kimkat1018e A Welsh to English Dictionary in
scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
25-02-2022
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______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
C, c ‹ek› feminine noun
1) third letter of the twenty-six
letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2) third letter of the twenty-nine
letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
c
In south-east Wales g ‹g› as the first consonant of the final syllable, if followed
by a vowel, is devoiced to c ‹k›
ticyn < dicyn < digyn < ychydigyn (ychydig = a bit) + (-yn
diminutive suffix)
Ocwr < Ogwr (river name)
:_______________________________.
c
1 in words from British < Celtic
< Indo-European, initial ‹k› sometimes
corresponds to intial ‹h› in English and German
< Germanic < Indo-European. The initial ‹k›
is also to be seen in equivalent Latin (and Greek) words.
∆
|
Welsh |
English |
|
cae (= field, enclosure;
originally wall / fence / hedge / hedgebank) |
1 hedge (< Old English); 2 hay / hey (= fence,
hedge; enclosure) < Middle English heye (= fence, hedge; enclosure) <
Old French < Germanic (Cf German der Hag = hedge) |
|
caeth (= captive, enslaved),
|
(no corresponding word in modern English; German
though has der Haft (= detention),
der Häftling (= detainee) |
|
cael (= get), |
have; heave |
|
caill (= testicle) |
hail (= frozen rain as pieces of ice) |
|
car (= sled) From
Proto-Celtic: *karros (“wagon”) from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”). |
horse |
|
caru (= to love), |
whore (= prostitute), Old English hôre |
|
carw (= deer) |
hart ‹haat› (= male deer); horn |
|
cas (= aversion),
casáu (= to hate) |
hate |
|
cell (= cell)
(though in fact not a Celtic word, but from Latin cellus = cell) (but
included out of interest for this C-H contrast) |
hall |
|
celynen (= holly bush) |
holly |
|
celu (= to hide) |
Hell; also hull (= seed covering), helm / helmet |
|
cleddyf (= sword). Proto-Celtic *kladiwos (= sword). Scottish Gaelic claidheamh
/kʰɫ̪ajəv/ (= sword), Irish
claíomh /kl̪ˠiːvˠ/, formerly spelt claidheamh, (= sword) |
Old English hild /xild/ (= battle, war). Cf the Old English masculine name Hildræd (hild = battle) + (ræd = counsel, advice). Also Saint Hilda
(or Hild) of Whitby,
England, an English saint and abbess in the 600s. |
|
coed (= wood)
(Celtic *kayto-) |
heath |
|
coel (= belief;
omen, sign) |
hale, heal, health, whole (until 1500s as hole, ‘w’ introduced to
differentiate it from “hole” = void.) Old English hāl (= healthy, whole, complete) and hæl (=
omen. Auspice) |
|
coll (= loss) |
Old English hild /xild/ (=
battle, war). Cf the Old English
masculine name Hildræd (hild
= battle) + (ræd = counsel,
advice). Also Saint Hilda (or Hild)
of Whitby, England, an English saint and abbess in the 600s – short form of
compound names with hild as the first element. |
|
collen (= hazel tree)
(Celtic *kosl-) |
hazel |
|
corn (= horn) |
horn |
|
craidd (= heart) |
heart |
|
cynt (= quicker;
before) |
hind (= rear), behind |
c
Welsh initial c- in words from English which have
initial g-
crand (= grand, impressive) < English grand
cwter (= channel) < English gutter
:_______________________________.
c
1
monosyllables with final c
bac backyard
blac scoundrel; black man; blacking; pencil
bloc block
brêc brake
broc driftwood
clec bang (from English clack)
cloc clock
cnoc knock
crac angry; crack, fissure
cwac quack (= quack doctor)
cwac quack (= call of a duck)
cwic quick
doc dock
Jac Jack
llac loose
loc canal lock
lwc luck
mêc brand, make
pac pack
pic millstone pic (dressing tool for
chipping grooves in the stone)
plac plaque
plwc tug, jerk
rac / rhac rack
sioc shock
slac slack
stac stack
stoc stock
trac track
tric trick
:_______________________________.
c in
alliteration
c < c-c < c-g [k < kk < kg < gg]
|
1 Y ddraig goch a ddyry cychwyn <ə dhraig GOOKH a DHƏ-ri KƏKH-win>
[ə ðraɪg ˡgoːx a
ðərɪ ˡkəxwɪn] |
2 c < c-c < c-g [k < kk < kg]
|
In the place name Cnwclas (= green hill)
(SO2574): |
:_______________________________.
câ ‹ kaa › See ca’
:_____________________________.
ca’ ‹ kaa ›
Usually spelt (less correctly) câ
1
south-eastern form of cae (= field)
Ca’r Delyn Harp Field
2 southern form of cae (= close!,
shut! second person singular imperative, < cau = to close)
ca’ ‹dy ben›! < cae ‹dy ben›! (= shut ‹your mouth›!)
:_______________________________.
cä <KÄÄ> [kæː]
Usually spelt cê / cæ
1
south-eastern form of ca’ < cae (= field)
Cä’r Delyn Harp Field
2
south-eastern form of ca’ < cae (=
close!, shut! second person singular imperative, < cau = to close)
cä dy ben! < cae dy ben! (=
shut your mouth!)
:_______________________________.
càb <KAB> [kab] masculine noun
PLURAL cabiau
<KAB-yai,
-e> [ˡkabjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 cab = enclosed part at the front of a lorry, railway locomotive
and sometimes a bus or tram, where the driver sits
2 (crane) cab = enclosed part where a crane operator controls the
movements of the machine
3 (tractor) cab = an enclosure over a driver’s seat for shelter from
the weather and to give protection to the driver in case the tractor overturns
4 taxi
ETYMOLOGY: English cab = taxi,
abbreviated form of
cabriolet 1800- two-wheeled
horse-drawn carriage
< French cabriolet = two-wheeled
horse-drawn carriage
< cabriole = a little leap, a
skip
< cabrioler = jump like a goat
< Latin capreolus = wild goat
< capra = goat;
the word ‘cabriolet’ refers to the light movement of the carriage
:_______________________________.
caban ffonio,
cabanau ffonio <KAA-ban
FOON-yo, ka-BAA-nai, -e, FON-yo> [ˡkɑˑban ˡfɔnjɔ,
kaˡbɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡfɔnjɔ] (masculine
noun)
1 phone booth
:_______________________________.
cábidwl,
cabidylau ‹KAA-bi-dul, ka-bi-DƏ-lai,
-e › [ˡkɑˑbɪdʊl, kabɪˡdəlaɪ, -ɛ] (m)
1 capital (ecclesiastical meeting)
2 capital (of a column)
:_______________________________.
cabidyldy ‹ ka-bi-DƏL-di› [kabɪˡdəldɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cabidyldai
‹ ka-bi-DƏL-dai›
[kabɪˡdəldaɪ]
1 chapterhouse = building attached to a cathedral or a monastery
where a chapter meets, assembly place for the governing body of a cathedral or
monastery
Estynnir croeso cynnes i bawb sy’n
awyddus i fynychu’r gwasanaeth a gynhelir yng Nghabidyldy’r Abaty am 3pm
A warm welcome is extended to everybody who wants to attend the service
which will be held in the chapterhouse of the abbey at 3pm
2 county of Caerfyrddin y gabildi confusion, disorder
ETYMOLOGY: (cabidyl- = penult form
of cabidwl) + soft mutation + (ty = house). Cabidwl is
a learnèd borrowing from Latin capitulum
= ecclesiastical chapter, little head, < (caput = head) + (-ulum -
suffix)
:_______________________________.
Cablyd <KA-blid> [ˡkablɪd] masculine
noun
1 dydd Iau Cablyd = Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Good Friday
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cablyd < Old Irish caplat < Latin capitātiō (capit-
stem of caput = head) + (-ātiō, -ātiōn-) (= shaving of
the head) (on this day monks’ heads were shaved, and their feet were washed).
Also from British Celtic:
..a/ Cornish diyow Chambliz (=
Maundy Thursday),
..b/ Breton deiz iaou Gamblid (=
Maundy Thursday)
Modern Irish has caplaid, in the phrases lá Caplaide “Maundy Day”, Déardaoin Caplaide (= Maundy Thursday)
:_______________________________.
cabmon <KAB-mon> [ˡkabmɔn] masculine
noun
PLURAL cabmyn
<KAB-min> [ˡkabmɪn]
1 cabman
= man driving in a cab of an excavator, etc
2 cabman = man who drives a hansom cab
3 cabman = taxi driver
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of the English cabman
(cab = horse cab, cabin of an
excavator, car which is a taxi cab) + (man);
(with the suffix -mon replacing
English -man)
:_______________________________.
cabôl <ka-BOOL> [kaˡboːl] masculine
noun
North Wales
1 mess
ETYMOLOGY: see cyboli
NOTE: also cybôl, cybolfa
:_______________________________.
caboledig <ka-bo-LEE-dig> [kabɔˡleˑdɪg] adjective
1 polished
ETYMOLOGY: stem of caboli (= to
polish) + (-edig past particle
suffix)
:_______________________________.
cacen, cacenni
<KA-ken, ka-KE-ni> [ˡkakɛn, kaˡkɛnɪ] (feminine noun)
1 cake
y gacen = the cake
:_______________________________.
cach <KAAKH> [kɑːx] masculine noun
1 shit, dung, excrement
ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish kagh
(= shit), Cornish cac’h (= shit)
Hibernian Celtic: Irish cac (= shit)
Cf Latin cacâre (= to shit); and
from this word Catalan cagar (= to
shit).
This Latin word is also the ultimate origin of dialect English cack (= shit), and cack-handed (= left-handed)
:_______________________________.
cachad <KAA-khad> [ˡkɑˑxad] masculine
noun
South Wales
1 See: cachiad
:_______________________________.
cachdy <KAKH-di> [ˡkaxdɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cachdai
<KAKH-dai> [ˡkaxdaɪ]
1 shithouse, toilet
ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + soft
mutation + (ty = house)
:_______________________________.
cachfa <KAKH-va> [ˡkaxva]
feminine noun
1 cock-up, disaster (said of something that has gone wrong)
ETYMOLOGY: (cach- stem of cachu = to shit) + (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating an
action)
:_______________________________.
cachgi <KAKH-gi> [ˡkaxgɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cachgwn
<KAKH-gun> [ˡkaxgʊn]
1 coward
2 shit = unpleasant person
3 Iacha’ croen, croen cachgi Discretion is better than valour, sometimes
to flee a conflict is better than to stand and fight (“healthiest skin, skin
(of) coward”)
Also:
Pen iach yw pen cachgi (“(it is)
healthy head which-is head (of) coward”)
Iach yw pen cachgi (“(it is) healthy
which-is (the) head (of a) coward “)
4 county of Ceredigion cachgi bwm, or simply cachgi = hornet
fel cachgi mewn pot said of a
loudmouthed person (“like a hornet in a pot”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + soft
mutation + (ci = dog)
:_______________________________.
cachgïaidd <kakh-GII-aidh, -edh> [kaxˡgiˑaɪð,
-ɛð] adjective
1 cowardly
2 mean, base, low, low-down, contemptible, deplorable
Dywedodd mai gweithred cachgïaidd fu
diswyddo’r rheolwr
He said that the sacking of the manager was a deplorable act
ETYMOLOGY: (cachgi = coward) + (-aidd = suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cachgïo <kakh-GII-o> [kaxˡgiˑɔ] verb
North Wales
1 lose one’s nerve, get cold feet, back out, chicken out, bottle out
Yr oedd arweinydd Rwsia wedi cachgïo ac
wedi ei drechu gan arlywydd ifanc América, Kennedy, meddai rhai
Some said that the Russian leader had got cold feet and had been beaten by the
young American president, Kennedy
ETYMOLOGY: (cachgi = coward) + (-o = suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cachiad <KAKH-yad> [ˡkaxjad]
masculine noun
PLURAL cachiadau
<kakh-YAA-dai, -de> [kaxjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 shit = the act of shitting
2 instant,
short time (i.e. the time it takes to have a shit - ?referring to a hen or
birds in general)
North Wales fydda i ddim dau gachiad vulgar
I won’t be a moment (“I won’t be two shits”)
South Wales bydda i nôl mwn cachad vulgar
I’ll be back in a jiffy (“in a shit”)
NOTE: South Wales cachad (without the consonant i- at the beginning of the final
syllable - this loss of the i- is
normal in the South)
ETYMOLOGY: (cach-, stem of cachu = to shit) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
cachlyd <KAKH-lid> [ˡkaxlɪd] adjective
1 shitty, filthy
2 shitty
= unpleasant
wynebu’r dasg gachlyd o orfod parcio
mewn lle cyfyng rhwng dau gar
face the shitty task of having to park in a tight space between two cars
ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + (-lyd = suffix for forming adjectives;
often has a hint of contempt)
:_______________________________.
Cachor <KAA-khor> [ˡkɑˑxɔr] feminine
noun
1 Afon Cachor SH4751 =
river in Arfon
ETYMOLOGY: the first element is cach
(= shit)
:_______________________________.
cachu 1 <KAA-khi> [ˡkɑˑxɪ] verb
verb without an object
1 shit, defecate
2 Maen
nhw’n cachu trwy’r un twll (said of people who work very closely together
in business, politics, etc for their own ends) = They’re as thick as thieves
(“they shit through the same arsehole”)
verb with an an object
3 ei chachu-hi foul up, fuck up, screw up; = make a mess of some
arrangement, activity; put the spanner in the works
4 mor brin â chachu ceffyl pren (said
of something scarce) “as scarce as the shit of a wooden horse”
ETYMOLOGY: (cach = shit) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
Cf Middle English kakken (= to
defecate), and also Latin cacâre
< Greek kakós (= bad)
:_______________________________.
cachu 2 <KAA-khi> [ˡkɑˑxɪ] masculine
noun
1 shit, “poo”, cack, muck
2 (North)
Mae o’n rhy arw i roi croen ei gachu i’r
brain (said of somebody who is stingy) (“He’s too mean to give the crust of
his shit to the crows”)
3 shit,
crap = something held in contempt
Fuon nhw erioed yn credu mewn
Thatcheriaeth, nac mewn unrhyw gachu cyffelyb
They never believed in Thatcherism, or any similar crap
:_______________________________.
cachu defaid <KAA-khi DEE-vaid,
-ed> [ˡkɑˑxɪ ˡdeˑvaɪd,
-ɛd] masculine noun
1 sheep droppings
:_______________________________.
cachu rwtsh <KAA-khi RUCH> [ˡkɑˑxɪ
ˡrʊʧ]
1 a load of crap
:_______________________________.
cachwr <KAA-khur> [ˡkɑˑxʊr] masculine
noun
PLURAL cachwyr,
cachwrs <KAKH-wir, KAA-khurs> [ˡkaxwɪr,
ˡkɑˑxʊrs]
1 shitter, a person who shits
2 shit
= unpleasant person; scumbag
Yno, yn eu holl ogoniant, yr oedd cocia
wyn, crafwrs, cachwrs a llyfwrs y genedl Gymreig yn croesawu’r prins
There, in all their glory, were the fools, creeps, shits and arselickers of
the Welsh nation welcoming the prince
3 North Wales y cachwr uffarn! you shit! you bastard! (said, for example, as an
insult to someone who does you a bad turn) (uffern / uffarn = hell)
ETYMOLOGY: (cach-, stem of cachu = to shit) + (-wr = suffix for forming nouns
indicating an agent, ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
caci, cacis <KA-ki, KA-kiz> [ˡkakɪ,
ˡkakɪz] (masculine noun)
1 kaki (fruit)
:_______________________________.
caci, cacis <KA-ki, KA-kiz> [ˡkakɪ,
ˡkakɪz] (masculine noun)
1 khaki (fabric, colour)
ETYMOLOGY: English khaki < Urdu < Persian khâk (= dust,
ashes)
:_______________________________.
cacynen, cacwn
<ka-KƏ-nen, KA-kun> [kaˡkənɛn, ˡkakʊn] (feminine noun)
1 wasp
y gacynen = the wasp
:_______________________________.
cād <KAAD> [kɑːd] feminine noun
PLURAL cādau <KAA-dai,
-e> [ˡkɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 battle
y gad = the battle
mynd i’r gad dros to go into battle on
behalf of; to campaign to help (a person, etc)
Mae hanner dwsin o fudiadau cefn gwlad
yn mynd i’r gad dros y ffermwyr
Half a dozen countryside organisations are going into battle for the farmers
2 element
in many personal names from the British period, some of which have survived
until modern times or have been revived in the modern period
Argad, Bodgad, Cadafael, Cadell,
Cadéyrn, Cadfael, Cadfan, Cadfarch, Cadfrawd, Cadlyw, Cadno, Cadog, Cadwal,
Cadwaladr, Cadwallon, Cadwgan, Cadwr, Dingad, Eurgad, Gwengad
3 cadlys ‘battle-court’, from which
comes pencadlys ‘main battle-court’,
‘company headquarters, administrative headquarters’
4 croesgad
crusade (croes = cross, Christian
symbol) + soft mutation + (cad =
battle)
5 cadbennaeth
commander-in-chief (cad = battle) +
soft mutation + (pennaeth = leader)
6 catrawd
regiment (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (rhawd = army)
7 North Wales cad-yng-nghad at loggerheads
8 North Wales cad-yng-nghudyn at loggerheads
9 prefix strong, powerful; see Cadnant (= strong stream), cadwydd (= brambles, bramble brake);
see also cadarn (= strong)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cad < British *kat- < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish kaz
(= battle), Breton kad (= battle)
From the same Celtic root: Irish cath
(= battle)
On the European mainland, kat-
occurs as an element in place names in the zones which formerly had Celtic
populations
In Normandy, Caen is from a Celtic word meaning “battle field” (kat- = battle) + (mag- = field, plain)
In Welsh this name would be Cadfa, Y Gadfa
:_______________________________.
cadach poced <KAA-dakh PO-ked> [ˡkɑˑdax ˡpɔkɛd] (masculine noun)
1 handkerchief
:_______________________________.
cadair <KAA-dair, -er> [ˡkɑˑdaɪr, -ɛr] feminine
noun
PLURAL cadeiriau
<ka-DEIR-yai,
-e> [kaˡdəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 chair
= individual seat, usually with four legs and a back
y gadair the chair
Yr oedd ef yn eistedd ar gadair yn ymyl
y drws
He was sitting on a chair near the door
cadair asgellog wing chair
cadair blygu folding chair (plygu = fold)
cadair ddwyfraich armchair (dwyfraich = two arms)
cadair dreiglo (South Wales)
(American: buggy) (Englandic: pushchair; also: baby buggy, buggy) (treiglo = to roll)
cadair dro swivel chair (tro = turn)
cadair drochi ducking stool (drochi = to dip, to submerge)
cadair drydan electric chair (trydan = electricity)
cadair fawr (county of Caerfyrddin)
(mawr = big)
(1) armchair (2) big pew in a chapel (mawr
= big)
cadair freichiau armchair (breichiau = arms)
cadair gefn (Cwm Tawe) armchair (cefn = back)
cadair godi chair lift (codi = to lift)
cadair gynfas deckchair (cynfas = canvas)
cadair hir chaise longue (hir = long)
chwarae newid cadeiriau musical
chairs (chwarae = to play, newid = change)
cadair olwynion wheelchair (olwynion = wheels)
cadair siglo rocking chair, rocker (siglo = to rock)
cadair uchel baby’s high chair (uchel = high)
cadair wellt straw-bottomed chair (gwellt = straw)
cadair wiail cane chair (gwiail = canes)
cadair wrth fwrdd dining chair (wrth = next to, bwrdd = table)
cadair wthio (American: buggy)
(Englandic: pushchair; also: baby buggy, buggy) (gwthio = to push)
saer cadeiriau chair maker (saer = craftsman)
2 cathedra,
bishop’s throne in the cathedral
3 (university)
professorship
4 seat
occupied by a person presiding at a meeting or debate
cymryd y gadair take the chair,
preside
5 (place
names) fortress. In the medieval tale Breuddwyd
Facsen (the Dream of Macsen) it is related how Macsen went hunting in Caer
Fyrddin and from there onward to the summit of “Y Frevi Fawr” and set up camp
there. A Chadair Facsen y gelwir y
bebyllfa honno hyd heddiw (“And (it is) the camp of Macsen that that
encampment is called to this day”)
Cadair Idris / Cader Idris mountain
in Gwynedd which probably indicates a fort belonging to some past chief called
Idris, though in the popular tradition Idris was the name of a giant
Pencader SN4436 village in the county of Caerfyrddin ‘hill (of the) fort’
(pen = hill) + (cadair = fort)
6 (place names) rock in the shape of a chair. Cf eisteddfa <ei-STEDH-va> [əɪˡstɛðva]
(1) Cadair Arthur (“(the) seat (of) Arthur, Arthur’s seat”)
(2) Cadair Fronwen
(3) Cader yr Arglwyddes (“(the) seat (of) the lady,
The lady’s seat”)
In his Topographical Dictionary of Wales, 1849, Samuel Lewis, in describing the
parish od Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch, mentions “Cader yr Arglwyddes, an
eminence about a quarter of a mile to the west of the church”
(4) Trwyn y Gadar <TRUIN ə GAA-dar> [ˡtrʊɪn
ə ˡgɑˑdar]
‘the nose (headland) (of) the chair (the rock in the form of a chair)’
SH2993 a headland on the north coast of
Ynys Môn, 7 kilometres (5 miles) west of Cemais. (“Trwyn y Gader” on the
Ordnance Survey Map, though this would not be pronounced as –er in Ynys Môn)
(delwedd 7423)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/502079 map
7 South-west Wales cradle
8 South-west Wales udder
(of cow, ewe, goat, etc)
cadair buwch cow’s udder
9 seat
for the pencerdd (chief bard) in the hall of a Welsh king / Welsh prince
10 (1800s)
convention of bards (in this sense first used by Iolo Morganwg (1757-1826),
poet and antiquary)
Cadair Powys the Powys convention of
bards
11 chair
awarded to a bard in an eisteddfod who has won the competition for the best
poem (‘awdl’ - alliterative poem in different metres)
also: cadair eisteddfodol eisteddfod
chair
cadair bardd eisteddfod chair,
(winning) bard’s chair
cipio’r Gadair win the chair in an
eisteddfod
atal y Gadair withold the Chair =
not award the chair to any competitor, because no entry in the competition is
considered good enough
cadair ddu chair awarded
posthumously in an eisteddfod (literally: black chair, that is, one covered
with a black cloth as a sign of mourning)
12 chair
= steel socket holding a rail to the sleeper
13 (peninsula
of Llyn, county of Gwynedd) plough handles
14 cluster
of branches or twigs from the same trunk
15 cluster
of stalks from the same seed
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cadair < cadeir < British < Latin catedra < cathedra
From the same British root: Cornish kader
(= chair), Breton kader (= chair)
From the same Latin root: Irish cathair
(= city; church)
NOTE: singular form:
(1) literary pronunciation cadair <KAA-dair> [ˡkɑˑdaɪr],
(2) general colloquial form cader <KAA-der> [ˡkɑˑdɛr],
(3) north-west Wales (an ‘a-final’ area) cadar
<KAA-dar> [ˡkɑˑdar],
(4) south-east Wales (another ‘a-final’ area) catar <KAA-tar> [ˡkɑˑtar]
plural form:
(1) literary pronunciation cadeiriau
<ka-DEIR-yau> [kaˡdəɪrjaʊ],
(2) South-west cadire <ka-DII-re> [kaˡdiˑrɛ],
(3) centre and North-east cadeirie <ka-DEIR-ye> [kaˡdəɪrjɛ],
(4) North-west cadeiria <ka-DEIR-ya> [kaˡdəɪrja],
(5) South-east cadira <ka-DII-ra> [kaˡdiˑra]
:_______________________________.
Cadair Arthur
<KAA-dair,
-er, AR-thir> [ˡkɑˑdaɪr,
-ɛr, ˡarθɪr] feminine noun
1 Welsh name for the rock known as Arthur’s Seat, above Edinburgh
2 place in the peninsula of Gwyr, south-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chair (of) Arthur’ (cadair
= chair) + (Arthur = Arthur)
:_______________________________.
cadair dro <KAA-dair,
-er, DROO> [ˡkɑˑdaɪr, -ɛr, ˡdroː]
1 swivel chair
y gadair dro = the swivel chair
ETYMOLOGY: ‘chair (of) turning’ (cadair = chair) + soft mutaiton + (tro,
stem of troi = turn)
:_______________________________.
Cadair Idris <KAA-dair,
-er, I-dris> [ˡkɑˑdaɪr,
-ɛr, ˡɪdrɪs]
1
(SH6913) mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) (893
metres in height)
Situated between the rivers Mawddach and Dysynni, it was on the boundary
between the old kingdoms of Gwynedd and Powys.
In local tradition, Idris was a
giant (Idris Gawr = Idris (the)
giant)
Below there is Llyn y Gadair “(the) lake (of) Y Gadair”
The peak is called Pen y Gadair “(the) peak / top (of) Y Gadair” – the
elements written separately as it is not a habitative name (The incorrect Penygadair
is sometimes seen).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372367 Pen y Gadair
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372372 Pen y Gadair
Local name: Y Gader (The general
rule in writing place names is to use the standard Welsh form. Cadair [ˡkɑˑdaɪr] is generally cader [ˡkɑˑdɛr] colloquially.
This local form is sometimes seen (Cader Idris) though modern maps have Cadair
Idris.
The school in the town of Dolgellau below the mountain though is Ysgol y
Gader, as is a local dental practice.
(delwedd
0035) Awst / August 2003
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) chair (of) Idris”
:_______________________________.
cadarn <KAA-darn> [ˡkɑˑdarn] (adjective)
1 strong; firm
yn gadarn fel y graig as firm as a
rock
2
y rhyw gadarn (old-fashioned; no
longer an accepted term) (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)
3
(district of Meirionydd) Mae’n gwyntio
yn gadarn It’s blowing hard, There’s stormy weather
:_______________________________.
cadarnle <ka-DARN-le> [kaˡdarnlɛ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadarnleoedd
<ka-darn-LEE-oidh,
-odh> [kadarnˡleˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 stronghold, bastion, fort; military defensive structure
2 stronghold,
bastion = place where a principle or belief is strongly defended and supported
Cardarnle Islamyddol yw’r rhan hon o’r
wlad This part of the country is an Islamist stronghold
3 (Welsh
language) stronghold, bastion, place where the Welsh language is the majority
language of the community
Beth am ddyfodol y Gymraeg yn ei
chadarnleoedd? What about the future of Welsh in its strongholds?
4 stronghold
= place where support for a political party is very strong
Cadarnle Torïaidd oedd Mynwy Mynwy
was a stronghold of the Tory Party (= English Conservative Party)
ETYMOLOGY: (cadarn = strong) + soft
mutation + (lle = place)
:_______________________________.
caddugol <ka-DHII-gol> [kaˡðiˑgɔl] adjective
1
gloomy
ETYMOLOGY: (caddug = gloom) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cadeiriau <ka-DEIR-yai, -ye>
[kaˡdəɪrjaɪ, -jɛ] (plural
noun)
1 chairs; see cadair
:_______________________________.
cadeirio <ka-DEIR-yo> [kaˡdəɪrjɔ] (verb)
1 (eisteddfod) to chair = to award a chair to the winning poet
ETYMOLOGY: (cadeir-, penult form of cadair = chair, bishop’s throne) + (-i-o suffix for forming verbs).
:_______________________________.
cadeirlan ñ <ka-DEIR-lan> [kaˡdəɪrlan] feminine
noun
PLURAL cadeirlannau
<ka-deir-LA-neai,
-ne> [kadəɪrˡlanaɪ, -ɛ]
1 cathedral = main church in a diocese where the bishop of the
diocese has his throne
y gadeirlan the cathedral
dwy gadeirlan two cathedrals
Cadeirlan y Santes Fair Saint Mary’s
Cathedral (name of a Roman Catholic cathedral in Wrecsam)
clos cadeirlan cathedral close, the
precincts of a cathedral
clos y gadeirlan the cathedral close
Cadeirlan Deiniol Saint Deiniol’s
Cathedral (Bangor, Gwynedd)
2 Heol
y Gadeirlan street in Caer-dydd (“road of the cathedral”). The road goes
from the centre of the city in the direction of Llan-daf, a former cathedral
village in the countryside and now a district of Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: (cadeir-,
penultimate-syllable form of cadair
= chair, bishop’s throne) + soft mutation + (llan = church).
A recent coining.
Not included in the 1953 section of Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of
Wales Dictionary covering this part of the alphabet. Felt to be less cumbersome
than the usual form eglwys cadeiriol (“church + cathedratic”,
cathedratic church, church with a cathedra, church with a bishop’s throne)
:_______________________________.
cadeirydd,
cadeiryddion <ka-DEI-ridh, ka-dei-RƏDH-yon> [kaˡdəɪrɪð, kadəɪˡrəðjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 chairman
dau gadeirydd two chairmen
ETYMOLOGY: (cadeir-, cadair =
chair) + (-ydd suffix)
:_______________________________.
Cadfan <KAD-van> [ˡkadvan] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
cadfarch <KAD-varkh> [ˡkadvarx] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadfeirch
<KAD-veirkh> [ˡkadvəɪrx]
1 literary warhorse
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (march = horse)
:_______________________________.
cadfloedd <KAD-vloidh> [ˡkadvlɔɪð] feminine
noun
PLURAL cadfloeddiau
<kad-VLOIDH-yai,
-ye> [kadˡvlɔɪðjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 literary war cry
y gadfloedd = the warcry
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (bloedd = cry)
:_______________________________.
Cadi <KAA-di> [ˡkɑˑdɪ] feminine
noun
1 woman’s name (Catherine)
2 in some expressions, a girl with boyish characteristics
South Wales cadi fachgen, cati fachgen
tomboy
North Wales cadi bechgyn tomboy
3 in some expressions, a boy with girlish characteristics
North Wales cadi ffan effeminate man
North Wales cadi genod boy who prefers the company of girls
cadi merched boy who prefers the
company of girls
cadi Martha effeminate man
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly a variant of Welsh Cati,
pet form of Catryn (= Catherine),
but more likely Cadi is direct from
English Kaddy < Katty < Katharine (there was a tendency to voice medial consonants in some
words in English)
NOTE: in the south-east, Cadi > Cati (the initial consonants “d, b, g”
of the final syllable become devoiced “t, p, c” in this region)
:_______________________________.
Cadi Siân Dafydd
<KAA-di
SHAAN DAA-vidh> [ˡkɑˑdɪ
ˡʃɑːn ˡdɑˑvɪð] feminine
noun
1 a woman who renounces the Welsh language and culture in the belief
that anything English is far superior; Welshwoman who shows contempt for her
language and nation, preferring to be considered English
A man with these attitudes is a “Dic
Siôn Dafydd” “Dick / Richard (son of) John (son of) David”. This was the
name of a character in a poem of the same name by Jac Glanygors (John Jones,
1766-1821). Dic moves to London to become a haberdasher, and decides to become
English. He maintains that he has forgotten his Welsh, and on visiting his
mother back in Wales he inisists on speaking English to her, a language which
she does not understand)
The name for the female equivalent was used by Emrys ap Iwan in “Breuddwyd
Pabydd Wrth ei Ewyllys” (c. 1890) (‘a papist’s dream of how he would have
things to be’).
ETYMOLOGY:
(Cadi = Catherine, Catty) + (Siân = Jane) + (Dafydd = David),
“Cadi (daughter of) Siân (daughter of) Dafydd;
This is an imitation of Dic Siôn Dafydd
–
(1) substitution of Cadi as a
common name for a woman; a clever substitution since the second syllable of Cadi
echoes the first two letters of the name Dic
(2) Siân instead of Siôn - a common name for a girl and the
name corresponding to Siôn,
(3) retention of Dafydd as the final element
:_______________________________.
cadlan <KAD-lan> [ˡkadlan]
feminine noun
PLURAL cadlannau
<kad-LA-nai,
-ne> [kadˡlanaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (obsolete) battlefield
y gadlan = the battlefield
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (llan = field)
:_______________________________.
cadlanc <KAD-langk> [ˡkadlaŋk] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadlanciau
<kad-LANGK-yai,
-ye> [kadˡlaŋkjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 cadet = student at a military college or a naval college
2 cadet = young person training to become a military or naval
officer
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (llanc = youth, lad,
young man)
:_______________________________.
cadlas <KAD-las> [ˡkadlas]
feminine noun
PLURAL cadlasau
<kad-LA-sai,
-se> [kadˡlasaɪ, -ɛ]
1 obsolete green, enclosure
(for playing certain games - bowls, tennis)
y gadlas = the green
2 farmyard
3 North Wales rickyard =
place to store hay
4 South-east Wales; obsolete dance = a get-together for dancing, merrymaking
5 Y
Gadlas <ə GAD-las> [ə ˡgadlas]
(= the farmyard) monthly Welsh-language community newspaper serving the
area between the rivers Conwy <KOO-nui> [ˡkoˑnʊɪ] and Clwyd <KLUID> [klʊɪd] in North-west Wales, south of the village of
Abergele <a-ber-GEE-le> [abɛrˡgeˑlɛ]
6 Place names:
..a/
In Llýsfaen, Baecolwyn, county of Conwy there is a “Gadlas Road”
(which would be Ffordd y Gadlas in
Welsh)
..b/ Possibly Gatlas ST3492 (county of Mynwy), and Coed y Gatlas, “Gatlas Lane”, north of Caerllion
Query: I have no earlier examples of this
place name - is this from gadlas / gadlys? On the map it is seen to
be near a ‘Civil War Fort’
Such a form would be expected in the south-east (Y Gadlas > Y Gatlas) since devoicing d > t occurs generally before a vowel if at
the head of the penultimate syllable.
This seems too to be the case of dl > tl in the south-eastern dialect
– as in the case of Pysgodlyn (fishpond) > Pysgotlyn
..c/ Cadlas street name in
Ceiconna (county of Y Fflint)
..d/ Gadlas (= Y Gadlas) SJ3637 farm in Shropshire, England, near
Llandudlyst yn y Traean / Dudleston Heath. Beside it on the map there is a
symbol for an earthwork, marked ‘Moat’
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/367163
ETYMOLOGY: cadlas < cadlys (= fort, earthworks). The change
> a apparently happened as a
result of the influence of the ‘a’ in the first syllable.
Other examples of this same change are the words
Siarlas (= Charles) < Siarlys, and
taplas (= merrymaking, party) < taplys
:_______________________________.
cadle <KAD-le> [ˡkadlɛ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadleoedd
<kad-LEE-oidh,
-odh> [kadˡleˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 battlefield
2 place
names:
...(1) Cadle, near Fforest-fach
(county of Abertawe)
...(2) Bodgadle in the peninsula of
Llyn (county of Gwynedd) (bod =
house)
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (lle = place)
:_______________________________.
cadlef <KAD-lev> [ˡkadlɛv] feminine noun
PLURAL cadlefau
<kad-LEE-vai,
-ve> [kadˡleˑvaɪ, -ɛ]
1 warcry, battle cry
y gadlef = the battle cry
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft
mutation + (llef = cry)
:_______________________________.
cadlys <KAD-lis> [ˡkadlɪs] feminine
noun
PLURAL cadlysoedd
<kad-LƏS-oidh,
odh> [kadˡləsɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 defensive ditch; fort, camp; the word occurs in a few place names
...(1) y Gadlys, Aber-dâr (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf, South-east Wales),
...(2) y Gadlys, Llangynwyd (county of
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, South-east Wales)
2 courtyard, enclosure; see the entry cadlas above
3 pencadlys masculine noun
‘main battle-court’, ‘company headquarters, administrative headquarters’
ETYMOLOGY: (cad <kaad> [kɑːd] = battle) + soft mutation (+ llys <lhiis> [ɬiːs] =
court). In modern Welsh llys is
masculine, but in older Welsh it was originally feminine; in certain old
compounds such as cadlys it remains
feminine, as well as in some place names (Llys-wen
= (the) white court, rather than Llys-gwyn)
:_______________________________.
Cadnant <KAD-nant> [ˡkadnant] feminine
noun
1 Afon Cadnant river in the county of Gwynedd near Caernarfon SH4963
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4963 map
2 Afon Cadnant river in the county of Conwy
near the town of Conwy SH8654
...Ysgol Cadnant name of a school in
the town of Conwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/340681 map
3 Afon
Cadnant river in the county of Môn near the village of Porthaethwy SH5675
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5675 map
4 Cadnant SJ1418 stream south of Llanfyllin, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1418 map
5 Cadnant stream near Pen-y-bont-fawr (Powys)
Cadnant SJ0295 A farm by this stream
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/143583 map
(delwedd 7454)
ETYMOLOGY: (cad prefix = strong,
forceful, < cad = battle) + (nant = stream); the sense is “stream
with a strong flow”, rushing headlong as in a battle
:_______________________________.
cadno <KAD-no> [ˡkadnɔ] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadnóid,
cadnawod, cadnawon, cedny <kad-NOID, kad-NAU-od, kad-NAU-on, KED-ni> [kadˡnɔɪd,
kadˡnaʊɔd, kadˡnaʊɔn, ˡkɛdnɪ]
South Wales
1 fox
2 fox = (this animal hunted as a pastime)
hela cadnoaid foxhunting, hunting
foxes
3 (during
the day) unreliable weather - fair weather which is likely to give way to bad
weather later in the day
-Ryn ni wedi cael tywydd teg o’r diwedd
-O, cadno yw e
-We’ve got good weather at last
-Oh, it won’t last the morning (“it is a fox”)
4 (during a period longer than a day) unreliable weather
diwrnod cadno a fine day in the
middle of wet weather
5 Hys gyda’r ci a hwi gyda’r cadno to have a foot in both camps, to
support both sides in a dispute (“‘at him, boy!’ with the dog and ‘let’s go!’
with the fox”)
6 crafty person, sly person, cunning person
Mae’n hen gadno = he’s a smart one
7 sly person, cunning person, untrustworthy person (the word is used
by some monolingual speakers of Cambrian English in the south - “Don’t trust
him - he’s a proper old cadno”
mor ffalsed â’r cadno as
untrustworthy as the fox, as false as the fox
cyfrwys fel cadno as sly as a fox,
as cunning as a fox, as artful as a monkey (in the north: “fel llwynog” = like
a fox)
8 derogatory - unpleasant person, despicable person
(y brenin gormesol) Da gennym i gyd, mi wn, fod addysg a diwylliant wedi
gyrru’r cadno hwnnw i’w ffau am byth
(the figure of the depostic king) we are all thankful, I know, that
education and culture have sent that fox / despicable character to his den for
ever
ETYMOLOGY: Cadno is most likely a
personal name (not used in modern Welsh) with a final element -gno (= well-known). Some names of this
type are found incorporated in place names –
..1/ Beuno (Llanfeuno, in
Herefordshire, England),
..2/ Gwyddno (Porthwyddno, older
form of Y Borth in the county of
Ceredigion),
..3/ Machno (Afon Machno, river in
Conwy county, Penmachno - a village by this river),
..4/ Mochno (Cors Fochno, a bog in
the county of Ceredigion).
..5/ Tudno (Llandudno, county of
Conwy),
For more information on these names see -gno.
The first element in Cadno is cad = battle, from Celtic kat-, an element used frequently in
Celtic compound names, and found in Welsh names such as Cadwaladr, and Cadfael
(and its hypochoristic form Cadog).
The name may have been used to avoid using the ‘real name’ for the animal.
There are examples in many languages of a taboo on using this ‘real name’ of
certain animals and alluding to them by the use of descriptive forms or
personal names.
(1) In north Wales a fox is llwynog,
(“bushy (animal)”), referring to its tail, from llwyn = bush.
(2) In Catalan, the animal is guineu
- in origin a Germanic personal name ‘Winihild’.
(3) In the Lowlandic language of Scotland it is called tod (apparently a personal name) and also lowrie (apparently the personal name Lawrence), or a combination of
these lowrie-tod, tod-lowrie.
(4) In English ‘Reynard’ was a common by-name for a fox, from the medieval
story Renard The Fox.
Compare bynames for the hare in Welsh - y
gwta or y gota (“the bob-tailed
(animal)”), and the usual name for the animal which is probably also from a
byname - yr ysgyfarnog - (“the eared
(animal)”, the animal with long ears)
NOTE: popularly cadnoaid > cadnöid; and there is a metathesised
form cedny > cendy; in South-east Wales there is metathesis of cadno > canddo / cynddo
The singular form cadnaw
sometimes found in literature is results from imitation of other words in a
final -o which is a reduction of a
historial -aw still found in
derivatives.
An example is athro = teacher. The -aw is seen in the plural athrawon and the feminine form athrawes (= woman teacher). For this
reason some writers considered that the obsolete form athraw was more correct than the modern reduced form athro.
(In fact, the erroneus cadnaw is not
a recent form since there is an example of it as long ago as the 1400s).
Thus cadnaw comes from the belief
that this is the underlying form of cadno,
though this is not the case.
In turn, from cadnaw come
(1) the plural forms cadnawon, cadnawod
(more usually cadnoid, cedny) and
(2) the word for vixen cadnawes
(more usually cadnöes).
However, the -aw form could also be
the result of the influence of the word cenau
= young dog, young fox, the plural of which is cenawon
:_______________________________.
cadnöes <kad-NOO-es> [kadˡnoˑɛs] feminine
noun
PLURAL cadnoesau
<kad-no-E-sai,
-e> [kadnɔˡɛsaɪ, -ɛ]
South Wales
1 vixen = female fox;
y gadnöes = the vixen
ETYMOLOGY: (cadno = fox) + (-es suffix for forming nouns which
indicate a female)
NOTE: also cadnawes; in North Wales,
llwynoges; in the South-east, also gast cadno (“bitch (of) fox”)
:_______________________________.
cadoediad <kad-OID-yad> [kadˡɔɪdjad] masculine
noun
PLURAL cadoediadau
<kad-oid-YAA-dai,
-e> [kadɔɪdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 ceasefire, truce = temporary pause in fighting
cadoediad dros dro temporary truce
2 armistice, peace = cessation of fighting to discuss peace terms
Diwrnod y Cadoediad Armistice Day,
anniversary of the armistice signed on Nov 11 1918 which ended the First World
War (USA: Veterans Day). After the Second World War it was replaced by Sul y Coffa, (Remembrance Sunday) (also
called Dydd y Coffa Remembrance Day),
the second Sunday in November and so the Sunday closest to November 11; on this
day the dead of both World Wars are commemorated
3 ceisio cadoediad seek a truce
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + (oediad = delay)
:_______________________________.
Cadog ‹KAA-dog› masculine
noun
1 in older Welsh, a hypochoristic form of Cadfael
ETYMOLOGY: (cad-, first element of
the name Cadfael) + (-og suffix)
The Breton equivalent is Kazeg. Cf
other names where the first element of a name is detached and -og is added –
Madog, Maelog, Gwynnog.
NOTE: In South-east Wales Cadog >
Catwg.
See Catwg, Llangatwg
:_______________________________.
cadr ‹kadr› adjective
1 obsolete handsome
2 obsolete powerful,
mighty
3 as an element in certain names for males from the British period: Cedrig, Cedris
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kat-ro
< *kat- = to fight.
In Breton it is in everyday use as kaer
(= beautiful, fair) < kazr <
British *kat-ro
:_______________________________.
Cadrod ‹kad -rod› masculine
noun
1 early Welsh personal name
2 Cadrawd early form of the name, with the diphthong aw, which in
modern Welsh in the final syllable is the simple vowel o
Cadrawd was the pseudonym of Thomas Christopher Evans (1846-1918)
3 Cadrawd Calchfynydd a ruler of the district of Calchfynydd in the
500s; this was possibly in southern Scotland (Calchfynydd is “chalk mountain”,
probably modern day (English) Kelso / (Scots) Kelsae / (Gàidhlig)
Cealsach.
See Calchfynydd
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (rhawd = course, route)
> Cadrawd > Cadrod
:_______________________________.
cadw ‹KA du› (verb)
1 keep
2 cadw ar rywun cover
up for somebody
.....Un peth ydi i mi gau fy ngheg am y dwyn - peth arall ydi i mi gadw ar lofrudd
It’s one thing for me to keep my mouth shut about the theft – but it’s
quite another thing to cover up for a murderer
3 cadw + NOUN
CEFN: cadw cefn rhywun plead someone’s cause
CYFRINACH: cadw cyfrinach keep a secret
.....Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r gyfrinach
I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on my oath to
keep the secret”)
DYDD: cadw dydd yr Arglwydd keep the Lord’s
Day, keep the Sabbath, observe the Lord’s Day
GOLWG: cadw golwg am look
out for something
GWELY: cadw’ch gwely be confined to bed, be in
bed, stay in bed
LLONG: cadw llong uwchláw’r dŵr keep a
ship afloat
LLYGAD: cadw llygad am look out for, keep an eye out for
LLYGAID: cadw’ch llygaid yn eich gwegil to have
a blinkered attitude (“to keep your eyes in the back of your neck”)
PWYLL: cadw’ch pwyll keep your wits about you,
act prudently (“keep your prudence”)
STŴR: cadw stŵr make
a noise, be rowdy
SŴN: cadw sŵn make
a noise
TREFN: cadw trefn gaeth ar (rywbeth)
strictly control (something
TWRW: cadw twrw make
a noise, be rowdy
3 cadw + yn (= as)
RHYWBETH: cadw (rhywbeth) yn ddirgelwch keep
(something) a secret
4 cadw + yn (= linking particle)
cadw yn heini ‹KA du ən HEI ni›
/ cadw’n heini (verb) keep fit
5 cadw + rhag (= preposition)
cadw rhag annwyd escape a
cold
6 cadw + adverbial phrase
cadw yn y cudd keep a low profile, keep your head down, try not to draw
attention, remain in hiding (“keep
in the hiding”)
7
cas cadw da healthy outward
appearance, (man, animal), good condition
(“condition (of) good keeping”) (cas
= case, condition) + (cadw = to
keep, keeping) + (da = good )
...mewn cas cadw da in good
condition; in good repair, in good working order
8 (past participle) kept, kept by, saved; reserved;
llaeth cadw milk kept for churning,
milk for churning ("kept milk")
sedd gadw PLURAL seddau cadw reserved seat
9 (in
phrases meaning ‘to make a noise”)
cadw stŵr make a noise, be rowdy
cadw sŵn make a noise
cadw twrw make a noise, be rowdy
10 save from perdition, preserve
South Wales Dir caton pawb! may God save us all! God preserve us! < Duw a’n catwo ni bawb (“may God save us
all”)
NOTE: In the English dialect of
Llanidloes:
DINE GATTON PAWB, an exclamatory phrase expressive of wonder and astonishment a
corruption of a Welsh phrase which means “God preserve us all”: (Parochial
Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289
Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its
Borders / 1877)
11 observe a religious day, observe a
tradition
cadw’r Calan observe New Year traditions; observance of New Year
traditions
cadw’r Saboth observe the Sabbath; observance of the Sabbath
12 keep in prison
anfon rhywun i’w gadw send somenbody to be jail, send somebody to
be locked up
:_______________________________.
Cadwaladr ‹kad WA la dər› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
2 Familiar form: Dwalad
..a/ Cadwaladr > Cadwalad (loss
of final r after d, which occurs in other names and words in Welsh e.g.
Llangynidr > Llangynid)
..b/ Cadwalad > Dwalad (loss
of the pretonic syllable, a common feature of Welsh)
3 ap Cadwaladr son of Cadwaladr
(patronymic with ap)
Dafydd ap Cadwaladr David, son of Cadwaladr
ferch Cadwaladr daughter of
Cadwaladr (patronymic with ferch)
Gwenllian ferch Cadwaladr Gwenllian, daughter of Cadwaladr
4 Cadwaladr (patronymic without ap
or ferch)
Dafydd Cadwaladr David, son of Cadwaladr
Gwenllian Cadwaladr Gwenllian,
daughter of Cadwaladr
5 Cadwaladr fixed surname (=
ancestor of [ap] Cadwaladr)
In English it has some spellings at variance with the Welsh forms: Cadwalader,
Cadwallader (which shows the use of the English double l, probably to
indicate that the preceding vowel is pronounced short in English; cf Welsh
spelling Lewelyn > English spelling Llewellyn), Cadwalladr, Cadwalladar,
etc
:_______________________________.
Cadw’ch afraid erbyn eich rhaid ‹ka -du əkh av-raid er –bin də
hraid ›
1 be thrifty, keep what you don't need now for possible future use;
put something away for a rainy day; waste not, want not = if you do not waste
things, you won't be poor
ETYMOLOGY: “keeping your unneeded (things) against your need” (cadw = keep
/ keeping) + (’ch < eich = your) + (afraid
(adjective) = unnecessary; (noun) = unnecessary things) + (erbyn =
against) + (eich = your) + (rhaid = necessity)
NOTE: Also:
(different preposition) cadw’ch afraid at eich raid (at =
towards),
(with dy = thy, instead of eich = your) cadw
d’afraid erbyn dy raid, cadw d’afraid at
dy raid
:_______________________________.
cadw cyfrinach ‹ka -du kə-vrî -nakh›
1 keep a secret
Rw i ar fy llw i gadw’r gyfrinach
I’ve sworn not to tell the secret, I’m sworn to secrecy (“I’m on my oath to
keep the secret”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cadw = to keep) + (cyfrinach = secret)
:_______________________________.
cadw drws agored
‹ka -du druus a-gô-red›
1 keep open house, be very hospitable, welcome all and sundry
ETYMOLOGY: “keep (an) open door” (cadw
= keep) + (drws = door) + (agored = open)
:_______________________________.
cadwedig ‹kad –wê-dig› adjective
1 (theology), redeemed, saved
pechadur cadwedig a redeemed sinner,
a sinner who has been saved
ETYMOLOGY: (cadw = keep, save) + (-edig suffix for forming a past
participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
Cadwgan ‹ka-DUU-gan› masculine noun
1 man’s forename
ETYMOLOGY: “battle + praise” (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (gwogawn,
older form of gogawn = praise)
A possibly sequence of changes is *Cadwogawn > *Cadwogon >
*Cadwogan > Cadwgan (though the change of penultimate [wo] > [u]
is strange)
..a/ Cadwogawn > Cadwogon .A final syllable aw > o is a
general feature in Welsh (older Welsh athraw = teacher, modern Welsh athro;
the diphtjhong is preserved as a penultimate syllable, athrawon =
teachers, athrawes = female teacher)
..b/ Cadwogon > Cadwogan. A final syllable o > a occurs
sporadically; ofn (= fear) becomes disyllabic colloquially > ofon,
and has in some places in the south become ofan
.c/ Cadwogan > Cadwgan Influence of the verb cadw = keep,
preserve?
:_______________________________.
cadw golwg ar
‹KAA-du GOO-lug ar›
1 keep an eye on, observe (“keep a view on”)
Rhaid cadw golwg ar sut maen nhw’n
gwario arian y trethdalwyr
We have to keep an eye on how they spend the taxpayers’ money
:_______________________________.
cadw-mi-gei ‹ka -du mii gei ›
masculine noun
(North Wales)
1 money box, piggy bank
ETYMOLOGY: “keep (and) you shall get” = save the money and you shall have it
later
(cadw = keep!, imperative form of cadw
= to keep) + (mi gei = you shall
get)
Mi gei is (mi preverbal particle)
+ soft mutation + (cei = you shall
get, from the verb cael = to obtain, receive, get)
:_______________________________.
cadwydd ‹kad-widh›
plural
1 brambles, bramble brake, place full of brambles
ETYMOLOGY: (cad = intensifying
prefix; this prefix is derived from cad
= battle) + soft mutation + (gwydd =
trees, bushes); Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish kazwedh
(As in the Cornish place name Porthkazwedh,
English “Cadgwith”)
:_______________________________.
cadwyn, cadwynau ‹KAD win, kad Wə ne› (feminine noun)
1 chain = string made up of links (of paper, metal, etc)
blaen cadwyn end of a chain
2 fel ci ar gadwyn straining at the
leash
(“like (a) dog on (a) chain”)
:_______________________________.
cae ‹KAI› masculine noun
PLURAL caeau
‹kei -e›
1 field
2 (obsolete) hedge
dodi cae o amgylch (rhywbeth) place a hedge around something
Marc 12:1 Ac efe a ddechreuodd ddywedyd wrthynt ar
ddamhegion. Gŵr a blannodd winllan, ac a ddododd gae
o’i hamgylch, ac a gloddiodd le i’r gwingafn, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i
gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Mark 12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a
vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and
built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.
gosod cae yng nghylch (rhywbeth) place a hedge around something
Mathew 21:33 Clywch ddameg arall. Yr oedd rhyw ddyn o berchen tŷ, yr
hwn a blannodd winllan, ac a osododd gae yn ei
chylch hi, ac a gloddiodd ynddi winwryf, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i
gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Matthew 21:33 Hear another parable: There was a certain householder, which
planted a vineyard, and hedged it round about, and digged a winepress in it,
and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country:
gwasgaru cae destroy a
hedge (“scatter a hedge”)
Pregethwyr 10:8 Y sawl a gloddio bwll, a
syrth ynddo; a’r neb a wasgaro gae, sarff a’i
brath
Ecclesiastes 10:8 He that diggeth a pit shall fall into it; and whoso breaketh
an hedge, a serpent shall bite him.
dryllio cae destroy a hedge
(“make pieces of a hedge”)
Salmau 89:39 Diddymaist gyfamod dy was;
halogaist ei goron, gan ei thaflu i lawr. (89:40) Drylliaist ei holl gaeau ef; gwnaethost
ei amddiffynfeydd yn adwyau.
Pslams 89:39 Thou hast made void the covenant of thy servant: thou hast
profaned his crown by casting it to the ground. (89:40) Thou hast broken down
all his hedges; thou hast brought his strong holds to ruin.
tynnu ymaith gae remove a hedge
(“pull away a hedge”)
Eiseia 5:5 Ac yr awr hon mi a hysbysaf i
chwi yr hyn a wnaf i’m gwinllan: tynnaf ymaith ei chae,
fel y porer hi; torraf ei magwyr, fel y byddo hi yn sathrfa
Isaiah 5:5 And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will
take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall
thereof, and it shall be trodden down:
cau cae make a hedge
Eseciel 13:4 Dy broffwydi, Israel, ydynt
fel llwynogod yn yr anialwch (13:5) Ni
safasoch yn yr adwyau, ac ni chaeasoch y cae i dŷ
Israel, i sefyll yn y rhyfel ar ddydd yr ARGLWYDD
Ezekiel 13:4 O Israel, thy prophets are like the foxes in the deserts.
(13:5) Ye have not gone up into the gaps, neither made up the hedge for the
house of Israel to stand in the battle in the day of the LORD.
Eseciel 22:30 Ceisiais hefyd ŵr ohonynt i gau y cae, ac i sefyll ar yr adwy o’m blaen dros y
wlad, rhag ei dinistrio; ac nis cefais
Ezekiel 22:30 And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge,
and stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it: but
I found none.
3 cae drain thorn hedge
Micha 7:4 Y
gorau ohonynt sydd fel miaren, yr unionaf yn arwach na chae
drain; dydd dy wylwyr, a'th ofwy, sydd yn dyfod: bellach y bydd eu
penbleth hwynt.
Micah
7:4 The best of them is as a brier: the most upright is sharper than a thorn
hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy visitation cometh; now shall be their
perplexity.
Diarhebion 15:19 Ffordd y diog sydd fel cae drain; ond ffordd yr uniawn sydd wastad.
Proverbs 15:19 The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the
way of the righteous is made plain.
4
field = land enclosed by a fence or hedge used for livestock
cae pori pasture (“field (of)
grazing”)
cae porfa pasture
5
field = land enclosed by a fence or hedge used for crops
cae ŷd cornfield
cae gwair hay meadow
cae llafur field of cereals
cae tro ploughed field (“field +
ploughed”)
cae troi ploughed field (“field (of)
ploughing”)
6
(chwaraeon = sport) field, ground = piece of land for the playing certain
sports
cae chwarae playing field
cae antur adventure playground
7 field, ground for other activities
cae sioe showground
8 ar ganol y cae in the
middle of the field
yng nghanol y cae in the middle of the field
9 (Place names) Frequent in field names, and through transference,
in settlement names (farms, villages, suburbs, houses, streets)
FIELD NAME: Cae’r Ffynnon well
field, (“(the) field (of) the well”). Usually as Cae Ffynnon (in field names / place names the linking definite
article is often lost)
SETTLEMENT NAME: Caerffynnon, Caeffynnon (settlement names are more
correctly spelt as a single word)
10
Gwarycaeau Street in Port talbot (“Gwar Y Caeau”)
The local form would be “gwar y cia”.
“(the place”) above the fields”
11
SJ3049 Cored y Caeau Name of a weir on the river Clywedog in Y Bers /
Bersham, Wrecsam
“(the) weir (at) Y Caeau”
Pont y Caeau a bridge here “(the) bridge (at) Y Caeau”
12
ddim yn yr un cae â not in the same
street as, far superior, beyond compare (“not in the same field as”)
13
mill dam; riverside embankment, earthwork to raise the height of a riverbank to
prevent flooding (ar- intensifying
prefix) + soft mutation + ( cae = enclosure)
14 (South Wales) cae’r nos
field near a farmhouse where cattle and sheep are kept during the night
mynd i gae'r nos go off to bed, hit
the sack (“go to the night-time field”)
15 (North Wales) cae’r hun
bed (“(the) field (of) the sleep”)
16
bod mewn cae arall (“be in another
field”) be missing the point, be parking up the wrong tree
17 nid + bod yn pori yn un
cae (“not + be grazing in the same field”) be missing the point, be parking
up the wrong tree
Dwyt ti ddim yn pori yn yr un cae
You don’t get my point
18 cau < cae-u (cae = hedge) + (-u
suffix for forming verbs)
19
cae ras racecourse (“field (of)
race”)
cae rasio racecourse (“field (of)
racing”)
cae rasys racecourse (“field (of)
races”)
Y Cae Ras (English: The Racecourse,
or The Raceourse Ground) is the name of the football stadium in Wrecsam, where
Wrexham Football Club began playing in 1872, the year it was founded, on what
was originally land used for cricket and horse-racing.
CAE as a final element:
20 argae (qv) embankment
21 coetgae (qv) field (originally ‘hedge’, and then ‘the place
enclosed by a hedge’)
coetgae < cóed-gae (coed = trees)
+ soft mutation + (cae = hedge)
Quite frequent in place names, especially in the south-east; it has various
colloquial pronunciations. Generally misspelt as “coedcae” or “coed cae”, and
as a result often explained as meaning “coed y cae” “(the) field (by) the wood”
22 cytgae common
boundary, boundary hedgebank between two farms
cytgae < cýd-gae (cyd- < cyd- = existing together, joint,
shared) + soft mutation + (cae =
hedge, hedgebank) (d-g > t)
23 hyddgae (qv) deer park
(hydd = deer) + soft mutation + ( cae = hedge; field)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cae (= field) < *cagh < British *kag- < Celtic <Indoeuropean
From the same British root: Cornish ke
(= hedge), Breton kae (= hedge)
French quai (= quay) < Gaulish *kaion
Thus English quay (a word taken from
French) and Welsh cae are both words
of Celtic origin
Related words in Germanic (from the same Indoeuropean root)
..a/ English hedge and also haw / hawthorn (originally with the sense of “the bush used for making
hedges”)
..b/ Dutch haag (= hedge)
NOTE: South-east Wales - caeau > cia
Similar sense developments to that of cae – that is, the change from
“that which encloses” to “that which is enclosed, the area within the
enclosure” is to be seen in the following examples:
..a/ Welsh bangor (top row of woven
twigs > fence > enclosure > monastery, as in the place name Bangor – two examples in north Wales)
..b/ Welsh gweirglodd (hay meadow)
< gweirglawdd
(gweir- penult form of gwair = grass, hay) + soft mutation +
(clawdd = earth bank, stone wall)
..c/ English pale (= pole, strip of
wood) > fence > enclosed area (as in The Pale, the English-occupied area
in Ireland around Baile Átha Cliath)
:_______________________________.
caead ‹kei -ad› verb
1 close
ETYMOLOGY: Cf. Cornish keas (= to
close)
:_______________________________.
caead ‹kei-ad› masculine noun
PLURAL caeadau ‹kei- â -de›
1 lid
rhoi caead ar eich piser shut someone
up, stop someone from talking (“put a lid on his pitcher”)
Dyna gaead ar ei biser! That’s shut
him up! That’s put a stop to him!
2 tailboard
caead trol tailboard of a cart
caead cert tailboard of a cart
caead wagen godi tailboard of a
tipper lorry
3 shutter
caead Fenis Venetian shutter
rhoi’r caeadau lan put up the
shutters
caead rhwyllog Persian blind, roller
shutter – outside window blind with adjustable slats
4 (Photography) shutter
clicied caead shutter release
cymflymder caead shutter speed
5 caead allan exclusion, shut-out
6 (adjective) closed
pengaead closed at one end
...heol bengaead cul-de-sac
llawgaead stingy, mean (llaw = hand) + soft mutation + (caead = closed)
ETYMOLOGY: (cae- = stem of cau = to close) + (-ad, -ed suffix for forming a past participle)
:_______________________________.
Caeamérica ‹ kai-a-me–ri-ka›
1
street name in Llanfairfechan (county of Conwy) (spelt as two words “Cae
America”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae América’ “(the) field (of) America”
(cae = field) + (América = America)
:_______________________________.
Y Caeau ‹KEI-ai, -e›
1 “the fields”
Name of a farm north-east of the village of Pentrehelygain SJ1972 / “Pentre
Halkyn”, county of Y Fflint
2 Parcycaeau / Caia Park a district of Wrecsam
“(the) park (of ) Y Caeau”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/981216
:_______________________________.
Caebedw ‹ kai- mor -fa›
1 street name
..a/ Acre-fair (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as two words “Cae Bedw”; settlement
names are more correctly spelt run together)
..b/ Caerffili (county of Caerffili) (spelt as two words “Cae Bedw”; settlement
names are more correctly spelt run together)
‘cae’r bedw’ “(the) field (of) the birch trees”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (bedw = birch trees)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
:_______________________________.
Caebitffald ‹kai- bit -fald›
1 street name in Tre'r-ddôl (SN6692) (county of Ceredigion) (spelt
as two words “Cae Bitffald”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run
together)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r bitffald’ “(the) field (of) the pound”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + soft mutation +
(pitffald = pound ‹for stray animals›)
:_______________________________.
Caeblodau ‹kai- blô -de›
1 street name in Baecinmel (county of Dinbych) (spelt as two words
“Cae Blodau”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r blodau’ ‘(the) field (of) the flowers’
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (blodau = flowers)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
:_______________________________.
Caecastan ‹kai- ka -stan›
1 street name in Rhuthun (county of Dinbych) (spelt as two words
“Cae Castan”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r castan’ “(the) field (of) the chestnut tree”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + soft mutation +
(castan = chestnut tree)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
:_______________________________.
cae chwarae ‹kai KHWA re› (masculine noun)
1 sports field, playing field, recreation ground, ‘rec’
:_______________________________.
Cae Crwn ‹kai- krun › masculine noun
1 field name
ETYMOLOGY: y cae crwn = the round field
(cae = field) + (crwn = round)
:_______________________________.
Cae-crwn ‹kai- krun › masculine noun
1 street name
..a/ Dynfant (county of Abertawe) (spelt as two words “Cae Crwn”;
settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
..b/ Machynlleth (county of Powys) (spelt as two words “Cae Crwn”;
settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: y cae crwn = the round field. See preceding entry.
:_______________________________.
Cae Deintur ‹kai dein-tir›
1 (or
Cae Dintur). Field name (lost) in Caer-dydd.
John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911), notes
"Kaye y Dyntur... A field in the
Treasurer’s Manor of Llandaff (1535.) It was a piece of pasture ground on the
highway from Llandaff to Fairwater (1649)”
ETYMOLOGY: cae’r deintur “(the) field
(of) the tenter frame” > cae deintur.
The linking definite article is often lost in place names.
(cae = field) + (’r < yr = definite article) + (deintur = tenter frame)
:_______________________________.
Caedeintur ‹kai dein-tir›
1 street
name in Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: As above. Street names without an element indicating “street” are
spelt as settlement names, that is, as a single word. It seems though that the
name is spelt (incorrectly) “Cae Deintur” officially.
:_______________________________.
Cae Delyn ‹kai DEE-lin›
1 Field
name
See Caedelyn below
ETYMOLOGY: cae’r delyn “(the) field
(of) the harp” / harp field > cae
delyn.
The linking definite article is often lost in place names.
(cae = field) + (’r < yr = definite article) + soft
mutation (telyn = harp)
Fields with this name are triangular in shape, like a harp
:_______________________________.
Caedelyn ‹kai DEE-lin›
1 Farm
name SN5806. East of Sardis, county of Caerfyrddin (as such on the O.S. map,
“Caedelyn”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=185836 map
2 Street name in Caerwys SJ1272 (county of Y Fflint) (“Cae Delyn”)
(The convention is that street names which have no element indicating a street
are spelt as habitatative names; thus Cae Delyn (field name, hwere the
street or near to which the street is; or as an arbitrary name for a
residential street) and Caedelyn (house or farm name) would be Caedelyn
as a steet name)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/30503 map
ETYMOLOGY: See preceding entry. As a field name it is Cae Delyn; as a
habitative name it is a single word, Caedelyn
:_______________________________.
Y Cae-glas ‹kai GLAAS›
1 Cae-glas house name
2 Cae-glas street name in Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam)
3 Cae-glas locality in Abertawe SS6595
ETYMOLOGY: “y cae glas” the green field (y
= definite article) + (cae = field)
+ (glas = green).
In names on signs, maps, etc the initial article is omitted, though it is
understood, and in context it should re-emerge – Mae e’n byw yn y Cae-glas He lives in Cae-glas, rather than *Mae e’n byw yn Nghae-glas
:_______________________________.
Cae-gwyn ‹kai GWIN›
1 house name
On a gentle ascent, on the right from Caernarvon, is Richmond Hill, so called
by its late possessor—Richmond Hill, on the skirts of Snowdon ! ! ! Its
present possessor, J. F. Maddock, Esq. M. P, for Chester, has judiciously
restored its original name, Cae Gwyn.
Beaumaris Bay: The Shores of the Menai, and the Interior of Snowdonia;
Scenery Unrivalled in its Comprehensive Variety, The Interesting Objects which
it includes, and the Sublime Prominence of its Features. Richard Llwyd. 1832
ETYMOLOGY: “y cae gwyn” the white field (y = definite article) + (cae
= field) + (gwyn = white).
:_______________________________.
Cae-haf ‹kai- haav › masculine noun
1 street name in Pentrecátheral (county of Y Fflint)
ETYMOLOGY: cae’r haf = the field of the summer
:_______________________________.
cae haidd ‹kai haidh › masculine noun
1 barley field
ETYMOLOGY: (cae = field) + (haidd = barley )
:_______________________________.
Cae-haidd ‹kai haidh › masculine noun
1 street name in Llanymynech (county of Powys) (spelt as two
words “Cae Haidd”; settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: “y cae haidd” = the field (of) barley
:_______________________________.
Cae-glo ‹kai- gloo › masculine noun
1 street name
..a/ Cefn-mawr (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as two words “Cae Glo”;
settlement names are more correctly spelt run together)
..b/ Wrecsam (spelt as two words “Cae Glo”; settlement names are more
correctly spelt run together)
ETYMOLOGY: “cae’r glo” = the field of the coal
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
:_______________________________.
Cae-go ‹kâi-goo›
1 district west of Rhos-ddu (county of Wrecsam)
ETYMOLOGY: “cae’r gof” (“(the) field (of) the smith”)
(cae = field) + (yr = definite article) + (gof = smith).
The final ‹v› is often lost in the north in
one-syllable words, hence gof > go.
:_______________________________.
cael
1 have something done, to be the
object of some action
cael torri eich gwallt get your hair
cut (“receive (the) cutting (of) your hair”)
cael tyllu ei chlustiau have your
ears pierced 'receive (the) piercing (of) her ears'
cael tynnu eich llun have your photo
/ picture taken ("receive (the) pulling (of) your picture")
2 have = eat
cael brecwast have breakfast
3 have, get = experience, undergo, suffer (a feeling, sensation)
cael sioc have a shock
4 have a (specified) type of life
cael bwyd go ddiflas have a fairly
disagreeable life (e.g. after a death, separation, etc)
5 have (difficulty, a problem)
chefais i ddim trafferth o gwbl I
didn’t have any trouble at all
6 have = give birth to
cael plentyn = to have a child
7 have (a dream) cael
breuddwyd
8 have (+ type of weather)
Gesoch chi dywydd braf yn yr eisteddfod?
Did you have good weather in the eisteddfod?
cael rhew caled (said of cold
weather when water or the ground, etc is frozen hard) (“have a hard frost /
ice”)
9 (indicates permission) be granted permission to, be allowed to, to
be able to
cael mynd adre be allowed to go
home, be allowed home
Pam nad yw pobl y wlad honno yn câl dewis ’u llywodreth?
Why aren’t the people of that country allowed to choose their government?
10 expressions indicating ‘to see’
cael gweld (rhywbeth) yn well get a better view of something
cael golwg ar have a look at
mynd i gael golwg ar y dre go and
have a look round town
11 get = receive an injury
cael crafiad ar eich llaw scratch
your hand (= be scratched on the hand)
12 find, come across = discover by chance
Yn y gwely winwns ces i e
I found it in the onion bed
13 succeed in, manage to
Chefais i gysgu fawr ddim ers
nosweithiau I’ve not been able to sleep much for many nights now
14 wyt ti’n eu cael nhw? North
Wales Have you gone barking mad? Have you taken leave of your senses? (“are
you getting them?”)
15 get, catch (a disease)
Fe ges i ryw hen glefyd imbed (embyd)
yno I caught some bloody awful disease there
16 cael bod... find that, discover that, become aware of the fact
that
Rhywbeth sy’n rhoi gwefr anhygoel i
ddysgwyr yw cael eu bod yn gallu deall Cymraeg llafar tu allan i’r dosbarth
Something which gives an incredible thrill to learners (of the language) is
finding that they can understand spoken Welsh outside the class
17 (indicates the passive) “get, receive”;
Used to form the passive voice with periphrastic constructions. In literary
Welsh a termination is added to the verb, according to the tense:
-ir = present-future,
-wyd = past,
-id = imperfect,
-asid = pluperfect,
-er = present subjunctive,
-id = imperfect subjunctive
Although forms with -wyd and
sometimes -ir are to be heard in
colloquial Welsh, they are far from frequent. Generally the verb cael is used along with a possessive
determiner
gweld = to see,
cael eich gweld = be seen (“get your
seeing”)
cafodd ei anfon ‹KAA-vodh i AN-von› he was
sent (“he got his sending”)
18 get = win (prize, award, trophy, honour)
19 get = undergo, suffer (punishment, beating)
20 cael gan rywun wneud
rhywbeth get somebody to do something
21 er mwyn cael enghraifft
for argument’s sake
22 cael y gwaethaf ohoni
come out of it badly
23 have = have sexual intercourse with
merch hawdd ei chael an easy piece,
an easy lay (“girl easy her getting”)
24 (South Wales) cael
eich cymal aga get into one’s stride (in some task)
25 obtain
cael cyfrinach o groen rhywun prise
/ wheedle a secret out of somebody (“get a secret from the skin of someone)”
26
cael blas o’ch ffisig eich hun have
/ get a taste of your own medicine
27
BLAS: cael blas o’ch ffisig eich hun have
/ get a taste of your own medicine
CRAFIAD: cael crafiad ar eich llaw
scratch your hand (= be scratched on the hand)
CYMAL: (South Wales) cael eich cymal aga get into one’s stride (in some task)
GWAETHAF: cael y gwaethaf ohoni come
out of it badly
GWLYCHFA: cael gwlychfa get a
soaking, get soaked, get drenched
GWLYCHFA: cael gwlychfa at eich croen
get soaked to the skin
Present Indicative: 1 caf, cawn; 2 cei, cewch, 3 caiff, cânt Impersonal: ceir
Imperfect Indicative: 1 cawn, caem;
2 cait, caech; 3 câi, caent; Impersonal: caed
Past Indicative: 1 cefais, cawsom; 2
cefaist,, cawsoch; 3 cafodd, cawsant; Impersonal: cafwyd, caed (colloquial: 1 ces, cawson; 2 cêst,, cawsoch; 3 cath /
cadd / (South Wales) cas,
cawson)
Pluperfect Indicative: 1 cawswn,
cawsem; 2 cawsit, cawsech; 3 cawsai, cawsent; Impersonal: cawsid
Present Subjunctive: 1 caffwn, caffem; 2
caffit, caffech; 3 caffai, caffent;
Impersonal: ceffid; or the same as
the Imperfect Indicative: 1 cawn, caem;
2 cait, caech; 3 câi, caent;
Imperative: 1 -, -; 2 -, -; 3 caffed / caed, caffent / caent; Impersonal: caffer, caer
In the second person there is no imperative: other verbs are used, depending on
the sense; for example, dos i nôl / ewch
i nôl (North Wales) = go and fetch; cer
i moyn / ewch i moyn (South Wales) = go and fetch
:_______________________________.
cael a chael ‹kail aa khail ›
1 a narrow squeak; touch and go
Cael a chael! Just made it!
Cael a chael yw hi It’s touch and go
Cael a chael yw hi bob tro i'r 'steddfod
wneud elw
It’s touch and go every time for the Esiteddfod to make a profit
Cael a chael oedd hi na laddwyd mohonom
ni
We were within an inch of death, it was a miracle we weren’t killed
Cael a chael oedd hi na laddwyd mohonom
ni
We were within an inch of death
ETYMOLOGY: (“get and get”)
(cael = get) + (a = and) + aspirate mutation + (cael = get)
:_______________________________.
cael adferiad
‹kail ad- ver
-yad›
1 recover one’s health, get well again
Gobeithiai gael adferiad hyd y ddau ddiwrnod olaf y bu fyw
He hoped to recover from his illness (“hoped to get recovery”) until the last
two days he was alive
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (adferiad = recovery)
:_______________________________.
cael bachiad ‹kail bakh-yad›
1 (fishing) get a bite
2 (North Wales) get a job
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (bachiad = hold, bite)
:_______________________________.
cael eich cefn atoch ‹kail əkh ke-ven a-tokh› verb
1 recover after an illness
ETYMOLOGY: (“get your back to you”) (cael = to get) + (eich =
your) + (cefn = back) + (atoch = to you, < at = to)
:_______________________________.
cael eich haeddiant ‹kail əkh heidh-yant ›
1 get what one deserves = get one's come-uppance, get one's just
deserts,
2 get what one deserves = get one's proper due for, get recognition
for
cael ei haeddiant llawn am ei syniadau get full recognition for his ideas
ETYMOLOGY: ‘get your desert’ (cael = get) + (eich = your) + (haeddiant
= desert, what is deserved)
:_______________________________.
cael estyniad
einioes ‹kail e-stƏn-yad
ein-yois ›
1 get a new lease of life (after a period of illness, depression, loss
of vitality, etc to have a renewed vigour, health, drive, optimisim, happiness,
etc) (“get an extension of life”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (estyniad = extension) + (einoes = life)
:_______________________________.
cael ffit ‹kail fit › verb
1 have a fit
Fe gaiff ffit pan glyw amdano He’ll have a fit when he finds out
NOTE: (cael = have, get, receive) + (ffit = fit)
:_______________________________.
cael gwaith ‹kail gwaith ›
1 find it hard to, find it an effort to, find it a job to
Fe gaiff e waith dal i fyny He’ll
have a bit of a job to catch up
Ar ôl ymddeol, rw-i'n cael gwaith codi
cyn deg y bore
After retiring, I find it a job to get up before ten in the morning
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (gwaith = work)
:_______________________________.
cael gwared ag
annwyd ‹kail GWA red ag A nuid› (phrase)
1 shake off a cold
:_______________________________.
cael hen ddigon
ar ‹kail dhÌ –gon ar›
1 have just about enough of
ETYMOLOGY: (“get more than enough on”) (cael
= get) + (hen = old; ‘more than’) +
soft mutation + (digon = enough) + (ar = on)
:_______________________________.
cael hit ‹kâil hit› verb
1 hurt oneself, give oneself a blow
2 cael hit ar = knock, bang (part of the body against)
:_______________________________.
cael hwyl ‹kail huil › verb
1 enjoy oneself, have fun
cael hwyl fawr have great fun
cael hwyl ar gost (rhywun) enjoy oneself at somebody's expense
Yr oedd y plant yn cael hwyl wrth symud y cadeiriau The children were enjoying themselves moving the chairs
Yr oedd nant fach ar
ganol y cae a chaem ninnau hwyl yn neidio drosti
There was a stream in the middle of the field and we had fun jumping over it
2 cael hwyl a hanner have a
grand old time, have a really great time
3 cael hwyl am ben make fun
of, mock
4 cael hwyl ar (rywbeth) enjoy
(something)
cael gwell hwyl ar enjoy (something) more
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (hwyl = enjoyment)
:_______________________________.
cael lle i ‹kail lhee ii›
1 have reason to
cael lle i obeithio have reason to
be hopeful, find grounds for optimism
cael lle i gasglu fod... have reason
to suppose
:_______________________________.
cael min ‹kail miin ›
1 (North Wales) get an erection, have an erection
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to have) + (min = sharpness / erection)
:_______________________________.
cael modd i fyw ‹kail moodh ii viu
›
1 wedi cael modd i fyw be
delighted, be cock a hoop, be pleased as Punch (“to have received (a) means to
live”)
2 derive immense satisfaction (from the misfortune of another)
ETYMOLOGY: (“to receive (a) means to live”) (cael = to receive) + (modd
= a means, a way, a manner) + (i =
to) + soft mutation + (byw = to
live)
:_______________________________.
cael oes go dda
‹kail ois
goo dhaa ›
1 live to a ripe old age
Fe gafodd oes go dda He had a long
life, he lived to a ripe old age (“he got a good amount of life / a fairly good
life”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = to get) + (oes = a life) + (go dda = fairly get, a good amount of (something)
:_______________________________.
cael sterics ‹kail ste -riks›
1 have a fit of hysterics
ETYMOLOGY: (cael = get) + (sterics = hysterics)
:_______________________________.
Cae Morfa ‹ kai- mor -fa›
1
“Cae Morfa Road” a street name in Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
(in Welsh it would be Heol Cae Morfa)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r morfa’ “(the) field (of) the sea-fen”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (morfa = sea-fen)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae
:_______________________________.
Caeo ‹KEI o› (feminine noun)
1 place name
:_______________________________.
Caeperson ‹ kai- per -son›
1
street name
..a/ Acre-fair (county of Conwy) (“Cae Person”)
..b/ Llanddarog (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Cae Person”)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘cae’r person’ “(the) field (of) the parson”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (person = parson)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
:_______________________________.
caer ‹KAIR› (feminine noun)
1 fortress, castle
y gaer = the fortress
2 city
3 wall
caer y fynwent the churchyard wall
Mr. Luid observes, that in Caermarthenshire the wall of the
church-yard is called Caer y Fynwent (i.e. Edward Lhuyd / Edward Llwyd
1660-1709)
The Privileges of the University of Cambridge / George Dyer / Volume II / 1824
Eseciel 38:11 A thi a ddywedi. Mi a af i fyny i wlad sydd yn preswylio yn
ddiogel, gan drigo oll heb gaerau, ac heb drosolion na dorau iddynt,
Ezekiel 38:11And thou shalt say, I will go up to the land of unwalled villages;
I will go to them that are at rest, that dwell safely, all of them dwelling
without walls, and having neither bars nor gates,
3 with certain classical names
..a/ Caerdroea Troy; literally
“castle / city (of) Troy”
..b/ Caergystennin Constantinople;
literally “castle / city (of) Constantine”
..c/ Caersalem Jerusalem (the first
portion was misunderstood as meaning ‘city’and translated into Welsh as such;
the second element was taken to be Salem or peace) (“city (of) Salem / “city
(of) peace”)
:_______________________________.
Caer ‹kair› feminine noun
1 Chester = city in North-west England, on the border with Wales.
Full name: Caerllion Fawr.
Latin name: Deva. The English name
Chester (from Latin ‘castrum’) means ‘Roman fort’. The Welsh name in full is Caerllion Fawr = Greater Caerllion (to
differentiate it from Caerllion in
South Wales). Caerllion means ‘fortress of the legion’.
2 Stryd Caer Chester Road, (the) road (leading to) Chester. A street
name in Yr Wyddgrug, county of Fflint
3 Swydd Gaer the county of Chester, Cheshire. Generally Welsh
counties are prefixed by sir and
English counties by swydd: Both are
followed by soft mutation
4 North Wales, colloquial Sir Gaer the county of Chester,
Cheshire
ETYMOLOGY: caer = (Roman) camp
NOTE: See: Caerllion Fawr
:_______________________________.
Caer Antur ‹kair- an -tir›
1 town founded by the Welsh settlers in the Welsh settlement in
Patagonia; In Castilian, Rawson. Now the administrative capital of the province
of Chubut.
Alternative later Welsh name: Tre Rawson / Trerawson
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) fort (of) (the) venture” (caer = fort) + (antur =
venture) (probably in imitation of numerous Welsh place names with caer as the first element, where it
usually indicates a Roman fort – Caer-dydd,
Caerfyrddin, Caernarfon, Caer, Caerffili, etc).
According to the conventions of modern Welsh spelling it would be better spelt
run together – Caerantur
:_______________________________.
Caer Caradog ‹kair ka-RAA-dog›
1 name of various hillforts
..a/ Said to be the name marked on older maps for the hillfort at Coetgae’r Gaer <KOIT-gair GAIR> [ˡkɔɪtgaɪr
ˡgaɪr], SS9785, an upland east of Y Coetgae farm
near Y Brynna, south-east of the ruined church of Llan Bedr ar Fynydd.
(The local name is evidently simply Y Gaer (= the hillfort), as seen from the
name of the upland where it is situated, Coetgae’r Gaer (= the mountain
pasture by Y Gaer).
.......................................................
..b/ SH9647 hillfort by Cerrigydrudion, county of Conwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/181786 Caer Caradog
.......................................................
..c/ Caradoc Court S05527
Landscape Origins of the Wye Valley (2009-03-03) http://www.wyevalleyhistory.net/LOWV%20projects%20Caradoc%20Court%20Farm.htm notes two forms
frm the 1200s, Cayrcradoc and Caircradoke, and suggests the name of the manor
comes from the hillfort at Gaer Cop, three kilometres to the south-west
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/893869 “Caradoc Hill”
.......................................................
..d/ hillfort by Church Stretton, Shropshire
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO4795 “Caer Caradoc”
:_______________________________.
Caercaradog ‹kair ka-RAA-dog›
1 A spurious name for Salisbury (England)
Benjamin Hoadley… Yn 1721, symudid
Hoadley i Gaerffawydd, ac yn 1723, i Gaer Caradog, ac oddi yno i Gaerwynt (Winchester)
yn 1734. Y Gwyliedydd, Llyfr 9, 1832, t. 293
Benjamin Hoadley… Yn 1721, Hoadley
was moved to “Caerffawydd” (= Hereford), and in 1723, to “Caer Caradog” (=
Salisbury), and from there to “Caerwynt” (= Winchester) yn 1734.
:_______________________________.
Caercynan ‹kair-kə-nan›
1 A spurious Welsh name for Norwich (England)
(There is no Welsh name in use for Norwich).
Yr Esgob nesaf yn Mangor oedd Richard
Reynolds, yr hwn a symudid i Gaer-Lwydcoed (Lincoln) yn 1723, ас ddilynid yma gan Wilum Baker, yr hwn, yn 1727, a gymmerai
Esgobaeth Caer Суnan (Norwich) Y Gwyliedydd, Llyfr 9, 1832,
t. 293
The next Bishop in Mangor was Richard
Reynolds, who moved to “Caer-Lwydcoed” (Lincoln) in 1723, and was
followed here by WilIAm Baker, who,
in 1727, took over the Diocese of “Caer Суnan” (Norwich)
ETYMOLOGY: (“town (of) Cynan”) (caer
= (Roman) town) + (Cynan = male
forename)
:_______________________________.
Cae’r Delyn ‹kair-DEE-lin›
1 (field name) “field (of) the harp”, harp field (i.e. a triangular
field)
Cae’r Delyn SJ 06143 72653 Y Waun, Sir y
Fflint / Flintshire. Field name in 1841.
Cae r delyn · SJ 10644 72220 Bodfari. Sir y Fflint / Flintshire. Field name in 1841.
Also a street name
Llannerch-y-medd, Ynys Môn (“Cae’r Delyn”)
Oakdale, Caerffili Môn (“Cae’r Delyn”)
Bodffordd, Ynys Môn (“Cae’r Delyn”)
Also a house name.
As a habitative name the spelling Cae’rdelyn (i.e. spelt as a single word)
would be more appropriate.
MARWOLAETHAU. Tachwedd 24aln, yn 47ain mlwydd oed, Mary, anwyl briod Mr. G.
Dale, Cae'rdelyn, Corwen.
Baner ac Amserau Cymru. 5 Rhagfyr 1900.
Also
as Caerdelyn:
GENEDIGAETHAU. Tachwedd 29, yn Caerdelyn,
Corwen, priod Mr Evan James, cyfreithiwr, ar fab.
Y Tyst Cymreig. 10 Rhagfyr 1869.
:_______________________________.
Caer Dinam ‹ kair- dii -nam› (f)
1
A folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic
Repertory” (1830).
Explained as “Dinam fort, in Llanddinam parish”.
:_______________________________.
Caerdroea ‹ kair- droi -a› (f)
1
Troy
difrod Caerdroea, the sack of Troy
(difrod = destruction)
ETYMOLOGY: (caer = fort, castle) +
soft mutation + ( Troea = Troy)
:_______________________________.
Caer-dydd ‹kair-DIIDH› [kaɪrˡdi:ð] (feminine noun)
Colloquial forms: Car-dydd [karˡdi:ð], Cÿr-dydd [kərˡdi:ð] (Here we use the letter
symbol “ÿ” to indicate that this “y” is [ə], since it could
be interpreted as representing [i:] in this environment).
1
capital of Wales (anglicised from: Cardiff [ˈkɑːdɪf]) (“the Roman fort
by the river Taf”) (standard form: Caerdydd.
Technically the form without a hyphen is not correct, but the hyphenless form
is an exception to the rule)
2
arfau Caer-dydd the coat of arms of
Caer-dydd
Gwesty Arfau Caer-dydd Cardiff Arms Hotel - name of a hotel and public house
in Caer-dydd Generally known as in Welsh as Gwesty’r Arfau “(the) hotel
(of) the arms”, and in English as the “Cardiff Arms”
Parc Arfau Caer-dydd Cardiff Arms Park – a rugby stadium in Caer-dydd
Generally known in Welsh as as Parc yr Arfau “(the) parc (of)
the arms”, and in English as the “Arms Park”
ETYMOLOGY: The original Welsh name was Caer-dyf [kaɪrˡdi:v]
The
House of Commons Journal mentions the city on 3 March 1646:
Resolved, &c. That the Town and Castle of Caerdiffe, be kept garisoned,
with Two hundred Men in it.
(British History Online, https://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=25035)
The English form Cardiff is based on the older Welsh form Caer-dyf [kaɪrˡdi:v], or
more precisely the colloquial form with “caer” reduced to “car”: Car-dyf [karˡdi:f]; later the final f
[v] in the Welsh name was replaced by dd [dh], that is, (-dyf
> -dydd).
This change f > dd occurs colloquially in a handful of words in
Welsh, such as plwyf (= parish) > plwydd, and tyfu (= to grow) > tyddu.
Mae popeth yn cymryd amser i
dyddu, ishta gwetws yr iâr wrth y cyw.
Everything takes time to grow, as the hen said to
the chicken.
(spelling amended) Mwyar Duon / D. James (Defynnog) The Welsh Leader 25 05 1906
(In the story, this is said by a Welshman who is a native of the vicinity of
Pont-y-pridd)
The local English form of the city’s name “Kerdiff” [ˈkɛːdɪf], and is said to preserve a vestige of a Gwentian Welsh
pronunciation (where [a:] becomes [ɛː]
in monosyllables: tân [ta:n] (fire) > [tɛːn], Y Gaer [ә ˡgaɪr] > Y Gâr [ә ˡga:r] < Y [ә ˡgɛːr], etc). It seems however to be a
phonological change that has occurred in the English of Cardiff independently
of the feature in Welsh. No such feature exists in English in any
other part of the Gwentian speech area, aprroximately from Castell-nedd to the
border with England (Trefynwy / Monmouth), and from the coast (e.g. Porth-cawl)
to the boundary with Sir Frycheiniog / Breconshire (e.g. Merthyrtudful).
Wikipedia (02-03-2022) Cardiff English: PALM is one of the most characteristic
vowels of the accents, generally being an open front vowel [aː] and
notably longer than Received Pronunciation. Broader accents typically exhibit
raising, most commonly as [æː], with [ɛː] being heard from the
broadest accents of working-class males. Within the United Kingdom, there is no
other dialect that has a vowel more raised than [æː], although some
American dialects may have these realisations.[31] Regardless if neighbouring
any nasal consonants, it is frequently nasalised itself ([ãː, æ̃ː,
ɛ̃ː]); this has been linked to Merseyside velarised
speech.[32][33] The raising of this vowel has been stigmatised with local
Cardiff culture, especially its city name Cardiff [ˈkæːdɪf], as
well as Cardiff Arms Park and a pint of dark, referring to the local brew
Brains Dark.[34]
............................................
“pen
isaf y plwyf”
(delwedd
7695)
It is also to be seen in the farm name Pen-isha-plwydd SO3423 by Y
Pandy in the county of Mynwy (Penishaplwydd on the Ordnance Survey map) (One
might expect “Penisharplwydd” with the definite article, but see below),
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=201060 map
..a/ pen isaf y plwyf “(the) lower end (of) the parish”, the
bottom of the parish > pen isa’r plwyf A final f [v] in
polysyllables is lost in spoken Welsh; the definite article yr is y
when it is between consonants, but reverts to yr after a vowel, and the
vowels ‘y’ is lost and the remaining conasonant coalesces with the preceding
word (isa + yr) > (isa’r)
..b/ pen isa’r plwyf > pen isha’r plwyf is South Wales an s preceded
by of followed by an i is palatalised: s > sh. Hence isa
> isha
..c/ pen isha’r plwyf > pen isha’r plwydd In South Wales, a dialect
variant of plwyf is plwydd. This change of f [v] > dd [ð]
occurs in some other words in Welsh.
See the entry f > dd, on the page for the letter F
..d/ pen isha’r plwyf > pen isha plwydd In place names, the linking
definite article is often dropped.
............................................
Tyf instead of Taf is explained as being a genitive form in British
(*tamî).
(This is similar to a Latin genitive form, since British and Latin were quite
closely related languages). This final –i affected the preceding vowel
“a”.
Although a-i in British usually gives “ei” (with the loss of the
case ending –i) in modern Welsh, there are instances of “y”, as in alarch
(= swan), with its two alternative plural forms elyrch and eleirch.
Some books explain the second element as being the name of “the Roman general
Didius, a governor of nearby provinces”, which is etymologically impossible,
and neither does it fit the pattern of Welsh names with Caer.
Analysing the name as a moden Welsh compound, we have Caer-dydd <
Caer-dyf (caer = Roman fort) + soft mutation + (Tyf < British
*tam-î, “(of the river) Taf”)
SPELLING: The official spelling is Caerdydd. Although an accented final element
should be preceded by a hyphen, in the recommendations for the spelling of
place names some names were considered to be so well-known that they need not
conform to the rule – thus undermining an extremely useful feature of the
guidelines!
Examples of Welsh final [v] > [f] in English:
Car-dyf [karˡdi:v] > Cardiff [ka:ˡd ɪf]
Llan-daf [ɬanˡda:v] > Landaff [ˡlandaf]
:_______________________________.
Caereinion ‹kai REIN yon› (feminine noun)
1 medieval territory in the north-east (“fortress of Einion”)
:_______________________________.
Caerfallwch ‹kair-VA-lhukh› masculine
noun
1 Pseudonym of Thomas Edwards (1779-1858), Welsh lexicographer, very
much influenced by the eccentric lexicographer William Owen-Pughe (1759-1835).
His Welsh name Caerfallwch was the name of his birthplace, in Llaneurgain,
county of Y Fflint, north-east Wales.
He produced lists of neologisms especially in the fields of science and
commerce, and some of these are now in general use in Welsh.
buddsoddi = to invest
cyngerdd = concert
daeareg = geology
degol = decimal
hirgrwn = oval
nwy = gas
pwyllgor = committee
safon = standard
:_______________________________.
Caerfembyr ‹kair-VEM-bir›
1 Spurious Welsh name for Oxford (England)
John Randolph, Esgob Caer
Fembyr (Oxford). Y Gwyliedydd, Llyfr 9, 1832, t. 293
John Randolph, Bishop of “Caer
Fembyr” (Oxford).
:_______________________________.
Caerffawydd ‹kair-FAA-widh›
1 Spurious Welsh name for Hereford
(the genuine Welsh name is Henffordd (“old road”), a reworking of the English
name Hereford (“army ford”, “army river-crossing”, “military crossing point”).
Humphrey Humphreys, yr hwn a
enid yn Mhenrhyn-deudraeth, yn Swydd Feirionydd, yn 1648. Gwneid ef yn Beriglor
Llanfrothen yn 1670, a Thrawsfynydd a Llaniestyn yn 1675, ac yn Ddëon Bangor yn
1680, ac yn Esgob yn 1689. Tros-glwyddid ef i Esgobaeth Caerffawydd (Hereford)
yn 1701, lle y bu farw ас у cleddid ef yn
1712. Y Gwyliedydd, Llyfr 9, 1832, t. 293
Humphrey Humphreys, who was born
in Penrhyndeudraeth, in the county of Meirionydd, in 1648. He was made Rector
of Llanfrothen in 1670, and of Trawsfynydd and Llaniestyn in 1675, and Dean of
Bangor in 1680, and Bishop in 1689. He was transferred to the Diocese of
“Caerffawydd” (Hereford) in 1701, where he died and was buried in 1712.
ETYMOLOGY: (“town (of) beech trees”) (caer
= (Roman) town) + (ffawydd = beech
trees)
:_______________________________.
Caerfynydd ‹kair-kə-nidh›
1 Spurious Welsh name for Exeter (England)
Christopher Bethel, Esgob
Caerfynydd (Exeter) yr hwn yn bresennol a leinw Gadair Esgobawl Bangor.
Y Gwyliedydd, Llyfr 9, 1832, t. 293
Christopher Bethel, Bishop of
“Caerfynydd” (Exeter) who at present occupies the cathedral seat of
Bangor.
:_______________________________.
Caerfyrddin ‹kai VƏR dhin› (feminine noun)
1 city in the south-west “Roman fort by Mor-din-”, which was a British
hillfort, = ‘sea fort / maritime fort / fort by the sea’)
2 Caerfyrddin-fach (“little Caerfyrddin”) SN5161 farm south of Pennant
(Ceredigion)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/777807
:_______________________________.
Caer-gaint ‹kair GAINT› (feminine noun)
1 Canterbury “(the) Roman camp (of) Kent”
:_______________________________.
Caergeri ‹kair-GEE-ri› (feminine noun)
1 Welsh name of Cirencester, in Gloucestershire in England.
The Roman name was Corinium Dobunnorum (“(the town called) Corinium (which
is of the) Dobunni (people)”). The English name is based on Primitive Welsh *Korin-
with the addition of –cester (Roman fort).
Korin- seems to be a personal name.
The name survives today in English in the form River Churn, and is the basis of
the name “Cerney” in the village names North Cerney, South Cerney and Cerney
Wick (though the river name may not be from British times, but a later
back-formation from an early form of the town name Cirencester).
The Welsh name is noted by the Welsh monk Asser (d. 908/909) –
Cirrenceastre qui Britannice Cair Ceri nominatur. “Cirrenceastre
(Cirencester) which in British Cair Ceri is called”
(Here the initial C undoubtedly represents G, the soft-mutated or voiced form
of C.)
ETYMOLOGY: “Roman town of Korin-” (caer
= [Roman] fortress, stronghold) + soft mutation + (Ceri < Korin-, probably a personal name)
:_______________________________.
Caer-grawnt ‹kair GRAUNT› (feminine noun)
1 Cambridge, England
:_______________________________.
Cae’r-gromlech
‹kair grom
-lekh›
1
street name in Y Ffôr (county of Gwynedd) (“Cae'r Gromlech”)
ETYMOLOGY: (cae = field) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(cromlech = cromlech) (“(the) field
(of) the cromlech”)
:_______________________________.
Caergybi ‹kair GƏ bi› (feminine noun)
1 Town in the county of Ynys Môn. English name: Holyhead
ETYMOLOGY: “Cybi’s stronghold” (caer
= fortress, stronghold) + soft mutation + (Cybi
name of a Celtic saint)
:_______________________________.
Caerlleon ‹kair-lhê-on›
feminine noun
1 See Caerllion Fawr
:_______________________________.
Caerllion ‹kair-lhî-on›
feminine noun
1 ST3390 Town in the county of Casnewydd. (The English name is
“Caerleon”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/827269
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) fort (of the) legion”
(caer = ‹Roman›
fort) + soft mutation + (llion =
legion) > *Caerlion > Caerllion (soft mutation annulled, r-l)
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically
representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great
Britain and Ireland…”)
This element is < British < Latin legion-
< legiônis (genitive form = of
the legion)
:_______________________________.
Caerllion Fawr ‹kair-lhî-on vaur› feminine noun
1 Chester = city in the noerth-west of England, onthe border with
Wales..
Also Caerllion and Caer. A variant of Caerllion is Caerlleon
· Swydd Gaerllion county of Chester,
Cheshire
· Swydd Gaer county of Chester,
Cheshire
· Sir Gaer (colloquial) county of
Chester, Cheshire
· Penri - Addoldy y Bedyddwyr -
Caerlleon (sign on a Welsh chapel in the city of Chester) (“Penri (name of
a Puritan martyr, John Penry 1563-1593) - church (of) the Baptists - Chester”)
ETYMOLOGY: “Great(er) Caerllion, Caerllion Magna” to distinguish it from the place
also called Caerllion which is in South-east Wales.
(Caerllion) + soft mutation + (mawr = great, big).
See the entry Caerllion above
NOTE: See Caer
:_______________________________.
Caerloyw ‹kair–loi-u› feminine noun
1 Gloucester = city in western England. Latin name: Glevum
Swydd Gaerloyw (‘(the) county (of)
Gloucester’), Gloucestershire
ETYMOLOGY: (caer = Roman fort) +
soft mutation + (Gloyw). The word gloyw means ‘bright’ and was possibly
the name of a stream or pool in this location – an example of a place name with
this element in Wales is Gloywlyn
‘bright lake’ – a lake in Llanbedr, Gwynedd
:_______________________________.
Caerlwytgoed ‹kair-luit-goid›
feminine noun
1 Lichfield = city in central England (the original British / Roman
settlement was at Wall, 3km south-west of the city centre)
ETYMOLOGY: “the Roman camp at Llwytgoed (grey wood)” .
caer (= fort) + soft mutation + (Llwytgoed)
Equivalent to modern Welsh Llwytgoed
(llwyd = grey) + soft mutation + (coed = wood), with the devoicing of “d”
- llwydgoed > llwytgoed - see t-g
British *lêto-kêt > early
Welsh > Old English “Lyccid”, to which was added Old English “feld” (=
field, open country)
:_______________________________.
Caer-lyr ‹kair-LIIR ›
feminine noun
1 Welsh name of Leicester in England
2 Caer-lyr (spelt Caerlyr) – name of a house in Penmaen-mawr.
English name: nowadays Caerlyr Hall.
Built in around 1896 by James Allanson Picton, Christian minister, author and
Liberal politician (Liverpool 8 August 1832 –Caer-lyr, Dwygyfylchi 4 February
1910), Liberal M.P. for Leicester 1884-1894 (which is the reason for the name
of his North Wales home). Having first entered parliament in 1884, he was
reelected in 1885, 1886, and 1892. The eldest son of Sir James Allanson Picton
and Sarah Pooley. His father championed the cause of the construction of a
Liverpool Free Library, and the 'Picton Reading Room' is named in his honour.
James the younger was noted for his passionate radical views and and his support
for secularism in education.
http://www.ipri.it/profile_james_picton.htm
Interestingly, he opposed the adoption of the name Dwgyfylchi for the houses
known as Capelulo but previously as Dwygyfylchi. Dwygyfylchi was in fact the
name of the parish in which they were situated.
“In 1907 it was suggested at a Council Meeting that Capelulo Post Office be
changed to Dwygyfylchi Post Office, but Dr. Picton of Caerlyr and twenty eight
residents protested against the change and none was made.”
Author not stated; from the “Penmaenmawr
Historical Society Booklet 1978” on the
Penmaenmawr and Dwygyfylchi Website http://www.penmaenmawr.com/historyVillageNames.html
:_______________________________.
Caernarfon ‹kair-NAR-von›
feminine noun
1 town in Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY: Caer yn Arfon “(the place called) Caer (which is) in (the kántrev
of) Arfon”
Caer usually (though not necessarily) denotes a Roman fortification, and
in this case it is the Roman fort of Segontium.
Arfon is the kántrev facing the island of Môn / Anglesey (“opposite Môn) (ar
prefix = opposite, facing) + soft mutation + (Môn = name of the
island).
The structure of the name is slightly unusual, resembling ecclesiastical names
with a distinguishing tag which often is the name of the district (whether a
kántrev or kúmmud) in which they are situated –
Llanfair ym Muallt, in Powys, originally Llanfair ym Muellt, the Llanfair which is in the
kántrev of Buellt
Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch ‹lhan-rhei-adr ə
nghin-meirkh›, in the county of Dinbych. SJ0863 ‘the place
called Llanrhaeadr which is the kúmmud of Cinmeirch (in medieval times, Ceinmeirch).
Caer does not seem to be qualified usually by district names, but by
..a/ personal names (Caereinion, Caer-sŵs, Caerffili, Caergybi),
..b/ a river name in Caer-dydd, called Cardiff by English-speakers, from
Caer-dyf (caer + river Taf),
..c/ or a nearby feature Caerfyrddin (Carmarthen), (caer + Myrddin, from a
British name Moridunon, sea-fort, a native hilltop fort overlooking the Tywi
estuary of the time).
There is though the case of Caer-went (fort of the kingdom of Gwent), the old
Roman town of Venta Silurum, “market of the Silurian people”.
The kingdom of Gwent takes its name from Venta Silurum – Latin venta becoming
Welsh gwent. It is possible though that Caer-went means
rather “Caer (at the place known as Gwent, formerly Venta)”.
Sometimes there are examples in the 1800s of a more etymological spelling of
Caernarfon (but repsresenting a conscious effort to spell the name in full
rather than any existing spoken form), that is, by spelling out the preposition
yn in full – for example, p.346, Y Gwiliedydd, 1836:
Cofiant Byr am Griffith Williams, Bardd, Braichtalog, Sir Gaerynarfon.
Short Obituary of Griffith
Williams, Poet, Braichtalog, county of Caernarfon, spelt as “Caer yn Arfon”
NOTE: Colloquial pronunciations are
Cyrnarfon ‹kər-NAR-von›,
Cynarfon ‹kə-NAR-von›,
Cnarfon / C’narfon ‹KNAR-von›;
C'narfon a Cherddi Eraill (1979) (Caernarfon and other poems) is a book
of poems by Selwyn Griffith (1928 – 10 August 2011) (known by the bardic name
Selwyn Iolen), a poet and the Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
and with metathesis Cnafron ‹KNAV-ron›
:_______________________________.
Caersalem ‹kair- saa-lem›
1 Jerusalem
2 name of a Calvanistic Methodist chapel in Y Fflint
ETYMOLOGY: (“city (of) Salem” or “city (of) peace”)
(caer = city) + (Salem, final element of Jerusalem, traditionally
supposed to mean ‘peace’)
The first element jeru- was understood as meaning ‘city’and translated
into Welsh as such)
In Hebrew it is Yerushaláyim
Whatever the true derivation of the name Jerusalem is, it was interpreted
in the 1800s as being jeru (= city) and salem (= peace)
Psalm 76 calls Jerusalem ‘Salem’:
Salmau 76:1 I’r Pencerdd ar Neginoth, Salm neu Gân Asaff. Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel. (76:2) Ei babell
hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa
yn Seion.
Psalms 76:1 To the chief Musician on Neginoth, A Psalm or Song of Asaph. In
Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2) In Salem also is his
tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion.
An explanation of these verses in a Bible Concordance in Welsh, 1824:
SALM LXXVI. Hwyrach i'r Salm hon gael ei
hysgrifenu pan waredwyd Jerusalem oddiwrth Senacherib. GREEN, HORSLEY. Adn. 1.
Hynod yw Duw yn Judah, yr oedd efe yn adnabyddus yn mysg yr Iuddewon, i'r rhai
yr oedd efe yn arfer ei ddatguddio ei hun yn aml. Adn. 2. Yn Salem, hen enw
Jebus, a alwyd wedi hyny Jerusalem. A. CLARKE. Arwyddocäad yr enw yw dinas
heddwch, ac e dybiodd rhai fod yr enw hwn wedi ei roddi ar y ddinas yma am mai
yma yr oedd cymmod i gael ei wneuthur trwy waed y groes. DAVIDSON, BOOTHROYD.
Esboniad ar y Beibl Sanctaidd, Owen Jones, Wyddgrug, 1840
SALM LXXVI. Maybe this Psalm was written when Jerusalem was delivered from
Senacherib. GREEN, HORSLEY. Verse. 1. God was manifest in Judah, he was known
among the Jews, to whom he would reveal himself frequently. Verse 2. In Salem,
the old name of Jebus, which was called Jerusalem After that. A. CLARKE. The
meaning of the name is city of peace, and some people thought that this name
was given to since it was here that the covenant was to be made through the
blood of the cross. DAVIDSON, BOOTHROYD.
On the wikipedia page for Salem it is stated: In ancient times it was
the name of a locality in the Near East (Palestine), and traditionally
identified with Jerusalem before the name "Jerusalem" was used
Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem, a ddug allan
fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:
Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine:
and he was the priest of the most high God.
Genesis 22:14 Ac Abraham a alwodd enw y lle hwnnw JEHOFAH-jire; fel y dywedir heddiw. Ym mynydd yr ARGLWYDD y gwelir.
Genesis
22:14 And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovahjireh: as it is said to
this day, In the mount of the LORD it shall be seen.
:_______________________________.
Caer-wair ‹kair WAIR› (feminine noun)
1 A place mentioned in medieval sources and traditionally identified
with Durham, England, though there are suggestions that it might refer to other
places – for example, Wearmouth, or Wroxeter in Shropshire.
.. 
(delwedd 7412)
ETYMOLOGY: Caer-wair / Caerwair from older forms with ‘weir’ (Caer Weir,
Caerweir). The change og Middle Welsh ei > modern Welsh ai is
general.
If this is Durham or Wearmouth, the second element of Caer-wair refers to the
river, the Wear, a name of British origin. Another example of a Welsh place
name caer + river name is Caer Seiont / Caerseiont, the old name
of Caernarfon.
:_______________________________.
Caerwedros ‹kair WE dros› (feminine noun)
1 place name; village in Ceredigon
:_______________________________.
Caer-went ‹kair- went›
1 village in the county of Mynwy, on the
site of a former Roman town
ETYMOLOGY: It seems that Caer-went means
“(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Venta (in
Latin and British) / Gwent (in Welsh))”,
rather than
(“(the) (Roman-built) fort (of the kingdom of) Gwent”).
It would then be of the same type as
..a/ Caerlöyw (the Welsh name for Gloucester, England),
“(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Glevum
(Latin) / *Glevon (British), or Gloyw (in Welsh)”,
..b/ Caerlwytgoed (the Welsh name for Litchfield, England).
“(the) caer (old Roman settlement) at the place known as Letocetum
(Latin) / *Letoketon (earlier *Leitokaiton) (British), or Llwytgoed (in Welsh)”
(Present-day Lichfield is three miles north of the site of Letocetum. When and
why the settlement moved along with its name to this different location is
unknown. At the original site there is now a village called Wall SK0906.)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/202560 Roman remains at Wall
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/131672 map
The old Roman town where Caer-went ST4690 is situated was Venta Silurum,
“market of the Silurian people”.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST4690 map, photos of Roman remains
The kingdom of Gwent takes its name from Venta Silurum – Latin venta becoming Welsh gwent.
Also of this same type (caer + name of Romano-British town) is Caerlwytgoed, the Welsh name for Lichfield in England. (caer = Roman town) +
soft mtation + (Llwytgoed)
The name comes from “Leto-keto-n” (Letocetum in Latin), the name of a
Romano-British village at Wall, 3 miles to the south of present-day Litchfield.
Llwytgoed is the modern Welsh equivalent of Leto-ket-, and which is represented
by Lich- in the name Lichfield. .
NOTE: Cas-gwent, on the river Gwy, a
much later name, and a shortening of Castell Gwent, certainly refers to the
territory of Gwent (“(Norman) castle (at the entrance to) (the kingdom of)
Gwent”)
:_______________________________.
Caerwrangon ‹kair- wra -ngon›
1 Worcester SO8454 = city in western central England
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/701048
Swydd Gaerwrangon Worcestershire
saws Caerwrangon Worcester sauce
ETYMOLOGY: (caer = Roman fort) + ??
:_______________________________.
Caerwyn ‹KEIR win› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (caer = fort) + (-wyn suffix for male
names, soft-mutated form of gwyn = white; fair)
Names with –wyn with apparently elements from place names or geographic
features: Brynwyn, Glynwyn (though this mae be based on Glyndwr in the first
instance), Rhydwyn
:_______________________________.
Caesiriol ‹kai-sir-yol›
1 street name in Ynys-hir (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf) (spelt as two words, “Cae Siriol”; settlement names
are more correctly spelt run together)
“pleasant field / merry field”
ETYMOLOGY: “y cae siriol” “the pleasant field / merry field”
(y = definite article) + (cae = hill) + (siriol = happy /
merry / cheerful / pleasant)
Settlement names and street names resembling settlement names are written
together as one word, hence Cae Siriol would be the (unlikely) name of a
field and Caesiriol the name of a house or street
:_______________________________.
cae tatws ‹kae- ta -tus› masculine
noun
1 potato field
2 North Wales un yn y cae tatws a’r llall yn y cae maip talk at cross-purposes; one
person talking about one matter, and the other about another matter, and both
believing that they are talking about the same thing; (“one in the potato field
and the other in the turnip field”)
Mae un yn y cae tatws a’r llall yn y cae
maip They’re talking at cross-purposes
:_______________________________.
caeth ‹ kâith ›
adj
1
captive, enslaved, in servitude, controlled
Rw i'n gaeth i'r cloc y dyddiau hyn
I’m a slave to the clock these days
2
siaced gaeth strait-jacket = tight
coat which a criminal or lunatic is made to wear to prevent or struggling or
agression or escape; also gwasgod waeth
3
strict
cadw trefn gaeth ar (rywbeth) strictly control (something)
mesurau caeth, mesurau caethion
strict measures in Welsh poetry
cael gorchymyn caeth i wneud rhywbeth
receive strict orders to do something
Bedyddiwr Caeth Strict Baptist
rheolaeth gaeth strict control
cyfyngiad amser caeth strict
time-limit
4
addicted
caeth i gyffuriau addicted to drugs
bod yn gaeth i opiwm be an opium
addict
mynd yn gaeth i alcohol become an
alcoholic
mynd yn gaeth i’r ddiod become an
alcoholic
bod yn gaeth i waith be a
workaholic
5
(restricted movment) trapped, confined
bod yn gaeth i’ch gwely be bedridden
caeth i'r gwely confined to bed
Tra roeddwn i'n gaeth i'r gwely mi fûm
i'n gwrando ar y radio trwy'r dydd
While I was confined to bed I listened to the radio all day
bod yn gaeth i’ch tŷ be
housebound; confined by illness; cooped up in the house,
not able to leave the house
caeth i'ch cartref confined to your
house, housebound
bod yn gaeth i’ch cadair olwyn be wheelchair bound
6
ty caeth tied house, tied cottage; a
house belonging to a worker's employer (usually a farmworker living in a house
owned by the farmer) which must be vacated if he loses the work or retires
("captive house")
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh caeth < British
*kakto- < *kapto-
From the same British root: Breton: kaezh
(= poor, dear)
From the same Indoeuropean root:
Latin captus (= caught).
Compare the English words from Latin (1) captive
and (2) caitiff (archaic) (= low
person) < French caitif (=
prisoner) < Latin captîvus (=
prisoner).
The Germanic word corresponding to Celtic *kapto-
has given in modern German ‘haft-‘ : der
Haft (= detention), der Häftling
(= detainee, prisoner)
:_______________________________.
caeth ‹ kaith ›
m
PLURAL caethion
‹ keith
-yon›
1
(obsolete) slave, captive, serf, bondsman
Place-name element in Cricieth
(“hill of the bondsmen, serfs”) (crug
= hill) + (caith, old plural of caeth = bondsman)
2
caeth i opiwm opium addict (m)
caethes i opiwm opium addict (f)
3
addict
caethion i gyffuriau drug addicts
ETYMOLOGY: see caeth adjective
:_______________________________.
caethes ‹ keith es›
m
PLURAL caethesau
‹ keith–es-ai,
-e›
1
female slave; female addict
ETYMOLOGY: (caeth = (male)
slave) + (-es suffix for forming feminine nouns denoting people or
animals)
:_______________________________.
caethgyfle ‹ceith gəv -le› masculine noun
1 (district of Dwyfor, North-west Wales) fix (eg inability to get
down from a tree, cliff), predicament
bod wedi mynd i gaethgyfle end up in
a blind alley, end up in a real fix
mewn caethgyfle in a fix
y caethgyfle yr oedd Ynys yr Iâ ynddo yn
ddiweddar the difficult situation that Iceland was in recently
ETYMOLOGY: (caeth = restricted) +
soft mutation + ( cyfle = position,
place)
:_______________________________.
caethiwed ‹kei THI wed› (masculine noun)
1 slavery
ETYMOLOGY: (caethiw-, stem of caethiwo = enslave) + (-ed suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
caethiwus ‹kei-thi-wis› adjective
1 addictive
ETYMOLOGY: (caethiw-, stem of caethiwo = enslave) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
caetsh, caetshus
<KAICH, KAI-chis> [kaɪʧ, ˡkaɪʧɪs] (masculine noun)
1 cage
2 caetsh adar <kaich AA-dar> [kaɪʧˡ
ɑˑdar] birdcage
:_______________________________.
caewr <KEI-ur> [ˡkəɪʊr] masculine
noun
PLURAL caewyr
<KEI-wir> [ˡkəɪwɪr]
1 hedger,person who makes or maintains hedges around fields. Also plygwr, gwrychwr
2 caewr gwregys belt fastener
ETYMOLOGY: (cae-, stem of cau = to close) + (-wr agent suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cafall <KAA-valh> [ˡkɑˑvaɬ] masculine
noun
1 (obsolete) horse
2 Cafall
name of Arthur’s dog
Cefn Carn Cafall <KEE-ven karn KAA-valh> [ˡkeˑvɛn karn ˡgɑˑvaɬ] (“(the)
hill (of) Carn Cafall, (the) cairn (of) Cafall”)
Name of a hill in Powys (in the lower part of the county which was formerly the
county of Brycheiniog).
Nowadays Carn Gafallt <karn KAA-valht> [ karn ˡgɑˑvaɬt] SN9464, where the final syllable seems to have been confused with allt (= wooded hillside), which perfectly describes its situation. Or the
final –t may represent an excrescent consonant occurring after final ll of
which there are a few examples in Welsh – dallt < deall (to
understand), Gwersyllt (place name) < (older form) Gwersyll
Curiously, the same confusion has occured with the name of nearby Llanfair ym
Muallt (Builth Wells), where the name of the old kántrev Buellt (= cow pasture)
(bu = cow) + soft mutation + (gwellt
= grass) > buwellt > buellt, the final syllable has been misunderstood as allt.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/136597 Carn Gafallt
Here is to be found one of the Marvels of Britain (Mirabilia Britanniae)
according to The History of the Britons (Historia Brittonum) written around the
year 800 and attributed to the monk Nennius.
In a stone on the summit, from the time that Arthur hunted the boar Twrch
Trwyth described in the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, there is a footprint of his
hound Cafall
See Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Clwyd-Powys / The
Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust http://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/elan/evlite.htm
ETYMOLOGY: British < Latin câbâllus
(= horse). (The Latin word is in fact taken from a Celtic source, said to be
Galatian Celtic – equus was the usual word for a horse in Latin.)
:_______________________________.
caffael 1 ‹KAA-fail, -el› verb
NOTE: nowadays this verb is in the form cael,
except in some special uses, and in the traditional Welsh Bible (William
Morgan’s 1588 translation, and the 1620 version based on this)
1 get, receive, find; (as a noun) finding, discovery;
Mathew 13:45 Cyffelyb yw teyrnas nefoedd
i farchnatwr, yn ceisio perlau teg (13:46) Yr hwn wedi iddo gaffael un perl
gwerthfawr, a aeth, ac a werthodd gymaint oll ag a feddai, a’i prynodd ef
Matthew 13:45 The kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seekly goodly
pearls (13:46) Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold
all that he had, and bought it
Gŵyl Caffael y Groes (“(the) festival (of) (the) finding (of) the
cross”) the Invention of the Cross, a Christian festival held on May 3 to
commemorate the discovery in Jerusalem in AD 326 by Helena, mother of
Constantine the Great, of what was alleged to be the true cross
2 Law caffael
merched i buteinio procure girls for prostitution
3 (masculine
noun) acquisition, gain, take
Yr oedd yr offerynau a arferid i gloddio
am aur yn gyffredin ac anhylaw iawn; ac mae yn debyg nad oeddid yn casglu
hanner y mŵn o’r tir, o eisieu offerynau cyfaddas. Y caffael, at ei
gilydd, a gyfrifid o wns i ddwy y dydd i bob dyn. (Y Traethodydd 1851, t.
351)
The tools which were used to dig for gold were very ordinary and unsuited to
the task; and it is likely that half of the ore from the earth was not
collected, for want of adequate tools. The take, in all, was calcuated to be
between one and two ounces per day for each man
:_______________________________.
caffael 2 ‹KAA-fail, -el› participle
adjective
1 found; plentyn caffael
foundling, a child which is found abandoned and whose parents are unknown;
History ysbyty plant caffael foundling hospital, institution where
foundlings are cared for
2
imiwnedd caffael acquired immunity
caffael- (= found, obtained,
acquired), root of the verb-noun caffael
(= get, obtain, acquire, find) In some cases in Welsh, the root and the
verbnoun are identical. The root can be used as a past participle.
3 anghaffael breakdown
Fe gafodd fy nghar ryw anghaffael My
car broke down
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (caffael =
acquisition, gain; to obtain, to get)
:_______________________________.
caffaelgar ‹ka- feil -gar› adjective
1 acquisitive
ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain; it is an
older form of modern Welsh cael) + (-gar, adjectival suffix indicating
tendency)
:_______________________________.
caffaeliad ‹ka-feil -yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL caffaeliadau
‹ka-feil- yâ
-de›
1 acquisition
2 Bible booty, captured goods
Eseia 49:24
A ddygir y caffaeliad oddi ar y cadarn?
neu a waredir y rhai a garcherir yn gyfiawn?
Cf. Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd / The New Welsh Bible 1988, where ‘caffaeliad’ is
not used:
A ddygir ysbail oddi ar y cadarn? A
ryddheir carcharor o law’r gormeswr?)
Isaiah 49:24
Shall the prey be taken from the mighty, or the lawful captive delivered?
3 Bible caffaeliad golwg recovery of eyesight, restoration of eyesight
Luc 4:18
i bregethu gollyngdod i’r caethion, a
chaffaeliad golwg i’r deillion, i ollwng y rhai ysig mewn hydd-deb
(Y Beibl Cymraeg Newydd: i gyhoeddi
rhyddhad i garcharorion, ac adferiad golwg i ddeillion, i beri i’r gorthrymedig
gerdded yn rhydd)
Luke 4:18
to preach deliverance to the captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to
set at liberty them that are bruised
4 advantage,
help, gain; boon (something very useful or helpful)
bod yn gaffaeliad be an advantage,
be advantageous
Buasai mynegai wedi bod yn gaffaeliad yn
y llyfr bach hwn
An index would have been advantageous in this little book
bod yn gaffaeliad mawr i be a
tremendous boon for...
Bu penodiad Cynan fel Cofiadur yn 1935
yn gaffaeliad mawr i’r Orsedd
The appointment of Cynan as the Registrar in 1935 was a tremendous boon for the
Gorsedd (‘assembly of bards’)
bod yn gaffaeliad mawr / bod yn gryn gaffaeliad come in very
handy
fe fyddai’r offeryn ’na’n gaffaeliad
mawr that tool will come in very handy
5 Law caffaeliad
puteiniaid procurement (of girls for prostitution)
ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain; a forerunner
of modern Welsh cael = obtain) + (-iad)
:_______________________________.
caffaelwr ‹ka-fei -lur› masculine
noun
PLURAL caffaelwyr
‹ka- feil
-wir›
1 acquirer, obtainer, procurer
2 caffaelwr
puteiniaid procurer, man who procures girls for prostitution
ETYMOLOGY: (caffael = obtain, in
modern Welsh cael) + (-wr = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
caffed ‹KAA-fed› verbs
1 (from cael) Imperative,
third person singular.(Also caed)=
let (somebody) get / have / find
Samuel-1 1:18 A hi a ddywedodd, Caffed
dy lawforwyn ffafr yn dy olwg. Felly yr aeth y wraig i’w thaith, ac a fwytaodd;
ac ni bu athrist mwy
Samuel-1 1:18 And she said, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. So the
woman went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.
2 Caffed amynedd! Be patient!
(from the New Testament Caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith = let patience have her perfect work)
Epistol Iago yr Apostol 1.4 Ond caffed amynedd ei pherffaith waith; fel y byddoch berffaith a
chyfan, heb ddiffygio mewn dim.
Epistle of James the Apostle But let patience have
her perfect work, that ye may be perfect and entire, wanting nothing.
:_______________________________.
caffi m (pl caffis) ‹ka
fi, ka fis›
1 café
(fom English {káfi} café)
:_______________________________.
cafflo (verb) ‹KAF lo›
1 deceive
2
cafflo bola i daclo pen to rob Peter
to pay Paul (“deceive a belly to decorate a head”, deceive the belly to adorn
the head )
:_______________________________.
Cafflogion ‹ka FLOG yon› (feminine noun)
1 In north-east Wales, a medieval territory
:_______________________________.
caffo ‹gâ -fo› verb
1 (Present Subjunctive: 3 singular) may he / she / it get, may he /
she / it receive
Esmwyth hûn a gaffo i fwrw ymaith ei flinder
May he have a peaceful sleep to cast off his fatigue; Glanffrwd (William
Thomas 1843-1890) in his book entitled “Llanwynno” (1888) in which he looks
back on the people and events of his native parish, says this of Dafydd
Edwards, buried in Llanwynno churchyard (page 57).
:_______________________________.
cafn ‹KAA-van› masculine
noun
PLURAL cafnau
‹KAV-nai,
-e›
1 trough = wooden trough, hollowed out of a tree trunk; stone trough,
hollowed from a block of stone
2 feeding trough or drinking trough
cafn buarth farmyard trough
cafn bwyd feeding trough
cafn ceffyl horse trough
cafn dŵr drinking trough
cafn gwartheg concrid crwn ar ganol y cae a round concrete
cattle trough in the middle of the field
cafn moch pig trough, trough for
pigs to eat swill from
Genesis 30:38 Ac efe a osododd y gwiail
y rhai a ddirisglasai efe, yn y cwterydd, o fewn y cafnau dyfroedd, lle y
deuai’r praidd i yfed, ar gyfer y praidd; fel y cyfebrent pan ddelent hwy i
yfed
Genesis 30:38 And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the
gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should
conceive when they came to drink.
3 kneading trough (for making bread)
4 (Meteorology)
cafn o wasgedd isel a trough of low
pressure
5 wine-press,
vat (wine-press = device used to extract juice from crushed grapes; a vat in
which the juice from crushed grapes is collected).
cafn gwin wine press
melys gwin o gafn arall (“sweet (is
the) wine from (the) press (of) another (person)”)
stolen apples always taste sweeter
Job 24:11 Y rhai sydd yn gwneuthur olew o
fewn eu parwydydd hwynt, ac sydd yn sathru eu cafnau gwin, ydynt sychedig
Job 24:11 Which make oil within their walls, and tread their winepresses, and
suffer thirst.
gwingafn (m) gwingafnau
1 winevat
Marc 12:1 Ac efe a ddechreuodd ddywedyd wrthynt ar ddamhegion. Gŵr
a blannodd winllan, ac a ddododd gae o’i hamgylch, ac a gloddiodd le i’r
gwingafn, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi
cartref.
Mark 12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a
vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and
built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.
(gwin = wine) + soft mutation + (cafn
= vat)
(delwedd 7036)
6 lander,
gutter, rain trough (on roof of a building) = channel along eaves of a roof for
taking away rainwater
7 mill-race
cafn y felin the mill race
Yr oedd yr hen gafn yn ddefnyddiol i
gario y dwfr i droi y felin, ond ei fod yn pydru wrth wneud hyny. (Hanes
Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl.
Thomas Morgan. 1899, Caerdydd. Tudalen 50)
The old race was useful for carrying water to turn the mill, but it became
rotten as it did so (“but it mouldered when doing that”)
8 (obsolete) canal
(nowadays camlas)
9 dug-out = boat hollowed out of a single piece of wood
10 ferry-boat
(1) In this sense in the place name Tal-y-cafn
(“place opposite / facing the ferry boat”) at a spot where there was formerly a
boat carrying passengers across the river Conwy
(2) cafn Enlli a flat-bottomed boat
which used to take travellers from the mainland across Swnt Enlli (English name: Bardsey Sound) from the Welsh mainland to
Ynys Enlli (the island of Enlli)
(English name: Bardsey Island)
11 soundboard of a harp
12 cafn tor hollow of a hand, a cupped hand
yfed o gafn tor drink from the
hollow of one’s hand
13 valley of a roof, angle formed where two slopes of a roof meet
ceibren cafn valley rafter
14 scoop (of an
elevator) = type of bucket
ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic.
Compare these cognates in other languages:
(1) Latin scabere (= to scratch);
from this comes Latin scabies (=
scurf) > English scabies
[skéibiiz]
(2) English to shave < Old
English sceafan; related to German schaben (= to scrape; to grate
(carrots)
(3) Greek skaphe (= trough, basin,
bowl, boat), skaptô (= to dig)
NOTE: cafn is pronounced in the
North as ‹kavn›,
and as cafan ‹kaa-van› in the south.
Cf the pronunciation of cafn (=
back) - ‹kavn›
in the North, and cafan ‹kaa-van›
in the south.
:_______________________________.
cafnaid ‹kav -ned› masculine
noun
PLURAL cafneidiau
‹kav-neid-ye›
1 troughful
ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-aid noun suffix to indicate
‘fullness’)
:_______________________________.
cafnio ‹kav -nyo› verb
1 scoop out
2 dig out
3 hollow out
4 gouge
5 cafnu cross a river in a ferry boat
ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cafnog ‹kav -nog› adjective
1 concave, trough-shaped
2 gouged out
3 V-shaped, shaped like a V
to cafnog valley roof, one where the
bottoms of two roof slopes meet
ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
cafnu ‹kav -ni› verb
1 see cafnio
ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cafnwr ‹kav -nur› masculine
noun
PLURAL cafnwyr
‹kavn-wir›
1 boatman, man who operates a cafn
ETYMOLOGY: (cafn = trough; boat) + (-wr suffix = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
Cai ‹KAI› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; Celtic saint’s name; name of a giant in Welsh mythology
:_______________________________.
caib ‹kaib› feminine noun
PLURAL ceibiau
‹keib -ye›
1 pickaxe
y gaib = the pickaxe
2 North Wales caib groes roadmender’s pickaxe
3 ceibio to use a pickaxe
4 ceibiwr person who uses a pickaxe, labourer
5 gwaith caib a rhaw (1) heavy manual labour (“work (of) pickaxe and
spade”)
(2) spadework, groundwork = basic and fundamental part of a task
Y sector wirfoddol sy’n gwneud llawer
o’r gwaith caib a rhaw wrth ddarparu gwasanaethau, cyngor a gofal i bobl Cymru
the voluntary sector does a lot of the groundwork in providing services, advice
and care to the people of Wales
6 meddw gaib as drunk as a lord (“drunk (like a) pickaxe” – a
pickaxe stood on its head it is likely to wobble and fall)
7 “blwyddyn y tair caib” (‘the year of the three pickaxes’) the year
1777 (from the resemblance of the figure seven to a pickaxe)
ETYMOLOGY: Origin unknown, but probably of British origin; Scottish (Gaelic)
has a similar word caibe (= spade),
apparently from early Welsh
:_______________________________.
caiff ‹kaif› verb
1 see cael; Present
Indicative: third-person singular, present-future; he / she / it will get, will
receive;
2 fe’i caiff hi! he’s in for it! he’ll
cop it! (said of somebody who does something risky or illegal which is bound to
result in failure or punishment)
:_______________________________.
caill ‹kailh › masculine noun
PLURAL ceilliau
‹keilh -ye›
1 testicle
Wil wal waliog (a local name for a cormorant)
Twll tin ceiliog,
Coc dryw bach,
A cheilliau sgwarnog
(Children’s rhyme, Llan-rŵst, in
Llafar Gwlad 9 Haf 1985)
Wil wal waliog (= cormorant) (Wil =
William) (wal waliog – meaningless
words)
(the) arse hole (of a) rooster / cock
(the) cock (of a) little wren
And (the) testicles (of a) hare
2 ungaill having only one
testicle
(un = un) + soft mutation + (caill =
testicle)
3 ceillgwd scrotum “testicle-bag”
(ceill- penult form of caill = testicle) + soft mutation + ( cwd = bag)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh caill < ceill < British
From the same British root: Cornish
kell (= testicle), Breton kell (= testicle)
From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin
calculus (= small stone, pebble; stone used in reckoning) < (calc-, stem of calx = stone) + (-ulus diminutive suffix) 
:_______________________________.
cain ‹kain›
1 (obsolete) ridge, back, hill
2 (Place-names) Cinmeirch
<KIN-meirkh> [ˡkɪnməɪrx]
Cinmeirch < Céinmeirch
< Ceinméirch < cein y meirch “(the) ridge (of) the horses”
(cein, an older form of cain =
back, ridge; in modern Welsh, a monosyllable has ai instead of the older
ei, but if ei occurred in a penult syllable it remained
unchanged) + (y definite article) + (meirch = horses, plural of march
= horse).
Cinmeirch occurs in a tag in the village name Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch SJ0863
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0863 yr eglwys / the
church
(“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is)
in (the ‘cwmwd’ / kúmmud / district) (called) Cinmeirch”).
4km south-east of Dinbych on the road to Rhuthun.
(Llanrhaeadr is “church (by the) waterfall”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British kebno- or
kemno-
Cornish kein (= back), Breton kein (= back)
:_______________________________.
Cain ‹kain›
1 river name
Afon Cain the river Cain
2 Mechain “(the) plain (of) (the
river) Cain” < *Mechein <
*Ma-chein
(ma = plain) + spirant mutation + (Cein, the older form of Cain
river name)
The diphthong ei in the final syllable altered the vowel of the penult a
> e (vowel affection)
Llanfechain – a village on Afon Cain. “church (of the area called)
Mechain” (llan = church) + soft
mutation + (Mechain, division
(‘kantrev’) of the country of Powys Wenwynwyn).
but originally
Llanarmon ym Mechain “(the)
Llanarmon (which is) (in the kántrev of) Mechain”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/518983
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically
representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great
Britain and Ireland…”)
(delwedd 7509)
ETYMOLOGY: cain (= beautiful); but possibly a personal name – otherwise
Afon Gain would be expected, but the river name is Afon Cain, with no soft
mutation.
As a saint’s name it occurs in Llan-gain (church and parish three miles
from Caerfyrddin, on the northern bank of the river Tywi in Caerfyrddin county)
:_______________________________.
cainc, ceinciau,
cangau ‹KAINGK, KEINGK ye, KA nge›
(feminine noun)
1 branch
Yr oedd y blagur yn dechrau dangos ar
gangau'r coed,
The
blossoms were beginning to show on the branches of the trees
2 tune, melody
canu ei hoff gainc be on his hobby horse, be going on and on about
something
cainc delyn a harp melody
Cainc Llafihangel Ystrad (“Cainc Llanvihangel Ystrad”) The Tune of
Llanvihangel Dale
Cainc y Cathreiwr The Ox-driver’s Tune
Cainc Llywelyn Llywelyn’s Strain
Cainc yr Aradwr The Ploughman’s Tune
Cainc Pont y Tŷ Pridd (“Cainc Pont y Ty Pridd”) The Bridge of Ty Pridd Tune
Cainc yr Odryddes The Milkmaid’s Song
Folk tune names mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic
Repertory” (1830), with English translations appended as they appear in the
magazine
3 a division of the Mabinogi
Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi the Four Branches
of the Mabinogi, the Four Tales of the Mabinogi
yn y Bedwaredd Gainc in the fourth tale,
in the fourth branch
4
ply = one of strands twisted together in making rope or yarn
y gainc = the ply
teircainc of three strands, having
three strands or threads
(teir- penult form of tair = three – femenine form) + (cainc = strand, feminine noun)
rhaff deircainc three-strand rope,
rope made of three strands
5 (North Wales) knot in wood
6 (Electricity) a spur (in wiring)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *kank-
From the same Celtic root: Irish géag (= branch), céachta (=
plough)
Castilian gancho, Portuguese gancho (= hook; originally crookèd
branch) are possibly of Celtic origin
:_______________________________.
cais, ceisiau
‹KAIS, KEI she› (masculine noun)
1 application (for a job)
gwneud cais am swydd apply for a job
2 try, attempt
3 request
ar gais taer rhywun at the urgent
request of
:_______________________________.
ca’l ‹ kaal ›
1
general southern form of cael (= to
get)
Usually spelt (less correctly) câl
:_______________________________.
cäl <KÄÄL> [kæːl]
1
south-eastern form of cael (= to
get)
Usually spelt cêl / cæl
:_______________________________.
..1 cala ‹ka -la› masculine
noun
PLURAL caliau ‹kal
-ye›
1 (South Wales) penis, membrum virile
cala â chodiad arno erect penis (“(a) penis with (a) erection on it” )
blaen cala glans (“top (of) penis”)
2 (South-east Wales) cala’r gwcw (Arum maculatum) cuckoo
pint, Lords-and-Ladies “(the) penis (of) the cuckoo”).
The standard name is pidyn y gog
(which in fact is the northern form, with the same meaning - “(the) penis (of)
the cuckoo”) (pidyn = penis) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + cog (= cuckoo)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kalg- Celtic < Indoeuropean *qel
From the same British root: Cornish kal < kalgh (= penis),
Breton kalc’h (= penis) Breton
From the same Celtic root: Irish colg (= sword, tip of sword, awn of
barley)
NOTE: Also: cal
:_______________________________.
..2 cala
(calaf), calafau ‹KA la, ka LA ve› (feminine noun)
1 stalk (of a plant)
:_______________________________.
calan ‹kâ -lan› masculine
noun
PLURAL calannau
‹ka-la-ne›
1 first day of the month
2 Calan Mai = the first of May, May Day. (“calend (of) May”). See
the separate entry
3 Calan Gaeaf = the first
of November. ("Calend (of) winter"). The colloquial form is Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a› or Glangaea ‹glang-gei-a›.
See the separate entry
4 Calan Awst August the first, a feastday commemorating the
miraculous deliverance of Peter from prison; formerly also a harvest festival.
In the centre of the town of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen there is a street called Heol Awst
(“street (of) (the feastday of) (the first day of)
August”).
The English name is Lammas Street (lammas is ‘loaf + (religious) mass’,
i.e. the harvest festival).
5 Y Calan = (USA: New Year’s) (Englandic: New Year) (“the calend”)
Nos Galan New Year’s Eve, 31
December (“(the) night (of) (the) calend”)
Dydd Calan New Year’s Day, 1 January
(“(the) day (of) (the) calend”)
parti Calan a New Year party
canu clychau’r Calan ring in the New Year
6 Y Calan (adverb) (USA: at New Year’s)
(Englandic: on New Year’s Day)
In the saying about the lengthening day after the winter solstice:
Awr fawr Calan, dwy Wyl Eilian, tair Wyl
Fair
‘big hour (on) the calend (“awr fawr y Calan”), two on Eilian’s feastday, and
three on Mary’s feastday’
that is, the day will have lengthened a full hour by New Year’s Day (Y Calan)
on January the first, (half an hour in the morning a half an hour in the
evening), two hours on Eilian’s feastday (Gwyl Eilian) on January the
thirteenth, and three hours by Lady Day (Gwyl Fair) on February the second
7 fore Calan (adverb) on
the morning of New Year’s Day
y rhaglen fore Calan the programme
on the morning of New Year’s Day
8 calennig New-Year gift (to children as a reward for singing
New-Year carols).
See the separate entry
9 calendr calendar = printed sheet(s) with the year tabulated
according to days, weeks and months.
See the separate entry
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin calandae,
word related to calâre (= proclaim).
Cf English to call
:_______________________________.
Calan Gaeaf ‹ka-lan gei-a› masculine noun
1 First Day of Winter in pre-Christian
times (day following the first new moon of the winter season). The year
was divided into two seasons, winter and summer, each lasting half a year. The
first day of summer was Calan Haf, on the day following the first new moon of the summer season)
(nowadays Calan Mai, celebrated on May 1)
2 This celebration (Calan Gaeaf) was Christianised, and celebrated on 1
November. In England this is All
Saints' Day (also called All Hallows' Day, Hallowmas)
3 Formerly it referred to All Saints’
Day Old Style, now November 12.
2 Following
the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750 in the London Parliament, in September
1752 England and its colonies (but not Scotland) changed to the Gregorian
calendar from the Julian calendar.
The reform of the calendar in 1752 by
the elimination of eleven days, led to the English Calendar Riots of the same
year and the cry of “Give us back our eleven days!” by protestors believing
that there existence on earth has been shortened by that amount.
It meant in effect that October the twenty-first was now All Saints’ Day, the
first of November. This October the twenty-first / November the first became
known in English as “the first of November New Style”.
November the twelfth was All Saints’ Day Old Style, called in Welsh Hen Galan Gaeaf (= old “Calan Gaeaf”).
In certain areas of Wales Calan Gaeaf was celebrated according to the
Old Style calendar, on the twelfth.
4 Nos Galan Gaeaf Hallowe’en “(the) night (preceding) Calan Gaeaf”
(nos = night) + soft mutation + (Calan Gaeaf). There is soft
mutation after nos in names of days (e.g. Gwener = Venus, nos
Wener Friday night), though here nos is the night of the same day.
ETYMOLOGY: (the) calend (of) (the) (winter) (calan = calend) + (gaeaf
= winter)
Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish Kalann
Gwav (= Hallowe’en), Breton kala-goav (= Hallowe’en).
NOTE: Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times / Author: Edward Anwyl /
Year 1903 / p.66: For the Celt the year began in November, so that its
second half-year commenced with the first of May. The idea to which Cæsar
refers, that the Gauls believed themselves descended from Dis, the god of the
lower world, and began the year with the night, counting their time not by days
but by nights, points in the same direction, namely that the darkness of the
earth had a greater hold on the mind than the brightness of the sky. The Welsh
terms for a week and a fortnight, wythnos (eight nights) and pythefnos
(fifteen nights) respectively confirm Cæsar’s statement.
NOTE:
..a/ gaeaf colloquially is gaea (a final v in a polysyllabic word
is lost in colloquial Welsh)
..b/ in the pre-pretonic syllable, colloquially there is a reduction of the
sequence (c) + (vowel) + (l) though the loss of the vowel
Calan Gaeaf > C’langaea / Clangaea
There are colloquial forms which are a further development of this
..c/ Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a›
(change of the vowel of the tonic syllable a
> y) (an occasional feature in
spoken Welsh)
..d/ Glangaea ‹glang-gei-a›
(the soft mutation is probably the result of the influence of Nos Galan Gaeaf / Nos G’langaea, Nos Glangaea (= the eve of All Saints, Hallowe’en)
:_______________________________.
Calan Haf ‹KAA-lan HAAV› masculine noun
1 First Day of Summer in
pre-Christian times (day following the first new moon of the summer season). The
year was divided into two seasons, winter and summer, each lasting half a
year.) Equivalent to the Irish Lá Bealtaine, in English Beltain, which
was formerly celebrated with bonfires on the hills
The first day of winter was Calan Gaeaf, on the day following the first new moon of the summer season.
2 the first of May, May Day. In this sense, usually Calan Mai
(qv)
:_______________________________.
Calan Mai ‹kâ-lan mai› masculine noun
1 first of May, May Day.
Noswyl Calan Mai May Eve, Eve of May
Day, Walpurgis Night (April 30)
galan Mai on May Day (adverbial phrases have soft mutation of the
initial consonant of the first element if the consonant is mutable)
Galan Mai cynhelir cystadleuaeth hynod ym mhentref Eidalaidd Portmeirion
i ddarganfod Merch Gryfaf Cymru On May Day an unusual competition will be
held in the Italiate village of Portmeirion t discover Wales’s Strongest Woman
Ar Galan Mai ers talwm byddai'n arferiad addurno bedwen dal a dawnsio o'i
chwmpas. On May Day / every May Day in the past it was the custom to
decorate a tall birch tree and to dance around it
2 Following the Calendar (New Style) Act of 1750 in the London
Parliament, in September 1752 England and its colonies (but not Scotland)
changed to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar.
The reform of the calendar in 1752 by
the elimination of eleven days, led to the English Calendar Riots of the same
year and the cry of “Give us back our eleven days!” by protestors believing
that there existence on earth has been shortened by that amount.
It meant in effect that April the twentieth was now May Day, the first of May.
This April the twentieth / May the first became known in English as “the first
of May New Style”.
May the twelfth was May Day Old Style, called in Welsh Hen Galan Mai (= old “Calan Mai”).
May Day customs continued to be observed on the “real” Calan Mai.
3 first day of the Celtic summer (the six months until Calan Gaeaf, November 1); Beltane;
formerly celebrated with bonfires on the hills
ETYMOLOGY: (the) calend (of) (May) (calan = calend) + (Mai = May)
Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish Kala’
Mae (= May Day), Breton kala-mae (= May Day)
NOTE: Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times / Author: Edward Anwyl /
Year 1903 / p.66: For the Celt the year began in November, so that its
second half-year commenced with the first of May. The idea to which Cæsar
refers, that the Gauls believed themselves descended from Dis, the god of the
lower world, and began the year with the night, counting their time not by days
but by nights, points in the same direction, namely that the darkness of the
earth had a greater hold on the mind than the brightness of the sky. The Welsh
terms for a week and a fortnight, wythnos (eight nights) and pythefnos
(fifteen nights) respectively confirm Cæsar’s statement.
NOTE:
..a/ Colloquial forms are based on a coalesced form Calánmai, where the accent has shifted to be on the new penultimate
syllable.
..b/ in the pre-pretonic syllable, colloquially there is a reduction of the
sequence (c) + (vowel) + (l) though the loss of the vowel
Calánmai > C’lánmai / Clánmai
In the south hte colloquial forms are
......1 Clanmai (i.e. Clánmai)
‹KLAN-mai›
.
......2 Clamai (i.e. Clámai) < Clám|mai <
Clán|mai ‹KLA-mai›
(the n has assimilated to the
following m)
......3 Clame (i.e. Clánme) < Clámai ‹KLA-me› The identification of –mai with the name of
the month is lost, and the diphthong ai in the final syllable is
reduced to the simple vowel e, a usual sound change in the colloquial
language. If this form exists in the south-east, it is Clama (south-western final –e is south-easter final -a)
In the North usually with soft mutation, possible
from the adverbial use of the phrase
Gláma (north-west), Gláme (north-east)
:_______________________________.
calch ‹KALKH› (masculine noun)
1 chalk, limestone
calch meddal soft chalk
odyn galch, odynau calch lime kiln
llosgi calch burn limestone
carreg galch limestone
clogwyn carreg galch chalk cliff
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *kalk < Latin calc- < calx (=
lime)
:_______________________________.
Calchfynydd ‹kalch VƏ nidh› (masculine noun)
1 Welsh kingdom or sub-kingdom in what is today south-east Scotland
This is probably modern day (English) Kelso / (Scots) Kelsae /
(Gàidhlig) Cealsach.
2 Cadrawd Calchfynydd a ruler of the district of Calchfynydd in the
500s
(delwedd 7019)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/159287 Kelso
ETYMOLOGY: (“chalk hill”)
Welsh (calch = chalk) + soft mutation + (mynydd = mountain,
hill);
NOTE: In Kelso, there is a street called Chalkheugh Terrace This is “chalk hill”. “The Chalkheugh”
(locally pronounced Cawkheuch) was the name for the high ground by the river
Tweed.
The Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography,
Statistical, Biographical and Historical, 1882-1885, edited by Francis H.
Groome. http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townhistory235.html
The Chalkheugh is described as “a precipitous bank with strata of gypsum
cropping to the surface”
Statistical Accounts of Scotland”, 1791-1799, page 584. http://www.bromfield.us/bromfields/Wil_sb_rtf.htm (“The Will of
Colonel Stephen Bromfield”)
“Kelso is probably derived from the word Calx. This conjecture seems the
more probable, from an eminence on the Tweed side, on which part of the town
stands. This height is called the Chalk-heugh, or Calchow, one of the ancient
names of the town, and contains a great quantity of Gypsum, and other
calcareous matters; all which, in the Celtic language, were denominated Kelk,
hence Kelkon; and the Monks denominated the seal of the ancient monastery,
Sigillum Monasterii de Calco. This eminence (the Chalkheugh) also affords a
delightful prospect, which, by some, is thought to eclipse that from the
bridge.”
“The Monastic Annals of Teviotdale. Or, The History
and Antiquities of the Abbeys of Jedburgh, Kelso, Melros, and Dryburgh”.
Edinburgh 1832. Reverend James Morton.
HISTORY OF THE TOWN AND ABBEY OF KELSO. The Town of Kelso is situated in the
parish of the same name, in Roxburghshire, on the north bank of the river
Tweed, opposite its junction with the Teviot, about twenty-three miles from
Berwick, where that river flows into the sea. Its name is evidently derived
from Chalkheugh*, the name of a remarkable cliff overhanging the Tweed, on the
summit of which part of the town is built. This cliff is so called from its containing
veins of gypsum, and other calcareous earths, which were visible in its sides
before the year 1810, when the river, in its impetuous floods, threatening to
undermine it, it was cut down into terraces and sloping gardens, and defended
from the stream by a strong wall. This etymology may be distinctly traced in
the various forms in which the name appears in ancient records, where it is
written Kalkhow, Kelquou, Calco, Calchou, Calcheowe, and Kellesowe. The
earliest mention of it is at the time of the founding of its monastery, in
1128, when it appears, from the charter of the royal founder, that there was
then a church called " the church of the blessed Virgin Mary, on the bank
of the river Tuede, in the place which is called Calkou."
* Locally pronounced " Cawkheuch." Calch, in the ancient
British language, and Cealc, in the Anglo-Saxon, like the Latin Calx,
signify chalk. How, in Anglo-Saxon and old Scots, and Heugh, in
modern Scots, " a hill, or height." CHALMERS' Caledonia.
__________________________.
Calfinaidd ‹kal VII naidh
-nedh›
(adj)
1 Calvinist
Trefnyddion Calfinaidd Calvanistic Methodists (mainly 1800s)
(abbreviation: T.C.)
The
abbreviation T.C., to be seen in this photo of Tarsus, an abandoned
chapel in Y Penrhyn SH8517, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/506353
Methodistiaid Calfinaidd Calvanistic Methodists (abbreviation: C.M.)
ETYMOLOGY:
(Calfin = Calvin) + (-aidd adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
caled ‹KAA led›
(adjective)
1 hard
2 gwargaled stubborn,
stiffnecked
(gwar = nape of neck ) + soft mutation + (caled = hard)
Exodus 32:9 Yr ARGLWYDD hefyd a ddywedodd wrth Moses, Gwelais y bobl hyn; ac wele,
pobl wargaled ydynt
Exodus 32:9 And the LORD said unto Moses, I have seen this people, and, behold,
it is a stiffnecked people
3 (question) hard, difficult to answer
Dyna un galed i ti Here’s a hard one
for you
4 Ni thorrir asgwrn gan air
caled Hard words break no bones (“a bone is not broken by a hard word”)
5 bod cyn galeted ag einion
be very obstinate (“as hard as an anvil”)
6 (in names of streams) strong, swift-flowing
..a/ Cledan < Caledan (caled) + (-an diminutive
suffix added to adjectives)
..b/ Cletwr < Caled-ddwr (caled + soft mutation + (dŵr
= water; stream)
..c/ Ffrwd Galed ‘strong stream’
(ffrwd = hillside stream) + soft
mutation + (caled = hard; strong,
swift-flowing)
Ffrwdgaled street name in Tregarth,
Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (“Ffrwd Galed”)
7 Tircalad This house
name was noted by John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in his 'Cardiff Records'
(1889-1911)
“TIR-CALAD (the hard land.) A free tenement in the parish of Roath and manor of
Roath-Keynsham (1702.) A ruined house and land named in the Heath Enclosure
Award of 1809. In 1840 it was called Coed Tir Caled, hard-land wood.”
“y tir caled” (y definite article) +
(tir = land) + (caled = hard).
In the south-east an e in the final
syllable becomes > a, hence caled > calad
Y mae unrhyw ymgais i aredig y tir caled yn dryllio yr erydr,… Y Dydd. 14
Hydref 1892.
Any attempt to plough the hard ground
wrecks the ploughs
8 llafur
caled (punishment) hard labour
9
llain galed motorway hard shoulder
(“hard strip”)
10 gweithio’n galed to work hard
ymdrechu’n galed try hard
This use of caled is an imitation of English. A more genuine Welsh from
would be yn ddygn [øn DHII-gin] (informal spelling: yn ddygyn)
(earnestly, unstintingly, diligently)
ETYMOLOGY: Cf. Breton kalet (=
hard), Neo-Cornish kales (= hard)
< Historical Cornish; Irish (literary) calaDh (= hard)
Celtic *kalet-os either from Proto-Indo-European *kal- (“hard”). Cf Latin callum (= a hard substance), callus (= hard skin), Latin callēre 'to be
hardened [by the experience], insensible')
or Proto-Indo-European *ḱelto-
(= cold),(cf. Avestan (an eastern Iranian language) sarəta- (= cold).
Also Gaulish Caleti, Caletes (Wikipedia
05-12-2022: The Caletes or
Caleti (Gaulish: Caletoi "the hard [stubborn, tough] ones"; Latin:
Calētēs or Calētī) were a Belgic or Gallic tribe dwelling in
Pays de Caux, in present-day Normandy, during the Iron Age and the Roman
period.)
They are mentioned as Caletes
(var. Caletos, Cadetes) by Caesar
(mid-1st c. BC), as Káletoi
(Κάλετοι) and Kalétous (Καλέτους)
by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), as Galetos
(var. Galletos) by Pliny (1st c.
AD),[3] as Kalē̃tai
(Καλη̃ται) by Ptolemy (2nd c.
AD), and as Caleti by Orosius
(early 5th c. AD).
The Gaulish ethnonym Caletoi
literally means 'the hard ones', that is to say 'the stubborn' or 'the tough'.
It derives from the Proto-Celtic stem *kaleto-
(= hard, cruel, strong).
The Pays de Caux, attested in 843 as Pago Calcis (Kaleto in 1206), is named
after the Gallic tribe
:_______________________________.
caleden ‹ka- lee -den› feminine
noun
PLURAL caledennau
‹ ka-la- de
-ne›
1 callus – skin which is thick or hard as a result of constant friction (as on the sole of the foot)
y galeden the callus
dwy galeden two calluses
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + (-en suffix for forming nouns)
From the same British root: Breton kaledenn
(= corn on foot)
:_______________________________.
Caledan ‹ka- lee -dan›
1 SO5013 stream by Llaneuddogwy; also the name of a village south of
Llaneuddogwy and this stream. The English name is Cleddon.
SO5203 Rhaeadr Caledan translation of Cleddon Falls
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/95602
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard; forceful
(of flowing water)) + (-an
diminutive suffix) > caledan.
The stream in mentioned in Llyfr Llan-daf / The Book of Llandaff c. 1125, spelt
as “Caletan”.
The spelling represents Caledan, since a “t” in this position indicated
the sound <d> [d]
in the spelling of the time.
“Cleddon” was quite possibly the local Welsh pronunciation when the
language was general in the area: c’ledan / cledan > cledon (o
replacing a).
Cf (yn) wastad (= constantly) > South Wales wastod, where o
has replaced a in the final syllsable.
Forms of the name at different periods would prove or disprove this.
:_______________________________.
caledffrwd ‹ka-LET-frud›
[kaˡlɛtfrʊd] (f)
1 see caletffrwd
:_______________________________.
Caledfwlch ‹ka- led -vulkh›
[kaˡlɛdvʊlx] masculine noun
1 (mythology) name of Arthur’s sword
This Welsh name is the origin of the somewhat distorted Latin form
“Caliburnus”, which in turn is the origin of the English name “Excalibur”
ETYMOLOGY: “(weapon of) hard slashing / cutting”, hard thruster, hard cleaver,
etc
(caled = hard) + soft mutation + (bwlch = cut, gap, breach)
:_______________________________.
caledfyd ‹ka- led -vid›
[kaˡlɛdvɪd] masculine noun
1 hardship, deprivation
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + soft
mutation + (byd = world, situation,
condition)
:_______________________________.
calediad ‹ka- led -vid›
[kaˡlɛdvɪd] masculine noun
PLURAL calediadau ‹ka-led-YAA-dai -e› [kalɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ -ɛ]
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + (-i-ad noun suffix)
1 the
devoicing of a voiced consonant
2 (In reference to Y Wenhwyseg, i.e. Gwentian or South-eastern Welsh) the
devoicing of a voiced consonant at the head of a final syllable, as in doti instead
of dodi (= to put)
:_______________________________.
caletaf INFORMALLY: (caleta’, c’leta’) ‹ka LE ta› [kaˡlɛtav,
kaˡlɛta, ˡklɛta]
(adjective)
1 hardest
:_______________________________.
caletach INFORMALLY: (c’letach) ‹ka
LE takh› (adjective)
1 harder
:_______________________________.
caletffrwd ‹ka-LET-frud›
[kaˡlɛtfrʊd] (f)
1 hillside stream with
a violent flow of water
Caletffwrdd (“Caledffwrdd”) stream flowing through Clwt-y-bont and
Brynrefail into Afon Rhythallt
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/121293 map
ETYMOLOGY: “hard torrent” (caled =
hard) + (ffrwd = torrent, hillside
stream) > caled-ffrwd > caletffrwd (d-ff > t-ff)
:_______________________________.
caletir ‹ka-LE-tir› [kaˡlɛtɪr]
feminine noun
PLURAL caletiroedd
‹ka-le-TII-roidh, -odh›
[kalɛˡtiˑrɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 hard stony ground
2 hardpan = a hardened soil horizon, often through the presence of a cementing
material
caletir haearn iron pan = hardened soil in which the main cementing
material is iron oxide
ETYMOLOGY: “hard ground” (caled =
hard) + soft mutation + (tir = land,
ground) > *caled-dir > caletir (d-d > t)
:_______________________________.
caletsen ‹ka-LET-sen› [kaˡlɛtsan] feminine noun
1 (South-east Wales) old crone, hard-faced old woman
ETYMOLOGY: caletsen < caledsen (caled = hard) + (-sen, suffix; in imitation of mursen
= prudish woman)
:_______________________________.
caletsythder ‹ka-let- səth -der› [kalɛtˡsəθdɛr] masculine noun
1 rigidity
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + (sythder = rigidity, straightness) > caled-sythder
> calet-sythder / caletsythder
In compound words, a final d becomes
t before s.
Compare dyletswydd = duty
(dyled = duty, swydd = function)
and other words of the type: cytsain (= consonant), cytser (= constellation)
:_______________________________.
Caletwr ‹ka-LE-tur› [kaˡlɛtʊr] masculine noun
1 stream / river name
..a/ Afon Caletwr river flowing into Afon Conwy north-east of
Ysbyty-ifan
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/118376 Afon Caletwr
Pont Caletwr “(the) bridge (over) (Afon) Caletwr”. Name of a bridge near
the confluence. On Ordnance Survey map wrongly spelt as “Pont Caletwyr”.
..........................................
..b/ Afon Caletwr river flowing into Afon Dyfrdwy SH9735 east of Y Bala
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=301897 SH9735 Aber
Caletwr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=300995 SH9934 Afon
Caletwr
..........................................
c/ Afon Cletwr
SO0942
name of a river by Erwyd / Erwood (Powys)
Here there is a farm called Maescletwr (“field by the river Cletwr”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=218185 Erwyd
Crickadarn.... The river Clettwr rushes over rocks and through craggy
places until it falls into the Wye at Erwood.
The Place-Names of Wales. / Thomas Morgan (Skewen) / 1912
.....................................................
Rivers
called Calder in England seem to be this same name:
River Calder (Cumbria). Rises at Lankrigg Moss and flows southwards and
falls into the Irish Sea.
River Calder (West Yorkshire). Rises in the Pennines, and flows into the
River Aire near Castleford.
River Calder (Lancashire) Rises near Fiendsdale Head and flows into the
Wyre at Catterall, near Garstang.
River Calder (Lancashire) Rises by Burnley
ETYMOLOGY: (caled = hard) + soft
mutation + (dŵr = water) > *caled-ddwr > caletwr (d-dd
> t)
(“hard water” – i.e., strong-flowing stream, rushing stream, violent stream)
Also found as cletwr < c’letwr < caletwr
NOTE: An (incorrect) spelling used on English-language maps is Clettwr
:_______________________________.
call ‹kalh› [kaɬ] adjective
NOTE: (South Wales) The colloquial form has a long vowel cāll ‹kaalh›
[kaːɬ] (the majority of
monosyllables with final –ll final have
a lengthened vowel in the South)
1 wise,
sensible, shrewd, prudent = able to discern, to make sensible decisions; as a noun wise person, wise man, wise
woman
Call pob ffôl tra tawo (saying) -
Fools appear wise until they speak (literally “(it is) wise every fool while
(he) keeps quiet”)
Mae’r calla’n colli weithiau - Even
the wisest make mistakes sometimes (literally “the wisest lose (their
judgement) sometimes”);
also Mae’r calla weithiau’n colli
Y calla’ ’dawo Enough said, It’s
best not to mention it (“the wisest may he be silent”): Usually said without
the definite article: Calla’ ’dawo /
Calla dawo
Tawed y calla’ Enough said (“let the
wisest be silent”)
Gair i gall Enough said (“a (single)
word to a wise man (is sufficient)”)
2 sane = having one’s full mental capacities; compos mentis, of
sound mind
In negative phrases to indicate foolishness, stupidity:
(a) Dyw e ddim yn gall - He’s out of
his mind (literally “he’s not sensible”)
(b) Wyt ti’n gall? - Have you gone
mad? (literally “are you sensible?”)
(c) hanner call daft (literally
“half sensible”) In South Wales the colloquial form is ’narcall ‹nar-kalh› < hanercall < hanner call
(d) hanner call a dwl daft
(literally “half sensible and dull”), or simply hanner call
3 yn gall adverb sensibly, judiciously
Siarad yn gall, ddyn, neu cau dy geg
- either talk sense or shut up
(literally “talk sensibly, man, or shut your mouth”)
4 call a ffôl = both the wise and the stupid
pob call o ben anybody in his right
mind
5 wise = showing that prudence has been used, or the existence of
the ability to make sensible choices
6 intelligent, clever
Mae e’n gallach o’r hanner na’i frawd
He’s a lot more intelligent than his brother
(literally “he’s more intelligent from the half / by half than his brother”)
7 sensible = that makes sense, that is not gibberish
8
cyfrwysgall crafty, wily, cunning
(cyfrwys = wily, cunning) + soft
mutation + ( call = sensible)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British.
If not from British < Celtic, then it is British < Latin cal’d(us) < callidus (= astute, clever).
Cf Cornish kall (= cunning), from
the same British root.
:_______________________________.
Calla dawo ‹ka-lha dau -o›
1
Best not to mention it, The least said the better, Enough said
ETYMOLOGY: calla dawo / calla’ ’dawo
< y callaf a dawo “(it-is) the wisest that might-keep-silent”
(y definite article) + (callaf, superlative form of call =
wise) + (a relative pronoun, who, that) + soft mutation + (tawo =
he might keep silent, third person singular subjunctive of tewi to keep
silent, to become silent)
:_______________________________.
callor ‹ka -lhor› masculine noun
PLURAL callorau ‹ka-
lho -re›
1 cauldron
2 Hafodygallor former name in Rhiwabon;
survives simply as (Yr) Hafod
Probably “(the) summer place (of) the cauldron”
(Noted in “HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-names” / Melville Richards)
ETYMOLOGY: callor < callawr < Latin caldâr-ia (= hot
bath; cauldron) < calidus (= warm)
Corresponding words in the other British languages:
Cornish kaltor (= kettle),
Breton kaoter (= cooking pot)
Cf English cauldron < French < Latin caldâr-ium (= hot
bath; hot bathing room)
NOTE: also occurs as a feminine noun: y gallor
:_______________________________.
calon, calonau
‹KA lon, ka LO ne› (feminine noun)
1 heart
y galon = the heart
calon garreg a heart of stone
2 wrth fodd eich calon extremely satisfying after one's own heart, exactly
as desired (“at the satisfaction of your heart”)
gwneud gwaith sydd wrth fodd eu calon do
a job which is his heart’s desire
Dyn wrth fodd fy nghalon yw e He’s a
man after my own heart (= he’s the
kind o man that I like)
3 agor eich calon i
unbosom yourself to, unburden yourself to
4 bod yn biti o galon gennych
dros... feel really sorry for / feel extremely sorry for
5 Cwn dy galon! Cheer up!
(“Lift-up / raise your heart”)
6 calon afal apple core
7 â’ch holl galon wholeheartedly
8 Calon Drom “(a) heavy heart”
Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic
Repertory” (1830). English translation of the name in the magazine is “Heavy
Heart”.
(calon = heart) + soft mutation + (trom,
feminine form of trwm = heavy)
:_______________________________.
calonnog ‹ka LO nog› (adjective)
1 wholehearted
yn galonnog wholeheartedly
:_______________________________.
calonogi ‹ka lo NO gi› (verb)
1 encourage
ETYMOLOGY: (calonog- < calonnog =
hearty) + (-og suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
calonogol ‹ka lo NO gol› (adjective)
1 encouraging
ETYMOLOGY: (calonog- < calonnog =
hearty) + (-ol suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
calonrwygol ‹ka-lon- rui -gol›
1 heartrending
ETYMOLOGY: (calon = heart) + soft
mutation + (rhwyg- stem of rhwygo = to tear apart, to rip) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
calsiwm ‹KALS yum› (masculine noun)
1 calcium
:_______________________________.
calyn ‹ka -lin› verb
(North Wales)
1 to go out with, to date
See canlyn
:_______________________________.
cam, camau ‹KAM, KA me› (m)
1 pace, step
cam
ceiliog cockstride
bydd y dydd yn ymestyn gam ceiliog bob dydd the day gets longer by a
cockstride each day
Also in Scots (Germanic language of the Lowlands of Scotland):
Cockstride, n. a short distance; used figuratively of the lengthening of days
A Scots Dialect Dictionary /
Alexander Warrack / 1911
(A cock when walking lifts its foot very high, but in fact each step is
very short)
2
o gam i gam ‹o GAM i GAM› step by step
3 ni + rhoi cam o'i le
not put a foot wrong, not make a mistake ("not put a step (out) of its
place")
:_______________________________.
cam, ceimion ‹KAM, KEIM-yon› (adjective)
1 wrong, false; twisted, bent, crookèd
bwyell gam adz (Englandic: adze) = tool for shaping wood
(bwyell = axe) + soft mutation + (cam = crookèd)
2 squinting
Hen Ifan Gam A folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly
Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). Translated as “Old Squinting Evan”
3 gwargam stooped,
stooping, with head and shoulders bent forward
(gwar = nape of neck ) + soft mutation + (cam = crookèd)
4 gwyrgam ‹guir-gam› crookèd, bent; not vertical, slanting
(gŵyr = crookèd, bent, askew, slanting) + soft mutation + (cam
= crookèd, bent)
adfeilion aflêr yr hen wrychoedd gŵyrgeimion
the untidy remains of the old bent hedges
5 gyddfgam wrynecked, with a twisted neck
(gyddf-, penult form of gwddf = neck) + soft mutation + (cam = twisted)
aderyn gyddfgam (bird) wryneck
6 cymryd cam ffôl do
something rash (“take (a) foolish step”)
7 coesgam (obsolete)
bow-legged, bandy-legged (coes =
leg) + soft mutation + (cam =
crookèd)
bergam (obsolete) bow-legged,
bandy-legged (ber = leg) + soft
mutation + (cam = crookèd)
bongam (obsolete) bow-legged,
bandy-legged (bon = bottom) + soft
mutation + (cam = crookèd)
8 helygen gam (helyg ceimion)
(Salix matsudana) contorted willow
9 in river names
..1/ Afon Camarch (SN9250) = river in the district of Brycheiniog,
county of Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=225402
Llangamarch (SN9347) village on this river (“the) church (by the river)
Camarch”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/230357 yr eglwys / the church
Camarch < Camfarch (“(the) winding (river / stream called)
March”)
(cam = winding) + soft mutation + (March = stream name, literally
“horse”)
:_______________________________.
camadeg ‹ka MA deg› (feminine noun)
1 inopportune moment, bad time
ar gamadeg at a bad moment, at an inopportune moment
:_______________________________.
camallt <KAM-alht> [ˡkamaɬt]
1 crookèd hill
2 Y Gamallt A hill SN9372 in Glyn Gwy / the Wye valley near Sant Harmon
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=243399 map
ETYMOLOGY: “crookèd hill” (cam =
crookèd) + (allt = hill)
Cf camriw
:_______________________________.
Camarch ‹ka -markh›
1 Afon Camarch (SN9250) = river in the district of
Brycheiniog, county of Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=225402
Llangamarch (SN9347) village on this river (“the) church (by the river)
Camarch”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/230357 yr eglwys / the church
ETYMOLOGY: Camarch < Camfarch (“(the) winding (river / stream
called) March”)
(cam = winding) + soft mutation + (March = stream name, literally
“horse”)
:_______________________________.
cambren <KAM-bren> [ˡkambrɛn] m
PLURAL cambrennau
<kam-BREN-ai, -e> [kamˡbrɛnaɪ,
-nɛ]
1 gambrel; frame, horizontal pole for hanging a pig from after
slaughter; butcher's tree, frame for hanging a pig’s carcass (it has the shape
of a horse's hind leg, hence the English word gambrel (= horse’s hind leg;
butcher’s tree) < Anglo-French gamberel < Northern French gambe = leg,
< Latin gamba = hoof) (Modern French has jambe = leg)
Maesycambren SH7921 cottage name (Rhyd-y-main, Gwynedd) http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/541932
(the) field (of) the gambrel
2 (Penfro) camren: doubletree = horizontal bar on a vehicle attached by
pivots for harnessing two horses
3 yoke = shoulder frame for carrying buckets
4 mor ddwl â chambren (South Wales)
daft as a brush
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = bent) + soft mutation + (pren = tree)
:_______________________________.
camddeall ‹kam-DHII-alh› (verb)
1 misunderstand
efallai 'mod i'n camddeall, cofiwch I might be wrong, mind
os nad w i'n camddeall if I’m not mistaken
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, mal-) +
soft mutation + (deall = understand)
:_______________________________.
camddehongli ‹kam-dhe- hong-li› verb
1 misinterpret
Yr oedd e wedi
camddehongli cymeriad Mrs Jones. Benyw feleisus oedd hi yn y bôn
He had misinterprted the character of Mrs. Jones. When it came down to it, she
was a malicious woman
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = mis-, badly) + soft mutation + ( dehonglu =
interpret )
:_______________________________.
camddehongliad ‹kam-dje-
hongl -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camddehongliadau ‹kam-dhe-hongl- yâ -de›
1 misinterpretation
ETYMOLOGY: (camddehongl-, stem of camddehonglu = misinterpret) +
(-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
cam-drin ‹kam DRIIN› (verb)
1 mistreat, abuse
2
(noun) abuse
cam-drin rhywiol sexual abuse
:_______________________________.
camdriniaeth ‹kam DRIN yeth› (feminine noun)
1 mistreatment, abuse
2
camdriniaeth rywiol sexual abuse
:_______________________________.
camel, camelod
‹KA mel, ka MEE lod› (m)
1 camel
Hwnnw oedd y gwelltyn olaf ar gefn y camel this
was the straw that broke the camel’s back, this was the last straw (“that [one]
was the last straw on the back of the camel”)
:_______________________________.
cámera ‹ka -me-ra› masculine
noun
PLURAL camerâu ‹ka-me- rai›
1 camera = device for producing photos
2 camera = device for producing TV pictures
Fe fydd y camerâu teledu yn ffilmio’r
digwyddiadau
The TV cameras will film the events
cámera teledu cylch cyfyng (CTCC) closed circuit TV camera (CCTV)
(delwedd 7360) (Gorsaf Abertawe / Swansea Station, Awst 2006)
ETYMOLOGY: English camera < Latin
camera (= chamber; vault) < Greek
kamara
:_______________________________.
camerw ‹kam- e -ru› feminine noun
1 crookèd acre, crookèd field (of an acre)
This is apparently the origin of the street name Y Gamer in Glynceiriog (county of Dinbych) (that is, an educated
guess, without having studied the history of the name of this particular place)
In field names, where erw is a final
element in a compound word, the final -w
(formerly a consonant, now a vowel in such words – e.g. garw, derw, marw)
was often lost:
pumer < pum erw (five acres), wyther
< wyth erw (eight acres), etc
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crookèd) + (erw (feminine noun) = acre) > camerw
> camer’
:_______________________________.
camesbonio ‹kam-e-spon-yo› verb
1 explain incorrectly, give an incorrect explanation,
Pentrecythraul - mae llawer wedi
camesbonio enw’r pentre hwn
Pentrecythraul - many people have incorrectly explained the name of this
village
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, bad) + (esbonio = explain)
:_______________________________.
camesgoriad ‹ kam-es- for -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camesgoriadau
‹ kam-es-gor-yâ-de›
1
miscarriage, loss of a child which a woman is bearing
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong, bad) + (esgoriad = giving birth)
:_______________________________.
camfa ‹kam -va› feminine noun
PLURAL camféydd,
camfâu ‹kam-veidh, kam-vâi›
1 stile
y gamfa = the stile
2 dal rhywun ar y gamfa
catch someone in the act, catch someone with his trousers down – to surprise in
some illicit action or embarrassing situation ("catch (someone) on the
stile", that is, crossing the stile)
3 cael eich dal ar y gamfa (“get your catching on the stile”, be
caught going over the stile) = be caught with one’s trousers down, be caught
unawares, be caught in the act
4 fe awn ni dros y gamfa yna pan ddown ni ati we’ll cross that
bridge when we come to it, we’ll deal with that problem in due course (“we
shall go over that stile when we come to it”)
5 South-west Wales (with a
change of m > n) canfa
gap-filler = stakes wattled with thorns for blocking a gap in a hedge
6 county of Ceredigion
groyne = wooden construction extending from a shore into the sea to break he
force of the waves and to prevent the sea from moving sand and pebbles
ETYMOLOGY: (cam-, stem of the verb camu = to step) + (-fa, suffix = place)
NOTE: Colloquially also ‹v› > ‹dh› - camfa > camdda
Some Points of Similarity in the Phonology of Welsh and Breton,
T.H. Parry-Williams, 1913
“In W[elsh], however, the interchange of f and dd is quite common,
especially in the dial[ect]s…”
One example given of the change dd > f is camfa (a
stile) > camdda
:_______________________________.
camfa dro ‹kam-va droo› feminine noun
PLURAL camféydd
tro ‹cam-veidh troo›
1 turnstile
y gamfa dro = the turnstile
ETYMOLOGY: (camfa = stile) + soft
mutation + (tro = a turn, a turning)
:_______________________________.
camfaethiad ‹kam-veith-yad› masculine
noun
1 malnutrition
ETYMOLOGY: (camfaeth-, stem of camfaethu = feed badly) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
camfaethu ‹kam-vei-thi› verb
1 feed badly
2 malnutrition
ETYMOLOGY: cam faethu (cam = incorrect, bad) + soft mutation +
(maethu = feed, nurture)
:_______________________________.
camglasgiad ‹ kam- gas -glyad› nm
PLURAL camglasgiadau
‹ kam-gas-glâ
-de›
1
erroneous conclusion
tynnu camgasgliad oddiwrth falsely
conclude from (something), draw a false conclusion
ETYMOLOGY: cam glasgiad (cam = mis-, wrong, false) + soft
mutation + ( casliad = conclusion)
:_______________________________.
camgydweddiad ‹kam-gəd- wedh -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL camgydweddiadau
‹kam-gəd-wedd-YAA -de›
1 false analogy
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = mis-, badly) + soft mutation + (cydweddiad = analogy)
:_______________________________.
camgyfieithiad ‹kam-gəv- yeith -yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL camgyfieithiadau
‹kam-gəv-yeith- yâ -de›
1 mistranslate
ETYMOLOGY: cam gyfieithiad (camgyfieith-, stem of camgyfieithu = mistranslate) + (-i-ad
noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
camgyfieithu ‹kam-gəv-
yei -thi›
(verb with an object)
1 mistranslate
ETYMOLOGY: cam gyfieithu (cam
= mis-, badly) + soft mutation + ( cyfieithu = translate)
:_______________________________.
camgymeriad ‹kam-gə-mer-yad›
masculine noun
PLURAL camgymeriadau
‹kam-gə-mer-yâ-de›
1 mistake, error, bloomer (USA: goof)
camgymeriad dybryd a grave error
Cred llawer y dyddiau hyn nad yw’r Beibl
a’i neges yn perthnasol iddynt. Camgymeriad mawr ydyw hynny
Many people believe that the Bible and its message is not relevant to them.
That’s a big mistake
2 gwneud camgymeriad rhwng mix up, confuse (“make (a) mistake
between”)
Rydwi’n credu ei bod yn gwneud
camgymeriad rhwng dau fath o nionod, y nionyn Cymreig a garlleg cnydiog
I think she’s mixing up two kinds, the Welsh onion and the tree onion
(“croppable garlic”)
3 mewn camgymeriad by mistake, in error (“in (an) error”)
ETYMOLOGY: cam gymeriad (camgymer-, stem of camgymeryd, camgym’ryd = “take wrongly”, make a mistake) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
camgymryd ‹kam-gəm-rid›
verb
1 make a mistake (USA: to goof)
os nad ydw i’n camgymeryd if I’m not
mistaken, if I’ve heard right
2 camgymeryd A am B mistake A for B, take A for B
Ildiodd y llu Ffrengig a laniodd ym
Mhen-caer, Sir Benfro yn 1797 ar ôl camgymeryd merched lleol yn eu sioliau
cochion a’u hetiau duon Cymreig am filwyr Seisnig
The French contingent which landed at Pen-caer in Penfro county in 1797 after
mistaking the local women in their red shawls and Welsh black hats for English
soldiers
ETYMOLOGY: cam gymryd (cam =
mis-, wrong) + soft mutation + (cymryd
= to take).
Apparently a calque on English mistake
(mis- prefix = wrongly) + (take)
NOTE: Also: camgymeryd ‹kam-gə-mê-rid›
:_______________________________.
Camlan ‹kam -lan›
feminine noun
1 SH7024 Afon Gamlan river in Meirionnydd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH7024 map
2 SH8511 Camlan locality
in Mallwyd, Meirionnydd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8511 map
3 Camlan – place of Arthur’s death in battle according to tradition.
The battle took place around the year 539 and is mentioned in the “Annales
Cambriae”, the Annals of Wales, of which there are three versions, the earliest
being a text from around the year 1100. The annals state that Medrod and Arthur
were killed in the battle, but it is not clear whether they fought together as
allies or against each other as enemies.
In a “triawd” (triad – stanza which records three events, or three observations
or three sayings) which notes the three needless battles of Britain (Tri
Ofergad Ynys Prydain), there appears the line
...a Chamlan a ddigwyddodd oherwydd
cweryl rhwng Gwenhwyfar a Gwenhwyfach
...and Camlan which happened because of a quarrel between Gwenhwyfar and
Gwenhwyfach
The location of this Camlan is not known, but it is not in Wales. Suggested
locations are
..1) Ryskammel / Camelford SX1083 in Cornwall,
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/79632
..2) or some location in Somerset, south-west England,
..3) or Salisbury SU1430 in Wiltshire, south-west England, suggested by the
English writer Thomas Malory (1405-1471), the author or compiler of Le Morte
Darthur / Le Morte d’Arthur.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/31018
..4) or Birdoswald NY6166 on Hadrian’s Wall, a defensive wall built by the
Romans, which is in northern England, near the border with Scotland. The site
at Birdoswald was known by the Romans as “Camboglanna” (in origin a British
name, which would be Camlan in
modern Welsh).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/17585
5) The name may be a complete invention by Chrñetien de Troyes
(wikipedia 2008-11-25): The castle is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien
de Troyes’ poem Lancelot, le Chevalier de la Charrette (Lancelot, the Knight of the
Cart) dating to the 1170s, though it is not mentioned in all the manuscripts.
It is mentioned in passing, and is not described:
A
un jor d'une Acenssion / Fu venuz de vers Carlion / Li rois Artus et tenu ot /
Cort molt riche a Camaalot / Si riche com au jor estut. [
Upon a certain Ascension Day King Arthur had come from Caerleon, and had held a
very magnificent court at Camelot as was fitting on such a day.
In older Welsh the proper name Camlan
was used as a common noun, camlan (=
intense battle). In much the same way one might say in English ‘it was
Paschendale all over again’ to refer to a great battle and slaughter (from the
battle fought on October 30, 1917). Or Armageddon. Or
The Blitz.
4 Cad Gamlan “the battle of Camlan” (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (Camlan). (The use of mutation in such a context is characteristic
of older Welsh, and a modern phrase of the same type would not have it).
In the county of Ceredigion the expression cadgamlan
is used to mean (1) noise, din; (2) noisy place.
ETYMOLOGY: The Welsh places called Camlan
apparently mean “curved river bank” (at least the present forms suggest
this meaning; earlier forms may show a different
etymology)
British Camboglanna (= curved river
bank)
(British kambo-) + (British glanna).
Arthur’s Camlan may be this compound Camboglanna,
but equally it might have been some other name similar in form which “Camlan”
has replaced.
Analysed as a Welsh name, it would be cam
lan (cam = curved) + soft
mutation + (glan = river bank).
:_______________________________.
camlas ‹KAM-las› feminine
or masculine noun
PLURAL camlesi, camlesydd ‹kam-LE-si, kam-LE-sidh
›
1 canal
y gamlas, y camlas the canal
arglawdd camlas a canal embankment
arglawdd y gamlas the canal embankment
camlas longau, camlesi llongau ship canal
Camlas Longau Manceinion Manchester
Ship Canal
cwch camlas, cychod camlas barge
Camlas Morgannwg Glamorgan Canal
Cwrtycamlas cwrt y camlas “(the) court (of) the canal”, “canal
court”
A street name in Aberhonddu / Brecon (appears as “Cwrt y Camlas”)
Gerycamlas ger y camlas “(the)
(place) near the canal”,
..1/ A place in Trefaldwyn / Montgomery (Powys) (appears
as “Ger y Camlas”)
..2/ A house name in Trefor (county of Dinbych) (appears as “Ger y Camlas”)
Tŷcamlas tŷ camlas < tŷ’r camlas (with the
loss of the linking definite article) “(the) house (of) the canal”, “canal
house”
A house name in Llangollen (appears as “Ty Camlas”)
Coedcamlas coed camlas < coed y camlas (with the loss of the
linking definite article) “(the) wood (of) the canal”, “canal wood”;
A street name in Cwm-brân (Torfaen) (appears as “Coed Camlas”)
Cwrt Glanycamlas (“Cwrt Glan y Camlas”) (“(the) bank / side / edge (of)
the canal”) place in Llangollen (Dinbych) (appears as “Glanycamlas Court”)
Heol y Camlas “(the) street (of) the canal”, “canal street”
A street in Gwersyllt (Wrecsam)
Tremycamlas “(the) view (of) the canal”, “canal view”
A house name in
Parcygelli, Rhisga (Caerffili) (appears as “Trem Y Camlas”)
2 millstream, channel
3 (possibly) river bank, riverside meadow
Y Gamlas is the name of a meadow
by the Irfon river at Y Garth, in the Brycheiniog district of Powys
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crookèd) +
soft mutation + (glas = stream)
:_______________________________.
camog <KA-mog> [ˡkamɔg] feminine noun
PLURAL camogau
‹ka- mô
-ge›
1 felloe
y gamog = the felloe
2 Llys y Gamog court of
the town of Dinbych (“court of the felloe”)
3 curvature; arc, parabola
4 bando stick = curved stick for playing bando (game similar to
hockey)
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crookèd) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
Cf. Irish camóg (= curved stick)
:_______________________________.
..1 camp, campiau ‹KAMP,
KAMP ye› (masculine noun)
1 feat
2 pencampwr ‹pen KAM pur› champion ‘chief doer of feats’
3 Campau Gwyr Rhufain
Gesta Romanorum
:_______________________________.
..2 camp,
campiau ‹KAMP, KAMP ye› (masculine noun)
1 camp
:_______________________________.
..3 camp ‹KAMP› (masculine noun)
1 (Patagonia) Y Camp =
the desert Also: Y Paith
From Castilian EL CAMPO (= the field, the
countryside)
:_______________________________.
campfa, campféydd ‹KAMP va, kamp VEIDH› (feminine noun)
1 gymnasium (‘feat place, prowess place’)
y gampfa = the gymnasium
:_______________________________.
campwaith,
campweithiau ‹KAMP waith, kamp WEITH ye›
masculine noun
1 masterpiece
:_______________________________.
campws, campysau
‹KAM pus, kam PƏ se› (masculine noun)
1 campus
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < Latin (campus
= field)
:_______________________________.
camriw <KAM-riu> [ˡkamrɪʊ]
1 crookèd slope, crookèd hill
2 Y Gamriw SN8534 A farm near Babel, county of Caerfyrddin (misspelt on
the map as “Gam-rhiw”)
3 Y Gamriw SN8534 Hill south-west of Llanwrthwl, county of Powys
ETYMOLOGY: “crookèd hill” (cam =
crookèd) + soft mutation + (rhiw =
slope; hill)
Cf camallt
:_______________________________.
camu ‹KA mi› (verb)
1 to step
2 carreg gamu stepping stone, cerrig camu stepping stones; one of a row
of stones above water level in a stream or marsh each one step distant from the
other for crossing from one side to the other
:_______________________________.
camweddwr ‹cam-wê-dhur› masculine
noun
PLURAL camweddwyr
‹cam-wedh-wir›
1 delinquent, wrongdoer
ETYMOLOGY: (camwedd = wrong,
injustice) + (-wr, suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
camystumio ‹kam-ə- stim
-yo› verb
1 (verb with an object) (wood) to warp
2 (verb without an object) to become warped
3 (verb with an object) disfigure, deform, distort, twist out of
shape
4 (verb without an object) become disfigured, become deformed,
become distorted, become twisted out of shape
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong) + (ystumio =
to deform)
:_______________________________.
camystyr ‹kam- ə -stir› masculine
noun
PLURAL camystyron
‹kam-ə- stə
-ron›
1 erroneous meaning, false meaning
Camystyr yw hwn a roes y geiriadurwr William
Owen-Pughe i’r gair
This is a false meaning which the lexicographer William Owen-Pughe gave to the
word
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = wrong) + (ystyr = meaning)
:_______________________________.
can ‹kan›
South-east Wales
adjective
1 white, bright; bara can
white bread
The word alcan (= tin) shows the influence of this word
Middle English alcamy (= tin) > Welsh álcami > alcam (=
tin) (loss of a post-post-tonic –i occurs in some words taken from English)
> alcan
masculine noun:
2 white flour
3 flour
4 can garw wheatgerm (“rough flour”)
:_______________________________.
can- ‹kan ›
1 original form of the preposition gan = with (in modern Welsh, many simple prepositions are
soft-mutated forms – gwar > war (moden Welsh ar, with the loss of the initial “w”), gwrth > wrth (= by);
a number still have both forms in general use - tan / dan (= under), tros /
dros (over), trwy / drwy (=
through))
The form can appears with aspirate
mutation after the conjunction a (=
and) in literary Welsh a chan... (and
with)
2
prefix (non-productive) = with, after
..1/ canfod (= to perceive) (BOD =
to be, being)
.
.2/ canllaw (= handrail, bannister)
(LLAW = hand)
..3/ canlyn (= to follow) (GLYN- =
to stick, sticking)
..4/ canmol (= to praise) (MOL- to
praise, praising¸cf MOLIANT praise)
..5/ cennad (f) permission, leave. Cennad was originally cannad
cannad < *canghad (can- = with) +
soft mutation + (gad- stem of gado, gadael = to leave).
The vowel change a > e shows the
influence of cennad (= messenger )
..6/ cynhorthwy (= help, aid,
assistance) (-GOR- and a final element -TWY)
ETYMOLOGY: British *kant-
:_______________________________.
can, caniau ‹KAN, KAN-yai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 can
can dŵr watering can
:_______________________________.
cân, caneuon ‹kaan, ka NEI on› (feminine noun)
1 song
y gân = the song
2 cân
roc, caneuon roc ‹kaan ROK, ka NEI on ROK›
(feminine noun)
rock song
3 Cân yr Aderyn house name, Caernarfon “(the) song (of) the bird”,
birdsong
4 erddigan ‹er-DHII-gan › (f) (obsolete)
air, melody, tune, song
(erddi- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cân = song)
The intensifier erddi is a combination of the prefixes ar + di
(ar- intensifying prefix) + soft
mutation + (di- intensifying prefix)
> *arddi- > erddi (vowel affection – final i causes change a
> e in the preceding syllable)
Erddigan Caer Waun
A folk tune in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830).
The English name is given as “The Minstrelsy of Chirk Castle”.
(Chirk is the English name for Y Waun)
caer y Waun “(the) castle (of) Y Waun”, Chirk Castle
ysgol gân, ysgolganau ‹ə skol GAAN, ə
skol GAA nai, -ne› (feminine noun)
1 hymn-singing practice
(“(school (of) song”). (YSGOL) + (soft mutation C > G) + (CÂN = song).
:_______________________________.
cánabis ‹ka-nə-bis›
masculine noun
1 cannabis, common hemp Cannabis
sativa
ystor cánabis cannabis resin, from
the dried leaves and flowers
resin cánabis cannabis resin, from
the dried leaves and flowers
cyffuriau cyfreithiol fel álcohol a
thybaco, a rhai anghyfreithlon fel écstasi a chanabis
legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco, and illegal ones like ecstacy and
cannabis
ETYMOLOGY: English cannabis <
Greek kannabis
:_______________________________.
caneri, caneris
‹ka NE ri, ka NE ris› (masculine noun)
1 canary
ETYMOLOGY: English canary
:_______________________________.
canfasio ‹kan VA sho› (verb)
1 to canvass
ETYMOLOGY: (canfas = English to canvass) + (-io verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
canfod ‹kan -vod› verb
1 perceive, notice
2 see
cyn belled ag y gall y llygad ganfod i bob cyfeiriad in every direction as far as the eye can see
3 discover, find out
4 canfod tir cyffredin find common ground
5 to spot, recognise
ceiso canfod to try and recognise
6 detect, find, locate
7 see, realise, become aware of
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (can- = with) + soft mutation + (bod = being, to
be) < British
From the same British root: Breton kavout (= find)
The prefix can is from the
prepostion can, in modern Welsh gan, which in common with many
prepositions in the modern language are soft-mutated forms of the original word
:_______________________________.
cangarŵ, cangarŵod ‹kang ga RUU, kang ga
RUU od› (masculine noun)
1 kangaroo
ETYMOLOGY: English kangaroo < an Australian aboriginal language
:_______________________________.
cangen,
canghennau ‹KA ngen, ka NGHE ne›
(feminine noun)
1 branch (tree);
y gangen = the branch
canghennau’r coed the branches of
the trees
2 branch office
3
girl, maiden
O
cais fy nghangen gu O seek
my dear maiden, look for my dear girl (from the folk song A Ei Di'r Deryn Du? “Will you go blackbird (i.e. as a love
messenger for me to my sweetheart)?”)
4
(North-west Wales) unpleasant woman
:_______________________________.
cangen las ‹ka-ngen laas › feminine noun
PLURAL canghennau las / canghennau gleision ‹ka-nghe-ne glaas / glei-shon›
1 (Thymallus thymallus) grayling
ETYMOLOGY: (cangen = branch) + soft mutation + (glas = green)
:_______________________________.
canghellor,
cangellorion ‹ka NGHE lhor, ka nge LHOR
yon› (masculine noun)
1 chancellor
:_______________________________.
canghen ‹ka-ngen›
1 nineteenth-century variant spelling of cangen, no longer in
use
Plaque on former chapel SN0437 near
Parrog, county of Penfro: “Ty Cwrdd y Mynydd / Canghen o Ebenezer /
Adeiladwyd 1875”
The meeting house of the upland pasture
/ a branch of Ebenezer (a church in Trefdraeth / Newport) / it was built 1875
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/514803 plaque
:_______________________________.
canghennau ‹ka NGHE nai, ne›
1 branches; plural of cangen
:_______________________________.
caniad, caniadau
‹KAN-yad, kan-YAA-dai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 singing
2 song
Caniadau’r Cysegr (“the songs of the sacred place”) hymn-singing
Caniadau y Cysegr, neu bigion o Hymnau a Salmau: о gyfansoddiad
gwahanol awduron, gan bwyllgor dros Gymanfa Gynulleidfaol C. N.
(Title
of a book published in Remsen, New York – third edition 1866)
Songs of the sacred place, or selections of hymns and psalms, composed by (“of
the composition of”) various authors, by a committee of the C.N. (?)
Congregationalist Assembly
2
caniatgar fond of singing
caniatgar < caniád-gar
(caniad = singing) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives,
suggesting ‘fond of’, cf caru = to
love)
:_______________________________.
caniadaeth ‹ kan-YAA-daith, -eth› (masculine noun)
1 singing, hymn-singing
Caniadaeth y Cysegr “hymn-singing (of) the sacred place / the chapel or
church”
:_______________________________.
caniatâd ‹ka ni a TAAD› (masculine noun)
1 permission
rhoi caniatâd (i rywun) give
(somebody) permission, give permission (to somebody)
cael caniatâd (gan rywun) get
permission (from somebody)
:_______________________________.
caniatáu ‹ka ni a TAI› (verb)
1 to permit
:_______________________________.
caniatgar ‹kan- yat -gar› adj
1
fond of singing
ETYMOLOGY: caniatgar < caniád-gar (caniad = singing) + (-gar
suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)
Canis lupus familiaris ‹KAA-nis LU-pus fa-mil-i-A-ris›
1 domestic dog
The Welsh word for dog is ci, PLRUAL cŵn
:_______________________________.
canllyn ‹kan -lhin›
1 (In the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) and in neighbouring
northern Ceredigion) accompany
See: canlyn
:_______________________________.
canlyn ‹KAN lin› (verb)
1 to follow
2
taflu arian da i ganlyn arian drwg
throw good money after bad (“throw good money to follow bad money”)
4 Dyna ganpunt arall i ganlyn y gwynt (of money spent or wasted) That’s another hundred pounds spent, That’s
another hundred pounds down the drain, That’s another hundred pounds I’ll never
see again (“There’s another hundred pounds to follow the wind”)
NOTE: In the north, also with the loss of the ‘n’ – ca’lyn / calyn
In the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys) and in neighbouring northern
Ceredigion canllyn
:_______________________________.
canlyniad,
canlyniadau ‹kan LƏN yad, kan lən
YA de› (masculine noun)
1 consequence
bod o ganlyniad i be a consequence of
2 result
canlyniadau gwael poor results
3 cymal canlyniad consecutive clause
:_______________________________.
canmlwyddiant ‹kan-mluidh-yant›
masculine noun
PLURAL canmlwyddiannau
‹kan-mluidh-ya-ne›
1 centenary, hundredth anniversary
Cyfrol a gyhoeddwyd yn 1991 i ddathlu
canmlwyddiant geni Kate Roberts
A volume published in 1991 to celebrate the hundredth anniversary / the
centenary of the birth of Kate Roberts
2 hanner canmlwyddiant fiftieth anniversary
ETYMOLOGY: (canmlwydd = a hundred
years of age) + (-iant = suffix)
:_______________________________.
canmol ‹KAN mol› (verb)
1 to praise
2 cenmyl (indicative mood, third.-person singular present-future tense)
he / she / it praises
Apocrypha: Ecclesiasticus 21:15 Gŵr
doeth, os clyw air doeth, a'i cenmyl, ac a chwanega ato: yr annoeth a'i clybu,
ac nid oedd fodlon ganddo, eithr efe a'i trodd yn ôl ei gefn.
Apocrypha: Ecclesiasticus 21:15
If a skilful man hear a wise word, he will commend it, and add unto it: but as
soon as one of no understanding heareth it, it displeaseth him, and he casteth
it behind his back.
Nid yn y bore mae canmol
diwrnod teg
(“it-is-not in the morning that-there-is (the) praising (of) a fair day”), that
is, the weather in the morning may be fine and sunny, but the afternoon may
bring rain.
A favourable
situation may suddenly change, wait and see what happens in the long run.
:_______________________________.
canmoliaeth ‹kan MOL yeth› (feminine noun)
1 praise
y ganmoliaeth = the praise
:_______________________________.
Canna ‹ka -na›
1 Nant Canna stream in Caer-dydd. The stream no longer exists but
the name survives
...(1) in the district name in Caer-dydd, Pontcanna
(bridge over the Canna stream),
...(2) and in Treganna ST1676
(“(the) farmstead (of) (the) Canna (stream)”), apparently a modern name,
imitating the name Pontcanna (“(the)
bridge (of) (the) Canna (stream)”).
This name with “tre” is used as the Welsh form of English Canton (name of an adjoining district)
Previously the Welsh form had been Cantwn,
from the English name (Canna + English “tûn” = farmstead).
The stream flowed into the river Taf.
2 Nant Canna stream in the village of Tre-os (Tre-oes) SS9478
(county of Bro Morgannwg).
Nantcanna street name in the village
of Tre-os (county of Bro Morgannwg). The Ordnance Survey Street Atlas (1995)
has ‘Nant Canna’ as the street name and ‘Nant Ganna’ as the name of the brook
(on the 1880 map, marked as ‘Llanganna Brook’) which flows from Llan-gan
through Tre-os and into the river Ewenni
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/342149 Tre-os
ETYMOLOGY: The two seem to have different origins.
(1) (Caer-dydd) Unknown. Possibly based on the adjective can (= white), as in the stream name in Merthyrtudful Cannaid (= white, bright)
(2) (Tre-os) Apparently the name of a saint (Canna), to whom the church in
Llan-gan (also known as Llanganna) is dedicated
:_______________________________.
cannoedd ‹KA nodh› (plural noun)
1 hundreds (plural of cant = one hundred)
:_______________________________.
cannwyll, canhwyllau
‹KA nuilh, ka NHUI lhe› (feminine noun)
1 candle
y gannwyll = the candle
2 llosgi'r gannwyll yn ei
deupen burn the candle at both ends, exhaust oneself (“burn the candle it
its two ends”)
Also: llosgi'r gannwyll yn y ddeupen (“in
the two ends”)
3 llosgi’r gannwyll yn hwyr
burn the midnight oil (“burn the candle late”)
4 cannwyll corff ‹ka nuilh KORF›
corpse candle; eerie light at night, which was assumed to be a candle burning
to forewarn of a death in the family or in the immediate neighbourhood;
probably from natural combustion of decomposing material in ponds and lakes)
5 cannwyll dân, canhwyllau tân ‹ka nuilh DAAN,
ka nhui lhe TAAN›
Roman candle (type of firework)
:_______________________________.
cannydd ‹ka -nidh›
masculine noun
PLURAL canyddion
‹ka-nədh-yon›
1 bleach = a chemical that removes colour or stains
ETYMOLOGY: literally “whitener” (cann-,
stem of cannu = to bleach, to
whiten) + (-ydd suffix for forming
nouns)
:_______________________________.
cannyn ‹ ka-nin ›
1
one hundred people (obsolete)
2
Nid cyfrinach ond rhwng dau, rhwng
tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw tell a secret to more than one person and it
becomes everybody’s secret (“ (it is) not a
secret except between two; between three people, one hundred people will hear
it”)
rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn,
cannyn a’i clyw “(it is) (a) secret (of)
two people, (it is) (a)
secret that-it-is; (it is) (a) secret (of)
three people, one hundred people will hear it”)”
ETYMOLOGY: (tri = one hundred ) +
nasal mutation + (dyn = person)
cant + dyn > can’ nyn > cannyn
:_______________________________.
canol, canolau
‹KAA nol, ka NOO lai, -le› (masculine noun)
(in the South, cenol) ‹KE nol›
1 middle
yn y canol union in the dead centre
middle of a period of time
o ddydd Mawrth hyd ganol dydd Iau from Tuesday until the middle of
Thursday
2 bys canol middle finger
(“middle finger”)
canolfys middle finger (“middle
finger”)
3 ynghanol ‹ə NGHA nol› (preposition) in the middle of
yn y canol union right in the middle
yng nghanol union (rhywbeth) right
in the middle of (something)
yn union yn y canol right in the
middle
yn union yng nghanol (rhywbeth)
right in the middle of (something)
yn ei chanol hi (“in the middle of
it”)
Ryn ni yn ei chanol hi yn peinto’r tŷ
Were in the middle of painting the house
4 ar ganol ‹ar GAA nol›
(preposition)
in the middle of
5 Canol Caer-dydd ‹KAA nol kair DIIDH›
(masculine noun)
Central Caer-dydd
6 canol y dre ‹KAA nol ə DREE›
(feminine noun)
the town centre
7
(Yr) Heol Ganol
“middle road / middle street”. Street name in
..a/ Bryn-mawr (county of Blaenau Gwent)
..b/ Caerffili
..c/ Nant-y-moel (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..d/ Y Sarn (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
(delwedd 7503)
:_______________________________.
canolbarth ‹ka NOL barth› (masculine noun)
1 midland region
2 Canolbarth Cymru ‹ka NOL barth KƏM
ri› (masculine noun) C:\Users\Usuario\Documents\000_KIMKAT\1_vortaroy_BAEDD_A_B_C\ffotos.htm
mid-Wales
yng Nghanolbarth Cymru in mid-Wales
3 Y Canolbarth ‹ə ka NOL barth›
(masculine noun)
The Midlands; Mid-Wales
4
Canolbarth Lloegr ‹ka NOL barth LHOI-ger›
(masculine noun)
The English Midlands, the Midlands of England
:_______________________________.
canolbwyntio ‹ka nol BUINT yo› (verb)
1 to concentrate
:_______________________________.
canolfan, canolfannau
‹ka NOL van, ka nol VA ne› (fm)
1 centre
y ganolfan / y canolfan = the centre
2 bod â’ch canolfan yn...
(company) be based in
3
military base
canolfan fyddin = army base
canolfan lynges = naval base
ETYMOLOGY: “central place” (canol =
middle) + soft mutation + (man =
place)
:_______________________________.
canolfan chwaraeon,
canolfannau chwaraeon ‹ka NOL van khwa REI on, ka
nol VA ne khwa REI on› (feminine noun)
sports centre
:_______________________________.
canolfan dydd, canolfannau dydd ‹ka NOL
van DIIDH, ka nol VA ne DIIDH› (feminine noun)
1 day centre
:_______________________________.
canolfan hamdden,
canolfannau hamdden ‹ka NOL van HAM dhen, ka nol
VA ne HAM dhen› (feminine noun)
1 leisure centre
:_______________________________.
canolfan iechyd ‹ka- nol-van ye -khid› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL canolfannau
iechyd ‹ka-nol- va-ne ye -khid›
1 health centre = building where the doctors serving a particular
district have their offices and consulting rooms together
ETYMOLOGY: “centre (of) health” (canolfan
= centre) + (iechyd = health)
:_______________________________.
canolfor ‹ka- nol-vor› nm
1
y Canolfor the Mediterranean Sea
Glannau’r Canolfor the Mediterranean
(region) (“(the) shores (of) the Mediterranean Sea”)
ETYMOLOGY: “middle sea” (canol =
middle) + soft mutation + (môr =
sea)
:_______________________________.
canoliaethol ‹ka-nol- yeith
-ol› adjective
1 centralist = favouring the exercise of power only by a central
authority
ETYMOLOGY: (canoliaeth = centralism)
+ (-ol suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
canolig ‹ka-no·-lig›
adjective
1 medium, middling
o faint canolig of medium height
canolig eich maint of medium height
mewn cerfwedd canolig in medium relief
ETYMOLOGY: (canol = middle) + (-ig adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
canol-longwr ‹ka-nol- lo
-ngur› masculine noun
PLURAL canol-longwyr
‹ka-nol- long
-wir›
1 midshipman = junior officer ranking between a cadet and a
sub-lieutenant
ETYMOLOGY: (canol = middle) + soft
mutation + (llongwr = sailor)
:_______________________________.
canoloesol ‹ka nol oi sol› adjective
1 medieval
ffug-ganoloesol pseudo-medieval
ETYMOLOGY: (canoloes- < canoloesoedd = Middle Ages) + (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
canolog ‹ka-NOO-log› (adjective)
1 central
yr orsaf ganolog the central station
Cardiff Central Station is “Caerdydd Canolog” according to the signs, but there
is a missing soft mutation – one would expect Ganolog
Gorsaf Ganolog Caer-dydd Cardiff Central Station
Yr Orsaf Ganolog yng Nghaer-dydd The Central Station in Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: (canol = middle) + (-og, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
canolwr, canolwyr ‹ka NO
lur, ka NOL wir› (masculine noun)
1 referee (‘middleman’)
:_______________________________.
canon, canonau
‹KA non, ka NO ne› (masculine noun)
1 cannon = weapon
pelen canon PLURAL pelenni canon cannonball
:_______________________________.
canran ‹ kan -ran› f
PLURAL canrannau
‹ kan-ra-ne›
1
percentage
y ganran = the percentage
Mae canran uchel o siaradwyr Cymraeg yn
y rhan hon o’r dre There’s a high percentage of Welsh speakers in this part
of the town
ETYMOLOGY: (kan < cant = hundred ) + soft mutation + ( rhan = part)
:_______________________________.
canrif, canrifoedd
‹KAN-riv, kan-RII-voidh, -odh› (feminine
noun)
1 century = period of a hundred years
y ganrif = the century
ganrifoedd lawer yn ôl many centuries ago
2 century = such a period dated after the birth of Christ
yn y ddeunawfed ganrif in the eighteenth century
yn ystod y bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg in the nineteenth century
dodrefn o'r ganrif ddiwethaf furniture from the last century
dathlu ei chanrif to
celebrate her hundredth birthday
dros y canrifoedd over the centuries
erbyn tro'r ganrif by the turn of the century
trwy'r canrifoedd over the century
yn ystod treigliad y canrifoedd over the centuries (“during the movement
of the centuries”)
ETYMOLOGY: “hundred number” (cant =
hundred) + soft mutation + (rhif =
number) > canrif
:_______________________________.
canser, canserau
‹KAN ser, kan SE re› (masculine noun)
1 cancer
2 canser y croen ‹KAN ser ə KROIN›
skin cancer
:_______________________________.
cant ‹KANT› (masculine noun)
1 hundred
2 Mae un gair cystal â chant
imi I can take a hint (“one word is as good as a hundred to me”)
3 (adv) gant y cant one hundred per cent
Rw i’n cytuno gant y cant â John Evans
I agree one hundred per cent with John Evans
4 cant a mil o (bethau) a hundred and one things (an arbitrary number to
indicate a great quantity) (“a hundred and a thousand of things”)
...a chant a mil o bethau eraill ...and a hundred and one other things
(e.g. when explaining the advantages of something, when they are too numerous
to mention in their totality)
:_______________________________.
cant ‹KANT› (masculine noun)
PLURAL: cantau ‹KAN-te, KAN-tai›
1 wheel rim
2 (obsolete) circle, rim, periphery
3 the name Morgan was in early Welsh
*Morgant “great circle”, probably
meaning 'person with great influence'. The compound is from the British period
(pre 400 AD)
Analysed as a modern Welsh word it would be (mor-, a form of mawr =
big) + soft mutation + (cant =
circle)
ETYMOLOGY: British *kant-
Cf Breton kant (= circle), Middle
Irish céad (= stone column)
Latin canthus (= metal tyre, iron
band around a wheel) < Greek kanthos (=
felloe of a wheel).
Canthus is used in English as an anatomical term – “either corner of the eye, where the eyelids meet” but originally applied
to the entire edge of the eyelid.
French has canton (administrative
district) from Occitan canton (=
corner, angle) < Latin canthus
Probably Old Welsh kant
..1/ in the mountain name Pen-y-Ghent (“boundary hill”), in Yorkshire, on the
edge of the district of Craven, an old Welsh territory; on the old boundary
there is also Cant Beck.
..2/ Pennygant [NY4499] in Scotland seems to be the same name as Pen-y-Ghent;
..3/ Kant (English: Cant), in Cornwall, for example, on the north bank of the
Camel estuary, is the southern edge of Trigg Hundred.
..4/ In Lanarkshire in Scotland there are the Cant Hills, north of Shotts.
..5/ On the present Lancashire and Yorkshire border, a boundary line of
districts predating the counties, there is Cant Clough.
See NAMES ON THE EDGE: HILLS AND
BOUNDARIES. Dr Mary Higham, Clitheroe, Lancashire. COMANN AINMEAN-ÀITE NA
H-ALBA / SCOTTISH-PLACE-NAME
SOCIETY. Peairt / Perth. 07-11-1998 http://www.spns.org.uk/perthconf.htm
:_______________________________.
cantio ‹KANT-yo› (v)
1 speak complainingly or hypocritically
NOTE: (1) [
Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
cant : to gossip, tell tales]
(2)
Cambrian English cant = to gossip (Western Mail 20 06 83)
:_______________________________.
cantor ‹kan -tor›
masculine noun
PLURAL cantorion
‹kan-tor-yon›
1 singer
Salmau 68:25 Y cantorion a aethant o’r
blaen, a’r cerddorion ar ôl; yn eu mysg yr oedd y llancesau yn canu tympanau
Psalm 68:25 The singers went before, the players on instruments followed after;
among them were the damsels playing with timbrels.
2 singer = member of a choir
3 (in choir names): Cantorion
Teifi “the singers (of the river) Teifi”
4 (History) Cantor
Formerly in the cathedral of Tyddewi, head of the cathedral chapter
(administrative body of canons of a cathedral), later superseded by a deon (dean)
5 prif gantor (“main singer”) precentor = person who leads the
congregation in singing
ETYMOLOGY: from Latin cantor, first example in Welsh in the
14th century < Latin canere
(= to sing)
NOTE: also in the modern period there is a form cantwr, showing the influence of the suffix -wr (= man)
:_______________________________.
cantores ‹kan-tô-res›
feminine noun
PLURAL cantoresau
‹kan-to-rê-se›
1 female singer
y gantores = the singer
Pregethwyr 2:8 Mi a bentyrrais i mi
hefyd arian ac aur, a thrysor pennaf brehinoedd a thaleithiau; mi a ddarperais
i mi gantorion a chantoresau, a phob rhyw offer cerdd, difyrrwch meibion dynion
Ecclesiastes 2:8 I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure
of kings and of the provinces: I gat me men singers and women singers, and the
delights of the sons of men, as musical instruments, and that of all sorts.
ETYMOLOGY: (cantor = singer) + (-es, suffix for forming feminine nouns)
:_______________________________.
cantorion ‹kan-tor-yon›
1 plural form of cantor =
singer
:_______________________________.
cantref ‹kan -tre› masculine
noun
PLURAL cantrefi ‹kan- trê -vi›
1 kantrev, an ancient administrative division, a ‘hundred’
Some cantref names are still in use, found as tags to village names
.....(1) Betws yn Rhos - ‘(the)
Betws (which is) in (the cantref of) Rhos’. (betws = church)
.....(2) Betws Cedewain (Ordnance
Survey map reference SO1296) ‘(the) Betws (which is in the cantref of)
Cedewain’,
.....(3) Caernarfon (Caer yn Arfon)
- Caer in (the cantref of) Arfon), etc.
.....(Caer = camp, Roman settlement)
.....(4) Castellnewydd Emlyn
(Ordnance Survey map reference SO1296) ‘(the) Castellnewydd (which is in the
cantref of) Emlyn’, (Castellnewydd = new castle)
.....(5) Llanfechain (Ordnance
Survey map reference SJ1820) formerly Llanarmon
ym Mechain (‘(the) Llanarmon (which is) in (the cantref of) Mechain’),
.....(Llanarmon = church of Garmon)
.....(6) Llanfair Caereinion (‘(the)
Llanfair (which is in the cantref of) Caereinion’),
.....(Llanfair = church of Mary)
.....(7) Llanfair ym Muallt
(anciently Llanfair ym Muellt, with
‘e’)
(‘(the) Llanfair (which is) in (the cantref of) Buellt’),
(in English ‘Builth’, an approximation of ‘Buellt’);
nowadays the full name in English is ‘Builth Wells’ to indicate its status as a
spa town, ‘Wells’ having been added in the 1800s
.....(8) Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant,
(‘(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the cantref of) Mochnant’)
.....(9) Llan-rhos, formerly Llanfair yn Rhos (‘(the) Llanfair
(which is) in (the cantref of) Rhos’)
.....(10) Llansanffráid yn Elfael
(‘(the) Llansanffráid (which is) in (the cantref of) Elfael’
.....(Llansanffráid = church of Saint Bríd)
.....(11) Llansanffráid Gwynllŵg
(‘(the) Llansanffráid (which is) in (the cantref of) Gwynllŵg (called by the English ‘Saint Brides
Wentloog’)
Pen Pumlumon Arwystli ‘the peak of the mountain with five peaks which is in
the cantref of Arwystli’ (Pumlumon = five peaks)
Penrhyn Gwyr (called by the English
‘The Gower Peninsula’) (‘(the) peninsula (of the cantref of) Gwyr’)
Other kantrev names have been revived, as in the name
Ysgol Penweddig, a Welsh-language
secondary school in Aberystwyth, which was in the kantrev of Penweddig in the
territory of Ceredigion
ETYMOLOGY: ‘area containing a hundred trêvs / dwellings’
(can, preconsonantal form of cant = a hundred) + (tref = trêv, dwelling, farm)
The forty-eight cantrefi were (in alphabetical order):
∆
|
01 |
Aberffraw |
|
02 |
Ardudwy |
|
03 |
Arfon |
|
04 |
Arllechwedd |
|
05 |
Arwystli |
|
06 |
Buellt |
|
07 |
Caereinion |
|
08 |
Cantref Bychan |
|
09 |
Cantref Mawr (Brycheiniog) |
|
10 |
Cantref Mawr (Ystrad Tywi) |
|
11 |
Cantref Selyf |
|
12 |
Cedewain |
|
13 |
Cedweli |
|
14 |
Cemais (Dyfed) |
|
15 |
Cemais (Gwynedd) |
|
16 |
Cyfeiliog |
|
17 |
Dyffryn Clwyd |
|
18 |
Eifionnydd |
|
19 |
Elfael |
|
20 |
Emlyn |
|
21 |
Gwyr |
|
22 |
Gwarthaf |
|
23 |
Gwrinydd |
|
24 |
Gwrtheyrnion |
|
25 |
Gwynllwg |
|
26 |
Is Aeron |
|
27 |
Is Coed |
|
28 |
Llyn |
|
29 |
Maelienydd |
|
30 |
Maelor |
|
31 |
Mechain |
|
32 |
Meirionydd |
|
33 |
Mochnant |
|
34 |
Pebidog |
|
35 |
Penfro |
|
36 |
Penllyn |
|
37 |
Penweddig |
|
38 |
Penychen |
|
39 |
Rhos (Dyfed) |
|
40 |
Rhos (Gwynedd) |
|
41 |
Rhosyr |
|
42 |
Rhufoniog |
|
43 |
Senghennydd |
|
44 |
Swydd y Waun |
|
45 |
Talgarth |
|
46 |
Tegeingl |
|
47 |
Uwch Aeron |
|
48 |
Uwch Coed |
:_______________________________.
Cantref Bychan ‹KAN tre
BƏ khan› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the little kantrev’
:_______________________________.
Cantre’r Gwaelod ‹KAN
trer GWEI lod› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the bottom kantrev’ - supposed drowned
region off the Ceredigion coast
:_______________________________.
Cantref Mawr ‹KAN tre
MAUR› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the big kantrev’
:_______________________________.
Cantref Selyf ‹KAN tre SE liv› (feminine noun)
1 ‘Solomon’s kantrev’
:_______________________________.
canu ‹KA ni› (verb)
verb without an
object
1 to sing
2 Roedd ei ben
yn canu He saw stars (“his head was singing”)
3 Mae
eisiau aderyn lân i ganu don’t accuse others of faults which you yourself
have (“there is need of a clean bird to sing”)
4 (bell) ring
hi
+ bod wedi canu ar (rywun) have had one's chips, be finished, be all over
(for somebody)
Mae hi wedi canu arno fe, His number
is up, He's doomed, He’s done for; His days are numbered, He's not got long to
live
(literally: it (= the bell) has
rung on him / has rung to his disadvantage”)
Dywedir fod y ddwy garreg yn canu fel cloch pan gânt eu taro
It is said that these two stones ring (“sing”) like a bell when they are struck
verb with an object
5 to sing
canu emyn to sing a hymn
canu clodydd rhywun sing
(somebody’s) praises
Also with the sense of ‘to make (something) sing’
6
(bell) ring = make a bell ring
Mae rhywun yn canu'r gloch Someone is ringing the (door)bell
canu clychau’r Calan ring in the New Year
7 to play (an instrument)
canu’r gitâr to play the guitar
:_______________________________.
canu’n iach i ‹KA nin
YAAKH›
1 say goodbye to (‘sing ‘be well’ to)
:_______________________________.
canwr, canwyr ‹KA nur, KAN wir› (masculine noun)
1 singer
:_______________________________.
cap, capiau ‹KAP,
KAP ye› (masculine noun)
1 cap
:_______________________________.
capel, capeli ‹KA pel,
ka PE li› (masculine noun)
1 chapel = Nonconformist place of worship
2 chapel = chapel of ease, secondary church
in a parish
3 Tywynycapel SH2578 Locality in the
county of Môn
(“(the) sand dunes (of) the chapel”)
English name: Trearddur Bay
(tywyn =
sand dunes ) + (y definite article) + (capel = chapel)
:_______________________________.
capelaidd ‹ka- pe-ledh › adjective
1 chapel (modifier), pertaining to a chapel
ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
capel anwes ‹ka-pel an -wes› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli anwes ‹ka-pê-li
an-wes›
1 chapel of ease = church for parishioners
(often on the outskirts of a parish) for whom the parish church is too distant
(usually in the centre of the parish)
ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (anwes = indulgence)
:_______________________________.
Capel Carreg ‹ka-pel ka-reg›
1 name of a chapel in Steuben, New York State
“In 1804 this Union Society (The First Welsh Congregational Society of the Town
of Steuben) had built a log church in Steuben designed to serve also as a
schoolhouse. When this burned, Christmas night, 1804, a new frame building was
erected, which gave way in 1820 to a stone church, known thereafter as Capel
Careg or more frequently as Capel Ucha.” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York.
Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
2 name of a chapel near Remsen, New York
State
“The Calvinistic Methodists established the following churches. In 1828 a
church was established known as Pen-y-graig on the road from Remsen to
Boonville, three miles from Remsen village in the town of Steuben. In the same
year, Capel Nant was built in Steuben about three miles southwest of Remsen
village. In 1828 also they organized a church at French Road in Steuben
township about two miles north of Pen-y-graig. They were not able here to erect
a church building until 1835. Three years after these three Calvinistic
Methodist churches were organized, another was formed, this in the village of
Remsen in 1831, known as Capel Careg (Stone Church).” (The Welsh in Oneida
County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel (of) stone’, the stone chapel’ (capel = chapel) + (carreg
= stone)
:_______________________________.
Capel Coch ‹ə ka-pel kookh ›
1 chapel in Steuben, New York State
“In these ways were the churches weakened and had we their records we might
expect a constant falling-off in the membership. Many of them had to combine
for strength. The Baptist Church of Remsen was the successor to that group
which had left Capel Isel, the Steuben Baptist Church, and established Capel
Coch...
The Baptists also were scattering their churches through this district, though
not in such large numbers. Capel Isel, their first church, was built in Steuben
about a mile and a half west of Remsen village. But it was super-Calvinistic
and those who leaned more toward the Arminian views soon became dissatisfied,
broke away from the old church and established Capel Coch (Red Church), half a
mile northwest of Capel Isel. This church did not flourish, and so to reach a
district not quite so well supplied with religious services, the building was
moved to a site about a mile north of Remsen village. Some time later it was
abandoned and a building erected in the village in its stead. In a short time
another Baptist church was established at Bardwell in the town of Remsen about
four miles to the east of the village. In Prospect alone, two miles south of
Remsen, was built a Baptist chapel where services were held for many years.”
(The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914,
Cornell University.)
ETYMOLOGY: “y capel coch” ‘(the) red chapel’
(y = definite article) + (capel = capella) + (coch = red)
:_______________________________.
Capel Coed y Mynach ‹ka-pel
koid ə mə-nakh›
1 SO3402 village 4km northwest of Brynbuga
(county of Mynwy). English name: Monkswood
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel (of ease) (of) Coed y Mynach’ (capel = chapel). Coed y
Mynach is ‘(the) wood (of) the monk’.
:_______________________________.
capel Cymraeg ‹ka-pel kəm- raig› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli Cymraeg ‹ka-pê-li
kəm-râig›
1 Welsh chapel = a Nonconformist chapel where
the official language is Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: (capel = chapel) + (Cymraeg = Welsh)
:_______________________________.
Capeldewi ‹ka-pel deu -i›
1 (SN6382)
locality in the county of Ceredigion, 5km east of Aberystwyth
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6382
2 (SN4542)
locality in Ceredigion, 4km northeast of Llandysul
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4542
3
(SN4720) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin, 6km east of Caerfyrddin,
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4720
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) chapel-of-ease (dedicated to) (saint) David’ (capel =
chapel) + (Dewi = David)
NOTE: Official spelling is Capel Dewi (two words), though as one word it
would be more in keeping with the recommendations for the spelling of
settlement names (though Rhestr Enwau Lleoedd of the University of Wales, the
list of correct spellings, gives Capel Dewi)
:_______________________________.
capel gorffwys ‹ka-pel
gor-fuis› masculine noun
PLURAL capeli gorffwys ‹ka-
pe –li gor-fuis›
1 chapelle ardente, funeral chapel, mortuary
chapel
ETYMOLOGY: ‘chapel (of) rest’ (capel
= chapel) + (gorffwys = to rest)
:_______________________________.
Capel Isel ‹ka-pel i-sel›
1 name of a chapel and group of buildings in
Steuben, New York State
“The Baptists were a little behind the others in organizing their church.
Beginning about 1800, Morgan Williams had preached to them occasionally in
different places, and upon the arrival of Rev. Richard Jones from Philadelphia
in 1806, the First Welsh Baptist Church of Steuben was formed. They soon built
a log church about half a mile from the Union Church, this, like the later
buildings on the same spot, was known as Capel Isel (the Low Church - it was in
a hollow).” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A.
Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) low church’ (capel
= church, chapel) + (isel = low)
:_______________________________.
Capel Nant ‹ka-pel nant ›
1 name of a chapel near Remsen, New York
State
“The Calvinistic Methodists established the following churches. In 1828 a
church was established known as Pen-y-graig on the road from Remsen to
Boonville, three miles from Remsen village in the town of Steuben. In the same
year, Capel Nant was built in Steuben about three miles southwest of Remsen
village. In 1828 also they organized a church at French Road in Steuben
township about two miles north of Pen-y-graig. They were not able here to erect
a church building until 1835. Three years after these three Calvinistic
Methodist churches were organized, another was formed, this in the village of
Remsen in 1831, known as Capel Careg (Stone Church).” (The Welsh in Oneida
County, New York. Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
ETYMOLOGY: “capel y nant” ‘(the) chapel (by) the brook”
(capel = church, chapel) + (y = definite article) + (nant = brook / stream)
:_______________________________.
capel Pab ‹ka-pel paab› masculine noun
North Wales
1 Roman Catholic church
ETYMOLOGY: “chapel (of) Pope”, Pope’s chapel (capel = chapel) + (Pab =
Pope)
:_______________________________.
caplan, caplaniaid ‹KA
plan, ka PLAN yed› (masculine noun)
chaplain
:_______________________________.
caplaniaeth ‹ka PLAN
yeth› (feminine noun)
1 chaplaincy
y gaplaniaeth = the chaplaincy
:_______________________________.
car, ceir (1) ‹KAR,
KEIR› (masculine noun)
1 car
2 golchfa geir, golchfeydd ceir car wash
3 car cefn codi ‹kar KE
ven KO di›
hatchback car (“car (of) (a) back (of) lifting”, car with a back which lifts
up)
4 car heddlu, ceir heddlu ‹kar HEDH li, keir HEDH li› police car
5 drych car
car mirror = side mirror or rear-view mirror
ETYMOLOGY: English car
:_______________________________.
car, ceir (2) ‹KAR,
KEIR› (masculine noun)
1 sled
2 carfil dray horse (car = sled) + soft mutation + (mil = animal)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *karr-
:_______________________________.
ca’r ‹ kaar ›
1 Southern form of caer
(= fortress, hillfort)
Usually spelt (less correctly) câr
(In place names) e.g. Y Ga’r
< Y Gaer,
:_______________________________.
cär <KÄÄR> [kæːr]
1 Southern form of caer
(= fortress, hillfort)
Usually spelt cær (or less
correctly) cêr
(In place names) e.g. Y Gär <
Y Ga’r < Y Gaer.
:_______________________________.
Caradog ‹ka RA
dog› (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
cárafan ‹ka–ra-van› masculine noun
PLURAL carafanau, cárafans ‹ka-ra-vâ-ne,
ka-ra-vans›
dau gárafan two caravans
1 caravan = a company of merchants or
pilgrims travelling together for safety, camel train
2 caravan = gipsy house on wheels
3 (American: trailer) (Englandic: caravan)
holiday vehicle, towed behind a car
4 (American: trailer) home in a trailer
park, (Englandic: caravan) home in a caravan park
ETYMOLOGY: English caravan <
Italian caravana < Persian kârwân
NOTE: Also carafán ‹ka-ra-van›
Colloquially carifán ‹ka-ra-van›,
North Wales – ciarifán ‹kya-ra-van›, ciari ‹kya-ri›
:_______________________________.
carafanio ‹ka-ra-van-yo› verb
1 to caravan = spend a holiday travelling
with a caravan towed behind a car)
ETYMOLOGY: (cárafan = caravan) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
carafanwr ‹ka-ra-va-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL carafanwyr ‹ka-ra-van-wir›
1 (USA: trailerist, trailerite) (Englandic:
caravaner)
ETYMOLOGY: (cárafan = caravan) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
caráff ‹ka- raf › masculine noun
PLURAL caraffau ‹ka-râ-fe›
1 carafe = glass bottle for water, wine
ETYMOLOGY: English < French < Italian < Castilian garrafa < Arab gharrâfa
(= drinking vessel)
:_______________________________.
carbwl ‹ car -bul› adj
1 poor, clumsy, untidy
2 Cymraeg carbwl
garbled Welsh, mangled Welsh
siarad Cymraeg carbwl speak bad
Welsh
3 confused, convoluted
Rw i’n methu gwneud na phen na chynffon
o’i ddadl garbwl dros ddiddymu’r Cynulliad
I can’t make head nor tail of his convoluted argument for abolishing the Welsh
Assembly
ETYMOLOGY: (“very blunted”) carbwl
< carnbwl (carn = principal ) + soft mutation + (pŵl = blunt, blunted, dull, pale, lacklustre)
:_______________________________.
cárbwncl ‹kar –bun-kəl› masculine noun
PLURAL carbynclau ‹kar-bən-kle›
1 carbuncle = rounded reddish gemstone
Spelt with a ‘u’ in the 1620 Bible:
Diarhebion 31:10 Pwy a fedr gael gwraig
rinweddol? gwerthfawrocach yw hi na’r carbuncl
Proverbs 31:10 Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above
rubies.
2 carbuncle = skin infection, similar to a
large boil
ETYMOLOGY: English carbuncle <
Latin carbunculus < carbô (= coal)
:_______________________________.
carcas ‹kar -kas› masculine noun
PLURAL carcasau ‹kar-ka-se›
1 carcase = the dead body of an animal
Nid oedd y cig yn cael ei rannu oddi
wrth yr esgyrn ond fod y carcas cyfan yn cael ei falu’n fân fel bod yr esgyrn
yn bowdr
The meat wasn’t separated from the bones but instead the whole carcass was
ground up fine so that the bones became a powder
2 human body (humorous or derogatory)
North Wales hel dy garcas oddi yma! = get lost! be off with you! “gather your
carcass”
ETYMOLOGY:
(1) Welsh carcas
< (2) English carcase and carcass
< (3) Middle French carcasse
< (4) Italian carcassa, of unknown
origin.
The English forms carcase / carcass
replaced an earlier form in English: carkois
from Anglo-French < Old French carquois
(= skeleton).
Modern French carcasse is (a)
carcass (dead animal), (b) body of living person, (c) framework or skeleton or
shell of a house or ship
:_______________________________.
carchar, carcharau ‹KAR
khar, kar KHAA re› (masculine noun)
1 prison
mynd â rhywun i’r carchar take someone to prison
Aed ag ef i’r carchar He was taken to prison
gwneud penyd yn y carchar do a
stretch in prison, serve a prison sentence
2 tramgwydd
yn dwyn cosb o garchar imprisonable offence
:_______________________________.
carcharor ‹kar- khaa -ror› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharorion ‹kar-kha- ror -yon›
1 prisoner
2 Ynys y Carcharorion island in Bae
Dulas, Ynys Môn (“(the) island (of) the prisoners”)
3 cymryd yn garcharor take prisoner
(“take as prisoner”)
Fe’i cymerwyd yn garcharor gan y
Japaneiaid yn Singapore
He was taken prisoner by the Japanese in Singapore
ETYMOLOGY: (carchar = prison) + (-or = suffix for forming nouns, from
Latin -ârius)
:_______________________________.
carcharores ‹kar-kha- roo -res› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharoresau ‹kar-kha-ro- re -se›
1 female prisoner
ETYMOLOGY: (carcharor = prisoner) +
(-es = suffix for forming feminine
nouns )
:_______________________________.
carcharor rhyfel ‹kar- khaa -ror hrə-vel› masculine noun
PLURAL carcharorion rhyfel ‹kar-kha- ror -yon hrə-vel›
1 prisoner of war, POW (pee-oh-double u)
Mae yno hen adeilad fu unwaith yn
fynachlog ac ar ôl hynny’n wersyll i garcharorion rhyfel
There is an old building there that was once an old monastery and after that a
camp for POWs, for prisoners of war
:_______________________________.
carcharu ‹kar- khaa -ri› verb
1 imprison, lock up, lock away
2 masculine noun imprisonment,
detention
ETYMOLOGY: (carchar = prison) + (-u = suffix for forming verbs)
cf Cornish karghara (= to imprison)
:_______________________________.
cardbord ‹ kard
-bord› masculine
noun
1 cardboard
ETYMOLOGY: English cardboard (card) + (board)
cf Welsh hardbord (= hardboard) <
English hardboard (hard) + (board)
:_______________________________.
cardden ‹ kar -dhen› feminine noun
PLURAL carddennau ‹ kar-
dhe -ne›
1 enclosure, fort
Y Gardden [ə gar-dhen] [ə ˡgarðɛn] “the fort”; found as a place name in South Wales and
North-east Wales
..a/ SJ0308 Name of an earthwork south of Llanerfyl
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=277591
map
2 In street names
RHIWABON:
..a/ Y Gardden a street in Rhiwabon (county of Wrecsam) (the form used is
“Gardden” without the definite article)
..b/ There is a ”Gardden View”, Rhiwabon (county of Wrecsam) which would be Tremygardden / Golwgygardden in Welsh
RHOSLLANNERCHRUGOG:
..a/ There is a Ffordd y Gardden, also in English as “Gardden Road”,
in Rhosllannerchrugog (county of Wrecsam)
..b/ There is a “Gardden Court”, which
would be Cwrtygardden / Cwrt y Gardden or Llysygardden
/ Llys y Gardden in Welsh
..c/ There is (or was) a Bryngardden
(“Bryn Gardden”) < bryn y Gardden (“(the) hill (of / overlooking) Y
Gardden”) in Tre-ioan / Johnston
Llangollen Advertiser Denbighshire Merionethshire and North Wales Journal. 6
Hydref 1916.
“Wrexham Rural District Council… they de-cided not to entertain the application
at the present time owing to the fact that the whole building scheme at
Bryngardden was incomplete,…”
Llangollen Advertiser Denbighshire Merionethshire and North Wales Journal. 20
Rhagfyr 1918.
Roger Williams, 10, Bryn Gardden, Rhos, secretary to the Colliery Lodge,
PEN-Y-CAE
..d/ Tremygardden (“(the) view (of)
Y Gardden”) is a street name in Pen-y-cae (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as “Trem Y
Gardden”, though the rule in Welsh is to spell settlement names as a single
word)
BRYNHYFRYD / Summerhill
..a/ Here there is (or was) a “Garden Terrace” which may have some connection
with the name “Y Gardden”
(delwedd 7433)
ETYMOLOGY: Unknown
:_______________________________.
carddenu ‹kar-dhee-ni› verb
1 (South-east) carddenu rhywun i wneud rhywbeth entice / induce / coax somebody to
do something
ETYMOLOGY: ?? denu = attract
:_______________________________.
Cardi ‹kar -di› masculine noun
PLURAL Cardis ‹kar
-dis›
1 (nickname) person from the county of
Ceredigion
Fel llawer o’i gyd-Gardis... like
many of his fellow Cardis
2 skinflint (a person from this county was seen as somebody who
was very careful with money, one who was reluctant to spend money, or as one
who drove a hard bargain (supposedly characteristic features of people from
Ceredigion)
3 gwlad y Cardi ‘(the) land (of)
the Cardi’, the county of Ceredigion
Falle ma’r ffaith bo fi wedi cal ’y magu
yng ngwlad y Cardi yw e
Maybe it’s because of the fact that I was brought up in the land of the Cardis
4 (obsolete) In south-east Wales, someone
from the country who had come to work in the industrial valleys – not
necessarily from Ceredigion
Pan ddaeth Idris Howell i weithfeydd
Morgannwg gyntaf erioed, nid heb deimladau go gymysglyd y dechreuodd ar ei
wasanaeth fel groser yn Siop y Wlad mewn pentref bywiog yng nghyffiniau
Pont-y-pridd... Daeth rhai cwsmeriaid i’r siop, a theimlai beth anhawster wrth
ymdrechu deall iaith ac anghenion rhai o honynt.
“Cardi ych chi, sbo,” ebai un o weithwyr y nos wrtho, pan ar ymweliad â’r siop
i gael wns o ddybaco main,
“Nage, nid Cardi: o shir Ga’r wy’ i’n dod,” ebai Idris.
“Ia, ia; ond Cardis yw pawb sy’n dod o’r parth ’na: ma’ch iaith chi bob ifflyn
y’n gwed taw Cardi ych chi. Ond fe ddewch chi, machgen i, mhen spel, ishta un o
honom ni. Mae popeth yn cymryd amser i dyddu, ishta gwetws yr iâr wrth y cyw.
(spelling amended) Mwyar Duon / D James (Defynnog) The Welsh Leader 25 05 1906
When Idris Howell first came to the Works (industrial valleys) in Morgannwg, it
wasn’t without fairly mixed feelings that he began his service in the Country
Shop in a lively village by Pont-y-pridd... Some customers came into the shop,
and he had (“he felt”) some difficulty trying to understand the type of Welsh
(“the language”) and the requirements of some of them.
“You’re a Cardi, I take it,” said one of the night-shift workers to him,
when on a visit to the shop to buy an ounce of fine tobacco,
“No, I’m not a Cardi: I come from Shir Ga’r (= the county of
Caerfyrddin),” said Idris.
“Yes, yes; but everyone from that part of the country is a Cardi
(“Cardis are everybody who comes from that area”): everything about your way of
speaking (“your language every fragment”) says that you are a Cardi. But
you’ll become, my lad, after a while, like one of us. Everything takes time to
grow, as the hen said to the chicken.
ETYMOLOGY: Cardi, shortening
of Cardiganshire, until 1974 the
English name of this county, when the historic Welsh name was reintroduced - Ceredigion (origin of the English name
“Cardigan”)
:_______________________________.
cardiau ‹KARD
ye› (plural noun)
1 cards; plural of cerdyn
:_______________________________.
cárdigan, cárdigans ‹KAR di gan,
KAR di ganz› (masculine noun)
1 cardigan
:_______________________________.
cardod ‹KAR
dod› (masculine noun)
1 charity, almsgiving; alms
byw ar gardod live on charity
2 trifling amount
:_______________________________.
cardotyn, cardotwyr ‹kar DO
tin, kar DOT wir› (masculine noun)
1 beggar
:_______________________________.
caredig ‹ka RE
dig› (adjective)
1 kind = considerate
2 kind = helpful
A fyddech mor garedig â llenwi’r ffurflen amgaedig?
Please be so good as to fill in the enclosed form?
3 Cofiwch fi yn
garedig ato Give him my kind regards
:_______________________________.
caredigrwydd ‹ka re DI gruidh› (masculine noun)
1 kindness
Diolch i bawb am eu caredigrwydd
Thanks to everybody for their kindness
caredigrwydd tuag at anifeiliaid
kindness to animals
Bu ei charedigrwydd yn foddion i liniaru tipyn ar loes Owen wrth
ffarwelio â'i gyfaill
t18 Melin-y-ddôl William a Myfanwy Eames 1948 tafodiaith Dinbych
Her kindnesswas a means to lessen somewhat Owen’s pain in saying goodbye to his
friend
Y mae'r apostol Paul yn rhestru'r rhinweddau Cristionogol
yn gryno fel hyn, cariad, llawenydd, tangnefedd, goddefgarwch,
caredigrwydd, daioni, ffyddlondeb, addfwynder, a hunan-ddisgyblaeth
Cymro 26 10 94
The apostle Paul sums up thus Christian virtues - love, joy, peace, toleration,
kindmess, good, faithfulness. gentleness and self-discipline
ETYMOLOGY: (caredig = kind) + (-rwydd noun suffix)
:_______________________________.
carej ‹ka-rej› feminine noun
PLURAL cárejis ‹ka-re-jis›
1 railway carriage
y garej = the carriage
ETYMOLOGY: English dialect carredge
= carriage < Old Northern French carier (= to carry) < Late Latin carricâre (= carry by cart) < Latin carrus (= cart) < Celtic;
Cf Welsh car (= sled) < British
< Celtic (Rhyd-y-car, place name, Merthyrtudful)
:_______________________________.
carejen ‹ka-re-jen› feminine noun
PLURAL cárejis ‹ka-re-jis›
1 railway carriage (North Wales)
y garejen / y garejan = the carriage
ETYMOLOGY: (carej = carriage) + (-en diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
caren ‹kaa-ren› feminine noun
PLURAL carennod ‹ka-
re -nod›
1 (North Wales) old crone
y garen = the old crone
2 (North Wales) carrion = dead and rotting
flesh
drewi fel hen garen stink to high
heaven (“stink like old carrion”)
3 (county of Caerfyrddin) animal which is
skin and bone, sorry-looking animal
4 (county of Caerfyrddin) term of endearment
for a little girl
5 (county of Caerfyrddin) (masculine noun) term of contempt for a
rogue
ETYMOLOGY: English caren, dialect
variant of carrion (= carrion) <
French < Late Latin carônia <
Latin carô, carnis (= meat). In modern French charogne (= carrion)
:_______________________________.
cares ‹kaa-res› feminine noun
PLURAL caresau ‹ka-re-se›
1 kinswomen
y gares = the kinswoman
Diarhebion 7:4 Dywed wrth ddoethineb, Fy
chwaer wyt ti; galw ddeall yn gares.
Proverbs7:4 Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy
kinswoman:
Job 42:11 Yna ei holl geraint, a’i holl
garesau, a phawb o’i gydnabod ef o’r blaen, a ddaethant ato, ac a fwytasant
fwyd gydag ef yn ei dŷ, ac a gwynasant iddo, ac a’i cysurasant ef, am yr
holl ddrwg a ddygasai yr Arglwydd arno ef: a hwy a roddasant iddo bobo un ddarn
o arian, a phob un dlws o aur.
Job 42:11 Then came there unto him all his brethren, and all his sisters, and
all they that had been of his acquaintance before, and did eat bread with him
in his house: and they bemoaned him, and comforted him over all the evil that
the LORD had brought upon him: every man also gave him a piece of money, and
every one an earring of gold.
ETYMOLOGY:(câr = kinsman) + (-es feminine suffix)
:_______________________________.
carfan, carfanau ‹KAR
van, kar VAA ne› (feminine noun)
1 faction, group
y garfan = the faction
2 carfan bwyso, carfanau pwyso ‹kar van BUI so,
kar VAA ne PUI so›
pressure group
3 (haymaking) windrow, a row of raked sun-dried grass
:_______________________________.
Carfan ‹KAR
van›
1 Query - in place names – a personal name, realated to the Gaulish personal
name "Carmanos"?
British *Karmán- > Welsh *Cárfawn (kárvaun) (shifted stress) > *Carfon
(kárvon) > *Carfan (kárvan)???
:_______________________________.
carfil ‹kar -vil› masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod ‹kar-
vi -lod›
1 drayhorse
2 clumsy animal
3 in the district of Dwyfor (county of
Gwynedd) as a term of disrespect
yr hen garfil main (literally “the
skinny old horse”)
4 auk = black and white diving seabird
carfil bach (Plautus alle) = little
auk
carfil mawr (Pinguinus impennis) =
great auk (extinct since the middle of the nineteenth century)
ETYMOLOGY: (car = sled ) + soft
mutation + ( mil = animal)
:_______________________________.
carfil bach ‹kar-vil
baakh › masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod bach ‹kar-vi-lod baakh ›
1 (Plautus alle) = little auk
ETYMOLOGY: (carfil = auk) + (bach = little)
:_______________________________.
carfil mawr ‹kar-vil
maur › masculine noun
PLURAL carfilod mawr ‹kar-vi-lod maur ›
1 (Pinguinus impennis) = great auk (extinct
since the middle of the nineteenth century)
ETYMOLOGY: (carfil = auk) + (mawr = big)
:_______________________________.
car gwyllt ‹kar gwilht› masculine noun
PLURAL ceir gwyllt ‹ ceir gwilht›
1 (obsolete) bicycle
In the days of long ago, when bicycles were an object of awe and wonder to the
youth of Carnarvon, we never called them by any other name other than ceffyl haearn or car gwyllt
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
NOTE: ceffyl haearn = iron horse, car gwyllt = wild sled
ETYMOLOGY: “wild sled” (ceir = sled) + (gwyllt =
wild)
:_______________________________.
cariad ‹KAR
yad› (masculine noun)
1 love
2 (masculine or feminine noun) girlfriend,
boyfriend;
3 (in address someone) darling
4 cwlwm cariad loveknot = a bow of ribbon symbolizing the link
between two lovers
“knot (of) love” (cwlwm = knot) + (cariad = love)
Cariad Cwlwm name of a street in Y
Barri (county of Bro Morgannwg)
5 (as the ending of a letter; message in a greeting card, etc) llawer o
gariad (“much love”, “a lot of love”) lots of love
:_______________________________.
cariadus ‹kar Yaa
dis› (adjective)
1 loving = showing loving glances
golwg gariadus a loving look
:_______________________________.
cario ‹KAR yo› (verb)
1 to carry
2 cario
mwg mewn hwilber (“carry smoke in a wheelbarrow”) try to do the impossible
Also: cario mwg mewn berfa (“carry
smoke in a wheelbarrow”)
3 fel cario dŵr mewn shif (said of an
impossible task) like carrying water in a sieve
:_______________________________.
carisma ‹ka- ri -sma› masculine noun
1 charisma = special quality in a person
which attracts and inspires others
Mae hi wedi’i mesmereiddio gan ei
garisma a’i rym
She’s mesmerised by his charisma and his power
Llipryn o Dori heb rithyn o garisma ar
ei gyfyl
A Tory wet sponge without an ounce of charisma about him
Mae yna fwy o garisma mewn postyn lamp
na sydd gan Ms Jones
There’s more charisma in a lamp post than there is in Ms Jones
2 (Christianity) charisma = a power given by
God
ETYMOLOGY: English charisma <
Church Latin < Greek kharisma
< kharis (= grace)
:_______________________________.
carlam ‹KAR-lam› (m)
1 gallop
ar garlam at a gallop
ETYMOLOGY: “deer-leap” (carw = deer)
+ soft mutation + (llam = leap)
:_______________________________.
carlamu ‹kar LA mi› (verb)
1 to gallop
ETYMOLOGY: (carlam = gallop) + (-u
verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
carn, carnau ‹KARN,
KAR-nai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 hoof (of a horse)
yn gyrn, croen a charnau hook, line
and sinker (“horns + skin, hide + and + hooves”)
llyncu stori’n gyrn, croen a charnau
swallow a story hook, line and sinker, accept something improbable without
questioning it
2 carn yr ebol (Tussilago farfara) coltsfoot
Carnyrebol Name of a street in Y Barri (Bro Morgannwg) (spelt
“Carn-yr-Ebol”)
“(the) hoof (of) the foal” (carn = hoof) + (yr = the) + (ebol = foal)
(delwedd 7907)
2 hilt (of a sword)
:_______________________________.
carn, carnau ‹KARN,
KAR-nai, -e› (feminine noun)
1 cairn; pile of stones on top of a grave
y garn the cairn
Heol y Carnau street name in
Caerffili
“(the) street of Y Carnau” (y carnau = the cairns)
:_______________________________.
carn- ‹karn › prefix
1 main, principal, top; notorious, arrant,
utter, through and through, downright, complete, out and out
carn-butain incorrigible whore
carn-leidr arrant thief
carn-fradwr arrant traitor
carn-filain complete rogue
2 carbwl
= awkward, clumsy < carnbwl
(carn = principal) + soft mutation +
(pŵl faint; blunt)
ETYMOLOGY: at y carn “to the hilt” =
completely; carn (= hilt) < carn (= hoof)
:_______________________________.
carnau < kar-nai -ne>
1 piles of stones, cairns; plural form of carn
:_______________________________.
carnbutain (f) carnbuteiniaid
1 arrant whore, unmitigated whore, shameless hussy
ETYMOLOGY: (carn = utter, complete) + soft mutation + (putain = whore,
prsotitute)
:_______________________________.
carnedd <KAR-nedh > (f)
PLURAL: carneddau, carneddi <kar-NEE-dhai, -e>
1 heap
2 pile of stones, rockpile
3 tumulus
4 (South Wales) carnedd o arian
person loaded with money (lit: a heap of money)
5 Y Garnedd house name, Bangor
Llyn y Garnedd / Llyn y Garnedd Uchaf
Penrhosgarnedd SH5570 district of Bangor (Gwynedd)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/384442
Rhosgarnedd house (farm?) in Llansannan
Y Garnedd SH8974 farm name, Dolwen, county of Conwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8974
ETYMOLOGY: (carn = pile of stones) + (-edd suffix)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd <KAR-nedh>
1 Farm SO0291 south-west of Caer-sws
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0291
ETYMOLOGY: carnedd (= pile of stones)
:_______________________________.
Y Carneddau < ə kar-NEE-dhai, -e>
:_______________________________.
Carneddau Teon < ə kar-NEE-dhai, -e TEE-on>
1 The Stiperstones SO3698, a five-mile long quartzite ridge in Shropshire,
England, north-east of the Welsh village of Hyssington. Highest point is 536m.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO3698
(delwedd 7432)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) rockpiles (of) Teon” (carneddau,
plural of carnedd = pile of stones) + (Teon meaning unknown, perhaps a personal name)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd Ddafydd < KAR-nedh
DHAA-vidh> (f)
1 SH6663 mountain in the district of Arfon (Gwynedd)
1044m (third highest in Wales, after Yr Wyddfa / Snowdon, )
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH6663
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) cairn (of) Dafydd”, (carnedd = cairn) + soft mutation
+ (Dafydd = David)
In modern Welsh there is no soft mutation of proper names to show a genitive
function; in older Welsh this was usual after feminine nouns
:_______________________________.
Y Carneddi < ə kar-NEE-dhi>
1 mountain in the district of Arfon (Gwynedd)
2 Carneddi name of a farm in Nantmor which was the birthplace of “Carneddog”,
Richard Griffith (1861-1947), who apart from farming here as generations of his
family before him was also a poet and a prose writer, as well as a writer for
Welsh periodicals, and a local historian. His pseudonym alludes to the name of
the farm (carneddog = abounding in cairns; carnedd = cairn, -og
adjectival suffix)
ETYMOLOGY: carneddi, a plural form of carnedd (= pile of stones,
cairn)
(carnedd) + (-i plural suffix)
Other places show the more usual plural form carneddau
(carnedd) + (-au plural uffix)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd Iago < KAR-nedh YAA-go> (f)
ETYMOLOGY:
:_______________________________.
Y Carneddi Llwydion < ə kar-NEE-dhi LHUID-yon>
ETYMOLOGY:
:_______________________________.
Carnedd Llywelyn < KAR-nedh lhə-WEE-lin>
1 (SH6864) mountain in Gwynedd, 1062m (second highest in Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) cairn (of) Llywelyn”, (carnedd = cairn) + (Llywelyn
forename)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd Moel Siabod < KAR-nedh moil SHAA
bod>
1 mountain in Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) cairn (of) (the hill called) Moel Siabod”; (carnedd =
cairn) + (Moel Siabod) moel = bare hill, treeless hill) + (siabod =
??)
:_______________________________.
carneddog <kar-NEE-dhog> (adj)
1 abounding in stones or rocks
2 “Carneddog”, the bardic pseudonym (enw barddol) of Richard
Griffith (1861-1947), born in the hill farm of Carneddi, in Nantmor.
Apart from farming here as generations of his family before him was also a poet
and a prose writer, as well as a writer for Welsh periodicals, and a local
historian. His name alludes to the name of his farm.
ETYMOLOGY: (carnedd = cairn) + (-og adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
carneddol <kar-NEE-dhol> (adj)
1 abounding or stones or rocks or cairns
2 place name: hill in Llanfihangel Bachellaeth (Dwyfor)
ETYMOLOGY: (carnedd = cairn) + (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd Wen < KAR-nedh WEN>
1 mountain SH9209 in Powys, near Mallwyd
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) white cairn”; (carnedd = cairn) + soft mutation + (gwen,
feminine form of gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd y Ci < KAR-nedh Ə
KII>
Hill 3 km from Llandrillo, Denbighshire/Sir Ddinbych SJ0335
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) cairn (of ) the dog” (carnedd = cairn) + (y =
the) (ci = dog)
:_______________________________.
Carnedd y Filiast ‹ kar
-nedh ə vil-yast›
1 name of two mountains in the North-west
a) SH620627 by Llandygái (county of Gwynedd)
b) SH871445 by Cerrigydrudion ( county of Conwy)
ETYMOLOGY: (‘the cairn / heap of stones / tumulus of the greyhound bitch’)
(carnedd = cairn) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (miliast greyhound bitch)
:_______________________________.
Carnelian ‹kar-NEL-yan› (masculine noun)
1 the bardic name of Coslett Coslett
(1834-1910)
See Clic y Bont (a group of poets
and musicians from Pont-y-pridd)
:_______________________________.
Carn Fadog [karn
VAA-dog]
1 SN7616 A cairn by the peak of Cefn Carn Fadog (512m) “(the) hill (of) Carn
Fadog”,
ETYMOLOGY: Carn Fadog “the cairn (of) Madog”, “madog’s cairn”
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) cairn (of) Madog”, (carnedd = cairn, pile of stones) +
soft mutation + (Madog a forename)
In modern Welsh there is no soft mutation of proper names to show a genitive
function; in older Welsh this was usual after feminine nouns
:_______________________________.
Carn Ingli ‹karn-ING-li›
1 bardic name of (1803-1863) Joseph Hughes, poet, born
in Trefdraeth (county of Penfro)
See Hen Arweinwyr Eisteddfodau / Daniel Williams / Llyfrau Pawb 12 / 1944
:_______________________________.
Carno ‹KAR-no›
1 SO0193 Afon
Carno = river in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
2 SN9696 locality in Maldwyn, near Caer-sws
3 a parish at this place
4 Twyncarno SO1108 locality in Rhymni
(county of Caerffili) ‘hill of the Carno stream’ (twyn = hill) + (Carno
stream name)
ETYMOLOGY: The main element of the name is probably carn (= rock)
:_______________________________.
Carnwyllion ‹karn WILH yon› (feminine noun)
1 south-east - medieval division
:_______________________________.
caro ‹câro› masculine noun
1 she/ he / it may love; third-person
singular subjunctive of caru = to
love
Duw a gâr a’i caro’i hunan (qv) God
helps him who helps himself, God helps those who help themselves
(“(It is) God | who, that | he-loves | the-one-who | his | he-might-love | his
| self”)
:_______________________________.
carol ‹ ka -rol› nm
PLURAL carolau ‹ ka-rô-le
›
1 carol = Christmas song (joyful)
carol Nadolig Christmas carol
carol Ystwyll carol sung at Epiphany
carol plygain matin song (sung on
Christmas morning)
2 (obsolete) carol = song sung to accompany dancing
3 (obsolete) dance
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carol (1300-1400)
< Middle English carole (= song)
< (ring-dance with songs) < (circle, ring)
< Old French carole < *corole
< Latin (corolla = garland) <
*coronolla (corôna = crown + -olla diminutive suffix)
Confused with Latin choraula < Greek choráules (= flute player in a choral dance) < chorós (= choir) + (aulós = flute) + (-ês agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
carp ‹karp › masculine noun
PLURAL carpiaid ‹karp-yaid, -yed›
1 (type of fish) (Cyprinus carpio) carp
Also: cerpyn (qv)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carp < English carp < Old French <
Germanic
:_______________________________.
carped, carpedi ‹KAR
ped, kar PE di› (masculine noun)
1 carpet
:_______________________________.
carpiau ‹karp-yai, -ye› plural noun
1 rags; plural of cerpyn = rag
NOTE: In the south it is carpau >
carpe
:_______________________________.
carrai ‹ka -rai, -re› feminine noun
PLURAL careiau ‹ka- REI-au, -e ›
1 thong
y garrai = the thong
2 carrai
esgid shoelace, bootlace (USA: shoestring)
3 (place names) strip = long narrow strip of
land (South-east Wales). Found as carri,
with a i in the final syllable. (y Garri Wen,
“the white strip”, etc)
4 name of a sheep's ear mark (a long narrow
cut from the tip)
5 carrai
chwip whiplash, the lash or leather string of a whip
6 careio
(verb) cut into thongs; plough into strips
7 careiog
(adjective) thonged = having thongs
8 tatter, strip
tynnu yn gareiau tear to shreds
9 ni
+ hidio carrai not care less (“not care a thong, lace”)
Dw i ddim yn hidio carrai amdano I
couldn’t care less about it
ni + malio carrai not care less
(“not care a thong, lace”)
Dw i ddim yn hidio carrai amdano I
couldn’t care less about it
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh carrai < *corrai < *correi < British *korreg-
< Latin corrigia (= thong,
shoe thong)
NOTE: Colloquial form of the plural: careiau
> c’reiau > c’riau > crie / cria
:_______________________________.
Carrasius auratus
1 pysgodyn aur (m), pysgod aur goldfish
:_______________________________.
Carrasius carassius
1 byrbysgodyn
(m), byrbysgod crucian carp
:_______________________________.
carreg ‹KA-reg› feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig ‹KE-rig›
1 stone
y garreg = the stone
cerfio carreg to carve a stone
cerrig mân pebbles (“little stones”)
torri carreg to break a stone
2 stone used as a missile, brickbat
taflu carreg (at) throw a stone at,
cast a stone at
Ioan 8:3 A’r ysgrifenyddion a’r
Phariseiad a ddygasant ato ef wraig, yr hon a ddaliesid mewn godineb... (8:5)
A Moses yn gyfraith a orchmynodd i ni
labyddio’r cyfryw; beth gan hynny yr wyt ti yn ei ddywedyd? (8:6) ...Eithr yr Iesu, wedi ymgrymu tua’r
llawr... (8:7) ...ac a ddywedodd
wrthynt, Yr hwn sydd ddibechod ohonoch, tafled yn gyntef garreg ati hi
John 8:3 And the scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in
adultery... (8:5) Now Moses in the law commanded us, that such should be
stoned: but what sayest thou? (8:6)...But Jesus stooped down... (8:7) ...and
said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at
her.
Pwy a sieryd Gymraeg mor bur ag y gall
daflu carreg at ryw bechadur mewn treiglo?
Who speaks Welsh so perfectly that he can cast a stone at a sinner in the
matter of mutations?
pledu carreg trwy’r ffenest throw a stone through the window
lluchio carreg throw a stone
Y neb sy’n byw mewn tŷ gwydr
gocheled luchio cerrig People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw
stones
3 stone = mineral in the form of a stone
halen carreg bar of salt
4 troi carreg turn over a stone, overturn a
stone
Na adewch carreg heb ei throi Leave no stone
unturned! (i.e. make every possible effort to find something; do everything
possible to complete a task)
Ni fydd carreg heb ei throi No stone
will be left unturned
Fydd yr un garreg heb ei throi yn
f’ymchwiliad nes cael hyd i’r llofrudd
Not one stone will be left unturned in my investigation until the murderer is
caught
treiglo carreg turn over a stone, overturn a stone
(“roll a stone”)
treiglo pob carreg
leave no stone unturned = investigate thoroughly (“roll over every stone”)
5 pont garreg stone-slab bridge, bridge made from a single
stone slab, broad flat thick piece of stone spanning a stream
There is a photo of such a bridge in North Wales, over the stream called Nant
Cadair, in Gwynedd, at the website “28th January 2001 - Cadair Idris”
www.hmallett.co.uk/28012001.html (no longer accessible 2008-12-06)
Pontgarreg (SN3354) “stone-slab bridge”, village in the
county Ceredigion 3k east of Llangrannog
6 (in a
construction)
carreg aelwyd hearthstone, the
stone which forms a fireplace
carreg drws doorstep, carreg y drws = the doorstep
Gofala fod carreg dy ddrws dy hun yn lân
People in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones, don’t criticise people for
faults which people could find in you too (“make sure that your own doorstop is
clean”)
carreg ar garreg stone on
stone
Ni adawyd carreg ar garreg Not one
stone was left standing, there was left not one stone standing, the building
was razed to the ground (“not - there has been left – stone – on - stone”) (adawyd < gadawyd)
7 carreg bwdr hearthstone =
soft stone for whitening hearth, doorstep (“rotten stone”)
8 stone used as a plinth, stand, platform
Gerllaw Eglwys Llanllugan ym Mhowys y
mae’r garreg y bu Howel Harris yn pregethu oddi arni
By the church in Llanllugan in (the county of) Powys is the stone from on which
Howel Harris used to preach
9 stone of a fruit; pit (= fruit stone); pip
of a fruit (apple pip, grape pip)
carreg eirinen peach stone
carreg grawnwin grape pip
10 stone = stone used in certain games
11 stone = jewel; diamond, etc
12 stone as a metaphor for lack of feeling (or
inability or unwillingness)
Teimlai fel pe buasai ei chalon wedi
troi yn garreg ddideimlad
She felt as if her heart had turned into unfeeling stone
13 testicle (cf English stone = testicle; in
English, formerly standard, now slang)
14 troi’n garreg turn into stone
15 weight
Lefiticus 19:36 Bydded i chwi gloriannau
cyfiawn, gerrig cyfiawn, effa gyfiawn, a hin gyfiawn: yr Arglwydd eich Duw
ydwyf fi, yr hwn a’ch dysgais allan o dir yr Aifft
Leviticus 19:36 Just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin,
shall ye have: I ‹am› the Lord your
God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt.
16 standing stone
Y Tair Carreg the three
stones, on the hill between the towns of Merthyrtudful and Rhymni
Y Cerrig Duon SN8520 “the black stones” Prehistoric stone circle by the
source of Afon Tawe, near Glyntawe
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/12968 Y Cerrig Duon
17 (place names): rock, cliff; rock in the sea
Y Garreg Goch SH5637 rock in the sea by Borth-y-gest (“the red rock”)
18 carreg ryd stepping stone
(“stone (of) ford”), cerrig rhyd
stepping stones; one of a row of stones above water level in a stream or marsh
each one step distant from the other for crossing from one side to the other
carreg gamu stepping stone, cerrig camu stepping stones
Ac im mae
cerrig-camu
O fewn y ddofn afon ddu,
(And for me there are stepping stones / In the
deep black river”)
“Y Nefoedd” tudalen 453
Gwaith Barddonol Islwyn. 1897.
William Thomas (Islwyn) (1832-1878).
19 o fewn tafliad
carreg within a stone’s throw
o fewn tafliad carreg i (qv) a
stone’s throw from
20 carreg fustl plural: cerrig
bustl gallstone
21 carreg sebon soapstone, soap
earth, steatite - greasy variety of talc
22 hel cerrig collect stones,
pick up stones (to clear a field)
hel gerrig o gae clear stones from a
field
23 lladd dau aderyn ag un garreg kill two birds with one stone, achieve two objectives with a single
action, do something which is doubly beneficial
also: lladd dwy frân ag un garreg
(“kill two crows with one stone”)
24 (similes)
mor galed â charreg as hard as
stone, rock hard
mor ddall â’r garreg as blind as a
bat (“as blind as the stone”)
bod mor ddall â’r garreg be as blind
as a bat (“be as blind as the stone”)
25 carreg fellt meteor stone (“stone (of) lightning flashes”)
26 adjective made of stone
calon garreg sydd ganddi she has a
heart of stone ("(it is) (a) heart (of) stone that-is with-her")
glo carreg stone coal, anthracite
("stone (of) coal")
Capel Carreg name of a chapel in
Steuben, New York State ‘(the) chapel (of) stone’, the stone chapel’
“In 1804 this Union Society (The First Welsh Congregational Society of the Town
of Steuben) had built a log church in Steuben designed to serve also as a
schoolhouse. When this burned, Christmas night, 1804, a new frame building was
erected, which gave way in 1820 to a stone church, known therafter as Capel Careg or more
frequently as Capel Ucha.” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York. Paul Demund
Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
(Other sources give the name as Capel Cerrig ‘(the) chapel ([built] of)
stones’, which seems to be the more likely name; “capel carreg” seems to be an
incorrect literal retranslation from English “stone chapel”)
27 cerrig adjective made
of stone; yielding stone
wal gerrig stone wall
clawdd cerrig stone wall
chwarel gerrig stone quarry (“quarry
(of) stone”)
28 I’r cwm rhed y cerrig, felly arian i fonheddig
(saying) Money goes where money is, The rich get all the money
“(it is) to the valley (that) run the stones, in-the-same-way money to (a)
gentleman”
29 gosod carreg
sylfaen to place a
foundation stone
gosod y garreg sylfaen to place the
foundation stone
30 Carreg
a dreigla ni fwsogla A rolling stone gathers no moss, somebody who moves
from place to place will have few possessions or responsibilities ("(it
is) (a) stone which rolls, (it) does not gather moss")
Dyw’r garreg sy’n twmlo’n tyfu dim mwsog
(Standardised as far as possible, this would be: Nid yw’r garreg sydd yn “twmlo”
yn tyfu mwsogl) A rolling stone gathers no moss (“the stone which tumbles
doesn’t grow any moss”)
31 (North-west Wales) fel diawl dan garreg said of a constant complainer “like a devil
under a stone”
32 clefyd llwch y garreg pneumoconiosis (“(the)
illness (of) the stone”)
33 clochdar
y cerrig (Ornithology) Saxicola torquata = stonechat (‘cluck / cackle /
chatter of the stones’)
34 carreg
fflint flint, flintstone
35 Mae cerrig
arno He’s got gallstones “(the illness called) cerrig / stones is on-him”)
36 carreg
ar garreg stone on stone
Ni adawyd carreg ar garreg Not one
stone was left standing, There was left not one stone standing, The building
was razed to the ground
(“[there] has not been left a stone on a stone”)
37 cerrig mân little stones; pebbles
..a/ Y Cerrig-mân SS5494 farm by Afon Morlais south of Pen-clawdd
(Abertawe) (“Cerrig Mân”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS5494
..b/ Y Cerrig-mân SH4590 hamlet north-west of
Pen-y-sarn, Ynys Môn (“Cerrig-mân”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/392318
map
ETYMOLOGY: y cerrig mân the little stones; the pebbles
(y definite article) + (cerrig
= stones) + (mân = small)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish karreg
(= stone, rock) (as in the place name An
Garreg = The Stone, The Rock),
Breton karreg (= stone).
The Irish word carraig (= rock) is
from British (the final –g is an indicator of this; native words tend to have
–ch)
:_______________________________.
carreg dafl (carreg
dafal) ‹KA–reg DAVL› feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig tafl (cerrig tafal) ‹KE–rig TAVL›
1 slingstone = stone thrown from a sling
ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stick) + soft
mutation + (tafl ‘thrown’, stem of
the verb taflu = to throw)
:_______________________________.
Carreg-fach ‹ka-reg vaakh› feminine noun
1 house name
ETYMOLOGY: “small stone, little rock” (carreg
= stone) + soft mutation + (bach =
small, little)
NOTE: One might have expected Y Garreg-fach, with the definite article, but some place names and house names are in
the indefinite form, or what may be called an “unmarked definite form”
:_______________________________.
carreg farch ‹ ka-reg
varkh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig march ‹ ke-rig markh ›
1 mounting block, a stone on which a horse rider may
climb in order to mount his horse more easily
Roedd rhywun yn sefyll ar ben y garreg
farch ac yn siarad yn uchel wrth gnewyllyn o bobl Somenody was standing on
top of the mounting block and speaking in a loud voice to a knot of people
ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft
mutation + (march = horse)
:_______________________________.
carreg fedd ‹ka-reg veedh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig beddau ‹ke-rig bê -dhe›
1 gravestone, tombstone
ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft
mutation + (bedd = tomb, grave)
:_______________________________.
carreg filltir, cerrig milltir
‹ka reg VILH tir, ke rig MILH tir› (feminine noun)
1 milestone
:_______________________________.
carreg galch ‹ka-reg galkh › feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig calch ‹ke-rig kalkh ›
1 limestone, calciferous stone
mewn Cymraeg cerrig calch in broken Welsh
(= “in (the) Welsh (of the) limestone (quarries)”). Apparently in South Wales
Men from the west of England (Gloucestershire and Somerset) were employed in
the limestone quarries, and as Welsh was the majority language they learnt to
speak the language, albeit somewhat imperfectly
Pen Cerrig Calch a subsiduary
summit of Waun Fach in the Mynydd Du (“black mountain”) (“Black Mountains” in
English).
pen cerrig calch < pen y cerrig calch “(the) summit (of) the
calciferous stones”, “limestone top”
(pen = summit, top, peak) + (y definite article) + (cerrig
calch = calciferous stones, plural of carreg galch = a limestone, a calciferous stone)
The linking definite article is often lost in place names
ETYMOLOGY: “stone (of) lime” (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (calch
= limestone)
:_______________________________.
carreg orchest <KA-reg OR-khest> [ˡkarɛg ˡɔrxɛst] feminine noun
PLURAL cerrig gorchest <KE-rig
OR-khest> [ˡkɛrɪg ˡɔrxɛst]
1 boulder used for lifting or throwing in
contests of strength
Dyn yn taflu carreg orchest oedd
arwyddlun yr wyl
The symbol / logo of the festival was a man throwing a boulder
ETYMOLOGY: (carreg = stone) + soft
mutation + (gorchest = feat)
:_______________________________.
carreg siglo‹KA-reg SI-glo› [ˡkarɛg
ˡsɪglɔ] feminine noun
1 rocking stone
2 ST0890 Y Garreg Siglo, on Comin Pont-y-pridd (Rhondda Cynon Taf)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/122956
ETYMOLOGY: “stone (of) rocking” (carreg
= stone) + (siglo = to rock, to
shake)
:_______________________________.
carri <KA-ri> [ˡkarɪ] feminine noun
1 (place names) strip = long narrow strip of
land (South-East Wales)
(y Garri Wen, etc)
See carrai (= strip, thong,
shoelace)
:_______________________________.
carrog ‹ka -rog› [ˡkarɔg] feminine noun
1 torrent, stream
..a/ Carrog fferm ar bwys Llangristiolus (Ynys Môn)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4372 map
..b/ Afon Carrog, county of Dinbych.
Name of a railway station between the river and Llidiart-y-parc SJ1143
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2421 yr orsaf / the station
ETYMOLOGY: Equivalent to modern Welsh (carr-) + (-og adjectival
suffix)
Welsh carrog (literally = flowing) < carrawg < British (karr-âk-)
< Celtic, IE *kers (= to flow).
Related to Welsh car (= a sled), also car (= car, i.e. road
vehicle) < English < French < Gaulish;
Also related to Latin “curro, currere, cucurri, cursus” (=
to run)
:_______________________________.
cartél, cartelau <kar-TEL,
kar-TEE-lai, -e> [karˡtɛl,karˡteˑlaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 cartel
:_______________________________.
carth, carthion ‹KARTH,
KARTH-yon› [ˡkarθ, ˡkarθjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 tow (= prepared fibres of flax or hemp),
cotton waste, oakum
2 carthion
excrement; sewage = liquid refuse, especially urine and faeces
gwaith chwalu carthion sewage works,
sewage farm (“work / works (of) destroying excrements”)
tanc carthion septic tank
:_______________________________.
carthffos, carthffosydd <KARTH-fos,
karth-FO-sidh> [ˡkarθfɔs, karθˡfɔsɪð] (feminine noun)
1 sewer
y garthffos = the sewer
:_______________________________.
carthlyn <KARTH-lin> [ˡkarθlɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL carthlynnoedd,
carthlynnau <karth-LƏ-noidh, - nodh, -nai, -ne> [karθˡlənɔɪð, -ɔð, -aɪ,
-ɛ]
1 laxative, purgative
ETYMOLOGY: (first recorded example: 1780) (carth-
stem of carthu = to purge) + soft
mutation + ( llyn = liquid )
:_______________________________.
carton <KAR-ton> [ˡkartɔn] m
PLURAL cartonau <kar-TOO-nai, -e> [karˡtɔnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 carton = cardboard container for liquids
carton llaeth milk carton
cf cartonaid o laeth a carton of
milk
ETYMOLOGY: English < French < Italian cartone < carta <
Latin charta (= papyrus) < Greek khartês < a word in used by the
Egyptians
:_______________________________.
cartonaid <kar-TO-naid, -ed> [karˡtoˑnaɪd, -ɛd] m
PLURAL cartoneidiau <kar-to-NEID-yai, -e> [kartɔˡnəɪdjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 carton = contents of a carton (cardboard container
for liquids)
cartonaid o laeth a carton of milk
ETYMOLOGY: (carton = carton) + (-aid suffix for forming nouns
indicating the content or capacity of a container )
:_______________________________.
cartref <KAR-trev> [ˡkartrɛv] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefi <kar-TREE-vi> [karˡtreˑvɪ]
1 home = place where a person lives
bod â’ch cartref eich un have a home
of your own
rhoi cartref i rywun give somebody a
home (= give somebody a place to live)
bod yn ail gartref be a home from
home (= be a place in which one feels to be as comfortable as one’s one home)
cyrraedd eich cartref arrive home
newid cartref move house
(“change home”)
rhedeg cartref run a home
un garw am ei gartref (male), un arw am ei chartref (female)
home-bird, somebody very attached to one’s home (America: homebody)
un hoff o’i gartref (male), un hoff o’i chartref (female);
home-bird, somebody very attached to one’s home (America: homebody)
nwyddau i’r cartref household goods
creu cartref set up home, make a
home
chwalu cartref break up a home
di-gartref (adjective) homeless
2 gartref (adverb) at home, in the
house (soft mutation is used in creating adverbials from other elements of
speech)
aros gartref stay at home
bod gartref be at home
gwnewch fel petáech gartref make
yourself at home (“do as if you were at home”)
(South Wales) gartref home = towards
home
(South Wales) mynd gartref to go
home (in standard Welsh mynd adref)
3 oddi cartref away from home
mynd oddi cartref leave home
gadael eich cartref leave home
Gorau Cymro, Cymro oddi cartref the
best Welshman is one away from home (a Welsh person takes pride in Welshness
and the language when living abroad but neglects this in Wales)
4 home = place (country, district, city) of
one’s origin; home village, home district
Mae’r alaw ‘Bedw Gwynion’ wedi ei henwi
ar ôl lle yn ardal Dinas Mawddwy, yr ardal oedd yn gartref i David Roberts,
Telynor Mawddwy
The melody ‘Bedw Gwynion’ (white birches) is named after a place in the area of
Dinas Mawddwy, the area which was the home of David Roberts, Telynor Mawddwy
(the Mawddwy harpist)
Yr oedd dau fachgen o’m cartref {Craig-cefn-parc}
yn yr ysgol yn Llansawel...
There were two lads from my home village {Craig-cefn-parc }in school in
Llansawel (“Briton Ferry”)...
5 (ship) home = place of origin
porthladd cartref home port
6 (Christianity) eich hir cartref heaven
mynd i dy eich hir gartref go to
one’s long home = go to heaven,
Pregethwr 12:5 Ie, yr amser yr ofnant yr
hyn sydd uchel, ac yr arswydant yn y ffordd, ac y blodeua y pren almon, ac y
bydd y ceiliog rhedyn yn faich, ac y palla chwant; pan elo dyn i dy ei hir
gartref, a’r galarwyr yn myned o bob tu yn yr heol
Ecclesiastes 12:5 Also when they shall be afraid of that which is high, and
fears shall be in the way, and the almond tree shall flourish, and the
grasshopper shall be a burden, and desire shall fail: because man goeth to his
long home, and the mourners go about the streets
hebrwng i dŷei hir gartref bury
(someone) (“accompany someone to his long home”)
7 (adjective) home = made at home
bara cartref home-made bread
brethyn cartref homespun cloth
bwyd cartref home cooking (“food
(of) home”)
cwrw cartref (‘beer (of) home’) home
brew, home-brewed beer
ffilm gartref home movie
8 gweithiwr cartref home worker
9 Y Siroedd Cartref The Home
Counties, the counties surrounding London; London and the Home Counties are the
most prosperous part of the English state
10 home = the interior of as state (in
contrast to tramor = overseas,
foreign)
amddiffyn cartref (Military) home
defence, defence of a country against an invader
gwasanaeth cartref
..1/ (Military) home service – military service inside one’s own state
or country;
..2/ (Radio) radio service for the inhabitants of a state, contrasted
with a service for listeners abroad
y Llynges Gartref the Home Fleet,
the Fleet of Navy ships defending the state
newyddion cartref home news
tollau tramor a chartref
(Englandic: customs and excise)= taxes on imported goods and goods produced
within a state (“tolls (of) abroad and (of) home”))
11 cartref yw cartref, er tloted y bo home is best, there’s no place like home, be it ever so humble (“home
is home, though so poor it be”)
12 does un man fel cartref there’s
no place like home
Also: does unman yn debyg i gartref
there’s no place like home
13 hoff gan bawb ei gartref there’s
no place like home (“(it is) fond with everybody his home”)
14 home = habitat of an animal or bird or
insect
Ar hyd un ochr yr oedd llwyn uchel o
goed, cartref llawer colomen
Along one side was a tall grove of trees, the home of many pigeons
15 (railway) arwydd cartref home signal
16 cymorth cartref home help,
provision of assistance in the home for the old or the infirm
cynorthwywr cartref home help (man
who assists the aged or infirm at home)
cynorthwywraig cartref home help
(woman who assists the aged or infirm at home)
17 home = (sport) the own ground of a team
y cae cartref the home ground
y tîm cartref the home team
chwarae oddi cartref = play away
from home
18 (School) gwaith cartref homework
19 home = residence for people needing special
attention (old people, the sick, orphans, etc)
cartref geni maternity home, place
for looking after women before and after the birth of a child
cartref hen bobl old people’s home
cartref henoed old people’s home
cartref i droseddwyr ifainc remand
home, institution for the rehabilitation of young offenders
cartref i’r deillion home for the
blind
cartref nyrsio nursing home = (1)
private residence for looking after the old or the sick; (2) (Englandic)
private maternity home, place for looking after women before and after the
birth of a child
cartref plant children’s home,
orphanage
cartref plant amddifaid children’s
home, orphanage (“home (of) orphaned children”)
cartref troseddwyr remand home
20 ail gartref second home = holiday home, a house usually in a
rural area or coastal area used for holidays in addition to a main home
ETYMOLOGY: (a) The expected form would be *cardref with the soft
mutation of the second element.
...(1) Probably (câr = kinsman,
relation) + (tref = trêv, farm).
...(2) Another possibility is car (=
cart, wagon) as the first element.
(b) There is no corresponding term in either Cornish or Breton.
(c) Cartref is a masculine noun;
apparently tref was originally
masculine.
In modern Welsh tref (= ‘town’,
formerly ‘farm’) is feminine, and also in compounds based on this hendref (= winter farm), melindref (= mill town), etc.
NOTE: (1) in the spoken language the final <v> [v] is not pronounced: cartref > cartre
(2) In South Wales gatre < gartref
< cartref. Loss of the “r” before “t”; and the soft-mutated form with
initial “g-” is used as the radical form. In the 17th century gartref was taken to be the radical
form (from the influence of the adverb gartref)
:_______________________________.
cartref plant <KAR-tre
PLANT> [ˡkartrɛ
ˡplant] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefi plant <kar-TREE-vi PLANT> [karˡtreˑvɪ ˡplant]
1 children’s home = home for children who are
orphaned or abandoned or removed from unsuitable family environments
ETYMOLOGY: “home (of) children” (cartref
= home) + (plant = children);
translation of English children’s home
:_______________________________.
cartrefle <kar-TREV-le> [karˡtrɛvlɛ] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefleoedd <kar-trev-LEE-oidh, -odh> [kartrɛvˡleˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 abode, residence, place of residence, dwelling place
Oddiyma aethum i ardal Westerville i weled fy mrawd a'i deulu, ac oddiyno i Columbus,
prif ddinas y dalaeth (p. 52,000). Hen
gartrefle i mi ydoedd y ddinas hardd hon.
(Dros Gyfanfor a Chyfandir: Sef Hanes Taith
o Gymru at Lanau y Môr Tawelog ac yn ôl, Trwy brif Daleithau a Thiriogaethau yr
Undeb Americanaidd.William Davies Evans,1883)
From here I went to the Westerville area to see my brother and his family, and
from there to Columbus, the capital of the the state (population 52,000). This
beautiful city had been an old place of residence for me.
:_______________________________.
cartreflu <kar-TREV-li> [karˡtrɛvlɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL cartrefluoedd <kar-trev-LII-oidh, -odh> [kartrɛvˡliˑɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 home army = a reserve militia of civilians
with military training for defence against an invader
Y Cartreflu the Home Guard = a
volunteer military force of civilians for the defence of the English state in
the Second World War (1939-1945)
ETYMOLOGY: "army (of) home" (cartref
= home) + soft mutation + (llu =
host, army)
:_______________________________.
1 caru <KAA-ri> [ˡkɑˑrɪ] verb
verb with an object
1 love = have affection for (person, animal);
caru ei gilydd / caru’i gilydd love
each other
Yr wyf yn dy garu di I love you (“I
am in your loving (of) you”).
Southern colloquial:
..1/ Rwy’n dy garu di,
or
..2/ W i’n dy garu di
Northern colloquial:
..1/ Dw i’n dy garu di
2 love = have affection, loyalty and respect
for;
caru iaith eich gwlad to love the
language of your country, to love the native language
3 love = have passionate affection for
another person, feel sexual attraction towards another person
4 A’m caro, cared fy nghi Love me,
love my dog; if you wish to love somebody, you will have to love all aspects of
that person, accept both the person’s good and bad points (“the one that might
love me, let him love my dog”)
verb without an object
5 love = perform the sexual act with
6 caru â (rhywun) to court
(someone), to woo (someone)
South Wales caru sha (rhywun) to
court (someone), to woo (someone)
llwy garu, llwyau caru (“spoon
(of) wooing, “spoon (of) courting”), love spoon = a wooden spoon carved by a
young man for his sweetheart as a token of his love. Also llwy serch
7 llythyr caru love letter
8 stori garu love story
9 hygar
amiable, lovely
Llawer hagr hygar fydd Beauty is
only skin deep (“Many (an) ugly (one) (it-is) amiable that-is”) (hy- = intensifying prefix) + soft
mutation + (car- < caru = to love)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic;
Cornish kara (= to love); Breton karout (= to love)
Indo-European kâ- (= to like, to
desire)
Indo-European *kâ-ro- > Old
English hoore, Modern English whore
Indo-European *kâ-ro- > Latin kârus (= dear) (as in modern English caress, charity, cherish)
Indo-European *kâ-mo- > Sanskrit kâma (= love, desire, Hindu goddess of
love) The kâma sûtra is the “book of love”; sûtra (=
thread, book of philosophy)
:_______________________________.
2 caru <KAA-ri> [ˡkɑˑrɪ] masculine noun
1 (South Wales) (addressing someone) my
dear, my love, darling
Dere ’ma, caru bach Come here, my
little darling (to a child)
:_______________________________.
carw <KAA-ru> [ˡka·rʊ] masculine noun
PLURAL ceirw <KEI-ru> [ˡkəɪrʊ]
1 deer
2 stag, hart
3 short form of carw Llychlyn = reindeer (“deer (of) Scandinavia”)e air”
Mae Siôn
Corn a'i geirw ar eu taith drwy'r arwyr Father Christmas (“John
(of the) chimney”) and his reindeer are on their way through the sky (“on their
journey through the air / sky”
4 carlam gallop.
The origin of this word is carw-lam “deer
leap”
(carw = deer) + soft mutation + (llam = leap, jump)
ar garlam at a gallop
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
(10-01-2021 wiktionary: From Proto-Brythonic *karw, from Proto-Celtic *karwos,
from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥wós, zero grade of *ḱerwós, from
*ḱer- (“horn”)).
From the same British root: Cornish karow
(= deer), Breton karv (= deer)
Cf words of the same Indo-European origin –
..1/ Germanic
German Hirsch (= hart), English hart [haat, haart] (= male deer),
..2/ Italic
Latin cervus (= deer). From this is
the Catalan word cérvol (= deer),
and English cervid (= animal of the Cervidae family), cervine = ((1) relating to a deer, (2) dark yellowish-brown),
..3/ kerāto-, combining form of Greek KÉRAS κέρας
(= horn, cornea), hence English KERATIN (1840–50) (= KERAT- + -IN) (=
a fibrous protein in skin, hair, and nails, and horns, hooves, and feathers)
:_______________________________.
carwr, carwyr <KAA-rur,
KAR-wir> [ˡkɑˑrʊr,ˡkarwɪr] (masculine noun)
lover
:_______________________________.
Carwyn <KAR-win> [ˡkarwɪn] (m)
1 male forename
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (câr- root of caru = to love) ) + (-wyn
suffix for male names, soft-mutated form of gwyn = white; fair)
See Ceirwyn
:_______________________________.
..1 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] (masculine noun)
1 hate
2 Cas gan gath y ci a’i bratho Once bitten
twice shy
(“(it is) hateful with a cat the dog which may bite it”)
:_______________________________.
..2 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] PLURAL: casiau (masculine
noun)
1 book cover
darllen llyfr o gas i gas read a book from cover to cover
:_______________________________.
..3 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] masculine noun
PLURAL casau <KA-sai,
-se> [ˡkasaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 case, state, condition
cas cadw da good condition
mewn cas cadw da in good condition;
in good repair, in good working order
ETYMOLOGY: English case <KAAS> [kɑːs] (now pronounced <keis> [kəɪs] – the Welsh word preserves the former English
pronunciation) < Old English casus
(= grammatical case) < Latin câsus
(= happening, occurrence, incident) < cadere
(= to fall)
Also in English case there is the
influence of French case (=
happening, occurrence, incident), which is also from Latin câsus
:_______________________________.
..4 cas <KAAS> [kɑːs] (adjective)
1 nasty
2 (South Wales) gwynt cas bad smell, nasty smell, disagreeable smell
Mae gwynt drwg ar ei anadl He’s got bad
breath, his breath smells (“there’s a bad smell on his breath”)
gwynto yn gas smell bad, stink
3 casineb
<ka-SII-neb> [kaˡsiˑnɛb] (masculine noun) hatred
:_______________________________.
casaol <kas-AA-ol> [kasˡɑˑɔl] adjective
1 (in
compound words) detesting, hating
estrongasaol xenophobic = hating foreigners (estron = stranger) +
soft mutation + (casaol)
ETYMOLOGY: (casá- stem of casáu = to detest, to hate) (-ol,
suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
casáu <ka-SAI> [kaˡsaɪ] (verb)
to hate
:_______________________________.
casäwr <ka-SAA-ur> [kaˡsɑˑʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL casawyr <ka-SA-wir> [kaˡsawɪr]
1 hater
(obsolete) casäwyr Siôn Tarw the haters
of John Bull, people who hate the English
2 Sais-gasäwr
Anglophobe, person with a hatred of English people
Also casäwr Saeson
3 gwreig-gasäwr
mysoginist, man who hates women
Also casäwr gwragedd
4 casäwr
priodas misogamist
5 estrongasäwr xenophobe (man)
(estron = stranger) + soft mutation + (casäwr = hater, person who
hates)
estrongaswraig [ˡɛstrɔngaˡsɑˑ–wraig,
-wrɛg]
xenophobe (woman)
ETYMOLOGY: (casa- stem of casáu = to
hate) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cas cadw da <kaas KAA-du
DAA> [kɑːs ˡkɑˑdʊ dɑː]
1 healthy outward appearance, (man, animal),
good condition
Pawb yn rhyfeddu bod cas cadw da ar yr
anifail ar ôl gwrthod bwyta am bythefnos
Everyone was astonished that the animal looked healthy after refusing to eat
for two weeks
mewn cas cadw da in good condition;
in good repair, in good working order
ETYMOLOGY: (“condition (of) good keeping”) (cas = case, condition) + (cadw
= to keep, keeping) + (da = good )
:_______________________________.
casedd <KA-sedh> [ˡkasɛð] masculine noun
1
(usually in compound words) hatred
estrongasedd xenophobia = hatred of foreigners
ETYMOLOGY: (cas = dislike, aversion) + (-edd suffix for forming
abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
caseg <KA-seg> [ˡkaˡsɛg] feminine noun
PLURAL cesig <KE-sig> [ˡkɛˡsɪg]
1 mare = female
horse, zebra, etc
y gaseg = the mare
2 caseg las
plural cesig glas or cesig gleision grey mare
3 Well gen i fy hun faco Caer,
ond pawb at 'i ffansi, fel y deydodd y dyn wrth roi cusan i'r gaseg (Enoc Huws, gan Daniel
Owen; 1891)
Myself I prefer Chester tobacco, but whatever takes your fancy, as the man said
as he kissed his mare (“giving a kiss to the mare”)
4 Pantygaseg (ST2599) locality in the
county of Torfaen, 3km west of the town of Pont-y-pwl (“hollow (of) the mare”)
5 cesig gwynion (“white mares”) white
horses, waves
6 bod wedi ei
gwisgo fel caseg sioe be dressed up like a dog's dinner, overdressed (“be
dressed like a show mare”, a mare in a show)
7 caseg gyfeb plural cesig cyfeb mare in foal; also caseg
gyfebol
plural cesig cyfebol
8 caseg fagu
plural cesig magu brood mare, mare kept for producing foals
9 rhawn y gaseg (Hippuris vulgaris) mare’s
tail (“horsehair of mare”)
10 caseg yn gofyn march mare in heat (“seeking a
stallion”)
11 caseg y ddrycin (“mare of the storm”) Turdus
pilaris = fieldfare
Alternative names: socasau llwydion, sogiar, socasau llwydion
12 neidio caseg
felen (“jump a yellow mare”) = (island of Môn) play leapfrog
13 caseg dwy
dram (Aber-dâr) big fat woman (“mare (big enough to pull) two wagons (of
coal)”)
14 caseg eira
(“mare (made of) snow”) snowball = boulder-sized snowball
mynd fel caseg eira to snowball, to increase rapidly in size or
importance
15 caseg
(place names) rock shaped like a mare
Caseg Falltraeth (“(the) mare (of) Malltraeth”)
(The expected local pronunciation is Carrag Malltrath; in the north-west final e
> a, caseg > casag, and final ae > e > a, Malltraeth
> Malltrath
This is a rock in Bae Malltraeth (“(the) bay (of) Malltraeth”) off
Llangadwaladr (SH3869)
A number of smaller rocks between Y Gaseg (the mare) and the shore are called Yr Ebolion (= the foals)
The rock has a cleft; and locally it is said Mae’r gasag yn gweryru (the mare is neighing) when
in a storm the sea rushes through the cleft, producing an odd sound
(From an article by Tomos Roberts in “Ar Draws Gwlad – Ysgrifau ar Enwau
Lleoedd” / Gwynedd O. Pierce, Tomos Roberts, Hywel Wyn Owen / 1997 / Gwasg
Carreg Walch)
16 Pantygaseg
(the) hollow (of) the mare
(pant = hollow) + (y = the) + soft mutation + ( caseg)
..a/ (ST2599) locality in the county of Torfaen, 3km west of the town of
Pont-y-pwl
..b/ Name of a short-lived copper mine (1872-1879) near Amlwch, Ynys Môn
17 caseg eira
snowball = boulder-sized snowball
mynd fel caseg eira to snowball, to
increase rapidly in size or importance
tyfu fel caseg eira (rumpur, story)
grow like a snowball
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < *kasseka
< Celtic
From the same British root: Breton kaseg (= mare), Cornish kaseg
(= mare)
NOTE: (South-east and North-west Wales ) casag
:_______________________________.
casgl, casglion ‹KA
skal, KASKL yon› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 pile, collection
y casgl / y gasgl = the pile
:_______________________________.
casgliad, casgliadau
‹KASKL yad, kaskl YA de› (masculine noun)
1 collection
2 conclusion = deduction
camgasgliad erroneous conclusion
(cam = mis-, wrong, false) + soft
mutation + ( casliad = conclusion)
:_______________________________.
casglu ‹KA
skli› (verb)
1 to collect
2 cael
lle i gasglu fod... have reason to suppose that...
:_______________________________.
casglwr ‹KA
sklur› (verb)
1 collector
:_______________________________.
Y Casglwr ‹KA
sklur› (verb)
1 ‘the (book) collector’ (a magazine name)
Website: http://www.geocities.com/casglwr (2008-10-14 - no longer functioning)
:_______________________________.
Casgob ‹KA
skob› (feminine noun)
1 place (south-east Wales)
:_______________________________.
Cas gŵr na
charo’r wlad a’i maco ‹kaas guur naa khâ-ror wlaad ai ma-ko›
1 only an ungrateful man will not love the
country which bore him
ETYMOLOGY: (it is) hateful (a) man who doesn’t love the country which raises
him
(cas = hateful) +
(gŵr = man) +
(na = who not) + spirant mutation +
(caro = he / she / it may love third
person singular subjunctive of caru
= to love) +
(yr = the) + soft mutation +
(gwlad = country) +
(a = which) +
(‘i = his) +
(maco = it may raise, third person
singular subjunctive of magu = to
raise)
:_______________________________.
Casi ‹KA si› (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name (Catrin)
:_______________________________.
casineb ‹ka SII
neb› (masculine noun)
1 hatred
CASINEB FFRAINC AT LOEGR… y mae Ffrainc yn casáu Lloegr yn fawr, ac y mae y
casineb hwnw yn dyfod i'r golwg yn fwy eglur o hyd… Y Tyst. 18 Awst 1897
France’s hatred of England (“hatred (of) France towards England”)… France hates
England greatly, and that hatred becomes more and more apparent (“comes to the
view clearer constantly”)
:_______________________________.
Cas-mael ‹kas
MAIL› (feminine noun)
1 SN0029 village, south-west
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/966009
:_______________________________.
casnach ‹KAS-nach› (masculine noun)
1 (North Wales) slime = slimy matter on the
surface of a stagnant pond
2 fluff (Rhosesmor, Sir y Fflint SJ2168)
Papur Fama, Gorffennaf 1991: Rhosesmor:
casnach (Mrs Olwen Morgan) 'Y manblu sy'n casglu o dan y gwely' (fluff)
= the down which collects under the bed
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Irish
Modern Irish has caisne (= particle), casnóg (= a twist of
thread)
:_______________________________.
Casnewydd ‹ka SNEU
idh› (feminine noun)
1 town, south-east (English name: Newport)
<Nyúupoot>
ETYMOLOGY: “new castle” Casnewydd < Castellnewydd (castell =
castle) + (newydd = new)
For some, it had a preceding definite article:
Yn ddiweddar Mary Samuel, ger y Casnewydd, swydd Fynwy, yn 81 mlwydd ......
Y Cyfaill o’r Hen
Wlad yn America. Cyfrol V. 1842
:_______________________________.
casnodyn ‹kas- noo -din› masculine noun
PLURAL casnod ‹kas-nod›
1 (obsolete) flock of wool
2 (obsolete) flake of snow
3 (obsolete) spangle of gold
4 (North Wales) slimy matter on surface of
stagnant water
5 Casnodyn name of one of the
Gogynfeirdd (Welsh poet of the 12th to the 14th centuries).
He was a Morgannwg (“Glamorgan”) poet – apparently from Cilfái (in the
present-day county of Abertawe).
One his works is an “awdl” (alliterative poem combining different metres)
addressed to Madog Fychan of Coetref, in Llangynwyd parish.
Named after Casnodyn was one of the pioneers of the Welsh settlement in
Patagonia (1865 onwards), William Casnodyn Rhys, from the village of Y Tai-bach (in the former county
of Morgannwg, now in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
ETYMOLOGY: casnodyn is (casnod = particle, fragment) + (diminutive suffix -yn).
Casnod is of unknown origin, but
probably of British origin. There is a similar word in Irish caisne (= particle, fragment)
:_______________________________.
cas penseli ‹kaas
pen SE li› (masculine noun)
1 pencil case
:_______________________________.
cast ‹kast › masculine noun
PLURAL castiau ‹cast
-ye›
1 (theatre) cast = the actors in a play or
film
2 (art, metallurgy) cast = object of glass, metal that
has been shaped in a mo(u)ld when the material was in a molten state
cast efydd bronze cast
ETYMOLOGY: English cast (= a throw)
< Old Norse kasta
:_______________________________.
castan ‹ka -stan› feminine noun
PLURAL castanau ‹ka-
sta -ne›
1 chestnut
y gastan the chestnut
cneuen gastan PLURAL cnau castan chestnut
y gneuen gastan the chestnut
2 (Aesculus hippocastanum) marchgastan horse chestnut (fruit)
(march = horse) + soft mutation + (castan = chestnut)
A translation of English horse chestnut,
itself a translation of Latin castanea
equîna)
Also: castan y meirch horse chestnut
(fruit)
(castan = chestnut) + (y definite article) + (meirch = horses, plural of march = horse)
3 (Castanea sativa) castan felys PLURAL castanau
melys sweet chestnut (fruit)
y gastan felys the sweet chestnut
4 chestnut tree
y gastan the chestnut tree
pren castan PLURAL prennau castan the chestnut tree
coeden gastan PLURAL coed castan the chestnut tree
5 (Trada natans) (fruit) castan ddŵr PLURAL castanau dŵr water chestnut
y gastan ddŵr the water
chestnut
6 (collective noun) horse-chestnut trees
y castan the horse-chestnut trees
7 Caecastan
street name in Rhuthun (county of Dinbych) (“Cae Castan”)
‘cae’r castan’ “(the) field (of) the chestnut trees”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (castan = chestnut trees)
8 (adjective) chestnut = of wood from a chestnut tree
9 (adjective) chestnut = of the colour of a chestnut
Also: castanlliw, lliw castan
ETYMOLOGY: learnèd borrowing from Latin, that is, one which happened after the
Roman occupation which ended in after 400AD
Welsh câstânia < Latin castanea < Greek kastanon.
If not, it is from Old French castaine,
or from Middle English castayne,
from Old French.
In modern French: châtaigne
Breton kistin (= horse chestnuts) < French
:_______________________________.
castanlliw ‹ka- stan -lhiu› adjective
1 (horse) light bay
ETYMOLOGY: (castan = chestnut) +
soft mutation + (lliw = color /
colour) > castán-liw > castanlliw (n-l > n-ll)
:_______________________________.
castell, cestyll ‹KA stelh, KE
stilh› (masculine noun)
1 castle
2 erlid o goed i gastell hound from pillar to post, hound from place
to place (“chase from wood to castle”)
3 clos castell
castle close, the precincts of a castle
4 Crudycastell
Street name in the town of Dinbych (county of Dinbych) (spelt officially as
“Crud y Castell”)
(“(the) cradle (of) the castle”) (crud
= cradle) + (y = the) + ( castell = castle)
:_______________________________.
Castell Coch ‹ka stelh
KOOKH› (masculine noun) (Ffoto / foto)
1 castle by Caer-dydd - “(the) red castle”
:_______________________________.
Y Castell Coch ym
Mhowys ‹ə ka -stelh
kookh əm mho -wis›
1 (or simply Y Castell Coch, without the tag ‘ym Mhowys’)
Locality in Powys. English name: Powys Castle
ETYMOLOGY: (“the red castle in (the former kingdom of) Powys”)
(y = the) + (castell = castle) + (coch =
red) + (yn = in, > ym before the letter ‘m’) + nasal
mutation + (Powys name of a former
kingdom and since 1974 a county roughly corresponding to this)
:_______________________________.
Castellgenorwy ‹ka-stelh-ge-no-rui ›
1 locality in
England (Gwent-yn-Lloegr) (SO5216) 4km north-east of Trefynwy.
English name : Ganarew
ETYMOLOGY: (castell = castle) + (Genorwy = ?)
:_______________________________.
Castell-maen ‹ka-stelh main›
1 (SO2453) village in England on the border
with Wales, in the county of Shropshire,
siutated 6km south-west of Ceintun /
Kington
English name: Huntington
(delwedd 7105)
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently “stone castle” (castell = castle) + (maen = stone)
:_______________________________.
Castell-nedd ‹ka
stelh NEEDH› (feminine noun)
1 town, south-east
:_______________________________.
Castellnewydd Emlyn ‹ka
–stelh neu-idh em-lin›
1 locality in the county of Caerfyrddin
(Ordnance Survey map reference SO1296)
Local name: Castellnewy'
English name: “Newcastle Emlyn”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/209736 Heol y Sycamorwydden, Castellnewydd Emlyn
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect
geographically representative photographs and information for every square
kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
2 More bombastically – Y Castell Newydd yn Emlyn
Enwau Lleoedd. Anerchiad y
Llywydd, y Prifathraw John Rhys, i Eisteddfod y Castell Newydd yn Emlyn, Awst
13. 1896.
(Enwau Lleoedd /
John Rhys/ Cymru Cyfrol XI. Rhif 63. Hydref 15fed, 1896)
Place Names.
Address by the President, Professor John Rhys, to the Eisteddfod of Y Castell
Newydd yn Emlyn, August 13. 1896.
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) Castellnewydd (which is in the kántrev / cantref of) Emlyn”
Castellnewydd is “new castle”, (castell = castle) + (newydd =
new), and Emlyn was added to distinguish it from other places called
Castellnewydd.
The new castle was built around 1240, to replace the old castle in Cilgerran
(Information from “Enwau Lleoedd”, an article by Hywel Wyn Owen, Prentis,
Cyfrol 7, Rhifyn 8, Haf 1994)
The only other Castellnewydd of note in Wales is Castellnewydd ar
Wysg, now Casnewydd ar Wysg (literally “(the) Castellnewydd on (the
river) Wysg / Usk”), or simply Casnewydd; the English name is Newport)
There is though a Castellnewydd Bach SM9729 (Little Newcastle,
according to the English) in the nearby county of Penfro / Pembroke (locally Casnewy’
Bach)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/961117
(delwedd 7292)
:_______________________________.
castelltref ‹ka –stelh-tre›
PLURAL castelltrefi,
castelltrefydd ‹ka-stelh-tree-vi,
-vidh›
1 castletown, town built next to or around a
castle
ETYMOLOGY: “castle-town” (castell =castle)
+ soft mutation + (tref = town) >
*castelldref > castelltref (the combination ll + t > ll-d
reverts to ll-t)
:_______________________________.
Castileg ‹ka-stî-leg› feminine noun
1 Castilian = the official language of the
Spanish state, and other countries, based on the dialect of Castille
y Gastileg = the Castilian language
2 Castilian = the dialect of Castille
3 adjective Castilian = relating to the
language of Castille
ETYMOLOGY: (Castîl = region in
Iberia) + (-eg suffix, indicates a
language)
:_______________________________.
castio ‹kast -yo›
1 play tricks
2 cast (metal)
3 cast (actors) = assign rôles
teipgastio typecast = continually
gave the same kind of role to (an actor / actress)
4 cast (characters) = find a suitable actor
for a character in a film or play
Mae wedi bod yn anodd iawn castio’r
cymeriadau
It’s been really hard to cast the characters
5 (South-east Wales) casto = to count
ETYMOLOGY: (cast = throw, trick) + (-io suffix for forming verbs). This
suffix is –o in the south, hence casto
:_______________________________.
castiog ‹kast -yog› adjective
1 sly, wily
Un castiog yw e He’s sly, He's a sly
one
castiog fel mul tricky to deal with
(“tricky like a mule”)
bod yn gastiog fel mul be a slippery
customer
ETYMOLOGY: (cast = trick) + (-iog, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
caswir ‹KA
swir› (masculine noun)
1 unpleasant truth, hurtful truth,
unpalatable truth, bitter truth
:_______________________________.
cat, catiau ‹KAT,
KAT ye› (masculine noun)
1 piece
:_______________________________.
Catalaneg ‹ka ta
LON neg› (feminine noun, adjective)
1 Catalan language
Y Gatalaneg = the Catalan language
Y Gwledydd Catalaneg Els Països Catalans / The Catalan Countries.
The Catalan-speaking lands of The Principate of Catalonia (El Principat de
Catalunya) (mostly within the Castilian state, though a section north of
the Pyrenees is in the French state, and the western flank is in the province
of Aragon), The Valencian Country (El País Valencià) and the Balearic
Islands (Illes Balears), and the state of Andorra.
The name means ‘the Catalan-speaking countries’, hence Y Gwledydd Catalaneg in
Welsh, rather than Y Gwledydd Catalanaidd
:_______________________________.
Catalanwr ‹ka-ta-la-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL Catalanwyr ‹ka-ta-lan-wir›
1 Catalan = a man from Catalonia - normally Catalaniad (formal) Cátalan (colloquial)
NOTE: catalanwr is used in the
e-mail address of Albert Vergés, a Welsh-speaking Catalan from Gràcia,
Barcelona, Catalan Countries
ETYMOLOGY: (Cátalan < English Catalan) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
Y Catalondir ‹ə
ka ta LON dir› (neologism)
1 (neologism) the Catalan Countries
:_______________________________.
Catalonia ‹ka ta
LON ya› (feminine noun)
1 Catalonia
:_______________________________.
catamarán, catamaranau ‹ka ta ma RAN,
ka ta ma RA ne› (masculine noun)
1 catamaran
:_______________________________.
catâr ‹ca
TAAR› (masculine noun)
1 catarrh
:_______________________________.
catelus ‹ka TEE
lis› (adjective)
1 rich (South) = “having cattle”
:_______________________________.
caten, catiau ‹KA ten,
KAT ye› (feminine noun)
1 piece
y gaten = the piece
2 cetyn (diminutive form) little piece
:_______________________________.
cath, cathod ‹KAATH,
KAA thod› (feminine noun)
1 cat (South - plural is cathau) ‹KAA the›
y gath = the cat
2 (North Wales)
cath glap (1) the game of tipcat (2)
the cat used in this game (cath =
cat, clap = noise of striking)
3 fel
cŵn a chathod - ymladd fel cŵn
a chathod (said of a fight between many people) fight like cat and dog
(“like dogs and cats”)
Roedd y Taffis a’r Padis yn ymladd fel cŵn
a chathod yn ardaloedd glo América
The Taffies and the Paddies fought like cats and dogs in the coalmining areas
of America
4 Busnesu
a laddodd y gath Curiosity killed the cat
5 fel cath am laeth (“like (a) cat for
milk”) said of somebody who drinks too much beer, etc
6 Cath i dŷ
a chi i deulu (“(a) cat for (a) house and (a) dog for (a) family”) (Advice
for someone who is thinking of keeping a pet – a cat is loyal to the place
where it lives, and a dog to the people who look after it”)
7 bod naw byw
cath yn (rhywun) have the nine lives of a cat (= have many lucky escapes
from danger)
mae naw byw cath yn hwnnw he’s got
the nine lives of a cat
8 blingo’r
gath i’r gynffon spend wildly, spend every last penny, spend the lot (“skin
the cat to the tail”)
9 bod yn dorch (cat) to be curled up (“be a torque”)
Roedd y gath yn dorch o flaen y tân
The cat was curled up in front of the fire
10 (North Wales) cael
slempen cath give yourself a
catlick, have a quick wash
11 Mae hi’n ddigon oer i rewi cathod It’s freezing cold (“cold enough to freeze
cats”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Late Latin cattus (= domestic
cat). A wild cat was feles in Latin.
The Latin word possibly came from Greek (unless the Greek word came from
Latin), and its origin is a word in an Afro-Asiatic language of a Nubian type
(modern-day Egypt, Sudan) or Tamagzight or Berber (modern-day Algeria, Morocco,
Niger, Burkina Fasso, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria and Tunisia).
The origin of the domestic cat is the African wildcat (Felis
silvestris lybica) or desert cat. It lived in steppes, savannahs and
bushland in Africa and western Asia (or the ‘Middle East’).
It seems to have emerged from self-domesticated wildcats nearly 10,000 years
ago, shortly after agriculture came about in western Asia (also 10,000 years
ago), when some individual desert cats found a source of food (rodents and
birds) in human populations, in or around grain stores.
:_______________________________.
Cathar, Cathariaid ‹KAA
thar, ka THAR yed› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 Cathar (believer with an animist
interpretation of Christianity, in medieval Occitania)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English (< French < Occitan) < Medieval Latin Cathari (= Cathars, people of the
Catharian sect) < Greek katharoi (= the pure ones)
:_______________________________.
cathes, cathesau ‹KAA
thes, ka THE se› (feminine noun)
1 she-cat, tabby
y gathes = the she-cat
ETYMOLOGY: (cath = cat) + (-es suffix for forming feminine nouns
or denoting a female).
:_______________________________.
cath fach, cathod /
cathau bach ‹kaath VAAKH› (feminine
noun)
1 kitten (“little cat”)
:_______________________________.
Cathonnen ‹kath-O-nen› feminine noun
1 ST 3790 hamlet in the county of
Casnewydd, 3km east of Caerllion, over the river Wysg. English name: Catsash
ETYMOLOGY: “cat-ash” (cath = cat) +
(onnen = ash tree). Apparently a
translation of the English name.
:_______________________________.
cathreica ‹kath- rei -ka› verb
2 (tomcat) seek a female
lleisio aflar cathod sy’n cathreica a
chrwydro’r nos
the caterwauling of tomcats wandering at night seeking female cats
ETYMOLOGY: “feline wife-seeking” cathreica
< cathwreica (cath = cat) + soft mutation + (gwreica = seek a wife)
:_______________________________.
Cathrin ‹ka -thrin› feminine noun
1 girl’s name = Catherine
ETYMOLOGY: Cymricisation of the English name; Cathrin < English ‹ka-thrin› Catherine
:_______________________________.
catrawd ‹ka -traud› feminine noun
PLURAL catrodau ‹ka-trô
-de›
1 regiment = military formation under a
colonel’s command
y gatrawd = the regiment
Tra roedd yn y fyddin, roedd yn aelod o
gatrawd y ‘9th Welsh’
When he was in the army, he was a member of the ‘9th Welsh’ regiment
ETYMOLOGY: catrawd < cadrawd (cad = battle) + soft mutation + (rhawd = army).
The Welsh lexicographer William Owen-Pughe (1759-1835) has the word as one of
the many neologisms in his 1793 dictionary (“A Welsh and English Dictionary”).
Catrawd is in fact an Old Welsh
spelling of the obsolete word cadrawd
(= regiment) (in Old Welsh, in a medial position, t could represent ‹d› as well as ‹t›).
If the word had survived into modern Welsh, it would have become cadrod - the diphthong aw in a final syllable would have been
reduced to o, as in the case of
words such as
(1) athro (teacher, originally athraw), cf athrawes (= female
teacher)
(2) croesaw (welcome, originally croeso), cf croesawu (= to
welcome)
(3) cinio (dinner, originally ciniaw), etc cf ciniawa (= to
dine)
Cadrawd (qv) is also a forename
:_______________________________.
Catrin ‹KA
trin› (feminine noun)
1 Catherine
:_______________________________.
catsh ‹KACH› catshis (m)
1 (Englishism) catch = a drawback in an
attractive offer
Wel, dyna’r catsh, onte fe – decpunt y mis, ond rhaid arwyddo
cytundeb am ddwy flynedd
Well, that’s the catch, isn’t it? It’s ten pounds a month but you have to sign
a contract for two years.
:_______________________________.
cau ‹KAI› (verb)
1 to close
2 cau’ch
esgidiau do up your shoelaces / your shoes
3 cau’r
drws yn glap / cau'r drws yn glep
bang the door shut, close the door with a bang, slam the door shut
4 to hedge = to build a hedge, to repair a
hedge, to trim a hedge, to close a gap in a hedge
cryman cau hedging hook
cau a chloddio hedging and ditching,
to repair hedges and dig ditches
5 cau’ch
ceg fel llyffant = to shut up, to not say any more (in the district of
Arfon, now part of the county of Gwynedd) (“to shut your mouth like a toad”)
The past participle od cau (= to close) is cau (= closed;
enclosed), although cae would be expected.
This past participle form is the root of the verb, and cau is “cae-u”
(root cae) + (-u verb suffix).
But to prevent confusion with cae (= field; hedge) cau is used -
though then there is confusion with cau = (noun) a hollow, (adj) hollow,
empty.
ar gau (shop, etc) closed
:_______________________________.
cau ‹KAI› masculine noun
PLURAL ceuoed ‹keu-oidh, -odh› (m)
1 hollow
SH7012 Craig Cau by Cadair Idris, Dolgellau, Gwynedd;
craig y cau “(the) cliff (of) the hollow”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/520443 Craig Cau
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/23009 Craig Cau
SH7112 Llyn Cau below the cliff here;
llyn y cau “(the) lake (of) the hollow”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/135856 Llyn Cau
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/9787 Llyn Cau
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh cau < ceu < cou < British *kaw- <
Latin cauus, if not a Celtic word (British *kow < Celtic *kow-)
+ (-a suffix for forming verbs)
Breton has a cognate kav (= a cellar)
:_______________________________.
cau ‹KAI› (adjective)
1 hollow
2 In
certain place names it is possibly “empty, deserted, abandoned”
Hafod-gau “empty summer farm”
(hafod =
summer place, summer farm) + soft mutation + (cau = empty)
..a/ Blaenpennal SN6264 (county of Ceredigion)
..b/ Llanddeiniolen SH5466 (county of Gwynedd)
..c/ Llanenddwyn SH5723 (county of Gwynedd)
..d/ Llanfair Talhaearn SH9270 (county of Conwy)
..e/ Llanfair y Creuddyn SN6676 (county of Ceredigion)
..f/ Nantglyn SJ0062 (county of Dinbych)
..g/ Ysbyty-ystwyth SN7371 (county of Ceredigion)
(delwedd 7058)
(See “HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-names” / Melville Richards)
ETYMOLOGY: See above
:_______________________________.
cawell ‹kau
-elh› masculine noun
PLURAL cewyll, cawellau,
cawelli ‹keu-ilh, ka-wê-lhe, kau-ê-lhi›
1 basket
Exodus 29:3 A dod hwynt mewn un cawell, a
dwg hwynt yn y cawell, gyda'r bustach a’r ddau hwrdd.
Exodus 29:3 And thou shalt put them into one basket, and bring them in the
basket, with the bullock and the two rams.
2 creel, fisherman’s basket
3 cawell
cimwch (plural: cewyll cimychiaid)
lobster pot
4 cawell
pladur cradle for a scythe
5 rhoi
cawell i (rywun) jilt, reject a lover, break off with a lover, finish a
relationship (“give a basket to”); to stand (somebody) up
Cf the German idiom jemandem einen Korb
geben (“give a basket to somebody”)
(girl) give a boy the brush off, turn somebody down
cael cawell gan be jilted by
("get a basket from")
6 cawell
adar birdcage
Roedd y parot yn sbecian yn gall drwy
wifrau ei gewyll
The parrot was looking wisely through the wires of its cage
7 cawell
asennau ribcage; (“basket (of) ribs”)
cawell yr asennau the ribcage
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin cauella;
in the other British languages - Cornish kowell
(= basket, cage, beehive), Breton kavell
(= cradle)
:_______________________________.
cawella ‹kau-ê-lha› (verb without an object)
1 set lobster pots
ETYMOLOGY: (cawell = lobster pot) +
(-a suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
cawg, cawgiau ‹KAUG,
KAUG ye› (masculine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) bowl
:_______________________________.
cawgen ‹KAU
gen› (feminine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) a form of cawg
y gawgen = the bowl
ETYMOLOGY: (cawg = bowl) + (-en diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
cawgiaid,
cawgieidiau ‹KAUG yed, kaug YEID ye› (masculine noun)
1 (literary Welsh) bowlful
:_______________________________.
cawio ‹KAU yo› (verb)
1 (fishing) to tie (a fly)
:_______________________________.
cawl ‹KAUL› [kaʊl] (masculine noun)
1 soup, broth
2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i gawl
(“leave it between someone and his broth”)
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the
unfortunate consequences of their actions
3 cegin gawl
PLURAL ceginau cawl soup kitchen (place dispensing soup to homeless
people)
:_______________________________.
cawl ‹KAUL› [kaʊl] (plural noun)
1 (obsolete) cabbages
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin caul(is)
(= plant stalk, hollow stem; cabbage)
From the same British root:
..a/ Cornish kowl (= cabbages )
..b/ Breton kaol (= cabbages)
Also from Latin:
..a/ English <koul> cole (=
cabbage; “any plant of the genus Brassica - cabbage, rape. Also called
colewort”) < Old English <kaal>
<Latin caulis (= plant stalk,
hollow stem; cabbage)
..b/ Lowlandic (language of Sctland, Scots) <keel> kale (a Northern English form of cole) (= broth in which the main ingredient is kale / cabbage);
From the same Indoeuropean word
..1/ Germanic
….a/ Old English <hol> (=
hole), modern English hole and hollow
….b/ German höhle (cave; lair or den
or hole of an animal);
….c/ Norwegian hule / hole (= cave, cavern, den, lair)
..2/ Greek koilos (= hollow, empty)
:_______________________________.
cawlach <KAU-lakh> [ˡkaʊlax] masculine noun
1 cock-up, mess
gwneud cawlach o make a mess of
ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup) + (-ach diminutive suffix indicating
contempt)
:_______________________________.
cawl bôn y gwt <KAUL
BOON ə GUT> [ˡkaʊl ˡboːn ə ˡgʊt] (masculine noun)
1 oxtail soup
:_______________________________.
cawl cennin <kaul
KE-nin> [kaʊl ˡkɛnɪn] masculine noun
1 leek soup (considered to be the typical
soup of Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘broth (of) leeks’ (cawl
= broth) + (cennin = leeks, < cenhinen = leek)
:_______________________________.
cawl dall <kaul
DALH> [kaʊl ˡdaɬ] masculine noun
South Wales
1 soup with no fat in it - soup from the
cheapest meat, typical of farm servants; a symbol of poverty
ETYMOLOGY: “blind broth” (cawl =
broth) + (dall = blind)
:_______________________________.
cawl eildwym <kaul
EIL-duim> [kaʊl ˡəɪldʊɪm] masculine noun
1 reheated soup; soup from a previous meal
which has been heated again for another meal
2 something stale and uninteresting, old material served
up again in a different form to make it appear new (as in a sermon, speech,
etc)
ETYMOLOGY: “reheated broth” (cawl =
broth) + (eildwym = reheated)
:_______________________________.
cawl erfin <kaul
ER-vin> [kaʊl ˡɛrvɪn] (masculine noun)
1 turnip soup
:_______________________________.
cawlio <KAUL-yo> [ˡkaʊljɔ]
verb with an object
1 mess up, leave (something) in a mess, disarrange, mix
up, muddle, make a mess of, muff
verb without an object
2 talk nonsense
3 (North Wales) cowlio
change (weather)
4 feel sick, want to vomit
ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup; mess ) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) In the
south -o replaces -io, hence cawlio > cawlo)
NOTE: Cambrian English has cowl ‹kaul› = make a mess of things < cawl(i)o) Cambrian English: cowl = make a mess of things 24 05 83
WM
:_______________________________.
cawl llaeth <kaul
LHAITH> [kaʊl ˡɬaɪθ] (masculine noun)
1 milk soup
:_______________________________.
cawl llefrith <kaul
LHE-vrith> [kaʊl ˡɬɛvrɪθ] (masculine noun)
1 (North Wales) milk soup
:_______________________________.
cawl moch <kaul
MOOKH> [kaʊl ˡmoːx] (masculine noun)
1 a disordered mess (‘pig soup’)
:_______________________________.
cawl potsh <kaul
POCH> [kaʊl ˡpɔʧ] (masculine noun)
1 mess (‘soup of purée’)
:_______________________________.
cawl Sir Benfro <kaul
siir BEN-vro> [kaʊl siːr ˡbɛnvrɔ] (masculine noun)
1 Penfro soup
:_______________________________.
cawlen y môr, cawl y
môr <KAU-len ə MOOR, kaul ə MOOR> [ˡkaʊlɛn
ə ˡmoːr, kaʊl ə ˡmoːr] (feminine noun)
1 sea kale, sea cabbage
:_______________________________.
cawlio <KAUL-yo> [ˡkaʊljɔ] (verb)
1 mess up
:_______________________________.
cawliwr <KAUL-yur> [ˡkaʊljʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL cawlwyr <KAUL-wir> [ˡkaʊlwɪr]
1 (North Wales) person who messes things up,
clumsy person, unskilful person
ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = broth; mess) + (-i-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
cawlo <KAU-lo> [ˡkaʊlɔ] verb
(South Wales)
1 mess up, leave (something) in a mess,
disarrange
ETYMOLOGY: (cawl = soup; mess ) + (-o suffix for forming verbs; in the
south it replaces -io)
See cawlio
:_______________________________.
cawod, cawodydd <KAU-od,
kau-OO-didh> [ˡkaʊɔd, kaʊˡoˑdɪð] (feminine noun)
1 shower (weather), shower (bathroom)
y gawod = the shower
2 cawod o genllysg <KAU-od o GEN-lhisk> [ˡkaʊɔd
ɔ ˡgɛnɬɪsk]
hailshower (North)
3 cawod o gesair <KAU-od o GE-sair, -ser> [ˡkaʊɔd
ɔ ˡgɛsɛr]
hailshower (South)
4 bàth cawod,
bathau cawod shower bath
cawodfath, cawodfathau shower bath
Studies in Welsh Philology / Samule J. Evans, M.A. / Year 1909 / Page 17: Mediaeval
cawad (a shower) is now more usually cawod or cafod, though the ‘a’ is still
retained colloquially in Demetian [i.e. South-western Welsh]
:_______________________________.
cawodlyd <kau-OD-lid> [kaʊˡɔdlɪd] (adjective)
1 showery
:_______________________________.
cawr, cewri <KAUR,
KEU-ri> [kaʊr, ˡkɛʊrɪ] (masculine noun)
1 giant
2 Ynys
Fach Llyffan Gawr (SN0141) promontory north of Brynhenllan. Dinas (the
county of Penfro) south-west Wales - “the Ynys Fach of Llyffan the Giant”
English name: Dinas Island
Ynys Fach ‘little island’
(ynys = island) + soft mutation + (bach = little)
(Llyffan = man’s name) + soft
mutation + (cawr = giant).
3 Bedd
y Cawr (SJ0172) locality in the county of Dinbych (North-east Wales)
("(the) grave (of) the giant")
:_______________________________.
caws, cawsau <KAUS,
KAU-sai, -sai, -e> [kaʊs,ˡkaʊsaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 cheese
2 bara caws bread and cheese
Alternative form: bara a chaws / bara chaws bread + and + cheese
Bedyddiwr Bara Caws (nickname) Scotch Baptist (“baptist (of) bread (and) cheese”)
3 caws Caerffili <kaus kair-FII-li / kər-FII-li> [kaʊs
kaɪrˡfiˑlɪ, kərˡfiˑlɪ] (masculine noun)
Caerffili cheese
4 cosyn a cheese
5 cael
caws o fola ci to do the impossible, get back something which is lost for
ever (“get cheese from (the) stomach (of) (a) dog” - once the dog has eaten it,
that’s that!)
6 siop
gaws cheese shop, cheesemonger’s
7 gwerthwr
caws cheesemonger
8 (in some place names) not caws (cheese)
but form a chortened form of cawsai (= causeway)
..1/ Nant-y-caws SN4518 locality in the
county of Caerfyrddin, 4km east of Caerfyrddin
Ostensibly (“(the) stream (of)
the cheese”)
(nant= stream) + (y = definite article) + (caws = cheese)
(though it seems that the final element was originally cawsi = causeway,
and not caws = cheese))
..2/ Nant-y-caws Possibly too in
this locality 3km south of Croesoswallt (Oswestry), England (“(the) stream (of)
the cheese”)
..3/ Cae-caws Possibly too in Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire.
Williams John, farmer, Cae cause (Kelly’s Directory for Monmouthshire, 1901,
under PENALLT (= Pen-allt).
On the Ordnance Survey Map as Cae-caws Farm SO5109
:_______________________________.
cawsai <KAU-sai, -e> [ˡkaʊsaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL cawseiau <kau-SEI-ai,
-e> [kaʊˡsəɪaɪ,
- ɛ]
1 paved way
2 causeway = raised way crossing wetland, raised stone pathway
heol gawsi (South-east Wales) causeway
3 Penygawsai “end / start of the paved street”
..a/ Penygawsi ST5802 area of Llantrisant (Rhondda Cynon
Taf) (cawsi is a south-eastern pronunciation of standard
cawsai). In Llantrisant there is a primary school with the name
Penygawsi
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/862128
..b/ Penygawse name of a house in the Heol Fawr in Llanymddyffri, county of Caerfyrddin
(cawse is
a south-western pronunciation of standard cawsai)
Cf the English name
..a/ Pavement End, Weaverham, Cheshire;
..b/ Pavement Head in Alpraham, Cheshire;
..c/ Pavement Head in Naworth Park NY5662, near Lanercost, Cumbria.
“Pavement Head on the road between the
Castle and the Quarrybeck Lodge” Notes on the Excavations on the line of the
Roman Wall in Cumberland, in 1894 and 1895. Mrs. Hodgson, Newby Grange. P.
402.Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society. Part
ii., Volume XIV. 1897.
..d/ Cross Pavement Head, Nantwich (= Yr Heledd-ddu), Cheshire. Mentioned
in a will of 1736.
Johnsonian Gleanings. Aleyn Lyell Reade. Part I. Notes
on Dr. Johnson's Ancestors and Connexions and Illustrative of his Early
Life.1909.
4 Cawsai Carn Saer SS9098 place above Blaen-cwm (county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf)
As it stands the name is “(the) causeway (at) Carn Saer”. Carn Saer carn y
saer is “(the) cairn (of) the stonemason / carpenter”.
ETYMOLOGY: from English causey (standard
modern English has causeway < causey-way) < Norman
French cauci < cauciee (literally “paved”) < Latin via
caliciata (= way paved with limestone), (caliciata, feminine form of
calciatus (calx, calci- = limestone, + -âtus).
Or else from Latin calciāre ("to tread with the heels "), from
calx ("heel").
Cf Yorkshire English causey (= pavement), and causey edge (= edge
of the pavement, kerb), Scottish causey / cawsey (= road paved with
cobbles rather than flagstones)
See also: caws
:_______________________________.
cawsen <KAU-sen> [ˡkaʊsɛn] feminine noun
1 pavement
y gawsen the pavement
(Tal-sarn, Ceredigion) O flaen y tai henaf mae palmant a
elwid gan y diweddar Mrs Lloyd, Shop Isa ‘y gawsen’ (1936 Cardiganshire
Antiquarian Society 11 p61)
In front of the oldest houses there is a pavement
called by the late Mrs Lloyd, of Shop Isa (lower shop) ‘y gawsen’
ETYMOLOGY: (caws-, first syllable of cawsai = causeway) + (-en
suffix added to form a femenine noun)
:_______________________________.
cazŵ, cazŵs
<ka-ZUU, ka-ZUUZ> [kaˡzuː,
kaˡzuːz] (masculine noun)
1 kazoo (type of whistle)
http://www.kimkat/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_c_1018e.htm
Adolygiadau diweddaraf - latest updates 2021-11-12, 2008-12-01 16.28
:: 16 03 2003 ::30 06 2003 :: 22 07
2003 :: 01 08 2003 :: 2003-10-15 :: 2003-10-30 :: 2003-11-24 :: 2003-12-13 ::
2004-02-09 :: 2004-06-24
Sumbolau:
a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ / i I / o O /
u U / w W / y Y / ə ə
ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ /
ē Ē / ɛ̄ Ɛ̄ / ī
Ī / ō Ō /
ū Ū / w̄ W̄
/ ȳ Ȳ /
ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ Ĭ
/ ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ /
ˡ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ a: / æ æ:
/ e eˑe: / ɛ ɛ: / ɪ iˑ i: / ɔ oˑ o: / ʊ
uˑ u: / ə / ʌ /
ẅ Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ
/ ŵ Ŵ /
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ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ
ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ
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ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ
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