kimkat1026e A Welsh to
English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar
fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
08-08-2021
19.00
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Index to the online dictionary http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_mynegai_1818e.htm
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______________________________.
R, r <ER> [ɛr]
feminine noun
1)
eighteenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3
c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q,
18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2)
twenty-second letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a,
2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l,
16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28
w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
r-
1 initial r (or rh) resulting from the wrong division of the
sequence (yr = definite article) + (noun beginning with a vowel)
Place name examples:
..a/ Raber
Y Raber [RAA-ber] [ˡrɑˑbɛr]
1 Two farms in Powys on either side of Gladestry Brook, near
Gladestry SO2355
SO2554 Lower Rabber (which must be a partial translation of Welsh Yr Aber Isaf)
SO2455 Upper Rabber (which must be a partial translation of Welsh Yr Aber
Uchaf)
ETYMOLOGY: This would seem to be the wrong division of the definite article and
the following word
raber (“Rabber”) < y raber < yr aber (“the stream, the
brook”).
..b/ Rachub
(village in the county of Gwynedd) < y rachub < yr achub (= the
refuge)
..c/ Rafael
< yr afael “the holding, the piece of land”
..d/ Refail / Refel (the smithy, in minor place names) < yr
efail
“Refail Farm Estate” Name of a housing estate in Caergybi (county of Môn) (the
name would be Stad Refail in Welsh)
..e/ Rhewl
(localities in north-east Wales) < y rhewl < yr hewl (= the
farmyard).
Also as Rheol < y rheol < yr heol (qv)
..h/ Rynys
SH4886 Farm by Rhoslligwy, Ynys Môn < yr ynys (= the
meadow)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886
map
..f/ Y
Rhobell (name of a hill in north-west Wales) < *y
rhobell < *y robell < yr obell (“the saddle”, a gap between
two peaks which resembles the shape of a saddle). As y + r- is unusual,
and y + rh- is a more usual pattern in Welsh, the initial r has become
aspirated, probably because the original meaning was no longer understood
(whereas achub, (g)afael, (ge)fail, ynys are still current as common
nouns in Welsh, and understandable, and so aspiration has not occurred)
..g/ Y
Rhyl (town in the county of Dinbych) < yr hyl (=
the hill) (but as there are no visible hills at this point, it could perhaps
refer to a sandbank). See the entry under Rhyl
Colloquial Welsh:
..1/ radeg ny < yr adeg hynny (at that time)
..2/ y rarmi < yr armi (the army)
..3/ rhen < yr hen (the + old)
..4/ y rig / y rhig < yr hig (hiccups)
..5/ run < yr un (the same)
Colloquial Welsh (in oaths):
..1/ Rarswyd! < yr arswyd (the horror)
..2/ Rargian! < yr argian (the lord), a deformation of arglwydd
2 from the preposition ar = on
rôl < ar ôl (= after)
:_______________________________.
r-
1 In place names, a reduction of the definite
article yr after a consonant and before a vowel
…………………………………
a) Brynrefail
bryn yr efail > bryn ’r efail > Brynrefail “(the)
hill (of) the smithy”, smithy hill
..a/ http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886
village in Ynys Môn, northwest of Rhoslligwy
..b/ http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4886
village SH5562 in Gwynedd, adjoing Cwm-y-glo to the north-east
…………………………………
b) Glanrafon
glan yr afon > glan ’r afon > Glanrafon “(the) bank
(of) the river”, riverside
..a/ SH4370 a house and a farm by Llangaffo (Ynys Môn)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/852943
…………………………………
c) Pant-rw^yn
pant yr w^yn > pant ’r w^yn > Tan-rw^yn“(the) hollow
(of) the lambs”
…………………………………
c) Tan-rallt
tan yr allt > tan ’r allt > Tan-rallt “(place) below
the hill”
:_______________________________.
r-
1 In colloquial Welsh in polysyllables
an r is sometimes lost in certain environments:
1 loss of a
final r in the word-final clusters -dr, -gr, -tr, -thr
(1)
loss of final r after d
...(a) aradr (= plough) > arad
...(b) Cadwaladr (= man’s name) > ’Dwalad,
...(c) Llanbedr (= place name, various locations “church (of) Peter”) >
Llanbed / Llambed
...(d) Llangynidr (place name e.g. district of Brycheiniog, in the
county of Powys, ‘the church of Cynidr’) > Llangynid
...(e) rhaeadr (= waterfall) > rhaead
...(f) taradr (= auger, piercing tool) > tarad
(2) loss
of final r after t
...(a) cebystr (= halter) > cebyst
...(b) ffenestr (= window) > ffenest
...(c) llanastr (= mess) > llanast
(3) loss
of final r after th
...(a) aruthr (= enormous) > aruth
(4) loss
of final r after g
...(a) finegr (= vinegar) > fineg
This loss does not occur with words which are of literary origin
theatr (= theatre)
cílomedr (= kilometre)
See the entry ‘l’ for examples of a similar loss in colloquial Welsh
with final l
..1/ perygl (= danger) > peryg
..2/ posibl (= possible) > posib
..3/ triagl (= treacle) > triag, etc
2 loss of medial r in colloquial
Welsh
1] before n
1/ arddwrn (= wrist), colloquially garddwn > garddwn (Welsh
Vocabulary of the Bangor District, O. H. Fynes-Clinton, 1913, page 142)
2/ Coedtalwrn (place name) > Coedtalon
3/ esgyrn Dafydd (by the bones of Saint David; an exclamation) > esgyn
Dafydd
4/
glastwrn (Sir Benfro / Pembrokeshire) (= watered-down milk, milk and water) <
glastwr (glas = blue) + (dw^r = water) + (excrescent n). In
the rest of South Wales glastwrn > glastwn
5/ Sadwrn (= Saturday) > Sadwn
2] before th:
1/ coelcerth (= bonfire) > coelceth
2/ dimeiwerth
(= a ha’pennyworth, a halfpennyworth, the least amount) > mewe(r)th,
mewa(r)th in North Wales
3/ gwrthban (= blanket) > gwthban
4/ Iorwerth (male forename) > Iorath (south-eastern surname)
5/ trafferth (= trouble) > traffeth, traffath
6/ wrth
(= by) > wth
3] before t:
1/ Edwart (= Edward) > Edwat
2/ Ritshart (=
Richard) > Ritshat
4]
before d:
1/ mwstard (= mustard) > mwstad
:_______________________________.
Y Raber <RAA-ber> [ˡrɑˑbɛr]
1 Two
farms in Powys on either side of Gladestry Brook, near Gladestry SO2355
SO2554 Lower Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Isaf)
SO2455 Upper Rabber (which must be a translation of Welsh Yr Aber Uchaf)
ETYMOLOGY: This would seem to be the wrong division of the definite article and
the following word
raber (“Rabber”) < y raber < yr aber (“the
stream, the brook”).
:_______________________________.
Y Rachub <RAA-khib> [ˡrɑˑxɪb] feminine noun
1 SH6268 locality in Arfon (county of Gwynedd)
Population: (1961) 1,009
Proportion of Welsh-speakers: (1961) 85%
ETYMOLOGY: Wrong division of the definite article and the following word
rachub < y rachub < yr achub (“the refuge”). See achub
(modern Welsh = to save), a word of British origin which was taken from Latin
:_______________________________.
rad <RAAD> [ˡrɑːd] adj
1
Soft mutated form (rh > r) of rhad (= cheap)
siop rad cheap shop (USA: dime store)
(Here there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which
follows a feminine noun)
:_______________________________.
radd <RAADH> [rɑːð] feminine noun
1 soft mutation of gradd (= grade, degree)
bod radd yn uwch na be a cut above (“be a degree higher than”)
(adverbial phrases generally have soft mutation of the initial consonant of the
first word in the phrase)
Mae hi radd yn uwch na’r gweddill She’s a cut above the rest
(“she is a degree higher than the rest”)
:_______________________________.
radio, radios <RAD-yo,
RAD-yoz> [ˡradjɔ, ˡradjɔz] (masculine noun)
1 radio
cysylltu (â rhywun)
trwy'r radio radio (somebody) (“contact with somebody through the radio”)
erial radio (m) (also f) pl erialau radio radio aeriel
set radio <set RAD-yo> [ˡsɛt
ˡradjɔ] (feminine noun) radio set
radio-reolaeth (f) radio
control
ton radio radio wave
signal radio (m) pl. signalau
radio radio signal
:_______________________________.
Radio Cymru <RAD-yo
KƏM-ri> [ˡradjɔ ˡkəmrɪ] (masculine noun)
1 (a Welsh-language radio station belonging to the BBC, inaugurated
3 January 1977 )
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru
:_______________________________.
Y Radur <ə
RAA-dir> [ə ˡrɑˑdɪr]
1a
ST1280 a farm and a locality (suburb) in Caer-dydd.
The historical form of the name is “Aradur”. this original three-syllable form
of the name (see below) is to be seen in the suburb of Y Radur in the name Heol
Aradur, a residential street from the 1970s
Over the river Taf, in the district of Llan-daf facing Y Radur, there is a
short residential street called Heol Radur
(that is, “Radyr Road”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1280
1b the parish of this place
2 SO3602 locality in Llanbadog Fawr, county of Mynwy
Coleg Trydyddol Gwent, Y Rhadyr, Brynbuga, Gwent, NP5 1XY
”Gwent Tertiary College, The Rhadyr, Usk, Gwent, NP5 1XY”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO3602
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh aradur > yradur > Y Radur.
The pretonic vowel a
became the obscure vowel y, which was later taken to be the definite
article y.
Aradur is from British, and had been taken into British from Latin.
The source word is ôrâtôrium (= place of prayer) < ôrâre (= to
pray); as in the English words
..a/ oratorio (= musical composition based on a religious theme) <
Italian < the Church of the Oratory in Rome,
..b/ oration (= speech),
..c/ oratory (= speaking skill),
..d/ oratory (= place for private prayer).
NOTE: Why the English spellings Radyr and Rhadyr with a y
instead of a u?
(These are in fact superseded (an incorrect) Welsh spellings which are used by
English speakers and have become ‘official’ forms in the English language
(local administrations, post office, maps, etc))
Although the form with u is technically the correct one, since in modern
Welsh u and y have the same pronunciation there is often
confusion in spellings of some names between the two letters.
There are other examples of y and u being used one instead of the
other.
The most famous one - which makes deliberate use of the fact that y and u
have the same pronunciation - is Cymry (= Welsh people), which is spelt Cymru
(same pronunciation) in order to refer to the country (“Wales”, “(land of the)
Welsh people”).
Also gurn in place names (= mound; burial mound) is generally spelt
(incorrectly) gyrn.
Why is the place in Mynwy spelt with rh? In south-east Wales, traditionally
the ‘h’ is not part of the sound system apart from exceptional circumstances
(especially in the case of emphasising a word).
South-eastern Welsh thus coincides with many modern Latin languages which have
lost the ‘h’ - Catalan, French, Castilian, Italian, Occitan, etc. (In some of
these it is kept in the spelling - as in the word for man - homo (Latin), homme
(French), home (Catalan), hombre (Castilian). In others it has been eliminated
- uomo (Italian), om (Occitan).
Sometimes in south-east Wales an unaspirated r was assumed to be a
localism for standard rh, and so the h was ‘restored’. Examples
of this supposition in place names are:
..1/ Y Rugos near Aber-dâr, which is generally written Y Rhigos.
(The vowels i and u have the same pronunciation in the south
(though not in the north) and there is sometimes confusion in southern
spellings.) Y Rugos is from grugos (clumps of heather), a
soft-mutated form after the definite article y, since plural forms in -os
often behave as if feminine singular nouns.
..2/ Rhisga in Casnewydd; although the meaning is unclear, the
traditional form is Risga, and the ‘rh’ may not be the original
consonant. .
:_______________________________.
raen <RAIN> [rɑɪn]
1
Soft-mutated form of graen (= good appearance)
:_______________________________.
rafft <RAFT> [raft] femení
PLURAL rafftiau <RAFT-yai,
-ye> [ˡraftjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 raft = floating mass of ice,
vegetation, driftwood
2 raft = logs fastened together for
transporting by floating
3 raft = structure of logs, planks,
oil drums, etc fastened together for transporting goods or people by floating
on water, especially as a rudimentary boat after a shipwreck
4 raft = concrete platform laid on
soft ground to support a building, a railway line, etc
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English raft < Scandinavian. Cf Swedish raft,
Danish rafte; Old Norse raptr (= rafter)
:_______________________________.
rafftio <RAFT-yo> [ˡraftjɔ] v
1 (verb without an object) go rafting
= travel by raft
1 (verb with an object) carry by raft
ETYMOLOGY: (rafft, = raft) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
rafftiwr <RAFT-yur> [ˡraftjʊr] m
PLURAL rafftwyr <RAFT-wir> [ˡraftwɪr]
1 raftsman = person who guides a raft,
floats on a raft
ETYMOLOGY: (raffti-, = stem of rafftio = to raft, go on a raft) +
(-i-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
’rafu <RAA-vi> [ˡrɑˑːvɪ]
1
a clipped form of arafu
a/ slow down;
b/ (pain) ease;
c/ (rain) ease off;
:_______________________________.
rai <RAI> [raɪ]
1
soft mutation of rhai = some
2 rhai = some; rai
occurs at the head of adverbial phrases; there is soft mutation of an initial
consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rh- > r-
rai troeon a few times
rai dyddiau cyn hynny some days before some days after this
rai blynyddoedd yn ôl some years ago
rai misoedd yn hwyrach some months later
rai oriau yn ddiweddarach some hours later
:_______________________________.
raich <RAIKH> [raɪx] feminine noun
PLURAL <REIKH-yai, -ye> [ˡrəɪxjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1
(History) reich = the lands of the German peoples considered as a unit
2 former German name for Germany and
German-dominated territories
The name originates in
das erste Reich (“the first kingdom”) German name for the Holy Roman
Empire (y Raich Gyntaf)
The second was das zweite Reich = Hohenzollern Empire 1871-1919 (yr
Ail Raich)
After the Weimar republic 1919-1933 came das dritte Reich, the Nazi
dictatorship from 1933-1945 (y Drydedd Raich)
ETYMOLOGY: German das Reich (= the kingdom).
The Welsh form usually respects the German spelling, but the ei tends to
be prounced as if it is Welsh ei.
Respelling it raich
would resolve this problem (accepting that a non-German pronunciation is better
avoided)
:_______________________________.
Rallt <RALHT> [raɬt]
1
place name – Yr Allt (= the hill) with the loss of the first syllable
..1/ place names
Rallt locality by Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
..2/ street name
....a/ Pen-rallt Llangefni (county of Môn) (spelt
on signs as “Penrallt”)
....b/ Pen-rallt Pentre Broughton (county of Wrecsam) (spelt on signs as
“Penrallt”)
....c/ Pen-rallt Porthaethwy (county of Môn) (spelt on signs as
“Penrallt”)
....d/ Pen-rallt Saron, Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd) (spelt on signs
as “Penrallt”)
....e/ Stad Pen-rallt Llanystumdwy (county of Gwynedd) (spelt on signs
as “Stad Penrallt”)
....f/ “Penrallt Road”, Tywynycapel, Baetrearddur, near Caergybi (county of
Môn) > Ffordd Pen-rallt
....g/ “Penrallt Street”, Machynlleth (county of Powys) > Stryd
Pen-rallt
....h/ “Penrallt Terrace”, Casnewydd > > Rhestr Pen-rallt
Rallt-goch (spelt on signs as “Rallt Goch”) (yr allt goch = the red
hill) name of a street in Llanberis (county of Gwynedd)
:_______________________________.
ran <RAN> [ran] feminine noun
1 soft mutation of rhan (= part)
o ran hynny as for that
mynd ran o’r ffordd (adv) go part of
the way
:_______________________________.
rân <RAAN> [rɑːn]
Soft-mutated
form of grân (better spelt gra’n), a southern pronunciation of graen
(= good appearance)
:_______________________________.
randibŵ <ran-di-BUU> [randɪˡbuː] (m)
PLURAL:
randibŵs <ran-di-BUUZ> [randɪˡbuːz]
1
bustle, commotion;
Pan greiddson ni’r camp odd no alibalw o’r short ora: odd taligrafft weti
cyrradd yn gwed fod y’n Ridgemant ni i fynd i’r front. Odd y boys yn ryttag o
un tent i’r llall, yn gweiddu nes odd Solsbri Plain yn ecco. I joinso’n ninna
pan ddiallson ni beth odd achos y randiboo
Nin Doi 1918 Glynfab t 36
I greiddson y dec o’r diwadd, mor appus a dou ganary bach miwn crâge. Na
randiboo! Odd i’n wath na Ffair Llwnpia.
Nin
Doi 1918 Glynfab t 39
2 spree, booze-up
ETYMOLOGY:
dialect
English randivoo < French rendezvous
Cf.
Dorset dialect (south-western England): Randy, a merry uproar or
meeting.
http://home.clara.net/anvil/DORSET.pdf
:_______________________________.
ran o’r ffordd <RAN
or FORDH> [ˡran ɔr ˡfɔrð] adverb
1 part of the way (with soft mutation)
mynd ran o’r ffordd gyda rhywun go part of the way with someone
ETYMOLOGY: rhan o’r ffordd (= part of the way)
(rhan = part) + (o’r = of the) + (ffordd = way)
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rhan
> ran
:_______________________________.
ras, rasus <RAAS,
RA-sis> [rɑːs, ˡrasɪs] (feminine noun)
1 race
ras gychod boat race, rasus cychod, boat races
ras farathon (i.e. ras fárathon) marathon race
2 cae ras racecourse (“field (of) race”)
cae rasys racecourse (“field (of) races”)
Y Cae Ras is the name Wrexham Football Club’s home ground (The
Racecourse)
Stadiwm y Cae Ras the Racecourse Stadium
:_______________________________.
raser, raseri (f) <RA-ser,
ra-SEE-ri> [ˡrasɛr, raˡseˑrɪ]
1 (southern
dialect) razor
The Treatment of
English Borrowed Words in Colloquial Welsh / Thomas Powel / Y Cymmrodor
Vol. VI 1883. / p133:
“The following paper is an attempt to give a general account
of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial
Welsh of the present day. Most of the statements here made
are applicable to the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but
the paper treats more particularly of the dialect spoken, with
slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen,
and the greater part of Cardigan.
Z.
This letter is not known to Welsh, and in borrowed words
it becomes s. Sêl (zeal), dăslo (dazzle), pyslo (puzzle),
ráser
(razor),
etc”
ETYMOLOGY:
English razor
:_______________________________.
ras falŵns, rasus balŵns <raas
va-LUUNZ, ra-sis ba-LUUNZ> [ˡrɑːs vaˡluːnz,
ˡrasɪs baˡluːnz] (feminine noun)
1 balloon race
:_______________________________.
ras ganllath <raas
GAN-lhath> [ˡrɑːs ˡganɬaθ] feminine noun
PLURAL rasus canllath <RA-sis KAN-lhath> [ˡrasɪs
ˡkanɬaθ]
1
hundred-yard race = a race for sprinters of 91.44 metres, organised sprint on a
running track in an athletics competition, or along a street as part of local
festivities
ETYMOLOGY: (ras = race) + soft mutation + (canllath = a hundred
yards)
:_______________________________.
ras geffylau <RAAS ge-FƏ-lai,
-e> [ˡrɑːs gɛˡfəˡlaɪ,
-ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL rasus ceffylau <RA-sis
ke-FƏ-lai, -e> [ˡrasɪs ˡkɛˡfəˡlaɪ,
-ɛ]
1
horse race = race with horses and riders
:_______________________________.
ras hir <raas
HIIR> [ˡrɑːs ˡhiːr] feminine noun
PLURAL rasau hir <RA-sai,
-se, -HIIR> [ˡrasaɪ, -ɛ, ˡhiːr]
1
long-distance race (“long race”)
:_______________________________.
ras hwyl <raas
HUIL> [ˡrɑːs ˡhʊɪl] feminine noun
PLURAL rasus hwyl <RA-sai,
-se, HUIL> [ˡrasaɪ, -ɛ, ˡhʊɪl]
1
fun run
ETYMOLOGY: ‘race (of) fun’ (ras = race) + (hwyl = fun)
:_______________________________.
rasio <RAS-yo> [ˡrasjɔ] (verb)
1 to race
2 cae rasio racecourse (“field (of) racing”)
:_______________________________.
rasiwr ceir <RAS-yur KEIR> [ˡrasjʊr
ˡkəɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL raswyr ceir <RAS-wir
KEIR> [ˡraswɪr ˡkəɪr]
1
racing driver (“racer (of) cars”)
:_______________________________.
Ratshel <RA-chel> [ˡraʧɛl] (feminine noun)
1 Rachel
:_______________________________.
Rawys <RAU-is> [ˡraʊɪs] feminine noun ¡¡rawys¡¡¡
1 soft mutated form of Grawys (= Lent)
cacen Rawys, plural cacennau Grawys simnel cake, a fruit cake
eaten in Lent or at Easter
:_______________________________.
rebel <REE-bel> [ˡreˑbɛl] masculine noun
PLURAL
rebeliaid <re-BEL-yaid,
-yed> [rɛˡbɛljaɪd, -jɛd]
1
rebel =
person who opposes authority or conventional values
Aeth yn dipyn o rebel yn ei henaint She became a bit of a rebel in her
old age
2 rebel = person who resists a government by means of armed opposition
3 gwely
rebel makeshift bed (“bed (of) (a) rebel”)
:_______________________________.
rec (1) <REK> [rɛk] masculine noun
1
recreation ground, playing field
Cysylltwyd â Chyngor Tref Pwllheli i geisio sefydlu maes rygbi ar y Rec
Pwllheli Town Council wa contacted to try and make a rugby pitch on the Rec
ETYMOLOGY: < English rec, short form of recreation ground
:_______________________________.
rec (2) <REK> [rɛk] masculine noun
1
recreation centre, sports centre
Mae Canolfan Chwaraeon Trelái, y mae pobl leol yn galw 'y rec' arni…
Trelái / Ely Sports Centre, that local people call the ‘rec’…
ETYMOLOGY: < English rec, short form of recreation centre
:_______________________________.
rec (3) <REK> [rɛk] masculine noun
1
wreck, shipwreck
Capten Hughes oedd pia'r llong fawr aeth yn rec neithiwr
9 Mehefin 1894 Papur Pawb Captain Hughes owned the boat that was wrecked
last night
ETYMOLOGY: < English wreck
:_______________________________.
recordiad tâp <re-KORD-yad
TAAP> [rɛˡkɔrdjad ˡtɑːp] masculine noun
PLURAL recordiadau tâp <re-kord-YAA-dai,
-de TAAP> [rɛkɔrdˡjɑˑˡdaɪ
ˡtɑˑːp]
1
tape recording
ETYMOLOGY: (recordiad = recording) + (tâp = tape)
:_______________________________.
recordio <re-KORD-yo> [rɛˡkɔrdjɔ] verb
1 record
ETYMOLOGY: (record-, from English to record) + (-io,
suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
recordydd tâp <re-KOR-didh
TAAP> [rɛˡkɔrdɪð ˡtɑːp] masculine noun
PLURAL recordyddion tâp <re-kor-DƏDH-yon
TAAP> [rɛkɔrˡdəðjɔn ˡtɑːp]
1
tape recorder
ETYMOLOGY: (recordydd = recorder) + (tâp = tape)
:_______________________________.
recriwtio <re-KRIUT-yo> [rɛˡkrɪʊtjɔ] (verb)
1 to recruit
:_______________________________.
redig <REE-dig> [ˡreˑdɪg] verb
1 clipped form of aredig = (American: to plow) (Englandic: to
plough)
agor ffos, torri gwrych, neu ’redig digging a ditch, trimming a hedge,
or ploughing
:_______________________________.
Refail <REE-vail.
-vel> [ˡreˑvaɪl, -vɛl]
1
place name – Yr Efail (= the smithy) with the loss of the first syllable
Name of a housing estate - “Refail Farm Estate” in Caergybi (county of Môn)
(the name would be Stad Refail in Welsh)
:_______________________________.
refferî, refferîs <re-fe-RII,
re-fe-RIIZ> [rɛfɛˡriː, rɛfɛˡriːz] (masculine noun)
1 referee (colloquial)
:_______________________________.
-reg <REG> [rɛg] suffix
1 feminine agent, form of -wraig <wraig> [wraɪg] . The colloquial pronunciation
of -wraig is <REG> [rɛg] , and there is an
increasing tendency to write the suffix according to this pronunciation
nyddwr (= spinner), nyddwraig > nyddreg (= spinster,
female spinner)
gweithiwr (= male worker, workman), gweithwraig > gweithreg
(= woman worker)
ETYMOLOGY: The suffix -wraig is in fact the word gwraig (= woman)
(with soft mutation of the initial)
:_______________________________.
reiffl <REIFL,
REI-fil> [rəɪfl, ˡrəɪfɪl] feminine noun
PLURAL reifflau, reiffls <REI-flai,
-e, REI-filz> [ˡrəɪflaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡrəɪfɪlz]
1
rifle
bataliwn reifflau rifle battalion (“battalion (of) rifles”)
carn reiffl rifle butt
…cafodd ei daro’n anymwybodol gan garn reiffl un o’r milwyr
…he was struck unconscious with the butt of a rifle of one of the soldiers
ergyd reiffl rifle shot; ergydion reiffl rifle shots (USA:
riflery)
o fewn ergyd reiffl within rifle shot
o fewn taniad reiffl within rifle shot
reiffl aildanio magazine rifle (“second-firing rifle, re-firing rifle”)
reiffl awyr air rifle
reiffl stondin ffair gallery rifle, fairground rifle (“rifle (of) stand
(of) fair”)
saethu â reiffl rifle shooting
taniad reiffl rifle shot
2 gosod reiffl mewn ystum tanio position a rifle ready for
firing, bring a rifle to the firing position
ETYMOLOGY: English rifle < French < Old French rifler (= to
scratch) < Low German.
Modern French has rifler
= (woodwork) to plane, smooth with a plane; (scissors) to pare
:_______________________________.
reifflwr <REI-flur> [ˡrəɪflʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL reifflwyr <REIFL-wir> [ˡrəɪflwɪr]
1
rifleman
2 (military formation) Y Reifflwyr the Rifles
ETYMOLOGY: (reiffl = rifle) + (-wr = ‘man’)
:_______________________________.
reis <REIS> [rəɪs] masculine noun
1
rice
reis mâl ground rice
pwdin reis rice pudding
blawd reis ground rice, rice flour
reis grawn hir long-grain rice
ETYMOLOGY: English rice < French < Italian < Latin < Greek orûza
< an Oriental language
:_______________________________.
rensen <REN-sen> [ˡrɛnsɛn] f
PLURAL
rêns <REENS> [reˑns]
1
(colloquial) rein
The standard form is
a/ carrai ffrwyn
/ careiau ffrwyn (“thong (of) bridle”), or
b/ llinyn ffrwyn
/ llinynnau ffrwyn (“line (of) bridle”)
ETYMOLOGY:
English rein
:_______________________________.
resin cánabis <re-sin KAA-na-bis> [ˡrɛsɪn
ˡkɑˑnabɪs] (masculine noun)
1 cannabis resin
:_______________________________.
reslo <RE-slo> [ˡrɛslɔ] (verb)
1 wrestle
:_______________________________.
RH, rh <HROO> [hroː] feminine
noun
1) twenty-third letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh
alphabet
1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4
ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12 h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m,
18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 ph, 22 r, 23 rh, 24 s, 25 t, 26 th, 27 u, 28 w, 29 y
:_______________________________.
rh-
1) in some instances, the result of wrong word division
..a/ Y Rhobell SH7825 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district
of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
The mountain name is explained as follows:
..a/ Yr Obell (= the saddle)
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell = saddle)
(go- prefix = under) + soft mutation + (an unknown element *pell)
..b/ Later there was confusion about the word division Yr Obell >
Y Robell
..c/ and aspiration occurred “r” > “rh” (Robell > Rhobell)
since the aspirate “rh” is far more usual than “r” as an initial consonant
……………………………..
..b/ Y Rhyl, formerly Yr Hyl (town in the county of Dinbych)
……………………………..
:_______________________________.
rhaca, rhacanau <HRA-ka,
hra-KAA-nai, -e> [ˡhraka, hraˡkɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 rake
:_______________________________.
rhad <HRAAD> [hrɑːd] (adjective)
1 cheap
2 rhad fel baw dirt cheap
“cheap like dirt / shit” (rhad = cheap) + (fel = like) + (baw
dirt / shit)
bod yn rhad fel baw be dirt cheap
:_______________________________.
Rhad arnat! <HRAAD AR-nat> [ˡhrɑːd ˡarnat] (phrase)
1 Bless you!
:_______________________________.
Y Rhadyr <HRAA-dir> [ˡhrɑˑdɪr]
1 place in Llanbadog Fawr, county of Mynwy; more correctly Y
Radur (qv)
:_______________________________.
rhaeadr (“rhaead”), rhaeadrau <HREI-adr, HREI-ad, hrei-A-drai, -dre> [ˡhrəɪadr,
ˡhrəɪad, hrəɪˡadraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 waterfall
Coed y Rhaeadr SN9011 “(the) wood (of) the waterfall”
Name of woodland near Ystradfellte, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=190304
2 (SJ1027) Afon Rhaeadr = river
rising in Powys and flowing into the river Tanat
(the name of the river in fact means “the river of the waterfall” - rhaeadr
= waterfall)
Pistyll Rhaeadr (SJ0729) waterfall 73 metres in height on the river Rhaeadr
6km north-west of Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (SJ1225) (county of Powys)
“pistyll (afon) Rhaeadr” (“(the) waterfall (of the river) Rhaeadr”)
3 Llanrheadr “church (next to the) Rhaeadr (river)”
(llan = church) + soft mutation + (Rhaeadr river name,
literally ‘waterfall’) > *Llanraeadr > Llanrhaeadr (soft mutation
is annulled in the combination when final -n occurs before initial ll-)
..a) Llanrhaeadr ym Mochnant (“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the
kántrev of) Mochnant”)
Llanrhaeadr is “church (next to the) Rhaeadr (river)”
..b) Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch (“(the) Llanrhaeadr (which is) in (the
kántrev of) Mochnant”)
NOTE: On English-language maps rhaeadr is sometimes seen misspelt as
“rhaiadr”
:_______________________________.
Rhaeadrau Mynach <hrei-A-drai,
-e, MƏ-nakh> [hrəɪˡadraɪ, -ɛ, ˡmənax] plural noun
1 SN7477 a series of waterfalls on the river Mynach near its
confluence with the river Rheidol at Pontarfynach; English name “Mynach Falls”
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) waterfalls (of the) Mynach (river)”
(rhaeadrau = waterfalls, plural of rhaedr = waterfall) + (Mynach
(qv), river name, literally ‘monk’)
:_______________________________.
Y Rhaeadr Fawr <ə HREI-adr, HREI-ad, VAUR> [ə ˡhrəɪadr
ˡvaʊr, ə ˡhrəɪad ˡvaʊr]
1 waterfall 15 metre high above the
village of Aber or Abergwyngregyn SH 6572 (county of Conwy)
English names: “Aber Falls”
ETYMOLOGY: “the great waterfall” (y definite article) + (rhaeadr
= waterfall) + soft mutation + (mawr = big)
:_______________________________.
Rhaeadr-gwy <HREI-adr GUI, HREI-ad GUI> [ˌhrəɪadr ˡgʊɪ,
ˌhrəɪad ˡgʊɪ]
1 locality (town) in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
Short form: Y Rhaeadr <ə HREI-adr> [ə ˡhrəiadr]
(more colloquially, Y Rhaead’) <ə
HREI-ad> [ə
ˡhrəiad]
English name: Rhayader
Topographical History of South Wales / 1819 / Rees p902): ”Rhayader or
Rhayadergwy. The name, literally translated, signifies ‘the cataract of the
Wye’ or in transatlantic phraseology, ‘the falls of the Wye’ and is derived
from the situation of the place near the descent of that river over a ledge of
rocks. Formerly the fall was considerable, but on the building of the present
bridge in 1780, the channel was cleared of its principal obstructions, and a
freer passage opened for the water, so that its characteristic feature has been
almost entirely destroyed”
RHAYADER, or
RHAYADERGWY, a market town of Wales, in the county of Radnor. The name
signifies literally the falls of the Wye, and is derived from the situation of
the town near the descent of that river over a ledge of rocks. The fall was
greatly diminished in 1780, by the building of the present bridge, when the
rocks ere removed, and a freer passage opened for the water.
The Edinburgh
Gazetteer, Or Geographical Dictionary... In Six Volumes. Volume 5. Edinburgh.
1822.
(delwedd 9358)
(delwedd 9359)
Wikipedia (03-12-2019): The name "Rhayader" is
a partly-Anglicised form of its Welsh name locally "Y Rhaeadr" (the
waterfall), or more fully, to distinguish it from other places named after
waterfalls, "Rhaeadr Gwy" (waterfall [on the] Wye).
Strictly speaking, according to place-name spelling conventions in Welsh,
the name of the town would be 'Rhaeadr-gwy', and the waterfall itself 'Rhaeadr
Gwy', but it seems that this distinction is usually ignored.
In the Welsh of the area the name is Rheiad, as one would expect on the
pattern of similar words in colloquial Welsh, pronounced [ˈr̥əɪad]
[1] (That is, a final "r" is dropped after "d", as in
"aradr" (= plough) > "arad", ·Llangynid" (= church
of Cynidr, a village in Breconshire) > "Llangynid", "Cadwaladr"
(forename, = battle-leader) > "Cadwalad", "'Dwalad".)
[1] "Hen Ffrwcsod Ffair-rhos – Mary Thomas (1905-83)". Amgueddfa
Cymru. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Odd
'na ddynion yn dwad dros y mynydd o Rheiad [Rhaeadr Gwy] ac o Loeger
= Men
would come over the mountain from Rhaeadr-gwy and from England
2 a parish at this place
3 name of an electoral ward; a seat on the county council of Powys
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) waterfall (of the river) Gwy”
(rhaeadr = waterfall) + (Gwy river name)
:_______________________________.
rhaff, rhaffau <HRAAF, HRAA-fai, -e> [hrɑːf,
ˡhrɑˑfaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 rope
blaen rhaff end of a rope
llusgraff a towrope, a rope for towing
rhaff deircainc three-strand rope
rhaff halio a towrope, a
rope for towing
rhaff deircainc ni thorrir ar frys (Pregethwr 4:12)
(= ni thorrir rhaff deircainc ar frys) a threefold cord is not quickly
broken (Ecclesiastes 4:12)
:_______________________________.
rhafnwydden <hrafn-WƏ-dhen> [hrafnˡwəðɛn] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhafnwydd <HRAVN-widh> [ˡhravnwɪð]
1 buckthorn Rhamnus cathartica thorny shrub formerly used as a
purgative
(delwedd 7224)
2 melyn y rhafnwydd (“(the) yellow (butterfly)
(of) the buckthorn”) Gonepteryx rhamni = brimstone butterfly
(delwedd 7225)
ETYMOLOGY: The first example of the word is seen in the Archaeologia Britannica
(1707) by the naturalist Edward Lhuyd.
(rhafn = buckthorn) + soft mutation + (gwydden = bush, tree); the
word rhafn is a modern adaptation of Latin rhamnus (in historical
borrowings from Latin a medial m > f <v> [v] )
:_______________________________.
rhàg ‹HRAG› (preposition)
1 (obsolete) in front of
2 against, ‘to avoid’
3 It completes the sense of many verbs:
A...
achub rhag save from
..... achub rhàg angau save from death
arbed rhag save from
.....arbed rhàg angau save from death
amddiffyn rhag protect from
arbed rhag save from
atal rhag stop oneself from
B...
brechu rhàg vaccinate / innoculate against
..…brechu rhàg difftheria inoculate against diptheria
C...
cadw rhag stop oneself from
.....cadw rhag annwyd escape a cold
.....Prin y medrwn gadw rhag chwerthin I could scarcely contain my
laughter, I was hardly able to stop myself from laughing
cael llonydd rhag be left in peace by
celu rhag hide from
cuddio'ch beiau rhag (rhywun) hide your faults from (someone)
cilio rhag run away from, back away from
cwato rhag hide from
cymryd gofal rhag take care not to
.....Cymerais ofal rhag deffro John Jones I took care not to wake John
Jones
cysgodi rhag shelter from
.....Buom yn cysgodu yn yr eglwys rhag yr haul tanbaid We took refuge
from the blazing sun the church
D...
dianc rhag escape from
diogelu rhag protect from, keep safe from
E...
eithrio rhàg exempt from
.....eithrio (rhywun) rhàg talu trethi grant a tax exemption to
(somebody), exempt (somebody) from paying taxes
esgusodi rhag excuse from
F...
ffoi rhag flee
…..ffoi rhag y llid a ddaw flee the wrath that is to come
..... ffoi rhag rhywbeth flee / run away from something
......Ffowch rhag y farn a ddaw! Flee from the wrath to come!
G...
gwaredu / gwaredu rhag save from
..…gwared rhàg angau save from death
..…Duw a’n gwaredo rhàg y fath beth God save us from such a thing!
gwylio rhag watch out for
R...
rhoi lloches rhag give shelter from
rhwystro rhag prevent (someone) from, stop (someone)from (doing
something)
.....rhwystro rhywun rhag ffoi stop someone from running away (“impede
somebody in front of fleeing”)
rhybuddio rhag warn about
Y...
ymesgusodi rhàg gwneud rhywbeth excuse oneself from doing something
ymgilio rhag shy away from
____________________________________________________________
b) after adjectives
D...
diogel rhag safe from
.....diogel rhag cael eich adnabod safe from recognition, in no danger
of being recognised
R...
rhydd rhag clear of
c) after nouns with
a sense close to “to eliminate”, “to prevent”, “against”, “to escape from”
C...
cysgod rhag y glaw shelter from the rain
D...
dryll rhag terfysg riot gun
E...
eli:
rhag pob clwyf, eli amser time cures all (“against every wound, (the)
ointment (of) time”)
G...
gwn rhag terfysg riot gun
M...
meddyg:
Nid oes meddyg rhag henaint there’s no avoiding old age (“there is no
doctor against old age”)
R...
rhyddid rhag newyn freedom from hunger
S...
saer da rhag suro diod (expression) a drunkard, a person who drinks a lot {(a)
good craftsman to prevent (the) souring (of) (a) drink; person skilled at not
letting a drink spoil by not consuming it}
tabled: cymryd tabledi haearn rhag diffyg gwaed take iron tablets
to prevent anaemia
T...
tarian rhag terfysg riot shield
Y...
ynysiad rhag insulation from
ynysiad rhag sŵn insulation from noise
:_______________________________.
rhagafon, rhagafonydd ‹hra GA von, hra ga VO nidh› (feminine
noun)
1 tributary
:_______________________________.
rhagbrawf, rhagbrofion ‹HRAG brawv, hrag BROV yon›
(masculine noun)
1 preliminary heat
:_______________________________.
rhagbrofol ‹hrag-broo-vol›
1 (match) qualifying, preliminary, knockout
yn y rowndiau rhagbrofol in the qualifying rounds
ETYMOLOGY: (rhagbrawf = preliminary round, qualifying match ) + (-ol
= suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhagfanylion ‹hrag-va-nəl-yon› plural
noun
1 specifications
ETYMOLOGY: (rhag = pre-) + soft mutation + (manylion = details)
:_______________________________.
Rhagfyr ‹HRAG vir› (masculine
noun)
1 December
mis Rhagfyr December (“(the) month (of) December”)
ym mis Rhagfyr in December
ar ddechrau mis Rhagfyr at the beginning of December
ar ganol mis Rhagfyr in the middle of December, in mid-December
ar ddiwedd mis Rhagfyr at the end of December
bob mis Rhagfyr every December
...01 Rhagfyr (y cyntaf o Ragfyr)
the first of December
...02 Rhagfyr (yr ail o Ragfyr)
the second of December
...03 Rhagfyr (y trydydd o Ragfyr)
the third of December
...04 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd o Ragfyr)
the fourth of December
...05 Rhagfyr (y pumed o Ragfyr)
the fifth of December
...06 Rhagfyr (y chweched o Ragfyr)
the sixth of December
...07 Rhagfyr (y seithfed o Ragfyr)
the seventh of December
...08 Rhagfyr (yr wythfed o Ragfyr)
the eighth of December
Gŵyl Fair yn y Gaeaf (8 Rhagfyr) = Conception
...09 Rhagfyr (y nawfed o Ragfyr)
the ninth of December
...10 Rhagfyr (y degfed o Ragfyr)
the tenth of December
...11 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar ddeg o Ragfyr)
the eleventh of December
...12 Rhagfyr (y deuddegfed o Ragfyr)
the twelfth of December
...13 Rhagfyr (y trydydd ar ddeg o Ragfyr)
the thirteenth of December
Gŵyl Luwsi (“the) feastday (of) Lucy”)
...14 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Ragfyr)
the fourteenth of December
...15 Rhagfyr (y pymthegfed o Ragfyr)
the fifteenth of December
...16 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)
the sixteenth of December
...17 Rhagfyr (yr ail ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)
the seventeenth of December
...18 Rhagfyr (y deunawfed o Ragfyr)
the eighteenth of December
...19 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Ragfyr)
the nineteenth of December
...20 Rhagfyr (yr ugeinfed o Ragfyr)
the twentieth of December
...21 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-first of December
Gŵyl Domas (“the) feastday (of) Thomas”) or
Gŵyl Tomos yr Apostol (“the) feastday (of) Thomas the Apostle”)
...22 Rhagfyr (yr ail ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-second of December
...23 Rhagfyr (y trydydd ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-third of December
...24 Rhagfyr (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-fourth of December
...25 Rhagfyr (y pumed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-fifth of December
Dydd Nadolig Christmas Day
...26 Rhagfyr (y chweched ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-sixth of December
Gŵyl y Bocs (“the) feastday (of) the box”) or
Gwy^l Steffan (“the) feastday (of) Stephen”) or Gwyl Sant Steffan
Boxing Day
...27 Rhagfyr (y seithfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-seventh of December
Gwyl Ioan yr Apostol “(the) feastday (of) John the Apostle”
...28 Rhagfyr (yr wythfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-eighth of December
Gŵyl y Gwirioniaid Holy Innocents Day “(the) feastday (of) the
innocents”
Gŵyl y Fil Feibion Holy Innocents Day “(the) feastday (of) the one
thousand children”
...29 Rhagfyr (y nawfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the twenty-ninth of December
...30 Rhagfyr (y degfed ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the thirtieth of December
...31 Rhagfyr (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Ragfyr)
the thirty-first of December
Nos Galan New Year’s Eve (“(the) eve (of) (the) calend”)
:_______________________________.
rhaglen, rhaglenni ‹HRA glen, hra GLE
ni› (feminine noun)
1 program
:_______________________________.
rhagluniaeth ‹hra-GLƏN-yaith, -yeth›
(feminine noun)
1 providence = care and protection given by a deity or nature to its
creatures
2 Rhagluniaeth (Christianity) Providence
= the care and protection given by God to his creatures
rhagluniaeth fawr y nef divine providence
3 Rhagluniaeth (Christianity) Providence
= God in his role as a benevolent organiser of the universe and protector of
humankind
ymostwng i drefn Rhagluniaeth submit to the
dispensations of Providence
:_______________________________.
rhagnant ‹hrag-nant› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhagnentydd ‹hrag-nen-tidh›
1 tributary, feeder; = a stream which flows into another
ETYMOLOGY: (rhag-, prefix = pre-, before) + soft mutation + (nant
= stream)
:_______________________________.
rhagod ‹hraa-god› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhagodau ‹hra-goo-de›
1 ambush
gosod rhagod (ar gyfer rhywun) prepare an ambush (for somebody)
aros mewn rhagod (am rywun) wait in ambush (for somebody)
2 obstacle, obstruction, impediment
3 cylchfa ragod buffer zone
gwladwriaeth ragod buffer state
4 (Railway) buffer (front part of a locomotive; end of a track)
ETYMOLOGY: rhagod < rhagawd; apparently rhag (= before, in
front) is the first element;
and an unknown second element
NOTE: in south-east Wales, racod, which shows phonological changes
typical of this region
..1/ rh > r (loss of ‹h›)
..2/ voiced cononsonant g at the beginning of the final syllable >
unvoiced consonant c ‹k›
:_______________________________.
rhagod ‹hraa-god› verb
1 ambush, waylay
2 catch, seize
3 hunt
4 (region of Morgannwg) round up animals
5 (region of Morgannwg) prevent (somebody) (from doing sth)
6 (region of Morgannwg) rhagod tref rhywun keep house for somebody
7 (region of Morgannwg) save, protect
ETYMOLOGY: Verb formed from the noun rhagod (See preceding entry)
NOTE: in south-east Wales, racod. See preceding entry.
:_______________________________.
rhagofal ‹hra-goo-val› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhagofalon ‹hra-go-vaa-lon›
1 precaution = action to prevent some risk or accident
2 rhagofalon tân fire precautions, precautions in case of fire
ETYMOLOGY: (rhag-, prefix = pre-, before) + soft mutation + (gofal
= care)
:_______________________________.
rhagolwg, rhagolygon ‹hra GO lwg, hra go
LƏ gon› (masculine noun)
1 forecast
rhagolygon y tywydd weather forecast
ETYMOLOGY: (rhag-, prefix = pre-, before) + soft mutation + (golwg
= view)
:_______________________________.
rhagolygon ‹hra go LƏ gon›
(plural noun)
1 plural of rhagolwg
:_______________________________.
rhagom ‹hra-gom›
1 before us (from the preposition rhag)
Rhagom Filwyr Iesu Onward Christian Soldiers (hymn) (there is soft
mutation of milwyr = soldiers as it is used here in the vocative case;
such phrases in Welsh require this mutation)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhag = in front) + (-om first person plural
termination )
:_______________________________.
rhagor ‹hraa-gor› masculine
noun
1 superiority
2 difference, distinction
Mae ’na ragor ofnadwy rhwng ebol a cheiliog
They’re as different as chalk from cheese, they’re completely different
(‘there’s a terrible difference / an enormous difference between a foal and a
rooster”)
Mae rhagor rhyngddyn nhw There’s a difference between them, They
differ from each other, They’re different to each other
gweld rhagor rhwng... see a difference between...
gweld y rhagor rhwng da a drwg
differenciate between good and bad (“see the difference between good and
bad”)
Malachi 3:18 Yna y dychwelwch, ac y gwelwch ragor rhwng y cyfiawn a’r
drygionus, rhwng yr hwn a wasanaetho DDUW a’r hwn nis gwasanaetho ef.
Malachi 3:18 Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the
wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not
3 Exodus 11:7 Ond yn erbyn neb o blant Israel ni symud ci ei dafod, ar
ddyn nac anifail;
fel y gwypoch fod yr ARGLWYDD yn gwneuthur rhagor rhwng yr Eifftiaid ac Israel.
Exodus 11:7 But against any of the children of Israel shall not a dog move his
tongue, against man or beast: that ye may know how that the LORD doth put a
difference between the Egyptians and Israel.
Brenhinoedd-1 3:9 A’th was sydd ymysg dy bobl, y rhai a ddewisaist ti; pobl
aml, y rhai ni rifir ac nis cyfrifir gan luosowgrwydd.
Kings-1 3:8 And thy servant is in the midst of thy people which thou hast
chosen, a great people, that cannot be numbered nor counted for multitude.
Corinthiaid-1 15:41 Arall yw gogoniant yr haul, ac arall yw gogoniant
y lloer, ac arall yw gogoniant y sêr; canys y mae rhagor rhwng seren a seren
mewn gogoniant.
Corinthians–1 15:41 There is one glory of the sun, and another glory of the
moon, and another glory of the stars: for one star differeth from another star
in glory.
And phrases based on this:
A oes rhagor rhwng ŵy ac ŵy mewn gogoniant? Ateb: Oes yn wir - ac
mae’n talu i holi cyn prynu (Cymro 11 01 1995)
Is there any difference between one egg and another? Answer – Indeed there is –
and it pays to ask before buying
Dacw’r arwerthwr yn esgyn i’w lwyfan, a’i glerc yn ei ddilyn. Mae “rhagor
rhwng seren a seren” yn y gogoniant hwn. Yr ydym wedi dyfod i gyffyrddiad â
phump neu chwech o arwerthwyr mewn gwahanol ocsiynau oddiar pan yr ymsefydlasom
yn Nyffryn Tywi, a phob un yn meddu ar ei neillduolion arbenig ei hun
Over there the auctioneer goes up onto the stage, and his clerk follows him. There
is a difference between each one (“there is a difference between a star and a
star in this glory”) I’ve come into contact with five or six auctioneers in
different auctions since we’ve come to live in the Tywi Valley, and each one
has his own special characteristics
(Yn Nyffryn Tywi Sef Brasluniau o Fywyd Gwledig. (In the Valley of the Tywi,
being sketches of rural life) Gan y Parch. D. Rhagfyr Jones, Pontargothi.
Cyfaill yr Aelwyd a’r Frythones. Cyfrol III (Cyfres Newydd) 1894. Tudalen 423
3 (preposition) between
Malachi 3:18 Yna y dychwelwch, ac y gwelwch ragor rhwng y cyfiawn a’r
drygionus, rhwng yr hwn a wasanaetho DDUW a’r hwn nis gwasanaetho ef.
Malachi 3:18 Then shall ye return, and discern between the righteous and the
wicked, between him that serveth God and him that serveth him not.
4 (pronoun) more
T’ ishe rhagor? (a wyt ti yn eisiau rhagor) Do you want any more?
rhagor o arian more money
rhagor o fanylion more details
rhagor o wybodaeth more information
rhagor o dystiolaeth more evidence
5 (adj) additional
Ddweda i ddim gair rhagor I won’t say another word
llawer rhagor a lot more
lot rhagor a lot more
6 ni + fyth rhagor never again / not .. ever
again
Soft-mutated form of byth rhagor / eto / mwyach
(byth = never / ever) + (rhagor = more, eto = again, mwyach
= any more)
Wela i mohoni fyth rhagor I’ll never see her again < Ni welaf
fi...
ETYMOLOGY: rhagor (= more, addition) < (rhag = in front) + (the
obsolete element ôr = limit, brink, edge).
Ôr occurs in the words
..a/ cyfor (= full to the brim) (cyf + ôr)
..b/ dygyfor (= to surge, to rise up, to be stirred up, to well, well
up; to stir up) (dy + cyf + ôr)
..c/ goror (= limit, boundary) (gor + ôr)
In the Hibernian languages, it occurs with the meaning of ‘edge, boundary’ as
in Manx oirr, Scottish oir, and Irish fóir (with a
non-etymological initial ‘f’)
:_______________________________.
rhagor ‹hraa-gor› preposition
1 than
Mwy swmpus o lawer yw’r ail argraffiad rhagor y gyfrol wreiddiol
The second edition is a lot thicker than the original volume
Dywedodd fod llawer mwy o hwyl i’w gael yn Steddfod y Buarth rhagor y
Brifwyl
He said there was a lot more fun to be had in the “Eisteddfod of the Farmyard”
(The Welsh Agricultural Show) tan the “Great Festival” (the National
Eisteddfod, annual countrywide competition of literature and singing)
:_______________________________.
rhagorach <hra-GOO-rakh> [hraˡgoˑrax] adjective
1 better
yn rhagorach fyth even better, better than ever
Aeth y gwaith ymláen yn rhagorach fyth the work continued better than
ever
2 (masculine noun) better = superior person
Gwrando air gan dy ragorach
Listen to the advice of your better, listen to what somebody who knows better
than you has to say (“Listen to a word with your better”)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhagor = more, extra quantity) + (-ach comparative
suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhagorfraint <hra-GOOR-vraint> [hraˡgɔrvraɪnt] (m)
PLURAL rhagorfreintiau <hra-gor-VREONT_yai,
-ye> [hragɔrˡvrəɪntjaɪ,
-jɛ]
1 privilege
2 y rhagorfraint frenhinol royal prerogative
ETYMOLOGY: (rhagor = more) + soft mutation + (braint = privilege)
:_______________________________.
rhagori <hra-GOO-ri> [hraˡgoˑrɪ] (verb)
1 excel
2 rhagori arnoch eich hun excel oneself, do something much better than
you usually do it, to do something better than you thought you were capable of
doing
ETYMOLOGY: (rhagor = more, extra quantity) + (-i verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhagorol <hra-GOO-rol> [hraˡgoˑrɔl] (adjective)
1 excellent
Un o ddynion rhagorol y ddaear yw eich tad Your father is a prince among
men / is one of the world’s finest men / is one of the finest men in the world
2 rhagorol o very,
exceedingly, exceptionally
mae ef yn canu yn rhagorol o dda he sings exceptionally well, his
singing is exceedingly good
3 (in the plural as a noun) un o ragorolion y ddaear
a prince among men
ETYMOLOGY: (rhagor = more, extra quantity) + (-ol adjectival
suffix)
:_______________________________.
..1 rhai <HRAI> [hraɪ] pronoun
1 the ones (people, animals, things)
Nid pa faint, ond sut rai Quality not quantity (is what matters)
pa rai? which ones?
sut rai? what kind(s) of thing? what kind(s) of people?
y rhai hyn these, these ones (colloquially also y rhain)
y rhai hynny those, those ones (colloquially also y rheiny)
2 with possessive determiners
(1a) ’yn rhai í
The literary form is: fy rhai í mine, the ones which are mine
(1b) yn rhai ní
The literary form is: ein rhai ní ours, the ones which are ours
(2a) dy rai dí yours, the ones which are yours
(2b) ych rhai chí
The literary form is: eich rhai chí yours, the ones which are yours
(3a) ’i rai é
The literary form is: ei rai ef his, the ones which are his
(3b) ’i rhai hí
The literary form is: ei rhai hi hers, the ones which are hers
(3c) ’u rhai nhw
The literary form is: eu rhai nhw theirs, the ones which are theirs
3 individuals, people, those people, those
Dros y blynyddoedd y mae Prifysgol Cymru wedi dewis rhai digon od i roi
gradd anrhydedd iddyn nhw.
Over the years the University of Wales has chosen some pretty odd
individuals to give honorary degrees to
Gobeithir ymestyn y gwasanaeth i gynnwys rhai sydd yn gaeth i dabledi
lliniaru poen hefyd
It is hoped to extend this service to include those who are addicted to
painkillers too
4 in some expressions (adjective + rhai). There is soft mutation rhai
> rai after a preceding adjective.
..1/ Y Dirmygedig Rai The Old Contemptibles (English expeditionary force
to France in 1914, so-called from the Kaiser’s description of them as a
“contemptible little army”).
..2/ Yr Etholedig Rai The Chosen Few
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhai < rhei < British
From the same British root: Breton re (= ones, individuals)
:_______________________________.
..2 rhai <HRAI> [hraɪ] (determiner)
1 some
rhai buchod some cows
rhai pobl some people (better: rhywrai)
2 rai occurs at the head of adverbial phrases; there is soft
mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence rh- > r-
rai troeon a few times
rai dyddiau cyn hynny some days before
rai dyddiau ar ôl hyn some days after this
rai blynyddoedd yn ôl some years ago
rai misoedd yn hwyrach some months later
rai oriau yn ddiweddarach some hours later
rai misoedd wedyn some hours after
rai cannoedd o flynyddoedd wedyn some hundreds of years after
:_______________________________.
rhaib, rheibiau <HRAIB, HREIB-yai, -ye> [hraɪb,
ˡhrəɪbjaɪ, -jɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 enchantment
2 rheibio (qv) enchant, bewitch
:_______________________________.
rhaid, rheidiau <HRAID, HREID-yai,
-ye> [hraɪd, ˡhrəɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 necessity
2 os daw’n fater o
raid should it become necessary, if it comes to the crunch
Dyma lythyr i ti ddaeth y bore ’ma. Rhaid mai oddiwrth d’Ewyrth Tom mae e,
mae stamp yr Unol Daleithiau arno, ta beth. Here’s a letter for you that
came this morning. It must be from your uncle Tom. It’s got a U.S. stamp on it,
at any rate.
cael wrth dy raid get what you need
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 29:3 Cadw dy air, a gwna yn ffyddlon ag ef, a thi
a gei wrth dy raid bob amser. (Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 29:3 Keep
thy word, and deal faithfully with him, and thou shalt always find the thing
that is necessary for thee.
:_______________________________.
rhaien <HREI-en> [ˡhrəɪɛn] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhaiod <HREI-od> [ˡhrəɪɔd]
1 ray, fish with winglike fins
rhaien drydan electric ray
ETYMOLOGY: First noted as occurring in Welsh in the year 1604; either from
English ray or a modern borrowing from Latin raia (= ray);
The English word ray < French < Latin raia
:_______________________________.
rhain <HRAIN> [hraɪn] (pronoun)
1 y rhain these
ETYMOLOGY: from y rhai hyn (= the + some + these)
:_______________________________.
rhamant <HRA-mant> [ˡhramant] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhamantau <hra-MAN-tai, -e> [hraˡmantaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 romance = mysterious or marvellous feeling about a place, charm,
special feeling;
Ma ’na ryw ramant yn perthyn i’r lle
There’s a certain charm to the place;
Y mae dychwelyd i hen gynefin weithiau’n lladd pob rhamant
Returning to an old haunt sometimes kills all the romance (of the place)
2 romance = literary form, narrative in verse or prose,
characteristic of the Middle Ages, explaining the adventures of chivalrous
heroes, and usually written in a Romance language
3 romance = story, film, book dealing with love in a
very idealised and sentimentalised manner
rhamant dau gariad boy-meets-girl romance
4 romance = courtship; love affair
adroddodd ei rhamant â Tomos she talked of her courtship with Tomos
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhamant < *romant < Old French romanz [roˡmants]
< Vulgar Latin rômânicê (adverb) (= in a Romance language) < Latin
rômânic(us) (= Roman) < (rômân(us) = Roman) + (-icus,
suffix for forming adjectives from nouns);
Cf obsolete English romant (= romance)
In both cases (English romant, Welsh rhamant) it seems
that there was a form *romant from a misuderstanding that [roˡmants]
was a plural form.
This are other examples of this in English (modern French in brackets, though
the earlier French form from which the English word comes may have been
slightly different: chair (chaise), cherry (cérise), asset (assez), etc
:_______________________________.
rhamantiaeth <hra-MANT-yaith, -yeth> [hraˡmantjaɪθ, -jɛθ] feminine
noun
1 Romanticism = the Romantic movement of the late 1700s and early 1800s in
literature in art where emotion, imagination and experimentation, nature, and
the common man prevailed; a reaction to the stiff styles and content of
Classicism
2 romantic idea, idealised and unreal vision, delusion,
fanciful idea, conception unrelated to reality;
Rhyw ramantiaeth wirion ydi meddwl y gallwch chi fynd i ben y cei i brynu
pysgod gan bysgotwr
It’s a daft romantic idea to think you can go to the end of the quay to buy
fish off a fisherman
ETYMOLOGY: (rhamant = romance) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming
nouns)
:_______________________________.
rhan, rhannau <HRAN, HRA-nai, -e> [hran,
ˡhranaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 part
y rhan gyntaf the first part
yr ail ran the second part
y drydedd ran the third part
y bedwaredd ran the fourth part
y bumed ran the fifth part
dwy ran o dair o... two thirds of... (two parts of three [parts] of)
un rhan o bump o one fifth of... (one part of
five [parts] of)
tair rhan o bump o... two fifths of... (three parts of five [parts] of)
rhan sylweddol o a substantial part of
rhan ganolog central part
2 part (in a play or film), rôle: part =
involvement
Fe sy’n actio rhan y fam yn y gómedi hon
He’s the one playing the part of the mother in this comedy
Nid oedd gennyf ran ynddo I had nothing to do with it, I’m innocent of
any involvement in some matter
chwarae rhan amlwg to have a prominent part, play a leading role
3 share = due portion
cael mwy na’ch rhan (o rywbeth)
have more than your fair share of something, have an unfairly large part (of
something)
cael mwy o lawer na’ch rhan (o rywbeth)
get a lot more than your fair share (of something)
4 (distance) part = less than the total
rhan o’r ffordd part of the way
(adverb) (with soft mutation)
ran o’r ffordd part of the way
mynd ran o’r ffordd gyda rhywun go part of the way with somebody
5 Old compound forms are masculine
..a/ ebran (m) fodder, stover
Welsh ebran “horse portion” < (eb- = horse) + soft mutation +
(rhan = part, portion)
..b/ canran (m) percentage
(can < cant = hundred ) + soft mutation + ( rhan =
part)
..c/ oedran (m) age
(oed = age) + soft mutation + ( rhan = part)
6 (mid-Wales, South Wales) parting in the hair
7 part = volume of fascicle or instalment of a work
yn Rhan Deunaw o Eiriadur Prifysgol Cymru
in Part 19 of the University of Wales Dictionary
9 fate, destiny, lot (the same idea as one’s “lot” in life, i.e. “portion”,
the fate that has been divinely apportioned to a person. English “lot” is from
Old English “hlot” = portion)
dod i'ch rhan (success, etc) come your way
Dywedir y daw llwyddiant i'ch rhan os ydych yn meddu ar “lain nadroedd” am
eu bod yn bethau lwcus dros ben
It is said that success will come your way / will be yours if you own a
“snake bead” since they are very lucky objects
Er gwaethaf darogan y clarweledydd nid boddi yn Afon Ebwy oedd ei ran -
codwm oddi ar ei geffyl ar Heol y Mynydd a'i lladdodd
In spite of the prediction of the clairvoyant it wasn't drowning in the
river Ebwy that was his ultimate fate – it was a fall off his horse on the
Upland Road that killed him / he was killed when he fell off his horse on the
Upland Road
Yr oedd y cwch bach wedi eu llenwi â chymaint o ddw^r fel yr oeddynt yn ofni
mai suddo fyddai eu rhan
The boat had taken in so much water that they feared that their fate would
be to sink
Gweithio llawer ac ennill ond ychydig a fydd fy rhan i drwy f'oes
Working a lot and only earning a littel will be my fate in this life
(trhoughout my life)
Diodde yw rhan merched pob oes
The fate of women throughout history has been suffering (“suffering is the
fate of women of every age”)
10 region, territory, place, zone, area; portion of a country
yn y rhan yma o’r wlad in this part of the country
yn y rhan yma o Gymru in this part of Wales
Daeth ymwelwyr o bob rhan o Gymru
Visitors came from all parts of Wales
11 section; a part detached from a main body or structure
12 part = section of a building
Mae rhan o'r plas sydd bob amser yn oer hyd yn oed ar y tywydd poethaf
One part of the mansion is always cold even in the hottest weather
13 rhannau uchaf upper part, top part, top
yn rhannu uchaf y sir in the upper part of the county, in the top of the
county
yn rhannau uchaf Ystrad Tywi at the top of the Tywi valley
rhannau uchaf upper reaches of a river
yn rhannau uchaf afon Taf in the upper reaches of the River Taf
14 responsibility
ac i'w ran ef daeth gofal y tri chi
the czare of the three dgs fell to him
15 quarter of a town, district
y rhan Ladinaidd the Latin quarter
16 part = side, party
o'm rhan i in my view, for my part
17 part, share = proportion of a common debt
Telais fy fy rhan fel pawb arall I paid my part like everybody else
ETYMOLOGY: British (probably as *rand-) < Common Celtic
Breton rann (= part) (f), Irish roinn (f) (= part, share),
also rann (obsolete) (m) party or side in a dispute; both from Old Irish
rann.
:_______________________________.
rhanbarth, rhanbarthau <HRAN-barth,
hran-BAR-thai, -the> [ˡhranbarθ,
hranˡbarθaɪ, -θɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 region
ETYMOLOGY: (rhan = part) + soft mutation + (parth = disrtrict)
:_______________________________.
rhanbarthol <hran-BAR-thol> [hranˡbarθɔl] adjective
1 regional
ETYMOLOGY: (rhanbarth = region) + (-ol = suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhanbartholdeb <hran-barth-OL-deb> [hranbarθˡɔldɛb] masculine
noun
1 regionalism
ETYMOLOGY: (rhanbarthol = regional) + (-deb suffix for forming
abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
rhandir, rhandiroedd <HRAN-dir,
hran-DII-roidh, -odh> [ˡhrandɪr, hranˡdiˑrɔɪð,
-ɔð] (masculine noun)
1 tract of land
2 rhandir Indiaid Americanaidd American Indian reservation
= land onto which US native peoples were removed after expulsion from their
traditional territories
:_______________________________.
y rhan fwyaf <ə
hran VUI-a> [ə hran ˡvʊɪa]
1 most (of), the greater part (of), the majority (of), the best part (of)
Cymru a’r rhan fwyaf o Brydain Wales and most of (the island of) Britain
y rhan fwyaf o’r plant most of the children
ETYMOLOGY: (rhan = part) + soft mutation + (mwyaf =
greatest)
:_______________________________.
rhann- <HRAN> [hran]
1 stem of the verb rhannu = to share, to divide
(rhann|ais I shared)
2 stem of the noun rhan = a part
(rhann|au parts)
:_______________________________.
rhannol <HRA-nol> [ˡhranɔl] adjective
1 in part, partly
gwir = true, mae’n rhannol wir = it’s partly true
yn rhannol gyfrifol am partly responsible for
rhannol fyddar partially deaf
ysgrifennu’n
rhannol 1/ (plan, essay, etc) partially write; write in part,
without completing (cf ysgrifennu’n gyflawn completely write)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhann-, stem of rhannu = share, divide) + (-ol
= suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhannu <HRA-ni> [ˡhranɪ] (verb)
1 share
rhannu’n deg share and share alike, share out fairly
:_______________________________.
rhas <HRAAS> [hrɑːs] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhasus <HRA-sis> [ˡhrasɪs]
1 race; see ras
ETYMOLOGY: from English race;
NOTE: ras is the standard form in Welsh; rhas is a more
Cymricised form which is sometimes found
:_______________________________.
rhatach <HRA-takh> [ˡhratax] (adjective)
1 cheaper
ETYMOLOGY: (rhad = cheap) + (-ach = comparative suffix). Logically ‘rhadach’,
but imitates the superlative form ‘rhataf’ (= cheapest), where the ‘t’ results
from (rhad + -haf)
:_______________________________.
rhaw, rhawiau <HRAU, HRAU-yai, -ye> [hraʊ,
ˡhraʊjaɪ, -jɛ] (masculine noun)
1 spade
galw pâl yn bâl a rhaw yn rhaw call a spade a spade (John Walters / An
English-Welsh dictionary / 1828). (= call a spade a spade (pâl) and a spade a
spade (rhaw))
dwylo fel rhawiau very large hands (= hands like spades)
rhaw bâl (North Wales) spade
barf ben rhaw spade beard (“beard (like the) end (of) (a) spade”, i.e.
like the blade of a spade)
Rhaw is typically a northern word, though it occurs too in the south; pâl
is more usual in the south
In the South the plural is rhofiau (> rofie, rofia); in Gwent
formerly (v) > (dh), hence rhoddiau (> roddia).
coes rhaw handle of a spade
mae coes y rhaw wedi torri the spade’s handle‘s broken
:_______________________________.
rhawdd <HRAUDH> [hraʊð]
1 (obsolete) talk, speech, talking, speaking. It occurs as an element in
certain words in the modern language
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same Celtic root: Irish rá < radh (Old Irish rad)
(= speak)
NOTE: this element rhawdd is to be seen in the following words:
(1) adrodd (= to relate, to recite)
< ad- (prefix = “to”) + rhawdd.
Also with the addition of the reflexive prefix ym- > ymadrodd
(= expression)
(2) athrod (= slander, defamation) < athrodd
< athr- (prefix = “inter, between”)
+ rhawdd.
(3) brawddeg (= sentence) < mrawddeg < amrawddeg
< am (prefix = ‘around’) + rhawdd
+ suffix -eg
(4) cyfrawdd (obsolete, = conversation)
< cyf- prefix = “together”) + rhawdd
Corresponds to modern Irish cómhra (= conversation)
(5) Rhondda (river name)
< *rhondde < *rhoddne < *rhoddnei < *rhawddnei
< rhawdd + suffix –nei
Cf English “a murmuring brook” for the sound of running water likened to
speech
:_______________________________.
rhech, rhechod <HREEKH, HREE-khod> [hreˑx,
ˡhreˑxɔd] (masculine noun)
1 fart
:_______________________________.
rhechlyd <HREKH-lid> [ˡhrɛxlɪd] adjective
1 farting, full of farts
2 farting (used derogatively)
In this quotation confusion through metathesis - (ll-r) > (rh > ll):
Roedd rhaid seiclo ar yr A470 o Bontnewydd i Gwmbach Rhechlyd - wps, sori,
Cwmbach Llechryd. Well i mi gyfeirio at y lle fel Cwmbach er mwyn bod yn hollol
saff
It was necessary to cycle on the A470 from Y Bontnewydd to Cwm-bach Rhechlyd
(“farty Cwm-bach”) - oops, sorry, Cwm-bach Llechryd. It’s best if I refer to it
as Cwm-bach to be on the safe side / Bob Evans Chwefror 2022 / “Gwefan y
Wennol”
ETYMOLOGY: (rhech = fart) + (-lyd adjectival suffix (often
suggesting contempt))
:_______________________________.
rhecsyn, rhacs <HREK-sin, HRAKS> [ˡhrɛksɪn,
hraks] (masculine noun)
Also as recsyn, racs <REK-sin, RAKS> [ˡrɛksɪn,
raks]
1 rag
2 (contemptuous) rag = newspaper
3 dyrnu rhywun yn racs knock the living
daylights out of somebody, knock the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a
pulp, give somebody a severe beating (“punch someone into rags”)
colbio rhywun yn racs knock the living daylights out of somebody, knock
the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a pulp, give somebody a severe
beating (“beat someone into rags”)
ETYMOLOGY: rhacs < English rags
(rhacs rags) + (-yn singulative suffix) > (rhacsyn)
> rhecsyn (vowel affection: a > e from the influence of the
following y)
:_______________________________.
rhedeg <HREE-deg> [ˡhreˑdɛg] (verb)
1 run
rhedeg nerth eich traed <HREE-deg
nerth əkh TRAID> [ˡhreˑdɛg nɛrθ əx
ˡtraɪd] run as fast as you can
2 (North Wales) oust, take the place of
Rhaid i chi dendio, Miss, ne mi fydda i wedi’ch rhedag chi
t29 Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (=Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
You’d better watch out, Miss, or I’ll have taken your place (= I’ll be his
fiancée instead of you)
3 (trwyn = nose) run
Mae ’nhrwyn i’n rhedeg
I’ve got a runny nose, my nose is running
4 rhedeg allan run out
(South) rhedeg maas
5 (commodity) rhedeg allan run out (in South Wales this is rhedeg
maas)
Mae’r llaeth wedi rhedeg allan The milk’s run out
6 (Englishism) rhedeg allan o rywbeth run out of something (in
South Wales this is rhedeg maas o rywbeth)
Ryn ni wedi rydeg maas o de We’ve run out of tea
7 Angen a ddysg i hen redeg being in need can make people peform
wonders (“need teaches the old people to run”)
8 ceffyl wedi rhedeg a runaway horse “horse [which is] after
running [away]”
9 rhedeg yn rhydd (dogs) run free, run around off the leash; (train) run
away, be in motion and out of control
Bydd cŵn sy'n cael rhedeg yn rhydd yn debygol o gael eu saethu gan
berchnogion tir
Dogs which are allowed to run free are likely to be shot by landowners
wagen wedi rhedeg yn rhydd a runaway wagon
trên wedi rhedeg yn rhydd a runaway train “train [which is] after
running free”
10 ei fryd yn rhedeg ar be inclined towards
Ond ar y weinidogaeth y rhedodd ei fryd yn bennaf but he was mostly
inclined towards the ministry, but he had his heart set on being a minister of
religion
11 rhedeg o’r glaw dan ffrwd y pistyll jump
out of the frying pan into the fire
(“run [out of] the rain [and go] under [the] shoot [of] the waterfall”)
:_______________________________.
rhediad, rhediadau <HRED-yad, hred-YAA-dai, -e> [ˡhrɛdjad,
hrɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 series (of a magazine)
2 rhediad o risiau flight of stairs
:_______________________________.
rhedwr y twyni <HREE-dur ə TUI-ni> [ˡhreˑdʊr
ə ˡtʊɪnɪ] (m)
PLURAL rhedwyr y twyni <HRED-wir
ə TUI-ni> [ˡhrɛdwɪr ə ˡtʊɪnɪ]
1 (Cursorius cursor) cream-coloured courser
Wikipedia 2008-11-11: Although classed as waders, these are birds of dry
open country, preferably semi-desert, where they typically hunt their insect
prey by running on the ground.
These coursers are found in the Canary Islands, north Africa and southwest
Asia. Their two eggs are laid in a ground scrape. They are partially migratory,
with northern and northwestern birds wintering in India, Arabia and across the
southern edge of the Sahara.
They are rare north of the breeding range, but this species has occurred as far
away as Finland, Ireland and Great Britain.
(delwedd 7052)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) runner (of) the sand-dunes / sandhills”
(rhedwr = runner) + (y definite article) + (twyni =
sandhills, plural of twyn = hill, sandhill)
:_______________________________.
rhedynen, rhedyn <hre-DƏ-nen,
HREE-din> [hrɛˡdənɛn, ˡhreˑdɪn] (feminine
noun)
1 fern
Brynrhedyn bryn y rhedyn “(the) hill (of) the ferns”
House name, Penrhyn-coch, Ceredigion
:_______________________________.
Rhedynfre <hre-DƏN-vre> [hrɛˡdənvrɛ]
1 Farndon, Cheshire
ETYMOLOGY: “fern hill”. (rhedyn = ferns) + soft mutation + (bre =
hill).
The name is unusual – either it is very old (in older Welsh there was a
tendency towards place names with the qualifier preceding the qualified noun),
or else it is a more recent literary translation of the English name, which
means “fern hill”.
:_______________________________.
rhef <HREEV> [hreːv] adjective
1 thick
2 (masculine noun) (district of Brycheiniog, in the county of Powys)
thickness
ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic
:_______________________________.
rhefder <HREV-der> [ˡhrɛvdɛr] masculine
noun
1 thickness
Eto aeth ef yn ei flaen, a chynlluniodd yn nesaf beiriant at wau sidanau
blodeuog, gyda threfniant i drwsio’r edau, fel ag i wneyd eiddo pob ysgainc yn
gyfartal o ran rhefder
(Jaquard) went ahead in spite of this and next devised a machine for weaving
flowered silks, with a contrivance for giving a dressing to the thread, so as
to render that of each
skein of an equal thickness.
(Hunan-Gymorth / Samuel Smiles / Cyfiethieidig gan J. Gwrhyd Lewis, Tonyrefail.
1898)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhef = thick) + -der suffix for forming abstract
nouns)
NOTE: Also (f). In use in south-east Wales, as refdar or ryfdar
:_______________________________.
rhefru <HRE-vri> [ˡhrɛvrɪ] (verb)
1 rhefru ar (rywun) go on at (somebody)
:_______________________________.
rheg, rhegféydd <HREEG,
hreg-VEIDH> [hreːg, hrɛgˡvəɪð] (feminine
noun)
1 curse, swearword
:_______________________________.
Rheged <HREE-ged> [ˡhreˑgɛd] (feminine
noun)
1 former British kingdom, until c800 AD, today the frontier region of
north-east England and Scotland
:_______________________________.
rhegen, rhegennod <HREE-gen,
hre-GE-nod> [ˡhreˑgɛn, hrɛˡgɛnɔd] (feminine
noun)
1 rail (bird)
:_______________________________.
rhei- <HREI-> [hrəɪ] pronoun
1 A form of rhai in the combinations
rheicw / y rhai acw those over there
rheina / y rhai yna those
rheini / y rhai hynny those (not in view)
:_______________________________.
rheicw <HREI-ku> [ˡhrəɪkʊ] pronoun
1 (= y rheicw) (North Wales) the ones over there
Pwy bia rheicw? Who owns the ones over there?
2 (North Wales) (which are) over there
y defaid rheicw the sheep over there
ETYMOLOGY: ‘y rhai acw’ (y = definite article) + (rhai = some) +
(acw = over there)
(rhei- < rhai), (’cw = clipped form of acw)
Cf rhein (= these ones), rheini (= those ones)
:_______________________________.
rheiddiadur <hreidh-YAA-dir> [hrəɪðˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine
noun
PLURAL rheiddiaduron <hreidh-ya-DII-ron> [hrəɪðjaˡdiˑrɔn]
1 radiator = device for dissipating heat and cooling engine in a motor
car
2 radiator = device for radiating heat
into a room, for example, pipes or ducts for circulating steam or hot water or
hot air
ETYMOLOGY: (rheiddi-, stem of the verb rheiddio = to
radiate) + (-adur noun-forming suffix, indicating a device)
:_______________________________.
rheidiau <HREID-yai, -ye> [ˡhrəɪdjaɪ,
-ɛ] (plural noun)
1 needs; plural of rhaid
:_______________________________.
Rheidol <HREI-dol> [ˡhrəɪdɔl] (f)
1 Gwêlrheidol
Street name (as “Gwêl Rheidol”) in Penparcau, Aberystwyth (county of
Ceredigion)
= view of the river Rheidol
(gwêl = view) + ( Rheidol = river name )
:_______________________________.
rheilffordd, rheilffyrdd <HREIL-fordh,
HREIL-firdh> [ˡhrəɪlfɔrð, ˡhrəɪlfɪrð] (feminine
noun)
1 railway
2 gorsaf reilffordd plural gorsafoedd
rheilffordd (USA: railroad station, railroad depot) (Englandic: railway
station) = stopping place for passengers on a railway
rhwydwaith rheilffyrdd railway network
Rheilffordd Dyffryn Conwy Conwy Valley Railway
Rheilffordd Ffestiniog Ffestiniog Railway
Rheilffordd Eryri Welsh Highland Railway
:_______________________________.
rheilgar <HREIL-gar> [ˡhrəɪlgar] feminine
noun
PLURAL rheilgeir <HREIL-geir> [ˡhrəɪlgəɪr]
1 railcar = single passenger coach with its own power unit
ETYMOLOGY: (rheil = rail) + soft mutation + (car = car,
wagon); a calque on the English word railcar
:_______________________________.
rheina <HREI-na> [ˡhrəɪna] (·pronoun·)
1 those
:_______________________________.
Rheinallt <HREI-nalht> [ˡhrəɪnaɬt] (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name = Reginald
:_______________________________.
rheini <HREI-na> [ˡhrəɪna] pronoun
1 those (not in view)
:_______________________________.
rheithfarn, rheithfarnau <HREITH-varn,
hreith-VAR-nai, -e> [ˡhrəɪθvarn,
hrəɪθˡvarnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 verdict
cyflwyno'r rheithfarn i'r llys present
the verdict to the court
ETYMOLOGY: (rheith- penult form of rhaith = law) + soft mutation
+ (barn = opinion)
:_______________________________.
rheithgor, rheithgorau <HREITH-gor,
hreith-GOO-rai, -e> [ˡhrəɪθgɔr,
hrəɪθˡgoˑraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 jury
ETYMOLOGY: rheithgor = rheithgordd (rheith- penult form of rhaith
= law) + soft mutation + (cordd = group of people)
:_______________________________.
rhelyw <HREE-liu> [ˡhreˑlɪʊ] (·pronoun·)
1 y rhelyw the rest
:_______________________________.
rhen <HREEN> [ˡhreːn]
1 a colloquial contraction of yr hen… the old…
Rhaid cadw rhen iaith yn fyw (= cadw yr hen iaith yn fyw) The Welsh
language (“the old language”) must be kept alive
2 Rhen Ysgol street name in Caergeiliog (county
of Ynys Môn) = yr hen ysgol the old school
3 especially in vocatives;
’rhen law my friend, my old friend (“the old hand”)
’rhen chwaer my dear (“the old sister”)
:_______________________________.
rhenc <HRENGK> [ˡhrɛŋk]
PLURAL rhenciau, rhenci ñ <HRENGK-yai,
-ye, HRENG-ki> [ˡhrɛŋkjaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡhrɛŋkɪ]
(North Wales)
1 row
mewn rhenc in a row
2 (haymaking) windrow, a row of raked sun-dried grass
3 row of houses
(Y) Rhencnewydd street name in Niwbwrch, county of Môn (Postal code:
LL61 6SB)
It means “(the) new row” rhenc + newydd
ETYMOLOGY: English rank < Old English ranc (adjective =
straight, noble).
In some words from English “a” was heard as Welsh “e”
E.g. het = hat
:_______________________________.
rheng, rhengoedd <HRENG, HRE-ngoidh, -odh> [hrɛŋ,
ˡhrɛeŋɔɪð, -ɔð] (feminine
noun)
1 rank, row
:_______________________________.
rheng flaen, rhengoedd blaen <hreng
VLAIN, HRE-ngoidh, -odh, BLAIN> [ˡhrɛŋ
ˡvlaɪn, ˡhrɛŋɔɪð, -ɔð, ˡblaɪn] (feminine
noun)
1 (rugby) the front row (of a team on the field)
:_______________________________.
rhent, rhenti <HRENT, HREN-ti> [hrɛnt,
ˡhrɛntɪ] (masculine noun)
1 rent
2 rheolaeth ar renti rent control (“control on
rents”)
:_______________________________.
rhentu <HREN-ti> [ˡhrɛntɪ] (verb)
1 to rent
:_______________________________.
rheol <HREE-ol> [ˡhreˑɔl] feminine
noun
PLURAL rheolau <hre-OO-lai, -e> [hrɛˡoˑlaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 rule = regulation governing conduct or procedure
cadw’r rheolau observe the rules
yn groes i’r rheolau against the rules
bod yn groes i’r rheolau be against the rules
yn ôl y rheolau according to the rules
2 rule = of something which normally happens
fel rheol as a rule
3 rheol y ffordd the rule of the road = keeping
to the left; road users move to the left on meeting to allow each other to
pass, and to overtake move out to the right
4 Mae’r eithriad yn brawf ar y rheol The
exception proves the rule (“the exception is a test on the rule”)
5 rule = mathematical method for calculating or problem
solving
6 y rheol euraid the golden rule
7 rheolau’r gêm rules of the game
8 rheolau a rheoliadau rules and regulations
9 bod yn rheol ac nid yn eithriad be the rule,
not an exception
ETYMOLOGY: probably from Latin; rheol < rhyol < rhywol
< rhwyol < rhwyghol
< British < Latin rêgula (= rule)
British ê regularly gives wy
g lenites to gh between vowels
:_______________________________.
Y Rheol <ə HREE-ol> [ə
ˡhreˑɔl] feminine noun
1 Place name. This is Yr Heol (= the farmyard), with wrong division.
yr | heol > y | rheol
It occurs also as Y Rhewl
yr | hewl > y |
rhewl
Y Rheol. SO0256. Farm south of Y Bontnewydd ar Wysg, Powys.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=230792
:_______________________________.
rheolaeth <hre-OO-laith, -leth> [hrɛˡoˑlaɪθ, hrɛˡoˑlɛθ] (feminine
noun)
1 control
rheolaeth ar renti rent control
2 rheolaeth gaeth strict control
rheolaeth lac lax control
:_______________________________.
rheolaidd <hre-OO-laidh, ledh> [hrɛˡoˑlaɪð,
-lɛð] adj
1 regular
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol = rule, regulation) + (-aidd element to form
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rheoledig <hre-o-LEE-dig> [hrɛɔˡleˑdɪg] adjective
1 controlled
ffrwydrad rheoledig controlled explosion
2 anrheoledig involuntary = not subject to the control of the will
cyhyryn anrheoledig involuntary muscle
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + (-edig
suffix for forming a past participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
rheoleiddio <hre-o-LEIDH-yo> [hrɛɔˡləɪðjɔ] verb
1 regulate
Swyddfa Rheoleiddio Trydan Office of Electricity Regulation, body to
regulate the electricity industry, promote competition, and protect the
interests of electricity consumers
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol = rule, regulation) + (-eiddio element to form
verbs)
:_______________________________.
rheolfa <hre-OL-va> [hrɛˡɔlva] masculine
noun
PLURAL rheolféydd, rheolfaoedd <hre-ol-VEIDH,
hre-ol-VAA-oidh, -odh> [hrɛɔlˡvəɪð,
hrɛɔlˡvɑˑɔɪð, - ɔð]
1 checkpoint
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + (-fa
noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)
:_______________________________.
rheolfwrdd <hre-OL-vurdh> [hrɛˡɔlvʊrð] masculine
noun
PLURAL rheolfyrddau ‹hre-ol-vər-dhe› [hrɛɔlˡvərðaɪ,
-ðɛ]
1 control panel, instrument panel
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol-, stem of rheoli = to control) + soft mutation
+ (-bwrdd = board, panel)
:_______________________________.
y Rheol Gymráeg <ə HREE-ol
gəm-RAIG> [ə ˡhreˑɔl gəmˡraɪg] (feminine
noun)
1 The Welsh Rule, introduced at the 1950 National Eisteddfod. It stipulated
that the only official language of this Welsh-language festival was to be
Welsh. Previously there had been an absurd situation where events had often
been introduced in English (to please the English-speaking gentry, the
‘crachach’ (qv), pro-English local government officials, visitors from England,
etc.)
See: ffôr-ddy-seic-of-awr-Inglish-ffrens (“for the sake of our English
friends”)
:_______________________________.
rheoli <hre-OO-li> [hrɛˡoˑlɪ] (verb)
1 to control, to rule
2 rheoli cenhedlu <
ke-NHED-li> [ kɛˡnhɛdlɪ] contraception
:_______________________________.
rheoliadur, rheoliaduron <hre-ol-YAA-dur,
hre-ol-ya-DII-ron> [hrɛɔlˡjɑˑdʊr,
hrɛɔljaˡdiˑrɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 controller (machine)
2 rheoliadur calon, rheoliaduron calon ‹hre ol
YA dur KA lon, hre ol ya DI ron KA lon› heart pacemaker
:_______________________________.
rheolwr, rheolwyr <hre-OO-lur,
hre-OL-wir> [hrɛˡoˑlʊr, hrɛˡɔlwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 manager, director
rheolwr theatr theatre manager
:_______________________________.
rheolwr banc ‹ bangk›[baŋk] masculine
noun
PLURAL rheolwyr banc
1 bank manager
:_______________________________.
rheolydd <hre-OO-lidh> [hrɛˡoːˑlɪð] masculine
noun
PLURAL rheolyddion <hre-o-LƏDH-yon> [hrɛɔˡləðjɔn]
1 regulator, control
rheolydd sain sound control, knob etc for raising and lowering the
volume on a radio, etc
ETYMOLOGY: (rheol- stem of rheoli = to control, to regulate) + (-ydd
noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)
:_______________________________.
Rheon <HREE-on> [ˡhreˑɔn]
1 Afon Rheon river in Clynnog
2 male forename (rare) (from the river name)
:_______________________________.
rhes, rhesi / rhesau <HREES, HRE-si,
HRE-sai, -se> [hreːs, ˡhrɛsɪ, ˡhrɛsaɪ,
-sɛ] (feminine noun)
1 row
rhes o fwâu row of arches
2 rhes o risiau flight of stairs
3 row of houses
rhes tai a row of houses
rhesi tai rows of houses
rhes tai cyngor a row of council houses
rhes tai Sioraidd a row of Georgian houses
rhes tai o bedwar tŷ a row of four houses (“ a row of houses
of four houses”)
Occurs in street names
..1 In Y Morfa, Llanelli, there is a street called Rhes Gwaith Tùn
This is “rhes y gwaith tùn” (the) terrace / row (of) the tinworks
..2 Rhes Parc, Glandyfi, Gwynedd “rhes y parc” (the) row (of) the park”
Rhes y Poplys street name in Aberystwyth seen on the bilingual street
sign or on some town maps; in origin a translation of the English name for
thios street (Poplar Row)
..3 (group photograph) rhes flaen front row, rhes ganol middle
row, rhes gefn back row
4 creigres (f) creigresi reef
(creig- < craig = rock) + soft mutation + (rhes = row)
:_______________________________.
rhesog <HRE-sog> [ˡhrɛsɔg] (adjective)
1 striped
2 troellwr bach rhesog (Locustella lanceolata)
lanceloted warbler
:_______________________________.
rhestr (‘rhester’), rhestrau <HRE-ster,
HRE-strai, -e> [ˡhrɛstɛr, ˡhrɛstraɪ,
-trɛ] (feminine noun)
1 list
ar waelod y rhestr at the bottom of the list
2 rhestr ohebu PLURAL rhestrau gohebu
mailing list
rhestr bostio PLURAL rhestrau postio mailing list
3 tynnu enw rhywun oddi ar restr take somebody’s
name off a list, remove somebody’s name from a list
:_______________________________.
rheswm, rhesymau ‹HRE sum, hre SƏ
me› (masculine noun)
1 reason
o fewn rheswm within reason
:_______________________________.
rhesymau <HRE-sum, hre-SƏ-mai, -me> [ˡhrɛsʊm,
hrɛˡsəˡmaɪ, -mɛ] (plural
noun)
1 reasons; see rheswm
:_______________________________.
rhesymol <hre-SƏ-mol> [hrɛˡsəmɔl] (adjective)
1 reasonable
:_______________________________.
rhew <HREU> [hrɛʊ] (masculine
noun)
1 (North) ice
2 clap rhew ice cube
3 ewinrhew ‹e-WIN-hreu› [ɛˡwɪnhrɛʊ] (m)
numbness in fingers from cold, frozen fingers; frostbite
(ewin = fingernail, toenail) + soft mutation + (rhew = ice,
frost) > ewín-rew > ewinrhew (soft mutation lost in the
combination n-r)
:_______________________________.
rhewgell, rhewgelloedd ‹HREU gelh, hreu GE lhodh›
(feminine noun)
1 freezer
:_______________________________.
rhewin ‹HRE win› (masculine
noun)
1 (South) stream, ditch
:_______________________________.
Rhewl ‹hreul›
1 (SJ1160) village on Afon Clywedog, 3km north-west of
Rhuthin
“Rhewl Rhuthun”
2 (SJ1844) village in the county of Dinbych on the
north bank of Afon Dyfrdwy 5km north-west of Llangollen
“Rhewl Langollen”
3 SJ3034 locality in Shropshire, England 5km north-east
of Croesoswallt / Oswestry
4 Rhewl-fawr (SJ1581) locality 3km north-west of
Mostyn
Alternative name: Rhewl Mostyn
5 farm at Knolton SJ3738, (county of Wrecsam) 3 km
south of Owrtyn SJ3741
ETYMOLOGY: y rhewl < yr hewl < yr heol the farmyard
:_______________________________.
rhewlif ‹HREU-liv› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhewlifau, rhewlifoedd ‹hreu-lii –ve,
voidh›
1 glacier
ETYMOLOGY: (rhew = ice) + soft mutation + (llif = flow)
:_______________________________.
rhewlifol ‹hreu-LII-vol› adjective
1 glacial
uchafbwynt rhewlifol glacial maximum
ETYMOLOGY: (rhewlif = glacera) + (-ol suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhewllyd ‹HREU lhid› (adjective)
1 freezing, icy
:_______________________________.
..1 rhi ‹hrii› feminine
noun
1 name of the digraph RH, letter 22 in the twenty-nine letter Welsh
alphabet
:_______________________________.
..2 rhi ‹hrii› masculine
noun
1 obsolete king
2 occurs in some compound words; and many personal
names of British or Celtic origin (Bleiddri, Rhirid, Rhodri,Tudri, etc)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh rhi < British *rîks = king; also from Celtic
is Irish rí (= king).
Related words are Latin rex = king, Sanskrit raj = king
:_______________________________.
rhiain ‹HRII-en› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhianedd ‹hri-AA-nedh›
1 obsolete maiden. Also rhian (qv)
2 y Rhiain Gwsg ‹ə HRII-ain,
-en, GUSK› the Sleeping Beauty
ETYMOLOGY: rhiain < British < Common Celtic rîganî, related
to Latin rêgîna (= queen)
Cf Welsh rhi (= king) < Old Welsh *rhigh < British rîg-,
Cf the related Latin word rex, regis (= king).
Cf the related Welsh name Rhiannon (qv)
See derivatives in rhiein-
:_______________________________.
rhiain y dŵr ‹hrii-en ə duur› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhianedd y dŵr ‹hri-AA-nedh
ə duur›
1 Gerris lacustris, pond skater (“(the) maiden (of) the water”). Thin-bodied
insect with long hairy legs which ‘walks’ across the surface of ponds
:_______________________________.
rhialtwch ‹hri-al-tukh› masculine
noun
1 splendour, pomp
2 jollity, fun and games
3 riotous behaviour
:_______________________________.
rhian ‹HRII-an› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhianedd, rhianod ‹ hri-AA-od, hri-AA-nedh›
Diminutive form: rhianen ‹hri-AA-nen›
1 (obsolete) maiden, lass, girl (but a favourite word in nineteenth
century poetry)
2 (obsolete) queen, noblewoman
3 It occurs as an element in the female forenames Rhianedd, Rhianwen,
Rhianydd etc (which appear to be modern coinings)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden)
rhiain < British < Common Celtic rîganî, related to Latin rêgîna
(= queen)
Rhian occurs (.i.e. without the seciond ‘i’) instead of the historical
form rhiain and this probably shows the influence of the plural
form rhianedd
:_______________________________.
Rhian ‹HRII-an› feminine
noun
1 woman’s name
ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden)
:_______________________________.
Rhianfa ‹hri-AN-va› feminine
noun
1 house name
..a/ ABERTAWE: Gerddi Rhianfa (“Rhianfa Gardens”) and Lôn Rhianfa (“Rhianfa
Lane”) in Y Ffynhone, Abertawe / Swansea
..b/ CARMEL: house in Carmel, Gwynedd
..c/ CAERGEILIOG: house on Ffordd Caergybi, Caergeiliog, Ynys Môn
..d/ DEINIOLEN: SH5763 name of a farm in Deiniolen, Gwynedd http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/343743
..e/ EDERN: House in Edern, Gwynedd
..f/ TYN-Y-GONGL: farmhouse and street name in Tyn-y-gongl, Ynys Môn
..g/ GLASFRYN: House in Glasfryn, Cerrigydrudion
..h/ HARLECH: House in Heol y Bryn, Harlech, Gwynedd
..i/ LLAN-RUG: house in Llan-rug, Gwynedd
..j/ PORTHAETHWY: Rhianfa or Plas Rhianfa House in Porthaethwy,
Ynys Môn “(the) mansion (called) Rhianfa”)
This was built between 1848 and 1851 as a dower house
(Wikipedia 2009-04-27: A dower house is usually a moderately large house on
an estate which is occupied by the widow of the late owner. The widow, often
known as the “dowager” (“a widow who holds a title or property, or dower,
derived from her deceased husband”) usually moves into the dower house, from
the larger family house, on the death of her husband, the new heir occupies the
now vacated principal house.)
..k/ TALWRN: house in Talwrn, ynys Môn
..l/ Y CEINEWYDD: House in Y Ceinewydd, Ceredigion
..m/ Y PONCIAU: HGouse in Y Ponciau, Wrecsam
..n/ Y GROESLON: House in Y Groeslon, Gwynedd
..o/ Y RHYL: House yn Ffordd Russell, Y Rhyl, Conwy
ETYMOLOGY: (rhian, variant of rhiain = maiden) + (-fa =
place)
The word seems to be from the 1800s.
QUERY: Is it ‘dower house’, as in the house above called Rhianfa or Plas
Rhianfa in Porthaethwy / Menai Bridge? And is this the first example of its
use, and the name later became popular as a house name because of its
connotation of a fine or splendid house?
Plas Rhianfa was designed by Sir John Hay Williams, and he took his inspiration
from the Chateau De Blois in the Loire Valley in France. It dates from 1849 and
was built as a summer retreat for Sir John Hay Williams’ wife and daughters
from Bodelwyddan Castle.
“Rhianfa at Glyn Garth, Anglesey was one of the family homes of the Williams
family of Bodelwyddan, Flintshire. The house was built on the site of a former
tenement called Brynmelyn, originally part of the Ty Fry Estate of which
Margaret Williams (1768-1835), afterwards first Lady Williams of Bodelwyddan, was
heiress. She married John Williams (1761-1830), first baronet of Bodelwyddan,
created baronet in 1798, who was a grandson of John Williams of Bodelwyddan,
Chief Justice of Brecon and Radnor. Their eldest surviving son, Sir John Hay
Williams (1794-1859), second Baronet of Bodelwyddan, inherited the property. He
and his wife Lady Sarah (d. 1876) built the house, Rhianfa, in 1849-1850.”
Quoted from: Bangor University / Rhianfa Estate Papers
http://www.archivesnetworkwales.info/cgi-bin/anw/fulldesc_nofr?inst_id=39&coll_id=10443&expand=
:_______________________________.
rhiangerdd ‹hri-AN-gerdh› [hrɪˡangɛrð] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhiangerddi <hri-an-GER-dhi> [hrɪanˡgɛrðɪ]
1 love poem, poem in praise of a young woman
ETYMOLOGY: (rhian = maiden) + soft mutation + (cerdd =
poem)
NOTE: This form of the word was popular in the 1800s, though historically it is
rhieingerdd (qv)
:_______________________________.
Rhiannon ‹hri-a-non› feminine
noun
1 woman’s name
ETYMOLOGY: “queen”. British *rîgant-ôn-â > British > Old Welsh “rhi|ghan|nhon”
Equivalent to modern Welsh elelments (rhiann-) + (-on augmentive suffix,
often found in names of deities)
The –nt- in British is the reason for the double -nn- in the
Welsh form
A related word is rhian (= maiden, lady, queen). This though was
originally rhiain, from Common Celtic and British rîganî. Related
to Latin règîna (= queen)
Derivatives of rhian have a single –n: rhianen, rhianedd, rhianod;
rhianen (= [little] womn, [little] girl)
rhianod (= women, girls)
rhianedd (= women, girls) < British rîganijas
rhiain most likely became rhian under the influence of the plural
form rhianedd
:_______________________________.
rhiant ‹hrii-ant› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhieni ‹hri-ee-ni›
1 parent
2 cymdeithas rieni ac athrawon PLURAL cymdeithasau
rhieni ac athrawon parent-teacher association
ETYMOLOGY: the singular form rhiant is recent in Welsh
Cf the obsolete word lliant (flood, stream), plural llienni (equivalent
to Old Welsh lliant + plural suffix –i)
But Old Welsh did not have a singulat form rhiant
(rhiant) + (plural suffix -i) would have given rhient-i
> rhien-nhi > rhienni (loss of h) > rhieni (unusual
reduction of nn to n).
In fact, the derivation is (rhy = pro, before) + soft mutation + (form
related to geni = be born) = born before, as in Latin ‘progenitor’ -
person born before, ancestor
:_______________________________.
rhiant maeth ‹HRII-ant MAITH› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhieni maeth ‹hri-EE-ni MAITH›
1 foster parent (“parent (of) fosterage / nourishment, food”)
:_______________________________.
Rhianwen ‹hri-an-wen› feminine
noun
1 woman’s name
:_______________________________.
Rhianydd ‹hri-aa-nidh› feminine
noun
1 woman’s name
:_______________________________.
rhibidirês <HRI-bi-di-REES> [hrɪbɪdɪˡreːs] masculine
noun
1 string, line, row, list, one (thing) after another;
Ar ddiwedd y ffilm roedd rhibidirês o enwau
At the end of the film there was a long list of names
ETYMOLOGY: < rhibyn di res; (rhibyn = row) + (di = meaningless
element) + soft mutation + (rhes = row)
:_______________________________.
rhibyn <HRII-bin> [ˡhriˑbɪn] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhibyniau <hri-BƏN-yai, -e> [hrɪˡbənjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 (cloth) strip
2 South-east Wales stretch = long way
Mae’n ripin o ffordd o man ’yn
It’s a long way from here
3 South-east Wales
ripin o dai row of houses
4 mynd yn rhibyn (“go as a string”)
walk in Indian file, walk in single file
ETYMOLOGY: rhib- probably from English rib (= bone of the
ribcage)
NOTE: in South-east Wales, ripin, plural ribina
(Query: Rhubina, farm name, Maerun, Caer-dydd – is this ribina?)
:_______________________________.
rhieddog <hri-EE-dhog> [hrɪˡeˑðɔg] adjective
1 noble, magnificent, majestic, glorious
Gynt bygwth bu rhyw luoedd – rhïeddog / Ein rhyddid a’n tiroedd (Chwech
Englyn i Gastell Y Faerdref. Ioan Ddu. Yr Eisteddfod Ionawr 1865, tudalen 372)
In the past some majestic armies threatened our freedom and our lands
ceisiodd y llywyd rhiëddog gan y Parch. J. GRIFFITH, ’sgrifenydd y
Gymdeithas Gymröaidd, i ddarllain hanes gweithrediadau y Gymdeithas
the noble president tried to persuade the secretary of the Cambrian
Society to read the history of the activities of the Society
t. 94 Eos Dyfed, sef rhai o’r cyfansoddiadau a anfonwyd i eisteddfod
Caerfyrddin
Medi 24, 25 1823. Caerfyrddin 1824.
ETYMOLOGY: (rhiedd = glory, majesty) + (-og suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhieingerdd ‹hri-EIN-gerdh› [hrɪˡəɪngɛrð] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhieingerddi <hri-ein-GER-dhi> [hrɪəɪnˡgɛrðɪ]
1 love poem, poem in praise of a young woman
2 Rhieingerdd
Poem by Syr John Morris-Jones (1864-1929)
Dau lygad disglair fel dwy em / Two bright eyes like two gems
Sydd i’m hanwylyd i / My love has (“are to my darling”)
Ond na bu em belydrai ’rioed / But there was never a gem that shone
(“radiated”)
Mor fwyn â’i llygaid hi / As lovingly (“gently, dearly,
lovingly”) as her eyes
Am wawr ei gwddf dywedyd wnawn / For the brilliance (“brilliance,
brightness; dawn, daybreak”) of her neck I would say
Mai’r cann claerwynnaf yw, / That it is the brightest
whiteness (claearwyn = brilliant white)
Ond bod rhyw lewych gwell na gwyn, / But there is a certain splendour
better than white
Anwylach yn ei liw. / [That is] dearer in its colour.
Mae holl dyneraf liwiau’r rhos / All the tenderest colours of the
rose
Yn hofran ar ei grudd; / Hover on her cheeks;
Mae’i gwefus fel pe cawsai’i lliw Her lip is as if it had got its colour
O waed y grawnwin rhudd. / From the blood of the red grapes
A chlir felyslais ar ei min / And a clear sweet voice on her lip
A glywir megis cân, / is heard like a
song
Y gloyw ddŵr yn tincial dros / The sparkling
water (“shining, bright, sparkling”) tinkling over
Y cerrig gwynion mân. / the small white stones
A chain y seinia’r hen Gymraeg / And
splendidly the ancient Welsh language sounds
Yn ei hyfrydlais hi; / In her pleasant voice
Mae iaith bereiddia’r ddaear hon / The sweetest language on this earth
Ar enau ’ngharaid i. / On the mouth of my sweetheart.
A synio’r wyf mai sŵn yr iaith / And
I’m wondrous that it is the sound of the langauge
Wrth lithro dros ei min, / as it flows over her lips (“slips over her
lip”)
Roes i’w gwefusau’r lluniaidd dro, / That gave her lips the comely
(“shapely, comely”) form (“turn”),
A lliw a blas y gwin. / And
the colour and taste of wine
ETYMOLOGY: (rhiein- = penult form of rhiain = maiden) +
soft mutation + (cerdd = poem)
NOTE: in the 1800s, a variant rhiangerdd was in use
:_______________________________.
rhieni <hri-EE-ni> [hrɪˡəɪngɛrð]
1 plural form = parents. See rhiant
:_______________________________.
rhif, rhifau <HRIIV, HRII-vai, -e> [hriːv,
ˡhriˑvaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 number
rhif
un number one
:_______________________________.
rhifair <HRIIV-air> [ˡhriˑvaɪr] (m)
PLURAL rhifeiriau <hriv-EIR-yai,
-e> [hrɪvˡəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 number = numeral written as a word
ail: rhifair trefnol y rhifol dau “ail” (second) - the ordinal number of
the number “dau” (two)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = number) + soft mutation + (gair = word)
:_______________________________.
rhifo <HRII-vo> [ˡhriˑvɔ] (verb)
1 to count
:_______________________________.
rhifol <HRII-vol> [ˡhriˑvɔl] adj
1 numerical
data rhifol numerical data
sgiliau rhifol numerical skills
ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = número) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhifolyn <hri-VOO-lin> [hrɪˡvoˑlɪn] (m)
PLURAL rhifolion <hri-VOL-yon> [hrɪˡvɔljɔn]
1 numeral = symbol used to represent a number
rhifolyn Rhufeinig Roman number
rhifolyn Arabaidd Arabic numeral
rhifolyn deuaidd binary number
ETYMOLOGY: (rhifol = (adj) numeral) + (-yn suffix to make a noun
from an adjective)
:_______________________________.
rhifyn <HRII-vin> [ˡhriˑvɪn] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhifynnau <hri-VƏ-nai, -e> [hrɪˡvənaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 (periodical) copy, edition
yn rhifyn Medi 11eg (yr unfed ar ddeg) o’r Faner
in the September 11 edition of the ‘Faner’
yn y rhifyn diweddaraf o’r cylchgrawn
in the latest edition of the magazine
ôl-rifyn (periodical) back copy, back edition, back issue, back number
2 edition = a TV programme out of a series
yn rhifyn yr wythnos nesaf o ‘Y Pen Draw’
in next week’s edition of “Y Pen Draw”
ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = number) + (-yn diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhigian <HRIG-yan> [ˡhrɪgjan] verb
1 (county of Penfro) to tease
ETYMOLOGY: English “to rig” (= to tease)
NOTE: in the county of Caerfyrddin rigan
:_______________________________.
rhigol, rhigolau <HRII-gol,
hri-GOO-lai, -e> [ˡhriˑgɔl, hrɪˡgoˑlaɪ,
-ɛ] feminine noun
1 groove; rut
2 rhigol y bronnau cleavage between a woman’s
breasts (“the groove / cleavage (of) the breasts”)
:_______________________________.
rhimyn <HRI-min> [ˡhrɪmɪn] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhimynnau <hri-MƏ-nai, -e> [hrɪˡmənaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 narrow strip
rhimyn main o dir narrow strip of land
rhimyn llwyd y ffordd yn y pellter the grey strip representing the road
in the distance
rhimyn o frethyn a strip of cloth
2 roadside verge
Roedd y car wedi’i barcio ar rimyn o borfa wrth fôn y clawdd yn y lôn unig
The car was parked on a grass verge by the hedgebank (“base of the hedge”) in
the isolated lane
3 band in the sky
Yr oedd rhimyn main o gochni ar y gorwel
There was a narrow band of red on the horizon
Gwelid rhimyn glas yn yr wybren gymylog
A blue band could be seen (on the horizon) in the cloudy sky
4 rim, edge
rhimyn y pownd the edge of the reservoir
ETYMOLOGY: (rhim = rim, fringe) + (-yn diminutive suffix); rhim
is very likely to be from English rim (= edge) < Old English rima
:_______________________________.
rhin ‹HRIIN› [hriːn] (feminine
noun)
PLURAL rhinion / rhiniau <HRIN-yon,
HRIN-yai, -e> [ˡhrɪnjɔn, ˡhrɪnjgaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 essence
2 (obsolete) secret
rhin deuddyn, cyfrin yw; rhin tridyn, cannyn a’i clyw secret de dos és
perillós secret de tres no val res (“secret de dues persones, (it is) secret
that-it-is; secret of three people, one hundred people will hear it”)”)
:_______________________________.
rhinician <HRINGK-yan> [ˡhrɪŋkjan] (verb)
1 (teeth) chatter (from the cold)
:_______________________________.
rhinflas <HRIN-vlas> [ˡhrɪnvlas] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhinflasau <hrin-VLA-sai,
-e> [hrɪnˡvlasaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (food) essence = oily substance to give flavour
ETYMOLOGY: (rhin = essence) + soft mutation + (blas = taste)
:_______________________________.
rhinio <HRIN-yo> [ˡhrɪnjɔ] verb
1 to secrete
ETYMOLOGY: (rhin = essence) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
rhiniog, rhiniogau <HRIN-yog,
hrin-YOO-gai, -e> [ˡhrɪnjɔg, hrɪnˡjoˑgaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 threshold
:_______________________________.
rhinws <HRII-nus> [ˡhriˑnʊs] (masculine
noun)
1 (north-west Wales) lock-up, small building for temporary detention of
law-breakers (usually freestanding, small, often circular, with a single door
and a narrow slit window)
(1) In the parish of Llanffinnan (Ynys Môn / Anglesey) , six miles west of
Biwmaris / Beaumaris, there is a field called Cae Rhinws (‘cae’r rhinws’
- (the) field (of) the lock-up)
(2) There is also a house called Caerhinws (‘Cae Rhinws’) in Pen-y-bonc,
Llanfechell, near Amlwch (Ynys Môn / Anglesey)
Rhinws is the name by which the former police station in Bodedern is
known
ETYMOLOGY: Also rheinws. Probably English roundhouse (a synonym
of lock-up).
Thus possibly English dialect *reyndhouse [reind + hus] > *reyn’ous [rein +
us] > Welsh reinws > rheinws > rhinws
An example of an English dialect where [au] was pronounced [ei] would seem to
be that of Cheshire, on the northern border with Wales.
[Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
raind-haise : jail (round house). ]
This seems to represent [reind-heiz]
[From the same source, other examples of English [au] pronounced as [ei] in
Cheshire:
by nai : by now (apparently representing [nei]) ]
Although very distant from Wales, such a feature is also seen in the
dialect of Portsmouth (referred to below as ‘Pompey’, the nickname for the city
of Portsmouth):
‘Gosport got its nickname...when Turkish prisoners had been incarcerated
there... The local pronunciation was more like ‘Turk Teyn’, and at this point a
note on the Pompey dialect might be in order... The most distinctive feature of
Pompey-speak... is its way of turning “ow” sounds (as in town, round, brown)
into something like “ay”, but less broad, “ey”, I think, is better. People in
Pompey go “reynd the corner” and “deyn the pub”.
P.45 / A Cure for Gravity / Joe Jackson / 2000
:_______________________________.
Rhisiart <HRI-shart> [ˡhrɪʃart] (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name = Richard
:_______________________________.
rhincian <HRINK yan›
(verb)
1 (teeth) chatter (from the cold)
:_______________________________.
rhipyn, rhipynnau <HRI-pin, hri-PI-nai, -ne > [ˡhrɪpɪn,
hrɪˡpɪnaɪ, -nɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 rise (gentle rise in an road)
Penyrhipyn SN2835 east of Cwm-cych, Sir Benfro / Pembrokeshire
pen y rhipyn (the) top (of) the rise
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (rhip) + (diminutive suffix –yn).
?The same as the Welsh word rhib, rhip which has among other meanings
“strip of land, a stretch, a distance”; this is likely to be a borrowing of
English rib (i.e. long curved bone)
:_______________________________.
rhith, rhithau <HRIITH, HRII-thai, -e> [hriːθ, ˡhriˑθaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 form, appearance, guise
2 yn rhith in the guise of, disguised as
Dihangodd yn rhith ficer He escaped disguised as a vicar
Also: dan rith in the guise of, disguised as
dan rith bugail disguised as a shepherd
:_______________________________.
rhithio <HRITH-yo> [ˡhrɪθjɔ] verb
1 transform (by sorcery, etc)
2 shape, form
3 (Arfon) imagine, suppose, think
4 be transformed
5 (South-east) pretend
rhithio bod yn ffrind pretend to be a friend
6 (Ceredigion) (South-east) (fruit - apple, pear, plum,
cherry, etc) take shape, form (from a bud), set
7 (ghost) appear
Also ymrithio
8 ymrithio appear (ym- = reflexive prefix
) + soft mutation + (rhithio = shape, form; be shaped, be formed;
transfigure; be transfigured)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhith = illusion) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
rhith-weld <HRIITH-weld> [ˡhriˑθwɛld] verb
1 halllucinate
ETYMOLOGY: “to illusion-see” (rhith = illusion) + soft mutation + (gweld
= see)
:_______________________________.
rhithwelediad <hrith-we-LED-yad> [hrɪθwɛˡlɛdjad] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhithwelediadau <hrith-we-led-YAA-dai,
-de> [hrɪθwɛlɛdˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-dɛ]
1 hallucination
ETYMOLOGY: (rhithweled- stem of rhithweld = hallucinate) + (-iad
suffix for forming nouns)
The stem is weled- since the verbnoun gweld (= to see) is in fact
a reduced form: gweld / gwel’d < gweled
:_______________________________.
rhithweledigaeth <hrith-we-le-DIG-yaith,
-eth> [hrɪθwɛlɛˡdɪgjaɪθ, -ɛθ] masculine
noun
PLURAL rhithweledigaethau <hrith-we-le-di-GEI-thai,
-e> [hrɪθwɛlɛdɪˡgəɪθaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 hallucination
ETYMOLOGY: (rhithweledig = hallucinated, rhithwel- + -edig,
past participle of rhithweld) + (-aeth suffix per formar
substantius)
:_______________________________.
rhithweledol <hrith-we-LEE-dol> [hrɪθwɛˡleˑdɔl] adjective
1 hallucinatory
ETYMOLOGY: (rhithwelediad = hallucination ) + soft mutation + (-ol
suffix for forming adjectives)
The stem is weled- since the verbnoun gweld (= to see) is in fact
a reduced form: gweld / gwel’d < gweled
:_______________________________.
rhithyn <HRII-thin> [ˡhriˑθɪn] masculine
noun
1 particle, least bit; atom (= least bit), ounce (= least bit), shred (=
least bit), grain (= least bit), etc
cyhuddo rhywun heb rithyn o brawf
accuse somebody without a shred of evidence, with no proof at all
Nid oes iddo’r rhithyn lleiaf o werth na phwys
It has no value or importance whatsoever
Nid oes rhithyn o nerth yn ei ddadl
There’s not an ounce of strength in his argument
Nid oes rhithyn o wirionedd yn ei ddystiolaeth
There’s not a grain of truth in his testimony
Nid oes rhithyn o olwg gennyf arno (oos dim r’ithyn o olwg gin i arno)
I can’t bear him (“there is not a particle of sight with me on him”)
Er nad oes gen i rithyn o ddiddordeb yn y byd bocsio...
Although I don’t have the slighest interest in boxing...
Does dim rhithyn o amheuaeth taw fe a’i gwnaeth
There’s not a ounce of doubt that he’s the one who did it / that he’s the
culprit
ETYMOLOGY: (rhith = illusion) + soft mutation + (-yn diminutive
suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
rhiw, rhiwiau <HRIU, HRIU-yai, -ye> [hrɪʊ,
ˡhrɪʊjaɪ, -jɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 slope
i fyny’r rhiw (North Wales) up the slope
i lan y rhiw > lan rhiw (South Wales) up the slope
mynd lan rhiw go uphill
2 hillside road or path i.e. one going up a
slope
Hen Riw (in place names) probably ‘old road / old path’ (so-called
because another route has taken its place)
3 Place name: Pen-y-rhiw (“(the) top (of) the slope / hillside
road”)
(Also Pen-rhiw, with the linking definite article omitted)
..a/ Pen-rhiw house name in Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (in the list of
members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 /
Part 1) (“Pen Rhiw”)
:_______________________________.
Rhiwabon <hriu-AA-bon> [hrɪʊˡɑˑbɔn]
1 SJ3043 locality in Wrecsam county. Called by the English ‘Ruabon’,
which probably represents a local Welsh pronunciation: rhiw [hrɪʊ] (=
slope) is often reduced to rhw [rʊ] in place names
when it is the first element, and therefore unstressed; the same occurs with rhyw
[hrɪʊ] (= some) in
words such as rhywbeth [ˡhrɪʊbɛθ] , in
the south-east as rwpath [ˡruˑpaθ] ,
though in this case this syllable bears the stress.
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) slope / hill (of) Mabon”, Rhiwabon < Rhiwfabon < rhiw
Fabon
(rhiw = slope, hill) + soft mutation + (Mabon = man’s name)
:_______________________________.
rhiwbob <HRIU-bob> [ˡhrɪʊbɔb] (masculine
noun)
1 rhubarb
:_______________________________.
Rhiwderyn <hriu-DEE-rin> [hrɪʊˡdeˑrɪn] feminine
noun
1 ST2687 locality in the county of Casnewydd
(delwedd
7534)
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently (from its present form) rhiw’r deryn “hill of the
bird” > rhiw deryn, with the typical loss of the linking definite
article (here as ’r), as in many other place names
(rhiw = hill, slope) + (’r definite article) + (’deryn,
colloquial form of aderyn = bird)
But earlier forms might show a different origin for the name.
:_______________________________.
Rhiw Fer <hriu-VER> [hrɪʊ
ˡveːr]
1 “rhiw’r fer “ (“(the) hill / slope / rise (of) the fir trees”)
..1/ Rhiw-fer rhiw
y fer - (“(the) hillside
(of) the fir trees”) – street name in Ffosygerddinen (county of Caerffili)
Pen-rhiw-fer pen rhiw
y fer - (“(the) end (of)
the hill / slope / rise (of) the fir trees”) - street name in Ffosygerddinen
(county of Caerffili)
..2/ Rhiw Fer rhiw y fer
- (“(the) hillside (of) the fir trees”) between the villages of Nant-y-moel and
Pontycymer (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..3/ Heol Pen-rhiw-fer - street name in Tonyrefail (county of Rhondda
Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhiw = slope) + (yr, ’r = definite article) +
(fer = fir trees)
rhiw’r fer > rhiw fer (loss of the linking definite article)
:_______________________________.
rho <HROO> [hroː] adverb
South-west Wales (county of Penfro and part of Caerfyrddin)
A local form of rhy
Rho is ronounced as ro (i.e. without aspiration)
1 Causes soft mutation of a following adjective.
ro fach too small (bach = small)
ro fawr too big (mawr = big)
ro lydan too wide (llydan = wide)
ro dost too painful (tost = painful)
ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant. South-east Wales has rw
(= rhw)
:_______________________________.
Rhobell <HROO-belh> [ˡhroˑbɛɬ]
1 mountain name
..a/ Y Rhobell Fawr ‹ə HROO-belh vaur› [ə
ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡvaʊr] SH7825 mountain in
the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionydd (county of Gwynedd) 734m,
2408ft
(“great / greater Rhobell”)
(Rhobell mountain name) + soft mutation + (mawr = big)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/910
copa’r mynydd / mountain summit
..b/ Y Rhobell Ganol ‹ə HROO-belh GAA
nol› [ə ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡgɑˑnɔl] SH7827
mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionydd (county of
Gwynedd)
(“middle Rhobell”)
(Rhobell mountain name) + soft mutation + (canol = middle)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478801
3 Rhobell y Big ‹HROO-belh ə BIIG› [ˡhroˑbɛɬ
ə ˡbiːg]
SH7827 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionydd (county
of Gwynedd)
“(the) Rhobell (with) the peak”
(Rhobell mountain name) + (y definite article) + soft mutation +
(pig = peak)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478103
ETYMOLOGY:
y rhobell < y robell < yr obell < (yr
definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell = saddle)
gobell is (go- prefix = under) + sot mutation + (*pell unknown
element)
The mountain name is explained as follows:
..a/ (y definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell =
saddle) > yr obell (= the saddle)
..b/ Later there was confusion about the word division Yr Obell >
Y Robell
..c/ and aspiration has occurred “r” > “rh” (Y Robell > Y
Rhobell) since the aspirate “rh” is far more usual than “r” as an initial
consonant, and does not soft-mutate after the definite article as in the case
of feminine nouns beginning with c,p,t,g,b,d,m.
hence y rhyd (= the ford), y rhos (= the moor), etc
:_______________________________.
Rhobert <HROO-bert> [ˡhroˑbɛrt] (masculine
noun)
1 Robert
In the final-syllable-e-becomes-a-zones (north-west, south-east) Rhobert is
Rhobart (before other changes – for example, the loss of h in the
south-east)
Colloquially with the loss of the r – Rhobet, Rhobat
Mi glywais i Rhobat Gruffydd yn deyd laweroedd o weithia, fod honor (sic)
Jehofa tu cefn i’w addewidion.
I heard Rhobat Gruffudd say many times that Jehovah’s honor was behind his
promises
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910 t173
Colloquially with the loss of the h and the r - Robet, Robat
Robat is to be seen too used as a name in its own right rather than a
dependent form of Rhobert
2 ap Rhobert (patronymic) > Probert (patronymic, coalesced
form). This form Probert became a fixed surname.
ap Rhobert > Probert, English Probert (simplified patronymic retains
a vestige of ap)
ap Rhobert > Robert, English Roberts (simplified patronymic discards ap)
:_______________________________.
Rhobin <HROO-bin> [ˡhroˑbɪn] (masculine
noun)
1 Robin (diminutive form of Robert)
2 Rhobin Ddu o Eifion poet’s name mentioned in “The Origin and
Progress of the Gwyneddigion Society of London” / William Davies Leathart /
1831
(“black-haired Robin from Eifionydd (the south-eastern part of the Llŷn
peninsula, from Porthmadog to the river Erch / Aber-erch, beyond which is
Pwllheli.)
"In 1792 the bardic meeting took place at Denbigh; but, in consequence of
the great success of the two bards, Walter Davies and David Thomas, the Society
deemed it necessary to suspend both from competition, for two years. Whether
this displeased D. Thomas or not, I am unable to say, but he never again tried
for an Eisteddfod prize. The successful bard, on this occasion, was Robert
Williams, or Rhobin Ddu o Eifion, whose production was printed, though not one
is now to be found in the library, the subject Cyflafan y Beirdd drwy
orchymmyn Iorwerth y cyntaf, i.e. the Massacre of the Welsh Bards, by order
of Edward the First."
:_______________________________.
rhochian <HROKH-yan> [ˡhrɔxjan] (verb)
1 grunt
:_______________________________.
rhodd, rhoddion <HROODH,
HRODH-yon> [hroːð, ˡhrɔðjɔn]
(f)
1 gift, present
2 cymynrodd legacy, bequest
cymynrodd < cymunrodd (cymun = communion ) + soft
mutation + ( rhodd = gift, donation)
:_______________________________.
rhodd <HROODH> [hroːð]
adjective
1 given
march rhodd gift horse, horse given as a present
Ni wiw edrych dannedd march rhodd “it is not fitting to check the teeth
of a gift horse” Don’t look a gift horse in the mouth, Beggars can’t be
choosers
If you get something for free you should be thankful that you have been so
lucky – though some people might begin complaining if they find that what they have
been given is not a hundred per cent perfect
NOTE: “given”; stem of the verb rhoddi (= to give) used as a past
participle
:_______________________________.
rhoddwr gwaed <HROO-dhur GWAID> [ˡhroˑðʊr
ˡgwaɪd]
PLURAL rhoddwyr gwaed <HRODH–wir GWAID> [ˡhrɔðwɪr
ˡgwaɪd]
1 blood donor
ETYMOLOGY: (rhoddwr = donor) + (gwaed = blood)
:_______________________________.
rhoddwr morgais, rhoddwyr morgeisi <HRO-dhur
MOR-gais, HRODH-wir-mor-GEI-si> [ˡhroˑðʊr
ˡmɔrgaɪs, ˡhrɔðwɪr mɔrˡgəɪsɪ] (masculine
noun)
1 mortgage provider
:_______________________________.
rhoden <HROO-den> [ˡhroˑdɛn] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhodenni <hro-DE-ni> [ˡhrɔdɛnɪ]
1 rod
2 rod (in retina)
3 (vehicle) rhoden brâc, plural rhodenni braciau brake rod
4 fuel = fissile material used in a nuclear reactor
rhoden danwydd, plural rhodenni tanwydd fuel rod
5 rhodfacteriwm rod bacterium
6 rhoden droi plural rhodenni troi stirring rod
7 rhoden fellt plural rhodenni mellt lightning conductor
ETYMOLOGY: (rhod) + (-en diminutive suffix); rhod- <
English rod < Old English rodd; cf Norwegian rydda =
twig
:_______________________________.
rhodfa <HROD-va> [ˡhrɔdva] feminine
noun
PLURAL rhodféydd <hrod-VEIDH> [hrɔdˡvəɪð]
1 parade, walk, avenue; street for walking in a town, often tree-lined
and with shops
Occurs in street names (often to translate ‘Parade’ in streets built in
the 1800s or 1900s and given English names)
Y Rhodfa [ə ˡhrɔdva] (“(the) parade /
walk”)
A street in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin)
Rhodfa Mair [ˡhrɔdva ˡmaɪr] (“(the)
parade / walk (of) (Saint) Mary”)
A street in Bangor (county of Gwynedd) (“St. Mary’s Avenue” in English)
Y Rhodfa Newydd [ə ˡhrɔdva ˡnɛʊɪð]
(“(the) new parade / walk”)
A street in Cwm-bach, Aber-dâr (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
Rhodfa’r De [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdeː] (“(the)
parade / walk (of) the south”)
..a/ A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“South Marine Terrace” in
English)
..a/ A street in Pen-sarn, Abergele (county of Conwy) (“South Parade” in
English)
..c/ A street in Dinbych y Pysgod (county of Penfro) (“South Parade” in
English)
Rhodfa’r Drindod [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdrɪndɔd]
(“(the) parade / walk (of) the trinity”)
A street in Llandudno (county of Conwy) (“Trinity Avenue” in English)
Rhodfa’r Dwyrain [ˡhrɔdvar ˡdʊɪraɪn]
(“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the east”)
..a/ road in Caer-dydd (“Eastern Avenue” in English)
..b/ A street in Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) (“Eastern Parade”)
Rhodfa’r Eos [ˡhrɔdvar ˡeˑɔs] (“(the)
parade / walk (of) the nightingale”)
A street in Ynysforgan (county of Abertawe)
Rhodfa’r Ficerdy [ˡhrɔdvar vɪˡkɛrdɪ]
(“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the vicarage”)
A street in Llandudno (county of Conwy) (“Vicarage Avenue” in English)
Rhodfa’r Gogledd [ˡhrɔdvar ˡgɔglɛð]
(“(the) parade / walk (of) the north”)
A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“North Parade” in English)
Rhodfa’r Gorllewin [ˡhrɔdvar gɔrˡɬɛʊɪn]
(“(the) parade / walk / avenue (of) the west”)
..a/ road in Caer-dydd (“Western Avenue” in English)
..b/ A street in Y Rhyl (county of Dinbych) (“Western Parade”)
Rhodfa’r Môr [ˡhrɔdvar ˡmoːr] (“(the)
parade / walk (leading to / situated by) the sea”)
..a/ A street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion) (“Marine Terrace”)
..b/ A street in Nefyn (Gwynedd)
Rhodfa’r Wiwer [ˡhrɔdvar ˡwiˑwɛr]
(“(the) parade / walk (of) the squirrel”)
A street in Fforest, Pontarddulais (county of Abertawe)
2 riverside walkway, riverside path
Bydd yno rodfa ar hyd yr afon, amgueddfa, siopau, tai bwyta a barau
There will be a walkway alongside the river, a museum, and shops,
restaurants and bars
3 drive = scenic route for travellers in a vehicle
Rhodfa Coedwigaeth Cwm-carn Cwm-carn Forest Drive
5 beat = policeman’s round
ETYMOLOGY: (rhod-, stem of rhodio = to stroll, to walk) + (-fa,
suffix = place)
:_______________________________.
Rhodfa Bach ‹HROD-va BAAKH› [ˡhrɔdva
ˡbaːx]
1 a street name in Niwbwrch (county of Môn)
ETYMOLOGY: y rhodfa bach (“the little walk”)
(y definite article) + (rhodfa = walk, promenade) + (bach
= little)
In North Wales, after a feminine noun bach remains unmutated.
The expected form would be “y rhodfa fach”
:_______________________________.
rhodres ‹HROD-res› [ˡhrɔdrɛs]
1 ostentation, swank, pomposity
(delwedd 7367)
:_______________________________.
rhodresu ‹hrod RE si› [hrɔdˡrɛsɪ]
(verb)
1 put on airs, give oneself airs
:_______________________________.
Rhodri ‹HROD-ri› [ˡhrɔdrɪ]
(feminine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
rhoi ‹HROI› (verb)
1 to give
2 used with actions – nouns with -iad, -ad formed from verbs
..B
brwshad brush, brushing = act of using a brush
..rhoi brwshad i (rywbeth) give a brush to something
..C
cribiad comb, combing
..rhoi cribiad i’ch gwallt give your hair a comb
3 rhoi’r gyfraith mewn grym apply the law, enforce the law
4 rhoi’ch esgidiau put on your
shoes (“give your shoes”)
5 rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult to injury (“put (an) insult
in (the) top (of an) injury”)
6 rhoi clap ar eich dwylo clap your hands together (in
expectation) (“give a clap on your hands”)
7 rhoi’r troed gorau ymlaenaf put your best foot forward = do your
best, go your fastest
8 rhoi gwybod (am rywbeth) i intimate (something) to, inform... of
(something)
9 rhoi pethau yn eu trefn sort things out, put things in order
(“put things in their order”)
10 rhoi cennad i give leave to (USA: to furlough) (Englandic: to
leave)
11 rhoi rhywun ar bédestal place somebody on a pedestal
12 rhoi ci ar dennyn put a dog on a leash
13 rhoi’ch pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick your nose into something
(“give / put your nose...”)
14 rhoi’ch cleddyf trwy rywun put your sword
through someone, wound or kill someone with a sword
15 rhoi’r gyfraith ar (rywun) take (someone) to
court, prosecute (someone)
16 (North) rhoi edau mewn nodwydd thread a needle
(“put / give (a) thread in (a) needle”)
17 rhoi gwthiad i (rywbeth) give (something) a
push / a shove
18 rhoi’r brâc put on the brake
19 rhoi ichi flas o’ch ffisig eich hun give you a
taste your own medicine
20 ei rhoi hi (i rywun) attack
(someone) = hit, beat ; savagely criticise (someone) (“give it to someone”)
21 rhoi si ar led bod... spread a rumor that
22 rhoi (rhywun) i orwedd lay (somebody) down,
place (somebody) in a lying postion
Rhoddodd hi i orwedd ar ei gwely She laid her down on her bed
23 rhoi cynnig ar try, have a go, try one’s hand
at, have a go at give something a try (“give a try on”)
rhoi cynnig ar ffordd arall = try it another way
:_______________________________.
rhoi benthyg ‹hroi BEN thig›
(verb)
1 to lend, literally ‘give loan (of)...’
rhoi benthyg (rhywbeth) i (rywun) lend (something) to (someone)
:_______________________________.
rhoi bwch i ‹hroi BUUKH i›
(verb)
1 to fuck (“give a stag / billy goat to”)
:_______________________________.
rhoi’ch bywyd ar antur
1 put your life at risk
ETYMOLOGY: (rhoi = put) + (eich bywyd = your life) + (ar antur
= at random, at risk)
:_______________________________.
rhoi’ch pen i’w dorri ‹hroikh pen iu do-ri› verb
1 risk your neck, stick your neck out, do something risky which might
result in failure, say something which might result in criticism or ridicule;
sign your own death warrant
(“give / put your head for its cutting off”)
:_______________________________.
rhoi chwip din ‹hroi khwip DIIN i› (verb)
1 rhoi chwip din (i rywun) (American) to whip someone’s ass;
(Englandic) give someone a good hiding
:_______________________________.
rhoi cynnig ‹hro KƏ nig ar›
(verb)
1 rhoi cynnig (ar rywbeth) to try (something), to attempt
(something)
Literally ‘give / put a try on (something); give / put an attempt on
(something)’
:_______________________________.
rhoi hwthad i ‹hroi HU thad i›
(verb)
1 (South Wales) to fuck
hwthad < standard chwythiad = blow, act of blowing, blast, act
of blasting
:_______________________________.
rhoi i orffwys ‹hroi ii or-fuis›
1 rhoi (rhywun) i orffwys lay someone to rest, bury someone
ETYMOLOGY: (“put to resting”) (rhoi = give, put) + soft mutation + (gorffwys
= (verb) rest, resting)
:_______________________________.
rhoi maldod i ‹hroi MAL dod i›
(verb)
1 to caress
:_______________________________.
rhoi mwythau i ‹hroi MUI the i›
(verb)
1 to caress
:_______________________________.
rhoi prawf ar ‹hroi prauv ar›
1 try out (an idea), put to the test
Ni roddais brawf ar ei awgrymiad I didn’t try out his suggestion
rhoi prawf ar allu rhywun put somebody through his paces (“put (a) test
on (the) ability (of) somebody”)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhoi = give) + (prawf = proof, test) + (ar =
on)
:_______________________________.
rhoi’r gorau i ‹hroir go re i› (v)
1 give up (some activity)
ymgyrch rhoi’r gorau i ysmygu
a campaign to give up smoking
ETYMOLOGY: ‘give the best to’; rhoi = give + y gorau = the best
:_______________________________.
rhoi rhwystr ar ‹hroi HRUI stir ar›
(verb)
1 to frustrate, to block
Literally ‘give / put an obstacle on (something)’
:_______________________________.
rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf ‹hroi sar-haad
ə mhen aa-nav›
1 add insult to injury
ETYMOLOGY: (“put (an) insult on (the) top (of an) injury”)
(rhoi = give, put) + (sarhâd = insult) + (ym mhen = in
(the) head (of), on (the) top (of)) + (anaf = injury)
:_______________________________.
Rholant ‹HRO lant› (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name (Roland).
:_______________________________.
rholio ‹HROL yo› (verb)
1 to roll
:_______________________________.
rholstoc ‹hrol-stok› masculine
noun
1 (railway) rolling stock – locomotives, carriages, wagons
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English rolling stock; (rhol-, stem of rholio
= to roll) + (stoc = stock)
:_______________________________.
Rhonabwy ‹hro NA bui› (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name (obsolete)
:_______________________________.
Rhondda ‹HRON-dha› (feminine noun)
1 a river in south-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY: (rondda) < rhondda < *rhondde < *rhoddne
< *rhoddnei < *rhawddnei < rhawdd + suffix –nei,
or
(rondda) < rhondda < *rhoddna <*rhoddnai < *rhoddnei
< *rhawddnei < rhawdd + suffix –nei
The changes in this second sequence are as follows, though this may not be the
actual sequence of change between the starting point and the end result
..a/ rhawddnei > rhoddnei
The reduction of the diphthong aw > simple vowel o is a
common feature in Welsh; usually in an atonic (i.e. unaccented) syllable, but
ther are also many instnaces of the change in a tonic (i.e. accented) syllable
too
..b/ rhoddnei > rhoddnai Middle Welsh ei in a final syllable
became modern Welsh ai
..c/ rhoddnai > rhoddna In the south-east, the diphthing ai in
a final consonant was reduced to a
..d/ rhoddna > rhondda Metathesis – the sequence dd-n become
n-dd
..e/ rhoddna > rondda Locally in the south-east, rh > r (aspiration
is generally absent in the traditional Welsh dialect of the south-east)
:_______________________________.
rhos, rhosydd ‹HROOS, HRO sidh›
(feminine noun)
1 headland
2 highland, mountain land
3 moor
4 In street names:
Is-y-rhos (“below the moor”) street name in the village of Cae’r-bont
(SN8011), Aber-craf (county of Powys)
5 rhosan (qv) a diminutive form of rhos
:_______________________________.
Rhos ‹HROOS›
1 One of the four kántrevs (cantrefi) (Rhos, Tegeingl, Dyffryn Clwyd,
Rhufoniog) of the country of Y Berfeddwlad (“the middle country”).
Today the land forms part of eastern Conwy county and western Dinbych county:
Rhos was possibly a lesser kingdom in the post-Roman period.
Y Berfeddwlad became part of the kingdom of Gwynedd.
..
(delwedd 7334)
The kántrev name survives in the distinguishing tag of three villages here
Llandrillo yn Rhos SH8381 (Englished as “Rhos on Sea”) (to distinguish
from the Llandrillo SJ0377 near Y Bala)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8381
Llandrillo yn Rhos
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/201301
Llandrillo (Dinbych county)
Llaneilian yn Rhos SH8676 (to distinguish it from the Llaneilian SH4792
in north-east Môn).
The English use the incorrect form “Llanelian-yn-Rhôs”.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/154998
Llaneilian yn Rhos
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/79339
Llaneilian (Ynys Môn)
Betws yn Rhos SH9073 (to distinguish it from other places called Betws, but
perhaps especially Betws to the south-west, itself distinguished with the tag
“y coed” – Betws-y-coed, the place called Betws which is by the wood. (betws
= church)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/29864
Betws yn Rhos
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH7956
Betws-y-coed
2 Rhos one of the seven kántrevs (Rhos, Pebidiog, Cemais, Emlyn,
Gwarthaf, Daugleddau, Penfro) the country (gwlad) of Dyfed
(delwedd 7390)
3 There is also a district in Kernow / Cornwall called Ros (=
promontory), in English Roseland (Ros, anglicised as Rose, with
the addition of the English word land). It includes the parishes of
Églos-rós (Philleigh), Gérens (Gerrans), Lannsíek (St. Just in
Roseland) a Lannenténin (St. Anthony in Roseland).
(delwedd 4756)
:_______________________________.
rhos, rhosydd
1 rose. See rhosyn
rhosliw rose-coloured
(rhos - rose (as a first element in a compound form);
usually in older Welsh rhos was plural = roses) + soft mutation + (lliw
= colour)
:_______________________________.
rhosan ‹HRO-san › (f)
1 headland; moor
ETYMOLOGY: diminutive form of rhos
(rhos = headland, moor, upland) + (-an diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
Rhosan ar
Wy ‹HROS-an ar UI›
1 Ross on Wye
ETYMOLOGY: “(the place called) (Y) Rhosan (which is on the river) Gwy / Wye”
Y Rhosan ar Wy is the name which is given for Ross on Wye in The Welsh
Academy English-Welsh Dictionary.
(Y Rhosan) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (Gwy river name,
“Wye”)
(y definite article) + (rhosan = little headland; little
moorland”)
NOTE: Although Ross is evidently a name of Welsh origin, Y Rhosan ar Wy may be
a recent Cymricisation of the name; or possibly it is a name that was current
when the old county of Mynwy / Monmouthshire, and adjoining parts of
Herefordshire were Welsh-speaking in the 1800s.
:_______________________________.
Y Rhos Ddiarbed ‹ə HROOS dhi-AR-bed›
1 In the north of the county of Powys,
between Caer-sws and Llandinam, there is land originally called Rhos
Ddiabred (literally “moor which has been held back / withheld”, apparently
referring to ownership) (di-, negative prefix) + (abred
= release)
Nowadays the name is Rhos Ddiarbed (the result of confusion with the
word diarbed = ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting) (di-, negative
prefix) + (arbed = to save)
(delwedd 7488)
:_______________________________.
Y Rhos-ddu ‹ə hroos dhii›
1 a district on the western side of Wrecsam
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ3351
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the black moor’ (y = definite article) + (rhos =
moor, highland) + soft mutation + (du = black)
:_______________________________.
Y Rhos-fawr ‹ə hroos VAUR› (feminine noun)
1 village in Gwynedd, north-west Wales
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH3839
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the great moor’ (y = definite article) + (rhos =
moor, highland) + soft mutation + (mawr = big, great)
:_______________________________.
rhosgoed ‹hros-goid› (pl)
1 rhododendren bushes
2 In Cyffordd Llandudno (county of Conwy) there is a street named “Cae
Rhos Goed”, which is possibly Caerhosgoed cae rhosgoed < cae’r
rhosgoed “(the) field (of) the rhododendren bushes”
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… >
cae…
3 rosewood = Dalbergia, tree with wood of a dark red or purplish coloor
used in cabinet making. The wood has a scent similar to that of roses
ETYMOLOGY: (“rose-trees”) (rhos = roses) + soft mutation + (coed
= trees)
:_______________________________.
rhosliw ‹hros-liu› adjective
1 rose-coloured
gruddiau rhosliw rosy cheeks
2 drudwen rosliw PLURAL: drudwy rhosliw (Pastor
roseus) pastor starling, rose-coloured starling; Asian bird, black with a pink
back and abdomen
ETYMOLOGY: (rhos - rose ‹as a first element in a compound form›;
usually in older Welsh rhos was plural = roses) + soft mutation + (lliw
= colour)
:_______________________________.
Rhosneigr ‹hroos NEI gir› (feminine noun)
1 village SH3173 in the island of Môn / Anglesey
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/82709
:_______________________________.
rhostio ‹HROST yo› (verb)
1 to roast
:_______________________________.
rhostir, rhostiroedd ‹HRO stir, hro STII roidh, -odh›
(masculine noun)
1 moorland
ETYMOLOGY: (rhos = upland, moor) + soft mutation + (tir = land)
> *rhosdir > rhostir
:_______________________________.
Rhostryfan ‹hroos-trə-van›
1 SH4957 village 5km south of Caernarfon ( county of Gwynedd )
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4957
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) moor (of) (the hill called) Tryfan”)
(rhos = upland, moor) + (Tryfan = hill name).
The common noun tryfan means “peak”, from (try-, an intensifying
prefix) + soft mutation + (ban = peak)
:_______________________________.
Rhoswen ‹hros-wen›
1 female name
ETYMOLOGY: (“rose”) (rhos = rose) + (-wen suffix for
forming female names, < gwen, the feminine form of gwyn =
white; pure; holy; fair)
:_______________________________.
Rhos-y-bol ‹hroos ə BOL›
(feminine noun)
1 village SH4288 in the county of Môn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4288
:_______________________________.
rhosyn, PLURAL rhosynnau,
rhosod, rhosus; (LITERARY) rhos ‹HRO sin, HRO sis›
(masculine noun)
1 rose
:_______________________________.
Rhosyr ‹HRO sir› (feminine noun)
1 ‘kantrev’ (medieval division) of Môn. It was divided into Menai and
Dindaethwy kúmmuds.
Llys Rhosyr An old Welsh settlement which was the administrative centre
of the kántrev of Rhosyr before the English occupation following the Welsh
defeat in 1282. The English borough of Niwbwrch (Newborough) was built on the
site from 1294 onwards.
(delwedd 7346)
ETYMOLOGY: Rhosyr is equivalent to modern Welsh Rhos Fair “(the)
upland (of the Virgin) Mary”
Rhósyr < Rhóser < Rhóseir < Rhósfeir < Rhos Féir
(rhos = upland) + soft mutation + (Meir, older form of Mair
= Mary)
(Although accepted in the past, this derivation is now disputed by some)
:_______________________________.
Rhos-haminiog ‹hros-ha-MIN-yog›
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644554
map
See Rhosyrhafod
:_______________________________.
rhosmari ‹hros-MAA-ri›
1 rosemary
ETYMOLOGY: English rosemary
“The term folk-etymology is often applied in a mistaken idea of their
etymology or origin. The tendency of the uneducated is to distort an unfamiliar
or unintelligible word into some form which suggests a meaning.... there has
been a wrong association of ideas, e.g.... the primrose, rosemary,
and tuberose have none of them originally
any connection with the rose... rosemary, French romarin,
is from Lat[in]. ros marinum, sea-dew.”
The Romance of Words / Ernest Weekley, M.A / 1912 / pp.115-6
:_______________________________.
Rhosyrhafod ‹hros-HAA-vod›
1 SN5464 village in Ceredigion
English name. Cross Inn
Geiriadur yr Acádemi Gymreig (The Welsh Academy Dictionary) gives two Welsh
names for Cross Inn - “Rhos Haminiog, Rhos yr Hafod”
Rhos-haminiog: http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644554 map
Yr Hafod SN5463: http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5464
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) moorland (of) Yr Hafod”
(rhos = moorland) + (Yr Hafod)
Yr Hafod “the summer place” (yr definite article) + (hafod =
summer place, summer pasture, summer farm, summer farmhouse)
:_______________________________.
rhownyn ‹HROU-nin› masculine noun
PLURAL rhawn ‹HRAWN›
1 a horsehair
gogr rhawn horsehair sieve, sieve made with horsehair
:_______________________________.
rhuban (masculine noun) rhubannau ‹HRII-ban,
hri-BA–nai, -ne›
1 ribbon
2 mynd fel rhuban go at great speed, whizz along
(“go like (a) ribbon”)
:_______________________________.
rhudd ‹hriidh› adjective
PLURAL rhuddion ‹hridh-yon›
1 red (today it is a literary word; it is found too in certain compound
words, especially old compounds) See
..a/ bronrhuddyn (= robin) (“red breast” + diminuitive suffix -yn)
..b/ rhuddem (= ruby) (“red gem / jewel”)
..c/ rhuddell (= rubric) (“red” + suffix -ell)
and the place names
..d/ Foel Rudd (= red bare-hill)
..e/ Rhuddlan (= red slope)
..f/ Rhuddnant (= red stream / red valley)
..g/ Rhuthun (= red fort)
and the obsolete forename
..h/ Cleddyfrudd (= red sword)
2 red = bloodstained;
llofrudd murderer, assassin < llawf-rudd ‘red hand’, that is,
hand stained with blood bloodstained hand (llawf, old form of llaw
= hand) + soft mutation + (rhudd = red)
(Compare the English expression ‘to catch red-handed’ = to catch somebody doing
wrong, originally to catch in the act of murder)
3 red (the colour of a sunset)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *roud(os) (= red) < Celtic <
Indoeuropean reudh- (= red)
From the same British root: Breton ruz (= red), Cornish rudh (=
red)
From the same Celtic root: Irish rua (= red) (ruadh before the
spelling reform), Scottish ruadh (= red)
Related words in other languages - from the same Indo-European root
(1) Germanic:
German rot, Dutch rood, English red (Old English rêad),
Scottish (Lowlandic) surname Reid, Old Norse raudhr, (all of
these = red)
(2) Latin:
..........(a) rûfus (= red),
..........(b) ruber (= red) from which Latin rubrîca = red earth,
English rubric, originally “red ochre”, now “title, heading”
..........(c) rubeus (= reddish) (this is a derivative of ruber).
From rubeus comes French rouge, (= red) and also French rubis,
from an earlier form of which comes English ruby (= red precious stone)
..........(d) russus (= red)
(3) Greek
erathrós (= red)
:_______________________________.
rhuddell ‹hrii-dhelh› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhuddellau ‹hri-dhee-lhe›
1 rubric = directions in a prayer book, usually printed in red, for
procedure in a Christian service
ETYMOLOGY: (rhudd = red) + (-ell = suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
rhuddem ‹hrii-dhem› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhuddemau ‹hri-dhe-mai, -me›
1 ruby = red precious stone
2 cyn goched â’r rhuddem as red as a ruby (“as red
as the ruby”)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhudd = red) + soft mutation + (gem = gem, gemstone)
:_______________________________.
rhuddin ‹HRII-dhin› (masculine
noun)
1 heartwood = central wood of a treetrunk
2 mettle
dangos eich rhuddin show your mettle, show what you’re made of
:_______________________________.
Rhuddlan ‹HRIDH lan› (feminine noun)
1 village in the north-east
Apparently ‘red slope / red bank’
(rhudd = red) + soft mutation + (glan = slope)
:_______________________________.
Rhufain ‹HRII-vain, -ven› feminine
noun
1 Rome
2 there are three equivalent phrases corresponding to the English phrase
“to fiddle while Rome burns”, that is, to attend to unimportant matters during
an emergency or a crisis
chwarae’r crwth a Rhufain yn llosgi (“play the fiddle and / while Rome
burning”)
canu crwth tra llosgo Rhufain (“play a fiddle while Rome may burn”)
ffidlan pan yw Rhufain yn llosgi (“fiddle when Rome is burning”)
2 Pan foch yn Rhufain, gwnewch fel y Rhufeiniaid
When in Rome, do as the Romans do
3 Nid mewn undydd y codwyd Rhufain
Rome was not built in a day
(“(is”) not in a single-day that it was built Rome”)
4 Eglwys Rufain the Church of Rome
5 Rome as a centre of pilgrimage
I Rufain yr arwain pob ffordd All roads lead to Rome (“(it-is) to Rome
that leads every road”)
6 Campau Gwŷr Rhufain “(the) feats (of) (the) men (of) Rome”
Gesta Romanorum = (“deeds of the Romans”) a collection of anecdotes and tales
written in Latin, dating from the end of the 1200s or the beginning of the
1300s
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Rhufain < Rhufein < *Rhôfein < *Rhôfein-i-
< British < Latin Rômania-
:_______________________________.
rhufell ‹hri-velh› feminine noun
PLURAL rhufelliaid ‹hri-velh-yed›
1 (Rutilius rutilus) roach (freshwater fish with a greenish back)
ETYMOLOGY: first recorded 1707; an invented word, an adaptation of Latin rubellio
< ruber (= red)
:_______________________________.
Rhufoniog ‹rhi-VON-yog› (feminine noun)
1 Originally a sub-kingdom in the kingdom of Gwynedd.
Tradition has it that the territory was founded in 445 by Rhufon (hence the
name Rhufoniog “territory of Rhufon”), who was the third son of Cunedda, the
first King of Gwynedd. This sub-kingdom was ruled by his descendants until 95
years later (540), and it seems that it was thereafter absorbed into Gwynedd.
It was a ‘kantrev’ (administrative division) in medieval times, with close ties
to the kántrev of Rhos.
Rhos a Rhufoniog The two kántrevs of Rhos and Rhufoniog
(delwedd 7539)
ETYMOLOGY: “territory of Romanus” (Rhufon- < Rhufawn from the Latin
name Romanus = citizen of Rome, citizen of the Roman Empire) + (-iog
territorial suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhuo ‹HRI o› (verb)
1 roar (lion, etc)
:_______________________________.
rhuthrad, rhuthradau ‹HRITH-rad,
hrith-RAA-dai, -de› (masculine noun)
1 rush
2 gwneud rhuthrad ar storm (a building), take (a building) by a
violent assault (“make an incursion on”)
:_______________________________.
rhuthro ‹HRITH-ro› (verb)
1 to rush
2 rhuthro at (rywun) charge at (someone)
:_______________________________.
Rhuthun ‹HRI-thin› (feminine noun)
1 town in the north-east
ETYMOLOGY: rhuthun < rhuthin < rhúdd-ddin (= red fort)
(rhudd = red) + soft mutation + (din = fort)
The vowel i in the second syllable has become u under the
influence of the u in the first syllable
A similar examples is Buddug (Victoria, Boudicca) < *Buddig
(delwedd 7539)
:_______________________________.
rhw ‹hruu› adverb
South-east Wales
1 The usual spoken form is rw. The loss of ‘h’ is typical of the
south-east
rw dost = too painful (tost = painful)
rw fääch = too small (bach = small, local form bääch)
rw fawr= too big (mawr = big)
rw lytan = too ample (llydan = wide, local form llytan)
ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant
:_______________________________.
rhwbio ‹HRUB yo› (verb)
1 to rub
2 rhwbio allan ‹HRUB yo
A lhan› to rub out
:_______________________________.
rhwmp ‹hrump› masculine noun
PLURAL rhympau ‹hrəm-pe›
1 (obsolete) borer, auger
2 Rhymni name of a river in the south-east. This is probably
“river which bores through the land like an auger” < *rhympni < (rhwmp
= auger, tool for boring wood) + (-ni suffix)
ETYMOLOGY: Probably already existed in the British period < Celtic
:_______________________________.
rhwng ‹HRUNG› (preposition)
1 between
mynd rhwng eich bysedd slip through your fingers
2 mynd yn... rhwng in expressions denoting conflict
mynd yn ymladd rhwng begin to fight (“become fighting between...”)
Aeth yn ymladd rhyngddyn nhw They began to fight
mynd yn daro rhwng begin to fight (“become hitting between...”)
Aeth yn daro rhyngddyn nhw They began to fight
mynd yn ddadl rhwng begin to quarrel (“become an argument between...”)
Aeth yn dipyn o ddadl rhwng
An argument broke out between them, They started to argue
mynd yn ddrwg rhwng to fall out (“become bad between...”)
Aeth yn daro rhyngddyn nhw They had a falling out, They fell out with
each other
mynd yn ffrwgwd rhwng begin to quarrel, come to blows (“become a tussle
between...”)
Aeth yn ffrwgwd rhwng Sam Fain a’r heddgeidwad Sam Fain and the
policeman came to blows
mynd yn her rhwng result in a challenge (“become a challenge
between...”)
Aeth hi’n her rhyngon ni It led us to challenge each other (to a
contest)
mynd yn hwdwl-gwdwl rhwng begin to quarrel (“become a quarrel
between...”)
3 (North) gyrru rhwng pobl stir up trouble
between people (“drive / send between people”)
(South) hala rhwng pobl stir up trouble between people (“send between
people”)
4 rhwng y porthmon a'r moch let them sort it out
themselves, don't interfere in the dispute ('(leave it') between the pigman and
the pigs) (porthmon moch North Wales pig dealer, pigman)
:_______________________________.
rhwng bodd ac anfodd ‹hrung boodh
ag an-vodh› adverb
1 halfheartedly, reluctantly, grudgingly
ETYMOLOGY: “between willingness and unwillingness”
(rhwng = between) + (bodd = willingness) + (ac = and) + (anfodd
= unwillingness)
:_______________________________.
rhwng deffro a chodi ‹hrung de-fro
a khoo-di› adverb
1 in the time between waking up and getting up, after waking up and
before getting up
Byddai yn cael ei syniadau gorau tra’n gorweddian yn ei wely rhwng deffro a
chodi
He had his best ideas while lying in bed after waking up and before getting up
:_______________________________.
Rhwng Gwy a Hafren ‹hrung GUI a HAV
ren› (feminine noun)
1 old territory of the North-east (“between the rivers Gwy and Hafren”)
(Gwy in English is Wye, Hafren in English is Severn)
:_______________________________.
rhwng popeth ‹hrung› adverb
1 all in all i.e. when summarising and drawing a conclusion
ETYMOLOGY: (rhwng = between ) + (popeth = everything)
:_______________________________.
rhwng rhywun a’i bethau ‹hrung hriu-in ai bee-the›
1 literally ‘between someone and his things”
2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i bethau / gadael iddi fod rhwng rhywun
a’i bethau
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the
unfortunate consequences of their actions (“leave it between somebody and his
things”)
3 Rhyngddo-ef a’i bethau! Let him stew in his own juice, let him
deal unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his actions
:_______________________________.
rhwng rhywun a’i botes ‹hrung hriu-in ai bo-tes›
1 literally ‘between someone and his soup”
2 ei gadael-hi rhwng rhywun a’i botes (“leave it between somebody
and his soup”)
to let somebody stew in their own juice = to leave somebody to deal unaided
with the unfortunate consequences of his / her actions
3 Rhyngddo-ef a’i botes!
Let him stew in his own juice, let him deal unaided with the unfortunate
consequences of his actions
:_______________________________.
rhwng rhywun a’i gawl ‹hrung hriu-in ai gaul›
1 literally ‘between someone and his soup”
2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i gawl
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the
unfortunate consequences of their actions (“leave it between somebody and his
soup”)
3 Rhyngddo ef a’i gawl! Let him stew in his own juice = let him deal
unaided with the unfortunate consequences of his actions
:_______________________________.
y Rhws ‹ə hruus› feminine
noun
1 ST0666 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east
Wales). English name: Rhoose.
According to the author Cadrawd (Timothy Christopher Evans) in “A Glossary of
the Welsh of Glamorgan / Eisteddfod Abertawe 1907 / (manuscript, National Library
of Wales) the local form is Y Rws, that is, ‹ə ruus›,
which is to be expected since the dialect of the south-east lacked the
aspiration ‹h›
ETYMOLOGY: ?
:_______________________________.
rhwth ‹hruuth› verb
1 gaping
2 Possibly an element in clorwth (o ddyn) (South Wales),
horwth (o ddyn) (North Wales) big fat slob, great hulk of a fellow
Possibly “distended surface” (clawr = surface) + soft mutation +
(rhwth = open, hollow, distended, loose) > cláwr-rwth >
clór-rwth > clorwth
3 Possibly an element in llyfrothen dŵr croyw (f),
llyfrothod dŵr croyw (Gobio gobio) gudgeon: This is possibly
“cowardly gaper”, “cowardly fish which gapes”; or “cowardly greedy fish” (llyfr-
tonic or pretonic form of llwfr = coward) + (rhoth, feminine form
of rhwth = gaping; greedy) + (-en suffix added to an adjective to
make a noun, usually referring to a female) > *llyfr-roth-en >
llyfrothen
4 cegrwth gaping, open-mouthed
(ceg = mouth) + soft mutation + (rhwth = open, gaping)
:_______________________________.
rhwto ‹hru-to› verb
South Wales
1 rub
rhwto yn = rub into, rub on, rub against
Paid o rwto dy ddilo brwnt yndo fe
Don’t rub your dirty hands on it
2 scrub
3 rub in, work in, mix in by rubbing
rhwto’r menyn i’r can rub the butter into the flour
4 grind, crush
rhwto yn fân grind it till it’s fine
5 South-east Wales rwto’n fudur yn ’i giddil be very friendly
with each other (“rub into each other very much”)
ETYMOLOGY: ??
NOTE: Normally in the south-east rh- > r-; thus rwto is
the colloquial form
6 rhwto maas ‹hru to
MAAS› South) to rub out
:_______________________________.
rhwyd, rhwydau / rhwydi ‹HRUID,
HRUI de, di› (feminine noun)
1 net
2 rhywd fosgitos plural: rhwydau mosgitos /
rhwydi mosgitos mosquito net
cysgu o dan rwyd fosgitos sleep under a mosquito net
:_______________________________.
rhwydd ‹HRUIDH› (adjective)
1 easy
2 afrwydd difficult
(af- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + ( rhwydd = easy)
:_______________________________.
rhwydog ‹hrui-dog› adjective
1 reticulated
2 helygen rwydog (helyg rhwydog)
(Salix reticulata) net-leaved willow, netted willow
ETYMOLOGY: (rhwyd = net) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhwydwaith, rhwydweithiau ‹HRUID waith, hruid
WEITH ye› (masculine noun)
1 network
ETYMOLOGY: A calque on the English word (net + work)
(rhwyd = net) + soft mutation + (gwaith = work)
:_______________________________.
rhwyf, rhwyfau ‹HRUIV, HRUI ve›
(feminine noun)
1 oar
ETYMOLOGY: rhwyf (f) < *rwyf < British rêm- <
Latin rêmus (m) (= oar)
i) a long ê in British is typically wy [ui] in modern Welsh
ii) a final m [m] in British is typically f [v] in modern Welsh
iii) an initial r- in British words become rh-
:_______________________________.
rhwyfo ‹HRUI vo› (verb)
1 to row
(rhwyf = oar) + (-o verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhwygo ‹HRUI go› (verb)
1 to rip, to tear
2 calonrwygol heartrending
3 ymrwygo burst
(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft mutation + (rhwygo = rupture)
:_______________________________.
rhwymo ‹HRUI mo› (verb)
1 bind (a book, etc)
2 become constipated
:_______________________________.
rhwymyn, rhwymynnau ‹HRUI min, hrui MƏ
ne› (masculine noun)
1 bandage
:_______________________________.
rhwymynnu ‹hrui MƏ ni› (verb)
1 to bandage
:_______________________________.
rhwysg, rhwysgau ‹HRUISK, HRUIS ke›
(masculine noun)
1 pomp, show
:_______________________________.
rhwysgfawr ‹HRUISK vaur›
(adjective)
1 pompous
:_______________________________.
rhwysgfawredd ‹hruisk-vau-redh› masculine
noun
1 ostentation, show
2 pomposity
2 grandeur, magnificence, splendour
Fry esgyn i’w aur-orsedd
Wna’r haul trwy borth arddunedd -
Teyrnasa mewn rhwysgfawredd
Ar forau Haf
(Mynydau Hamddenol: Ail Lyfr Nathan Wyn. 1905. Tudalen / Page 70)
Up above, the sun ascends to its throne of gold through the gate of splendour –
it reigns in ostentation on summer mornings
ETYMOLOGY: (rhwysgfawr = ostentatious) + (-edd suffix for forming
abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
rhwystr, rhwystrau ‹HRUI stir, HRUI
stre› (masculine noun)
1 obstacle, impediment
2 rhwystr taro crash barrier (“obstacle (of) colliding / hitting”)
3 rhwystr ffordd PLURAL rhwystrau ffyrdd roadblock (“obstacle
(of) road”)
:_______________________________.
rhwystredig ‹hrui STRE dig›
(adjective)
1 frustrating
:_______________________________.
rhwystredigaeth ‹hrui stre DI geth›
(feminine noun)
1 frustrating
:_______________________________.
..1 rhy ‹HRII› (adverb)
1 too
2 rhy ychydig too little
codi rhy ychydig ar (rywun) charge (somebody) too little, undercharge
(somebody)
rhoi rhy ychydig o (rywbeth) give too little (of something)
3 Dibarch rhy gyffredin familiarity
breeds content (“without respect (a thing) too common”) Ni bydd hybarch rhy
gyffredin Familiarity breeds contempt (“It is not venerable (the thing) too
usual”)
4 rhy ychydig ‹hri ə
KHƏ dig› (phrase) too little
5 Rhy lawn, a gyll Grasp all, lose all (“too
full + (it is he) that will-lose”)
Elliptical for a sentence such as “(un) rhy lawn (ei ddwylo) a gyll”)
“(it is) (an individual) too full (his hands) that will-lose”
Said of someone trying to carry too much at one time and in danger of losing
hold of it
6 llawer rhy... far too..., much too...
llawer rhy bell far too far, much too far
:_______________________________.
..2 rhy ‹HRII› (masculine
noun)
1 (obsolete) excess
:_______________________________.
rhybudd, rhybuddion ‹HRƏ bidh, hrə
BƏDH yon› (masculine noun)
1 warning
2 cloch rybudd plural clychau rhybudd alarm bell, warning
bell, tocsin
:_______________________________.
rhybuddio ‹hrə BIDH yo› (verb)
1 to warn
:_______________________________.
rhych ‹hriikh› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhychau ‹hrə-khe›
1 furrow = long narrow trench made by a plough, for sowing corn, etc
cadw i’r rhych keep to the furrow, stay on course
rhegen y rhych Crex crex corncrake (standard name: rhegen yr
yd)
2 trench, furrow = ditch dug for planting potatoes, etc
3 groove
4 rut = furrow or groove in a soft surface made by a wheel
5 rut = a monotonous routine difficult to change
dod allan o’r rhych get out of the rut
mynd i gerdded rhych fall into a rut (“go to walk a rut”)
6 furrow (on brow)
7 crease of the arse, slit of the arse
Mae’n credu bod yr haul yn codi yn rhych ei din
He thinks the sun shines out of his arse (“he thinks the sun rises in the
crease of his arse”)
8 grave
9 na rhych na rhawn neither head
nor tail (“neither wrinkle nor horsehair”)
Ni allaf wneud na rhych na rhawn ohono I can’t make head or tail of it,
it’s a complete enigma to me
10 in Porth-cawl (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) there is a “Rhych Avenue”
which on the face of it is very likely rhych = furrow.
Translated into Welsh this would be Heol y Rhych or something similar.
The English name might be a semi-translation of an indigenous road or track
name.
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic *rok- < *prok- < *prk-
Also from Celtic:
..1/ Irish eitre (= furrow); eitrigh (= to furrow), Old Irish et-rech
..2/ Catalan < rega (= furrow) < Celtic *rîkâ <
Indoeuropean *prka
Cf Catalan rec < Pre-Roman *recu (= canal)
From the same Indoeuropean root:
Germanic:
..1/ English furrow < Middle English forwe, furgh < Old
English furh
..2/ Lowlandic (Scotland) furr (= furrow);
..3/ German die Furche (= furrow);
Latin:
..1/ Latin porca (= ridge between furrows)
..2/ Catalan pórca (= land; flower bed) < Latin porca
NOTE: rhych is also a masculine noun
:_______________________________.
rhyd, rhydau ‹HRIID, HRƏ de›
(feminine noun)
1 ford
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/406326
Rhyd Trefilan SN5557 / the ford at Trefilan
2 Common in place names – See Rhyd-fach, Rhydhalog,
Rhydychen, Rhyd yr Indiaid
3 moryd river mouth, estuary; sea inlet (Scotland: firth)
“sea-ford” (môr = sea ) + soft mutation + ( rhyd = ford)
..1/ (SH4459) bay in the district of Arfon (county of Gwynedd, North Wales). It
is an area of marsh and mudflats which leads into Afon Menai opposite the
south-west tip of the island of Môn (on maps with a very unlikely half-Welsh
half-English name “Foryd Bay”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4459
Also Y Foryd is the name of a farm here, near Llanwnda SH4559
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4559
Hen Foryd SH4559 A place on the southern side of the river Gwyrfai, west of Y
Foryd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/150651
..a) Afon Foryd SH4456 stream which rises by Dinas Dinlle and flows
north into Y Foryd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4456
..2/ Y Foryd SH9980 A place between Abergele (county of Conwy) and Y
Rhyl (county of Dinbych) where the river Clwyd flows into the sea
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH9980
4 carreg ryd stepping stone, cerrig rhyd stepping stones;
one of a row of stones above water level in a stream or marsh each one step
distant from the other for crossing from one side to the other (“stone (of)
ford”) (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (rhyd = ford)
5 Glan-rhyd (qv) <glan- HRIID> house
name, street name; name of a district of Ystradgynlais SN7808 glan y rhyd “bank
/ edge / side of the ford, ford side”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (y definite article) + (rhyd =
ford)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted glan y rhyd
> glan rhyd
6 rhyd as a final element in compounds:
..a/ Caledryd probably “ford with fast-flowing water”rather than
“hard ford”
SJ2936 Y Gledryd, near Rhoswiail
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/130760
Pont y Gledryd (“Gledrid Bridge”)
..b/ Henryd “old ford”
..c/ Sychryd
Afon Sychryd ‹AA-von SƏKH
rid› [ˡɑˑvɔn ˡsəxrɪd]
stream in Pontneddfechan, Powys
(sych- < sych = dry) + soft mutation+ (rhyd = ford)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9207 map,
Afon Sychryd
:_______________________________.
1 rhydd ‹HRIIDH› (adjective)
1 free
2 menter rydd = free enterprise
3 free
= independent, not controlled by another nation
Cymru
Rydd Free Wales
4 free = not controlled by the state
Eglwys Rydd Free Church, one independent of the State, one which does
not demand compulsory contributions from the state’s population for its upkeep
5 cyfieithiad rhydd a loose translation, a rough translation
6 clodrydd ‹KLOD-ridh› [ˈklɔdrɪð]
(adjective)
(a) renowned, celebrated, famous
(b)
lavish in one’s praise
(“(of) free praise”) (clod = praise) + soft mutation + (rhydd =
free, liberal, generous)
Elystan Glodrydd (died c. 1010) said to be the founder of the fifth
royal tribe of Wales
ETYMOLOGY:
:_______________________________.
2 rhydd ‹hriidh› verb
1 soft mutation of rhydd = will give
Contexts in which this form is commonly found is after the interrogative
particle a (dropped in colloquial use), and the negative particles ni
(dropped in colloquial use) and na (often retained in colloquial use),
and a (relative pronoun – dropped in colloquial use)
rydd o ddim he won’t give
rydd o mo’i... he won’t give his...
:_______________________________.
rhydd.
1 abbreviation = rhyddiaith prose
:_______________________________.
Rhydderch ‹HRƏ dherkh› (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
rhyddhâd ‹hrədh HAAD› (masculine
noun)
1 release, relief
2 Dyna ryddhâd hyfryd! What a blessed relief! It’s a real relief!
That’s a relief! (“there’s a pleasant release”)
3 ar ryddhâd on leave (“on liberation”)
:_______________________________.
rhyddháu ‹hrədh HAI› (verb)
1 to free
2 rhyddháu rhywun oddi wrth bechod absolve somebody of their sins
3 rhyddháu ci oddi ar dennyn unleash a dog
:_______________________________.
rhyddhâwr ‹hrədh-HAA-ur› m
PLURAL rhyddhawyr ‹hrədh-HAA-wir›
1 liberator
Yr oedd ef yn byw yn amser Garibaldi, rhyddfäwr Ítali, ac yr oedd y fath
edmygwr ohono fel y galwodd ei dŷ Garibaldi House
He lived in the time of Garibaldi, the liberator of Italy, and he was such an
admirer of him that he called his house Garibaldi House
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyddhá stem of rhyddháu = to liberate, to free) (-wr
suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
rhyddiaith ‹HRƏDH yaith›
(feminine noun)
1 prose
Abbreviation (e.g. in a dictionary entry) rhydd.
:_______________________________.
rhyddid ‹HRƏ dhid› (masculine
noun)
1 freedom, liberty
ETYMOLOGY: rhyddid < rhydid < rhýdd-did (rhydd
= free) + (suffix -tid).
The change rhydid ‹d› > rhyddid
‹dh› is the result of the influence of the adjective rhydd
Cornish rydhses (= freedom)
NOTE: rhyddid, nowadays a masculine noun, was formerly a feminine noun
:_______________________________.
Rhyd-fach ‹hriid VAAKH› feminine
noun
1 street name in Pentre-bach (county of Merthyrtudful)
ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd fach” the little ford (y = the) + (rhyd =
ford) + soft mutation + (bach = little, small)
:_______________________________.
Y Rhydlydan ‹hriid-LƏ-dan› feminine
noun
1 name of various palces
………………………
..a/ SN8950 village on Afon Merddwr in Conwy (“Rhydlydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/52320
………………………
..b/ SO0593 Farm near Aberhafesb in Powys (“Rhydlydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/540379
………………………
..c/ SN4352 Farm near Talgarreg, Ceredigion (“Rhydlydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1028051
………………………
..d/ SN6241 Farm near Ffaldybrenin, Caerfyrddin (“Rhyd-lydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1087215
………………………
..e/ SO1645 Farm south of Castell-paen, Powys (“Rhyd-lydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO1645
………………………
ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd lydan” the wide ford
(y = the) + (rhyd = ford) + soft mutation l > ll + (llydan
= wide)
:_______________________________.
Rhydhalog ‹hriid-HAA-log›
1 a farm south-east of Llanhari (Rhondda Cynon Taf)
Nant Rhydhalog a stream by the farm
ETYMOLOGY: “y rhyd halog” the muddy ford
(y = the) + (rhyd = ford) + (halog = muddy)
NOTE: Since the combination (d + h) becomes ‹t› in
Welsh pronunciation, rhyd halog > rhy talog
Rhydhalog SJ2354 in the county of Y Fflint
> Rhytalog
>
which has had rhyd restored in the written form Rhydtalog, as if
it were rhyd Talog “(the) ford (of) Talog”
:_______________________________.
Rhyd-sbens ‹hriid-SPENS›
1 SO2447 village partly in the Welsh county of Powys and partly in the
English county of Hereford
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/91610
Possibly rhyd y sbens “(the) ford (of) the spence” (rhyd = ford)
+ (y definite article) + (sbens = spence). English spence meant
(i) a buttery or dairy, (ii) (in a great house, an inn or a monastery) a
pantry, larder; a storeroom. In Welsh, it was a pantry, and in the North came
to mean a room under the stairs.
Bedwyr Lewis Jones (Yn Ei Elfen, 1992) suggests that it may have been used in
the sense of the inn as a store of food and drink for drovers and other
travellers.
Middle English spense (= pantry, store), a clipped form of despense
< Old French despence < Late Latin < Latin dispensus
past participle of dispendere (= to weigh out, distribute, dispense)
< (dis- = out) + (pendere = to weigh), Latin pensum (=
weight).
:_______________________________.
Rhydwilym ‹hriid-WII-lim›
1 (SN1124) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin at Llandysilio
2 Nant Rhydwilym (SJ1335) stream which rises in
Y Berwyn 3km north-east of the mountain of Cader Idiris and flows east into the
Ceiriog river at a point 4km north-west of Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) Gwilym / William”)
(rhyd = ford) + soft mutation g > (gh) > zero + (Gwilym
= William)
:_______________________________.
Rhydychen ‹hri DƏ khen› (feminine noun)
1 Oxford (rhyd = ford, ychen = oxen)
:_______________________________.
Rhyd y Crwyn ‹BE-tus hriid ə KRUIN›
1 In the name Betws Rhyd y Crwyn, nowadays Betws y Crwyn
(qv) SO2081, a village in Sir Amwythig / Shropshire, England
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) the animal hides”)
(rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (crwyn =
animal hides)
:_______________________________.
Rhyd-y-fagl ‹hriid ə VAA-gal›
1 Rhyd-y-fagl / Rhyd y Fagl (literary Welsh) the town of Stafford,
England
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) the snare”) (rhyd = ford) + (y =
the) + soft mutation + (magl = snare, trap)
:_______________________________.
Rhydygolau ‹hriid ə GOO-lai, -le›
1 SJ2365 Farm in the county of Y Fflint (as “Rhyd-y-goleu” on the
Ordnance Survey map, with antiquated “goleu” instead of “golau”, and unnecessary
hyphenation)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/118895
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) ford (of) the light??”) (rhyd = ford) + (y =
the) + (golau = light)
Earlier forms however may show a different origin for this name, as its present
form seems somewhat unusual and improabable
:_______________________________.
Rhydypennau ‹hriid ə pe-ne›
1 (ST1881) locality in Caer-dydd
2 (SN6285) locality in Ceredigion
Local pronunciation: Rhypenne
3 street name in Castell-nedd (“Rhyd y
Pennau“)
ETYMOLOGY: “ford of the springs / of the stream heads”
(rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + (pennau plural of pen =
head)
NOTE: as the name of a ford the elements would be written separately Rhyd y
Pennau
:_______________________________.
Rhydypolon ‹hriid ə po-lon›
1 Street name in Gorseinon (county of Abertawe) (“Rhyd
y Polon”)
ETYMOLOGY: polon is a southern form of polion (= poles), plural
of polyn (= pole)
In the south, often the suffix -ion > -on (the initial ‹y› of
the first syllable is generally lost in South Wales). Hence polion > polon
Rhydypolon is possibly (not having looked at earlier forms of the name)
“(the) ford (of) the poles”
= (rhyd = ford) + (y = the) + (polion = poles)
:_______________________________.
Rhyd yr Indiaid ‹hriid ər IND
yed› (feminine noun)
1 ‘the ford of the Indians’, village in Patagonia
:_______________________________.
rhyfedd ‹HRƏ vedh› (adjective)
1 strange, unusual
rhyfedd yr olwg strange-looking, odd-looking
2 strange = not normal, unexpected, worrying
Mae blas rhyfedd ar y te ’ma This tea tastes strange, This tea has a
funny taste
mynd i deimlo’n rhyfedd come over all funny, begin to feel strange
3 bod ryfeddaf:
fel y mae hi ryfeddaf curiously enough, strange to say (“as it is
strangest”)
4 ryfedda (South Wales) ( after an
adjective) extremely, very very
Mae hi’n oer ryfeddaf It’s really cold
ryfeddaf is the soft-mutated form of rhyfeddaf (= strangest).
Adjectives used as qualifiers indicating extent generally have soft mutation of
the initial consonant.
In colloquial Welsh a final ‹v›, which is
written “f”, is dropped in polysyllables
rhyfedda < rhyfeddaf
5 Mae rhyw bethau rhyfedd ynddo He’s got some odd ways (“there are
some strange things in him”)
:_______________________________.
rhyfeddnod ‹hrə-vedh-nod› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhyfeddnodau ‹hrə-vedh-no-de›
1 exclamation mark (also: ebychnod ‹e-bəkh-nod›)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfedd = wonder) + (nod = mark, sign)
:_______________________________.
rhyfeddol ‹hrə-vee-dhol› adjective
1 surprising, wonderful, marvellous, amazing, spectacular, astonishing
amrywiaeth ryfeddol o ddewisiadau
a surprising variety of choice
y twf rhyfeddol mewn addysg Gymraeg ers 1949
the spectacular growth of Welsh-language education since 1949
gyda chyflymdra rhyfeddol at an
astonishing rate
2 odd, strange
hanes rhyfeddol arlunydd o Gymro yn yr Eidal
the strange history of a Welsh painter in Italy
3 exceptional
dawn ryfeddol exceptional talent
4 ryfeddol (soft-mutated form used as an intensifier after an
adjective) = extremely, tremendously
lliw swynol a chyfoethog ryfeddol an enchanting and wonderfully rich
colour
5 rhyfeddol o (intensifier before an adjective) = extremely
yr oedd yr hen wraig yn rhyfeddol o hardd ac urddasol the old woman was
extremely handsome and dignified
6 gwneud yn rhyfeddol = do extremely well
Maen nhw wedi gwneud yn rhyfeddol They’ve done really well
:_______________________________.
rhyfeddu ‹hrə VEE dhi› (verb)
1 to wonder
rhyfeddu at (rywbeth) to wonder at (something)
:_______________________________.
rhyfel ‹hrə-vel› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhyfeloedd ‹hrə-ve-lodh›
1 war = armed conflict
adeg rhyfel in time of war, in wartime
ar adeg rhyfel in time of war, in wartime
awyren ryfel warplane
bod ar fin mynd yn rhyfel be close to war (“be on (the) edge of going in
war”)
bod mewn rhyfel be at war (“be in war”)
bwyell ryfel war axe
carcharor rhyfel prisoner of war, POW
cofgolofn ryfel war memorial
(in the shape of a column)
cyhoeddi rhyfel ar declare war on
difrod rhyfel war damage
erchyllterau rhyfel the horrors of
gohebydd rhyfel war correspondent
llong ryfel warship
mynd â’r rhyfel at y gelyn carry the war
into the enemy’s camp (“take the war to the enemy”)
mynd i ryfel go to war
mynd yn rhyfel rhwng (“going in war between”, “become a war between”)
war breaking out between...
...Yr oedd ar fin mynd yn rhyfel War was close to breaking out
mynwent ryfel war cemetery
pan fo rhyfel in time of war,
if there’s a war on
parod ar gyfer rhyfel on a war footing, prepared for war
rhyfel athreuliol war of attrition
rhyfel cartref civil war
Rhyfel Cartref America the American Civil War
rhyfel diarbed total war, all-out war
rhyfel ffug phoney war
rhyfel gerila guerrilla war
rhyfel oer cold war
rhyfel sanctaidd holy war
rhyfel ymrhyddhâd war of liberation (“war of freeing oneself”)
rhyfel yn torri allan a war breaking out
...Ond oherwydd i’r rhyfel dorri allan dri mis yn ddiweddarach... But
because the war broke out three months later...
trosedd rhyfel war crime
yn ystod y rhyfel during the war
2 war = a specific armed conflict
..1/ Yr Ail Ryfel Byd The Second World War
..2/ Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf The First World War
..3/ Rhyfel Caerdroia The Trojan War
..4/ Rhyfel Iberia The Peninsular War (1808-1814) - Portuguese,
Castilians and English against the French, resulting in the defeat of the
French
..5/ Y Rhyfel Mawr The First World War
..6/ Rhyfel Olyniaeth Awstria The War of the Austrian Succession
..7/ Y Trydydd Rhyfel Byd The Third World War
Roedd rhyfel ddistaw rhwng y ddwy wraig
There was a silent war / smouldering feud between the two women
4 war = campaign to achieve some end, eliminate something undesirable
rhyfel yn erbyn tlodi war on want
3 war = any conflict, dispute, feud
NOTE: also sometimes as a feminine noun
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
rhyfela ‹hrə VE la› (verb)
1 make war
rhyfela gerila guerilla warfare
:_______________________________.
rhyfelgan ‹hrə-vel-gan› feminine
noun
PLURAL rhyfelganau ‹hrə-vel-gaa-ne›
1 song of war, war-song = song sung by warriors before fighting
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfel = war) + soft mutation + (cân = song)
:_______________________________.
rhyfelgar ‹hrə VEL gar› (adjective)
1 bellicose, warlike
:_______________________________.
rhyfelgarwch ‹hrə vel GA rukh›
(masculine noun)
1 agressive nature, liking for war
:_______________________________.
rhyfelgri, rhyfelgrïau ‹hrə VEL gri, hrə vel GRI
e› (masculine noun)
1 war cry
:_______________________________.
rhyfelgyrch, rhyfelgyrchoedd ‹hrə
VEL girkh, hrə vel GƏR khodh› (masculine
noun)
1 military operation
:_______________________________.
rhyfelwr ‹hrə-vee-lur› masculine
noun
PLURAL rhyfelwyr ‹hrə-vel-wir›
1 warrior
ei gwrol ryfelwyr, gwladgarwyr tra mad (in the Welsh national anthem)
her (Wales’s) valiant warriors, most excellent patriots
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyfel = war) + (-wr = man)
:_______________________________.
rhyfyg ‹HRƏ vig› (masculine
noun)
1 daring, presumption
:_______________________________.
rhyg ‹HRIIG› (masculine
noun)
1 rye
bara rhyg rye bread
cae rhyg rye field
:_______________________________.
rhyglyddu ‹hrəg-LƏ-dhi› v
1 (obsolete) to deserve, to merit, to be worthy of
rhyglyddu bodd rhywun (obsolete) to please (“to merit (the) satisfaction
(of) somebody”)
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 20:27 Y doeth a'i gesyd ei hun rhagddo trwy ymadrodd:
a'r call a ryglydda fodd pendefigion.
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 20:27 A wise man shall promote himself to
honour with his words: and he that hath understanding will please great men.
ETYMOLOGY: probably rhyglyddu < rhaglyddu (rhag- prefix
= fore-, pre-) + soft mutation (+ llydd) + (-u verbal suffix)
This element llydd is to be seen in the (obsolete) verb derllyddu (=
deserve) < British < Celtic do-ro-slij, (do) + (ro) + (a root slí).
The corresponding word in Breton is dellezout (= deserve)
:_______________________________.
rhygnu ‹HRƏG ni›
1 rhygnu ar (rywbeth), harp on (about), go on
(about) = dwell tediously on a subject;
Dyna fe’n rhygnu ar ei hoff dant He’s off on his hobby horse (“there he
is scraping his favourite string”)
Taw â dy rygnu! Stop going on about it all the time!
Mae mamgu wedi bod yn rhygnu ar hyn drwy’r dydd Grandma’s been going on
about it all day
rhygnu ar yr un hen dant, harp on (about), go on (about) = dwell
tediously on a subject; be the same old song
:_______________________________.
rhygyng ‹HRƏ ging› [ˡhrəgɪŋ]
(masculine noun)
1 amble
ar rygyng at an amble
mynd rygyng to amble
:_______________________________.
rhygyngog ‹hrə GƏ ngog› [hrəˡgəŋɔg]
(adj)
1 ambling
Ceffylyn Rhygyngog (“(the) ambling nag”) A folk tune in “The Cambrian
Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). Translated as “Galloping Nag”.
ETYMOLOGY: (rhygyng- stem of rhgyngu = to amble) + (-og
adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhygyngu ‹hrə GƏ ngi› [hrəˡgəŋɪ]
(v)
1 to amble
:_______________________________.
Y Rhyl ‹ə hril› [ə ˡhrɪl]
1 town SJ0182 in the county of Dinbych
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/555129
Traeth y Rhyl / the beach
ETYMOLOGY: Thought to be from an earlier form of the English word “hill”. A
mistaken division (‘camraniad’) of Yr Hyl (= the hill) has given Y
Rhyl.
This form with initial rh- is found from the beginning of the 1700s.
But as there are no visible hills at this point, it could perhaps refer to a
sandbank.
Alternative explanation: The word in question may not be “hill”or any kind of
elevated feature at all.
Just over the water, in Penrhyn Cilgwri / The Wirral Peninsula there is a place
with a similar topography and a similar name.
The nineteenth-century village of Hoylake (the name is a coalesced form of
“Hoyle Lake”) had its origins in a former fishing village called Hoose.
Hoyle Lake is a body of water between Hilbre Island and Dove Point, with a
depth of twenty feet. It was used as an anchorage for ships which were too
large to sail up the river Dyfrdwy / Dee to the city of Chester. A wide
sandbank called Hoyle Bank protects the lake.
(Information from wikipedia; and “The Place Names of Wales” / Hywel Wyn Owen /
1998)
Possibly the name Y Rhyl / Yr Hyl has some connection with the word
“hoyle”.
Hoyle is the Lancashire pronunciation of ‘hole’, and possibly the place name
Hoyle is from Old English holh (= hole, hollow, low-lying place,
depression).
On the Welsh side of the approach to the Dyfrdwy estuary is West Hoyle Bank.
But in spite of the similarity of the marine landscape and the two names, holh
is unlikely to be the source of the element hyl, in Yr Hyl > Y
Rhyl
(delwedd 7437)
:_______________________________.
Rhymni ‹hrəm-ni› [ˡhrəmnɪ]
1 (SO1205) Afon Rhymni river in the county of Caerffili
Form used in English: “Rhymney”
Cwm Rhymni the valley of this river
Blaenrhymni farm by the source of the river (“(the’) source (of the
river) Rhymni”)
2 Glynrhymni
..a/ formerly, one of the two hamlets into which the parish of Llanfabon was
divided (the other being Garth), near the town of Caerffili
..b/ a district in Bedwas, county of Caerffili
English name (or rather, the name used by the English, since in fact it is not
English at all, but the Welsh name with poor spelling): Glyn Rhymney, which should
be Glynrhymni
3 Rhymni (SO1107) town in the county of
Caerffili
Originally Y Rhymni, from a company name, “The Rhymney Iron Works”
4 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 6,640 (1961); Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 23%
5 Llanrhymni (qv) ST2181 Originally the name of
a mansion, now the name of a suburb of Caer-dydd
English name: Llanrumney
“(the) church (by the river) Rhymni”. But originally it was Lanrymni
“(the) bank (of the river) Rhymni”, with lan (a mutated form of glan
= bank, riverside).
More correctly, the name would be Glanrhymni.
6 Aber Rhymni ST2277 the
mouth of Afon Rhymni beyond Lamby (on the eastern bank) and Pengam (on the
western bank)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/582251
Aber Rhymni
7 Rhymni An erroneous form for Tredelerch
(a suburb of Caer-dydd, on the banks of the river Rhymni). The English name is Rumney
(an Anglicised form of the river name).
The mistake has arisen from an assumption (probably by non-Welsh
speakers) that spelling English name Rumney in correct Welsh spelling resulted
in the Welsh name for the village (which in fact is generally the case where
the ‘English’ name of a place is the Welsh name poorly spelt; but not in the
case of ‘Rumney’)
ETYMOLOGY: Probably *rhympni < (rhwmp = auger, tool for boring
wood) + (-ni suffix found in many river names) “river which bores
throught the land like an auger”
(delwedd 7905)
NOTE: Traditionally the ‘h’ is not pronounced locally - a characteristic of the
traditional spoken Welsh of the south-east, which is an ‘h’-less dialect..
Rhymni > R’ymni [ˡrəmnɪ]
:_______________________________.
rhyng - ‹hrəng› (preposition)
1 basis of conjugated forms of the preposition rhwng = between
:_______________________________.
rhyngddi ‹HRƏNG-dhi› (preposition)
1 between her / it (rhwng = between)
:_______________________________.
rhyngddo ‹HRƏNG-dho› (preposition)
1 between him / it (rhwng = between)
With the tag pronoun:
rhyngddo ef (literary) between him
rhyngddo fe (more colloquial) between him
2 (colloquial) rhyngddo i between me
Buodd ffrae rhyngddo i a’r tafarnwr
There was an argument between me and the tafarnkeeper
The literary form is rhyngof
:_______________________________.
Y Rhyngrwyd ‹ə hrəng-ruid› feminine
noun
1 Internet
Mae ein tudalennau ar y Rhyngrwyd
Our pages are on the Internet
ETYMOLOGY: A calque on the English word Internet
(rhyng- = inter, prefix < rhwng = between) + soft mutation + (rhwyd
= net)
:_______________________________.
rhyngu <HRƏNG-i› feminine
noun
1 reach; but it occurs only in the expression rhyngu bodd (+
genitivus subjectivus) please, be pleasing to, gratify
Trwy ffydd y bu i Abel, Enoc a Noa ryngu bodd Iawe
Through [their] faith, Abel, Enoch and Noah pleased God
Anodd rhyngu bodd bedlemod (saying) Beggars are hard to please (because
they think that a donation given them is never enough and ought to be more)
Also rhyngu bodd i (with the preposition i = to, for)
rhyngu bodd (i rywun) please
(someone), be pleasing to (someone), gratify (someone), satisfy (someone)
Colosiaid 3:20 Y plant, ufuddhewch i'ch rhieni ym mhob peth: canys hyn sydd
yn rhyngu bodd i'r Arglwydd yn dda. Colossians 3:20 Children, obey your
parents in all things: for this is well pleasing unto the Lord.
2 Rhynged bodd eich anrhydedd May it please your honour (formula used in
addressing a judge in a court of law)
ETYMOLOGY: *rhanc (= satisfaction) < Celtic *ro-ank-
(probably meaning ‘reaching, attaining’)
Cf Breton rankout (= be necessary)
..a/ With the addition of the prefix cyf-: cyfranc (= (obsolete)
tale, history, story)
(cyf- prefix = ‘together’) + soft mutation + (the obsolete
element *rhanc = satisfaction < Celtic *ro-ank-)
There is a corresponding word in Irish: comhrac (= battle, encounter)
..b/ The element *ank- occurs in dianc (= to escape)
rhyngu bodd (= “reach (the) satsifaction (of)”), (rhyngu = reach,
bodd = satisfaction)
:_______________________________.
rhyngwladol ‹hrə NGWLAA dol›
(adjective)
1 international
2 cyflafareddu rhyngwladol international
arbitration
:_______________________________.
Rhys ‹HRIIS› (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
Rhys Llwyd y Lleuad ‹hriis luid
ə nei-adh›
1 the man in the moon (“Rhys Llwyd (of) the moon”)
:_______________________________.
Rhys o’r mynydd ‹hriis or mə-nidh› masculine
noun
South-east Wales
1 personification of the wind (“Rhys from
the mountain”)
:_______________________________.
rhythu ‹HRƏ-thi› (verb)
1 stare
2 llygadrythu (verb sense
objecte) stare
(llygad = eye) + soft mutation + (rhythu = to stare )
llygadrythu ar = stare at
llygadrythu ar rywun yn atgas give somebody a nasty stare
:_______________________________.
..1 rhyw ‹HRIU› (determiner)
1 some
2 rywbryd ‹RIU brid›
(adverb) sometime
3 rywsut ‹RIU sit›
(adverb) somehow
4 yn rhywle ‹ən
HRIU le› (adverb) somewhere
:_______________________________.
..2 rhyw ‹HRIU› (masculine
noun)
1 sex = condition of being male or female
y rhyw arall the opposite sex
gwahaniaethu ar sail rhyw sexual discrimination
y rhyw wannaf (= women) the weaker sex (“the weakest sex”)
y rhyw deg (= women) the fair sex
y rhyw gref (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)
y rhyw gadarn (= men) the stronger sex (“the strong sex”)
2 type, sort
3 dynolryw the human race, mankind (= the human race as a whole)
(dynol = human ) + soft mutation + ( rhyw = type, kind)
Dynolryw is a feminine noun, unlike rhyw
4 sex (= copulation)
rhyw heb ymdreiddiad non-penetrative sex
:_______________________________.
rhywbeth ‹HRIU beth› (·pronoun·)
1 something
2 (referring to a person – rhywbeth + adjective)
Rhywbeth cymedrol iawn yw hi, ynte
She’s very unadventurous, isn’t she
Rhywbeth hwit-hwat yw e, wyddoch chi ar y ddaear lle i gaal hyd iddo
He’s unpredictable, you never know where to find him
:_______________________________.
rhywbeth-rywbeth ‹hriu –beth riu-beth› pronoun
1 any old thing, something not of an acceptable standard or quality
Wnaiff rhywbeth-rywbeth mo’r tro i fi I won’t accept just any old thing
:_______________________________.
rhywiog ‹HRIU-yog › adj
1 kind, generous, gentle, amiable
Cymráes rywiog ei bro
A gentle Welshwoman (typical of) her district
2 tender, soft; not tough, not coarse
y moron a'r rwdins rhywiog wedi'u berwi'n iawn
the tender carrots and the turnips after being properly boiled
gwair mwy rhywiog a meddal
grass (which is) more tender and softer
3 fine, good, excellent, of good quality
Clywid Cymraeg rhywiog Dyffryn Clwyd ar bob llaw
The pleasant Welsh of the Clwyd Valley was to be heard everywhere
aelwydydd lle siaredir Cymraeg rhywiog, naturiol, lliwgar
homes where good, natural and vigorous (“colourful”) Welsh is spoken
carreg felin â graen mwy rhywiog arni at falu ar gyfer blawd gwenith a
cheirch
a millstone with a finer grain for grinding into wheat flour and oat flour
5 fine, soft = not thick, not coarse
gwlân rywiog fine wool; tail wool
cael gwlân rhywiog ar glun gafr make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear
(“find fine wool on a goat’s thigh”)
ni cheir gwlân rhywiog ar glun gafr you can’t make a silk purse out of a
sow’s ear
(“fine wool on a goat’s thigh is not found / is not had”)
6 (land) easy to cultivate
tir rhywiog land which is easy to cultivate
7
soft = not hard
carreg rywiog freestone, a soft stone which is easily
cut and doesn’t shatter
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyw = sort, kind, type, class) + (-i-og adjectival
suffix)
:_______________________________.
rhywiol ‹hriu-yol› adjective
1 sexual = of the sexual act, of copulation
anallu rhywiol impotence, sexual impotence
atgynhyrchiad rhywiol sexual reproduction
cam-drin rhywiol sexual abuse
camdriniaeth rywiol sexual abuse
cyfathrach rywiol sexual intercourse
cynhyrfiad rhywiol sexual excitement
fferdod rhywiol frigidity, sexual frigidity
gweithred rywiol a sexual act
gwyrdroad rhywiol sexual perversion
gwyriad rhywiol sexual deviation
oerni rhywiol frigidity, sexual frigidity
trafferthion rhywiol sexual disfunction
troseddau rhywiol sexual offences
ymosodiad rhywiol sexual assualt
ysfa rywiol sexual urge
2 sexy = arousing sexual desire
merch rywiol sexy girl
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyw = sex) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
rhywrai ‹HRIU rai› (·pronoun·)
1 some ones
:_______________________________.
rhywun ‹HRIU in› (·pronoun·)
1 someone
:_______________________________.
rhywogaeth, rhywogaethau ‹hriu OO geth, hriu
o GEI the› (feminine noun)
1 species
:_______________________________.
rideg ‹rii-deg› verb
1 a southern form of rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r”
replaces “rh”.
In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a
final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the
Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›
:_______________________________.
rifolfer, rifolferi ‹ri VOL ver, ri vol VE ri› (masculine
noun)
1 revolver
:_______________________________.
rif y gwlith ‹riiv ə GWLIITH›
(adverb)
1 innumerable, masses of, too many to count
Y mae’r castell yn denu ymwelwyr rif y gwlith bob haf The castle draws
masses of visitors to it every summers
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) number (of) the dewdrops”) (rhif = number) + (y definite
article) + (gwlith = dew; dewdrops). There is soft mutation, here rh
> r, of the initial consonant of an adverbial phrase
:_______________________________.
rigan ‹rii-gan› verb
1 (county of Caerfyrddin) to tease
Yr oedd Morgan Jones yn hoff iawn o rigan Sali ynghylch Nat
Morgan Jones was very fond of teasing Sali about Nat
ETYMOLOGY: English “to rig” (= to tease)
NOTE: in the county of Penfro rhigian
:_______________________________.
rigio ‹rig-yo› verb
1 rig = provide a ship with sails and masts, etc
2 rig = manipulate for fraudulent purposes
rigio etholiad rig an election
ETYMOLOGY: English rig (= prepare sails, ropes of a ship; manipulate for
fraudulent purposes) < Scandinavian; cf Norwegian rigga (= to wrap)
:_______________________________.
ring ‹ring› feminine
noun
PLURAL rings ‹rings›
1 ring = stage for a boxing match
ring baffio plural rings paffio boxing ring boxing ring
ring focsio plural rings bocsio
ETYMOLOGY: English ring (= boxing ring; finger ring) < Old English hring.
Cf Norwegian ring (= finger ring)
:_______________________________.
ring ‹ring›
(North Wales)
1 Y Ring name of an inn in Llanfrothen (SH6241) (district
of Meirionydd, county of Gwynedd)
Bu tafarn y “Ring”, Llanfrothen (neu’r Brondanw Arms yn swyddogol) yn
gyrchfan bwysig i borthmyn ers amser maith The tavern called Y Ring in
Llanfrothen (or the Brondanw Arms officially) was an important port of call for
drovers many years ago
Mae tafarn Y Ring yn Llanfrothen yn cynnig prydau bar da a chwrw casgen.
The Y Ring pub offers bar food and beer from the cask
ETYMOLOGY: y ring < yr ing (yr definite article) + (ing
< in < English inn = coaching inn)
:_______________________________.
riparo ‹ri PAA ro› (verb)
1 to repair (colloquial)
:_______________________________.
ritag ‹RII-tag› verb
1 a south-eastern form of rideg < rhedeg (= to run). In
southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.
In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a
final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the
Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›
:_______________________________.
riteg ‹RII-teg› verb
1 a south-eastern form of rideg < rhedeg (= to run). In southern
Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.
In the south-east riteg / ritag - initial ‹d› in a
final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the
Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›
:_______________________________.
rízyfoi ‹ri –zə-voi› masculine
noun
1 (Englishism, colloquial form) reservoir. (Standard Welsh: cronfa ddŵr)
Ar bwys rizyfoi Porth-cawl Near the Porth-cawl reservoir
ETYMOLOGY: English reservoir < modern French réservoir < réserver
(= to reserve)
:_______________________________.
Y Ro ‹ROO>
1 village in the county of Conwy
A Topographical
Dictionary of Wales, Samuel Lewis, 1833, commenting on the parish of Caer-rhun:
There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents, and Calvinistic and
Wesleyan Methodists, in the little village of Roe, in this parish.
ETYMOLOGY: “the [river] shingle”. (y definite article) + soft mutation +
(gro = river shingle)
:_______________________________.
robin goch, robinod cochion / robiniaid cochion ‹ROO-bin
GOOKH, ro-BIN-od, ro-BIN-yaid, -yed, KOKH-yon› [ˡroˑbɪn
ˡgoːx, rɔˡbɪnɔd, rɔˡbɪnjaɪd,
-jɛd ˡkɔxjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 robin, redbreast, robin redbreast (bird)
:_______________________________.
roc <ROK> [rɔk] (masculine
noun)
1 rock (music)
cerddoriaeth roc rock music
canwr roc (m) cantorion roc rock singer
cantores roc (f) cantoresau roc rock singer
cyngerdd roc (m) cyngherddau roc rock concert
ETYMOLOGY: English rock (music)
:_______________________________.
roced, rocedi <RO-ked, ro-KEE-di> [ˡrɔkɛd,
rɔˡkeˑdɪ] (feminine noun)
1 rocket
:_______________________________.
roced oleuo, rocedi goleuo <RO-ked o-LEI-o,
ro-KEE-di go-LEI-o> [ˡrɔkɛd ɔˡləɪɔ,
rɔˡkeˑdɪ gɔˡləɪɔ] (feminine
noun)
1 flare, signal rocket
:_______________________________.
rodni, rodnis <ROD-ni,
ROD-nis, -niz> [ˡrɔdnɪ, ˡrɔdnɪs,
-nɪz] (nm)
1 good-for-nothing, wastrel, rascal
train y rodniz the last train (from Caer-dydd or Abertawe) up the valley
lines, full of drunks
ETYMOLOGY: English rodney. Cf rodney = A
helper on canal paths; the one that opens the locks.
Northall, George F. 1894. Folk-Phrases of Four Counties (Glouc., Staff.,
Warw. Worc.)
Gathered from Unpublished MSS and Oral Tradition. London: Published for the
English Dialect Society
by Henry Frowde.
:_______________________________.
roedd <ROIDH> [rɔɪð] verb
1 was, were; third person singular imperfect of del verb bod
2 was; were (with a definite noun)
Roedd Siôn yn cysgu = Siôn was sleeping (“Siôn was in sleeping”)
Roedd Siôn a Siân yn cysgu = Siôn and Siân were sleeping (“Siôn and Siân
were in sleeping”)
Roedd y papur ar y llawr The newspaper was on the floor
Roedd y papurau ar y llawr The newspapers were on the floor
3 was (with the pronouns ef (= he), hi (= she))
roedd hi yn y gwely she was in bed
roedd e yn y gwely he was in bed
4 was (with the pronoun hi = empty subject, as with English it,
German es)
Roedd hi’n bwrw glaw It was raining (“it was throwing rain”)
5 was (without a pronoun)
Roedd yn dda gen i glywed hynny I was glad to hear that
6 there was (with an indefinite noun)
Roedd dŵr ar y llawr There was water on the ground
also in the form roedd yna, or roedd na + soft mutation
(yna is probably an imitation of English ‘there’, although other
languages also have the idea of location and indefinition: Catalan hi havia
(hi = there), French il y avait (y = there))
Roedd na ddŵr ar y llawr There was water on the ground
7 conjunctive use = that (she-he-it) was. Used when a verb or an
adverbial is placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis
Yn yr ardd roedd e, nid ar yr heol It was in the garden, not in the
street (“(it is”) in the garden that it was...”)
Canu roedd hi, er gwaethaf popeth She was singing (“(it was) singing
that she was...”) in spite of everything
8 roedd... a roedd in such a sequence the second roedd is
usually omitted
Roedd wedi troi wyth o’r gloch a’i fam eisoes yn paratoi swper
It had turned eight o’ clock and his mother was already preparing the supper
ETYMOLOGY: contraction of the literary form yr oedd > yróedd
> roedd. The loss of an initial pretonic syllable is common in
colloquial Welsh
NOTE: colloquially in the south oe <OI> [ɔɪ] > oo
<OO> [oː]. Thus, roedd
> roodd / ro’dd. In the south, also with the loss of the
initial r, hence roodd > oodd
:_______________________________.
roeddach chi ‹ROI dha khi› (verb)
1 you were (North-west)
:_______________________________.
roeddan nhw ‹ROI dha nu› (verb)
1 they were (North-west)
:_______________________________.
roeddan ni ‹ROI dha ni› (verb)
1 we were (North-west)
:_______________________________.
roeddat ti ‹ROI dha ti› (verb)
1 you were (North-west)
:_______________________________.
roedd e ‹ROI dhe› (verb)
1 he was (South)
:_______________________________.
roeddech chi ‹ROI dh› (verb)
1 you were (North-east, south-east)
:_______________________________.
roedden nhw ‹ROI dh› (verb)
1 they were (North-east, south-east)
:_______________________________.
roedden ni ‹ROI dh› (verb)
1 we were (North-east, south-east)
:_______________________________.
roeddet ti ‹ROI dh› (verb)
1 you were (North-east, south-east)
:_______________________________.
roedd hi ‹ROI DH hi› (verb)
1 she was
:_______________________________.
roedd o ‹ROI dho› (verb)
1 he was (North)
:_______________________________.
roeddwn i ‹ROI dh› (verb)
1 I was
:_______________________________.
Roeg ‹rooig› adjective
1 Soft mutated form (g > ZERO) of Groeg = Greek
yr Eglwys Roeg the Greek Church
yr iaith Roeg the Greek language
(in these expressions there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an
adjective which follows a feminine noun)
:_______________________________.
rofft ‹ROFT› feminine noun
1 a soft-mutated form of grofft, which in turn is a soft-mutated
form of crofft (= croft) (qv)
Used as a radical from in some place names (that is, the soft-mutated form does
not occur after a definite article)
Rofft is a case of an unusual double soft mutation: crofft >
grofft > rofft.
Both rofft and grofft occur as radical forms, though in fact crofft
is the base form.
The definite article before grofft resulted in the form y rofft; and
the use of rofft as a radical form resulted in such names as Rofft y
Pistyll (see below), where one might expect at least Grofft y Pistyll,
and most “correct” of all Crofft y Pistyll.
This mutation is not however altogether unusual. In common with a host
of other (mainly monosyllabic) feminine nouns in place names (gwaun, gwern,
glan, etc), the soft-mutated form (especially g < c) has in some
places come to be regarded as the radical form (waun, wern, lan, etc),
thus rofft instead of grofft.
Hence names such as Rofft y Pistyll, where in such names (main noun
+ definite article + qualifying noun) the main noun should have the radical
form
In some field names in Shropshire, England, in a traditionally Welsh-speaking
area on the Welsh border, rofft is to be found:
(The quotes are from Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire
Archaeologocal Society, 1980):
(p.11) “The Welsh Border equivalent of Croft is Roft, a name
particularly prevalent in Oswestry.”
Mention is made of Rofft y Pistyll in reference to the element pistyll
(= waterfall)
(p.21) “Pistol Leasow (Ellesmere) and Pystil Croft or Roft y
pistill (Oswestry) are fields by waterfalls”.
And there is mention of Rofft y Sbyty:
(p.58) “Roft y Spytty (Oswestry) has been translated as Croft of the
Hospitallers. The name refers, perhaps, to some religious house or place of
temporary accommodation or shelter for travellers.”
:_______________________________.
Y Rofft ‹ə ROFT› feminine noun
1 Name of a primary school in Marford (Wrecsam)
2 Y Rofft A locality in Llandudno SH7782 (where there is Rofft Gate
(which would be Giât y Rofft in Welsh); and Rofft Place (which would be simply
Y Rofft in Welsh, or if literally translated Lle’r-rofft; or Clos-y-rofft, etc)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/339803
3 Y Rofft (Formerly) A place in Pennal (Gwynedd)
The Esgairweddan estate in Pennal SH6900 was at one time known as Plas yn y
Rofft / Plas yn Rofft (“the hall at Y Rofft”) (there is a tendency for the
linking Y in such place names to be dropped, hence plas yn y rofft > plas
yn rofft).
This hall which gave its name to the estate was probably located in the
present-day hamlet known as Y Cwrt (“the court”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/218410 Y
Cwrt
ETYMOLOGY: “the croft” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (grofft
= croft).
The word grofft is itself a soft-mutated form of
crofft (= croft) (qv)
A case of an unusual double soft mutation crofft > grofft > rofft.
:_______________________________.
Y Rofft-wen ‹ə roft WEN› feminine
noun
1 Mynwent Rofft-wen SH4165 mynwent y Rofft-wen “the
cemetery (by) Y Rofft-wen” name of a cemetery in Niwbwrch (Ynys Môn)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/835470
Mynwent Rofft-wen
ETYMOLOGY: y rofft wen “the white
croft”(y definite article) + soft mutation + (grofft = croft) +
soft mutation + (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
Rofft y Pistyll ‹ROFT ə PI-stilh› feminine
noun
1 A field name by Croesoswallt / Oswestry,
Shropshire, England, a traditionally Welsh-speaking area on the English side of
the Welsh border:
In Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire Archaeologocal Society,
1980, p.21, mention is made of Rofft y Pistyll in reference to the
element pistyll (= waterfall):
“Pistol Leasow (Ellesmere) and Pystil Croft or Roft y pistill (Oswestry)
are fields by waterfalls”.
ETYMOLOGY: rofft y pistyll “(the) crofft (of) the waterfall”)
(rofft = croft) + (y definite article before a consonant) + (pistyll
= waterfall).
:_______________________________.
Rofft y Sbyty ‹ROFT ə SBƏ-ti› feminine
noun
1 A field name by Croesoswallt / Oswestry, Shropshire, England,
a traditionally Welsh-speaking area on the English side of the Welsh border:
In Shropshire Field Names, H.D.G. Foxall, Shropshire Archaeologocal Society,
1980, p.58, mention is made of Rofft y Sbyty:
“Roft y Spytty (Oswestry) has been translated as Croft of the
Hospitallers. The name refers, perhaps, to some religious house or place of
temporary accommodation or shelter for travellers.”
ETYMOLOGY: rofft y ’sbyty “(the) croft (of) the spital /
pilgrims’ shelter”)
(rofft = croft) + (y ’sbyty = the spital, colloquial form
of yr ysbyty = the spital).
yr ysbyty = (yr definite article before a vowel) + (ysbyty =
spital).
y ’sbyty = (y definite article before a consonant) + (sbyty
= spital)
(’sbyty is a clipped version of ysbyty, through the loss of the
first syllable).
NOTE: Cf the name Spitalfields (“hospital fields”), a district in the Borough
of Tower Hamlets, London. The Spital or Hospital is the "The
New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopgate". founded 1197. A document of
1341 notes that it was founded with the aim of receiving and entertain
pilgrims, and housing the infirm until they were healed, and pregnant women
until they gave birth, and also to take care until the age of seven of the
children of women who died in childbirth in the hospital.
:_______________________________.
Y Ro Lwyd ‹roo-luid› feminine
noun
1 SH7650 mountain in the county of Conwy (North Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: “the grey meadow” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (gro
= meadow) + soft mutation + (llwyd = grey)
NOTE: See also Ro Wen
:_______________________________.
Romaneg ‹ro MA neg› (feminine noun)
1 Romance (language)
:_______________________________.
Roser ‹ro-ser›
1 A south-eastern form of the name Rhosier = Roger. In the
south-east the sound ‹h› was typically
absent, so rh > r
Caeroser name of a farm in Glynogwr SS9587 (county of Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr)
2 street names:
(1) on English maps as ‘Rosser Street’, which in Welsh would be Heol Roser
..(a) Castell-nedd
..(b) Glynrhedynnog (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
..(c) Maes-y-coed, Pont-y-pridd (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(2) on English maps as ‘Rosser Terrace’, which in Welsh would be Rhestr
Roser
..(a) Bryn-coch (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
NOTE: Roser would in fact be Rosar locally - in the south-east an ‘e’ in
the final syllable is always ‘a’
:_______________________________.
row ‹rou› masculine
noun
PLURAL rowiau, rows ‹rou –ye,
rous›
1 row = quarrel; reprimand
cael row (gan rywun) be told off (by someone) (“have a row from
someone”)
Fe ddywedodd e wrtho i iddo fe gael row gennych chi y tro diwetha.
He said that you gave him a row / told him off the last time
cicio row kick up a fuss, start arguing
ETYMOLOGY: English row (= quarrel, dispute). First recorded in English
in the 1700s. Origin unknown.
:_______________________________.
y Ro Wen ‹roo-wen› feminine
noun
1 SH7449 mountain in the county of Conwy (North Wales)
:_______________________________.
y Ro-wen ‹roo-wen› feminine
noun
1 SH7571 a village in the county of Conwy (North Wales), near the
mountain of Ro Wen
ETYMOLOGY: “the white meadow” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (gro
= meadow) + soft mutation + (gwen feminine form of gwyn = white)
NOTE: See also Ro Lwyd
:_______________________________.
rownd, rowndiau (1) ‹ROUND,
ROUND-ye› (feminine noun)
1 round by a watchman, patrol, policeman
troedio’ch rownd pound the beat (“tread your round”)
:_______________________________.
rownd (2) ‹ROUND› (preposició)
1 round
mynd rownd y gornel turn the corner, go round the corner
3 yr O rownd (“silver tongues”) an interpretation of
the English plant name ‘horehound’ through folk etymology
THE TREATMENT OF ENGLISH BORROWED WORDS IN COLLOQUIAL WELSH / THOMAS
POWEL / Y Cymmrodor VOL. VI 1883. / p135
The following paper is an attempt to give a general account
of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial
Welsh of the present day. Most of the statements here made
are applicable to the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but
the paper treats more particularly of the dialect spoken, with
slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen,
and the greater part of Cardigan.
In using many English words, the etymology of which is
unknown to the speakers, fancy often exerts itself to fìnd an
origin for them. I can here only notice two or three by way
of example. The popular etymology is sought sometimes in
Enghsh, sometimes in Welsh. Thus, an "hostler" having to
do with horses, the word is very commonly supposed to have
been derived from the name of the animal, and pronounced
accordingly, horsler. Again, among gatherers of "simples" I
have often heard the plant-name "horehound" transformed
into yr O rownd (the round O); and I have known the same
ingenious fancy more poetically resolve the herb "valerian"
into yr efail arian (the silver tongs).
:_______________________________.
równdabowt ‹roun-də-bout› masculine
noun or feminine noun
PLURAL równdabowts, rowndabowtiau ‹roun-də-bouts,
roun-də-bóut-ye›
Englishism
1 (USA: traffic circle) (Englandic: roundabout) (the standard form is cylchfan
= circle + place)
2 (USA: merry-go-round) (Englandic: roundabout,
merry-go-round), carousel (a more standard form is ceffylau bach =
little horses)
3 playground roundabout = a circular platform which
spins, part of the equipment of a children’s playground (a more standard form
is troell = “spinner”)
ETYMOLOGY: from English roundabout < (round + about)
:_______________________________.
rownd laeth ‹rowndiau llaeth›
(feminine noun)
1 milk round
:_______________________________.
rudd ‹riidh› adjective
1 Soft mutated form (rh > r) of rhudd (= red)
Y Foel Rudd (place name) the red hill
2 Soft mutated form (g > ZERO) of grudd (= cheek)
rudd wrth rudd cheek by jowl, close together
:_______________________________.
Ruffudd ‹rii-fidh›
1 Soft mutated form (rh > r) of Gruffudd (= man’s forename)
Bodruffudd / Bod Ruffudd Gruffudd’s house
(Llanllyfni) Dyma’r siopau a oedd yno yn yr 1890au:….. Siop Gruffudd Jones y
Cigydd (cododd dy ar Lôn Coecia yn ddiweddarach ac fe’i galwodd yn Bod Ruffudd)
(Llanllyfni) These are the shops that were there in 1890’s:….. The shop of
Gruffudd Jones the Butcher (he built a house on Lôn Coecia later and he named
it Bod Ruffudd)
(Pantrefi Dyffryn Nantlle / http://www.nantlle.com/llanllyfni-cymraeg.htm )
(Dyfyniad a godwyd / quote retrieved 2008-10-18)
:_______________________________.
’run ‹riin›
Coalesced form of yr un
1 (pronoun) Dal i chwilio am anrhegion? Heb brynu ’run eto?
Still looking for presents? Not bought any yet? (“without buying the one yet”)
2 (determiner) -Blwyddyn newydd dda
ichi! –’Run fath i chithe! (= Yr un fath i chwithau!)
-Happy New Year! -The same to you!
3 Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“Johnnie
(of) the same way”)
:_______________________________.
Rutilius rutilus
1 rhufell (m) rhufelliaid roach
:_______________________________.
rw ‹ruu› adverb
South-east Wales
1 too
Causes soft mutation of a following adjective.
rw fääch = too small (bach = small, local form bääch)
rw fawr= too big (mawr = big)
rw lytan = too ample (llydan = wide, local form llytan)
rw dost = too painful (tost = painful)
ETYMOLOGY: See rhy, of which it is a variant
:_______________________________.
rwan ‹RU an› (adverb)
1 now (North)
:_______________________________.
rwber ‹RU ber› (masculine
noun)
1 rubber = eraser
2 rubber = material
esgidiau rwber rubber boots
:_______________________________.
rwden, rwdins ‹RU den, RU dins›
(feminine noun)
1 swede
:_______________________________.
rw i ‹ru i› (verb)
1 (South Wales) I am
:_______________________________.
rwm <RUM> [rʊm] (f)
PLURAL rwmydd, rwms < RUU-midh,
RUMZ> [ˡrʊmɪð, rʊmz]
1 room
rwm wely bedroom
yn y rwm wely in the bedroom
rwm ffrynt front room
yn y rwm ffrynt in the front room
rwm bac back room
yn y rwm bac in the back room
NOTE: The word is feminine, as is the more genuine and native word ystafell
(= room)
In
standard English the vowel is long [u:], but a short vowel is common [ʊ]
London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England
particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other
pieces, exemplifying the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the
Metropolitan Library Institution, London.
Rum. s. Room, space.
:_______________________________.
Rwsia ‹RU sha› (feminine noun)
1 Russia
:_______________________________.
Rwsiad, Rwsiaid ‹RU shad, RU shed›
(plural noun)
1 Russian
:_______________________________.
Rwsieg ‹RU sheg› (feminine noun)
1 Russian
:_______________________________.
rwtsh ‹rutsh› m
(North Wales)
1 slapdash work
rhyw rwtsh o waith oedd o it was a shoddy piece of work, it was a shoddy
job (= object of poor quality)
2 rubbish, nonsense = ideas or comments which are not
sensible
Paid â siarad rwtsh Don’t talk rubbish
3 rubbish = poor-quality material
Pam dach chi’n edrych ar y fath rwtsh?
Why are you watching such rubbish?
4 (exclamation) Rwtsh! Rubbish! Utter twaddle! Nonsense! Tosh! Crap!
ETYMOLOGY: English rush (= obsolete meaning: work done in haste) <
Old French ruser (= put to flight, force to retreat) < Latin recûsâre
(= to refuse, to reject).
Cf English ruse (= strategem) < Old French ruse (= trick;
avoiding capture) < ruser (= to retreat) < Latin recûsâre
Modern French has ruser (= to use trickery or cunning), rusé (=
crafty, cunning; sly person, cunning person, crafty person), ruse (= ruse,
trick, piece of cunning).
Other senses of rush in English allude to speed or haste: rush =
a sprint at the end of a race; a rush of people = people in a hurry; rushes
= unedited prints of a movie scene.
:_______________________________.
rwtshlyd ‹ruch-lid›
1 rubbish, rubbishy
Dwi’n synnu fod neb yn prynu’r cylchgrawn rwtshlyd hwnnw
I’m surprised anybody buys that rubbishy magazine
ETYMOLOGY: (rwtsh = rubbish) + (-lyd adjectival suffix, often
suggesting contempt)
:_______________________________.
rwyt ti ‹rui TII› (verb)
1 you are
2 Rwyt ti amdani! You’re for it! You’ll pay dearly for this!
:_______________________________.
rych chi ‹rii KHII› (verb)
1 you are (South)
:_______________________________.
rydach chi (‘dach chi) ‹rə da KHII› (verb)
1 you are (North-west)
:_______________________________.
rydan ni (‘dan ni) ‹rə da NII› (verb)
1 we are (North-west)
:_______________________________.
1 rydd ‹riidh› adjective
1 soft-mutated form of rhydd = free
One context in which this form is commonly found is after a feminine singular
noun
cic rydd free kick
Cymru Rydd a free Wales
masnach rydd free trade
menter rydd free enterprise
:_______________________________.
2 rydd ‹hriidh› verb
1 soft mutation of rhydd = will give
Contexts in which this form is commonly found is after the interrogative
particle a (dropped in colloquial use), and the negative particles ni
(dropped in colloquial use) and na (often retained in col·loquial use),
and a (relative pronoun – dropped in colloquial use)
rydd o ddim he won’t give
rydd o mo’i... he won’t give his...
:_______________________________.
Rydd o ddim cymaint â’r du o dan ei ewin i chi ‹riidh
oo dhim kə-mint aar dii oo dan ii eu-in ii khii›
1 district of Arfon, in the county of Gwynedd (said of a mean person)
Literally: “He won’t give as much as the dirt under his [finger] nail to you”
ETYMOLOGY: (ni rydd ef > colloquially rydd o ddim = hw won’t
give) + (cymaint â = as much as) + (y du = the dirt, ‘the black’)
+(o dan = under) + (ei ewin = his fingernail) + (i chi =
to you)
:_______________________________.
rydech chi (’dech chi) ‹rə de KHII›
(verb)
1 you are (North-east)
:_______________________________.
rydeg ‹rə-deg› verb
1 a southern form of rhedeg (= to run). In southern Welsh, “r”
replaces “rh”.
In the south-east ryteg / rytag - initial ‹d› in a
final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›. East of the
Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›
:_______________________________.
ryden ni (’de’ ni) ‹rə
de NII› (verb)
1 we are (North-east)
:_______________________________.
rydw i (’dw i) ‹rə du I›
(verb)
1 I am (standard colloquial)
:_______________________________.
rydych chi (’di’ chi) ‹rə
di KHII› (verb)
1 you are (standard colloquial)
:_______________________________.
rydyn ni (’di’ ni) ‹rə
di NII› (verb)
1 we are (standard colloquial)
:_______________________________.
ryfedda ‹rə-vee –dha› adverb
1 (South Wales) (after an adjective) extremely, very very
Mae hi’n oer ryfeddaf It’s really cold
ETYMOLOGY: ryfedda < ryfeddaf, soft-mutated form of rhyfeddaf
(= strangest).
Adjectives used as qualifiers indicating extent generally have soft mutation of
the initial consonant.
:_______________________________.
rygbi ‹RƏG bi› (masculine
noun)
1 rugby
clwb rygbi a rugby club
chwaraewr rygbi a rugby player
:_______________________________.
ryn ni ‹riin ni› (verb)
1 we are (South)
:_______________________________.
rytag ‹rə-tag› verb
1 This is a a south-eastern form of rydeg < rhedeg (= to
run).
..1/ In southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh” rhedeg > redeg
..2/ The tonic vowel ‹e› loses its
quality and becomes ‹ə›, a neutral vowel redeg > rydeg
In the south-east the spoken form is ryteg / rytag
..1/ initial ‹d› in a final syllable is devoiced to ‹t› rydeg
> ryteg
..2/ East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a› ryteg
> rytag
:_______________________________.
ryteg ‹rə-teg› verb
1 a south-eastern form of rydeg < rhedeg (= to run). In
southern Welsh, “r” replaces “rh”.
In the south-east ryteg / rytag - initial ‹d› in a
final syllable is devoiced to ‹t›.
East of the Nedd valley a final ‹e› is pronounced ‹a›
:_______________________________.
rywbryd <RIU-brid> [ˡrɪʊbrɪd] (adverb)
1 sometime
ETYMOLOGY: rhywbryd > rywbryd (soft mutation occurs in
adverbial use)
rhyw bryd (rhyw = some) + soft mutation + (pryd = time)
:_______________________________.
ryw dro <riu DROO> [rɪʊ
ˡdroː] adverb
1 Ryw dro... Once upon a time (conventional phrase for beginning a
fairy tale, etc)
(Also: Unwaith..., Un tro..., Gynt..., Ers talwm..., Ers llawer dydd...”)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhyw = some) + soft mutation + (tro = turn;
occasion). In adverbial phrases there is soft mutation of the initial consonant
of the first word; thus rhyw > ryw
:_______________________________.
rywsut <RIU-sit> [ˡrɪʊsɪt] (adverb)
1 somehow
ETYMOLOGY: rhywsut > rywsut (soft mutation occurs in adverbial
use)
rhyw sut (rhyw = some) + soft mutation + (sut = how)
Sumbolau: ā ǣ ē ī ō ū / ˡ ɑ æ ɛ
ɪ ɔ ʊ ə ɑˑ eˑ iˑ oˑ uˑ ɑː
æː eː iː oː uː / ɥ / ð ɬ ŋ ʃ
ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ ɪʊ aʊ
ɛʊ əʊ / ә ʌ ŵ ŷ ẃ
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