kimkat1586e A Welsh to English Dictionary in
scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
25-02-2022
|
|
|
Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia |
|
...
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:_______________________________.
Y, y ‹ə›
feminine noun
1) twenty-fifth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e,
2) twenty-third letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e,
:_______________________________.
y ‹ə›
[1] In English respellings of Welsh
place-names this is often spelt ‘u’ (since in English ‘u’ can have a centred
pronunciation which resembles the obscure vowel, as in hunter, Sunday, runner,
etc).
Although “y” is the obscure vowel (“mid central unrounded vowel”), which also
exists in English of course, there is no special symbol for it in English.
Since the letter “u” in English can represent the half-open unrounded vowel
between back and front (phonetic symbol - an inverted “v”) (as in run, sun, hunt,
etc) and has almost the same sound as Welsh y, it is often seen in Anglicising spellings of Welsh words and
names.
Examples from Wales are Crymlyn > “Crumlyn” (curved valley), Dyffryn >
“Duffryn” (= valley).
Hence the following forms in English spelling:
..1/ Crymlyn > “Crumlin” (“curved valley”, village in the county of
Caerffili)
..2/ Cymru = Wales > Cumru ‹kúmru› Name of a township in Berks
County, Pennsylvania.
Hugh Jones bought
The final u of “Cymru / Cumru”, pronounced as ‹i› in South Wales (and a variant
‹i› sound in the north) has been reinterpreted as English “u”. If the place
name had been spelt “Cumri” in English it would have retained more of the
original Welsh pronunciation.
The final u of “Cymru / Cumru”, pronounced as ‹i› in South Wales (and a variant
‹i› sound in the north) has been reinterpreted as English “u”. If the place
name had been spelt “Cumri” in English it would have retained more of the
original Welsh pronunciation.
..3/ Dyffryn > “Duffryn” (“valley”, common place name)
..4/ Dynfant > “Dunvant” ( = dyfn-nant “deep valley”, village in the
county of Abertawe)
..5/ Llangynllo (SO2171) locality in
the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
> “Llangunllo”
..6/ Llangynog >
“Llangunnock” (though this English spelling is no longer in use) (village
..7/ Llangynog > “Llangunnock”
locality in Herefordshire, in a former Welsh-speaking area
..8/ Llangynnwr > “Llangunnor” locality
..9/ Nant Helygi / Nant ’Lygi “Luggy Brook” SJ1803, near Berriw (Powys)
..10/ Rhydri > Rudry Village
by Caerffili, south-east Wales
..11/ Rhymni > Rumney is
the English name for Tredelerch in Caer-dydd, taken from the name of the river
(Afon Rhymni) here. Also “Llanrumney” for Llanrhymni (recte Glanrhymni).
[2] as “i” in some Englished words or names
Cymru > English Cymric (= Welsh)
In names from Old Welsh – Mynd (e.g. in some
Shopshire names) < mynydd; i > ii > ai in Minehead, Somerset
[3] The y before consonantal w can become o in some cases, though generally not standard
..a/ bywyd [ˡbəwɪd] >
bowyd (= life)
..b/ Hywel [ˡhəwɛl] > Howel [ˡhowɛl] (= man’s name), Pywel [ˡpəwɛl] > Powel [ˡpowɛl] (= patronymic, surname)
c/ Powys (said to be historically Pywys)
d/ Sirhywi > Sirhowi /
Sirhowy / Syrhowy (river in Gwent)
e/ Llangywer > Llangower
(village in Meirionnydd)
f/ Llywes > Llowes (village
in Sir Faesyfed)
Also before “nw”:
mynwent (= cemetery) > monwent
mynwes (= breast) > monwes
[4] y > a
Cymru, Latinised as “Cambria”
:_______________________________.
y > i
In the tonic syllable in Sir Benfro /
Pembrokeshire:
mynydd > minidd > mini’ (= upland)
:_______________________________.
y < u
ORTHOGRAPHY:
y incorrectly replacing u in Welsh
At one time these were distinct vowel sounds, but u lost its rounded quality and came to be pronounced the same as y.
In the North, y is still distinct from i (ü = y, and i is separate from these two vowels), but in the south u = y = i
In some words, y is used although historically
the sound was u. Although u no longer represents a vowel distinct from y, and
is in this sense a redundant letter, in standard Welsh spelling it is
maintained.
curn (place names) heap, mound, stack, found as cyrn
Afon Cuch (south-west Wales) sometimes
written Afon Cych
Illtud (saint’s
name) is in fact the correct form rather than the usual Illtyd (from
which a female form Illtyda wasderived in the 1800s, at least in one instance;
instead of *Illtuda) (tud =
people).
Llanwrtud is more correct the the usual Llanwrtyd (tud = people).
Gruffudd is often found as Gruffydd (iudd = lord)
Morfudd is often found as Morfydd (budd = riches)
:_______________________________.
y > w
In the sequence y-w, the w in
the final syllable affects the y in the tonic syllable to produce w-w
cwmwd (= medieval administrative division) < cymwd
cwrdd (= to meet) < cẃ
-wrdd < cẃ -hwrdd < cý-hwrdd
:_______________________________.
y
Long y [ii] as [ai] in Anglicised forms
In English in the 1400s [ii] became diphthongised, resulting in modern [ai]
Some Welsh names taken into English show this change
Prys [priis] > English Price
(originally representing [priis],
now [prais])
Rhys [hriis] > English Rice (originally representing [riis], now [rais])
Llan-llŷr (in Powys) > Llan-ŷr > English Llanyre
:_______________________________.
y
‹ i ›
1
echo vowel
Many monosyllables have become disyllabic colloquially (epecially in South
Wales) with the insertion into a consonant cluster of an echo vowel, one which
duplicates the vowel of the first syllable (or final vowel of a diphthong)
Examples with y:
gwydr (= glass) > gwydyr ‹gui-dir› (South Wales)
llwybr (= path) > llwybyr (South Wales)
llyfyr (= book) > llyfyr (South Wales)
rhwystr (= impediment) > rhwystyr (South Wales)
syml (= simple) > symyl (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
y ‹ə›
1 represents the obscure vowel; in
monosyllables in previous centuries it was not possible phonologically in this
position (only y ‹i› was possible – for example llyn = lake) but nowadays there are a handful of loans from English
with y ‹ə›
which replaces the ‘centralised u’ of English, pronounced almost the same as
the English obscure vowel (or exactly the same by some English speakers)
In borrowings from English, to replace the central ‘u’ of standard English
..1/ blỳff = bluff
..2/ bỳns = buns, bynsen = bun
..3/ bỳs = bus
c`yt = cut (a wound; a channel cut into the earth)
..4/ Hỳn = Hun
..5/ nỳrs = nurse
..6/ rỳm = rum
..7/ sỳr = sir
At an earlier period, (pre 1700) English had not yet developed the ‘centralised
u’ and used the ‘back u’ as in modern English ‘bull, bush’, and such words were
taken into Welsh as ‹u›
Below we use the symbol Λ, the
inverted ‘v’ of the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent the
‘centralised u’
English ‘cut’, now pronounced ‹kΛt› but formerly ‹kut›, is modern Welsh cwt ‹kut›
Some words are spelt in modern Welsh with w
though in fact they are pronounced ‹ə›
Example: bws ‹bəs› = bus
Also ‹əə› (long vowel) in English is
replaced by ‹ə› in Welsh (but possibly borrowed when this vowel was
short in English before the vowel in English was elonagted
fflyrt flirt
ffyrm firm
:_______________________________.
y
y-y often in plural forms of nouns may corresponds to
w-w in the singular form
mwnwgl (obsolete) (= neck), mynyglau (= necks)
(The older singular form was mynwgl)
cwmwl (= cloud),
cymylau (= clouds)
(The older singular form was cymwl)
See w-w
:_______________________________.
y
A vowel (or even a diphthong) in
the tonic syllable may be reduced to the obscure vowel [ə]. This seems to be particularly the case in the
south-east.
A > Y
BARGOD A > Y
The local form of Y Bargod [ə ˡbargɔd] (a village in the county of Caerffili) is Y Byrgod
[ə ˡbərgɔd] shows the usual reduction in South
Wales of the final 'oe' to 'o', and the unusual reduction of 'a' in the tonic
syllable to the obscure vowel 'y' (though in south-east Wales a number of words
do show this feature).
CALAN GAEAF A >
Y
Calan Gaeaf / Calan Gaea [ˌkɑˑlan ˡgəɪa] (= All Saints’ Day, first day of November, “the calend of winter”) > *C’langeua
> Clyngeua [klənˡgəɪa]
GWASANAETHU A > Y
gwasanaethu <gwa-sa-NEI-thi> [gwəsaˡnəɪθɪ] (= to serve)
gwys’neithu / gwysneithu <gwas-NEI-thi> [gwəsˡnəɪθɪ] loss of pretonic syllable, reduction of vowel a > ə in new pretonic
syllable
gwys’nithu / gwysnithu <gwəs-NII-thi> [gwəsˡniˑθɪ] loss of pretonic syllable, reduction of vowel a > ə in new pretonic
syllable, reduction of diphthong in the tonic syllable
to a simple half-long vowel ei > i
DARNLADD A > Y
darladd <DAR-ladh> [ˡdarlað],
(= beat to within an ich of one’s life, half murder) > dyrladd <DƏR-ladh> [ˡdərlað]
LLANSTEFFAN > LLANSTYFFAN
Marged > Margad > Myrgad (south-east; =
English Margaret)
yn wastad < wastod (southern = always) >
wystod (south-eastern)
E > Y
CEFFYLAU E > Y
(= horses), plural of ceffyl (= horse). Colloquially cyffyle (and
also with the loss of the pretonic syllable, ’ffyle / ffyle )
CYFFYLOG E > Y
Scolopax rusticola, woodcock. This was originally ceffylog (noun)
< ceffylog (adj, ‘horse-like’,
‘resembling a horse’) (ceffyl = horse) + (-og adjectival suffix)
ENNILL
> YNNILL E > Y to win
GWEIRGLODD EI >
E > Y
gweirglodd [ˡgwəɪrglɔð] (hay meadow) > (gwerglodd) > gwyrglodd [ˡgwərglɔð], gwyrlod [ˡgwərlɔd],
gwyrlad [ˡgwərlad] (and other forms which do not show this reduction
to y [ə])
GWERFA E > Y
Y Werfa (qv) [ə ˡwɛrva] also as Y Wyrfa [ə ˡwərva]; place name in Aber-dâr (Rhondda
Cynon Taf)
IEUENCTID E > Y ieuenctid [jəɪˡɛŋktɪd] > i’enctid (youth = younger generation) > iynctid [ˡjəŋktɪd]
(south-east) MEDDAN NW (= they say)
> MYDDAN NW
(south-east) MEDDYLIWCH (= think!)
> MYDDYLWCH
I > Y
(delwedd 5906)
1/ esgidiau > esgydiau > ysgydiau
2/ DIHIR > DYHIR = very
long
(DI- intensifying prefix) + (HIR = long) > DIHIR > DYHIR (> Gwentian
deir)
3/ EDIFARU (= regret) > DIFARU
> DYFARU
O > Y
NODWYDD O > Y
nodwydd [ˡnɔdʊɪð] (= needle)
> nydwydd [ˡnədʊɪð]
U > Y
1/ stumog > stymog
(= stomach)
.....
2/ trumwedd peak, hill; appearance, form, outline; peak, hill
(trum = hill, peak, ridge) + soft mutation + (gwedd = appearance)
..a/ In the county of Dinbych, and in the adjacent
district of Meirionydd in Gwynedd.
..b/ Also in the north of Ceredigion as trymwydd (loss of quality of the tonic vowel, not
unusual in Welsh u [i] becomes the obscure vowel y; and there is confusion with the element gŵydd = presence)
.....
3/ cunnog
(= milk-pail) > cynnog
.....
4/ uchaf
> ycha (= upper)
.....
5/ Llundain
(London) > (south-east) Llyndan
.....
6/ tuchan
(= grumble, complain) > tychan
(South-east Wales)
.....
7/ hunan > hynan
.....
8/ A Few Place-Names In The Aman Valley Considered.
Rev. E.
Aman Jones, B A., Merthyr Vale.
The Carmarthenshire
Antiquary. 1910–11. BRYNHYNYDD
The name of a farm which is situated at the entrance of the
Grenig Road on the open mountain land. Can "hynydd" mean "a
huntsman"? The "hyn" may be the English "hound," and
the "ydd" the Welsh termination, denoting the agent. So
"Brynhynydd = bryn (a hill), Hynydd (a woman's name). Local pronunciation
is accountable for the 'u' becoming 'y'. Compare 'hunan," pronounced
"hynan."
.....
9/ Llanystumdwy
> Llanystymdwy
.....
|
10/ “TUD-” YN Y GOBEN
3b/ Tyddyntudur > Tyddyntydur Tyddyn Tydur SH 82198 60040 Llanrwst
|
11/ The place name
Dygoed is perhaps Dugoed with u > y
1../ Dygoed (Farm name) Llanarthne, Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire SN 55788 16414)
2../ Berllan Ddygoed (Field
name). Gwehelog Fawr, Sir Fynwy / Monmouthshire
Grid Reference: SO 36260 05156.
3../ Dygoed (Field name).
Llanafan Fawr, Sir
Frycheinioig / Brecknockshire
Grid Reference: SN 95359 55770.
4../ Dygoed (Unclassified).
Clydau, Sir Benfro / Pembrokeshire
Grid Reference: SN 26444 37432.
5../ Dygoed Bach “Dygoed bach”
(Field). Ystradgynlais Uchaf, Sir Frycheinioig / Brecknockshire
Grid Reference: SN 82470 12359.
6../ Dygoed Melyn (Field).
Llandeilo Wledig, Sir
Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire
Grid Reference: SN 65316 17691
12 plufio (= to pluck the feathers off [a bird]) > plyfio
13 lludw (ashes) >llydw (Ceredigion)
14 lluniaeth (= sustenance) > llynieth
15 munud (=
minute) > mynud
16 tunellau (= tons) > tynelle
17 y Sulgwyn (= Whit Sunday) > y Sylgwyn
18 busnes > bysnas (Y Darian, 11 Chwefror 1915, Siop Dafydd y
Crydd)
19 Ardudful > Ardydfil /Ardydfyl. “In a farm house called Broginin,
in the parish of Llanbadarn Fawr, Gwilym Gam, father of the celebrated hard,
David ab Gwilym, resided. David ab
Gwilym was the son of Gwilym ab David; this family descended from Bran, one of
the fifteen tribes of North Wales. Gwilym Gam married Ardudfyl, daughter of Gwilym Vychan, of Cryngae, near
Newcastle-Emlyn.
(Historical notes of the
counties of Glamorgan, Carmarthen and Cardigan; and a list of the members of
parliament for South Wales, from Henry VIII, to Charles II. John Rowlands,
1886.)
William J. Jones 1844 (Waun-fawr, Sir Gaernarfon / Caernarfonshire) – 1906;
Wife: Mary Hughes 1837 – 1922, Children:.... Ardydfil Parry Jones 1915 – Unknown.
Census 1881: First name: Ardydfil,
Last name: Davies, Relationship: Daughter, Marital status: Single, Gender:
Single, Age: 3, Birth year: 1878, Birth place: [Dowlais] Glamorganshire, Wales,
Occupation: Scholar,
20 cudyn (= lock of hair; wisp
of mist) > cydyn.
Doctor Nuptiarum. 1777. By William Williams Pantycelyn. “...hi ddiflannodd
fel cydyn o niwl o flaen y gwynt” she / it disappeared like a wisp of mist in
the path of (“before”) the wind”
21 Gurnos (= small mounds),
place name, Merthyr Tudful > Gyrnos.
CURNOS U> Y
Y Gurnos (in place names, = small mounds) (qv) [ə ˡgɪrnɔs] also dialectally as Y Gyrnos [ə ˡgərnɔs]; district of Merthyrtudful, built on the lands of
Gurnos farm (formerly spelt as Gyrnos); Coed Gyrnos, Gwenddwr, Powys SO 0564 4284; Gyrnos Tinplate Company formed in 1886, situated on the Morgannwg / Glamorgan side of Afon Twrch. The village now correctly spelt as (Y) Gurnos;
there is a street here “Gyrnosfa” (with the addition of -fa = place)
22
(South-east) clustiau (= ears) > clysta
:_______________________________.
Y in the pretonic syllable
y < a in the pretonic syllable
y < e in the pretonic syllable
y < i in the pretonic syllable
y < o in the pretonic syllable
y < u in the pretonic syllable
y < w in the pretonic syllable
y < a in the pretonic syllable
Cyfyrddin <
Carfyrddin < Caerfyrddin
y < e in the pretonic syllable
1 Byrtawe < Bertawe
< Abertawe
2 Byr-dâr < Ber-dâr
< Aber-dâr
3 Preseli (an upland in the county of Penfro) < Prys Selyf (woodland of Selyf, the Welsh form of Solomon)
4 prygethwr (south-east) < pregethwr (=
preacher)
5 pyrthnasa (south-east) <
perthnasau (= relations)
5 pyrerin (south-east) < pererin
(= pilgrim)
y < u in the pretonic syllable
:_______________________________.
y is used to represent Greek y, and thus causes
complications because it has the sound of y [i] in a stressed syllable, which
directly contradicts traditional spelling rules, where y can only represent y
in unstressed syllables
sycamorwydden
sycamore tree
:_______________________________.
SOUND CHANGE: y < a
1 y < pretonic a
Clyngaea ‹kləng-gei-a›
< C’langaea / Clangaea < Calan Gaeaf (= All Saints, “(the) calend
(of) winter”)
(For more examples see above: “A vowel
(or even a diphthong) in the tonic syllable may be reduced to the obscure vowel
[ə]”. )
2 y < pretonic a
(see ‘false definite article’ below) Y
Berch, Y Berffro, Y Bermo, Y Mérica, Y Mwythig, Y Radur, Y Lai, Y Wenni, Y
Werddon
2 y < pretonic i
diffygiol >
dyffygiol (= defective)
distawrwydd >
dystawrwydd (=
silence)
dirmygus >
dyrmygus (= contemptuous)
:_______________________________.
y
1 In monosyllables with
the diphthong wy an epenthetic vowel
i “y”is inserted into the clusters br,
dr in colloquial pronunciations.
brwydr (= battle, fight) > brwydyr
crwydr (= wandering) > crwydyr
gwydr (= glass) > gwydyr
llwybr (= path) > llwybyr
2 In monosyllables with the vowel y an epenthetic vowel ‹i› “y” is
inserted into the cluster fr in
colloquial pronunciations.
(South Wales) llyfr (= books) > llyfyr. In some areas it has become
llyfyr (with the obscure vowel in
the penult), possibly conditioned by the word llythyr (= letter), and
maybe also myfyr ( a literary word = meditation,
consideration, thought)
:_______________________________.
:_______________________________.
y ‹ə
›
1 (definite article) See yr
y groes = the cross
y cae = the field;
yr before a vowel
yr afon = the river
’r after a vowel
Cae’r Nant Field of the brook
2 absence in place names – linking definite article
Pen-y-coed “(the) end / edge (of) the wood” > Pen-coed
3 absence in place names of the definite article in simplex names.
This is apparent in nouns of feminine gender with a mutable initial
consonant.
Treflan street name in
..a/ Aberdyfi (county of Gwynedd)
..b/ Bangor (county of Gwynedd)
..c/ Llansantffráid ym Mechain (district of Maldwyn, county of Powys)
..d/ Y Ffôr (county of Gwynedd)
One might have expected Y Dreflan
3 absence in place names of the definite article in noun-phrasal names.
This is apparent in nouns of feminine gender with a mutable initial
consonant.
Carreg-fach ‹ka-reg vaakh› house name
“small stone, little rock” (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (bach = small, little)
One might have expected Y Garreg-fach, with the definite article, but
some place names and house names are in this indefinite form
In the north-west there is Dwygyfylchi
[dui gə vəl khi] Village
(SH7377) in Conwy, between Penmaen-mawr and Penmaen-bach
There is mention of the place in the 1500s as y ddwy gyfylchi “the two
forts”
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (dwy = two) + soft
mutation + (cyfylchi = fort)
:_______________________________.
(2) y ‹ə›
particle used with the verb 'bod' = to be
Y mae’n dda = It’s good
:_______________________________.
(3) y ‹ə›
relative = that, who, which
Dyna'r ferch y bûm yn siarad â hi That's
the girl I was talking to
:_______________________________.
(4) y ‹ə›
1 false definite article; from the weakening of an initial vowel
which is then detached and treated as the definite article
...(a) place names:
Aber-erch (SH3936) (county of Gwynedd) > Y Berch
Probably Aber-érch > Ab’rérch > Ab’érch
> Yb’érch > Y Berch
Abérffro (village of the county of
Ynys Môn) > Y Berffro
Aber-ffráw > Abérffraw > Abérffro > Y Bérffro
Abérmo (village of the county
of Gwynedd) > Y Bermo
Aber-máw
> Abérmaw > Abérmo > Y Bérmo
América (America) > Y Mérica (i’r Mérica = to America)
Amwythig (Welsh name of Shrewsbury,
England) > Y Mwythig
Aradur (village of the county of
Caer-dydd) > Y Radur
Elái (name of a river in the
south-east) > Y Lai
Ewenni (name of a river in the
south-east) > Y Wenni
Iwerddon (Ireland) > Y Werddon
The standardisation of the
spelling of Welsh place names was supposed
to eliminate doubt about the pronunciation of names such as Abermaw and
Aberffraw (i.e. Abérmaw, Abérffraw) – if the older pronunciation had
survived, we should expect to see Aber-maw, Aber-ffraw (i.e. Aber-máw,
Aber-ffráw - the final syllable bears the stress).
But with the number of exceptions permitted according to the recommended
spellings, supposedly because they are such familiar names that they need not
conform to the general pattern (Caerdydd, instead of the more correct
Caer-dydd; Llanrwst instead of Llan-rwst, Maesteg instead of Maes-teg) there is
still great scope for confusion, especially with lesser-known names.
________________________
Also in some place names which have ynys
(= meadow) as a first element
Ynysawdre (county of Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr) > Y Snawdra
Ynysgiwen (county of Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan) > Y Sgiwan
________________________
...(b) pronouns
efô = (he) > y fo
________________________
...(c) common nouns
eboles (filly) > y boles, which in the North-west has
been understood as
(definite article + soft mutation + poles),
and so this form with initial ‘p’ is usual colloquially
:_______________________________.
(5) y ‹ə›
1 (definite article) sometimes found preceding an English surname in
place names
Llwyn-y-grant former farm in Caer-dydd, name preserved in street names (llwyn = wood)
Twynyrharris farm name in Ystradmynach (county of Caerffili) (twyn = hill)
Graig y Bwldan In ‘Place-names in Glamorgan
’ (2002), (p.50) Gwynedd O. Pierce, explains the hill name Graig y Bwldan as
being the English surname Balden - a
Nicholas Balden is mentioned in a 1553 Gower will.
(QUERY) Craig y Merchant by Rhisga seems to be a name of this type. Is
Merchant a surname here?
2 (definite article) (irregular use) found preceding river names in
colloquial Welsh and in some recent place names. In literary Welsh this use of
the definite article with river names is considered incorrect (note place names
– Aberystwyth = mouth of the Ystwyth
river; not “Aber yr Ystwyth”)
Dyfrdwy:
Bum lawer gwaith yn tosturio wrth yr
afon Alun yn y pwynt lle y mae yn colli ei hunan yn y Dyfrdwy. (Rhys Lewis
/ Daniel Owen / 1885 / tudalen 19)
Many times I felt sorry for the river Alun at the place where it loses itself
in the Dyfrdwy (‘River Dee’)
Also in some place names:
..1/ Parcyrirfon (“parc yr
Irfon”, field by the Irfon river) housing estate in Llanfair yn Muallt
..2/ Twyn Crug yr Afan (“the hill of the tumulus of the river Afan”),
and “Bwlch yr Afan” (“The pass of the river Afan”) near the source of the river
Afan on the road between Cwm-parc (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) and Blaengwynfi
(county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan).
..3/ Tremyteifi / Trem y Teifi street name in Llandysul, county of
Ceredigion
..4/ Sŵnyllethi / Sŵn
y Llethi street name in Llanarth,
county of Ceredigion (“Swn-y-Llethi”)
:_______________________________.
Y absent in place names (1)
In some place names, the main element is not preceded by the definite article
y, though form the form of the name it might be expected to be present
Pont-faen SN9934
village in the Brycheiniog district of Powys
Y Bont-faen would perhaps be expected.
Tre-boeth ‹tre-boith ›
..1/ SS6596 locality in the county of Abertawe (Gorllewin Morgannwg) Local
form: Tre-bo’th
..2/
Welsh name of Handbridge SJ4165; locality in the county of Cheshire,
England; by Chester, south of the River Dyfrdwy
Y Dre-boeth would perhaps be expected
:_______________________________.
Y absent in place names (2)
The ‘linking definite article’ is very often dropped in place names. Sometimes the
official name includes the article, but the local form omits it; at other
times, the name without the article is the official form, even though in
general place names are spelt using the standard literary form of the name
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr. “(the) Pen-y-bont (“on (the river) Ogwr”.
Pen-y-bont is “(the) (house) (at) (the) end (of) / entrance (to) the bridge”. A
local form is Pem-bont
Pen-coed (village in the county of Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr). This is the offical form, though the full form would be Pen-y-coed “(the) end / edge (of) the wood”
:_______________________________.
y ‹ə
›
1 (definite article) See
also yr
:_______________________________.
ych ‹iikh › [iːx] masculine noun
PLURAL ychen
‹ə -khen›
[əxɛn]
1 ox = adult castrated male of the Bos genus, used as a
draught animal and slaughtered for its meat
2 yfed fel ych drink like
a fish (“drink like an ox”)
yfed cwrw fel ych drink beer like
there’s no tomorrow (“drink beer like an ox”)
3 trol ychen ox cart
(“cart of oxen”)
4 Rhydychen Oxford (“ford (of) oxen”)
5 John Walters, An English and Welsh Dictionary, Year 1828:
ych gwedd working ox (“ox (of) yoke”)
ych bôn the hindmost ox, any one of the two hindmost oxen in a
plough or team (“ox (of) back end”)
ych tywarch the ox next the furrow, the right-hand ox [in
ploughing] (“ox (of) turf”)
ych gwellt the ox that goes on the unploughed land, or the the
left-hand ox [in ploughing] (“ox (of) grass”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *uks
From the same British root: Breton oc’hen (= ox)
From the same Celtic root: Irish os
(= deer)
From the same Indoeuropean root: English oxs, Greek ochs (= ox)
:_______________________________.
ych ‹IIKH› [iːx] (verb)
1 (South) you are
2 rych chi…, ’ych chi / i chi you are (affirmative)
3 dych chi ddim…, ’ych chi ddim / i chi ddim / chi ddim you are
not
4 that you are
ych ych chi you are an ox “(it-is) (an) ox that-you-are you”
:_______________________________.
ych chi ‹ii khi› [iːx xiː, iˑˡxiː] (verb)
1 (South) you are
:_______________________________.
ychwaneg ‹ə-KHWAA-neg› [əˡxwɑˑnɛg] (masculine noun)
1 more
gwneud meddwl ychwaneg am reflect on
:_______________________________.
ychwanegu ‹əkh wa NEE gi› [əxwaˡneˑgɪ] (verb)
1 to add
:_______________________________.
ychwanegyn bwyd,
ychwanegion bwyd ‹əkh wa NEE gin BUID,
əkh wa NEG yon BUID› &[əxwaˡneˑgɪn
buid, əxwaˡnɛgjɔn buid] (masculine noun)
1 food additive
:_______________________________.
ychydig ‹ə KHƏƏ dig› &[əˡxəˑdɪg] (masculine noun)
1 a bit
2 rhy ychydig too little
rhy ychydig (o rywbeth) too little
(of something)
codi rhy ychydig ar (rywun) charge
(somebody) too little, undercharge (somebody)
rhoi rhy ychydig (o rywbeth) (i rywun) give
too little (of something) (to somebody)
3 o ychydig ddiddordeb of
minor interest, of little interest
4 a few
y mae ychydig ohonom som uns quants there are a few of us
ychydig sydd ohonom there are only a few of us
5
(distance) o fewn ychydig i very
near (“a bit from”)
6
ychydig ar a bit (in phrases
equivalent to English verb + direct
object + a bit)
rw i'n mynd i dacluso ychydig ar yr iard
I'm going to tidy up the yard a bit
mae hyn yn helpu ychydig ar y broses
this helps the process a little
gweld ychydig iawn ar rywun see very
little of somebody
ychydig yr wyf i'n gweld arno I
don’t see him much (“[it-is] little that-I-am-seeing on him”)
ETYMOLOGY: ychydig < *fychydig < *bychydig < *bychodig
(bychod an obsolete noun meaning “little, few”) + (-ig diminutive suffix)
Bychod is (bych = (adj) small) + (-od suffix). It
corresponds to Cornish boghes (= a little)
:_______________________________.
yd ‹IID› (plural
noun)
1 (plural form) See: yden
‹Ə-den› ear of corn
:_______________________________.
-yd ‹ID› (suffix)
1 Occurs as a verbal suffix in a few verbnouns in standard Welsh
cymryd (< cymeryd) to take
But its use is much more widespread in colloquial Welsh
cyrheuddyd (i.e. cyrhaeddyd in a more
formal spelling) to arrive, to reach; standard cyrraedd
:_______________________________.
ydach chi? ‹ə da khi› (verb)
1 are you? (North-west)
:_______________________________.
ydan ni? ‹ə da ni› (verb)
1 are we? (North-west)
:_______________________________.
-ydd ‹idh› noun-forming
suffix
1
(person - man)
ysgrifenydd = secretary
melinydd = miller
The addition of -es indicates a
female
ysgrifenyddes (female) secretary
The suffix –ydd is used increasingly
in modern Welsh as a gender-neutral suffix.
Strictly speaking arlunydd = artist (male);
but it is used also to indicate: artist (male or female).
The problem is the plural form, since -ydd
was considered to be equivalent to the suffix -wr (man), and the plural form for both is often -wyr (men) (arlunydd, arlunwyr). The plural of -ydd is -yddion which
with certain words is unusual outside a formal context
2 at one time popular in forming bardic names:
---
Aeronydd Middle name of the Rev. J. Aeronydd Enoch, from Ciliau Aeron, Ceredigion
(roughly “person from next to the Aeron river”)
---
Ceulanydd John Williams (1847?-1899)
---
Clwydydd Pseudonym of Thomas Rhys Jones
(1858-1950), minister.
(roughly “person from next to the Clwyd river”)
---
Hafrenydd Pseudonym of Thomas William (1807-1894), a
musician born in Llanidloes (in present-day Powys). a town on the banks of Afon
Hafren / the River Severn
(Hafren = river name) + (-ydd)
(roughly “person from next to the Hafren river”)
---
Ogwenydd – pseudonym of John R.
Jones, born in
(roughly “person from next to the Ogwen river”)
(Ogwen the current literary form of Ogwan, the name of the river here, though
Ogwan is in fact the correct form. It was assumed that the final -a- was the
typical north-western spoken form taking the place of an original -e- : bedwan
(= a birch tree) < bedwen.
Ogwenydd though could be (Ogwan) + (ydd) with vowel affection – the a becoming e having been conditioned by the final y
---
3 denoting a device:
..a/ gwasgydd squeezer, press
..b/ llathrydd polisher
In such words with an initial a
there is usually vowel affection – the a
becoming e being conditioned by the
final y, but in recent coinings the
rule seems not to function
4 denoting a substance:
..a/ melysydd = sweetener
ETYMOLOGY: British *ij-ô;
the plural of this suffix is -yddion <
*yddon < British ijon-es
NOTE: Though there is usually no vowel affection in modern compounds, sometimes
double forms occur – gwasgydd (no
affection), gwesgydd (with
affection)
:_______________________________.
-ydd ‹idh› suffix
1 used in Old Welsh to indicate a territory;
added to a forename
Eifionydd (Eifion + -ydd)
Gwynionydd <gwə-ni-OO-nidh> [gwənɪˡoˑnɪð]
(medieval Wales) division of the kantrev of Is Aeron, south-west
Wales
(Gwynion + -ydd)
Gwynionydd was the pseudonym of Benjamin Williams (1821-91), born in Pen-bryn,
Cerdigion. Curate of Troed-yr-aur, Tiryrabad and Llanofer.
Meirionydd (Meirion + -ydd)
:_______________________________.
ydech chi? ‹ə de khi› (verb)
1 are you? (North-east)
:_______________________________.
yden, yd ‹ə
–den, iid› feminine noun
1 grain of corn, ear
of corn
yd corn
cae ŷd cornfield
2 (North Wales) seedcorn, cereal grains for planting (wheat, barley,
oats)
(had = seeds) + (yd = cereal)
3 hen yd y wlad country people, country folk (“old corn (of)
the countryside”)
4 gwannyd (South Wales) inferior grain
“weak corn” (gwann-, tonic syllable form of gwan = weak) + (yd
= corn)
In Godre Ceredigion (the southern part of the county of Ceredigion) gwennyd
(with vowel affection – a > e on account of the y in
the final syllable)
ETYMOLOGY: < British < Cetlic
Cornish ysenn / ys (= corn), Breton edenn / ed (= corn)
:_______________________________.
yden ni? ‹ə de ni›
1 (North-east) are we?
:_______________________________.
ydfran ‹əd vran›
(f)
PLURAL FORM ydfrain ‹əd vrain›
1 rook
ETYMOLOGY: 'cereal crow, corn crow'
(yd = cereals) + soft mutation + (brân
= crow)
:_______________________________.
ydi ‹ə DI›
1 is (standardised colloquial Welsh - properly a Northern form)
The 3rd [person] singular ydiw was so written up to the 16th
century; and rhymes with words in -iw, as friw, ýdiw D. G.
(= Dafydd ap Gwilym (North Cardiganshire), floruit 1350-80, reference
[is] to Barddoniaeth Dafydd ap Gwilym… Llundain, 1789) 35 cf. 119, 144,
193, etc. and G. (= Gwalchmai, Anglesey. Floruit 1150-90) 186, 193, 203, 206,
235, 247, also with yw (= iw); see paragraph 77 v. The Late
Modern ydyw is an etymological spelling, and is read ýdiw, except
by a few affected persons. The North Wales dialect form is ýdi (and, in
answering questions only, ndi, a curious attempt to sound y with
the tongue in the d position). South Wales dialect, in questions and
answers, ódi.
(delwedd 7261)
:_______________________________.
ydi e? ‹Ə di e› (verb)
1 is he (standardised colloquial Welsh - properly a Northern form)
:_______________________________.
ydi hi? ‹Ə di hi› (verb)
1 is she? (North)
:_______________________________.
ydi’n wir ‹ə-din wiir› verb
1 isn’t it / isn’t she? / isn’t he?
indeed it is / indeed she is / indeed he is
Tag element after an affirmative statement, as an exclamation
Mae hi’n dda, ydi’n wir
She’s good, isn’t she? She’s good, she really is good
ETYMOLOGY: = ydi yn wir (ydi = is) + (yn wir = truly); (yn =
predicative linker) + soft mutation + (gwir
= true)
:_______________________________.
ydi o? ‹Ə di o› (verb)
1 is he? (North)
:_______________________________.
ydlan ‹əd lan› FEMININE NOUN
PLURAL FORM ydlannau ‹əd la ne›,
ydlannoedd ‹əd
la noidh, -nodh›
1 rickyard, cornyard
ETYMOLOGY: 'cereal enclosure' : (yd = cereals) + soft mutation + (llan = enclosure)
:_______________________________.
ydoedd ef ‹ə DOIDH ev› (verb)
1 he was
:_______________________________.
ydoedd hi ‹ə DOIDH hi› (verb)
1 she was
:_______________________________.
ydw ‹ə DU›
1 I am
2 am I?
3 (answer) yes, I am
South Wales: in the south-west odw, south-east otw
:_______________________________.
ydw i? ‹ə DU› (verb)
1 am I?
South Wales: in the south-west odw i?, south-east otw i?
:_______________________________.
ydwyt ‹ə DUIT› (verb)
1 (literary) 1 you are ('thou art') 2 (question) are you? 3 (answer)
yes, you are
:_______________________________.
ydy ‹ə DI› (verb)
1 he is
2 (question) is he?
3 (answer) yes, he is
South Wales: in the south-west odi, south-east oti
See ydi
:_______________________________.
ydy e? ‹ə DI e› (verb)
1 is he?
South Wales: in the south-west odi e?, south-east oti a?
See ydi
:_______________________________.
ydy hi? ‹ə DI
hi› (verb)
1 is she?
South Wales: in the south-west odi ’i / odi ddi, south-east oti ’i, oti ddi
See ydi
:_______________________________.
ydy o ‹ə DI o› (verb)
1 he is (North)
See ydi
:_______________________________.
ydych ‹ə DIKH› (verb)
1 you are ('thou art') 2 (question) are you? 3 (answer) yes, you are
South Wales: ych
:_______________________________.
ydych chi? ‹ə DI khi› (verb)
:_______________________________.
ydym ‹ə DIM› (verb)
1 we are 2 (question) are we? 3 (answer) yes, we are
:_______________________________.
ydyn ‹ə DIN› (verb)
1 they are 2 (question) are they? 3 (answer) yes, they are
:_______________________________.
ydyn nhw? ‹ə DI nu› (verb)
1 are they?
:_______________________________.
ydynt ‹ə DINT› (verb)
(literary form)
1 they are
2 (question) are they?
3 (answer) yes, they are
:_______________________________.
ydyw ‹ə DIU› (verb)
(literary form)
1 he is
2 (question) is he?
3 (answer) yes, he is
The 3rd [person] singular ydiw was so written up to the 16th
century; and rhymes with words in –iw, as friw, ýdiw D. G. (=
Dafydd ap Gwilym (North Cardiganshire), floruit 1350-80, reference [is]
to Barddoniaeth Dafydd ap Gwilym… Llundain, 1789) 35 cf. 119, 144, 193,
etc. and G. (= Gwalchmai, Anglesey. Floruit 1150-90) 186, 193, 203, 206, 235,
247, also with yw (= iw); see paragraph 77 v. The Late Modern ydyw
is an etymological spelling, and is read ýdiw, except by a few
affected persons. The North Wales dialect form is ýdi (and, in answering
questions only, ndi, a curious attempt to sound y with the tongue
in the d position). South Wales dialect, in questions and answers, ódi.
(delwedd 7261)
:_______________________________.
yfed ‹Ə
ved› (verb)
1 to drink
siocled yfed drinking chocolate
(“chocolate (of) drinking”)
2 to drink alcoholic drinks
yfed fel ych drink like a fish
(“drink like an ox”)
yfed cwrw fel ych drink beer like
there’s no tomorrow (“drink beer like an ox”)
yfed nes hurtio drink oneself stupid
yfed i iechyd rhywun drink to the
health of (somebody), toast (somebody)
pethau yfed alcoholic drinks
Yr oedd yn y dafarn honno jwg piwtar yn
dal hanner galwyn o gwrw. Y gamp oedd yfed ei lond o gwrw ar un llwnc,
hynny yw, heb gymryd gwynt. In the pub mentioned there was a pewter
jug holding half a gallon of beer, The trick (“feat”) was to drink all the beer
in it at once / in a single draught (“on one swallow”), without taking a breath
:_______________________________.
yfed ‹Ə ved› (verb)
1 let him / her / it drink
Diarhebion 31:7 Yfed efe, fel yr anghofio ei dlodi; ac ac un na feddylio am
ei flinfyd mwy.
Proverbs 31:7 Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and remember his misery no
more.
ETYMOLOGY: (yf- stem of yfed = to drink) + (-ed = verbal
inflexion)
:_______________________________.
yfory ‹ə VOO ri› (adverb)
1 tomorrow
Colloquially ’fory
2 Coch i fyny teg yfory
Red sky at night, shepherd’s delight (“red up, fair tomorrow”)
if the sky is red at sunset, tomorrow will be a fine day
3
Heddiw piau hi, nid yfory Don’t put
off until tomorrow what you can do today, Don’t leave until tomorrow what you
can do today
:_______________________________.
yma ‹Ə ma› (adverb)
1 here
:_______________________________.
ymadael ‹ə MAA del› (verb)
1 leave, depart
2 ymadael â foresake, give up, leave behind
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 35:3 Ewyllys yr Arglwydd yw troi oddi wrth ddrygioni; a bodloni yw ymado ag
anghyfiawnder.
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 35:3 To depart from wickedness is a thing pleasing to
the Lord; and to forsake unrighteousness is a propitiation.
:_______________________________.
ymadawiad
‹ə-ma- dau -yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL ymadawiadau
‹ə-ma-dau- yaa -de›
1 departure (Scotland: way-going)
2 departure = resignation from a job
3 death
Ymadawiad Arthur The Passing of
Arthur (‘awdl’ – alliterative poem, in different metres – by T. Gwynn Jones who
was awarded the bardic chair in the eisteddfod in 1902, relating the death of
Arthur after being wounded in battle)
ychydig cyn ei ymadawiad shortly
before his death
ETYMOLOGY: (ymadaw-, stem of ymadael = to depart) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
y mae
1 "that-is". This is
normally mae in the spoken language
(the y is dropped)
Arni hí y mae'r bai > Arni hí mae'r bai It's her fault
("(it is) on her that-is the blame")
:_______________________________.
y mae ‹ə MAE› (verb)
1 there is, she is, he is, it is
:_______________________________.
y mae ef ‹ə MAE EEV› (verb)
1 he is
:_______________________________.
y mae hi ‹ə MAE HII› (verb)
1 she is
:_______________________________.
y maent ‹ə MAINT› (verb)
1 they are
:_______________________________.
y maent hwy ‹ə MAINT HUI› (verb)
1 they are
:_______________________________.
ymaflyd ‹ə
MAV lid (verb)
1 ymaflyd (yn rhywbeth) take hold of, grasp (something)
Ymaflodd yn nwylo y ferch fechan She
grasped the little girl`s hands
2 ymaflyd
codwm ‹ə MAV lid KOO dum› (masculine noun)
wrestling
ETYMOLOGY: ymaflyd, ymaf’lyd a contracted form ymafaelyd, from (ymafael = to grasp) +
(-yd suffix for forming verbs).
Ymafael is (ym- prefix of
reflexivity or reciprocity) + soft mutation + (gafael = to grasp, to hold)
:_______________________________.
ymáith ‹ə MAITH›
adverb
1 away
2
halio ymáith tow away, tow off
Mae’r heddlu wedi halio ei gar ymáith
The police have towed away his car
crafu ymaith scrape off, scrape away
:_______________________________.
ymalltudio ‹ə-malh- tid -yo› verb
1
go into exile
ETYMOLOGY: “exile oneself” (ym- =
reflexive prefix ) + (alltudio = to
exile)
:_______________________________.
ymarfer ‹ə MAR ver› (verb)
1 practise
maes ymarfer golff golf driving range (“field (of) practising golf”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/551486 Maes Ymarfer Golff Tre-borth, Ynys Môn
ETYMOLOGY: “practise oneself” (ym- = reflexive prefix ) + (arfer
= to practise)
:_______________________________.
ymarferiad tân ‹ə-mar- ver
-yad taan› feminine noun
PLURAL ymarferiadau
tân ‹ə-mar-ver- yâ -de taan›
1 fire-drill, fire-practice
ETYMOLOGY: “practice (of) fire” (ymarferiad
= practice) + (tân = fire)
:_______________________________.
ymarferol ‹əm-ar-vee -rol› adjective
1 practical (as opposed to theoretical)
2 anymarferol unfeasible,
impractical
ETYMOLOGY: (ymarfer = to practise,
to use) + (-ol suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymarfer saethu ‹ə-mar-ver sei-thi› masculine noun
PLURAL ymarferion
saethu ‹ə-mar-ver-yon sei-thi›
1 target practice
ETYMOLOGY: “practice (of) shooting, shooting practice” (ymarfer = practice) + (saethu
= to shoot, shooting)
:_______________________________.
ymarfogi ‹ə mar VOO gi› (verb)
1 arm (oneself), take up arms
ETYMOLOGY: “arm oneself” (ym- =
reflexive prefix ) + (arfogi = to
arm, to furnish with a weapon or weapons)
:_______________________________.
ymarllwys ‹ə- mar -lhuis › verb
1 pour out (eg people leaving a crowded room)
pan oedd y dorf yn ymarllwys o’r neuadd
when the crowd was pouring out of the hall
2 ymarllwys yn y môr
(river) flow into the sea
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
(arllwys = pour)
:_______________________________.
ymarweddiad ‹ə-mar-wedh-yad› masculine noun
1
(literary) ymarweddiad bearing,
behaviour, conduct, attitude, inclination, disposition
cod ymarweddiad code of conduct (a set of principles which a member of a
particular group of people must adhere to and not contravene)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (arweddiad
bearing, behaviour, attitude)
:_______________________________.
ymateb ‹ə MA-teb› (verb)
1 react, respond
2
ymateb i’r gofynion, rise to the
occasion (“react to the requirements”)
3 (noun) response
cael ymateb get a response
cael ymateb cadarnhaol get a positive response
ETYMOLOGY: “answer oneself / to others” (ym-
= reflexive or reciprocative prefix ) + (ateb
= to answer)
:_______________________________.
ymbarél,
ymbaréls / ymbarelau / ymbareli ‹əm ba REL, əm ba RELS / əm ba RE le / əm
ba RE li› (feminine noun)
1 umbrella
agor ymbarél open an umbrella
cau ymbarél close an umbrella
ymbarél traeth beach umbrella
ymbarél golff golf umbrella
cuddio dan ymbarél hide under an
umbrella
2 corff ymbarél umbrella group, umbrella organisation – an
single organisation which incorporates many different organisations to
represent their interests
Mae Mentrau Iaith Cymru yn gorff ymbarél i’r rhwydwaith o Fentrau
Iaith
“Language Entreprise Grooups of Wales” is an umbrella organisation for the
network of Language Entreprise Groups
:_______________________________.
ymbaratói ‹əm ba ra TOI› (verb)
1 prepare oneself, get oneself ready
ymbaratói i farw prepare oneself for death
ymbaratói at arolygiad prepare oneself for an inspection
ETYMOLOGY: “prepare oneself” (ym-
= reflexive prefix ) + (paratói = to
prepare)
:_______________________________.
ymbelydredd ‹əm be LƏ dredh› (masculine noun)
1 radiation
:_______________________________.
ymbelydrol ‹əm be LƏ drol› (adjective)
1 radio-active
:_______________________________.
ymbincio ‹əm BINGK yo› (verb)
1 make up, put on make up
bwrdd ymbincio dressing table
:_______________________________.
ymborth ‹əm -borth› masculine
noun
1 food, sustenance;
byw heb ymborth live without eating
and drinking;
literary Welsh cymeryd eich ymborth to eat, to have a meal ("to take your
food")
ETYMOLOGY: stem of the verb ymborthi
= to feed oneself, to eat, to eat and drink
:_______________________________.
ymborthi ‹əm- bor -thi› verb
1 formal to eat, to have a
meal;
Yr oedd yn ymborthi a darllen ar
unwaith He was eating and reading at the same time
2 (animal) ymborthi ar, eat, feed on = give food
to oneself;
Bydd y ddraenog yn ymborthi ar falwod,
pryfed a chwilod
The hedgehog feeds on snails, insects and beetles
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (porthi = to
feed).
The verb porthi is (*porth < British *port- < Latin portare = to carry) + (-i
verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymbwyllo ‹əm BUI lho› (verb)
1 cool down after an argument
ETYMOLOGY: “restore discretion to oneself” (ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (pwyllo = to consider, contemplate, exercise discretion)
:_______________________________.
ymchwil ‹ƏM khwil›
(feminine noun)
1 research
2 cudd-ymchwil intelligence = secret information about an enemy
(cudd = hidden) + (ymchwil = research)
:_______________________________.
ymchwilio ‹ əm KHWIL yo› (feminine noun)
1 to research
ETYMOLOGY: “search + oneself” (ym- =
reflexive prefix ) + (chwilio = to
search)
:_______________________________.
ymdaith,
ymdeithiau ‹ƏM daith, əm DEITH
ye› (feminine noun)
1 march
2 gorymdaith procession (gor- = intensifying prefix) + (ymdaith = march)
:_______________________________.
ymdeithio ‹ əm DEITH yo› (feminine noun)
1 to march
Ymdeithiasant
dros fynyddoedd Berwyn a Rug i ymosod ar y gelyn
They marched over the Berwyn and Rug mountains to attack the enemy
2 walk, make one’s way
Exodus 6:4 Hefyd mi a sicrheais fy nghyfamod a hwynt, am roddi iddynt wlad
Canaan, sef gwlad eu hymdaith, yr hon yr ymdeithiasant ynddi.
Exodus 6:4 And I have also established my covenant with them, to give them the
land of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, wherein they were strangers
(“that they made their way into”)
pan ddisgynodd y Gwaredwr o'r nef ac yr ymdeithiodd ym mhlith dynion.
When the Saviour descended from Heaven and made his way among mankind
ETYMOLOGY: (ymdaith = march) + (-io verbal prefix)
:_______________________________.
ymddangos ‹əm DHANG gos› (verb)
1 show up, appear
ETYMOLOGY: “show oneself” (ym- =
reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (chwilio
= to show)
:_______________________________.
ymddeol ‹əm DHEE ol› (verb)
1 retire
:_______________________________.
ymddidan ‹əm DHII dhan, əm
dhi DHAN yon› (masculine
noun)
1 conversation
:_______________________________.
ymddidan â ‹əm DHII dhan› (verb)
1 converse (with)
:_______________________________.
ymddiddori ‹əm dhi DHOO ri› (verb)
1 be interested in
ymddiddori mewn rywbeth be interested in sth
ETYMOLOGY: “interest oneself” (ym-
= reflexive prefix ) + (diddori = to
interest)
:_______________________________.
ymddiried ‹əm DHIR yed› (verb)
1 trust, place one's confidence in
2 ymddiried (rhywbeth i
rywun) = entrust (something to somebody)
Rydym ni wedi ymddiried brwydr yr iaith
i wleidyddion yn rhy hir
We’ve entrusted the struggle for the language to politicians for too long
3
tor ymddiried breach of trust,
breach of faith
:_______________________________.
ymddirwyn ‹əm DHIR uin› (verb)
1 to snake, to wind (= to move, to twist)
ymddirwynai’r trên ar hyd llethrau’r
mynydd
the train snaked along the mountain slopes
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (dirwyn= to wind, to
twist)
:_______________________________.
ymddiswyddo ‹əm-dhi- sui -dho› verb
1 resign, (Scotland: demit), leave
Cyhoeddodd Prif Weithredwr y cwmni ei
fod yn ymddiswyddo ar ôl blwyddyn
The Chief Executive annocunced that he is leaving after a year
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (diswyddo = to
dismiss)
:_______________________________.
ymdeithgan ‹əm- deith
-gan› feminine noun
PLURAL ymdeithganau
‹əm-deith- gaa-nai, -ne›
1 march = music to which soldiers march
2 ymdeithgan angladdol
funeral march
ETYMOLOGY: (ymdeith-, stem of ymdeithio = to march) + soft mutation +
(cân = song)
:_______________________________.
ymdoddi ‹əm DOO dhi› (verb)
1 to melt
2 ymdoddi i’r dorf
melt into the crowd, disappear
3 ymdoddi i’r cefndir merge
into the background
Mae modd peintio dysgl loeren iddi ymdoddi i’r cefndir
There
is a way to paint a satellite dish so that it merges into the
background
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (toddi = to melt)
:_______________________________.
ymdonni ‹əm- do -ni› verb
1 undulate
..neu'r dyfroedd mawrion yn ymdonni mewn ehangder ofnadwy ger ein bron
…or the great waters undulating in an awful expanse before us
(Richard Davies, Year 1810, “Y
Pregethau a fwriadawyd i ddangos i Ddynol-ryw, y dylent fucheddu yn
wir-gristianogol…)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- =
reflexive prefix) + soft mutation + (tonni = undulate)
:_______________________________.
ymdrabaeddu ‹əm-dra- bei
-dhi› verb
1 wallow; see ymdrybaeddu
:_______________________________.
ymdrech,
ymdrechion ‹ƏM drekh, ən DREKH
yon› (feminine noun)
1 effort, endeavour, exertion
yn ddiymdrech effortlessly
2 cyfeirio’ch ymdrechion tuag
at (ryw nod) direct your efforts towards (some goal)
3 gwenu gydag ymdrech
force a smile (“smile with an effort”)
4 gwneud ymdrech i wneud (rhywbeth)
attempt to do (something) (“make an effort...”)
:_______________________________.
ymdrechu ‹əm DREE khi› (verb)
1 strive
ymdrechu â phob
diwydrwydd i strive hard to (do something) (“to strive with every diligence /
assiduity”)
:_______________________________.
ymdreiddiad ‹əm- dreidh -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymdreiddiadau
‹əm- dreidh-
yaa -de›
1
penetration
rhyw heb ymdreiddiad non-penetrative
sex
ETYMOLOGY: (ymdreidd- stem of ymdreiddio = penetrate) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymdreiglfa ‹əm- dreigl -va› feminine noun
1 wallowing place
Pedr-2 2:22 Eithr digwyddodd iddynt yn ôl y wir ddihareb, Y ci a ymchwelodd
at ei chwydfa ei hun; a’r hwch wedi ei golchi, i’w hymdreiglfa yn y dom
Peter-2 2:22 But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The
dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her
wallowing in the mire.
ETYMOLOGY: (ymdreigl-
stem of ymdreiglo = to wallow) + (-fa noun-forming suffix,
indicating a place)
:_______________________________.
ymdrochi ‹əm DROO khi› (verb)
1 bathe, have a dip
dŵr ymdrochi bathing water
Mae'r tymor ymdrochi yng Nghymru yn ymestyn o 1 Mai tan 30 Medi.
The bathing season in Wales extends from May 1 to September 30
:_______________________________.
ymdrybaeddu ‹əm-drə- bei -dhi› verb
1 wallow
ymdrybaeddu yn y mwd wallow in the
mud
2 wallow = indulge oneself
ymdrybaeddu mewn budreddi wallow in
vice
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (trybaeddu = to
stain; to wallow)
NOTE: Also ymdrabaeddu
:_______________________________.
ymél ‹ ə- meel ›
(verb)
1
colloquial form of ymhél (qv)
ymhél â (rhywbeth) become involved
with
:_______________________________.
ymelach
‹ ə mee lakh ›
(verb)
1
colloquial form of ymhelach < ymhél (qv)
ymhél â (rhywbeth) become involved
with
:_______________________________.
ymennydd,
ymenyddau ‹ə
ME nidh, ə me NƏ dhe› (masculine
noun)
1 brain
llid yr ymenydd meningitis (“infection of the brain”)
parlys yr
ymennydd cerebral palsy (“paralysis of the brain”)
hylif yr ymenydd brain fluid
2 ymenyddol cerebral
:_______________________________.
ymenyddol ‹ə me NƏƏ
dhol › (masculine noun)
1 cerebral
:_______________________________.
ymenyn ‹ə MEE nin› (masculine noun)
Colloquially: ’menyn
1 butter
2 Maen nhw mor wahanol â mêl
a menyn
They’re as different as chalk and cheese (“as different as honey and
butter”)
3 Saying:
Tri enllyn iechyd: mêl, ymenyn a llaeth
The three companages for health are honey, butter and milk (companage –
something which accompanies bread)
:_______________________________.
ymerawdr,
ymerawdwyr ‹ə mhe RAU dər› (masculine noun)
1 emperor
2 Yr Ymerawdwr Rufeinig Sanctaidd the
Holy Roman Emperor
:_______________________________.
ymerodraeth, ymerodraethau
‹ə me RO dreth, ə me ro DREI the› (feminine noun)
1 empire
2 Yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig Sanctaidd the Holy Roman Empire, a
one-thousand year old empire; European territories ruled by a German king from
the time of Charlemagne in 800A.D. to 1806, when the emperor Francis II
relinquished his crown
:_______________________________.
ymerodrol ‹ə-me-ro-drol› adj
1
imperial
2
y Ddinas Ymerodrol = Empire City
(i.e. New York)
y
Dalaith Ymerodrol the Empire State = New York State
Adeilad y Dalaith Ymerodrol The
Empire State Building
ETYMOLOGY: (ymherodr = empire) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives) *ymherodrol < ymerodrol (the “h” is lost if it is not the initial consonant in
the tonic syllable)
:_______________________________.
ymesgusodi ‹ə me ski SÔ di› (verb)
1 excuse oneself
ymesgusodi rhag gwneud rhywbeth
excuse oneself from doing something
:_______________________________.
ymestyn ‹ə ME stin› (verb)
1 stretch
:_______________________________.
ymfudiad,
ymfudiadau ‹əm VID yad, əm vid
YAA de› (masculine noun)
1 migration
:_______________________________.
ymfudo ‹əm VII do› (masculine noun)
1 migrate
:_______________________________.
ymfudol ‹əm VII dol› (adjective)
1 migratory
:_______________________________.
ymfudwr,
ymfudwyr ‹əm VII dur, əm VID wir› (masculine noun)
1 migrant
:_______________________________.
ymfyddino ‹əm və DHII no› (verb)
1 (army) mobilise
:_______________________________.
ymgais ‹ƏM gais›
(masculine noun)
1 attempt
2 ni + gwneud un ymgais
at not make any attempt to
Nid oeddid erioed wedi
gwneud un ymgais at sychu y siglenydd a'r lleoedd corsiog
No attempt had ever been made to drain the swamps and the boggy places
3 gwneud ymgais i wneud (rhywbeth) attempt
to do (something) (“make an attempt...”)
ni + gwneud un ymgais at not make any attempt to
Nid oeddid erioed
wedi gwneud un ymgais at sychu y siglenydd a'r lleoedd corsiog
No attempt had ever been made to drain the swamps and the boggy places
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (cais = an attempt,
a try)
:_______________________________.
ymgeledd ‹əm- GEE –ledh › masculine noun
1 care, support, help
2 helpmate = helpful wife or husband, ‘help meet’
The English word ‘helpmate’ results from a misunderstanding of “an helpe meet (=
suitable) for him” in Genesis 18:20
Hefyd yr Arglwydd Dduw a ddywedodd, Nid da bod y dyn ei hunan; gwnaf iddo
ymgeledd cymwys iddo... (18:20) Ac Adda a enwodd enwau ar yr holl
anifeiliaid, ac ar ehediad y nefoedd ac ar holl fwystfilod y maes; ond ni
chafodd efe i Adda ymgeledd cymwys iddo
Genesis 18:20 And the Lord God said, It is not good that the
man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him...
(18:20) And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air,
and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet
for him
Yn y flwyddyn 1797,
yn mhen dwy flynedd wedi ei urddiad, efe a gymerodd Mary Brees y Coed, yn
ymgeledd cymwys iddo ei hun (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan
Jones / 1892 / t12 )
In the year 1797, two years after his ordination, he took Mary Brees from Y
Coed as a wife (“suitable help”)
3 diymgeledd destitute
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgel-
stem of the verb ymgelu, presumably meaning ‘to give refuge to, to
shelter’ from ym- reflexive-reciprocal prefix + soft mutation + celu
= conceal, hide) +
(-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
ymgeleddu ‹əm ge LEE dhi› (verb)
1 look after, care for
:_______________________________.
ymgeleddwr,
ymgeleddwyr ‹əm
ge LE dhur, əm ge LEDH wir› (verb)
1 carer
:_______________________________.
ymgloddio ‹əm- glodh -yo› v
1
entrench oneself
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (cloddio dig a
ditch, dig ditches, entrench)
:_______________________________.
ymgodymu ‹əm-go-də -mi› verb
1 ymgodymu â fight with, wrestle with
ymgodymu ag anhawsterau contend with difficulties, struggle with
problems
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (codymu = fall;
fell, make fall; wrestle)
:_______________________________.
ymgofleidio ‹əm-go-vleid -yo› verb
1 embrace each other
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- =
reflexive or reciprocal prefix) + soft mutation + (cyfleidio = embrace,
hug)
:_______________________________.
ymgom, ymgomion
‹ƏM gom, əm GOM yon› (feminine noun)
1 conversation
:_______________________________.
ymgomio â ‹əm GOM yo› (verb)
1 converse with
:_______________________________.
ymgroesi ‹əm- groi -si› verb
1 cross oneself. make the sign of the cross
2 ymgroesi rhàg = beware
of, guard against;
Cafodd ein dysgu i ymgroesi rhàg álcohol
we were taught to beware of alcohol
Ymgroesa = (vocative, second-person
singular) be careful (not to do something)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation+ (croesi = cross)
:_______________________________.
ymguddio ‹əm- gidh -yo› verb
1 hide oneself
Tai mawrion yn ymguddio yn y coed ar
lannau’r afon segur
Big houses hidden in the trees on the banks of the slow-flowing river
mynd i ymguddio go into hiding
2 take refuge
Byddai’r glowyr yn ymguddio mewn manol
pan ddeuai siwrne i lawr yr inclein
The miners would take refuge in an alcove when a line of coal trucks came down
the incline
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix ‘self-‘,
‘auto-’ , ‘oneself’) + soft mutation + (cuddio
= to hide)
:_______________________________.
ymgydio ‹əm- gəd
-yo› verb
1 ymgydio â copulate with
Lefiticus 20:15 A lladder yn farw y gŵr
a ymgydio ag anifail; lladdant hefyd yr anifail
Leviticus 20:15 And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death:
and ye shall slay the beast.
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive or
reciprocal prounoun) + soft mutation + (cydio
= to connect)
:_______________________________.
ymgyflwyniad ‹əm-gəv- luin -yad› masculine
noun
1 commitment
ymgyflwyniad hollol i
waith yr Arglwydd
a complete commitment to the work of the Lord
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgyflwyn-, stem of ymgyflwyno = commit oneself) +
(-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymgyflwyno ‹əm-gəv- lui-no› verb
1 commit oneself
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- reflexive
prefix) + soft mutation + (cyflwyno = to present)
:_______________________________.
ymgynghori ‹əm-gə- nghô ri› verb
1
consult, confer
ymgynghori â’i gilydd confer with
each other, consult each other
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (cynghori = to
consult)
:_______________________________.
ymgynghoriad ‹ əm-gə- nghor -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymgynghoriadau
‹ əm-gə- nghor-yâ -de›
1
consultation
Deddf yr Iaith Gymraeg 1993 -
Ymgynghoriad Cyhoeddus ar Gynllun Iaith Drafft
Welsh Language Act 1993 - Public Consultation on the Draft Welsh Language
Scheme
Cymro 18 12 1996
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgynghor- stem of ymgynghori = consultar-se) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymgynhaliol ‹əm-gə-nhal-yol› adjective
1 subsistence
ffermio ymgynhaliol subsistence
farming
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgynhal-, penult
syllable form of ymgynnal = support
oneself) + (-iol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymgynghorwr ‹əm-gəng-HOO-rur›
masculine noun
PLURAL ymgynghorwyr
‹əm-gə-nghor-wir›
See ymgynghorydd
:_______________________________.
ymgynghorydd ‹əm-gəng-HOO-ridh›
masculine noun
PLURAL ymgynghorwyr
‹əm-gə-nghor-wir›
1 consultant
ymgynghorwr ariannol financial
consultant, adviser on investments, house purchase, etc
ymgynghorwr cynllunio planning
consultant, adviser on architectural and town-planning matters
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgynghor-, stem of ymgynghori = to consult) + (-ydd, suffix to indicate an agent)
NOTE: also with the suffix
(1) -wr -
ymgynghorwr - to indicate a man,
and
(2) -wraig -
ymgynghorwraig - to indicate a woman
:_______________________________.
ymgynnal ‹əm-gə -nal› verb
1 subsist, support oneself
lwfans ymgynnal subsistence allowance
:_______________________________.
ymgynnig ‹əm- gə -nig› verb
1 volunteer
ymgynnig ar gyfer rhywbeth volunteer
for something
ETYMOLOGY: “offer oneself” (ym- =
reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (cynnig
= to offer)
:_______________________________.
ymgyrchu ‹əm- gər -khi› verb
1 campaign, fight
ymgyrchu dros to campaign for
ymgyrchu yn erbyn to campaign
against
ymgyrchu'n ddi-drais dros uno Iwerddon
campaign in a non-violent manner to unite Ireland, for the unification of
Ireland
ymgyrchu dros well darpariaeth
ffisiothérapi
campaign for better provision of physiotherapy
2 ymgyrchu'n fwg ac yn dân yn
erbyn... campaign vehemently against... ("campaign smoke and
fire")
Bu'r aelodau seneddol Llafur yn
ymgyrchu'n fwg ac yn dân yn erbyn senedd i Gymru
The Labour Members of Parliament fought vehemently against a parliament for
Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (ymgyrch = campaign) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
ymgysegru ‹əm-gə-SE-gri›
verb
1 dedicate oneself
ymgysegru i astudio dedicate oneself
to study
ETYMOLOGY: (ym-, reflexive prefix) +
soft mutation + (cysegru =
consecrate)
:_______________________________.
ymhél ‹əm- hel › verb
1
ymhél â (rhywbeth) meddle with,
tamper with, interfere with
2
ymhél â (rhywbeth) become involved
with
3
dabble in (black magic, etc)
ymhél â’r gelfyddyd ddu engage in
balck magic
4
ymhél â (rhywun) be involved with
someone,
Paid ag ymhél ag e Don’t bother with
him, Don’t have anything to do with him
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ (hel- = to hunt)
NOTE: colloquial forms: ymél, ’mhel;
ymhela, ’mela; ymhelach, ymelach, ’melach
:_______________________________.
ymhela ‹ə mhe -la› (verb)
1
variant de of ymhél (qv) (with the
suffix -a)
ymhél â (rhywbeth) become involved
with
:_______________________________.
ymhelach ‹ mhel ›
(verb)
1
variant de of ymhél (qv) (with the
suffix -ach)
ymhél â (rhywbeth) become involved
with
:_______________________________.
ymhéll ‹ə MHELL› (adverb)
1 distant, far
2 bod ymhéll ar y blaen
be well in the lead, be well ahead
:_______________________________.
ymhén ‹ə MHEN› (preposition)
1 within (time), 'at the end of'
ymhén yr hir a’r hwyr with the
passage of time, over time
:_______________________________.
ymhlîth ‹ə MHLIITH› (preposition)
1 among, amongst
2 ystyried rhywun ymhlîth eich cyfeillion consider someone as a
friend, count somebody among your friends
:_______________________________.
ymhôb ‹ə MHOOB› (·prep
+ det)
1 in each, in every
2 ymhób dull a ffordd in
all sorts of ways (“in every form and way”)
:_______________________________.
ymhobman ‹ə MHOB man› (adverb)
1 all over, everywhere
:_______________________________.
ymhonni verb ‹Om HO ni›
1 ymhonni yn claim to
be, pretend to be, pass oneself off as
ymhonni’n fardd call oneself a poet
ymhonni’n bensaer make oneself out to be an architect
:_______________________________.
ymiro ‹ə - mî -ro› verb
1 anoint onself
Daniel 10:3 Ni fwyteais fara blasus, ac
ni ddaeth cig na gwin yn fy ngenau; gan ymiro hefyd nid ymirais, nes cyflawni
tair wythnos o ddyddiau.
Daniel 10:3 I ate no pleasant bread, neither came flesh nor wine in my mouth,
neither did I anoint myself at all, till three whole weeks were fulfilled.
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ (iro = to anoint, to oil)
:_______________________________.
ymlacio ‹əm- lak -yo› (verb without an
object)
1 relax
Yr wyf yn ymlacio drwy ddarllen nofelau
detectif I relax by reading detective novels
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (llacio = to
slacken, to loosen)
:_______________________________.
ymladd verb ‹ƏM ladh›
1 fight
2 ymladd neu ffoi
(Biology) fight or flight
3 diwedd
ar yr ymladd cessation of hostilites
4 ymladd fel cŵn a
chathod fight like cat and dog
Roedd y Taffis a’r Padis yn ymladd fel cŵn
a chathod yn ardaloedd glo América
The Taffies (= the Welsh) and the Paddies (= the Irish) fought like cats and
dogs in the coalmining areas of America
5 (county of Penfro) ymladd cymalau
fight with the bare fists
:_______________________________.
ymláen ‹əm LAIN› (adverb)
1 forward
2 o hyn ymláen from now
on, henceforward
(o = from) + (hyn this (time)) + (ymláen
= forward)
3 ymlaenaf (superlative form of ymláen)
foremost (see following entry)
:_______________________________.
ymlaenaf ‹əm LEI Na› (adverb)
1 foremost
pethau cyntaf ymlaenaf first things
first
rhoi’r troed gorau ymlaenaf put your
best foot forward = do your best, go your fastest (“put the best foot
foremost”)
:_______________________________.
ymledu ‹əm-LEE-di›
(v)
1 spread (vi)
Ymledodd gwên fawr dros ei wyneb A big smile spread over his face
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (lledu = to
broaden)
:_______________________________.
ymlusgio ‹əm LIS ko› (v)
1 drag oneself
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- prefix = self) + soft mutation + (llusgo = drag)
:_______________________________.
ymlusgiad,
ymlusgiaid ‹əm
LISK yad, əm LISK yed› (masculine
noun)
1 reptile
ETYMOLOGY: (ymlusg- stem of the verb ymlusgo = drag oneself) + (-i-ad = noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ym mhen ‹əm MHEN› (preposition)
1 at the top of
ym mhen y cwm at the top of the valley
2
rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult
to injury (“put an insult into the top of an injury”)
gweld y goleuni ym mhen y twnel see the light at the end of the tunnel,
see that a difficult task is nearing completion, see that difficult
circumstances will soon be overcome
:_______________________________.
ymnhedd ‹əm -nhedh› verb
1 (obsolete) supplicating, beseeching, request
ymnhedd < ymanhedd = beseech, implore (ym
+ hyedd + -u)
Diarhebion 19:7 Holl frodyr y tlawd â'i casânt
ef - pa faint mwy yr ymbellha ei gyfeillion oddi wrtho? er maint a ymnheddo, ni
throant ato
Proverbs 19:7 All the brethren of the poor do hate him: how much more do his
friends go far from him? he pursueth them with words, yet they are wanting to
him.
Esther 4:8 Ac efe a roddodd iddo destun ysgrifen y gorchymyn a osodasid yn Susan
i'w dinistrio hwynt, i'w ddangos i Esther, ac i'w fynegi iddi, ac i orchymyn
iddi fyned i mewn at y brenin, i ymbil ag ef, ac i ymnhedd o'i flaen ef dros ei
phobl.
Esther 4:8 Also he gave
him the copy of the writing of the decree that was given at Shushan to destroy
them, to show it unto Esther, and to declare it unto her, and to charge her
that she should go in unto the king, to make supplication unto him, and to make
request before him for her people.
ETYMOLOGY: ymnheddu < ymanhedd < *ymanhyedd (ym- = prefix
reflexiu) + (anhyedd = entreaty,
supplication )
:_______________________________.
ymofyn ‹ə MOO vin› (verb)
1 want (particulary in South Wales, where it is reduced to ’mo’yn
[moin]
2 go and fetch
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- prefix = self) + soft mutation + (gofyn = ask)
:_______________________________.
ymolch ‹Ə molkh› (verb)
1 wash oneself
:_______________________________.
ymolchi ‹ə MOL khi› (verb)
1 wash oneself
basnau ymolchi a bàthau washbasins and
bàths
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- prefix = self) + soft mutation + (golchi = wash)
:_______________________________.
ymoleuo ‹əm- o-lei-o› verb
1 to enlighten
2 (m) enlightenment
Cyfnod yr Ymoleuo the Age of
Enlightenment (movement in the 18th century advocating the use of
reason)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (goleuo =
illuminate)
:_______________________________.
ymoleuol ‹ə-mo-lei-ol› adjective
1 enlightening
2 luminous
ETYMOLOGY: (ymoleu- stem of ymoleuo = enlighten) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
ymollwng ‹ə-mo-lhung› verb
1 fall, sink
ymollwng i anobaith to sink into despair, to despair, to lose hope
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- prefix = self) + soft mutation + (gostwng = release)
:_______________________________.
ymorol ‹ə MO rol›
(verb)
1 ymorol am look after, take care of;
see to
:_______________________________.
ymosod ‹ə MO sod›
(verb)
1 to attack
ymosod ar (rywun) attack (somebody) ('put onself on')
2 Gorau amddiffyn, ymosod The best form
of defence is attack (“best defending, attacking”)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- prefix = self) + soft mutation + (gosod = put, set)
:_______________________________.
ymosodiad,
ymosodiadau ‹əm ə SOD yad, əm
ə sod YÂ de› (masculine
noun)
1 attack
2 bwrw (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl
repel (an attack)
gwthio (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl repel
(an attack)
gyrru (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl repel (an
attack)
3 ymosodiad rhywiol
sexual assualt
:_______________________________.
ymosodol ‹ə-mo-so-dol› adjective
1 aggressive
2 hostile
ETYMOLOGY: (ymosod = to attack) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
ymosodwr ‹ə-mo-so-dur› masculine noun
PLURAL ymosodwyr
‹ə-mo-sod-wir›
1 attacker
ETYMOLOGY: (ymosod = to attack) + (-wr = agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymostwng ‹ə-mo-stung› verb
1 submit
ymostwng i'r drefn = conform to the
system ("submit to the system")
2 surrender, give up
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (gostwng = lower,
humiliate)
:_______________________________.
ymostyngar ‹ə-mo-stəng-gar› adjective
1 submissive
ETYMOLOGY: (ymostwng = submit) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives; =
propensity)
:_______________________________.
ymostyngiad ‹ə-mo-stəng-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymostyngiadau
‹ə-mə-stəng-ya-de›
1 submission
ETYMOLOGY: (ymostwng = submit) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
ymotbren ‹ə-ot-bren› masculine
noun
PLURAL ymotbrennau
‹ə-mot-bre-ne›
1 stirrer = stick for stirring
ETYMOLOGY: (ymod = to stir) + soft
mutation + (pren = wood)
Colloquial form: 'motbren, 'mopren
:_______________________________.
ympryd ‹əm-prid› masculine
noun
PLURAL ymprydiau ‹əm-prəd-ye›
1 fast (period without food)
dydd ympryd fast day, day of fasting
torri’ch ympryd break your fast
:_______________________________.
ymprydio ‹əm-prəd-yo› verb
1 (verb without an object) to fast
ETYMOLOGY: (ympryd = fast) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
ymprydiwr ‹əm-prəd-yur› masculine noun
PLURAL ymprydwyr ‹əm-prəd-wir›
1 faster, person who is fasting
ETYMOLOGY: (ympryd-i- = stem of ymprydio = to fast) + (-wr = agent suffix, 'man')
:_______________________________.
1..ymrafael ‹əm-ra-vel›
masculine noun
PLURAL ymrafaelion ‹əm-ra-veil-yon›
1 dispute, quarrel
2 confrontation
3 conflict
ymrafael cymdeithasol social
conflict, confrontation or fighting between different sectors of society
:_______________________________.
2...ymrafael ‹əm-ra-vel›
verb
1 ymrafael (â) to be in dispute (with), to quarrel
(with), to have a quarrel (with)
2 ymrafael (â) struggle (with), do battle (with)
:_______________________________.
ymraniad ‹əm-ran-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymraniadau
‹əm-ran-ya-de›
1 division = act of dividing
2 division = state of being divided
3 division = (English parliament) act of voting
4 division = rupture, disagreement, difference in opinion
5 (political party, group, association, congregation) division,
split, separation
ETYMOLOGY: (ymran-, root of ymrannu = split) + (-iad)
:_______________________________.
ymrannu ‹əm-ra-ni› verb without an object
1 divide, split (river, path, road, tree trunk, branch etc)
ymrannu'n ddwy = split into two
2 divide, break, rend
3 to divide = (English parliament) to vote
4 split into factions (dros
= on account of)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (rhannu = divide)
:_______________________________.
ymrannwr ‹əm-ra-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL ymranwyr
‹əm-ran-wir›
1 splitter, divider
:_______________________________.
ymreolaeth ‹əm-re-OO-leth› feminine noun
1 home rule, autonomy
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ soft mutation + (rheolaeth =
government)
:_______________________________.
ymreolaethol ‹əm-re-o-lei-thol› adjective
1 autonomous;
rhanbarth ymreolaethol autonomous
region
ETYMOLOGY: (ymreolaeth = autonomy) +
(-ol = suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
ymreolaethwr ‹əm-re-o-lei-thur› masculine noun
PLURAL ymreolaethwyr
‹əm-re-o-leith-wir›
1 home ruler, supporter of home rule, autonomist
ETYMOLOGY: (ymreolaeth = autonomy) +
(-wr = agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymrhyddâd ‹əm-hridh-haad› masculine noun
1 liberate oneself
rhyfel ymrhyddhâd war of liberation
ETYMOLOGY: (ymrhydd- stem of the
verb ymrhyddháu = free oneself) + (-hâd, suffix for forming nouns from
verbs with the termination -háu, = ha- + -ad,)
:_______________________________.
ymrhyddáu ‹əm-hridh-hai› verb
1 liberate oneself
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix)
+ (rhyddháu = liberate)
:_______________________________.
ymrithio ‹əm- rith -yo› verb
1
appear
tŷ lle bu ellyllon ac ysbrydion
drwg yn ymrithio ymhob twll a chornel a house where sprites and ghosts
appeared in every nook and cranny
2
ymrithio fel appear in the guise of,
be disguised as
3 appear (in a dream)
4
ymrithio’n fyw come to life, appear
before one as if alive
Ymrithiodd ei dad-cu’n fyw o flaen ei
lygaid His grandfather came to life before his eyes
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (rhithio = shape,
form; be shaped, be formed; transfigure; be transfigured)
:_______________________________.
ymroddi ‹əm-ROO-dhi› verb
1 dedicate oneself
2 ymroddi eich holl egni i’r gwaith o devote all one’s efforts to
(“dedicate your whole energy to the work of…”)
:_______________________________.
ymrwygiad ‹əm- ruig -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymrwygiadau
‹əm- rui-yaa
-de›
1
erupcion
2
split, break
ETYMOLOGY: (ymrwyg- stem of ymrwygo = burst, break) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ymrwygo ‹əm- rui -go› verb
1
tear
2
burst
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (rhwygo = rupture)
:_______________________________.
ymryson ‹əm RƏ son› (verb)
1 argue, dispute
:_______________________________.
ymryson ‹əm RƏ son› masculine
noun
PLURAL ymrysonau
‹əm-rə-SOO-nai, -ne›
1
strife, contention, dispute
tir ymryson land in dispute, debatable land
Cf the English name Debatable Land on the Scottish-English border; this
was the borderland between the rivers Esk and Sark, an area formerly claimed by
both Scotland and England, and now part of Scotland
Occurs in some field names and names of other geographic features
Cae’r Ymryson (“field of the dispute”, disputed field).
SH 48230 55531. “Cae Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llandwrog, Sir Gaernarfon. 1841.
SH 48926 61547. “Cae Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Waunfawr, Sir Gaernarfon. 1841.
SH
51952 81957. “Cae Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish:
Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf, Môn.
1841.
SJ
24430 61657. “Cae Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Yr
Wyddgrug Wledig, Sir y Fflint. 1841.
SH
60671 06898. “Cae’r Ymryson”.
(Cae / Field). Plwyf /
Parish: Llanegryn, Meirionnydd.
SH
29505 38224. “Cae’r Ymryson”.
(Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Buan,
Caernarfon. 1841.
Cilfachyrymryson (“nook of the dispute”, disputed nook).
SN 29733 33181. “Gilfach-ymryson”. (Anheddiad / Dwelling). Plwyf / Parish: Cenarth, Caerfyrddin. 1898-1908.
Corsyrymryson (“marsh of the dispute”, disputed marsh).
SH 35185 72388. “Cors-ymryson”. (Anheddiad / Dwelling). Plwyf / Parish: Aberffro, Môn. 1898-1908.
Erw’r Ymryson (“acre / field of the dispute”, disputed field).
SJ 00777 17996. “Erw Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llanwddyn, Sir Drefaldwyn. 1841.
SJ 02223 41663. “Erw’r Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llandderfel, Meirionnydd. 1841.
Esgair yr Ymryson (“ridge of the dispute”, disputed ridge).
SN 88707 76187. “Esgair Ymryson“. (Esgair / Ridge). Plwyf / Parish: Llangurig, Trefaldwyn. 1898-1908.
Gwaunyrymryson (“wet moorland of the dispute”, disputed moor).
SO 03214 41708. “Gwaun-ymryson”. (Anheddiad / Dwelling). Plwyf / Parish: Gwenddwr, Sir Frycheiniog. 1898-1908.
Pant
yr Ymryson (“hollow of the dispute”, disputed hollow).
SN 60461 97255. “Pant Ymryson”. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Tywyn, Meirionnydd. 1841
Parcyrymryson (“field of the dispute”, disputed field).
SN 35957 48300. “Parc-ymryson”. (Anheddiad / Dwelling). Plwyf / Parish: Troed-yr-aur, Ceredigion. 1898-1908.
Rhos yr Ymryson (“moor of the dispute”, disputed moor).
SN 46102 50497. “Rhos Ymryson”. (Rhos / Moorland). Plwyf / Parish: Llanwenog, Ceredigion. 1898-1908.
SN
46450 50235. “Rhosymryson“. (Cae / Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llanwenog, Ceredigion. 1841
Tir
yr Ymryson (“land of the dispute”, disputed land).
SN
88074 80349. “Tir Ymryson”. (Cae
/ Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llangurig, Sir Drefaldwyn. 1841.
SH
85513 68387. “Tir Ymryson”. (Cae
/ Field). Plwyf / Parish: Llangernyw,
Sir Ddinbych. 1841.
(Examples from “Coflein – Enwau Lleoedd”)
:_______________________________.
ymsythu ‹əm- sə -thi›
(verb sense objecte)
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (sythu =
straighten)
:_______________________________.
ymweld â ‹əm WELD› (verb)
1 to visit
:_______________________________.
ymwadu ‹əm WÂ di›
(verb)
1 deny, refute
2 diymwad undeniable,
irrefutable, indisputable, incontrovertible, conclusive
Mae'n ffaith gwbl ddiymwad It’s an
undeniable fact (“It’s a completely undeniable fact”)
(di- = negative prefix) + (ymwad- stem of ymwadu = deny, refute )
:_______________________________.
ymweliad,
ymweliadau ‹əm
WEL yad, əm wel YAA de› (masculine
noun)
1 visit
:_______________________________.
ymwelydd,
ymwelwyr ‹əm WEE lidh, əm WEL
wir› (masculine noun)
1 visitor
ymwelydd undydd day tripper
(“visitor (of) one day”)
:_______________________________.
ymwingo ‹əm- wi -ngo› verb
1
(vi) wriggle, writhe
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (gwingo = wriggle,
writhe )
:_______________________________.
ymwisgo ‹əm- wi -sko› verb
1
get dressed, dress oneself
Rhaid ymwisgo'n addas ar gyfer y tywydd
oer hwn
One should dress properly for the cold weather
2
bwrdd ymwisgo dressing table
ETYMOLOGY: (ym- = reflexive prefix )
+ soft mutation + (gwisgo = dress
oneself)
:_______________________________.
ymwthio ‹əm WTH yo› (verb)
1 push oneself
2 ymwthio trwy’r dorf
push one’s way through the crowd (“push oneself through the crowd”)
:_______________________________.
ymwybod ‹əm UI bod› (masculine noun)
1 consciousness
2 llif yr ymwybod stream of consciousness
:_______________________________.
ymyl, ymylon ‹Ə mil, ə MƏ
lon› (masculine noun)
1 brink, edge
ymyl dibyn chwarel edge of a quarry face
Gofala na ei di’n rhy agos i’r ymyl
Be careful not to go too close to the edge
2
ar ymyl on the edge of
ar ymyl y bàth on the edge of the bath
3
dod i ymyl rhywun come to somebody’s
side
os caf fi ddod i’th ymyl if I may
come to your side
:_______________________________.
ymyriad ‹ə- mər-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ymyriadau
‹ə-mər-yaa-de›
1 interference
2 ymyriad dwyfol divine
intervention
3 ymyriad â hawliau dynol violation
of human rights
ETYMOLOGY: (ymyr-, stem of ymyrru = interfere) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
ymyrrwr ‹ə- mə -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL ymyrrwyr
‹ə- mər
-wir›
1
meddler
ETYMOLOGY: (ymyrr- = stem of the
verb ymyrryd = interfere) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
ymyrryd ‹ə MƏ rid› (verb)
1 interfere
:_______________________________.
ymysg ‹ə MISK› (preposition)
1 among, amongst
2
bwrw’ch coelbren ymysg.... throw in
your lot with…
Dywedir iddo fod yn weinidog ar eglwys o
Fedyddwyr yn Sir Benfro, ond iddo, wrth wrando Howel Harries, benderfynu bwrw
ei goelbren i fysg y Diwygwyr It is said that he was the minister of a
church made up of Baptists in Penfro county but that after hearing Howel
Harries he decided to throw in his lot with the Revivalists
ymysg ei gilydd among(st) themselves
sibrwd ymysg ei gilydd whisper
amongst themselves
:_______________________________.
yn ‹ən› preposition
1 in, inside, within. into
the root yn- is used for first
and second persons; the third person singular and plural has yndd-
(1) yno i ‹Ə
noi› (first person singular)
in me
(2) ynon ni ‹Ə
no ni› (first person plural)
in us
(3) ynot ti ‹Ə
no ti› (second person
singular) in you ('thee')
(4) ynoch chi ‹Ə no khi›
(second person plural) in you (you all)
(5) ynddo fe / fo ‹ƏN dho ve / vo› (third person masculine singular) in him
(6) ynddi hi ‹ƏN dhi hi› (third
person feminine singular) in her
(7) ynddyn nhw (literary form: ynddynt hwy) ‹ƏN
dhi nu - ƏN dhint hui›
(third person plural) in them
2 (juxtaposition)
..1/ ochr yn ochr side by side,
..2/ wyneb yn wyneb face to face
..3/ ystlys yn ystlys side by side,
cheek by jowl
3 (referring to a characteristic of somebody)
bod naw byw cath yn (rhywun) be like
a cat and have nine lives
Mae rhyw bethau rhyfedd ynddo He’s
got some odd ways
Mae rhyw bethau òd ynddo He’s got
some odd ways
4 quality in a material
a gwisgo ynddo (piece of clothing)
hard-wearing (“and wearing in it”)
a phara ynddo (piece of clothing)
hard-wearing (“and lasting in it”)
5 dodi (rhywun) yn y cywilydd shame (someone) (“put someone in the
shame”)
6 after certain verbs:
ymaflyd (yn rhywbeth) take
hold of, grasp (something)
Ymaflodd yn nwylo y ferch fechan She grasped the little girl`s hands
:_______________________________.
-yn ‹ ən › definite article
1
a fossilised form of the definite article (in Cornish and Breton the basic form
of the definite article is an; in
Welsh the n became r at some early date)
It is to be seen still in some phrases:
..a/ yn awr / nawr (= now) “the
hour”
..b/ y naill (= the one, as opposed
to the other) is from an original yn
aill “the other”
..c/ hyd yn oed (= even) is probably
“up to the point”, literally “as far as the appointed time”
(hyd = length; as far as) + (yn
definite article) + (oed = age;
appointed time)
:_______________________________.
-yn ‹ən› (suffix)
1 to form diminutives of
masculine nouns
..1/ cornel (= corner) > cornelyn
(= little corner)
..2/ delff (South Wales) (= numskull, stupid person, blockhead, dolt,
idiot ) > delffyn (= same meaning)
..3/ gorchwyl (= task) > gorchwylyn (= small task)
In many words with “a” the vowel “y” in the following syllable causes a change
to “e”
..1/ blas (= taste) > blesyn (= little taste)
..2/ llygad (= eye) > llygedyn (= eyelet; least bit)
..3/ rhaff (=rope) > rheffyn (= small rope)
...4/ cnap (= lump) > cnepyn (= small lump)
Some are borrowings from English
..1/ pac (= pack) > pecyn (= small pack)
..2/ planc (= plank) > plencyn (= plank)
..3/ sgamp (= scamp) > sgempyn (= little scamp)
..4/ tramp (=tramp) > trempyn (= tramp)
In modern formations, vowel affection does not now take place
..1/ cap (= cap) > capyn (= little cap)
2 with diminutives of men's names
Hywyn < Hywel
Iolyn < Iolo
Lewsyn < Lewys (= Lewis)
Gutyn < Guto < Gruffudd (as in the
Englished surname Gittins)
Mocyn < Moc < Morgan
Sionyn < Siôn (= John)
Siorsyn < Siôrs (= George)
Possibly Rhobert > Rhobyn, unless Rhobyn is an adaptation of English Robin
Occurs as a coalesced patronymic Probyn, and as the surname Probyn
:_______________________________.
yna ‹Ə na› (adverb)
1 there
:_______________________________.
yn ambell fan ‹ə NAM belh VAN› (adverb)
1 in some places
:_______________________________.
ynad heddwch ‹Ə nad HE dhukh› (masculine noun)
1 justice of the peace
:_______________________________.
ynad, ynadon ‹Ə nad, ə NA don› (masculine noun)
1 magistrate
:_______________________________.
yn anffodus ‹ən an FO dis› (adverb)
1 unfortunately
:_______________________________.
yn awr ‹ə NAUR› (adverb)
1 now
:_______________________________.
yn awr ac eilwaith
‹ə NAUR ag EIL weth› (adverb)
1 now and then
:_______________________________.
yn barod ‹ən BA rod› (adverb)
1 already, ready
:_______________________________.
yn blwmp ac yn
blaen ‹ən blump aag ən blain›
adv;;)
1 straight out, frankly
dweud eich meddwl yn blwmp ac yn blaen speak
your mind, say what you are thinking, speak without mincing words
2
dweud “na” yn blwmp ac yn blaen give
a definite “no”
ETYMOLOGY: (yn = linking particle,
used for forming adverbials) + soft mutation + (plump = direct) + (ac =
and) + (yn linking particle) + soft
mutation + (plaen = clear, plain)
:_______________________________.
yn byw ‹ən BIU› (phrase)
1 alive
:_______________________________.
yndach ‹ən DAKH› (verb)
1 yes, you are (North-west)
:_______________________________.
yndan ‹ən DAN› (verb)
1 yes, we are (North-west)
:_______________________________.
ynddi ‹ƏN dhi› (preposition)
1 see 'yn' = in
:_______________________________.
yn ddiamau ‹ən dhi A me› (adverb)
1 doubtlessly, without a doubt
:_______________________________.
yn ddïau ‹ən DHI e› (adverb)
1 doubtlessly, without a doubt
:_______________________________.
yn ddistaw bach
‹ən DHI stau BAAKH› (adverb)
1 on the sly
:_______________________________.
ynddo ‹ƏN dho› (preposition)
1 see 'yn' = in
:_______________________________.
ynddyn ‹ƏN dhin› (preposition)
1 see 'yn' = in
:_______________________________.
yndech ‹ən DEKH› (verb)
1 yes, you are (North-east)
:_______________________________.
ynden ‹ən DEN› (verb)
1 yes, we are (North-east)
:_______________________________.
yndi ‹ən DI› (verb)
1 yes, she/he/it is (North) = ydi
:_______________________________.
yn do? ‹ən DOO› (phrase)
1 wasn't it? = onid do
:_______________________________.
yndw ‹ən DU› (verb)
1 yes, I am (North)
:_______________________________.
yndyn ‹ən DIN› (verb)
1 yes, they are (North)
:_______________________________.
yne ‹ə -ne›
1 (North-east Wales) = yna
(adverb) there; (pronoun) that
felne = like that, in that way
ETYMOLOGY: felne < fel yne (fel = like) + (yne,
northeastern form of yne = that)
:_______________________________.
yn ei chanol hi
‹ən i kha
–nol hi›
1 (“in the middle of it”)
Ryn ni yn ei chanol hi yn peinto’r tŷ
Were in the middle of painting the house
ETYMOLOGY: (yn = in) + (ei = her) + aspirate mutation + (canol = middle) + (hi = ‹of› her)
:_______________________________.
yn eich bwriad
‹ ən əkh bur -yad› adv
1
bod yn eich bwriad gwneud (rhywbeth)
intend to do something
ETYMOLOGY: “in your intention” (yn = in)
+ (eich = your) + (bwriad = intention)
:_______________________________.
yn eich llawn
dwf ‹ən əkh lhaun duuv › adverb
(prepositonial phrase, adjectival)
1 fully grown, grown-up, adult, mature
gweld dynion yn eu llawn dwf yn chwarae
â threnau bach
seeing grown men playing with toy trains
2 ripe
afal yn ei lawn dwf a ripe apple
ETYMOLOGY: “in your full growth” (yn
= in) + (eich = el your) + (llawn = full) + soft mutation + (twf = growth)
:_______________________________.
yn eich ôl ‹ən əkh OOL› (phrase)
1 back, in the direction from which one has come
2 troi’r cloc yn ei ôl
..1/ put the clock back
..2/ put the clock back = change from summer time to daylight-saving time on
the last Sunday in October
3 bwrw (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl
repel (an attack)
gwthio (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl repel
(an attack)
gyrru (ymosodiad) yn ei ôl repel (an
attack)
:_______________________________.
yn eich unfan ‹ən əkh in -van› adverb
1 on the same spot, on the spot
troedio yn eich unfan mark time
(“walk on the spot”)
2 rooted to the spot
ETYMOLOGY: (yn = in) + (eich = your) + (unfan = same place)
:_______________________________.
yn eisiau ‹ən EI she› (phrase)
1 wanted
:_______________________________.
yn erbyn ‹ən ER bin› (preposition)
1 against
2 codi llais yn erbyn
speak out against (“raise a voice against”)
dwyn achwyniad (yn erbyn) present / lodge a complaint
gwneud achwyniad (yn erbyn) present / lodge a complaint
pechu yn erbyn rhywun to cross somebody, offend somebody (“sin against
somebody”)
:_______________________________.
yn farw ‹ən VA ru› (phrase)
1 dead
:_______________________________.
yn fry ‹ən VRII› (adverb)
1 above
:_______________________________.
ynfyd ‹ƏN vid› (adjective)
1 mad = mentally unstable, insane
2 angry, furious
mynd yn ynfyd wallgo’ get furious
(“go insane mad”)
bod yn ynfyd wallgo’ be furious, be
hopping mad
:_______________________________.
yn fy myw ‹ən və MIU› (adverb)
1 (never before) in my life
:_______________________________.
yn fynych ‹ən VƏ nikh› (adverb)
1 often
:_______________________________.
yn fyw ‹ən V¿W› (phrase)
1 alive
:_______________________________.
yng : -yng-nghyfraith
‹ə NGHƏ vreth›
1 -in-law
mab-yng-nghyfraith = son-in-law
:_______________________________.
yng ‹əng› (preposition)
1 in - form used before the intials C. G when mutated C,G -
Caernarfon / yng Nghaernarfon, Gwynedd,
yng Ngwynedd
:_______________________________.
yngan ‹ə- ngan › verb
1 pronounce
gair haws i'w yngan yw hwn this one’s a word easier to pronounce
2 mention, say, utter (a word)
Paid ag ynganu gair wrth enaid byw Don’t breathe a word to a living soul
Y mae llawer yn ein gwlad ni yn mynd i wendid os bydd rhywun yn yngan y
geiriau "chwarae teg i’r iaith Gymraeg” Many people in our country
have a blue fit if someone mentions the words “fair play for the Welsh
language”
NOTE: also ynganu ‹ə-nga-ni›,
yngenyd ‹ə-nge-nid›
ETYMOLOGY: ?? (the main element
is probably cân- as in canu = to sing)
:_______________________________.
ynghanol ‹ə NGHA nol› (preposition)
1 in the middle of
:_______________________________.
ynghlo ‹ ə- nghloo › adv
1
locked
Cafodd fod drws ei gartref ynghlo He
found that the door to his home was locked
drws ynghlo locked door
ETYMOLOGY: (yn = in) + nasal
mutation + (clo = locked)
:_______________________________.
ynghlwm ‹ə NGHLUM› (adverb)
1 tied to
bod ynghlwm wrth linyn ffedog ei fam
be tied to his mother’s apron strings
:_______________________________.
ynghroes ‹ ə- nghrois › preposició
1
(arms) folded
ETYMOLOGY: yng nghroes (yn = pre-adjectival particle) + nasal
mutation + (croes = crossed)
(yn > yng before an initial consonant c mutated to ngh-)
:_______________________________.
ynghyd â ‹ə NGHIID aa› (preposition)
1 as well as
2 Sometimes as ynghyda
yr arf-orsaf filwrol, athrofa amaethyddol, ynghyda nifer o adeiladau a
sefydliadau rhagorol eraill,
the military arsenal, the agricultural college, as well as a number of other
excellent buildings and institutions
:_______________________________.
ynghyfer ‹ə NGHƏ ver ›
(numeral)
1 for
(Apocrypha) Llyfr Cyntaf Esdras 1:9 Jechoneias
hefyd, a Samaias, a Nathanael ei frawd, a Sabaias, ac Ochiel, a Joram,
milwriaid, a roddasant i'r Lefiaid ynghyfer y Pasg, bum mil o ddefaid, a
seithgant o eidionau.
(Apocrypha) Esdras-1 1:9 And Jeconias, and Samaias, and Nathanael his
brother, and Assabias, and Ochiel, and Joram, captains over thousands, gave to
the Levites for the passover five thousand sheep, and seven hundred calves.
:_______________________________.
ynghylch ‹ə NGHILKH›
(preposition)
1 about
2 after certain verbs or verbal phrases
..1/ bod yn ddistaw ynghylch (rhywbeth),
keep quiet about (something)
..2/ cael gwynt rhywun ynghylch rhywbeth
sound somebody out, find out somebody’s opinion about something
..3/ cynhyrfu ynghylch get excited about
..cynhyrfu ynghylch y pethau lleiaf get excited about the least thing,
over nothing
..4/ holi ynghylch ask about, enquire
after
..Holodd fi yn ei chylch He asked me about her
..5/ poeni ynghylch worry about
..Ych chi’n poeni o hyd yng nghylch y cyfarfod? Are you still worried
about the meeting?
..6/ peidio â dweud dim ynghylch
(rhywbeth) keep quiet about (something)
..7/ pryderu ynghylch worry about
Byddai hi’n pryderu yn wastad ynghylch y dyfodol She was constantly
worried about the future
..8/ taeru ynghylch wrangle about, argue about
..taeru ynghylch rhywbeth â rhywun be in dispute about something with
someone
..9/ tewi ynghylch (rhywbeth) keep
quiet about (something)
3 llawer o helynt ynghylch
dim a lot of fuss over nothing (“a
lot of trouble about nothing!)
bod mewn pryder mawr ynghylch...
be very worried about...
4
holi mil a mwy o gwestiynau ynghylch
rhywbeth ask thousands of questions about (something) (“a thousand and more
of questions”)
:_______________________________.
yn groes i ‹ən GROIS ii› (preposition)
1 against, contrary to
byw yn groes i gyfraith Duw live contrary to the law of God
2
mynd yn groes i run counter to
mynd yn gwbl groes i run directly
counter to (“go opposed / contrary to”)
mynd yn groes i orchymyn rhywun
disobey somebody, disregard somebody’s order
3 yn groes i bob disgwyl contrary to expectations (“contrary to
every expectation”)
4
yn groes i’r cloc anticlockwise
:_______________________________.
yn gynt ‹ən GINT› (adverb)
1 earlier
:_______________________________.
yn hytrach ‹ən HƏ trakh› (adverb)
1 rather
:_______________________________.
yn llawes ei grys
‹ən LHAU es i GRIIS› (adverb)
1 in his / her shirtsleeves
:_______________________________.
yn lle ‹ən LHEE› (preposition)
1 in place of
:_______________________________.
yn marw ‹ən MA ru› (phrase)
1 dying
:_______________________________.
yn nhw ‹i nu› (verb)
1 they are
:_______________________________.
ynn ‹in› (·plural·)
1 (plural form) See: onnen = ash tree
:_______________________________.
yn ni ‹i ni› (verb)
1 we are
:_______________________________.
yn nwfn eich
calon ‹ən nu-vun əkh ka-lon›
adv
1 deep down, at the bottom of one’s heart (“in (the) depth (of) your
heart”)
ETYMOLOGY: (yn = in) + nasal
mutation + (dwfn = depth) + (eich = your) + (calon = heart)
:_______________________________.
yno ‹ə NO› (adverb)
1 there (in a place not visible)
:_______________________________.
yn oes oesoedd
‹ən ois OI sodh› (adverb)
1 for evermore
:_______________________________.
yn
ofer ‹ən O ver› (adverb)
1 in vain
:_______________________________.
yn ogystal ‹ən
o GƏ stal› (adverb)
1 as well
:_______________________________.
..1 yn ôl ‹ə NOOL› (preposition)
1 according to
yr Efengyl yn ôl Marc ‹ər e VE ngil ə nool MARK›
the Gospel according to Saint Mark
2 barnu (rhywun) yn ôl ei olwg judge (somebody) by his appearance
(“judge (somebody) according to his appearance”)
:_______________________________.
..2 yn ôl ‹ə NOOL› (adverb)
1 ago
dair blynedd yn ôl ‹dai BLƏ nedh ə NOOL› three years ago
2
back
dod yn ôl ‹dood ə NOOL› (verb) come back
dod â rhywbeth yn ôl i = bring something back to
Der ag e nôl i fi (South Wales)
Bring it back to me
3
troi’r cloc yn ei ôl
..1/ put the clock back = change the time shown on the clock to an earlier
time, for example with a clock which is fast and the correct time is restored
..2/ put the clock back = change from summer time to daylight-saving time on
the last Sunday in October
..3/ put the clock back = change a way of life to how it was at an earlier
period; usually suggests a change for the worse
4
back (in reciprocating an action) A
gwenodd Olwen yn ôl And Olwen smiled back
:_______________________________.
yn ôl ac ymlaen
‹ə NOOL ag əm LAIN› (adverb)
1 back and forth
:_______________________________.
yn ôl pob tebyg
‹ə NOOL poob TE big› (adverb)
1 very likely, most likely
:_______________________________.
yn raddol ‹ən RA dhol› (adverb)
1 gradually
:_______________________________.
yn rhith ‹ən hriith › preposition
1 in the form of, in the guise of, disguised as, in the shape of
yn rhith bugail disguised as a
shepherd
Yr oedd yno ar werth debotau yn rhith
malwod, trionglau, sgwariau, ac yn y blaen
There were teapots for sale there shaped like snails, triangles, squares, etc
ETYMOLOGY: ‘in (the) appearance (of)’ (yn
= in) + soft mutation + (rhith =
appearance)
:_______________________________.
ynteu ‹ən -te›
1 (conjunction) or, or otherwise
In offering a choice of two things - .this or that? the first or the second?
..1/ Before the first option ai,
and before the second ynteu
Galatiaid 3:2 Hyn yn unig a ewyllysiaf ei ddysgu gennych, Ai wrth
weithredoedd ddeddf y derbyniasoch yr Ysbryd, ynteu wrth wrandawiad ffydd?
Galatians 3:2 This only would I learn of you, Received ye the Spirit by the
works of the law, or by the hearing of faith?
..2/ In colloquial Welsh ai is
dropped
Pa un - hwn ynteu'r llall? Which one - this one or the other?
Tu blaen ynteu tu chwith? heads or tails?
(North Wales) Cing ta brits? heads or tails? (Old pennies had the head
of the king – hence cing - on the obverse and Britannia – hence brit -on the reverse)
Cyfaill ynteu gelyn? (Soldier
on watch duty challenging someone unknown) Friend or foe?
..3/ In colloquial Welsh in
the north-west ai... ynteu... can also be ta... ta...
..4/ Also in literary Welsh as ai
ynteu in introducing a second or further option
Samuel-2 24:13 A fynni ddyfod i ti saith mlynedd o newyn yn dy wlad? neu
ffoi dri mis o flaen dy elynion, a hwy yn dy erlid? ai ynteu bod haint yn y wlad dri diwrnod?
Samuel-2 24:13 Shall seven years of famine come unto thee in thy land? or wilt
thou flee three months before thine enemies, while they pursue thee? or that
there be three days' pestilence in thy land?
2 (adverb) then
nawr te (South Wales) now then
rwan ta (North Wales) now then
-Yr wyt ti'n meddwl y galla i fynd te?
-Wrth gwrs y gelli di fynd.
-Do you think I can go then?
-Of course you can go
3 (adverb) then = in that case, if this is the situation
onid du, llwyd ynteu if it’s not black, then it’s grey
O! wel, mae’n ol reit ta Oh! Well, it’s all right then
Thenciw fawr, ta Thanks very much, then
4 ynteu?
Makes a statement interrogative; “is it?”
ETYMOLOGY: Ynteu is the same
word as the pronoun yntau (= he too, he for his part, he on the other
hand).
Final au in Welsh was earlier eu, so ynteu is an earlier
spelling of yntau which has been preferred to distinguish the
conjunction / adverb from the pronoun
NOTE: Colloquially te – the final diphthong -eu is simplified to
the vowel -e ynteu > ynte, and the first syllabe is
dropped ynte > te. In North-west Wales, a final -e
becomes -a, so ynte > ynta > ta
:_______________________________.
yn unol â ‹ən î-nol aa›
1 in accordance with
gwneud yn unol â’ch dymuniadau
comply with your wishes
:_______________________________.
ynta fa ‹ən-ta va ›
1 in the south-east, a form of onid
e (a tag added to an ‘abnormal’ sentence, that is, one with a first element
which is not a verb placed for emphasis at the head of sentence),
Dyna storm fu nithwr, ynta fa?
(south-east) What a storm there was last night, eh?
:_______________________________.
yn unlle ‹ə NIN lhe› (adverb)
1 anywhere, nowhere
:_______________________________.
yn unman ‹ə NIN man› (adverb)
1 anywhere, nowhere
:_______________________________.
yn wir ‹ən WIIR› (phrase)
1 indeed
:_______________________________.
yn wyneb haul
llygad goleuni ‹ən ui-beb hail lhə-gad go-lei-ni›
1 in broad daylight
ETYMOLOGY: (“in (the) face (of) (the) sun (which is) (the)
eye (of) light”)
(yn = in) + (wyneb = face) + (haul =
sun) + (llygad = eye) + (goleuni = light)
:_______________________________.
ynydu ‹ə-nə -di› verb
1 initiate
ETYMOLOGY: (ynyd = beginning) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
yn y byd
1 “in the world” at all, whatsiever, in the least
..a/ heb reswm yn y byd
for no reason at all
..b/ heb drafferth yn y byd
with no trouble at all, effortlessly
..c/ heb fod o bwys yn y byd of
no consequence whatsoever
:_______________________________.
yn y cyswllt hwn ‹ən
ə kə-sullt hun› adverb
1 as regards this, in this context, in this regard
ETYMOLOGY: (“in this
connection”) (yn = in) + (y = the) + (cyswllt =
connection) + (hwn = (of-) this)
:_______________________________.
yn y fan a’r fan
1 in such and such a place = in a place indicated but not specified
Aem at bobl y farchnad a dweud wrthynt fod “John Jones, Tŷ-gwyn,” neu ryw berson dychmygol
arall, yn ymofyn ei weled yn y fan a’r fan
We would go up to the people in the market and say to them that John Jones, of
Tŷ-gwyn, or some other imaginary person, was asking to see them in such
and such a place
:_______________________________.
yn y Gymru gyfoes
‹ən ə GƏM ri GƏ vois› (adverb)
1 in contemporary Wales
:_______________________________.
yn y Gymru Gymráeg
‹ən ə GƏM ri gəm RAIG› (adverb)
1 in Welsh Wales, in the areas which have not succumbed to anglicisation
2 amongst the Welsh (who have not been anglicised)
:_______________________________.
yn y Gymru sydd
ohoni ‹ən ə GƏM ri sidh o HO ni› (adverb)
1 in present-day Wales
:_______________________________.
ynys, ynysoedd
‹Ə nis, ə NI sodh› (feminine noun)
1 island
Yr Ynys Sanctaidd The Sacred
Island, Ireland
2 There is soft mutation of names after ynys in early place names
Ynys Gybi, Ynys Môn “island of saint Cybi”
Ynys Dysilio, Ynys Môn “island of saint Tysilio”
glasynys green island, green meadow
Y Lasynys (SH5932) locality in the district of Meirionnydd (county
of Gwynedd)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (glasynys = green
island; green meadow)
(glas = blue; but when referring to the colour of
vegetation, equivalent to English “green”) + (ynys = island; waterside
land which floods, which is liable to be covered in water at times)
Ynysoedd
Frisia the Frisian Isles
2 water meadow
3 ?land between two watercourses at a confluence
See Ynysawdre, Ynyscedwyn
4 Y Gyfynys ‹ə gəv Ə nis›
SH6079 farm name, Ynys Môn, north of Llan-faes
(ў definite article) + soft mutation + (cyfynys = two
meadows, adjoining meadows)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH6078
5 In many
place names in the south-east, reduced to ys- when it occurs as a first
element in a name
This has been
reinterpreted as the definite article y, followed by a name beginning
with s.
As is
common with names with the definite article y, the article is often dropped
ynys tâl
y fera > Y|stal|y|fera > Y|stal|fe|ra > Y
Stal|fe|ra > Stal|fe|ra
ynys
Forgan > Y|sfor|gan > Y Sfor|gan > Sfor|gan
local
form / base form / base form with elements spelt separately
Cwm-sgou / Cwm-ynys-gau
/ Cwm Ynys Gau
Y
Sgedwyn / Ynysgedwyn / Ynys Gedwyn
Y
Sgenfridd (?) / Ynysgeynwraidd / Ynys Gynwraidd
Y
Sgeti / Ynysgedi / Ynys Gedi
Y
Sgiwan / Ynys... / Ynys ....
Y
Smitw / Ynysmeudwy / Ynys y Meudwy
Y
Snawdra / Ynysyrhafdre / Ynys yr Hafdre
Y
Stalfera / Ynystalyfera / Ynys Tâl yr Fera
Y
Stawe / Ynystawe / Ynys Tawe
(delwedd 7402)
NOTE: Compare the use of eye (= water meadow) in English place names
(from Old English êg = island)
Northenden, Manchester:
Former field names are Midley < Middle Eye (middle water-meadow), Cookson’s
Eye, Northern Eye (= Northenden water-meadow), Eatsey < East Eye.
Also holm,
holme in Scotland and the north of England, literally “island”, but here “a
low-lying land by a stream or a river which is covered in water or isolated
when there is a flood”, from Old Norse holmr (= island).
:_______________________________.
Ynysfor ‹ ə nƏs vor › (feminine noun)
1 SH6042 Name of a farm, from the name of a rocky outcrop on which
it stands
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH6042
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically
representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great
Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: “big island” (ynys =
island ) + soft mutation + (mawr = big) > ynys-fáwr > ynýsfawr > ynysfor
For whatever reason, the noun and
adjective become a compound form and the accent shifted to the penultimate
syllable; the diphthong aw in the final syllable was reduced to the
simple vowel o, as is usual in literary and colloquial Welsh.
NOTE: The island is a rocky hill with trees which at one time was an island in
the sea. When Cob Porthmadog was built, the land was reclaimed from the sea.
Nearby, to the north-west, is Ynys-fach.
:_______________________________.
Ynys Gwylan ‹ə- nis
–gui-lan›
1 the name of two islands off Aberdaron
Ynys Gwylan Fawr “greater Ynys Gwylan”
Ynys Gwylan bach “lesser Ynys Gwylan”
ETYMOLOGY: “gull island” (ynys
= island) + (gwylan = gull).
The form of the name though is curious – Ynys yr Wylan “(the) island
(of) the gull would perhaps be expected. QUERY: Do earlier forms show it to be
“Ynys Gwylain” – ynys y gwylain, the island of the gulls?
:_______________________________.
Yr Ynys-hir ‹ər
Ə-nis HIIR› [ər ˡənɪs ˡhiːr]
1 place name
ETYMOLOGY: “the long riverside meadow” (yr
definite article) + (ynys = island; riverside meadow) + (hir =
long).
NOTE: The
spelling Ynyshir is incorrect. Habitative names are spelt as a single word, but
if it contains a stressed final monosyllabic word, this is separated by a
hyphen.
As the name
of a meadow it would be Yr Ynys Hir (elements spelt separately).
:_______________________________.
ynyslyn ‹ə- nəs -lin›
1 ?
Apparently the meaning of “Ynyslyn” in the street name “Ynyslyn Road” in Y
Ddraenen-wen (Pont-ty^-pridd, county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) is “meadow
lake”(without having been able to study the history of the name) (the street
name would be Heol Ynyslyn / Heol yr Ynyslyn in Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: “meadow lake” (ynys
= meadow; island ) + soft mutation + ( llyn = lake)
Unless the final element is glyn (= valley)
:_______________________________.
Ynyswydrin ‹ ə-nis wi -drin›
1
Glastonbury (England)
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently “woad island”
(ynys = island) + soft mutation + (gwydrin adjective = of woad,
relating to woad)
Woad (Isatis tinctora) is a plant yielding a dye which was used for colouring
glass
The adjective gwydrin is (gwydr = woad) + (-in suffix for forming adjectives)
Welsh gwydr (glass, woad) < Latin
vitrum (= woad; blue colour; glass)
English woad < Old English “waad”.
The English word is related to Latin vitrum
(= woad; blue colur; glass) and Greek isatis (= woad), as in the
scientific name Isatis tinctora
:_______________________________.
Ynys-y-bŵl ‹Ə-nis ə
BUUL› [ˡənɪs ə ˡbuːl]
1 ST0594 village in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/564642
2 short form: Yr Ynys (“the meadow”)
o’r Ynys i lawr at y Pandy from Ynys-y-bŵl down to Y Pandy
NOTE: The Anglican cleric Glanffrwd (William Thomas) was born in Ynɥs-y-bŵl in 1843, and published his
reminiscences in 1888 “Plwɥf Llanwyno, yr
Hen Amser, yr Hen Bobl, a’r Hen Droion” (the Parish of Llanwynno, the old
times, the old people, and the old events)
Dichon mai natur a sefyllfa ddaearyddol
y lle roddodd yr enw i Ynɥs-y-bŵl.
Fodd bynnag, gellid yn naturiol ddywedɥd Ynɥs-y-pwll. Gelwir ef yn Saesneg “Bowling
Green”. ’Wn i ddim pwɥ a
Seisnigeiddiodd yr enw. Ond yn ddiau, gwnaeth gamsyniad. Yr oedd y lle yn Ynɥs-y-pwll er y cread, ond yn gymharol
ddiweddar y dechreuwɥd chware
Bwlbinnau ynddo. Fellɥ, nid oes
gennɥf ddim
diolch i’w dalu i neb am roddi enw Saesneg i’r lle. Ond daeth yr enw Ynɥs-y-bŵl i gael ei gymhwɥso at yr holl ardal – i fynɥ at Dai’r Plwɥf a lleoedd eraill ar bob llaw
The geographical nature and situation probably gave the name to Ynɥs-y-bŵl (“the meadow of the bowl”).
However it could be said naturally “Ynɥs-y-pwll” (“the meadow of the pool”). In
English it is called ‘Bowling Green’. I don’t know who Englished the name. But
doubtlessly, he made a mistake. The place had been “Ynɥs-y-pwll” since the Creation, but (only)
comparatively recently people began to play ninepins / skittles there. So I
have no thanks to pay to anybody for giving it an English name. But the name Ynɥs-y-bŵl came to be applied to the whole
area – up to Tai’r Plwɥf (“the
parish houses”) and other places all around
NOTE: The wikipedia entry 2008-11-19
for “Ynysybwl” states: It is wrong to double-hyphenate 'Ynys-y-bwl',
as this is contrary to Welsh usage; there are different roads signs with these
two spellings, which have given rise to controversy.”
In fact, it is quite the opposite. The form without hyphens is the
incorrect form.
It also gives the meaning (incorrectly) as “island in the mountains”,
saying that this would “aptly describe its position, surrounded on each side by
mountains… and flanked on each side by rivers and streams”.
It gives the English pronunciation as “[ʌnɪsʌbʊl] (roughly "Un-iss-u-bull" in English). The local people
however refer to the village as "Bwl" or "The Bwl".”
But whatever the English pronunciation is, the earlier forms show the final
vowel to be a long vowel, as this is Welsh bŵl [buul] (= a wooden
ball) < English boule [buul] (= wooden ball) < French boule < Latin bulla (= round object, bubble).
Although bŵl might refer to some
topographical feature – a round hill or a round hollow – the meaning of the
name is possibly the one discounted by Glanffrwd, when he says about the
English name “Bowling Green” (translated from Welsh) “I don’t know who
Englished the name. But doubtlessly, he made a mistake”. He maintains that that
the place was “Ynys y Pwll” “(the) river meadow (by) the pool (in the river)”,
though this form is not noted, and would hardly have become “Ynys-y-bŵl”.
If it means ‘bowling green’, ‘meadow where bowls were played’ it corresponds to
Alafowlia in Dinbych / Denbigh ‘bowling alley’, and other names referring to
bowling alleys or skittle alleys.
:_______________________________.
yr ‹ƏR› (definite article)
1 Before a vowel (a e i o u
w y) and h.
yr anifail – the animal
yr hanner – the half
The final ‘r’ is lost before consonants (b c d dd f g j l ll m n p r rh s sh t
th tsh w z)
y cae the field
After a vowel the definite article is ’r, and is used before all vowels
and consonants
i’r afon – into the river
i’r dre – to / into the town
2 the ‘linking’ definite article y / yr / ’r (showing
a genitive relationship) is often lost in place names.
On maps both forms are often seen.
Pen-y-sarn / Pen-sarn (“(the) end (of) the paved way”)
Pen-y-bryn / Pen-bryn (“(the) top (of) the hill”)
Cefn-y-coed / Cefn-coed (“(the) hill (with) the wood”)
3 Not used traditionally before river names, though there are
examples in modern minor place names
..a/ Sŵnyllethi / Sŵn y Llethi street name in Llanarth, county
of Ceredigion (“Swn-y-Llethi”)
:_______________________________.
yr
1 Before a vowel (a e i o u w y) and h.
yr anifail – the animal
The final ‘r’ is lost before consonants (b c d dd f g j l ll m n p r rh s sh t
th tsh w z) (definite article + noun), (definite article + noun + adjective)
y cae the field
Place names:
Some place names / house names / street names have the article, and some do
not.
This is especially evident with some feminine nouns with soft-mutable initial
consonants (C P T G B D) where the article is omitted but the soft mutation
remains
..a/ Glasynys / Y Lasynys (= green meadow / the green meadow) >
Lasynys
..b/ Treflan / Y Dreflan (= village / the village) / > Dreflan
:_______________________________.
Yr Ynys ‹ər Ə-nis ›
1 SH3836 locality in Gwynedd
2 Yr Ynys is also used as a short form of place names beginning with Ynys…
..a/ Ynys-y-bŵl
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
o’r Ynys i lawr at y Pandy from Ynys-y-bŵl down to Y Pandy
NOTE: In some places pronounced as ’Rynys
yn yr Ynys > yn ’Rynys
:_______________________________.
Ynys Afallon ‹ə-nis a-vâ-lhon›
feminine noun
1 Avalon = the Celtic paradise, a mythical island in the western sea
2 place identified with Glastonbury (county of Somerset, south-west
England) - zone lost by the Welsh to the invading English around 700 AD
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Ynys Afallon < Ynys Afallach = the island of Afallach;
afallon (as if "abundant in
apples", in fact a reformation of the medieval name with Afallach, who was reckoned to be a
divine ancestor of many of the early Welsh dynasties)
:_______________________________.
Ynɥsawdre
‹ə-nis AU-dre›
1 A locality in the county
of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
ETYMOLOGY: “ynys Hafdref”, “(the) meadow (of the place called) Hafdref”;
hafdref (= summer homestead), (haf = summer) + soft mutation + (tref
= homestead)
..1/ A final f is lost in polysyllabic words hafdref > hafdre
..2/ There was a later change of [v] > [w] hafdre > hawdre
..3/ In the (traditional) Welsh of the south-east the h is generally
absent hafdre > ’afdre
NOTE: Local form: Y Snawdra.
..1/ transposition of the n so that
it occurs after the s;
Ynysawdre > *Y Nysawdre > *Y Synawdre > Y Snawdre
..2/ the a instead of e in a final syllable is a normal
feature of South-eastern Welsh
Y Snawdre > Y Snawdra
:_______________________________.
Ynys Bŷr ‹ə-nis biir ›
1 (SS1396) island in the county of Penfro
English name: Caldy Island
ETYMOLOGY: “island (of) Pŷr”
(ynys = island) + soft mutation + (Pŷr
male name)
There is a monastery here that was founded arounf AD 525, by Pŷr, a
disciple of Illtud
:_______________________________.
Ynys-deg ‹ə-nis deeg›
1 house name in Bancyfelin (county of Caerfyrddin)
2 street name in Ton-du (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Ynysdeg”)
ETYMOLOGY: “fair island / fair meadow” (ynys
= island; riverside meadow)
+ soft mutation + (teg = fair)
:_______________________________.
Ynys Dewi ‹ə-nis deu i ›
1 island in the county of Penfro
2 Ynys Dewi (SM7023)
(“(the) island (of) David”) an island 3km southwest of Penmaen Dewi, near
Tyddewi
English name: Ramsey Island
Here there is also Swnt Dewi (“(the)
strait (of) David”), the strait between the Welsh mainland and the island
English name: Ramsey Sound
ETYMOLOGY: (ynys =island) + (Dewi = David)
:_______________________________.
Ynys Fach
Llyffan Gawr ‹ə-nis vaakh lhə-fan gaur›
1 (SN0141) promontory north of Brynhenllan. Dinas (the county of
Penfro) south-west Wales
English name: Dinas Island
ETYMOLOGY: “the Ynys Fach of Llyffan the Giant” (Llyffan = man’s name) + soft mutation + (cawr = giant). Ynys Fach
= ‘little island’ (ynys = island) +
soft mutation + (bach = little)
:_______________________________.
Ynysgedwyn ‹ə-nis ged -win›
1 SN7709 area, Ystradgynlais Isaf (Brycheiniog, county of Powys)
Local form: ’Sgedwyn
2 seat on
Cyngor Sir Powys (the county adminstration)
:_______________________________.
ynys groesi, ynysoedd
croesi ‹ə nis GROI si› (feminine noun)
1 traffic island
:_______________________________.
ys ‹əs› (verb)
1 (obsolete) it is
Rhufeiniad 7: 24 Ys truan o ddyn wyf fi! pwy a’m
gwared i oddi wrth gorff y farwolaeth hon?
Romans 7:24 O wretched man that I am! who shall deliver
me from the body of this death?
(delwedd
7365)
:_______________________________.
ysgatfydd ‹ə-SKAT-vidh› (feminine noun)
1 perhaps, maybe, peradventure
Rhufeiniaid 5:7 Oblegid braidd y bydd neb farw dros un
cyfiawn: oblegid dros y da ysgatfydd fe feiddiai un farw hefyd.
Romans 5:7 For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good
man some would even dare to die.
:_______________________________.
ysgub ‹ ə -skib› feminine
noun
PLURAL ysgubau
‹ə- skî
-be›
1
sheaf
2 broom; brush made with twigs
coes ysgub broomstick
3 broom = household brush, especially one with a long handle
4 (Heraldry) gerbe = wheatsheaf
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh ysgub < *ysgúb (prosthetic
y-) + (sgub) < *sgub < British *sgôb- < *scôp- <
Latin scôpa
From the same British root: Cornish skubell (= birch broom), Breton skubell (= broom, brush), skub
(= a sweeping)
Hibernina languages: manx: skeab (= broom) (?from Welsh)
Cf English <skópyulə> scopula a small tuft of dense hairs on the
legs and chelicerae of some spiders 1800-1900 New Latin < scopula (= a broom twig) < scôpae (= thin twigs)
NOTE: colloquially also ysgub > ysgib
> ysbig
:_______________________________.
ysgubwr ‹ə- skî -bur›
PLURAL ysgubwyr
‹ə- skib
-wir›
1 sweeper
ETYMOLOGY: (ysgub- root of the verb ysgubo = to sweep) + (-wr suffix = man)
NOTE: Colloquially 'sgubwr
:_______________________________.
Ynys Gybi ‹ə nis GƏ bi› (feminine noun)
1 island off Môn ('Cybi's island')
:_______________________________.
Ynys Manaw ‹Ə-nis MA nau› (feminine noun)
1 Isle of Man
:_______________________________.
Ynys Metgawdd ‹Ə-nis
MET-gaudh› (f)
1 Ynys Metgawdd NU1241 Lindisfarne, or Holy Island,
Northumberland, England
(delwedd
7372
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/761409
:_______________________________.
Ynysmeudwy ‹ə-nis mei -dui›
1 SN7305 village in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) Local
name: Smîtw
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently “ynys y meudwy” - ‘meadow of the hermit’
NOTE: Explanation of the local form Smiitw
(1) Ynysmeudwy > “Y Smeudwy” (loss of the first
syllable)
(2) *Smeudwy (loss of the “article” y)
(3) *Smeudw in colloquial Welsh
final wy ‹ui›
> vowel w ‹u›
(4) *Smiidw in the south, an ‹ei› in the tonic syllable > half-long vowel ‹i›
(5) in the south-east, the “d” at the beginning of the final syllable > “t”
(loss of voicing)
Hence Smiitw
:_______________________________.
Ynys Môn ‹ə-nis moon› feminine noun
1 island in north-west Wales
Population (1981) 67,000
Area: 714 square kilometres / 276 square miles
Percentage of Welsh-speakers: (1981) 61.63%
2
a county until 1974
3
(1974-1996) for twenty-two years, a district ("dosbarth") of the
county of Gwynedd
4
a county recreated in 1996
trigolion Ynys Môn a Gwynedd the
inhabitants (of the counties of) Ynys Môn and Gwynedd
5
assembly constituency = electoral district for the Welsh Assembly in Caer-dydd
6
parliamentary constituency = electoral district for the English parliament in
London
yr Aelod Seneddol (yr AS) dros Ynys Môn
the Member of Parliament (the MP) for Ynys Môn
ETYMOLOGY: (ynys = island) + (Môn = name, probably that of a Celtic
goddess)
NOTE: See Môn
:_______________________________.
yn ystod ‹ə NƏ stod› (preposition)
1 during
:_______________________________.
ynt ‹int› (verb)
1 they are (literary Welsh)
:_______________________________.
yntau ‹ƏN te› (·pronoun·)
1 he too
:_______________________________.
ynte ‹ən TE› (preposition)
1 (conjunction) or 2 isn't it?
:_______________________________.
yr Ynys Werdd ‹ə-nis werdh›
feminine noun
1 the Emerald Isle, poetic name for Ireland
ETYMOLOGY: ("the green island") (ynys
= isle) + soft mutation + (gwerdd,
feminine form of gwyrdd = green)
:_______________________________.
ynysu ‹ə- nə -si› verb
1 isolate
2 insulate;
tâp ynysu (USA: friction tape)
(Englandic: insulating tape)
ETYMOLOGY: (ynys = island) + (-u verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
( Yorath ) ‹yo-rath› masculine
noun
1 Anglicised spelling of Iorath,
south-eastern form of the man’s name Iorwerth
:_______________________________.
1 yr ‹ər›
1 definite article; see y ‹ə›
:_______________________________.
2 yr ‹ər› partícula amb el verb BOD = ser, estar)
1 see y ‹ə› relative = that, which,
who : dyna'r meddyg yr aeth ato -
this is the doctor he went to
:_______________________________.
yr hwn ‹ər hun› pronoun
1 obsolete (at the head of
a sentence) the person who…, whosoever…, he that…, she that…
Ioan 8:7 Yr hwn sydd ddibechod ohonoch,
tafled yn gyntaf garreg ati hi
John 8:7 He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her
2 obsolete (introduing a dependent clause) who
:_______________________________.
yr oeddech chwi ‹ə ROI dhe khwi› (verb)
1 you were
:_______________________________.
yr oedd ef ‹ə ROI dhev› (verb)
1 he was
:_______________________________.
yr oedd hi ‹ə ROIDH hi› (verb)
1 she was
:_______________________________.
yr oedd o ‹ə ROI DHOO› (verb)
1 he was (North)
:_______________________________.
yr oeddem ni ‹ə ROI dhem ni› (verb)
1 we were
:_______________________________.
yr oeddet ti ‹ə ROI dhe ti› (verb)
1 you were ('thou wert')
:_______________________________.
yr oeddwn i ‹ə ROI dhun i› (verb)
1 I was
:_______________________________.
yr oeddynt hwy
‹ə ROI dhint hui› (verb)
1 they were
:_______________________________.
yr un ‹ər iin › pronom
1 (with a negator ni / na /
nid / nad ) not one, not one of them, none of them, neither of them.
Colloquially ’run after a vowel
yr un o not one of...
yr un ohonom; yr un ohonon ni
neither of us, none of us
yr un ohonoch; yr un ohonoch chi
neither of you, none of you
yr un ohonynt; yr un ohonyn nhw
neither of them, none of them
'phrynwn i 'run o'r llyfrau hyn I
wouldn't buy any of these books
2 does yr un...
there's nobody...
Does yr un ato There’s nobody who
can measure up to him, there’s no one equal to him (“there is nobody to him”)
3 yr un... the one...
mi fydd yr ornest honno yn siwr o fod
tipyn yn galetach na'r un yn yr Ariannin
that contest is certain to be a bit harder than the one in Argentina
:_______________________________.
yr un wedd ‹ or iin weedh › adverb
1
in the same way
ETYMOLOGY: (yr = definite article) +
(un = any) + soft mutaiton + (gwedd = aspect)
:_______________________________.
yr wyf ‹ə RUIV› (verb)
1 I am
:_______________________________.
yr wyt ‹ə RUIT› (verb)
1 you are ('thou art')
:_______________________________.
yr ych ‹ə RIIKH› (verb)
1 you are (South)
:_______________________________.
yr ydoedd ef ‹ə rə doi DHEEV› (verb)
1 he was
:_______________________________.
yr ydoedd hi ‹ə rə doidh HII› (verb)
1 she was
:_______________________________.
yr ydwyf fi ‹ə rə dui VII› (verb)
1 I am
:_______________________________.
yr ydwyt ti ‹ə rə dui TII› (verb)
1 you are ('thou art')
:_______________________________.
yr ydych chwi ‹ə rə di KHWII› (verb)
1 you are
:_______________________________.
yr ydym ni ‹ə rə dim NII› (verb)
1 we are
:_______________________________.
yr ydynt hwy ‹ə rə dint HUI› (verb)
1 they are
:_______________________________.
yr ydyw ef ‹ə rə diu EEV› (verb)
1 he is
:_______________________________.
yr ydyw hi ‹ə rə diu HII› (verb)
1 she is
:_______________________________.
yr ym ‹ə RIIM› (verb)
1 we are (South)
:_______________________________.
-ys
1 suffix used in forming female names
Carɥs ‹KAA
ris› female name
câr- (= love; stem of the verb caru = to love) + (-ys);
without the vowel change a > e under the influence of final y
(vowel affection)
Cerɥs ‹KEE
ris› female name
câr- (= love; stem of the verb caru = to love) + (-ys);
vowel change a > e under the influence of final y
(vowel affection)
Glenɥs ‹GLEE
nis› female name
glân (= beautiful) + (-ys); vowel change a > e
under the influence of final y (vowel affection)
Nerɥs ‹NEE
nis› female name “lady, female ruler”
nêr (= lord, chief) + (-ys);
ETYMOLOGY: Query: Is this suffix
taken from the word melys (= sweet), supposing this to be mêl (= honey) and a suffix –ys,
though in fact from a British form
*melis- (though ultimately based on the root of the word mêl = honey, being from the Indo-European root melit- (= honey)). A Latin
cognate of melys is mulsus (= honey-sweet).
Irish has milis (= sweet).
Equally it may be from the name Gwladys,
a variant spelling of Gwladus, from Gwladus
ferch Brychan, one of the saintly daughters of Brychan, ruler of
Brycheiniog “female ruler” (gwlad = country) + (-us suffix)
Either or both may have been reinforced by the word dilys (sincere; genuine,
authentic).
NOTE: Eurys (eur- < aur = gold) is a male name
:_______________________________.
ys-
1
shortened form of ynys (= meadow) in some place names
This has
been reinterpreted as the definite article y, followed by a name
beginning with s.
As is
common with names with the definite article y, the article is often dropped
ynys tâl
y fera > Y|stal|y|fera > Y|stal|fe|ra > Y
Stal|fe|ra > Stal|fe|ra
ynys
Forgan > Y|sfor|gan > Y Sfor|gan > Sfor|gan
local
form / base form / base form with elements spelt separately
Y
Sgedwyn / Ynysgedwyn / Ynys Gedwyn
Y
Sgenfridd (?) / Ynysgynwraidd / Ynys Gynwraidd
Y
Sgeti / Ynysgedi / Ynys Gedi
Y
Sgiwan / Ynys... / Ynys ....
Y
Smitw / Ynysmeudwy / Ynys y Meudwy
Y
Snawdra < ynys hafdre / Ynysyrhafdre / Ynys yr Hafdre
Y
Stalfera / Ynystalyfera / Ynys Tâl yr Fera
Y
Stawe / Ynystawe / Ynys Tawe
Also Cwm-sgou <
Cwm-y-sgóu / Cwm-ynys-gau / Cwm Ynys Gau
(delwedd 7402)
See the
entry for the letter s
:_______________________________.
yr Ysgrythur Lân ‹ər ə SKRI thir
LAAN› (feminine noun)
1 Holy Scripture
:_______________________________.
ys gwn i ‹ə SKU ni› (phrase)
1 I wonder
:_______________________________.
ysbaddu ‹ə SPA dhi› (verb)
1 castrate
:_______________________________.
ysbaid,
ysbeidiau ‹Ə spaid, ə SPAID ye› (feminine noun)
1 while, a short while
:_______________________________.
ysbail,
ysbeiliau ‹Ə
spail, ə SPEIL ye› (feminine
noun)
1 loot
:_______________________________.
ysbeiliad ‹ə- speil -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL ysbeiliadau ‹ə-speil-yâ-de›
1 plundering, pillage, pillaging (a village, a town, etc)
2 mugging, robbery with violence, attacking a person in order to
steal from him / her
ETYMOLOGY: (ysbeili-,
stem of the verb ysbeilio = to plunder, to sack, to steal) (-ad
abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
ysbeilio ‹ə SPEIL yo› (verb)
1 to loot, to sack, to plunder
:_______________________________.
ysbeiliwr ‹ə- speil -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL ysbeilwyr
‹ə- speil
-wir›
1 plunderer
ysbeiliwr beddau grave robber
ETYMOLOGY: (ysbeili- = stem of ysbeilio
= to plunder) + (-wr = agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
ysbïwr, ysbiwyr
‹ə SBI ur, ə SBI wir› (masculine noun)
1 spy
ysbïwr dwbl double agent
ysbïwr bob ochr double agent (“spy
(of) each side”)
:_______________________________.
ysblennydd ‹ə SPLE nidh› (adjective)
1 splendid
:_______________________________.
ysbodol bysgod,
ysbodolau pysgod ‹ə
SPOO dol BƏ skod, ə spo DOO le PƏ skod› (feminine noun)
1 spatula, fish slice
:_______________________________.
ysbryd, ysbrydion
‹Ə sprid, ə SPRID yon› (masculine noun)
1 spirit
:_______________________________.
ysbrydol ‹ə-SPRƏ-dol› (adjective)
1 spiritual
ETYMOLOGY: (ysbryd
=
spirit) + (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
ysbyty ‹ə SPƏ ti›, PLURAL: ysbytai ‹ə
SPƏ tai› masculine noun)
1 hospital
2 ysbyty athrofaol teaching hospital
Ysbyty Athrofaol Cymru University Teaching Hospital of Wales
ETYMOLOGY: ysbyty < *esbyty < *osbyty (*osbyd + ty^ = house).
Welsh *osbyd is from the British form *ospít- < Latin ospites
< hospites (= guests), plural of hospes
(= guest)
:_______________________________.
ysgadenyn,
ysgadan ‹ə-ska-DEE-nin, ə-SKAA-dan› (masculine noun)
1 herring
:_______________________________.
ysgafell,
ysgafellau ‹ə
SKA velh, ə ska VE lhe› (feminine
noun)
1 ledge (projecting from a cliff)
2
brow, eyebrows
edrych dan eich ysgafell ar look at
(somebody) darkly, scowl at (“look under your brow on”)
:_______________________________.
ysgafn ‹Ə ska vən, Ə
skaun› (adjective)
1 light
esgidiau ysgafnlight shoes
2
(disease, infection) mild, not serious or life-threatening
ffurf ysgafn ar falaria a mild form
of malaria
3 (sound of knocking) light, gentle
Clywodd guro ysgafn ar y drws He
heard some gentle knocking on the door
:_______________________________.
ysgallen ‹ə-sga-lhen›
feminine noun
PLURAL ysgall
‹ə-sgalh›
1 Onopordum acanthium (Cotton Thistle, Scotch Thistle,
Scottish Thistle, Spear Thistle)
(delwedd
7481)
2 ysgallen Fair (“(the) thistle (of the
Virgin) Mary”).
Also ysgallen wen (“white thistle”)
and ysgallen fraith (“speckled
thistle”) Silybium marianum milk
thistle
Ynys-yr-ysgallen-fraith (lost name)
(“(the) meadow (of) the milk thistle”)
According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911),
it occurred as the name of a house in the chapelry of Yr Eglwysnewydd,
Caer-dydd
3 gwlân ysgall thistledown (“wool (of) thistle”, thistle
wool)
Also gwlaniach ysgall thistledown (“bits of
wool (of) thistle”)
Also plu ysgall thistledown (“feathers (of)
thistle”, thistle feathers / down)
(delwedd
7480)
Cynara cardunculus = thistle
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Breton askollenn
(= thistle), Cornish askallenn (=
thistle)
:_______________________________.
ysgarlad ‹ə- skar -lad› adjective
1 scarlet = a vivid red
gwraig ysgarlad scarlet woman, a
sinful woman
From this verse in the Bible:
Datguddiad Ioan 17:3 Ac efe a’m dygodd i
i’r diffeithwch yn yr ysbryd: ac mi a welais wraig yn eistedd ar fwystfil o liw
ysgarlad, yn llawn o enwau cabledd, a saith ben iddo, a deg corn. 17:4 A’r wraig oedd wedi ei dilladu â phorffor
ac ysgarlad, ac wedi ei gwychu ag aur, ac â main gwerthfawr, a pherlau, a
chanddi gwpan aur yn ei llaw, yn llawn o ffieidd-dra ac aflendid ei phuteindra.
17:5 Ac ar ei thalcen yr oedd enw ei
ysgrifennu. DIRGELWCH, BABILON FAWR, MAM PUTEINIAID A FFEIDD-DRA’R MAWR
17:19... y saith ben, saith fynydd
ydynt, lle mae’r wraig yn eistedd arnynt
Revelations 17:3 So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness:
and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of
blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. 17:4 And the woman was arrayed in
purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls,
having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her
fornication: 17:5 And upon her forehead was a name written, MYSTERY, BABYLON
THE GREAT, THE MOTHER OF HARLOTS AND ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH... 17:9... The
seven heads are seven mountains, on which the woman sitteth.
(In fact, the woman is thought to represent Rome, which sits on seven hills,
and the seven heads of the beast on which she rides are the heads of seven
(unidentified) Roman emperors, the beast being the Roman Empire)
cywennod claearwyn eu plu â chribau ysgarlad
fowls with bright white plumage and scarlet coxcombs
ETYMOLOGY: English scarlet <
French escarlate type of fine cloth,
word of unknown origin. Modern French écarlate
(= scarlet)
:_______________________________.
ysgawen, ysgaw
‹ə SKAU en, Ə skau› (feminine noun)
1 elderberry
gwin ysgaw elderberry
wine
:_______________________________.
ysgeler ‹ə SKE ler› (adjective)
1 atrocious, horrendous
:_______________________________.
ysgithrog ‹ə ski -throg› adj
1
toothed, having projecting teeth
2
tusked, having tusks
3
craggy, rugged (mountain)
4
(weather) stormy. windy
5
chwyrnwr ysgithrog (Trigla lyra)
piper gurnard, or piper; fish found on sand and mud bottoms. Eats shrimps and
crabs
6
Brochfael Ysgithrog father of saint
Tysilio (died 662), and Cadell, king of Powys (ysgithrog = having projecting teeth)
ETYMOLOGY: (ysgithr = tusk) + (-og, suffix for forming adjectives)
NOTE: Also as sgythrog (loss of
pretonic syllable ‹ə›, reduction of tonic
vowel ‹i› > obscure vowel ‹ə›
:_______________________________.
ysglefrio ‹ə SKLEVR yo› (verb)
1 skate
:_______________________________.
ysglyfaethus ‹ə-sklə- vei –this › adjective
1 predatory
aderyn ysglyfaethus bird of prey
ETYMOLOGY: (ysglyfaeth = prey) + (-us suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
ysgog ‹Ə -skog›
1 stem of
the verb ysgogi (= move, budge)
diysgog firm,
immobile
:_______________________________.
ysgogi ‹ə -SKOO-gi › (v)
1 move, stir
Salmau 16:8 Gosodais
yr ARGLWYDD bob amser ger fy mron: am ei fod ar fy neheulaw, ni’m hysgogir.
Psalms 16:8 I have set the LORD always
before me: because he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved.
2 motivate, encourage, urge, stimulate
ysgogi mudiadau gwirfoddol i ddefnyddio’r iaith Gymraeg encourage
voluntary organisations to use Welsh
ysgogi
ymateb provoke (a response)
ETYMOLOGY: ysgogi < (“ysgog” = Old Welsh *sgog) + (-i verbal suffix).
Celtic *skok
< Indo-European *skek- (= jump)
:_______________________________.
ysgogiad ‹ə -SKOG-yad› (m)
PLURAL ysgogiadau ‹ə-skog-YAA-dai, -de›
1 movement
gweud
ysgogiad pen ar (rywun) acknowledge (somebody) with a nod of the head
(“make (a) movement (of) head on somebody”)
2 impetus
:_______________________________.
ysgol ‹ə
-skol› feminine noun
PLURAL ysgolion ‹ə-
skol -yon›
1 school = building for teaching and learning
2 Heol Yr Ysgol “(the) street
/ road (of) the school” (a southern form, since heol is generally used
in the south where ffordd or stryd is preferred in the north)
Heol Yr Ysgol
..a/ Cefneithin (county of Caerfyrddin)
..b/ Glynebwy (county of Blaenau Gwent)
..c/ Llangynwyd (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..d/ Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
..e/ Saint-y-brid (SS8974) (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..f/ Ton-du, (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..g/ Y Coety (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
Heol yr Ysgol would be one possible translation of numerous streets in
Wales called in English “School Road” or “School Street”
3 ysgol wladol state school
4 school = conference, course of instruction
ysgol undydd one-day conference (“school (of) one day”)
ysgol Basg Easter school, Easter conference
ysgol haf summer school, summer conference
5 school = lessons at school
Does dim ysgol heddiw There’s no school today
ar ôl ysgol after school (= when lessons have finished for the day)
6 education, schooling
dyn heb ddim ysgol a man with no education
7 school = all the pupils in a place
of education
8 school = people with the same
ideas, group of artists or writers with the common philosophy and common style
9 school = learning experience
Yr ysgol ore yn yr hollfyd, i ddysgu dyn yw ysgol adfyd The best school
in all the world to teach somebody is the school of adversity
10 gwersyll ysgol school camp
mynd i wersyll ysgol go to school camp
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh ysgol
< *ysgôl ‹əskóol› < *sgôl
< British skool-
< Latin *scoola < schoola < Greek scholé (=
leisure employed in leaning)
From the same British root: Cornish skol (= school), Breton skol
(= school)
:_______________________________.
ysgol
annibynnol, ysgolion annibynnol ‹Ə
skol a ni BƏ nol, ə SKOL yon a ni BƏ nol› (feminine noun)
1 independent school - school not receiving state aid
:_______________________________.
ysgol baratói,
ysgolion paratói ‹Ə skol ba ra TOI, ə SKOL yon ba ra TOI› (·
f·)
1 prep school - private school which prepares pupils for entry into
the private-school system
:_______________________________.
ysgol Basg,
ysgolion Pasg ‹Ə skol BASK, ə
SKOL yon PASK› (feminine
noun)
Easter school - series of conferences held at Easter
:_______________________________.
ysgol breifat,
ysgolion preifat ‹ə skol BREI vat, ə
SKOL yon PREI vat› (feminine
noun)
1 private school
:_______________________________.
ysgol ddyddiol,
ysgolion dyddiol ‹ə skol DHƏDH
yol, ə SKOL yon DƏDH yol›
(feminine noun)
1 day school
:_______________________________.
ysgol eglwys,
ysgolion eglwys ‹Ə skol E gluis, ə
SKOL yon E gluis› (·f)
1 church school - school paid for by the state but run by the
Anglican Church
:_______________________________.
ysgol elfennol,
ysgolion elfennol ‹Ə skol el VE nol, ə
SKOL yon el VE nol› (feminine
noun)
1 primary school, elementary school, school for pupils 5-11 years
old
:_______________________________.
ysgol fabanod,
ysgolion babanod ‹Ə skol va BA nod, ə
SKOL yon ba BA nod›
1 infants' school, school for pupils 5-7 years old
:_______________________________.
ysgol
farchogaeth, ysgolion marchogaeth ‹Ə
skol var KHO geth, ə SKOL yon mar KHO geth›
1 riding school
:_______________________________.
ysgol fechgyn,
ysgolion bechgyn ‹Ə skol VEKH gin, ə
SKOL yon BEKH gin› 1 boys' school
:_______________________________.
ysgol feithrin,
ysgolion meithrin ‹ə skol VEITH rin›
1 nursery school (3-5-years old)
:_______________________________.
ysgol feithrin
Gymráeg, ysgolion meithrin Cymráeg ‹ə
skol VEITH rin gəm RAIG, ə SKOL yon MEITH rin gəm RAIG› (
1 Welsh-language nursery school (3-5-years old)
:_______________________________.
ysgol ferched,
ysgolion merched ‹Ə skol VER khed, ə
SKOL yon MER khed›
1 girls' school
:_______________________________.
ysgol foduro,
ysgolion moduro ‹Ə
skol vo DI ro, ə SKOL yon mo DI ro›
1 driving school
:_______________________________.
ysgol fonedd,
ysgolion bonedd ‹ə skol VO nedh, ə
SKOL yon BO nedh› (feminine
noun)
1 public school, boarding school for the aristocracy
:_______________________________.
ysgol gyfun,
ysgolion cyfun ‹Ə skol GƏ vin, ə
SKOL yon KƏ vin›
1 co-educational high school - secondary school, for pupils 11-18
years of age, where there is no segregation according to academic prospects
(under the old system, future university students attended the YSGOL RAMADEG or
grammar school, and pupils not considered academically bright were obliged to
go to the YSGOL FODERN or secondary modern school)
:_______________________________.
ysgol gyfun
Gymráeg, ysgolion cyfun Cymráeg ‹ə
skol GƏ vin kəm RAIG, ə SKOL yon KƏ vin kəm RAIG› (feminine noun)
1 Welsh high school - Welsh comprehensive school, school where the
language of instruction is Welsh
:_______________________________.
ysgol Gymráeg,
ysgolion Cymráeg ‹Ə skol kəm
RAIG, ə SKOL yon kəm RAIG›
1 Welsh school, school where the language of instruction is Welsh
:_______________________________.
ysgol gymysg,
ysgolion cymysg ‹Ə skol GƏ misk, ə
SKOL yon KƏ misk› (feminine
noun)
1 mixed school, coeducational school
:_______________________________.
ysgol gynradd,
ysgolion cynradd ‹Ə skol GƏN
radh, ə SKOL yon KƏN radh›
(feminine noun)
1 primary school
:_______________________________.
ysgol gynradd
Gymráeg, ysgolion cynradd Cymráeg ‹Ə
skol GƏN radh kəm RAIG, ə SKOL yon KƏN radh kəm RAIG›
1 Welsh primary school, primary school where the language of
instruction is Welsh
:_______________________________.
ysgol haf,
ysgolion haf ‹ə skol HAAV, ə SKOL
yon HAAV› (feminine noun)
1 summer school
:_______________________________.
ysgol ramadeg,
ysgolion gramadeg ‹Ə skol ra MA deg, ə
SKOL yon gra MA deg› (· f·)
1 grammar school
ETYMOLOGY: Literal translation of English “grammar school”.
“School (of) grammar” (ysgol =
school) + soft mutation + (gramadeg = grammar)
Grammar schools taught Latin (i.e. Latin grammar) to pupils who were destined
to be the priests and monks of the future; the schools were attached to
cathedrals and monasteries. Other subjects necessary for fulfilling one’s
duties as a cleric were music and verse (for liturgy), astronomy and
mathematics (for the church calendar) and law (for administration).
:_______________________________.
Ysgol Sul,
ysgolion Sul ‹Ə skol SIIL, ə SKOL
yon SIIL› (feminine noun)
1 Sunday school
:_______________________________.
ysgol undydd
‹Ə skol IN didh, ə SKOL yon IN didh› (·
f·)
1 one-day conference
:_______________________________.
ysgol uwchradd,
ysgolion uwchradd ‹Ə skol IUKH radh, ə
SKOL yon IUKH radh› (feminine
noun)
1 high school (England: secondary school)
:_______________________________.
ysgol uwchradd
fodern, ysgolion uwchradd modern ‹Ə
skol IUKH radh VO dern, ə SKOL yon IUKH radh MO dern› (feminine noun)
1 secondary-modern school
:_______________________________.
ysgoldy,
ysgoldai ‹ə
SKOL di / dai› (·f·)
1 schoolhouse
:_______________________________.
ysgolfeistr,
ysgolfeistri ‹ə skol-VEIS-stir, ə
skol-VEIS-stre› (·m·)
1 schoolmaster
:_______________________________.
ysgolfeistres,
ysgolfeistresau ‹ə skol-VEI-stres, ə-skol-vei-STRE-se› (·f
·)
1 schoolmistress
:_______________________________.
ysgolháig,
ysgolheigion ‹ə skol HAIG, ə skol
HEIG yon› (masculine noun)
1 scholar = erudite person
:_______________________________.
ysgolheictod ‹ə skol HEIK tod› (masculine noun)
1 scholarship, erudition
:_______________________________.
ysgolheigaidd ‹ə skol HEI gedh› (adjective)
1 scholarly
:_______________________________.
ysgolor,
ysgolorion ‹ə SKO lor, ə sko LOR
yon› (masculine noun)
1 scholar 2 scholar = student with a scholarship/ grant
:_______________________________.
ysgoloriaeth,
ysgoloriaethau ‹ə sko LOR yeth, ə
sko lor YEI the› (feminine
noun)
1 scholarship
:_______________________________.
Ysgotyn,
Ysgotiaid ‹ə
SGO tin, ə SKOT yed› (masculine
noun)
1 Scot
:_______________________________.
ysgrêch
‹ ə-
sgreekh › f
1
screech; see sgrech
:_______________________________.
ysgrif, ysgrifau
‹ə SKRIIV, ə SKRII ve› (feminine noun)
1 essay
:_______________________________.
ysgrifbin ‹ə SKRIV bin› (masculine noun)
1 pen
:_______________________________.
ysgrifell ‹ə-SKRII-velh› f
PLURAL ysgrifellau
‹ o-skri- VE
-lhe›
1
pen
ETYMOLOGY: First recorded use: 1783 (ysgrif-
= stem of ysgrifennu = to write) +
(-en
diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
ysgrifen ‹ə SKRII ven› (feminine noun)
1 writing (style of handwriting)
:_______________________________.
ysgrifennu ‹ə skri VE ni› (verb)
1 write
:_______________________________.
ysgrifennydd,
ysgrifenyddion ‹ə skri VE nidh, ə
skri ve NƏDH yon› (masculine
noun)
1 secretary (man)
:_______________________________.
ysgrifenyddes,
ysgrifenyddesau ‹ə
skri ve NƏ dhes, ə skri ve ne DHƏ se› (feminine noun)
1 secretary (woman)
:_______________________________.
Ysgrythur ‹ə SKRII thir› (feminine noun)
1 Scripture, RE (Religious Education), RI (Religious Instruction) -
school subject
:_______________________________.
ysgub, ysgubau
‹Ə skib, ə SKII be› (feminine noun)
1 sheaf
:_______________________________.
ysgubo ‹ə SKII bo› (verb)
1 sweep
:_______________________________.
ysgubor ‹ə-SKII-bor›
feminine noun
PLURAL ysguboriau
‹ə-ski-BOR-ye›
1 barn = large farm outbuilding where hay and grain are stored, and
livestock is sometimes kept
ysgubor ŷd corn barn
ysgubor wair hay barn
Tonysguboriau, locally: Tonsgubora ‹ton-ski-BOO-ra›, village in Rhondda
Cynon Taf (ton yr ysguboriau - “(the) grassland (of) the barns”). English name:
Talbot Green
ETYMOLOGY: ysgubor < ysgubawr < British, apparently <
Latin *scopârium (= place for
sheaves) < scopârum (< scopae
= blades of grass; sheaf)
From the same British root: Cornish skiber
(= barn), Breton skiber (= barn);
Irish scioból (= barn) is a loan
word from Welsh ysgubor
NOTE: The colloquial form is ’sgubor
‹SKII-bor›
with the loss of the pretonic first syllable
Compare
..a/ ymenyn (= butter) > ’menyn,
..b/ ystafell (= room) > ’stafell
:_______________________________.
ysgubor ddegwm ‹ə-SKII-bor dhê-gum› feminine noun
PLURAL ysguboriau
degwm ‹ə-ski-bor-ye dhê-gum›
1 tithe barn = barn where the tithes collected from a parish were
stored
ETYMOLOGY: (ysgubor = barn) + soft
mutation + (degwm = tithe)
:_______________________________.
Yr Ysgubornewydd
‹ə-skî-bor neu-idh› feminine noun
1 SO0505 locality in the town of Merthyrtudful
2 SN 667814 farm north-west of Goginan (Ceredigion) (“Ysgubornewydd”)
3 Farm in Croesyceiliog (Torfaen) (“Ysgubornewydd”)
4 place in Llan-wern, Brycheiniog district of Powys (“Ysgubornewydd”) LD3 0TT.
5 farm in Rhaglan (county of Mynwy) (“Ysgubornewydd”)
6 farm in Ffrwd-grech, Aberhonddu (Powys) (“Ysgubornewydd”) LD3 8LE
7 farm in Man-moel (Caerffili) (“Ysgubornewydd”)
8 farm in Melindwr (Ceredigion) (“Skybernewydd”, Kelly’s Directory 1895)
9 cottage in Henryd (county of Conwy) (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
10 farm in Henllys (Torfaen), demolished in the late 1990s
11 (Burgess Roll, 1783-1789, Caernarfon) Edward Morris, Ysgubornewydd,
Llaneilian (2 March 1784)
12 locality LL15 2HB at Graigfechan (county of
Dinbych) (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
13 merchant’s house from the 1400s in Machynlleth (Powys) (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
14 farm, 1851 Census, Gwyddelwern (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
15 place at Llangristiolus (Ynys Môn) (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
16 place mentioned in 1891 Census for Llanfachreth (Gwynedd) (“Ysgubor Newydd”)
17 place in Paradwys, Bodorgan (Ynys Môn) (“Ysgubor Newydd”).
18 place in Y Fan, Llanidloes SY18 6N (“Ysgubor Newydd”).
19 farm, Ffordd Llangernyw, Abergele (Conwy) (“Ysgubor Newydd”).
20 farm in Llanfair Talhaearn (county of Dinbych) (“Ysgubor Newydd”).
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the new barn’ (yr = the)
+ (ysgubor = barn) + (newydd = new)
:_______________________________.
ysgubor wersyllu
‹ə-skî-bor wer-sə-lhi›
feminine noun
PLURAL ysguboriau
gwersyllu ‹ə-ski-bor-ye gwer-sə-lhi›
1 camping barn - barn with cheap basic accommodation for travellers,
basic washing and toilet facilities and beds or bunks for use with sleeping
bags
ETYMOLOGY: (ysgubor = barn) + soft
mutation + (gwersyllu = to camp);
translation of English ‘camping barn’
:_______________________________.
Ysgubor-y-coed ‹ə-skî-bor ə
kôid› feminine noun
1 mansion and locality in the north of the county of Ceredigion
Cyngor Bro Ysgubor-y-coed
Ysgubor-y-coed Community Council (local administrative unit covering this
locality)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) barn (of) the wood”, wood barn (ysgubor = barn) + (y =
the) + (coed = wood)
:_______________________________.
ysgwyd llaw â ‹Ə skuid› (verb)
1 shake
(Instructions) Ysgydwer y botel
Shake the bottle
2 ysgwyd llaw â ‹Ə skuid LHAU aa› shake hands with
:_______________________________.
ysgwydd,
ysgwyddau ‹Ə skuidh, ə SKUI dhe› (masculine noun)
1 shoulder
2 (place
names) hill, ridge
:_______________________________.
Ysgwydd-gwyn ‹Ə-skuidh GWIN› (masculine noun)
1 farm in Y Deri, Caerffili
Ysgwydd-gwyn Isaf SO1200 farm name “lower Ysgwydd-gwyn”
Capel yr Ysgwydd-gwyn SO1201 a Calvinistic Methodist chapel in y
Deri
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/534292
ETYMOLOGY: “white shoulder /
ridge” (ysgwydd =
shoulder) + (gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
ysgydwad ‹ə- skəd -wad› masculine noun
PLURAL ysgydwadau ‹ə-skəd- wâ -de›
1 shake; shock See ysgytwad
:_______________________________.
ysgytwad ‹ə- skət -wad› masculine noun
PLURAL ysgydwadau ‹ə-skət- wâ -de›
1 shake, shaking
2 shock
Bu’r newydd yn ysgatwad imi The news was a shock to me
ETYMOLOGY: ysgytwad > ysgydwad
> ysgydw- stem of ysgwydaf < ?*ysgwydwaf < ysgwydaf
< ysgwyd (= to shake)
:_______________________________.
ysgyfant,
ysgyfaint ‹ə SKƏ vant, ə SKƏ
vent› (masculine noun)
1 lung
:_______________________________.
ysgyfarn ‹ə- skə
-varn› feminine noun
1 obsolete, ear (in modern
Welsh, ear is clust). It occurs in
the word ysgyfarnog (= hare). See below.
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh ysgyfarn < *ysgyfárn < *sgyfárn < British *skuvárn
< *skovárn- < *skob-
From the same British root: Cornish skovarn
(= ear), Breton skouarn (= ear)
:_______________________________.
..1 ysgyfarnog ‹ə-skə- var
-nog› adjective
1 obsolete with long ears
ETYMOLOGY: 'eared', i.e. with big ears (ysgyfarn
= ear) + (-og, suffix for forming
adjectives); from the same British root: Cornish skovarnek = long-eared, (referring to a pot) having handles, Breton
skouarnek = long-eared, (referring to
a pot) having handles
:_______________________________.
..2 ysgyfarnog ‹ə-skə- var
-nog› feminine noun
PLURAL ysgyfarnogod
‹ə-skə-var- nô -god›
1 hare
2
gwâl ysgyfarnog hare's form, the bed
of a hare shaped by its body
3
codi ysgyfarnog start a hare, raise
a hare - drive a hare from its hiding place in order to begin hunting it;
(newspaper) introduce a matter for comment or debate, a talking point, a
controversial subject
Colofn wythnosol sy'n rhoi cyfle i
newyddiadurwyr staff "Y Cymro" godi ambell i sgwarnog a mynegi barn
personol
A weekly column which gives journalists on the staff of "Y Cymro" to
raise a matter ("start an occasional hare") and express a personal
opinion
4
codi ysgyfarnogod draw a red herring
across the track, introduce a red herring, a subject introduced into a
conversation to divert attention from the topic under discussion ("raise
hares")
5
mor fywiog â 'sgwarnog as lively as
a hare
6
South-west Wales Hys 'da'r ci a hai 'da'r sgwarnog to have a foot in both camps, run
with the hare and run with the hounds, to support both sides in a dispute
("'at him, boy!' with the dog and 'go!' with the hare")
7
cas gan ysgyfarnog Aconitum lagoctonum hare's bane
("(plant) hated by (a) hare")
8
bwch ysgyfarnog, plural bychod ysgyfarnogod buck hare, jack
hare, male hare ("buck (of) hare")
9
ysgyfarnog wryw, plural ysgyfarnogod gwryw buck hare, jack
hare, male hare ("hare + male")
10
ysgyfarnog fenyw, plural ysgyfarnogod benyw doe, female hare
("hare + female")
11
hela ysgyfarnogod hunt hares
12
ysgyfarnog neidiol jumping hare
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) long-weared one”.
Originally an adjective; so we can assume a noun such as anifail (= animal) followed by the adjective ysgyfarnog = long-eared (animal), (animal) with long ears
NOTE: Colloquial forms are sgyfarnog
and sgwarnog ‹skwar-nog›
:_______________________________.
ysgyrno ‹ə-skər-n› verb
1 = ysgyrnu
:_______________________________.
ysgyrnu ‹ə-skər-ni› verb
1 (dog) snarl; bare its teeth in anger
ETYMOLOGY: ysgyrnu < esgyrnu
< (esgyrn = bones, plural of asgwrn = bone) + (-u
suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: Also ysgyrno
:_______________________________.
ysigo ‹ə SI go› (verb)
1 = sigo
:_______________________________.
ysmygu ‹ə- smə -gi› verb
1 smoke
Nac ysmyger Do not smoke
ETYMOLOGY: Origin unknown. Cf mygu
(= to smoke) < mwg (= smoke); and English smoke
:_______________________________.
ysol
1 as a suffix: –eating, -vorous
..1/ cigysol carnivorous, meat-eating
..2/ ffrwthysol frugivorous, fruit-eating
..3/ hadysol seed-eating
..4/ hollysol omnivorous
..5/ llysysol herbivorous, grass-eating
..6/ pryfysol insectivorous, insect-eating
..7/ pysgysol fish-eating
..8/ tomysol scatophagous, excrement-eating, shit-eating
:_______________________________.
-ysor ‹ə -sor› suffix
1 (animals and birds) suffix ‘eater’ plural -ysorion
..1/ cigysor carnivore
..2/ ffrwthysor frugivore
..3/ hadysor seed-eating bird
..4/ hollysor omnivore (in Geiriadur yr Acádemi Cymreig / Welsh Acaademy
Dictionary there is only the form hollysydd)
..5/ llysysor herbivore
..6/ pryfysor insectivore
..7/ pysgysor fish-eating bird or animal
..8/ tomysor scatophagous animal, shit-eating animal
An alternative form is -ysydd, plural -ysyddion
..1/ cigysor / cigysydd
..2/ ffrwthysor / ffrwythysydd
..3/ hadysor / hadysydd
..4/ hollysor / hollysydd
..5/ llysysor / llysysydd
..6/ pryfysor / pryfysydd
..7/ pysgysor / pysgysydd
..8/ tomysor / tomysydd
ETYMOLOGY: (ys- stem of ysu
= consume) + (-or suffix for indicating a an agent; from Latin -ârius,
in words taken from Latin (canghellor (= chancellor) < cancellârius;
afterwards used as a suffix with native words – telynor = harpist)
:_______________________________.
ystâd, ystadau ‹ə STAAD, ə STA de› (feminine noun)
1 estate
:_______________________________.
ystâd
dai, ystadau tai ‹ə-staad
DAI, ə-STA-de TAI›
1 housing estate
:_______________________________.
ystâd
ddiwydiannol, ystadau diwydiannol
‹ə STAAD dhi wə di A nol, ə STA de di wə
di A nol› (feminine noun)
1 industrial estate
:_______________________________.
ystafell,
ystafelloedd ('stafelloedd) ‹ə STA velh, sta
VE lhodh› (feminine noun)
1 room
2 ystafell gynhadledd conference room
3 ystafell ddiogel strongroom
:_______________________________.
ystafell arddangos ‹ə STA velh ar DHANG gos› (feminine noun)
1 exhibition room, showrrom
:_______________________________.
ystafell aros ‹əs STA velh A ros› (feminine noun)
1 waiting room
:_______________________________.
ystafell
ddiogel, ystafelloedd diogel ‹ə STA
velh dhi O gel, ə sta VE lhodh di O gel› (feminine noun)
1 strongroom
:_______________________________.
ystafell
ddosbarth, ystafelloedd dosbarth ‹ə
ATA velh DHO sparth, ə sta VE lhodh DO sparth› (feminine noun)
1 classroom
:_______________________________.
ystafell ddysgu,
ystafelloedd dysgu ‹ə STA velh DHƏ
ski, ə sta VE lhodh DƏ ski› (feminine noun)
1 class room
:_______________________________.
ystafell de,
ystafelloedd te ‹ə STA velh DEE, ə
sta VE lhodh tee› (feminine
noun)
1 tea room
:_______________________________.
ystafell fwyta,
ystafelloedd bwyta ‹ə
STA velh VUI ta, ə sta VE lhodh BUI ta› (feminine noun)
1 dining room
:_______________________________.
ystafell fyw,
ystafelloedd byw ‹ə STA velh VIU, ə
sta VE lhodh BIU› (feminine
noun)
1 living room
:_______________________________.
ystafell gefn,
ystafelloedd cefn ‹ə
STA velh GE ven, ə sta VE lhodh KE ven› (feminine noun)
1 room at the back of the house
:_______________________________.
ystafell goffi,
ystafelloedd coffi ‹ə
STA velh GO fi, ə sta VE lhodh KO fi› (feminine noun)
1 coffee room
:_______________________________.
ystafell groeso, ystafelloedd
croeso ‹ə STA velh GROI so, ə sta VE lhodh
KROI so› (feminine noun)
1 reception room
:_______________________________.
ystafell hir,
ystafelloedd hir / hirion ‹ə STA velh
HIIR, ə sta VE lhodh HIIR / HIR-yon› (feminine noun)
1 long room (historically, long rooms were used for religious meetings
before a chapel was built for the worshippers)
Agorwyd Capel y Bedyddwyr Siloam, Brynaman, ym mis
Mawrth 1872 (mil wyth gant pedwar ugain a dau). Oddi ar 1868 (mil wyth gant
trigain a chwech) cynhelid gwasanaethau yn ‘Ystafell Hir’ y Farmers' Arms, o
dan y Parch. David Edwards, wedi ei gynorthwyo gan y Parch.
Charles Williams, Ystalyfera.
Siloam
Baptist Chapel, Brynaman, was opened in March 1872. Since 1868 services were
held in the ‘Long Room’ of the Farmers' Arms, under the Rev. David Edwards,
assisted by the Rev. Charles Williams, of Ystalyfera.
Cyn sefydlu Capel y Bedyddwyr Salem Newydd ym Mlaenllechau yn 1877
pregethai y Parch. Isaac Jones (1847 – 1914) yn yr 'Ystafell Hir' yn Nhafarn
Glynrhedynog, Blaenllechau
Before the establishment of the Salem Newydd Baptist
Chapel in Blaenllechau in 1877 the Rev. Isaac Jones (1847-1914) would preach in
the ‘Long Room’ of the Ferndale Inn in Blaenllechau.
:_______________________________.
ystafell sbâr ‹ə STA velh SPAAR› (feminine noun)
1 spare room
:_______________________________.
ystafell wely ‹ə- sta velh
wê-li› feminine noun
PLURAL ystafelloedd
gwely ‹ə-sta-vê-lhodh gwê-li›
1 bedroom
ETYMOLOGY: (ystafell = room) + soft
mutation + (gwely = bed)
:_______________________________.
ystafell wisgo ‹ə- sta velh
wis-go› feminine noun
PLURAL ystafelloedd
gwisgo ‹ə-sta-vê-lhodh gwis-go›
1 changing room, dressing room
ETYMOLOGY: (ystafell = room) + (soft
mutation G > zero) + (gwisgo = to
dress)
“room (of)
dressing”
:_______________________________.
ystafell ymolchi
‹ə- sta velh ə-mol-khi›
feminine noun
PLURAL ystafelloedd
ymolchi ‹ə-sta-vê-lhodh ə-mol-khi›
1 bathroom, washroom
ETYMOLOGY: (ystafell = room) + (ymolchi = to get washed, to have a
wash)
NOTE: colloquial form: stafell molchi
:_______________________________.
ystafellydd ‹ə-sta-vê-lhidh›
masculine noun
PLURAL ystafellyddion
‹ə-sta-ve-lhədh-yon›
1 chamberlain
ETYMOLOGY: (ystafell = room) + (-ydd suffix to indicate a person)
:_______________________________.
Ystalyfera ‹ə-stal-ə- vê -ra›
1 (SN7608) locality in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
Local form: Stalfera < Y Stalfera < Ystalfera < ynys
tâl y fera
:_______________________________.
ystatud ‹ o-staa-tid› f
PLURAL ystatudau
‹ ə-sta-tî-de
›
1
statute
See statud
:_______________________________.
Ysteffan ‹ə-stê-fan› masculine noun
1 Steven, Stephen
Eglwys Ysteffan
SN350108 name of an Anglican church in the village of Llansteffan
ETYMOLOGY: The name Steffan,
as in Llansteffan, with a prothetic y – this type of prothesis is
typical in words in Old Welsh < British < Latin
(1) ysgol (= school) < Latin schôla,
(2) ysgrifen (= writing) > Latin *scrîbenda
(3) ystafell (= room) < Latin *stabellum, a diminutive form of stabulum = shed; etc.
In the case of Ysteffan, it could be an artificial form, from an attempt to
bring the word into line with prosthetic y- words and avoid the unusual (in
literary Welsh) “s + consonant” at the beginning of a word
:_______________________________.
ystént ‹ə stent › masculine or
feminine noun
PLURAL ystentiau, ystentau ‹ə-stent-ye, ə-sten-te›
1 extent = an assessment of land and property and a calcuation of
their value in order to levy taxes upon them
See stent
ETYMOLOGY: (stent) + with
the addition of a prosthetic y
Cf stên (= pitcher) > ystên, stad (= estate, land) >
ystâd, stryd (= street) > ystrŷd, etc
:_______________________________.
ysticil ‹ə-STI-kil›
feminine noun
PLURAL ysticlau
‹ə-STI-klai, -kle›
1 stile. See sticil
:_______________________________.
ysticill ‹ə-STI-kilh›
feminine noun
PLURAL ysticillau
‹ə-sti-KI-lhai, -lhe›
1 stile. See sticil
:_______________________________.
Ysticlau ‹ə-STI-klai, -kle›
1 Farm near Nant-y-caws, Caerfyrddin SN4716
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4716
map
ETYMOLOGY: yr ysticlau “the
stiles”.
(yr definite article) + (ysticlau, plural form of ysticil =
stile)
See sticil
:_______________________________.
ystlys, ystlysau ‹ƏST-lis, əat-LƏ-sai,
-se› (feminine noun)
1 side
2
drych ystlys side-view mirror, side
mirror, wing mirror
ystlys y
coed the side of the wood
Ystlys-y-coed
Uchaf Farm (meaning “upper Ystlys-y-coed”) SN5707, near Pont Abraham, county
of Caerfyrddin (On the O.S. map as “Ystlys-y-coed-uchaf”)
:_______________________________.
ystod,
ystodion ‹Ə stod, ə STOD yon› (feminine noun)
1 swathe = width of one sweep of a scythe
2 yn ystod = during,
literally “in (the) swathe (of)”
yn ystod y rhyfel during the war
:_______________________________.
ystof ‹ ə -stov› (masculine or feminine noun)
PLURAL ystofau
‹ə- stô
-ve›
1
warp = (in an upright loom) the vertical threads, at right angles to the woof
(horizontal threads)
Lefiticus 13:47-8 (47) Ac os dilledyn
fydd â phla gwahanol ynddo, o ddilledyn gwlân, neu o ddilledyn llin, (48) Pa un bynnag ai yn yr ystof, ai yn yr anwe,
o lin,
neu o wlân, neu mewn croen, neu mewn dim a wnaed o groen (49) Os gwyrddlas neu goch fydd yr anafod yn y
dilledyn, neu yn y croen, neu yn yr ystof, neu yn yr anwe, neu mewn dim o
groen; pla'r gwahanglwyf yw efe; a dangoser ef i'r offeiriad
Leviticus 13:47-8 (47) The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in,
whether it be a woollen garment, or a linen garment; (48) Whether it be in the
warp, or woof; of linen, or of woollen; whether in a skin, or in any thing made
of skin; (49) And if the plague be greenish or reddish in the garment, or in
the skin, either in the warp or in the woof, or anything of skin; it is a
plague of leprosy and shall be showed unto the priest
2
ystof ac anwe warp and woof; weave,
structure
ETYMOLOGY: ystof < Old Welsh ystawf < stawf < British stâm-
< llatí stâmen (= warp in an
upright loom) < stâre = to stand)
:_______________________________.
ystofer ‹ ə- stoo -ver›
1
Possibly a Welsh form of the English word estover (= the right of a commoner to
take dead wood from a landowner’s woodland for fuel; firewood), if the
explanation of John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) is correct. In his 'Cardiff
Records' (1889-1911), he notes "COED-YSTOFER (the estover wood.) In the
parish of Leckwith, west of the village, on the right bank of the river
Ely”.
ETYMOLOGY: English estover < Old
French estovoir (= to be necessary)
< Latin est opus (= there is
need)
:_______________________________.
ystor ‹ə -stor›
masculine noun
1 resin = solid or semi-solid viscous exudation from a plant
ystor cánabis cannabis resin, from
the dried leaves and flowers
ETYMOLOGY: British < Latin storax
(a resin from the shrub "Styra Officinalis", formerly used in
medicine and to make incense and perfumes) < Greek storax, variant of styrax
:_______________________________.
Ystrad-dyfodwg
‹ə-strad
də- vo-dug› feminine noun
1 locality (village) ST
(1971) population: 6,530; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 9%
Also written Ystradyfodwg (which
better reflects the pronunciation, but obscures the sense).
Alternative names: Yr Ystrad, Ystrad Rhondda
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) valley (of) Tyfodwg’
(ystrad = valley) + soft mutation +
(Tyfodwg name of a saint, one of the
three saints to whom the church at nearby Llantrisant is dedicated – the other
two saints are Illtud and Gwynno)
:_______________________________.
Ystradmynach ‹ə strad MƏ nakh› &[ˌəstrad ˡmənax]
1 town in the county
of Caerffili, five miles north of Caerffili
ETYMOLOGY: ystrad y mynach ‘(the) valley (of) the monk’
(ystrad = valley – a broad flat
valley) + (y definite article) + (mynach
= monk)
Mynach would refer to an abbot or an abbey holding land here, though
there seems to be no indication of any such landholdings here
Similar names are
Rhosmanach in Llaneilain (Ynys Môn) rhos y mynach (“(the) upland
(of) the monk”),
Cwm Tirymynach (Gwynedd) (“(the) valley of Tirymynach”) Tirymynach =
(“(the) land (of) the monk”)
Tirymynach (Ceredigion), formerly Tirymynaich (“(the) land (of)
the monks”)
Afon Mynach (Ceredigion) afon y mynach (“(the) river (of) the
monk”)
Afon Mynach (Gwynedd)
NOTE: The official spelling is as two words Ystrad Mynach, though Ystradmynach
would be the form if the rule that habitative names form a single word were
to be applied throughout.
ETYMOLOGY: possibly ystrad y mynach "(the) valley (of the) monk") – that is, as the name
stands, without looking at earlier forms of the name – which could give a
different original meaning
:_______________________________.
Ystrad Marchell
‹ə strad MAR khelh› (feminine noun)
1 Valley of Marchell ('Marcellus')
:_______________________________.
Ystrad Tywi ‹ə strad TƏ wi› (feminine noun)
1 Valley of the river Tywi
:_______________________________.
Ystradyfodwg ‹ə-strad də- vo-dug›
feminine noun
1 See Ystrad-dyfodwg
:_______________________________.
Ystrad Ϋw ‹ə strad IU›
1 (History) one of the three kúmmuds (the other two being Crugywel
and Euas) into which Cantref Ida was divided. This kántrev was one of three
into which the kingdom of Brycheiniog was divided (the other two being Tewdos
and Selyf)
Llanbedr Ystrad Yw (“(the) Llanbedr (which is in the kúmmud of) Ystrad
Yw”)
Celtic Folklore Welsh And Manx John Rhys (1901): Now Ystrad Yw, which
our mapsters, would have us call Ystrad Wy, as if it had been on the
Wye, is supposed to have covered till Henry VIII's time the same area
approximately as the hundred of Crickhowel has since, namely, the parishes of
(1) Crickhowel, (2) Llanbedr Ystrad Yw with Patrishow, (3) Llanfihangel Cwm Du
with Tretower and Penmyarth, (4) Langattock with Llangenny, (5) Llanelly with
Brynmawr, and (6) Llangynidr. Of these Llanbedr perpetuates the name of Ystrad
Yw, although it is situated near the junction of the Greater and Lesser Grwynd
and not in the Strath of the Yw, which Ystrad Yw means. So one can only treat Llanbedr
Ystrad Yw as meaning that particular Llanbedr or St. Peter's Church which
belongs to the district comprehensively called Ystrad Yw.
:_______________________________.
ystrodur ‹ə- stroo
-dir› feminine noun
PLURAL ystroduriau
‹ə-stro-dur-ye›
1 pack-saddle, saddle of a pack-horse
2 saddle on a shaft horse
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh ystródur < *ystrodúr < *strodúr < *strawdúr
< British *strâtûr- < Latin strâtûra < strâtum (= something spread out, horse cloth) < sternere, strâtum (= spread)
:_______________________________.
ystryw ‹ə -striu›
(feminine or masculine noun)
PLURAL ystrywiau
‹ə- strəu
-ye›
1 trick, ruse, wile, stratagem
byw ar eich ystryw live by your wits
Mae o’n llawn o 'strywia drwg He’s
full of mischief
ystryw oedi delaying
tactic Also: tacteg arafu, tacteg arafol
ystrywiau drwg mischievousness,
mischief
2 craftiness, cunning
3 trickery
ETYMOLOGY: ystryw < *ystry'w < *stryw < ?*struw <
*strûo, cf English construct, instruct, destruction, etc
NOTE: The plural ystrywiau is
colloquially 'strywia, 'striwie.
South-east: ystryw > striw
:_______________________________.
ystum, ystumiau
‹Ə stim, ə STIM ye› (feminine noun)
1 pose, position
mewn ystum tanio (rifle, etc) in firing position
gosod (reiffl) mewn ystum tanio
position a rifle ready for firing, bring a rifle to the firing position
2 river-bend
:_______________________________.
ystumio ‹ə STIM yo›
(verb)
1 disfigure, deform,
distort, twist out of shape (also:
camystumio)
:_______________________________.
Ystumanner ‹ə sti MA ner› (feminine noun)
1 place-name, 'river-bend of the calf'
:_______________________________.
ystumllyn ‹ə- stim -lhin› masculine
noun
PLURAL ystumllynnoedd
‹ə-stim-
lhə-nodh›
1 ox-bow lake, abandoned meandre
ETYMOLOGY: (ystum = bend, meander) +
soft mutation + (llyn = lake) > *ystumlyn > ystumllyn
:_______________________________.
ystumog ‹ə- STI-mog›
feminine noun
PLURAL ystumogau
‹ə-sti-MOO-gai, -ge›
Usually as stumog
Also
colloquially as stymog
1 stomach
magu stumog work up an
appetite
troi ar eich stumog turn your
stomach = make someone feel ill or disgusted (“turn on your stomach”)
ETYMOLOGY: From English STOMACH. Wiktionary 10-07-2022: From Middle English stomak, from Old French estomac,
from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek
στόμαχος (stómakhos), from
στόμα (stóma, “mouth”).
:_______________________________.
Ystum-taf ‹ə stim TAAV› (feminine noun)
1 district in Caer-dydd ('bend in the river Taf')
English name: Llan-daf North / Llandaff North
:_______________________________.
ystwffwl ‹ ə- stû -ful› masculine noun
PLURAL ystyfflau ‹ ə- stə -fle›
1
staple = kind of nail
2
column, post
3
gate post, door post
4
sacking placed at the bottom of a door to stop draughts coming in
5
Y Stwffwl name of a traditional
melody
ETYMOLOGY: Somehow related to Old English stapol
(= prop), Modern English staple
(originally = pillar, post; now = wire bent into a U shape); Dutch stapel (= pile of papers, stack of
coins), German Staffel (= relay
team, squadron, artist’s easel)
NOTE: Col.loquially 'stwffwl
PLURAL: (possible sequence of the reduction) ’styffle < ystyff’le
< ystyffyle < ystyffylau
:_______________________________.
Ystwyll ‹Ə stuilh, diidh Ə stuilh› (masculine noun)
1 (Dydd Ystwyll) Twelfth
Day (January 6) < British < Latin stella
= star
2 carol
Ystwyll carol sung at Epiphany
:_______________________________.
1 ystwyth <Ə-stuith> [ˡəstʊɪθ] (adjective)
1 flexible
:_______________________________.
2 Ystwyth <Ə-stuith> [ˡəstʊɪθ] (feminine noun)
1 river in mid-Wales
2 Gwelystwyth <gwel-Ə-stuith> [gwɛlˡəstʊɪθ] view of the river
Ystwyth
(gwêl = view) + ( Ystwyth = sinuous, winding)
Street name in Llanafan (county of Ceredigion)
Cwm Ystwyth <kum-Ə-stuith> [kʊmˡəstʊɪθ] the valley of the
river Ystwyth
Cwmystwyth SN7874 name of a village (habitative names are spelt as one word in
general)
“(the) valley (of) (the river) Ystwyth”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/328010
Aberystwyth <a-ber-Ə-stuith> [abɛrˡəstʊɪθ] SN5881 town in
Ceredigion (habitative names are spelt as one word in general)
“(the) mouth (of) (the river) Ystwyth”
In fact, it is a transferred name, since the town is actually north of
Aber Rheidol, “(the) mouth (of) (the river) Rheidol”, and the river Yswyth fell
into the see at Allt Wen SN5779.
When the Norman castle at Aber Yswyth was moved to a more suitable site
at Aber Rheidol, it kept its old name. The course of the Ystwyth was altered a
couple of centuries ago so that it now flows into Aber Rheidol SN5780 at
Trefechan, and the real Aber Ystwyth is now much nearer the town of
Aberystwyth.
Glanystwyth SN6475 Farm east of Llanilar “(the) bank (of) (the river) Ystwyth”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=247930
:_______________________________.
1 ystwytho <ə-STUI-tho> [əˡstʊɪθɔ] (verb)
1 make flexible
2 ystwytho cymalau
bestir oneself (“flex joints”)
:_______________________________.
ystwythder ‹ə STUITH der› (masculine noun)
1 flexibility
:_______________________________.
ystyfnig ‹ə STƏV nig› (adjective)
1 stubborn, hard-headed
:_______________________________.
ystyllen ‹ə- stə -lhen› feminine
noun
PLURAL ystyllod ‹ə-
stə -lhod›
1 board, plank, piece of wood
Doedd y y gwely yn ddim ond ’styllod pren The bed was nothing but wooden
planks
2 board at the front of a cart used by carter as a seat
Roedd Siôn Owen yn eistedd ar ystyllen flaen y drol Siôn Owen sat on the
front board of the cart
Also styllen rech (“board (of) fart”, farting board)
3 ar y styllen, ar styllen (“on the plank) dead; laid
out for burial; on the mortuary slab
4 shelf
5 comparisons: slimness
fel ystyllen, colloquially fel styllen (“like a board”) as thin
as a board, as thin as a rake
bod fel styllen be as thin as a rake
bod cyn deneued â styllen be as thin as a rake
bod yn fain fel styllen be as thin as a rake
ETYMOLOGY: ystyllen < astyllen
(qv)
NOTE: Colloquially ystyllen > ’styllen, ’styllan;
PLURAL ystyllod > 'styllod
:_______________________________.
ystyr, ystyron
‹Ə stir, ə STƏ ron› (feminine noun)
1 meaning
:_______________________________.
ystyried ‹ə STƏR yed› (verb)
1 consider
2
o ystyried all things considered,
considering the circumstances, in view of the situation
ac ystyried yr amgylchiadau all
things considered, considering the circumstances, in view of the situation
o ystyried popeth / ac ystyried popeth / gan ystyried popeth all things considered,
considering the circumstances, in view of the situation
erbyn ystyried in view of the
situation, come to think of it
3 ystyried rhywun ymhlîth eich cyfeillion consider someone as a
friend, count somebody among your friends
:_______________________________.
ystyrlon ‹ə-stər-lon›
adjective
1 meaningful
Ni all iaith fodoli heb bobl i’w siarad
ac ni all unrhyw gymuned weithredu’n ystyrlon heb iaith.
A language cannot exist without people to speak it and no community can
function meaningfully without a language.
ETYMOLOGY: “full of sense” (ystyr- ‹ə-stər-›
penult form of ystyr ‹ə-stir›
= sense, meaning) + (-lon, suffix formed from llawn =
full)
:_______________________________.
ystyrmant ‹ə-stər-mənt›
masculine noun
1 (North Wales) jew's harp = instrument which is made up of a metal
frame and a tongue – the frame is placed between the teeth and the tongue is
flicked down by the right forefinger to produce sounds
ETYMOLOGY: English instrument >
Welsh *instrymant > *instyrmant (with metathesis) > styrmant (with loss of the first
syllable)
:_______________________________.
-yswr ‹ə -sur›
1 suffix ‘eater’ (refrerring to people)
cigyswr meat-eater
ffrwythyswr fruitarian
For animals / birds: See -ysydd or -ysor
cigysydd / cigysor carnivore
hollysydd / hollysor omnivore
llysysydd / llysysor herbivore
pryfysydd / pryfysor insectivore
ETYMOLOGY: (ys- stem of ysu = to eat) + soft mutation + (gŵr = man)
:_______________________________.
-yw- ‹əu›
In a penult
syllable this might be reduced to the semi-long vowel ŵ [u·]
(1) tywod (= sand). Colloquial forms
are tŵod ‹TUU-od›, tŵad ‹TUU-ad› and towod ‹TOU-od›
According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’
(1889-1911),
tŵad occurred in 1731 and in
1744 in the name Rhyd y Tŵad,
for Rhyd y Tywod:
RHYD-Y-TYWOD, "Rhyd y twad" (the ford of the sand.) Across the river
Taff, from Whitchurch to Pentyrch (1731.)
:_______________________________.
yw ‹IU› (verb)
1 is / are
2 with a relative sense “that-it-is”
Cythraul o waith yw e It’s a devil of a job, It’s one devil of a job (“(it-is”)
(a) devil of (a) job that-is it”)
3 adjective at the head of a sentence + yw
(“(it is) + pleasant, etc + that-is”)
ofer yw... there's no point, it's
pointless...
ofer yw gwario arian yn y cyfeiriad hwn it’s
pointless to spend money this way (“in this direction”)
hyfryd yw... it’s wonderful,
it’s lovely
hyfryd yw cael darllen y
bedwaredd stori yn y gyfres ar ôl aros gymaint amdani
it’s wonderful to be able to read the fourth story in the series after
waiting so long for it
Ϋw ‹IU›
1 stream name
Ystrad Ϋw (qv) name of a cwmwd / kúmmud in
Brycheiniog (“broad valley of the Ϋw”)
Llygad Ϋw source of the Ϋw stream (“eye (of) Ϋw”)
Celtic Folklore Welsh And Manx John Rhys (1901): The chief source
of this water is called Llygad Yw, and gives its name to a house of some
pretensions bearing an inscription showing that it was built in its present
form about the middle of the seventeenth century by a member of the Gunter
family well known in the history of the county.
Near the house stands a yew tree on the boundary line of the garden, and close
to its trunk, but at a lower level, is a spring of bubbling water: this is
Llygad Yw, ‘the Eye of the Yw.? For Llygad Yw is a succinct expression for the
source of the Yw burn, and the stream retains the name Yw to its fall into the
Rhiangoll; but besides the spring of Llygad Yw it has several other similar
sources in the fields near the house.
There is nothing, however, in this brook to account for the name of Ystrad Yw
having been extended to an important district; but if one traces its short
course one will at once guess the explanation.
For a few fields below Llygad Yw is the hamlet of the Gaer or fortress,
consisting of four farm houses called the Upper, Middle, and Lower Gaer, and
Pen y Gaer: through this hamlet of the Gaer flows the Yw. These, and more
especially Pen y Gaer, are supposed to have been the site of a Roman camp of
considerable importance, and close by it the Yw is supposed to have been
crossed by the Roman road proceeding towards Brecon. The camp in the Strath of
the Yw was the head quarters of the ruling power in the district, and hence the
application of the name of Ystrad Yw to a wider area.
But for our story one has to regard the name as confined to the land about the
Yw burn, or at most to a somewhat larger portion of the parish of Cwm Du, to
which the Yw and Tretower belong. The position of the Gaer in Ystrad Yw at the
foot of the Bwlch or the gap in the difficult mountain spur stretching down
towards the Usk is more likely to have been selected by the Romans than by any
of the Celtic inhabitants, whose works are to be found on several of the
neighbouring hills, such as Myarth between the Yw and the Usk.
:_______________________________.
ywa ‹ə -wa› masculine
noun
South-east Wales
1 uncle; see ewa
:_______________________________.
Ywain ‹Ə wen› (masculine noun)
1 man's name; an older form of Owain,
Owen
:_______________________________.
yw e
‹IU e› (verb)
1 he is
:_______________________________.
ywen ‹əu-en› feminine noun
PLURAL yw
‹iu›
1 yew, yew tree Taxus baccata
(often in churchyards probably as a symbol of eternal life, or more prosaically
to deter cattle from entering a churchyard, being aware of its poisonous
leaves)
Dodwyd gweddillion yr hen filwr i
orffwys dan gysgod yr ywen ddu ganghennog
The remains of the old soldier were put to rest under the shade of the
branching black yew
2
Heol Tonyrywen street in Caer-dydd
(officially "Ton-yr-Ywen Avenue"). From the name of a farm no longer
in existence. ("(the) layland (of) the yew tree")
John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911), notes
"A farmhouse on the east side of the Llanishen Road, at the third
milestone north from Cardiff, on the Heath"
ETYMOLOGY: (yw = yews) +
(singulative suffix -en); Welsh <
British
From the same British root: Breton ivinenn
(= yew)
:_______________________________.
yw hi ‹IU i› (verb)
1 she is
:_______________________________.
Z, z ‹zèd› feminine noun
1) twenty-sixth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a,
2 b,
3 c,
4 d
5 e,
2) (does not appear in the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet)
:_______________________________.
Zac ‹zak› masculine noun
1 Zach, Zack; short form of the name Zachariah (qv)
:_______________________________.
Zachariah ‹za-ka- rei- a›
masculine noun
1 forename; in the Welsh Bible this is Sechareia. The name, in its English form, was used as a forename in
the 1800’s until about the First World War by Welsh speakers, perhaps because
in naming children the registration authorities of the English state would
expect the form used in the English Bible and not the Welsh version to be used.
The name is found in the Bible referring to two individuals:
(1) the father of John the Baptist
Luc 1:5 Yr oedd yn nyddiau Herod brenin
Jwdea, ryw offeiriad a’i enw Sechareias, o ddyddgylch Abeia: a’i wraig oedd o
ferched Aaron, a’i henw Elisabeth.
Luke 1:5 There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judaea, a certain priest
named Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of
Aaron, and her name was Elisabeth.
(2) A martyr whose name is mentioned by Jesus
Luc 11:51 O waed Abel hyd waed
Sechareias, yr hwn a laddwyd rhwng yr allor a’r deml: diau meddaf i chwi,
Gofynnir ef i’r genhedlaeth hon.
Luke 11:51 From the blood of Abel unto the blood of Zacharias, which perished
between the altar and the temple: verily I say unto you, It shall be required
of this generation.
Mathew 23:35 Fel y delo arnoch chwi yr
holl waed cyfiawn a’r a ollyngwyd ar y ddaear, o waed Abel gyfiawn hyd waed
Sechareias fab Baracheias, yr hwn a laddasoch rhwng y deml a’r allor.
Matthew 23:35 That upon you may come all the righteous blood shed upon the
earth, from the blood of righteous Abel unto the blood of Zacharias son of
Barachias, whom ye slew between the temple and the altar.
3 the short form of the name Zachariah
is Zac (= English “Zach”, “Zack”)
Yn Nhachwedd 1982, bu farw un o gymeriadau rhyfeddaf Llanrwst – John Casey
Edwards oedd ei enw swyddogol, ond Jac Zac i bawb yn y dre gan roddi iddo enw
ei dad, Zachariah (Llafar Gwlad, Rhif 25, Haf 1989)
In November 1982 one of Llanrwst’s strangest characters died - John Casey
Edwards was his official name, but Jac Zac to everybody in the town, after his
father’s name (“giving to him his father’s name”), Zachariah
zêl ‹ZEEL› (feminine noun)
1 zeal
The Treatment of English Borrowed Words in Colloquial Welsh / Thomas Powel / Y Cymmrodor Vol. VI 1883. / p133 The following paper is an attempt to give a general account of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial Welsh of the present day. Most of the statements here made are applicable to the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but the paper treats more particularly of the dialect spoken, with slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen, and the greater part of Cardigan.
Z. This letter is not known to Welsh, and in borrowed words it becomes s. Sêl (zeal), dăslo (dazzle), pyslo (puzzle), ráser (razor), etc. But z is occasionally found in books, in words like zêl, fr. E. “zeal"; and ostentatious readers pronounce it as in English, but it is felt to be an importation.
:_______________________________.
Zëws ‹ZE us› (masculine noun)
1 Zeus ‹ZUUS›
:_______________________________.
zinc ‹ZINGK› (masculine noun)
1 zinc
shît zinc / shiten zinc a zinc sheet
:_______________________________.
zw ‹ZUU› (masculine
noun)
1 zoo
(The standard form is with an ‘s’,
and a circumflex which is strictly speaking unnecessary: sŵ )
Sumbolau:
a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ /
i I / o O / u U / w W / y Y /
MACRONː ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ /
t Ē / ɛ̄ Ɛ̄ / ī Ī / ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄
W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /
MACRON + ACEN DDYRCHAFEDIGː
Ā̀ ā̀ , Ḗ ḗ, Ī́ ī́ , Ṓ
ṓ , Ū́ ū́, (w), Ȳ́ ȳ́
MACRON + ACEN DDISGYNEDIGː Ǟ ǟ , Ḕ ḕ, Ī̀
ī̀, Ṑ ṑ, Ū̀ ū̀, (w), Ȳ̀ ȳ̀
MACRON ISODː A̱ a̱ , E̱ e̱ , I̱ i̱ , O̱
o̱, U̱ u̱, (w), Y̱ y̱
BREFː ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ Ĭ
/ ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ / B5236ː 
B5237ː 
BREF GWRTHDRO ISODː i̯, u̯
CROMFACHAUː ⟨ ⟩ deiamwnt
A’I PHEN I LAWRː ∀, ә, ɐ (u+0250) httpsː
//text-symbols.com/upside-down/
Y WENHWYSWEG: ɛ̄ ǣ æ
ˈ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ aː / æ æː /
e eˑeː / ɛ ɛː / ɪ iˑ iː ɪ / ɔ oˑ oː / ʊ uˑ uː ʊ / ə / ʌ /
ẅ
Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ / ŵ Ŵ /
ŷ
Ŷ / ỳ Ỳ / ý Ý / ɥ
ˈ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ
θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ uɪ ɪʊ
aʊ ɛʊ ɔʊ əʊ / £
ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ
ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ
Hungarumlautː A̋ a̋
U+1EA0 Ạ
U+1EA1 ạ
U+1EB8 Ẹ U+1EB9 ẹ
U+1ECA Ị U+1ECB ị
U+1ECC Ọ U+1ECD ọ
U+1EE4 Ụ U+1EE5 ụ
U+1E88 Ẉ U+1E89 ẉ
U+1EF4 Ỵ U+1EF5 ỵ
g
yn 
aith
δ δ £ gyn aith
δ δ £ U+2020 †
« »
DAGGER
wikipedia, scriptsource. org
httpsː
[]//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ǣ
Hwngarwmlawtː A̋ a̋
gyn 
aith
δ δ
…..
…..
ʌ ag acen
ddyrchafedig / ʌ with acute accentː ʌ́
|
Shwa ag acen ddyrchafedig / Schwa with acute |
…..
…..
wikipedia,
scriptsource.[]org
httpsː//[
]en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ǣ
---------------------------------------
Y TUDALEN HWN /THIS PAGE / AQUESTA PÀGINA:
www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwenhwyseg/geiriadur-gwenhwyseg-saesneg_BATHOR_y_3588.htm
---------------------------------------
Creuwyd / Created / Creada:
Adolygiadau diweddaraf / Latest updates / Darreres actualitzacions:
Delweddau / Imatges / Images:
Ffynhonnell / Font / Source:
---------------------------------------
|
Freefind. |
Ble'r wyf
i? Yr ych chi'n ymwéld ag un o dudalennau'r Wefan CYMRU-CATALONIA
On sóc? Esteu visitant
una pàgina de la Web CYMRU-CATALONIA (= Gal·les-Catalunya)
Where am I? You are visiting
a page from the CYMRU-CATALONIA (= Wales-Catalonia) Website
Weə-r äm ai? Yüu äa-r víziting ə peij fröm dhə CYMRU-CATALONIA
(= Weilz-Katəlóuniə) Wébsait
Edrychwch ar fy ystadegau / View My
Stats
Adolygiadau diweddaraf –
darreres actualitzacions - latest updates:
2006-03-18