculine noun)
1 pub, tavern
:_______________________________.
Tŷ-to-maen ‹tii-too-mâin› masculine noun
1 house in Llanfihangel y Fedw ST2484 (county of Casnewydd)
2
house in Pwll-mawr, Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: tŷ’r to maen “house with a stone-tiled roof”
(ty^ = house) + (yr = definite artcle) + (to = roof) + (maen = stone).
The linking definite article (y / yr /
’r) is frequently omitted in place names –
tŷ’r to maen > tŷ to maen
NOTE: Such a house would have
been distinctive when thatch was the usual roofing material.
:_______________________________.
tywel, tyweli /
tywelion ‹TƏ wel, tə WE li / tə WEL yon› (masculine
noun)
1 towel
:_______________________________.
tywod ‹TƏ wod› (masculine
noun)
1 sand
taenu tywod ar... to sand, to strew sand on...
llenwi â thywod to sand up, to silt
up with sand
….Mae’r aber wedi llenwi â thywod ers
i’r marina gael ei godi
The river mouth has silted up with sand since the marina was built
tywodyn grain of sand
gronyn tywod PLURAL gronynnau tywod grain of sand
tywod sïo whistling sand(s)
codi rhywbeth ar dywod build something
on sand
cyn amled â thywod y môr (“as
frequent as the sand of the sea”) as numerous as the sand on the seashore, as
numerous as grains of sand on the seashore
cefnen dywod,
cefnenni tywod sandbank
2
fel tywod y môr “as the sand of the
sea”, as numerous as the grains of sand in the sea
Genesis 41:49 A Joseff a gynullodd ŷd fel tywod y
môr, yn dra lluosog, hyd oni pheidiodd a'i rifo: oblegid yr ydoedd heb rifedi.
Genesis 41:49 And
Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea, very much, until he left
numbering; for it was without number.
3
Ofer cuddio’ch pen yn y tywod It’s
no use hiding your head in the sand (= you should face up to reality, you
should not ignore problems)
4
twyn tywod PLURAL twyni tywod sandhill
5
bàg tywod PLURAL bagiau tywod sandbag
...amddiffyn (rhywbeth) â bagiau tywod
protect (something) with sandbags, to sandbag (something)
...clustogi (rhywbeth) â bagiau tywod
protect (something) with sandbags, to sandbag (something)
bad tywod PLURAL badau tywod sand-yacht
banc tywod PLURAL banciau tywod sandbank
bìn tywod PLURAL biniau tywod sand-bin
castell tywod PLURAL cestyll tywod sandcastle
cwch tywod PLURAL cychod tywod sand-yacht
lliw tywod (m) the colour of sand,
(adj) sand-coloured
...anifail â chôt lliw tywod an animal
with a sand-coloured coat
papur tywod sandpaper
pentwr tywod PLURAL pentyrrau tywod a pile of sand, a
sand-pile
pryf tywod PLURAL pryfed tywod sandfly
tafod tywod sandspit
NOTE: Colloquial forma are tŵod ‹tuu-od›, tŵad ‹tuu-ad› and towod ‹tou-od›
According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’
(1889-1911),
tŵad occurred in 1731 and in
1744 in the name Rhyd y Tŵad,
for Rhyd y Tywod:
RHYD-Y-TYWOD, "Rhyd y twad" (the ford of the sand.) Across the river
Taff, from Whitchurch to Pentyrch (1731.)
March 1745. David Edwards, fording the Taff on horseback at Rhydylwad (sic, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=48123
), on the way from Caerphilly to his home in Radyr parish, was torn from his
horse by a flood and drowned.
Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Welsh Dictionary notes tŵad as occuring in Ynys Môn /
Anglesey
Compare dŵad (= to come) < dywod < dyfod
:_______________________________.
tywodfaen ‹tə-wod-vain› masculine noun
PLURAL tywodfeini
‹tə-wod-vei-ni›
1 sandstone = sedimentary rock of sand consolidated with some cement
such as clay or quartz
ETYMOLOGY: (tywod = sand) + soft
mutation + (maen = stone)
:_______________________________.
tywodlyd ‹tə- wod -lid› adjective
1 sandy
2
Y Diffeithwch Mawr Tywodlyd Great
Sandy Desert = a desert in north-west Australia (415,000 sq km, 160 000 sq
miles), over twenty times the size of Wales (20 768 sq km, 8017 sq miles)
ETYMOLOGY: (tywod = sand) + (-lyd, suffix = ‘full’, often with a
hint of disdain)
:_______________________________.
tywodog ‹tə-woo-dog› adj
1 sandy
ETYMOLOGY: (tywod = sand) + (-og adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
tywotir ‹tə-wo-tir› masculine noun
PLURAL tywotiroedd
‹tə-wo-tî-rodh›
1 sandy land
ETYMOLOGY: (tywod = sand) + soft
mutation + (tir = land)
tywód-dir > tywotir (the combination d-d
becomes t)
:_______________________________.
tywotrig ‹tə- wo -trig› adj
1 sand-dwelling
ETYMOLOGY: (tywod = sand) + soft
mutation + (trig-, stem of trigo = to inhabit )
> tywod-drig > tywotrig (the combination d-d becomes t)
:_______________________________.
tywydd ‹TƏ widh› (masculine
noun) (sometimes feminine in North-west Wales – e.g. Ynys Môn)
1 weather
tywydd mawr bad
weather, foul weather, rough weather, stormy weather (“big weather”)
tywydd garw bad
weather, foul weather, rough weather, stormy weather (“rough weather”)
tywydd gwael bad
weather, foul weather, rough weather, stormy weather (“bad weather”)
tywydd budr (North
Wales) bad weather, foul weather,
rough weather, stormy weather (“dirty weather”)
tywydd sobor (North
Wales) bad weather, foul weather,
rough weather, stormy weather (“extremely bad + weather”)
tywydd ffrit (South-west
Wales) bad weather, foul weather,
rough weather, stormy weather
os bydd y tywydd yn caniatáu weather
permitting
map tywydd (m), mapiau tywydd weather map; weather
chart
dyn tywydd (m), dynion tywydd weatherman, weather forecaster
proffwyd tywydd (m), proffwydi tywydd weatherman, weather
forecaster
ar bob tywydd in all
weathers, whatever the weather
mae’n wych o dywydd it’s splendid weather
mae’n dywydd gwych it’s splendid weather
tywydd braf (North) fine weather, good weather, nice
weather
tywydd ffein (South) fine
weather, good weather, nice weather
Mae hi’n dywydd braf It’s fine
weather
(delw 7506)
2 tywydd
teg (m) / tywydd deg (f) fair
weather
cynaeafu tra bo’n dywydd teg make
hay while the sun shines, make the most of an opportunity (“to harvest while
it-be fair weather”)
:_______________________________.
tywyll ‹TƏ wilh› (adjective)
Feminine form: tywell
1 dark = having no light
2 (night) dark = with no moonlight
Ymosodwyd arno mewn stryd gefn un noson
dywyll He was attacked in a back street one dark night
Mae'n hen noson dywyll It’s a dark
old night, it’s very dark tonight
Mae-hi'n dywyll It's dark
mynd yn llwyd dywyll (“become grey-dark”) become twilight; in Lowlandic – the
English language of Lowland Scotland - to gloam)
3 bod mor dywyll â bola buwch be
pitch dark (“as dark as (the) (inside ) (of) (the) belly (of) (a) cow”
Weles i yfflyn o ddim, am ei bod hi mor dywyll
â bola buwch
I didn’t see a thing because it was pitch dark
Cf “Lord Jim”, (1899-1900) by Joseph Conrad: “But in Brown's crew there was a
Solomon Islander, kidnapped in his youth and devoted to Brown, who was the best
man of the whole gang. That fellow swam off to the coaster- five hundred yards
or so- with the end of a warp made up of all the running gear unrove for the
purpose. The water was smooth, and the bay dark, 'like the inside of a cow,' as Brown described
it.”
bod yn dywyll fel bola buwch be
pitch dark (“be dark like (the) (inside ) (of) (the) belly (of) (a) cow”
tywyll fel y fagddu pitch dark
bod yn dywyll fel y fagddu be pitch
dark
4 dark = (colour) reflecting little light
coch tywyll dark red
5 dark = almost black
gwallt tywyll dark hair
helygen dywyll (helyg tywyll)
(Salix nigricans) dark-leaved willow (“dark willow”)
6 dark-haired
dyn ifanc tywyll a dark-haired young
man
7 helygen dywyll (helyg tywyll) (Salix nigricans) dark-leaved willow
(“dark willow-tree”)
8 sbectol dywyll dark glasses
9 pryd tywyll dark complexion;
dark-skinned
croen tywyll dark skin; dark-skinned
â chroen tywyll dark-skinned
10 yr Oesoedd Tywyll the Dark Ages
11 dark = arcane, obscure, mysterious, hidden, secret
12 dark = dismal, gloomy, murky
13 black, dark = tragic
gair o gysur ar ddiwrnod tywyll iawn
a word of comfort on a very dark day
14 blind
Dic Dywyll (“blind Dick”) Richard
Williams, (1790?-1862?), a Welsh balladeer, either
from Ynys Môn or the county of Carnarfon, who lived many years in Merthyrtudful
in South Wales.
A Dialogue in the Devonshire Dialect, (in three parts) by a Lady: to which is
added a Glossary. James Frederick PALMER, Mary Palmer. 1837: DARK, adj[ective].
blind ; as e. g. ' dark in one eye"
15 obscure, unclear, not understandable; recondite (= obscure to the layman)
Er mor odidog ydi iaith Beibl 1588, y
mae'r ystyr i bobl heddiw, yn aml iawn, yn dywyll
Although the Bible of 1588 is such a splendid work (“is so splendid”), the
meaning to many people today is very often obscure
Pontnewnydd – mae ystyr yr yr enw hwn
braidd yn dywyll
Pontnewnydd – the meaning of this name is somewhat obscure
am reswm sy'n dywyll i mi
for some obscure reason, for some odd reason (“for a reason which is
obscure to me”)
Mae yn dywyll iawn i ni yn awr paham y’u
hadeiladwyd hwy
Now it is very unclear to us why they were built
16 schwa, obscure = reduced to a neutral vowel
Ac os byddai angen gwarantu'r gwir, wel,
dywedir 'wir yr' (y sain dywyll)
And if there’s a need (“if there should be a need”) to convince somebody of the
truth of something (“to warrant the truth”), one says ‘wir yr’ ([using] the
obscure sound [for the letter y]
Y sain dywyll hefyd sydd mewn ychydig
ogwyddeiriau, sef y, yr, yn (ym, yng), fy, dy, myn (mewn llwon), yn y ferf ys
(fel yn ys gwir 'it is true')...
It is the obscure sound too which is in a few clitics, namely, y (= the), yr (= the), yn (ym, yng) (=
in), fy (= my), dy (= thy), myn (in
oaths) (= by / in the name of), in
the verb ys (as in ys gwir 'it is true')...
t3 Elfennau Gramadeg Cymraeg, Stephen J. Williams, 1959
Ceir “y dywyll” yn y goben ac “y olau”,
neu “y glir”, yn y sillaf olaf mewn geiriau megis mynydd, llyfryn, a’r gair
tywyll ei hun
The “obscure y” / “dark y” occurs in the penultimate syllable and the
“light y” or “clear y” in the final syllable in words such as mynydd (= mountain), llyfryn (= booklet), and the word tywyll (= dark) itself
17 (knowledge) unversed, having little
knowledge
Un tywyll yn ei Feibl yw e
He’s fairly ignorant of the Bible (“[it is] someone dark in his Bible that he
is”)
NOTE: Colloquially tywyllach (=
darker) > twllach, tywyllaf (=
darkest) > twlla
18 unclear, difficult to understand, somewhat incomprehensible, opaque
-Ma Roger yn dysgu Cymráeg yn ysgol nos,
John
-O'n i'n meddwl bod e yn swno bach yn dywyll. Ha ha.
Gormod o Bwdin Ifan Gruffydd 1985 t19
-Roger’s learning Welsh in night school, John
-I though he sounded a little bit dark (=somewhat incomprehensible) Ha ha.
Roedd amryw o Ffrancwyr Canada ar y trên... Siaradent Ffrangeg â'i
gilydd, Ffrangeg tywyll, hollol anhydraidd i'r anghyfarwydd
Dyddiadur America / Gareth Alban Davies / 1967 / t115
There were various Canadian Frenchmen on the train... They spoke French to each
other, an opaque French, completely impenetrable to the uninitiated
Comparisons: Dimetian Dialect Part 4; M H Jones April 20 1906; Transactions
of the Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society.
mor dywyll a'r fagddu, mor dywyll a'r
ffwrn, mor dywyll a bola
buwch, tywyll pitch (all expressions for gross darkness)
bod yn ddiwrnod tywyll ar it's a
black day for, it’s hard times for
Y mae hi'n ddiwrnod tywyll ar amaethu
yng Nghymru These are hard times for farming in Wales
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Common Celtic *tem-
Breton teñval (= dark)
(delw 7091)
:_______________________________.
tywyllni ‹tə-wəlh-ni› masculine
noun
1 darkness
Genesis 15:12 A phan oedd yr haul at
fachludo, y syrthiodd trymgwsg ar Abram: ac wele ddychryn, a thywyllni mawr, yn
syrthio arno ef.
Genesis 15:12 And when the sun was going down, a deep sleep fell upon Abram;
and, lo, an horror of great darkness fell upon him.
ETYMOLOGY: (tywyll- ‹tə-wəlh›, penult form of tywyll ‹tə-wilh› = dark)
+ (-ni, suffix for forming abstract
nouns)
:_______________________________.
tywyllnos ‹tə-wəlh-nos› feminine
noun
1 (literary word) night
y dywyllnos = the night
ym min tywyllnos at dusk
ETYMOLOGY: (tywyll- ‹tə-wəlh›, penult form of tywyll ‹tə-wilh› = dark)
+ (nos = night)
:_______________________________.
tywyllodrus ‹tə wə LHO dris›
(adjective)
1 deceitful = of a person who deceives people
cyfaill tywyllodrus a false friend
:_______________________________.
tywyllu ‹tə-wə-lhi› verb
1 darken = make dark
2
darken = become dark, get dark,
3
(of day passing into night) grow dark, get dark
Mae hi’n tywyllu It’s getting dark
Yr oedd hi’n tywyllu pan gwblhaodd
Wmffra Dafis ei waith
It was getting dark when Wmffra Dafis finished his work
Rhaid bod yn ofalus wrth groesi Cae’r
Waun a hithau’n awr yn tywyllu’n gynnar
You have to take care crossing the Moorland Field now that it gets dark early
4
attend, visit; set foot (in a place)
Ni thywyllodd le o addoliad wedi hynny
He didn’t attend any place of worship after this
Rhai na thywyllwyd ganddynt eisteddfod o
unrhyw fath erioed
People who had never visited any kind of eisteddfod (“that an eisteddfod of any
kind wasn’t visited by them ever”)
Pobl na welir mohonynt yn tywyllu na
chapel nac eglwys
People that you never see going to chapel or to church
5 tywyllu cyngor
..a/ (Bible) “darken counsel”, cast into doubt God’s purpose (by questioning
the fact that the wicked can be rich and the good reduced to poverty)
Job 38:2 Pwy yw hwn sydd yn tywyllu
cyngor ag ymadroddion heb wybodaeth
Job 38:2 Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge?
..b/ to cloud the issue
rhag tywyllu cyngor for the sake of
clarity, for clarity’s sake
Fel y soniwyd uchod, Gwyddeleg oedd
iaith yr ymfudwyr, ond rhag tywyllu cyngor cyfeirir at Wyddeleg yr Alban o hyn
ymlaen fel Gaeleg (Ieithoedd Celtaidd Prydain ‹the
Celtic languages of Britain› / Brynley F. Roberts (article in “Y Gymraeg
yn ei Disgleirdeb”, Golygydd / Editor: Geraint H. Jenkins t. 427)
As was mentioned above, Irish was the language of the invaders (= the people
who settled Scotland), but for the sake of clarity the Irish language of
Scotland from now on will be referred to (in this article) as Gaelic
ETYMOLOGY: (tywyll- ‹tə-wəlh›, penult form of tywyll ‹tə-wilh› = dark)
+ (-u, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: colloquial form: twllu
:_______________________________.
tywyllwch ‹tə WƏ lhukh› (masculine
noun)
1 darkness
2 dark, darkness,
ignornace
byw yn y tywyllwch live in the dark,
live in ignorance
:_______________________________.
tywynnu ‹tə WƏ ni› (verb)
1 shine
:_______________________________.
tywyn, tywynau
‹TƏ win, tə WI ne› (masculine noun)
1 area of sand dunes, burrows, warren
2 helygen sidanaidd y tywyn
(Salix argentea) silky sand willow
See: helygen ariannaidd
:_______________________________.
Tywynycapel ‹tə –win-ə-ka-pel›
1 SH2578 Locality in the county of Môn
English name: Trearddur Bay
ETYMOLOGY: “chapel dunes” (“(the) sand dunes (of) the chapel”)
(tywyn = dunes) + (y definite article) + (capel = chapel)
:_______________________________.
tywys ‹TƏ
wis› (verb)
1 to lead
tywys rhywun gerfydd y trwyn lead
someone by the nose (= force someone to do what they are unwilling to do)
ci tywys, cŵn tywys guide dog
taith dywys, teithiau tywys guided
tour
taith gerdded dywys, teithiau cerdded
tywys guided walking tour
:_______________________________.
tywysen ‹tə- wə -sen› feminine noun
PLURAL tywysennau,
tywys ‹tə-wə-se-ne, tə -wis›
1 ear of corn, spike (= ear of corn) (wheat, barley)
y dywysen = the ear of corn
lloffa tywysennau to glean ears of
corn, gather ears of corn
Ruth 2:2 A Ruth y Foabes a ddywedodd
wrth Naomi, Gad i mi fyned yn awr i’r maes, a lloffa tywysennau...
Ruth 2:2 And Ruth the Moabitess said unto Naomi, Let me now go to the field,
and glean ears of corn...
:_______________________________.
tywysennu ‹tə-wə-se-ni› verb
1 (wheat) form ears
gwenith yn tywysennu wheat in the
ear (“wheat (which is) forming ears”)
ETYMOLOGY: (tywysenn- < tywysen =
ear of corn) + (-u suffix for
forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
tywysog ‹tə- wə -sog› masculine noun
PLURAL tywysogion
‹tə-wə-sog-yon›
1 prince = chief, ruler, king
2
prince = sovereign of a small country
3
prince = male member of a royal family, usually the son of a ruling king or
queen
4
prince = title of nobility
Uchel Dywysog Grand Prince
Y Tywysog Siarl name of an English
prince, Prince Charles. Since the English royal family gives the title of
‘Prince of Wales’ (in Welsh, Tywysog Cymru) to its first-born son, some of our
people have developed a strange obsequiousness towards this foreign prince (and
to the English royal family in general). This explains how Merthyrtudful has
since 1978 a hospital called Ysbyty’r Tywysog Siarl / Prince Charles Hospital.
5
prince = character in fairy tales;
Y Tywysog Swynol Prince Charming
6
Tywysog Tangnefedd (“(the) prince
(of) peace”) the Prince of Peace = the Messiah, Jesus Christ
7
prince = person considered very outstanding in some matter
Hebryngwyd ef at ei dadau i fynwent plwyf Llanbrynmair, gan dyrfa
fawr o wŷr bucheddol, mewn teimladau drylliog; a phawb yn cyd-ddyweud fod
“tywysog a gŵr mawr wedi cwympo yn Israel." (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan Jones
/ 1892 / t11)
He was taken to lie with his forefathers in the cemetery of the parish of
Llanbrynmair, by a great crowd of non-chapel people, overcome with emotion;
everybody said to each other that a ‘prince and a great man had fallen in
Israel’.
ETYMOLOGY: (tywys- penult
stem of tywys = to lead) + (-og = adjectival suffix; many
adjectives of this type have become nouns) < British < Celtic;
Irish toiseach = leader, prince;
president of the Republic of Ireland; Scottish toiseach = leader, prince; surname Mac an Toisich = son of the head (of the clan),
(Anglicised form = Macintosh)
NOTE: colloquial form t’wysog / twysog
‹tu-ə-sog›
:_______________________________.
Tywysog Cymru
‹tə-wə-sog kəm-ri› masculine noun
PLURAL Tywysogion
Cymru ‹tə-wə-sog-yon kəm-ri›
1 Epithet adopted by Dafydd ap Llywelyn (d 1246) the ruler of the
territory of Gwynedd. He wished to make Wales independent of the English Crown,
which claimed jurisdiction over Wales, and to this end attempted, without
success, to persuade the Pope to appoint him as a Papal vassal.
2
Official title adopted by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (nephew of Dafydd ap Llywelyn)
in 1267 following the Treaty of Trefaldwyn / Montgomery. The title was
acknowledged by the English king Henry 3, who accepted a number of Welsh
demands in the treaty process. The title could be passed on to Llywelyn’s
heirs, and lesser rulers in Wales were to pay homage to him. In turn Llywelyn
ap Gruffudd recognised Henry’s domination of Wales and agreed to pay homage to
the English king
3
Tywysogion Cymru the Princes of Wales, the leaders of Wales until the
English conquest of Wales in the Second War of Independence (1282-83)
Pryd, mewn difri, y bu coffr
gwladol yn y Berffro i unrhyw un fanteisio arno? Ddim ers dyddiauTywysogion
Cymru - saith can mlynedd yn ôl bellach .
When, really, was the state coffer in Berffro for anyone to take advantage of
it? Not since the days of the Princes of Wales - seven hundred years ago now
4 Translation of the English title Prince of Wales given in 1301 to Edward of Carnarvon (eldest son of
the English king Edward 1) after the defeat of the native Welsh leaders
5
Translation of a title Prince of Wales
used by the English monarchy. The title is given to the eldest son of the king
or queen of England (and therefore heir apparent to the throne).
The use of this title is an irritation to
Welsh patriots, conscious of its origin. It is also a constant embarrassment to
have to explain to people outside the island of Britain that Wales and the
Prince of Wales have no real connection. It is often assumed that a person with
this title is Welsh, but as we can see above it is used by the royal family of
a conquering nation to celebrate the subjugation of Wales. The Prince of Wales
is a member of a royal family in a neighbouring country. He has little
understanding of Wales and its language and people. There are people in Wales
however who believe that it is an honour to have an English prince use the name
of our country as his title.
:_______________________________.
tywysoges,
tywysogesau ‹tə wə SO ges, tə wə so GE se› (feminine
noun)
1 princess
y dywysoges = the princess
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