kimkat1070e A Welsh to English Dictionary in
scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
25-02-2022
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-s ‹-› [s], in southern dialects may be [z]
1 plural suffix - a borrowing from English
(1) in the plural of English loanwords, in literary Welsh and in colloquial Welsh ..1/ gini, ginis = guinea, guineas (former English coin) ..2/ stiwdio, stiwdios = studio (2) in the plural of English loanwords, in colloquial Welsh (the loanword usually has a Welsh plural in literary Welsh) ..1/ lori, loris = lorry, lorries (literary Welsh: lori, lorïau) (3) It also appears in native words: in some dialects, the -s may be added to an existing plural form: ..1/ corc (= cork) > cyrc > cyrcs (= corks) ..2/ fforc (= fork) > ffyrc > ffyrcs (= forks) (4) gŵr = man, gwŷr = men. As a suffix, this is -wr, and the plural form is -wyr. But colloquially -wrs is common; -wyrs also occurs. ..1/ bradwr (= traitor), bradwyr > bradwrs (= traitors)
..2/ capelwr (= chapel-goer), capelwyr > capelwrs (= chapel-goers) ..3/ ffarmwr (= farmer), ffarmwyr > ffarmwrs (= farmers) ..4/ gweithiwr (= worker), gweithwyr > gweithiwrs (= workers) - in south-east Wales as gwithwrs ..5/ llwythwr (= loader), llwythwyr > llwythwrs (= loaders) ..6/ morwr (= sailor, mariner), morwyr > morwyrs (= sailors) ..7/ pregethwr (= preacher), pregethwyr > pregethwrs (= preachers) ..8/ pysgotwr / sgotwr (= fisherman, angler), pysgotwyr / sgotwyr > pysgotwrs / sgotwrs (= fishermen) (5) ci = dog, cŵn = dogs. As a suffix, this is -gi, and the plural form is -gwn. But colloquially there exists: ..1/ corgi (= type of cattle dog, corgi) > corgwn > corgwns and in imitation of this ..2/ tyrci (= turkey) > tyrcwn > tyrcwns (6) After surnames not ending in –s Mae Dafydd Wigleys y byd yma yn rhai prin
The Dafydd Wigleys of this world are infrequent cf -us after –s: Williams, Williamsus (Standard Welsh has –iaid for pluralising surnames which stand by themselves – y Pyweliaid the Powells) A similar process occurred in English with some borrowings from other languages. The final [z] was tken to indicate a plural and so was removed. ...a/ CHERRY - from a French word cherry < cherise (modern standard French cérise)
..b/ PEA – ultimately from Greek pea < pease < Old English peose < Latin pisa, plural of pisum, < Greek pison
..c/ SHERRY - from a Castilian word sherry (from Xeréz ‹sheréz› an older Castillian form of the modern name Jérez, a town in Andalusia)
d/ Again a singular has been formed by removing the <s> in the case of Japanese and Chinese. Thus Japanee and Chinee. These were borrowied into Welsh as:
..1/ Japaní ‹ja-pa-ni› (Japanese person), ..2/ Tsheiní ‹chei-ni› (Chinese person) :_______________________________. s ‹s›
Enclitic before consonants and vowels, representing : 1 nid oes there isn't > does > s
Nid oes arnaf fi ei eisiau > Does arna i ddim o'i eisiau > ’S arna i mo'i ishe
I don't need it ("there isn't on me its necessity") Nid oes gennyf ddim syniad > Does gyda fi ddim syniad > ’Sda fi ddim syniad
I've no idea ("there isn't with me any idea") Nid oes neb yma > ’Sneb ma
There's nobody here Nid oes dim yn y byd yma > ’Sdim byd ma
There's nothing here at all ’swybod ar y ddaear there’s no knowing at all (“there’s no knowing on the earth”)
(Sefyllfa: Mae’r gof ar fin dychwelyd i’w efail) "Well i mi roi'r troed gora mlaen'" ebe Huw, 'swybod ar y ddaear na fydd o wedi gweld i wyn ar rwbath os bydd o acw o mlaen i. Mae o'n meddwl fod pawb yn lladron, a lleidar weiddith lleidar gynta wyddoch
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910) (Situation: The smith is about to go back to his smithy) “I’d better put my best foot forward,” said Huw. There’s no knowing whether he’ll take a fancy to something if he’s down there before me. He thinks that everybody is a thief, but a thief is always the first to accuse others of thieving (“a thief shouts thief first”) 2 os = if
Os na ddaw ef cyn hir bydd hi'n nos > ’Sna ddaw e cyn hir fydd hi'n nos
if he doesn't come soon it'll be dark 3 sydd = which is
Beth yw hwnna sydd gennyt ti? > Beth yw hwnna sydd gyda ti? > Beth yw hwnna sda ti?
What have you got there? ("what's that with you?") Pwy sydd wedi gadael hwnna? > Pwy sdi gadael hwnna? Who's left that?
4 nes = until
Chwerthinais nes fy mod i'n dost > Chwerthinais nes bod fi'n dost > Wyrthinas sbo fi'n dost I laughed until I was sore
5 ers < er ys since + it is,
ers llawer dydd > slawer dydd long ago ("since it is many a day")
ers meityn iawn > smeityn iawn for a long time ("since it is + morning + very")
6 in certain place names (colloquial forms generally, but sometimes
official forms which are original colloquial forms) the s represents the final consonant of a lost first element ynys (= island; meadow). Sometimes the first y of ynys has become a definite article in the reduced name 
(delwedd 7402c)
..1/ Cwm-ynys-gou / Cwm-ynys-gau, ST2899 in the county of Torfaen (cwm = valley, cou / cau = hollow) ("(the) valley (of the) hollow meadow (meadow with a dip”) Spoken form: Cwm-sgou Misspelt as Cwmynyscoy on the Ordnance Survey map http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/836526
..2/ Ynysforgan SS6799 (“(the) meadow (of) Morgan = man’s name”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Sforgan <SVOR-gan> [ˡsvɔrgan]
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS6799
..3/ Ynysgedwyn (“(the) meadow (of) Cedwyn = man’s name”) (county of Powys); spoken form Sgedwyn http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN7809
..4/ Ynysgeti SS6292 (“(the) meadow (of) Ceti / Cedi” = ?person's name) (county of Abertawe); spoken form and official form Y Sgeti http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/295690
..5/ Ynysgynwraidd SO4520 – the English name of this place in the county of Mynwy is Skenfrith, which probably represents a local Welsh form *Sgenffridd ‹SKEN-fridh› (Welsh was finally eliminated from this area over a century ago) from *Sgynfridd ‹SKƏN-vridh›. http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5922
..6/ Ynyshawdre SS8983 > Y Snawdra (Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8983
..7/ Ynysmeudwy SO7304 (“(the) meadow (of the) hermit”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Smitw < *Smeudwy http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/327266
..8/ Ynystawe SN6800 (“(the) meadow (by) (the river) Tawe”) (county of Abertawe); spoken form Stawe ‹STA-we› http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/404938
..9/ Ystalyfera SN7608
Originally Ynys Tal y Fera (1582 Ynys Tal y Veran, 1604 Tir Ynystalverran, 1797 Stalyfera Issa, Ycha, Genol [source: wikipedia, “Ystalyfera”]) http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/918810
“the meadow in front of Y Fera (haystack; probably a hill name). The word “bera” (haystack) is Celtic *berg-, cognate with Proto-Germanic *bergaz (from which German Berg = mountain, Old English beorg (“mountain, hill, mound, barrow, burial place), Modern English (dialect) bergh = hill, and (wiktionary 05-09-2020) Scots BURROW /ˈbʌɹoʊ/ (“mound, tumulus, barrow”), ….. West Frisian BERCH /bɛrx/ (“mountain”), Dutch BERG /bɛrx/ (“mountain”), Low German BARG /bɛrɣ/ [ba̝ɾ(ə)x] (“mountain”)… Danish BJERG : /bjɛrɣ/ (“mountain”), Swedish BERG /bɛrj/ (“mountain”), Norwegian Bokmål BERG /bɛrɡ/ (“rock, mountain, hillock, rock bottom”), Icelandic BERG /pɛrk/ (“mountain”), BJARG (“rock”), Polish BRZEG /bʐɛk/ (“bank, shore”), Russian БЕ́РЕГ (BÉREG, “bank, shore, land”).
7 in certain place names (colloquial forms generally, but sometimes official forms which are original colloquial forms) the s represents the final consonant of another lost element, besides ynys (= meadow):
..1/ is = below Is Cregennan > Sgrogennan (old name of Llanddoged, SH8063, county of Conwy)
..2/ llys (= court) Llyscleddau (“court by the river Cleddau”) spoken form Scledde
:_______________________________. S, s ‹es› feminine noun
1 nineteenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e, 6 f,, 7 g, 8 h, 9 i, 10 j, 11 k, 12 l, 13 m, 14 n, 15 o, 16 p, 17 q, 18 r, 19 s, 20 t, 21 u, 22 v, 23 w, 24 x, 25 y, 26 z
2 twenty-third letter of the twenty-eight letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd 7 e, 8 f, 9 ff, 10 g, 11 ng, 12h, 13 i, 14 j, 15 l, 16 ll, 17 m, 18 n, 19 o, 20 p, 21 r, 22 rh, 23 s, 24 t, 25 th, 26 u, 27 w, 28 y
3 abbreviation (1) swllt = shilling (2) stôn = stone, 14 pounds, 6,148 kg
4 in referring to a shape resembling a letter S
llinell ar ffurf y llythyren S a line in the form of a letter S
:_______________________________. saar ‹ saar ›
1 southern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt sâr / sa’r See aa :_______________________________.
säär ‹ säär ›
1 south-eastern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt (less correctly sêr / sær See aa / saar :_______________________________. saath ‹ çsaath›
1 southern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt sâth / sa’th See aa :_______________________________. sääth ‹ çsääth›
1 south-eastern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt (less correctly) sêth / sæth :_______________________________. Saboth, Sabothau ‹SAA both, sa BOO the› (masculine noun)
1 tor Saboth Sabbath breaking
cadw’r Saboth keep the Sabbath day
ar ddydd y Saboth on the Sabbath day (i.e. every Sabbath day)
Nehemeia 13:19 A phan dywyllasai pyrth Jerwsalem cyn y Saboth, yr erchais gau’r dorau, ac a orchmynnais nad agorid hwynt hyd wedi’r Saboth: a mi a osodais rai o’m gweision wrth y pyrth, fel na ddelai baich i mewn ar ddydd y Saboth.
Nehemiah 13:19 And it came to pass, that when the gates of Jerusalem began to be dark before the sabbath, I commanded that the gates should be shut, and charged that they should not be opened till after the sabbath: and some of my servants set I at the gates, that there should no burden be brought in on the sabbath day amharchu'r Saboth show disrespect for the Sabbath
tor Saboth Sabbath breaking
torri’r Saboth break the Sabbath
:_______________________________. sach, sachau <SAAKH, SAA-khai, -e> [sɑːx, ˡsɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine or feminine noun)
1 sack
2 hel gwynt i sachau try to do the impossible (“gather wind into sacks”)
sachaid a sackful
sachaid o a sackful of, a sack of
sacheidiau blawd sacks of flour
sacheidiau o flawd sacks of flour
MATERIAL: sach hesian hessian sack
sach jiwt jute sack
sach plastig / sach blastig plastic sack
CONTENTS: sach tatws / sach datws potato sack
sach gwlân / sach wlân wool sack
Y Sach Ŵlan “the sack (of) wool”. Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: The Woolsack
sach cysgu / sach gysgu sleeping bag
gwaelod y sach the bottom of the sack
yng ngwaelod y sach at the bottom of the sack
tin y sach the bottom of the sack
yn nhin y sach at the bottom of the sack
genau’r sach the mouth of the sack
yng ngenau’r sach mae cynilo blawd be sparing with flour every time and it will last longer, if you are never wasteful from the start you will not suddenly find yourself short of something
(“(it is) in the mouth of the sack that-is (the) saving (of) flour”) :_______________________________. sachabwndi <sa-kha-BUN-di> [saˡxabʊndɪ] masculine noun
1 bundle
2 shapeless mass
3 (South-west Wales) Mae e fel sachabwndi He looks a right scruff
ETYMOLOGY: apparently based on sachbwn (= pack, bundle, bale) < (sach = sack) + soft mutation + (pwn = pack, bundle) :_______________________________. 1 sach chi = fe fuasech chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ] (verb)
you'd be :_______________________________. 2 sach chi = pe tasech chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ] (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________. sach cysgu, sachau cysgu <saakh KƏ-ski, saa-khai, -e, KƏ-ski> [sɑːx ˡkəskɪ, sɑˑxaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkəskɪ] (masculine noun)
1 sleeping bag
Also: (as a feminine noun) sach gysgu :_______________________________. sa chi <SA-khi> [ˡsaxɪ]
1 see: sech chi
:_______________________________. Sacs. 1 abbreviation = Sacsoneg
:_______________________________. Sacsoneg <sak-SOO-neg> [sakˡsoˑnɛg] feminine noun
1 Saxon
y Sacsoneg the Saxon language
Abbreviation: Sacs. ETYMOLOGY: (Sacson = Saxon) + (-eg suffix for forming a noun or adjective indicating a language or dialect) :_______________________________. Sadwrn <SAA-durn> [ˡsɑˑdʊrn] (masculine noun)
1 Saturday
dydd Sadwrn Saturday
ddydd Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday
ar ddydd Sadwrn (adv) on Saturdays
bob dydd Sadwrn (adv) every Saturday
fore dydd Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday morning
fore Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday morning
bnawn Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday afternoon
bnawn dydd Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday afternoon
nos Sadwrn Saturday evening, Saturday night
nos Sadwrn (adv) on Saturday evening, on Saturday night
:_______________________________. Sadyrnin <sa-DƏR-nin> [saˡdərnɪn] (masculine noun)
1 name of a Celtic saint
:_______________________________. saer <SAIR> [saɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL seiri <SEI-ri> [ˡsəɪrɪ]
1 craftsman
2 craftsman / craftswoman defined by the material with which he / she works
..1/ saer coed carpenter (often simply saer) ..2/ saer gwyn tinman, tin worker (“white craftsman”, craftsman working with the white metal, tin)
..3/ saer maen stonemason 3 saer alone is often for saer coed = carpenter
siop saer (South Wales: siop saar, South-east Wales: siop säär carpenter’s shop, workshop of a carpenter)
4 craftsman / craftswoman defined by the objects produced
..1/ saer cadeiriau chairmaker ..2/ saer celfi (South Wales) cabinetmaker ..3/ saer cerbydau carriage builder, coach builder; person who builds bodies of cars, lorries, railway cars (Englandic: carriages), etc ..4/ saer cychod boat builder ..5/ saer dodrefn (North Wales) cabinetmaker ..6/ saer troliau cartwright 5 pensaer architect (‘main craftsman’)
6 saer rhydd freemason = member of a secret order founded in London in 1717 pledged to aid fellow members
7 Saeran obsolete man’s name (saer + diminutive suffix –an)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic < Indoeuropean *sapero- From the same British root: Cornish ser (= craftsman); the word is not found in Breton From the same Celtic root in the Hibernian languages: Irish saor (= craftsman, carpenter, mason), Scottish saor (= craftsman, carpenter, mason). Occurs in the following surnames meaning “son of the carpenter” in the Hibernian languages:
(1) Mac an tSaoir (Irish) (anglicised as Macateer), (2) Mac an t-Saoir (Scottish) (anglicised as MacIntyre) NOTE: in South Wales, ae > aa in many monosyllables. Hence saar (rhymes with English ‘far away’ – i.e. the final ‘r’ is pronounced)
In the south-east, aa > ää. Hence säär (as in English ‘hairy’, ‘share out’, ‘wear and tear’)
:_______________________________. saer coed, seiri coed <sair KOID, SEI-ri KOID> [saɪr ˡkɔɪd, ˡsəɪrɪ ˡkɔɪd] (masculine noun)
1 carpenter
:_______________________________. saer maen, seiri maen <sair MAIN, SEI-ri MAIN> [saɪr ˡmaɪn, ˡsəɪrɪ ˡmaɪn] (masculine noun)
1 stone mason
:_______________________________. saer rhydd ‹sair trol-ye hriidh› masculine noun
PLURAL seiri rhyddion ‹sei-ri hriidh›
1 freemason = member of a secret order founded in London in 1717 pledged to aid fellow members
Neuadd Seiri Rhyddion a Masonic Hall
Neuadd y Seiri Rhyddion the Masonic Hall
Cyfrinfa Seiri Rhyddion a Masonic Lodge
Cyfrinfa'r Seiri Rhyddion the Masonic Lodge
ETYMOLOGY: (saer = craftsman) + (rhydd = free) :_______________________________. saer troliau ‹sair trol-ye› masculine noun
PLURAL seiri troliau ‹sei-ri trol-ye›
1 cartwright
ETYMOLOGY: (saer = craftsman) + (troliau = carts) :_______________________________. saeryddiaeth rydd ‹sei-rədh-yeth riidh›
1 Freemasonry
ETYMOLOGY: (saeryddiaeth = masonry) + soft mutation + (rhydd = free) :_______________________________. ..1 Saesneg ‹SEI sneg› (feminine noun)
1 English language
2 Doedd ganddi ddim Saesneg
She couldn’t speak English (“there wasn’t with her any English”, she had no English)
dim Saesneg no English
NOTE: [Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm dyn sassnach : a Welsh phrase meaning “I don’t understand” ] (in other words, a monoglot Welsh-speaker’s reply to something dais in English – not ‘I don’t understand’ but ‘(I’ve got) no English’.
:_______________________________. ..2 Saesneg ‹seis-neg› adjective
1 English-speaking
2 English-speaking = (territory) having English as its language
Sir Benfro Saesneg (“(the) English-speaking (part of) (the) county (of) Penfro”) the south of the county of Penfro, popularly known in English as “Little England Beyond Wales” . Here around the year 1108 the native Welsh were displaced by Flemings, who later adopted the English language.
2 Maelor Saesneg medieval division (kúmmud / cwmwd) of the country (‘gwlad’) of Powys
“(the part of the district called) Maelor (which is) English-speaking”.
Map: Powys Isaf as it was on the division of Powys into two (Powys Isaf / Powys Uchaf) on the death of Madog ap Maredudd in 1160; Powys Isaf was the part inherited by his son Gruffudd I ap Madog / Gruffudd Maelor I. The rest – Powys Uchaf - went to his cousin Owain Cyfeiliog)
(delwedd 7453-2) The kántrevs of Maelor and Iâl made up Powys Isaf, which later became (with the addition of lands to the south) Powys Fadog, in north-east Wales. (In 1191, after the death of Gruffudd 1 (Gruffudd Maelor), when it was inherited by his son Madog 1 ap Gruffudd) The kántrev of Maelor was divided into the two kúmmuds of Maelor Gymraeg and Maelor Saesneg around 1202, with Afon Dyfrdwy / the River Dee forming the boundary between them. 
(delwedd 7614 :_______________________________. Saesnes, Saesnesau ‹SEI snes, sei SNE se› (feminine noun)
1 Englishwoman
2 anglicised Welshwoman
:_______________________________. Saeson ‹SEI son› (plural noun)
1 Englishmen, English people (literally “Saxons”). Plural of Sais (qv)
y Saeson the English, the Engish people
:_______________________________. saeth, saethau ‹SAITH, SEI the› (feminine noun)
1 arrow = missile shot from a bow
gollwng saeth loose an arrow, let off an arrow
2 cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
mor gymwys â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
mor union â saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
yn syth fel saeth as straight as an arrow, as straight as a ramrod
:_______________________________. saethwriaeth ‹sei- thur -yeth› feminine noun
1 marksmanship
2 saethwriaeth â reiffl riflery, marksmanship with a rifle
ETYMOLOGY: (saethwr = person who shoots, marksman) + (-i-aeth suffix) :_______________________________. sa fe ‹SA ve› (verb)
1 see: se fe
:_______________________________. saffari ‹sa-fâ-ri› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL saffarïau ‹sa-fa-rî-e› 1 safari = hunting expedition
mynd ar saffari to go on safari, to safari
siwt saffari safari suit
ETYMOLOGY: < English safari < Swahili safari (= journey) < Arabic safariiya < safara (= to travel) :_______________________________. saffrwm ‹sa -frum› masculine noun
1 (plant) saffron = type of crocus with purple flowers
2 (flavouring) saffron
3 (dye) saffron
4 lliw saffrwm saffron (in describing the colour of something); bright yellow (“(the) colour (of) saffron”)
o liw saffrwm saffron-coloured, the colour of saffron
fêl o liw saffrwm a saffron-coloured veil, a veil the colour of saffron
teisen saffrwm saffron cake
ETYMOLOGY: English saffron < medieval Latin safrân-um (= saffron) < Arabic za'farân (= saffron) Cf Arabic asfar (= yellow) (> Urdu asfar = yellow) Final n > m occurs in other words: botwm (= button)
cotwm (= cotton)
Y Trallwm (local form of the place name Y Trallwng) (Trallwm < Trallwn < Trallwng;)
NOTE: Also with a final n, as saffrwn :_______________________________. saf ‹saav› masculine noun
1 (in compound forms) standing, standpoint
heulsaf solstice
gorsaf station
:_______________________________. safadwy ‹ sa- va -dui›
1 still, firm, standing, fixed
gwyliau safadwy a symudol fixed and moveable feasts
ETYMOLOGY: (saf- stem of sefyll = stand, be situated) + (-adwy adjectival suffix equivalent to English ‘-able’) :_______________________________. safle, safleoedd ‹SAV-le, sav-LEE-oidh, -odh› (masculine noun)
1 site
2 safle lansio launching pad
:_______________________________. safn, safnau ‹SAA-van, SAV-nai, -e› (feminine noun)
1 mouth of an animal
2 safn angau the jaws of death (“(the) mouth (of) death”)
3 ravine
:_______________________________. safon, safonau ‹SAA-von, sa-VOO-nai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 level, standard
:_______________________________. safoni ‹sa-vô-ni› verb
1 standardise, make standard
ETYMOLOGY: (safon = standard) + (-i suffix for forming verbs) :_______________________________. safri ‹ sav -ri› feminine noun
1 savory / savoury (Satureja hortensis)
safri fach (Satureja hortensis)
ETYMOLOGY: English savoury < French savouré (= savoured) < savourer (= to savour) < Latin sapor (= taste) < sapere (= to taste) The herb is sarriette in modern French :_______________________________. sa hi ‹SA hi› (verb)
1 see: se hi
:_______________________________. saif ‹saiv› verb
1 it stands, it is standing (third person present-future indicative of sefyll = to stand)
Salmau 24:3 Pwy a esgyn i fynydd yr ARGLWYDD? a phwy a saif yn ei le sanctaidd ef? Psalms 24:3 Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place? Daniel 2:44 Ac yn nyddiau y brenhinoedd hyn, y cyfyd Duw y nefoedd frenhiniaeth, yr hon ni ddistrywir byth: a'r frenhiniaeth ni adewir i bobl eraill; ond hi a faluria ac a dreulia yr holl freniniaethau hyn, a hi a saif yn dragwydd.
Daniel 2:44 And in the days of these kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.
Pwy a saif gyda ni? Who will stand with us? (= who will take our side in the fight / dispute / battle?; who’ll take our side?)
3 stands = it is situated
Saif hen blasdy y Pritshardiaid, sef y Collena, yn nhghanol maesydd eang gwyrddion, ar war Tonyrefail. The old mansion of the Prichards, the Collena, stands in the middle of wide green fields, above Tonyrefail :_______________________________. saig ‹SAIG› feminine noun
PLURAL seigiau ‹SEIG-yai, -ye› Diminutive form: seigen ‹SEIG-en› 1 a dish of food saig o fwyd a plate of food
Hebreiaid 12:16 Na bu un puteiniwr, neu halogedig, megis Esau, yr hwn am un saig o fwyd a werthodd ei enedigaeth-fraint Hebrews 12:16 Lest there be any fornicator, or profane person, as Esau, who for one morsel of meat sold his birthright. 2 course in meal 3 meal, feast 4 (South-east) seigen, “sigan” a lump of butter 5 (South-west) saig and seigen a little pile of cow-dung ar ei saig (obsolete) at dinner with him, having dinner with him
ar saig y brenin (obsolete) at dinner with the king, having dinner with the king
ETYMOLOGY: Unknown :_______________________________. sail ‹sail › feminine noun
PLURAL seiliau ‹seil -ye› 1 basis = foundation
2 seiliau = foundations of a house
gosod seiliau bloc swydféydd put down the foundations for a block of flats
3 seiliau site of an old house
Capel Soar a saif heddiw ar seiliau ei hen gartref Tŷ’r Clwtwr - hanner ffordd i fyny’r bryn o groesffordd Tonysguboriau i dref Llantrisant
Soar Chapel stands today on the site of his old home Tŷ’r Clwtwr - halfway up the hill from the Tonysguboriau crossroads to the town of Llantrisant 4 gosail runner of a sledge
(go- prefix = under) + (sail = base) 5 di-sail groundless, without any basis in fact, false
honiad si-sail groundless assertion, groundless accusation
sïon di-sail unfounded rumours
(di- privative prefix, “without”) + (sail = foundation, basis) ETYMOLOGY: British < Latin *solia < solea (= sandal), related to solum (= ground) :_______________________________. sain, seiniau ‹SAIN, SEIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 sound = auditory effect
2 sound (relayed mechanically)
sain ddeialu dialling tone, sound showing a line is clear
3 volume, loudness
codi’r sain turn up the sound / the volume
rheolydd sain sound control, knob etc for raising and lowering the volume on a radio, etc
Colloquially: bwlyn sain (North Wales), nobyn sain (South Wales) 4 sustem sain public address system
5 clychsain chime
(clych ‹ə› = penult form of clych ‹i› = bells) + (sain = sound) 6 Sain-y-gog SH4172 Name of a house in Capel-mawr, Ynys Môn
“(the) sound (of) the cuckoo”. Misspelt as “Sain-y-Gôg” on the Ordnance Survey map (there should be no capitalisation in a compound name; and no circumflex is required to indicate the long “o”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=335253 :_______________________________. sain ‹sain › prefix
1 (place names) saint (before the name of a saint, usually in newer dedications with non-Celtic saints)
Llan-sain-siôr / Sain Nicolas / Sain Pedr / Sain Pedrog / Sain Pŷr / Sain Silian / Sain Siorys / Sain Tathan / Sain Tomos
ETYMOLOGY: See saint :_______________________________. Sain Dunwyd ‹sain di -nuid›
1 (SS9368) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
English name: Saint Donat's 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 60, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 7% (1971) Population: 435, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 2% :_______________________________. Sain Ffagan ‹sain fa-gan›
1 (ST1277) locality in the county of Caer-dydd
English name: St. Fagans 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 251, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13% (1971) Population: 1,050, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 11% 3 short for: Amgueddfa Werin Cymru, (the Museum of Welsh Life (formerly Welsh Folk Museum), which is situated here )
Staff newydd Sain Ffagan the new staff in the Sain Ffagan museum
4 Agueddfa Werin Cymru, the Museum of Welsh Life (formerly Welsh Folk Museum), which is situated here
:_______________________________. Sain Ffred ‹sain freed› feminine noun
1 SM8010 church and locality in the county of Penfro
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: form of Sant Braid = saint Bríd NOTE: Since Ffred is a monosyllable, with a single final consonant “d”, according to the rules of Welsh spelling, the vowel has to be long. But as English people who have settled in the area and visitors from England pronounce the name with a short “e”, as if it were the English name “Fred” (from “Frederick”), the local authority uses a version with a circumflex on local signs – Sain Ffrêd so that English speakers may give it a more accurate pronunciation :_______________________________. Sain Helen ‹sain he -len›
1 locality in Abertawe
English name: Saint Helen's 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 7,857, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13% (1971) Population: 7,100, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 12% :_______________________________. Sain Nicolas ‹sain ni- ko -las›
1 locality in la comarca de Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
English name: Saint Nicholas 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 315, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 5% (1971) Population: 335, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 9% :_______________________________. Sain Pedr ‹sain pe -der›
1 (SN4120) locality in Caerfyrddin
English name: Saint Peter's 2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: (sain, form of saint = saint, before a consonant) + (Pedr = Peter) :_______________________________. Sain Pedrog ‹sain pe-drog ›
1 (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, 4km south of Penfro
English name: St. Petrox (= “saint Petrock’s”) 2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: (sain, form of saint = saint, before a consonant) + (Pedrog = saint’s name) :_______________________________. Sain Pŷr ‹sain piir›
1 ST5190 locality in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth
English name: St. Pierre :_______________________________. Sain Silian ‹sain sil -yan›
1 (ST0976) locality in Casnewydd / Newport, 2km north-east of the city centre
English name: St. Julians 2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________. Sain Siorys ‹sain shô-ris›
1 (ST0976) village in the county of Bro Morgannwg / Vale of Glamorgan
English name: Saint George-super-Ely 2 a parish at this place
..1961: population: 255; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 5%
..1971: population: 260; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 4% ETYMOLOGY: “(the church of) saint George”(sain = saint) + (Siorys = George) :_______________________________. saint ‹saint › m;;)
PLURAL seintiau ‹seint -ye› 1 saint
2 (place names) saint (before the name of a saint, usually in new dedications with non-Celtic saints).
Before a vowel it remains as saint; before a consonant the final t is lost > sain Examples with sain: ..a/ Llan-sain-siôr SH9775 locality in Conwy, near Abergele(“(the) church (of) Saint George”)(llan = church) + (sain = saint) + (Siôr = George)English name: Saint George ..b/ Sain Nicolas locality in la comarca de Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)English name: Saint Nicholas ..c/ Sain Pedr (SN4120) locality in CaerfyrddinEnglish name: Saint Peter's ..d/ Sain Pedrog (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, 4km south of PenfroEnglish name: St. Petrox ..e/ Sain Pŷr ST5190 localitat de la comarca de MynwyEnglish name: St. Pierre ..f/ Sain Silian (ST0976) locality in Casnewydd, 2km north-east of the city centreEnglish name: St. Julians ..g/ Sain Siorys (ST0976) village in the county of Bro MorgannwgEnglish name: Saint George-super-Ely ..h/ Sain Tathan ST 0168 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 5km east of Llanilltud FawrEnglish name (showing wrong division): Saint Athan ..g/ Sain Tomos district in AbertaweEnglish name: Saint Thomas Examples with saint: ..a/ Saint Andras (ST1371) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales), by DinaspowysEnglish name: Saint Andrews Major http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1371 map Also Saint Andras Leiaf parish by DinaspowysEnglish name: Saint Andrews Minor ..b/ Saint Harmon (SN9872) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys) http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/740626 ..c/ Saint Hílari ST0173 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 3km south-east of Y Bont-faen http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0173 map ..d/ Saint Ishel (SR9797) locality in the county of Penfro, south of Penfro English name: St. Issells ..e/ Saint-y-brid (SS8974) locality 4km south of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr English name: Saint Bride's Major http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8974 map :_______________________________. Saint Andras ‹saint an -dras›
1 (ST1371) locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales), by Dinaspowys
English name: Saint Andrews Major http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1371 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 4.481, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 11% (1971) Population: 6,895, Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 6% :_______________________________. Saint Andras Leiaf ‹saint an –dras leia›
1 parish by al Dinaspowys
(1971) Population: 10 Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 0% English name: Saint Andrews Minor ETYMOLOGY: (Saint Andras) + soft mutation + (lleiaf = smallest) :_______________________________. Sain Tathan ‹sain ta-than ›
1 ST0168 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 5km east of Llanilltud Fawr
English name (showing wrong division): Saint Athan http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0168 2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________. Saint Harmon ‹saint har -mon›
1 (SN9872) locality in the district of Maesyfed (county of Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9872 2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________. Saint Hílari ‹saint hí –la-ri›
1 ST0173 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales). 3km south-east of Y Bont-faen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0173 2 a parish at this place
:_______________________________. Saint Ishel ‹saint i-shel›
1 (SR9797) parish in the county of Penfro, south of Penfro
English name: St. Issells :_______________________________. Sain Tomos ‹sain to -mos›
1 district in Abertawe
English name: Saint Thomas (1961) Population: 10,518; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 7% :_______________________________. Saint-y-brid ‹saint ə briid ›
1 (SS9874) locality 4km south of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
English name: Saint Bride's Major http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS9874 2 a parish at this place
(1961) Population: 1,419; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 13% (1971) Population: 1,735; Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 6% 3 (ST4289) locality 4km west of Caer-went
English name: Saint Bride's Netherwent http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST4289 :_______________________________. Sais, Saeson ‹SAIS, SEI son› (masculine noun)
1 Englishman
O Sais mae e’n siarad Cymraeg yn dda iawn He speaks very good Welsh for an Englishman
2 anglicised Welshman; Welshman unable to speak Welsh
Sais oedd eu mab nhw Their son couldn’t speak Welsh (“(it-is) (an) Englishman that-was their son”, their son was an Englishman)
Dw i ishio bod yn Sais I want to be an Englishman
troi’n Sais become an English speaker
Drws Yr Eglwys Weledig: Wedi Ei Agor Yn Lled y Pen, Fel y Gallo Credinwyr a Phlant Bychain Ddyfod I Mewn (1799) by Thomas Jones (1752 Yr Hafod, Ceredigion –1845 Creaton, England) Bydd yn hawdd i’r Cymry faddau fy anwybodaeth o’r iaith gymraeg pan glywont, i mi droi’n sais, er ys agos i ugain mlynedd – Gallaf ddywedyd – Bachgen uniaith, unwaith o’wn: - Wrth deithio / Rhwng dwy-iaith, bu’m dwthwn. / Un gollais, gynta gallwn; / Un arall, yn anghall gawn. It will be easy for the Welsh people to forgive my ignorance of the Welsh language when they hear that I became an Englishman almost twenty years ago – I can say: I was once a monolingual lad (i.e. I spoke only Welsh); / Travelling between two languages, I was one day (“[I] have been [a] day”) / One I lost, as quickly as I could; / Another one, I was getting unwisely. 3 (in earlier times, when English was relatively unknown) able to speak English; bilingual in Welsh and English Hence epithets of the type Gwilym Sais (“English-speaking William”) It has become the surname Sayce, found especially either side of the border with England(also spelt at various times Saise, Saies, Seyes, Seys, Cice)
At Abaty-daur / Abbey Dore in Ergyng / Archenfield (Herefordshire), there was a well-known family called Sayce (with the name Rholant Sais / Rowland Sayce appearing for many generations)
http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/SAYCE/2006-09/1157495973 4 In place names the element Sais / Saeson is fairly frequent ……………………………………. ..a/ Cwm y Saeson SN9377 valley south-east of Llangurig, Powys“(the) valley (of) the Englishmen” http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=249701 ..b/ Esgair Saeson SN7960 ridgeesgair y Saeson “(the) ridge (of) the Englishmen”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/739605 map ……………………………………. ..c/ Graig y Saeson ST2785 “(the) rock (of) the Englishmen”Farm south of Basaleg, county of Casnewydd / Newport http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1086661 ……………………………………. ..c/ Pontrhydysaeson, shortened as Pontsaeson SN5463 near Rhosyrhafod / Cross Inn, Ceredigion“(the) bridge (at) Rhyd y Saeson” Rhyd y Saeson is “(the) ford (of) the Englishmen” http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/644784 map ……………………………………. ..e/ Pont y Saeson “(the) bridge (of) the Englishmen”SO5000 at Bryn y Capel / Chapel Hill, county of Mynwy http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/489591 ……………………………………. ..f/ Pont y Saeson “(the) bridge (of) the Englishmen”
The Welsh name of English Bridge SJ4912 in Amwythig / Shrewsbury, England http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/949013 English Bridge i.e. the bridge on the English side of the town (Welsh Bridge SJ4812 is Pont y Cymry “(the) bridge (of) the Welshmen”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/92065 Welsh Bridge ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Germanic :_______________________________. Saisgarwr ‹sais- GAA -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL Saisgarwyr ‹sais- gar -wir› 1 Anglophile, person who admires English people
2 (Wales) Welsh person who shows respect for English people but contempt for people of his or her own nationality
ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (carwr = lover, person who loves) :_______________________________. Sais-gasäwr ‹sais-ga- sâ -ur› masculine noun
PLURAL Sais-gasawyr ‹sais-ga- sâ -wir› 1 Anglophobe, person with a hatred of English people
ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (casäwr = hater, person who hates) :_______________________________. Sais-Gymro ‹sais- gəm -ro› masculine noun
PLURAL Sais-Gymry ‹sais- gəm -ri› 1 (old-fashioned) anglicised Welshman, English Welshman, Welshman ignorant of the language of his people
(The general term today is Cymro di-Gymraeg, a “Welshless Welshman”, “Welshmen without Welsh”, “non-Welsh-speaking Welshman”) y Sais-Gymry the English Welsh
Wrth bob tebyg Sais, neu Sais-Gymro, yw’r gorsaf-feistr: gwelais, y dydd o’r blaen, fod Sais wedi ei benodi hyd yn oed i Gricieth. (Yn Eisieu - Safon Gymreig. W. Llewelyn Williams. Geninen 1906)
More than likely the station-master is an Englishman, or an English-Welshman (i.e. non Welsh-speaking Welshman); the other day I saw that an Englishman has been appointed even in Cricieth ETYMOLOGY: (Sais = Englishman) + soft mutation + (Cymro = Welshman) :_______________________________. saith ‹saith› (masculine noun)
1 seven
2 bod yn ormod saith waith o (rywbeth) i (wneud rhywbeth) be far too much of a (something) to (do something) (“be seven times too much (of something) to (do something)”)
Mae e’n ormod saith waith o fonheddwr i wneud peth felly He’s far too much a gentleman to do such a thing
:_______________________________. saith ‹saith› (m)
1 (obsolete) saint Saith Bedr Saint Peter
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh saith < seith < British sektî < saktî < sanktîi < Latin sanctus NOTE: See the place names Brynsaithmarchog and Tre-saith :_______________________________. sâl ‹SAAL› (adjective)
1 ill, sick
collwr sâl bad loser, sore loser, person who cannot accept defeat or loss
bod yn sâl be sick, be ill
salach sicker
salaf sickest
:_______________________________. salad, saladau ‹SAA lad, sa LAA dai, -e› (masculine noun)
1 salad
:_______________________________. salad caws ‹saa lad KAUS› (masculine noun)
1 cheese salad
:_______________________________. salad ffrwythau ‹saa lad FRUI the› (masculine noun)
1 fruit salad
:_______________________________. salad ham ‹saa lad HAM› (masculine noun)
1 ham salad
:_______________________________. salad wyau ‹saa lad UI e› (masculine noun)
1 egg salad
:_______________________________. salâmi ‹sa LAA mi› (masculine noun)
1 salami
:_______________________________. Salem ‹SAA-lem›
1 Jerusalem (called Salem in Genesis 14:18 / Psalms 76:2 / Hebrews 7:1)
Genesis 14:18 Melchisedec hefyd, brenin Salem, a ddug allan fara a gwin; ac efe oedd offeiriad i DDUW goruchaf:Genesis 14:18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God. Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel (76:2) Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn SeionPsalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. (76:2)In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion. Hebreiaid 7:1 Canys y Melchisedec hwn, brenin Salem, offeiriad y Duw Goruchaf, yr hwn a gyfarfu ag Abraham wrth ddychwelyd o ladd y brenhinoedd, ac a’i bendithiodd ef;Hebrews 7:1 For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him; 2 Name of many chapels; it was understood to mean 'peace'.
Cf Hebrew “shalom aleichem” peace be to you 3 locality in Cwm Rhymni (Morgannwg Ganol)
4 (SH5456) locality in Arfon (Gwynedd) 9km south-east of Caernarfon, and about 2km north-west of Llyn Cwellyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5456 5 (SN6226) locality in the county of Caerfyrddin
Alternative name: Heolgaled http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6226 6 (SN6684) locality of the county of Ceredigion, 5km east of Nantafallen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6684 7 locality in Dinefwr (Dyfed)
8 locality in Dyffryn Camwy (Patagonia)
9 street names:
..1/ Salem Penrhyn-coch (county of Ceredigion) ..2/ “Salem Place” (it would be Lle Salem / Salemfa, etc in Welsh) Llanllechid, Bangor (county of Gwynedd) ..3/ “Salem Road” (it would be Ffordd Salem / Heol Salem in Welsh) ....a/ Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam) ....b/ Plas-marl (county ofAbertawe) ....c/ Treforus (county ofAbertawe) ....d/ Cwmafan, Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) ....e/ Llanelli (county of Caerfyrddin) ....f/ Sanclêr (county of Caerfyrddin) ..4/ “Salem Street” (it would be Ffordd Salem / Stryd Salem / Heol Salem in Welsh) ....a/ Bryngwran, Caergybi (county of Môn) ....b/ Amlwch (county of Môn) ..5/ “Salem Terrace” (it would be Teras / Rhes / Rhestai / Rhestr Salem in Welsh) ....a/ Rhyd-y-foel, Abergele (county of Conwy) ....b/ Cricieth (county of Gwynedd) ....c/ Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd) ....d/ Gwaelod-y-garth (county of Caer-dydd) ....e/ Tonypandy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
10 Tresalem (in English, Robertstown) – part of Aber-dâr / Aberdare. (Tre = town, Salem – name of the Independent Chapel in Heol y Bont / Bridge Street.) ETYMOLOGY: second element of Jerẃsalem
:_______________________________. Sali ‹SA li› (feminine noun)
1 Sally (diminutive of Sarah)
:_______________________________. salm ‹salm› feminine noun
PLURAL salmau ‹sal -me› 1 psalm = one of the 150 songs of the Book of Psalms in the Old Testament;
salmau Dafydd the psalms of David
2 psalm = one set to music; canu'r salmau sing the psalms
3 Llyfr y Salmau The Book of Psalms, the collection of 150 psalms in the Old Testament; also called Y Salmau
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Church Latin psalmus < Greek psalmos = music on a stringed instrument, harp music > psallein = play the harp, pluck :_______________________________. salmonela ‹sal-mo-ne-la› masculine noun
PLURAL salmonelâu ‹sal-mo-ne-lai› 1 salmonella = bacterium which causes food poisoning, typhus, etc depending on the type
2 salmonella = poisoning by the salmonella bacteria
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < New Latin (Daniel E. Salmon (1850-1914), a US veterinary surgeon) :_______________________________. salmydd ‹sal-midh› masculine noun
PLURAL salmyddion, salmwyr ‹sal- mədh-yon, sal- mədh-wir› 1 psalmist, one who writes psalms
2 Y Salmydd David, traditionally regarded as the author of the psalms
3 hymn book; Y Salmydd Cymreig, "the Welsh Psalmist", a collection of 577 hymns by Roger Edwards (1811-1886) published in 1840
ETYMOLOGY: (salm = psalm) + (-ydd, suffix to indicate an agent) :_______________________________. salmyddiaeth ‹sal-mədh-yeth› feminine noun
1 psalmody = the art of singing psalms in a religious service
ETYMOLOGY: (salmydd = psalmist) + (-i-aeth, suffix for forming an abstract noun) :_______________________________. salon ‹sa -lon› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau ‹sa-lô-ne› 1 salon = an elegant shop for hairdressing or giving beauty treatment
2 see salon trin gwallt, salon prydferthwch, etc
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English salon < French salon < Italian salone < sala = hall (+ augmentive suffix -on) < Germanic; cf German Saal = hall :_______________________________. salon trin gwallt ‹sa-lon triin gwalht› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau trin gwallt ‹sa-lô-ne triin gwalht› 1 hairdressing salon ("salon (of) treating hair")
:_______________________________. salon prydferthwch ‹sa-lon prəd-ver-thukh› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL salonau prydferthwch ‹sa-lô-ne prəd-ver-thukh› 1 beauty salon
:_______________________________. salw ‹SA lu› (adjective)
1 ugly (South Wales)
:_______________________________. salwch ‹SA lukh› (masculine noun)
1 illness
:_______________________________. Sami ‹sa -mi› masculine noun
1 diminutive of Samwel; as in English, Sammy = diminutive of Samuel
:_______________________________. samwn ‹SA mun› (masculine noun)
1 salmon
:_______________________________. sanau / ’sanau ‹SAA ne› (plural noun)
1 socks; plural of hosan
:_______________________________. sanctaidd ‹sangk -tedh› adjective
1 holy = consecrated, dedicated to a deity (religious or formal: “hallowed”)
Y Ddinas Sanctaidd The Holy City, Jerusalem
Y Tir Sanctaidd The Holy Land, Palestine, Canaan; the land between the Mediterranean Sea and the River Jordan, the area where most events in the Bible took place
2 holy = entitled to veneration
Y Tad Sanctaidd the Pope, the Holy Father
Yr Esgobaeth Sanctaidd The Holy See (“the sacred bishopric”)
buwch sanctaidd holy cow
Y Beddrod Sanctaidd the Holy Sepulchre, the grave where the body of Jesus Christ was placed after the Crucifixion
Y Teulu Sanctaidd the Holy Family, the infant Jesus, Mary, and Joseph
3 saintly
Mae’r gweinidog yn smocio ei hen bibell cyn y bregeth, ac mae e'n drewi'r lle; dydi hyny ddim yn taro i ddyn sydd i fod yn sanctaidd yn 'i waith.
The minister smokes his pipe before the sermon and stinks the place out ; that doesn’t behove a man who is supposed to be saintly in his work 4 sacred = connected with religion (as opposed to what is secular)
cadw’r Saboth yn sanctaidd keep the Sabbath holy
sacred music 5 Christian
Yr Ymerodraath Rufeinig Sanctaidd the Holy Roman Empire, a one-thousand year old empire; European territories ruled by a German king from the time of Charlemagne in 800A.D. to 1806, when the emperor Francis II relinquished his crown
Yr YmerawdwrRufeinig Sanctaidd the Holy Roman Emperor
Y Swyddogaeth Sanctaidd (Roman Catholicism) The Holy Office, final court of appeal for Christians accused of heresy, established in 1542
Y Cynghrair Sanctaidd / Y Gynghrair Sanctaidd The Holy Alliance, document signed in 1815 by Russia, Prussia and Austria agreeing to government based on Christian principles
Yr Ynys Sanctaidd The Sacred Island, Ireland
6 Y Beibl Sanctaidd the Holy Bible
7 Y Groes Sanctaidd the Holy Cross, the Holy Rood
Eglwys y Groes Sanctaidd Holy Cross Church
(Name of a church in Llanor, Gwynedd) 8 urddau sanctaidd = holy orders, sacrament where a candidate is accepted into the Christian ministry
9 ffug-sanctaidd = sanctimonious = hypocritically pious
Excessively or hypocritically pious 10 rhyfel sanctaidd holy war
11 byw yn sanctaidd live a saintly life, live a holy life
ETYMOLOGY: (sanct = saint) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives) NOTE: santaidd (i.e., without the ‹k›) is a variant :_______________________________. sancteiddiol ‹ sank- teidh -yol› adjective
1 holy
y cysegr sancteiddiolaf the most holy place
Exodus 26:34 Dod hefyd y drugareddfa ac arch y dystiolaeth yn y cysegr sancteiddiolaf.
Exodus 26:34 And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy place. ETYMOLOGY: (sanctaeidd- < sanctaidd = holy) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives) :_______________________________. sandio ‹sand-yo› verb
1 to sand, to sandpaper, to polish with sand, use a sander on
sandio’r drws sandpaper the door, use a sander on a door
peiriant sandio sander, sanding machine
ETYMOLOGY: (sand = sand) (-io suffix for forming verbs) :_______________________________. sangiad ‹ sang-iad› masculine noun
PLURAL sangiadau ‹ sang-yaa-de› 1 trampling underfoot
2 parenthesis, interpolation; insertion of a word or phrase into a sentence which breaks the structure of the sentence
sangiad cystrawen interpolation in a sentence
sangiadau naturiol ac annaturil natural and unnatural interpolations
ETYMOLOGY: (sang- stem of sengi = to trample) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix) :_______________________________. sanhedrin ‹ san- he -drin› verb
1 Sanhedrin = Jewish council or court, esp the supreme council and court at Jerusalem in New Testament times, which had 71 members and dealt with judicial, religious and administrative matters
2 (figuratively) refers to any other ruling body or council (especially if it is large / poweful / self-important)
Sanhedrin BBC Cymru Board of Management of BBC Wales
Sanhedrin yr Eisteddfod Genedlaethol the Ruling Council of the National Eisteddfod
ETYMOLOGY: English sanhedrin < Hebrew < Greek sunedrion (= council) < sun- (prefix, together, with) + (hedra = seat)
:_______________________________. Sans. 1 abreviatura = Sanscrit sànscrit
:_______________________________. Sanscrit ‹san- -skrit› feminine noun
1 sànscrit
Abreviatura: Sans.
ETIMOLOGIA: anglès Sanskrit :_______________________________. sa nhw ‹SA nu› (verb)
1 see: se nhw
:_______________________________. sa ni ‹SA ni› (verb)
see se ni :_______________________________. Sans. 1 abbreviation = Sanscrit Sanskrit
:_______________________________. Sanscrit ‹san- -skrit› feminine noun
1 Sanskrit
Abbreviation: Sans. ETYMOLOGY: English Sanskrit :_______________________________. sant, seintiau ‹SANT, SEINT ye› (masculine noun)
1 saint = person recognised (through a formal process of canonisation) by a church as being of especial holiness and faith
Placed before the name of the saint Sant Iago Saint James
For women saints, the feminine form santes is used Santes Fair Saint Mary
2 Sant Tomos o Acwin Saint Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and philosopher (1225-1274)
3 A Celtic missionary monk. In the names and titles of Celtic saints, sant is placed after the name Dewi Sant Saint David
Eglwys Cenydd Sant a Sant Pedr (the Church of St Cenydd and St Peter) in Caerffili
Heol Cenydd Sant (St. Cenydd Road) in Caerffili
4 sant is used after female saints’ names too SH3682 Eglwys Dwynwen Sant Dwynwen’s Church, Saint Dwynwen’s Church on Ynys Llanddwyn (Ynys Môn), though simply Eglwys Dwynwen would be the more correct name. See the note on santes below NOTE: The nun’s name was Dwyn (as in the name Llanddwyn “(the) church (of) Dwyn)”). Dwynwen is a fond name, with the addition of the suffix –wen (from gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white; pure, holy)
NOTE: santes - such forms as Eglwys Santes Melangell “(the) church (of) Saint Melangell” are clearly wrong, suggesting that she is a canonised saint of the Catholic Church. Eglwys Santes Helen though would be correct, as she was a Catholic saint and not a saint of the Celtic Church
Even Eglwys Melangell Sant (recognising Melangell as a member of the Celtic Church) is not correct either. It is simply Eglwys Melangell in Welsh. 3 saint = one of God’s elected few, used by Christians who believe themselves to be such a person 4 saint = a devout religious person 5 saint = a good person 6 saint = a chapel-goer or church-goer (sometimes used facietiously) ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin sānctus (= sacred), the past participle of sancīre (= to consecrate), (sanc- root of sancîre) + (-tus suffix for forming the past participle) :_______________________________. sa’r ‹ saar ›
1 southern form of saer (= carpenter)
Usually spelt (less correctly sâr :_______________________________. Sara / Sarah ‹SAA ra› (feminine noun)
1 Sarah Pet forms: Lal, Lali
:_______________________________. Saran ‹SAA ran› (feminine noun)
1 female name
ETYMOLOGY: Probably (Sara = Sarah) + (-an diminutive ending for female names) Cf Bethan (Bèth < Elísabeth = Elizabeth),
Betsan (Betsi = Betsy < Elísabeth = Elizabeth),
Gwennan (Gwen < Gwenllian)
Megan (Meg < Margred = Margaret),
:_______________________________. Sardis ‹sar -dis›
1 an ancient city of Asia Minor that was capital of Lydia
Datguddiad 3:1 Ac at angel yr eglwys sydd yn Sardis, ysgrifenna; Y pethau hyn y mae’r hwn sydd â saith Ysbryd Duw â’r saith seren ganddo, yn eu dywedyd; Mi a adwaen dy weithredoedd di, oblegid y mae gennyt enw dy fod yn fyw, a marw ydwyt.
Revelations 3:1 And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven Spirits of God, and the seven stars; I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead. Datguddiad 3:4 Eithr y mae gennyt ychydig enwau, ie, yn Sardis, y rhai ni halogasant eu dillad; a hwy a rodiant gyda mi mewn dillad gwynion: oblegid teilwng ydynt.
Revelations 3:4 Thou hast a few names even in Sardis which have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy. Datguddiad 1:11 Yn dywedyd. Mi yw Alffa ac Omega, y cyntaf a’r diwethaf: a’r hyn yr wyt yn ei weled, ysgrifenna mewn llyfr, a danfon i’r saith eglwys y rhai sydd yn Asia; i Effesus, ac i Smyrna, ac i Pergamus, ac i Thyatira, ac i Sardis, a Philadelffia, a Laodicea.
Revelations 1:11 Saying, I am Alpha and Omega, the first and the last: and, What thou seest, write in a book, and send it unto the seven churches which are in Asia; unto Ephesus, and unto Smyrna, and unto Pergamos, and unto Thyatira, and unto Sardis, and unto Philadelphia, and unto Laodicea. 2 chapel name
3 Sardis name of a locality
..a/ SN1306 county of Penfro ..b/ SN5806 county of Caerfyrddin 4 street names
..a/ Sardis Penrhyndeudraeth county of Gwynedd) ..b/..1/ “Sardis Close”, Waunarlwydd county of Abertawe) (this would be Lle Sardis / Clos Sardis in Welsh) ..b/..2/ “Sardis Cross”, Sardis, Aberdaugleddau county of Penfro) (this would be Croes Sardis in Welsh) ..b/..3/ “Sardis Road” Pont-y-pridd county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (this would be Heol Sardis in Welsh) ETYMOLOGY: ?? :_______________________________. sarff, seirff ‹SARF, SEIRF› (feminine noun)
1 serpent
sarff dorchog coiled snake (Seren Gomer. 1855)
:_______________________________. sarhâd, sarhadau ‹sar HAAD, sar HÂ de› (masculine noun)
1 insult
2 rhoi sarhâd ym mhen anaf add insult to injury (“put an insult in the top of an injury”)
:_______________________________. ..1 sarn ‹sarn› feminine noun
PLURAL sarnau ‹sar -ne› 1 causeway, paved way, trackway
Diarhebion 16:17 Sarn y cyfiawn yw dychwelyd oddi wrth ddrwg: y neb a gadwo ei ffordd, a geidw ei enaid.Proverbs 16:17 The highway of the upright is to depart from evil: he that keepeth his way preserveth his soul. 2 prehistoric trackway
3 place names (prehistoric trackway or Roman way)
Bwlchysarnau, Cefnddwysarn, Pen-y-sarn / Pen-sarn, Pont-sarn, Rhydsarnau, Y Sarnau, Sarnybryncaled, Talsarnau, Tal-y-sarn / Tal-sarn
4 causeway = geological formation resembling a man-made causeway
Sarn Gynfelyn (SN 5885) formation in the Ceredigion, in the sea in the parish of Llangynfelyn
5 stepping stones in a stream / river
Croesasom y sarn - nid oedd pont yno mwyach, dim ond rhes o gerrig i'r parc gyferbyn
We crossed over the stepping stones – there was no bridge there any more, just a row of stones to the field opposite 6 paving placed on a river bottom under a waterfall on a weir to prevent the water from forming a hole
7 litter = bracken or straw on the floor of a cowhouse or stable; bedding = straw for cattle to sleep on
8 ruin, destruction
ETYMOLOGY: ?? :_______________________________. ..2 sarn ‹sarn› adjective
1 trampled
2 (figurative) trampled underfoot
Mae iaith a diwylliant Cymru yn sarn
The language and culture of Wales have been trampled underfoot chwalu’n sarn trample underfoot
:_______________________________. ..3 Y Sarn ‹ə sarn›
1 locality SH2332 by Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
2 locality SS9083 in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
3 locality SO2090 in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
4 locality SJ1179 in the county of Y Fflint, between Prestatyn and Treffynnon (county of Powys)
5 locality SJ4444 in the county of Y Fflint
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the causeway, the paved way’ :_______________________________. Y Sarnau ‹ə sar -ne›
1 locality SN3318 in the county of Caerfyrddin
2 locality SN3150 near Llandysul (county of Ceredigion)
3 locality SH9739 in Llanfor, district of Meirionnydd near Y Bala (county of Gwynedd)
4 locality SO0232 near Aberhonddu (county of Powys)
5 locality SJ 2315 in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys); near Cegidfa
Sarnau Uchaf place by here (uchaf = upper)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the causeway(s), the paved way(s)’, plural of sarn :_______________________________. Sarn-bach ‹sarn baakh ›
1 SH3026 place 2km south of Aber-soch
ETYMOLOGY: y sarn bach (“the little pavement”) (y definite article) + (sarn = paved way) + (bach = little) In North Wales, after a feminine noun bach remains unmutated. The expected form would be “y sarn fach” :_______________________________. sarnu ‹SAR-ni› (verb)
1 trample
2 destroy
..1/ sarnu’ch enw da destroy your reputation, spoil your reputation, sully your reputation ..2/ (South) sarnu’ch iechyd ruin your health :_______________________________. Satan ‹SA-tan› (m)
1 Satan
Sant Marc 8:33 Eithr wedi iddo droi, ac edrych ar ei ddisgyblion, efe a geryddodd Pedr, gan ddywedyd, Dos ymaith yn fy ôl i, Satan; am nad wyt yn synied y pethau sydd o Dduw, ond y pethau sydd o ddynion. Saint Mark 8:33 But when he had turned about and looked on his disciples, he rebuked Peter, saying, Get thee behind me, Satan: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but the things that be of men. :_______________________________. sa’th ‹ çsaath›
1 southern form of saeth (= arrow)
Usually spelt (less correctly sâth See aa / saath :_______________________________. sathrfa ‹sathr -va› feminine noun
1 trampled state
Daniel 8:13 Yna y clywais ryw sant yn llefaru, a dywedodd rhyw sant arall wrth y rhyw sant hwnnw oedd yn llefaru, Pa hyd y bydd y weledigaeth am yr offrwm gwastadol, a chamwedd anrhaith i roddi y cysegr a'r llu yn sathrfa?
Daniel 8:13 Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?
Eiseia 5:5 Ac yr awr hon mi a hysbysaf i chwi yr hyn a wnaf i’m gwinllan: tynnaf ymaith ei chae, fel y porer hi; torraf ei magwyr, fel y byddo hi yn sathrfa Isaiah 5:5 And now go to; I will tell you what I will do to my vineyard: I will take away the hedge thereof, and it shall be eaten up; and break down the wall thereof, and it shall be trodden down: ETYMOLOGY: (sathr- stem of the verb sathru = trample) + (-fa noun suffix denoting an action) :_______________________________. sa ti ‹SA ti› (verb)
1 see: se ti
:_______________________________. sawdl, sodlau ‹SAU dəl / SAU dul, SOD le› (masculine noun)
1 heel
fel ci bach wrth sawdl ei feistr like a little dog at the heel of his owner
2 Nid ei di byth uwch bawd na sawdl
You’ll never get anywhere, you’ll never make it, you’re doomed to failure (“you won’t go higher than a toe or a heel”) 3 o'ch corun i'ch sawdl ‹oi GO rin iu SAU dəl› (phrase)
from head to toe ("from one's crown to one's heel") 4 sawdl Achil Achilles heel, weak spot (Achilles ‹Əkíliz›, a noted Greek warrior in the Trojan war and hero of Homer's Iliad. Achilles was killed by Paris, who wounded him in his heel, his vulnerable spot)
:_______________________________. sawl ‹SAUL› (determiner)
1 how many?
2 many
ar sawl cyfrif in many respects
mewn sawl modd in many respects
:_______________________________. sawl un ‹saul iin › pronoun
1 many a one, many people
Mae sawl un wedi gwneud yr un peth Many a one has done the same thing
2 pa sawl un? how many? how many things? how many people?
(normally sawl un?, without the interrogative particle pa (= which) Sawl un gymeri di? How much do you want? / do you take? / will you have?
ETYMOLOGY: (sawl = many) + (un = one) :_______________________________. saws ‹SAUS› (masculine noun)
1 sauce
2 saws Caerwrangon Worcester sauce
:_______________________________. Sbaen ‹SPAIN› (feminine noun)
1 Spain (Greater Castile)
:_______________________________. Sbaeneg ‹SPEI neg› (feminine noun)
1 Castilian, Spanish
:_______________________________. Sbaenes, Sbaenesau ‹SPEI nes, spei NE se› (feminine noun)
1 Castilian woman, Spanish woman
:_______________________________. sbaengi ‹spein-gi› feminine noun
PLURAL sbaengwn ‹spein-gun› 1 spaniel
2 water spaniel = a large spaniel with a curly coat used for hunting wildfowl (there are two breeds - Irish and American)
3 balch fel sbangi ("as proud as a spaniel")
4 bod fel sbangi be soaking wet ("be like (a) spaniel")
Doedd dim ochrau i'r cysgodfan bws a phan oedd yn bwrw ac yn chwythu roedden nhw fel sbangwn erbyn i'r bws gyrraedd
There were no sides to the bus shelter so when it was raining and windy they were soaking wet by the time the bus arrived ETYMOLOGY: 'Spanish dog'; the literary form is (Sbaen- ‹sbein›, penult form of Sbaen ‹sbâin› = Spain) + soft mutation + (ci = dog); but it is possibly a reformation of sbangi from (sban-, first syllable of English spaniel) + soft mutation + (ci = dog). English spaniel is from Old French espaigneul < Occitan espanhol < Latin Hispâniolus NOTE: colloquial form: sbangi, sbangwn :_______________________________. Sbaenwr, Sbaenwyr ‹SPEI nur, SPEIN wir› (masculine noun)
1 Castilian man, Spanish man
:_______________________________. Sbaenwyr, y ‹ə SPEIN wir› (plural noun)
1 the Castilians, the Spanish
:_______________________________. sbag ‹sbaag› masculine noun
1 claw (of a cat)
2 sbagau (colloquially sbage, sbaga) (1) hands (2) legs
3 sbagyn o sbagen branch of a tree
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently a word of native origin, possibly related to bag ‹baag› (= claw, leg); and bach ‹baach› (= hook) NOTE: There is also a more literary form ysbâg ‹əsbáag› :_______________________________. sbago ‹sbâ-go› verb
1 scratch (eg of a cat)
ETYMOLOGY: (sbag = cat’s claw) + (-o suffix for forming verbs) NOTE: Occurs in Cambrian English as to spag :_______________________________. sbagyn ‹sbâ -gin› masculine noun
1 branch; see sbag
:_______________________________. sbangi ‹span-gi› masculine noun
PLURAL sbangwn ‹span -gun› 1 spaniel: see sbaengi
:_______________________________. sbâr ‹SBAAR› (adjective)
1 spare = in reserve for future use
:_______________________________. sbarion ‹SBAR yon› (plural noun)
1 leftovers of food
:_______________________________. sbectol ‹spek -tol› feminine noun
PLURAL sbectols, sbectolau ‹spek –tols, spek-tô-le› 1 spectacles, glasses, specs, (USA: also eyeglasses)
cas sbectol spectacle case
ETYMOLOGY: sbectol < *sbectal < English spectacle < French < Latin spectaculum (= a show) < spectâre (= to watch, to look at) < specere (= to look at) :_______________________________. sbectolog ‹spek -TOO-log› adj
1 spectacled
arth sbectolog spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus)
ETYMOLOGY: (sbectol = spectacle) + (-og adjectival suffix) :_______________________________. ’sbedain ‹SBEE-dain › (v)
1 clipped form of diasbedain (= resound, reverberate, ring)
Also written ’sbedan, ’sbeden to reflect more closely the actual pronunciation
Dyma ail sgrech, fwy ofnadwy na'r gynta, yn 'spedain drwy'r lle... A second scream, more terrible than the first one, resounded through the place :_______________________________. ’sbedan ‹SBEE-dan› (v)
1 See ’sbedain, a clipped form of diasbedain (= resound, reverberate, ring)
:_______________________________. ’sbeden ‹SBEE-den› (v)
1 See ’sbedain, a clipped form of diasbedain (= resound, reverberate, ring)
:_______________________________.
sbeisiog ‹ speis-yog› adjective
1 spicy
ETYMOLOGY: (sbeis = spice) + (-iog adjectival suffix ) :_______________________________. sbeislyd ‹ speis -lid› adjective
1 spicy
ETYMOLOGY: (sbeis = spice) + (-lyd adjectival suffix ) :_______________________________. sbésimen ‹spe-si-men› masculine noun
PLURAL sbesimenau ‹sbe-si-mê-ne› 1 specimen = tissue, blood, etc taken for making a diagnosis
cymryd sbésimen o waed take a blood sample
ETYMOLOGY: English specimen < Latin specimen (= mark, evidence) < specere (= to look) :_______________________________. sbinod ‹sbi-nod› plural noun
1 aphetic form of hesbinod (i.e. minus the first syllable) = yearling sheep. See hesbin
:_______________________________. sbinwch ‹sbi-nukh› feminine noun
1 aphetic form of hesbinwch (i.e. minus the first syllable) = young sow.
:_______________________________. Y Sblot ‹ə SPLOT› (feminine noun)
1 district of Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: sblot (= plot of land), from an English word splat (= plot of land) Sf SplotsLength, a field name on the Redwick 1844 Tithe Map (Casnewydd / Newport) :_______________________________. sboncyn ‹spong -kin› masculine noun
PLURAL sboncynnod ‹spong-kə-nod-wir› 1 (insect) hopper
sboncyn llyffant (Philaenus spumarius) froghopper
ETYMOLOGY: (sbonc = jump, leap) + (-yn suffix to make an agent noun) :_______________________________. sboner, sboners ‹SPO ner, SPO ners› (masculine noun)
1 (South Wales) boyfriend
:_______________________________. sbort ‹SPORT› (masculine noun)
1 sport
2 mocking
Nìd testun sbort mo hyn This is no laughing matter
:_______________________________. sbot, sbotiau ‹SPOT, SPOT ye› (masculine noun)
1 (Theatre) spotlight
Also: golau sbot, sbotolau :_______________________________. sbotolau ‹spot-o-le› masculine noun
PLURAL sbotoleuadau ‹spot-o-lei-â-de › 1 (Theatre) spotlight
Also: sbot, golau sbot ETYMOLOGY: (sbot = focus) + soft mutation + (golau = light) :_______________________________. sbowt ‹spout › masculine noun
PLURAL sbowtiau ‹spout -ye› 1 spout = pipe through which a liquid emerges
sbowt y tebot the spout of the teapot (the standard form is pig y tebot)
ETYMOLOGY: English spout is apparently < Dutch < Old Norse :_______________________________. sbring ‹spring› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL sbringiau, sbrings ‹spring-ye, springs› 1 spring
sbring matras mattress spring, one of the springs of a mattress (“spring (of) mattress”)
sbring soffa sofa spring, one of the springs of a sofa (“spring (of) sofa”)
sbring watsh watch spring, plural sbrings watshus watch springs
2 matras sbrings spring mattress (“mattress (of) springs”)
ETYMOLOGY: spring (= spiral) < to spring < Old English springan (= to spring, to jump); cf German springen (= to jump), der Sprung (= the jump) :_______________________________. sbrint ‹sprint› masculine noun
PLURAL sbrintiau ‹sprint –yai, -ye› 1 sprint = a short-distance race
2 sprint = running for a short distance as fast as one can, for example at the end of a long-distance race
ETYMOLOGY: English sprint < Scandinavian :_______________________________. sbrintio ‹sprint› verb
1 to sprint
ETYMOLOGY: (sbrint = sprint) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) :_______________________________. sbrintiwr ‹sprint -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sbrintwyr ‹sprint -wir› 1 sprinter,
ETYMOLOGY: (sbrint-i-, stem of sbrintio = to sprint) + (-wr, agent suffix, 'man') :_______________________________. sbwnjlyd ‹spunj -lid› adjective
1 spongy = like a sponge in texture – soft and compressible
ETYMOLOGY: (sbwnj = sponge) + (-lyd adjectival suffix) :_______________________________. sbwnsh ‹SPUNSH-lid› [spʊnʃ] (m?)
1 sponge
The Treatment of English Borrowed Words in Colloquial Welsh / Thomas Powel / Y Cymmrodor Vol. VI 1883. / p132 The following paper is an attempt to give a general account of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial Welsh of the present day. Most of the statements here made are applicable to the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but the paper treats more particularly of the dialect spoken, with slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen, and the greater part of Cardigan. (b.) G fìnal after n becomes sh: mansh (mange), plwnsh (plunge), ffrensh, (fringe, fr. M.E. ' frange'), spwnsh (O.E. spunge); challenge becomes shalens, by dissimilation. :_______________________________. sbwnjo ‹sbun -jo› verb
1 sponge (USA: freeload = eat or drink at sb else's expense)
ETYMOLOGY: (sbwnj = sponge) + (-o suffix for forming verbs) in imitation of English to sponge (= wait around somebody in order to receive money or gain other advantages) :_______________________________. sbyddu ‹sbə-dhi› verb
1 North Wales empty the water from (a boat, a pool). See disbyddu
:_______________________________. sbydu ‹sbə-di› verb
1 North Wales empty the water from (a boat, a pool). See disbyddu
dŵr twll sbydu bilge water (“water (of) (the) hole (of) emptying”)
:_______________________________. ’sbyty ‹spə -ti› masculine noun
PLURAL sbytai ‹spə -tai› 1 colloquial form of ysbyty = hospital
Bu rhaid mynd i'r ’sbyty I had to go to hospital
NOTE: See ysbyty :_______________________________. Y ’Sbyty ‹ə spə -ti›
1 short form for place names with Ysbyty (= hospice, inn) as the first element
In standard Welsh this would be Yr Ysbyty, but in colloquial Welsh ysbyty loses the first syllable > sbyty. With the addition of the definite article y the form Y Sbyty results Ysbyty-ystwyth > Y ’Sbyty
Ysbyty-ifan > Y ’Sbyty
Byw yn y ’Sbyty ma fe nawr
He lives in ’Sbyty (= Ysbyty-ifan) now NOTE: See ysbyty :_______________________________. SCANDINAVIAN WORDS IN WELSH
1 These are usually loans from English
rafft raft < English raft < Old Norse raptr (= rafter)
sgìl skill < English skill < Old Norse skil (= distinction, difference).
sgrap scrap < English scrap < Scandinavian
sbowt spout < English spout, apparently < Dutch < Old Norse
sbrint sprint < English sprint < Scandinavian
:_______________________________. 'sdim ‹stim ›
1 there isn't, etc
Sdim newid arno He’s set in his ways (“there’s no changing on him”)
ETYMOLOGY: ’sdim colloquial contraction of does dim < nid oes dim (= there isn’t) :_______________________________. sdi ‹ sdi ›
(North Wales) 1 = sydd wedi (“that is” + “after”)
Pwy syd wedi rhechu Who has farted? > Pwy sdi rhechu?
2 Sometimes so written (sdi) instead of sti
..a/ gwyddost ti you know, y’ know > wyddost ti > wsti > sti Dwi o ddifri 'sdi I’m serious, y’ know
..b/ a wyddost ti do you know? > wyddost ti > wsti > sti sti be < a wyddost ti beth do you know what? (question to highlight what will be said in a following sentence) > sti be
:_______________________________. sebon ‹SEE-bon› masculine noun
PLURAL sebonau ‹se-BOO-nai, -e› 1 soap
bar sebon bar of soap ("bar (of) soap")
blodyn sebon soap plant ("flower (of) soap") - plant which has parts which can be used as soap, such as the Californian Chlorogalum pomeridianum
calan sebon bar of soap ("bar (of) soap")
carreg sebon soapstone, soap earth, steatite - greasy variety of talc
chwysigen sebon soap bubble ("bubble (of) soap")
cneuen sebon soapnut Acacia concinna
fflochen sebon soap flake ("flake (of) soap")
gwaith sebon soapworks ("works (of) soap")
llestr sebon soapdish ("vessel (of) soap")
ópera sebon soap opera ("opera (of) soap")
pluen sebon soap flake ("feather / flake (of) soap")
sebon caled hard soap
sebon coch carbolic soap ("red soap")
sebon golchi household soap, soap for cleaning the house ("soap (of) washing")
sebon meddal soft soap
sebon sent toilet soap (colloquial) ("soap (of) scent")
sebon siafio shaving soap ("soap (of) shaving")
sebon ymolchi toilet soap ("soap (of) washing oneself")
sioe sebon soap opera ("show (of) soap")
swigen sebon North Wales soap bubble
2 golchi (rhywbeth) â sebon wash (something) with soap
3 bocs sebon soap box
areithiwr bocs sebon soap-box orator
4 soap, soft soap = flattery
Bydd hi'n derbyn yr holl sebon bob tro She falls for the flattery every time
Gad dy sebon! Leave off the flattery!
gwerthu sebon to softsoap, to flatter (“to sell soap”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British From the same British root: Cornish sebon (= soap), Breton saon (= soap) Cf Latin sâpô, sâpôn|is (= soap), Germanic *saip-: Old English sâpe > Modern English soap; German die Seife (= soap), Dutch zeep (= soap). The Germanic word is possibly from Latin. Irish has gallúnach and sópa (this latter from English). The Welsh word is probably from Latin. The lack of a corresponding term in Irish is usually a good indicator of a word’s Latin origin (though usually if a Welsh word has a Latin origin this is easily discernible). :_______________________________. sebra ‹SE-bra, ZE-bra › masculine noun
PLURAL sebras, sebraod ‹ SE-bras, ZE-braz, se-BRAA-od, ze-BRAA-od, › 1 zebra croesfan sebra (f), croesfannau sebra zebra crossing
Croesfan Sebra a Thwmpath (on road signs) Humped Zebra Crossing (“zebra crossing and a hump”)
:_______________________________. Sechareia ‹se-kha- rei -a› masculine noun
1 Zechariah ‹Zekəráiə› a Hebrew prophet around 500BC
2 Llyfr Sechareia the Book of Zechariah in the Old Testament, containing his oracles
:_______________________________. se chi = fe fuasech chi ‹SE khi› (verb)
1 you would be
:_______________________________. se chi = pe tasech chi ‹SE khi› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________. séciwlar ‹se -kiu-lar› adjective
1 secular = wordly rather than religious
gwyl séciwlar = secular holiday
Gwyl seciwlar ydi'r Pasg erbyn hyn Easter is by now a secular holiday
2 secular = not connected with religion, not dealing with religion
addysg séciwlar secular education
ETYMOLOGY: English secular < French < Late Latin saeculâris < saeculum = an age :_______________________________. secsi ‹sek -si› adjective
1 sexy
ETYMOLOGY: English sexy; (sex) + (-y suffix for forming adjectives) :_______________________________. sector ‹ sek -tor› masculine noun
PLURAL sectorau ‹ sek- to -re› 1 sector = part of an economy
y sector preifat = the private sector,
y sector cyhoeddus = the public sector,
y sector gwirfeddol = the voluntary sector (people who work on without renumeration in providing help for others)
2 sector = a portion of a society
y sector gwirfoddol the voluntary sector (= charities, etc)
3 sector = division in educational provision;
y sector Cymraeg = the Welsh-language sector, the part of educational provision through tthe medium of Welsh;
Mae llawer o rieni yn methu â chael lle i'w plant yn y sector Cymraeg
Many parents are unable to find a place for their children in the Welsh-language sector ETYMOLOGY: English sector < Late Latin sector (= a cutter) < secâre (= to cut) :_______________________________. sectwr ‹sek-tur›
PLURAL: sectwyr ‹sekt-wir› MASCULINE NOUN 1 sectarian
ETYMOLOGY: (sect = sect) + (-wr = agent suffix) also sectydd, plural sectyddion :_______________________________. sedd, seddau ‹seedh, SÊ dhe› (feminine noun)
1 seat = something on which a person sits (chair, saddle, etc)
sedd gadw reserved seat
Odi’r sedd ’ma’n wag? Is this seat free? Is this seat going free? Is anybody sitting in this seat?
2 sedd godi tip-up seat
3 gorsedd throne
equivalent to modern Welsh (gor- = super) + (sedd = seat) :_______________________________. sedila ‹se- dii -la› feminine noun
PLURAL sedilâu ‹se-di- lai› 1 cedilla = small mark under a “c” before “a, o, u” or final in Catalan, Occitan, Portuguese, French to denote that it is sounded as ‹s› and not ‹k› (e.g. Catalan “enllaç” = link)
ec sedila “c cedilla”, “see cedilla”
The ç does not occur in Welsh. ETYMOLOGY: English < Castilian cedilla (= small z) (formerly a small letter “z” written after a “c” to denote that it was a sibilant) < Older Castilian zedilla The letter ç originated in Visigothic script, where a z was capped by a small c, but over time the c became bigger and the z became smaller, until it was known as the small z – the zedilla. It was abolished in Castilian in the 1800s by the Royal Spanish Academy as it had become redundant. This letter ç, that is the “cz”, represented approximately the sound [ts], and was the counterpart of the letter z [dz]. The z underneath indicated that this c was not to be pronounced as [k]. Thus cozina [dz] (= kitchen, cuisine) and caça [ts] (= hunting) In the 1500s and 1600s both ç [ts] and z [dz] came to be pronounced the same as c [s] in the south and [θ] in the centre and north. Now there were three symbols for the same sound [s] (c, ç, z,). It was decided to eliminate ç and use z instead, and to use c instead of z caça > caza cozina > cocina zedilla > cedilla :_______________________________. se fe ‹SE ve› (verb)
(rapid colloquial speech) 1 = fe fuase fe he would be
2 = pe tase fe he would be
:_______________________________. sefydlog ‹se VƏD log› (adjective)
1 settled, firm, steady
2 bod mor sefydlog â’r graig be as steady as a rock (“as the rock”)
:_______________________________. sefydlu ‹se VƏD li› (verb)
1 establish, set up
2 arsefydlu install = put a computer program onto a computer
(ar- intensifying prefix ) + (sefydlu = establish) :_______________________________. sefyll ‹SE vilh› (verb)
1 stand = be standing; stand up
2 sefyll allan ‹se vilh A lhan› stand out, be prominent
3 sefyll ar osgo i (house) be at an angle to (the street, etc)
4 sefyll eich prawf am be tried for, stand trial for
5 codi (rhywbeth) yn ei sefyll put (something) upright, make (something) stand up, put (something) in a standing position
:_______________________________. sefyll allan fel ffeir’ad mewn ffair ‹sê-vilh a-lhan vel fei-rad meun fair›
1 stick out like a sore thumb = be very obvious
ETYMOLOGY: “stand out like a clergyman in a fair” (sefyll allan = stand out) + (fel = com) + (ffeir’ad < ffeiriad < offeiriad = clergyman) + (mewn = in) + (ffair = fair) :_______________________________. sefyll allan fel llaid ar farch gwyn ‹sê-vilh a-lhan vel lhaid ar varkh gwin›
1 stick out like a sore thumb = be very obvious
ETYMOLOGY: “stand out like mud on a white horse” (sefyll allan = stand out) + (fel = like) + (llaid = mud) + (ar = on) + soft mutation + (march gwyn = white horse) :_______________________________. sefyll arholiad ‹se vilh ar HOL yad› (verb)
1 sit ('stand') an exam
:_______________________________. sefyllfa, sefyllféydd ‹se VƏLH va, se vəlh VEIDH› (feminine adjective)
1 situation
2 sefyllfa ddigynsail an unprecedented situation
:_______________________________. sefylliwr ‹ se- vəlh -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sefyllfwyr ‹ se- vəlh -wir› 1 loiterer, somebody who stands around doing nothing
ETYMOLOGY: (sefyll- ‹ə› stem of the verb sefyll ‹i› = to stand) + (loetr- stem of the verb loetran = to loiter) + (-i-wr suffix = man) :_______________________________. sefyll yn feichiau dros ‹se-vilh ən veikh –ye dros› verb
1 to stand surety for, give security as a guarantee that an obligation will be met that will be forfeited if it is not; act as agents who will make sure that a commitment will be observed, be a guarantor, be guarantors
Mae'r Eglwys Wladol yn gosod pwys mawr ar fedydd, - dywed fod rhyw gyfnewidiad gwyrthiol yn cymeryd lle drwy'r ordinhad, a mynna gael tad a mam bedydd i sefyll yn feichiau dros y baban bach.
The state church attaches great importance to baptism – it says that a miraculous change takes place through this religious observance, and insists on having a godfather and godmother to be guarantors for the little infant ETYMOLOGY: (sefyll = to stand) + (yn = as) + soft mutation + (meichiau = guarantee) + (dros = for, on behalf of) :_______________________________. segur ‹sê gir› adjective
1 idle, lazy = without the desire to work
byw’n segur live in idleness, live idly
y cyfoethogion segur the idle rich
2 idle = at a standstill, not active
cyfnod segur idle period (in a cycle)
ffatri segur an idle factory, one standing unused
Nid yw amser ddim yn segur Time waits for no man (“time is not idle / still”)
3 idle = (machine) having the transmission disconnected
troi’n segur (also: troi’n weili) to idle
4 idle = not being used
cyfalaf segur capital lying idle
rheilffordd segur disused railway, abandoned railway
5 (person), idle = out of work
gwneud rhywun yn segur make someone redundant
6 (child) still, not moving constantly
7 South Wales (house), empty = unoccupied.
Tysegur ('empty house') is the name of a street in Castell-nedd, South Wales
(See ‘NOTE’ at the foot of the entry) 8 lazy = (river) slow-moving
tai mawrion ar lan yr afon segur big houses on the bank of the lazy river
9 partner segur
sleeping partner, business partner who does not take an active part in running the business, often one who supplies the capital for the business 10 spare (time, moment); idle (moment)
dysgu naddu pren yn ei amser segur to learn to carve wood in his spare time
pan fo awr segur gyda'r nos whenever there’s a spare hour in the evening...
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin secûr(us) (= free from care) < sê- (= without) + (cûra = care). (Latin secûrus has given English secure, security) The corresponding word in Cornish is segur NOTE: In south-east Wales, colloquially ‹b,d,g› at the beginning of the final syllable are devoiced > ‹p,t,k›. Hence segur > secur ‹se-kir› :_______________________________. segura ‹se-gî-ra› verb
1 idle about, loaf around, idle away one’s time
segura hyd yr heolydd hang around the streets
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-a suffix for forming verbs) NOTE: also seguran in the south (segur + suffix -an for forming verbs indicating repeated or continuous action) :_______________________________. seguran ‹se-gî-ran› verb
1 See segura
:_______________________________. segurddyn ‹se- gir -dhin› masculine noun
PLURAL segurddynion ‹se-gir-dhən-yon› 1 idler
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + soft mutation + (dyn = man) :_______________________________. segurdod ‹se-gir-dod› masculine noun
1 idleness
2 leisure
3 inactivity
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-dod suffix for forming abstract nouns) :_______________________________. segurswydd ‹se- gir -suidh› feminine noun
PLURAL segurswyddi ‹se-gir- sui -dhi› 1 sinecure = job for which one is paid but which involves little or no work or responsibility
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (swydd = work, job, office) NOTE: also: swydd segur, segur swydd :_______________________________. segurwr ‹se- gi -rur› masculine noun
PLURAL segurwyr ‹se- gir -wir› 1 loafer
un o segurwyr cornel y stryd one of the people hanging around on street corners
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-wr suffix = ‘man’) :_______________________________. seguryd ‹se- gî -rid› masculine noun
1 sloth, indolence
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-yd suffix for forming abstract nouns) :_______________________________. seguryn ‹se- gî -rin› masculine noun
PLURAL segurwyr ‹se- gir -wir› 1 idler
ETYMOLOGY: (segur = idle, inactive) + (-yn suffix for forming nouns) NOTE: The plural is that of segurwr (same meaning) :_______________________________. se hi ‹SE ve› (verb)
(rapid colloquial speech) 1 = fe fuase hi she would be
2 = pe tase hi she would be
:_______________________________. seiciatryddol ‹sei ki a trə dhol› adjective
1 psychological
derbyn triniaeth seiciatryddol undergo pschychiatric treatment
ETYMOLOGY: seiciatrydd = psychiatrist + -ol = suffix for forming adjectives :_______________________________. seiclo ‹SEI klo› (verb)
1 to cycle
:_______________________________. seidbord, seidbordydd ‹SEID bord, seid BOR didh› (feminine noun)
1 sideboard
:_______________________________. seidr ‹SEI dir› (masculine noun)
1 cider
:_______________________________. seiffon ‹SEI fon› (masculine noun)
PLURAL: seiffonau ‹sei-FON-ai, -e› 1 siphon, syphon
:_______________________________. seiffno ‹SEIF no› (vt)
1 siphon, syphon
:_______________________________. seiffnad ‹SEIF-nad › (masculine noun)
PLURAL: seiffonadau ‹seif-NAAD-ai, -e› 1 siphoning, syphoning
:_______________________________. seilam ‹sei -lam› masculine and feminine noun
PLURAL seilams ‹sei -lams› 1 mental asylum (funny farm, loony bin)
bod yn barod i’r seilam be a mental case, be certifiable, be a lunatic, be a candidate for the lunatic asylum (“be ready for the asylum”)
2 Y Seilam specific name for a mental hospital
In the magazine Llafar Gwlad, number 73, Haf (summer) 2001: Ysbyty Meddwl Gogledd Cymru (neu’r Seilam i bobl leol) The North Wales Mental Hospital (or the ‘Asylum’ according to local people) ETYMOLOGY: From the Enflish clipped form English ’sylum < asylum < Latin < Greek asulon (= refuge) < asulos (= thing which cannot be seized), (a- negative prefix) + (sulon = right of seizure) Th 'doctors thought he'd have to be put in a' sylum. The Secret Garden (New York, 1911) Frances Hodgson Burnett, 1849-1924 At last they said I was mad, an 'I went awee tae th' 'sylum yonder i' th 'town Adrift in the Ice-Fields (New York, 1877) Capt. Charles W[inslow] Hall (1843-1916) the Mayor last year was Hoover, a chap that owns a lunatic 'sylum.”
The Man Who Lost Himself (New York, 1908) Henry De Vere Stacpoole. (1863 –1951)
:_______________________________. seiliad ‹seil -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL seiliadau ‹seil-yâ-de› 1 founding, foundation
cyn seiliad y byd before the foundation of the world, before the world began
Effesiaid 1:4 Megis yr etholodd efe ni ynddo ef cyn seiliad y byd, fel y byddem yn sanctaidd ac yn ddifeius ger ei fron ef mewn cariad:
Ephesians According as he hath chosen us in him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love:
ETYMOLOGY: (seil-, stem of seilio = to base) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix) :_______________________________. Seimon ‹sei -mon› masculine noun
1 Simon
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English Simon ‹sai-mən›. In the Welsh Bible the name is "Simon" < Greek "Simon" < Hebrew "Simeon" (= obedient)
Cf other names with English ‹ai› adapted into Welsh with ‹ei›
(1) Meic (= "Mike" ‹maik›)
(2) Breian (= Brian ‹brai-ən›)
:_______________________________. seinio ‹SEIN yo› (vreb)
1 to sound
2 seinio’r enciliad to sound the retreat
:_______________________________. Seion ‹sei -on› feminine noun
1 Mynydd Seion Mount Zion, the hill on which the city of Jerusalem stands and the site of the Temple
Salmau 125:1 Caniad y graddau. Y rhai a ymddiriedant yn yr Arglwydd, fyddant fel mynydd Seion, yr hwn ni syflir, ond a bery yn dragwydd Psalm 125:1 A Song of degrees. They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot be removed, but abideth for ever. Eseia 8:18 Wele fi a’r plant a roddes yr Arglwydd i mi, yn arwyddion ac yn rhyfeddodau yn Israel; oddi wrth Arglwydd y lluoedd, yr hwn sydd yn trigo ym mynydd Seion
Isaiah 8:18 Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion. Salmau 76:1 Hynod yw DUW yn Jwda; mawr yw ei enw ef yn Israel. 76:2 Ei babell hefyd sydd yn Salem, a’i drigfa yn Seion
Psalms 76:1 In Judah is God known: his name is great in Israel. 76:2 In Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion. Mynyddseion ‹mə-nidh sei-on› Locality in Brymbo (Conwy) (“Mynydd Seion”)
2 Seion chapel name (also Bryn Seion = Mount Zion)
(1) Bryn Seion name of a Congregationalist church, now interdenominational, founded in June 1884 at Beavercreek, Oregon, USA, (17 miles south-east of Portland), and considered to be the oldest Welsh chapel on the west coast http://www.wapnw.org/brynseion.htm (2) Heol Bryn Seion street name in Rhymni (county of Caerffili) 3 Place names from chapel names:
(1) Seion SH5467 place near Y Felinheli, county of Gwynedd (2) Capelseion .....(a) SN5113 place in the county of Caerfyrddin, north of Pontyberem .....(b) SN6379 place in the county of Ceredigion, by Aberystwyth 4 (Judaism) Zion = territory of the Israelites; Palestine
5 (Judaism) Zion = Palestine as the Jewish homeland, the modern Israeli state
6 (Christianity) Zion = heaven, place where true believers finally come together
Seion fry Zion up above
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Seion < English Zion < Late Latin < Greek < Hebrew NOTE: English ‘z’ was formerly replaced by ‘s’ in Welsh, the unvoiced equivalent, since the voiced sound did not exist in Welsh. The diphthong ‘ei’ ‹ei› replaces modern English ‹ai›
:_______________________________. seirff ‹SEIRF› (plural noun)
seprents; see sarff :_______________________________. seiri ‹SEI ri› (plural noun)
1 carpenters, masons, artisans; see saer
:_______________________________. seismig ‹SEIS mig› (adjective)
1 seismic = caused by an earthquake
ton seismig seismic wave
:_______________________________. Seisnig ‹SEI snig› (adjective)
1 English (of the people; not the language)
2 pro-Seisnig pro-English
gwrth-Seisnig anti-English
:_______________________________. Seisnigrwydd ‹sei SNI gruidh› (masculine noun)
1 Englishness
:_______________________________. seithfed ‹SEITH ved› (adjective)
1 seventh
:_______________________________. seithgant ‹SEITH gant› (numeral)
1 seven hundred
(Apocrypha) Llyfr Cyntaf Esdras 1:9 Jechoneias hefyd, a Samaias, a Nathanael ei frawd, a Sabaias, ac Ochiel, a Joram, milwriaid, a roddasant i'r Lefiaid ynghyfer y Pasg, bum mil o ddefaid, a seithgant o eidionau. (Apocrypha) Esdras-1 1:9 And Jeconias, and Samaias, and Nathanael his brother, and Assabias, and Ochiel, and Joram, captains over thousands, gave to the Levites for the passover five thousand sheep, and seven hundred calves. ETYMOLOGY: (seith- , saith = seven) + soft mutation + (cant = one hundred) :_______________________________. seithugio ‹sei- thig -yo› verb
1 frustrate, make futile, defeat
Mi a fernis fod yn ddoethach imi ar hyn o bryd gyffrói gwladgarwch a hunan-barch y Cymry â sylwadau cyffredinol o'r fath yma, na brysio i gynnyg cynllun bach a sych o'm heiddo fy hun i seithugio ymgais Saeson a Dic-Sion-Dafyddion i ddiléu'r Gymráeg o'n gorsafodd a'n llythyrdai. (Seisnigo Enwau Cymréig ‹Englishing Welsh Names› / Emrys ap Iwan / Y Geninen / Rhif 1 / Ionawr, 1897 / Cyf. XV
I judged it wiser for me at this time to stir up the patriotism and self-respect of the Welsh with general comments like these, than to hurriedly offer a small dry plan of my own to frustrate the efforts (literally ‘effort’) of the English and of Welsh people who have turned their back on their language to remove Welsh from our stations and post offices..
ETYMOLOGY: (seithug = vain, futile ) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) :_______________________________. seithliw ‹seith -liu› adjective
1 rainbow, seven-coloured ("(of) seven colours")
2 brithyll seithliw Salmo gairdneri rainbow trout
3 North Wales coeden seithliw, blodyn seithliw ("the tree of seven colours, the flower of seven colours") hydrangea
ETYMOLOGY: (seith, penult form of saith = seven) + soft mutation + (lliw = color / colour); formerly there was soft mutation after the numeral saith (This does not occur in modern spoken Welsh, but the rule still holds good in the literary language, although it is not rigidly adhered to). The rainbow of course has seven colours - coch / red, melyngoch / orange, melyn / yellow, gwyrdd / green, glas / blue, glasddu / indigo, glasgoch / violet :_______________________________. seithwyr ‹SEITH-wir› n
1 seven men
Actau 6:3 Am hynny, frodyr, edrychwch yn eich plith am seithwyr da eu gair, yn llawn o’r Ysbryd Glân a doethineb, y rhai a osodom ar hyn o orchwyl.
Acts 6:3 Wherefore, brethren, look ye out among you seven men of honest report, full of the Holy Ghost and wisdom, whom we may appoint over this business :_______________________________. sêl ‹SEEL› (feminine noun)
1 zeal
The Treatment of English Borrowed Words in Colloquial Welsh / Thomas Powel / Y Cymmrodor Vol. VI 1883. / p133 The following paper is an attempt to give a general account of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial Welsh of the present day. Most of the statements here made are applicable to the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but the paper treats more particularly of the dialect spoken, with slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen, and the greater part of Cardigan. Z. This letter is not known to Welsh, and in borrowed words it becomes s. Sêl (zeal), dăslo (dazzle), pyslo (puzzle), ráser
(razor), etc. :_______________________________. Seland Newydd ‹SE land NEU idh› (feminine noun)
1 New Zealand
:_______________________________. seld, seldau ‹SELD, SEL de› (feminine noun)
1 sideboard
:_______________________________. selio VERB ‹sel yo›
1 seal·
Roedd yr amlen heb ei selio
The envelope wasn't sealed ("was without its sealing") ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < Old French "seel" (modern French "sceau" = seal, "sceller" = to seal) < Latin "sigillum", diminutive of "signum" = sign :_______________________________. séliwleit ‹sel-iu-leit› masculine noun
1 cellulite = subcutaneous fat especially on the thighs of women supposed to be impossible to remove by dieting
ETYMOLOGY: English cellulite < French cellulite < cellule = cell < Latin cellula, diminutive form of cella = cell :_______________________________. séliwloid ‹sel -yu-loid› masculine noun
1 celluloid = thermoplastic material
adjective
2 made of celluloid
3 celluloid, related to the cinema
:_______________________________. sélni ‹sel -ni› masculine noun
1 feeling of sickness after eating too much
selni ar ôl byta gormod o fara brith a feeling of being sick after eating too much currant bread 2 illness
Yr oedd yn rhy lesg ar ôl ei selni He was too weak after his illness
ETYMOLOGY: (sâl = ill, sick) + (-ni, suffix for forming nouns) :_______________________________. séloffen ‹se-lo-fen› masculine noun
1 also: papur séloffen cellophane = material made from wood pulp and used as wrapping
llyfr mewn papur seloffen a book (wrapped) in cellophane
ETYMOLOGY: English cellophane, originally a trademark; (cello- < cellulose) and (-phane, suffix meaning 'having the appearance of' < Greek phainein = shine, appear) :_______________________________. selog ‹sê -log› adjective
PLURAL selogion ‹se- log -yon›
1 enthusiastic, zealous, fervent, avid
un o gefnogwyr selocaf y blaid one of the party's most fervent supporters
pysgotwr selog a keen fisherman
2 yn selog adverb with enthusiasm, enthusiastically, zealously, avidly
Y maent yn dilyn y gyfres sebon o Geredigion yn selog They follow the soap series from Ceredigion avidly ETYMOLOGY: (sêl = zeal) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives) NOTE: equative seloced (= as zealous), comparative selocach (= more zealous), superlative selocaf (= the most zealous) :_______________________________. selogyn ‹se- lô -gin› masculine noun
PLURAL selogion ‹se- log -yon› 1 zealot = one who is fanatically religious
2 faithful follower, (radio) regular listener
Blwyddyn Newydd Heddychlon i holl selogion Radio Cymru A Peaceful New Year to all the regular listeners of Radio Cymru selogion y Brifwyl people who attend the National Eisteddfod every year, avid eisteddfod-goers
3 devoted advocate, great supporter
un a fu'n un o selogion mwyaf brwdfrydig y Gymraeg ar hyd oes faith
someone who had been one of the most fervent advocates of the Welsh language during his long life ETYMOLOGY: (selog = zealous) + (-yn suffix for forming nouns = agent) :_______________________________. selsig, selsigod ‹SEL sig, sel SI god› (feminine noun)
1 sausage
:_______________________________. Selyf ‹SE liv› (masculine noun)
1 Solomon
:_______________________________. senedd, seneddau ‹SÊ nedh, se NÊ dhe› (feminine noun)
1 parliament = legislative assembly of a state
diddymiad y Senedd dissolution of Parliament, termination of a period of government
:_______________________________. seneddol ‹se NÊ dhol› (adjective)
1 parliamentary
aelod seneddol member of parliament (“parliamentary member”) (abbreviation: A.S.) (= M.P.)
tymor seneddol parliamentary term
Beirniadodd y Weinyddiaeth Amaeth yn hallt am dorri'r newyddion ar ddiwrnod olaf y tymor seneddol He severely criticised the Agriculture Minister for making the announcement (“breaking the news”) on the last day of the parliamentary term
:_______________________________. seneddwr ‹se-nê-dhur› masculine noun
PLURAL seneddwyr ‹se-nedh-wïr›
1 parliamentarian = person experienced in parliamentary procedures
Yr oedd yr aelod seneddol dros Aberafan yn ddatganolwr brwd ac yn seneddwr o gryn brofiad
The Member of Parliament for Aberafan was an enthustiastic devolutionist and a very experienced parliamentarian 2 parliamentarian = member of parliament, MP
Seneddwr ar Dramp ("an MP on the tramp, on a journey") Book by the Member of Parliament Rhys J Davies published in 1935
3 senator, member of a senate
ETYMOLOGY: (senedd = parliament) + (-wr = man) :_______________________________. Senghenydd ‹se NGHE nidh› (feminine noun)
1 commote in the South-east
1 se nhw = fe fuasen nhw ‹SE nu› (verb)
1 they would be
2 se nhw = pe tasen nhw ‹SE nu› (verb)
1 if they were
1 se ni = fe fuasen ni ‹SE ni› (verb)
2 se ni = pe tasen ni ‹SE ni› (verb)
1 if we were
:_______________________________. *sent ‹sent ›
1 root of the Latin word sentîre (= to feel) found in Welsh (< British < Latin)
..1/ synio (= to think, believe, know), and derivatives syniad (= idea), synnu (= to surprise, to be surprised); ..2/ synnwyr (= sense) and derivatives synhwyro (= to sense), synhwyrol (= to sensible) :_______________________________. ser. ‹- ›
1 abbreviation Seryddiaeth = astronomy
:_______________________________. serch ‹SERKH› (masculine noun)
1 love
2 (South) plentyn serch lovechild, child born out of wedlock (“child (of) love / passion”)
3 llwy serch (“spoon (of) love”) love spoon = a wooden spoon carved by a young man for his sweetheart as a token of his love. Also llwy garu
:_______________________________. seren ‹se-ren› feminine noun
PLURAL sêr ‹seer›
1 star = distant sun
seren ddwbl binary star (dwbl = double)
seren gorachaidd dwarf star
(corachaidd (adjective) = dwarf); (corach = (noun) dwarf) + (-aidd adjectival suffix) seren gwympo South-east Wales (colloquially “seran gwmpo”) shooting star, falling star (cwympo = falling, to fall)
seren sefydlog fixed star
2 star = celestial object (star or especially planet) regarded as influencing a person's fortunes
Mae ei seren ar gynnydd Her star is in the ascendant, she is favoured by her star sign, she’s on the up and up, she is becoming more prosperous, influential, etc
3 star = famous performer (actor, singer)
4 star = brilliant person
5 star = object in the form of a star; often a conventionalised star, with five or more points
6 star = an asterisk used to indicate quality, often on a scale of one to five
marciau sêr star rating
un seren one star
dwy seren two star
tair seren three star
pedair seren four star
pum seren five star
gwesty tair seren three-star hotel
7 star = a star-shaped object used as an award
8 star = a small badge used to indicate rank
9 star = one of the fifty symbols on the United States flag each representing a state
baner y Sêr a'r Barrau the Stars and Stripes (= name for the flag of the United States)
10 star = white patch on the forehead of a horse, cow, dog, etc
ci coch â seren wen dros ei lygaid a red dog with a white patch above its eyes
11 Seren, also in the north-west and south-east Seran, name for a cow (generally because it has a star on its forehead)
12 names of some plants, fungi, fish, etc
seren Féthlehem (plant) star of Bethlehem, member of the lily family with flowers in the shape of stars (Ornithogalum)
seren fôr (fish) starfish
seren frau (fish) brittle fish
seren y ddaear (fungus) earth star
seren y tywod (fish) sand star
13 cytser constellation
(cyt- form of the prefix cyd- before the consonant s) + (sêr = stars) 13 seren bren something quite useless ("wooden star")
Dyw e ddim ond seren bren It's completely useless (“it is not but a wooden star”)
(seren = star) + soft mutation + (pren = wood) ETYMOLOGY: seren is (sêr = stars) + (-en, singulative suffix); sêr < Old Welsh stêr < British < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish sterenn (= star), Breton sterenn (= star) From the same Indo-European root: Latin stella (= star) < sterula, Greek astêr (= star), English star (= star) < Middle English sterre (= star) < Old English steorra < Germanic *sternon / *sterron German Stern (= star) < Germanic *sternon / *sterron Sanskrit star- NOTE: (1) in the north-western and north-eastern corners of the country a > e, and so the pronunciation in these zones is seran (2) A colloquial plural form exists: sêrs (in effect, a double plural form, with the English plural suffix -s) :_______________________________. Seren Dafydd ‹se-ren da -vidh›
1 the Star of David = six-pointed star, symbol of Judaism
ETYMOLOGY: (seren = star) + (Dafydd = David) :_______________________________. Seren Hafren ‹sê-ren ha-vren›
1 ("(the) star (of) (the river) Severn")
Seren Hafren - Papur Bro Dyffryn Hafren - Drenewydd, Caer-sws, Carno, Aberhafesp, Bwlch-y-ffridd, Llanidloes, Pen-y-ffordd-las, Trefeglwys, Llawr-y-glyn
Seren Hafren - the Welsh-language community newspaper of the valley of the river Hafren ("Severn") - Y Drenewydd (English name: "Newtown"), Caer-sws, Carno, Aberhafesp, Bwlch-y-ffridd, Llanidloes, Pen-y-ffordd-las (English name: "Staylittle"), Trefeglwys, Llawr-y-glyn :_______________________________. seren wib ‹se ren WIIB› (feminine noun)
1 shooting star
:_______________________________. Seren y Bore ‹sê-ren ə bô-re› feminine noun
1 the morning star = the planet Venus
ETYMOLOGY: ("star (of) the morning") (seren = star) + (y = the) + (bore = morning) NOTE: Also Y Seren Fore ‹ə sê-ren vô-re› :_______________________________. serfiad ‹serv -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL serfiadau ‹serv- yâ -de› 1 (tennis) serve = the act of hitting the ball to put it into play
ETYMOLOGY: (serf-, stem of serfio = to serve) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix) :_______________________________. serfio ‹serv -yo›
1 (tennis) to serve = to hit the ball and put it into play
serfio’r bêl to serve the ball
A stroke (in tennis or badminton or squash) that puts the ball in play ETYMOLOGY: (serf-, from English to serve) + (-io suffix for forming verbs); English to serve < servise < French < Latin servitium (= state of being a slave) < servus (= slave); English serf is also from Latin servus :_______________________________. serfrith ‹ser-vrith › adjective
1 star-studded, starry = set with stars
ETYMOLOGY: (ser = stars) + soft mutation + (brith = speckled, dotted, teeming) :_______________________________. sérimoni, serimonïau ‹SE ri mo ni, se ri mo NI e› (feminine noun)
1 ceremony
:_______________________________. serlo ‹SER-lo› (vi)
1 (South Wales) be a starry night
Mae hi’n serlo heno it’s a starry night tonight, it’s a starlit night tonight; the sky’s twinkling with stars
Mae hi’n serlo’n braf heno it’s a wonderful starry night tonight
Mae hi’n serlo nawr uwchben The stars have come out now (up in the sky) (i.e. after clouds have disappeared)
2 (eyes) twinkle
Roedd ei llygaid yn serlo her eyes were twinkling
ETYMOLOGY: The first element is sêr (= stars). Seems to be a verb such as *serio (sêr =stars) + (-io verb ending), which would be *sero in the south, with an unexplained l [l] :_______________________________. serlog ‹SER-log› (adj)
1 (South Wales) (sky; evening, night) starry
noswaith serlog hyfryd a lovely starlit night
2 (eyes) twinkling llygad serlog twinkling eyes
ETYMOLOGY: (serlo = twinkling) + (-og adjectival suffix) :_______________________________. serth ‹serth -ni› masculine noun
1 steep
bryn serth a steep hill
Perygl. Dibyn Serth (on a warning sign) Danger. Sheer Drop
:_______________________________. serthni ‹serth -ni› masculine noun
1 steepness
ETYMOLOGY: (serth = costerut) + (-ni suffix for forming abstract nouns) :_______________________________. seryddiaeth ‹se RƏDH yeth› (feminine noun)
1 astronomy
Abbreviation in GPC (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / Dictionary of the University of Wales): Ser.
:_______________________________. set, setiau ‹SET, SET ye› (feminine noun)
1 set
2 set deledu, setiau teledu ‹set de LE di, set ye te LE di› TV set
3 set dominos ‹set DO mi nos› set of dominos
:_______________________________. sêt, seti ‹SEET, SE ti› (feminine noun)
1 seat
2 sêt fawr ‹seet vaur› 'big seat' - seat in a chapel where the deacons sit
1 se ti = fe fuaset ti ‹SE ti› (verb)
1 you would be
2 se ti = pe taset ti ‹SE ti› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________. setl, setlau ‹SE təl› (feminine noun)
1 settle (high backed wooden bench)
:_______________________________. setlo ‹SET lo› (verb)
1 to settle
:_______________________________. setsen, sets ‹SET sen, SETS› (feminine noun)
1 sett (granite block for making a road surface)
:_______________________________. sg 1 In the Anglicisation of Welsh names this combination is spelt ‘sk’, ‘sc’
(1) Meisgyn (place by Llantrisant) > Misgyn (local form) > English spelling: Miskin (2) Cwm-ynys-gou > 'English' spelling: Cwmynyscoy (3) Ynysgynwraidd > Sgynfridd > English Skenfrith :_______________________________. sganiwr ‹skan -yur› m
PLURAL sganwyr, sganiwrs ‹skan –wir, skan-yurs › 1 scanner = person who scans
2 (computer) scanner = appliance / device which scans
ETYMOLOGY: (sgan- = stem of sganio = to scan) + (-i-wr suffix for indicating a device or an agent; literally = man) :_______________________________. sgarff ‹skarf› feminine noun
PLURAL sgarffiau ‹skarf -ye› 1 scarf
2 headscarf (also pensgarff, pensgarffiau)
ETYMOLOGY: English scarf, probably related to Northern French escarpe (modern French écharpe = scarf, sash, sling) :_______________________________. Sgedwyn ‹sked -win›
1 Local form (with the loss of the first two syllables) of Ynysgedwyn SN7709, an area in Ystradgynlais Isaf (Brycheiniog, county of Powys)
:_______________________________. sgen i ‹ske -ni›
1 shortening of does gen i (= I haven’t got, I don’t have),
literary Welsh nid oes gennyf fi (“no + there is + with + me”) Sgen i ddim syniad I have no idea, I’ve no idea, I haven’t got any idea
2 shortening of oes gen i...? (= do I have...?, have I got...?),
literary Welsh a oes gennyf fi (“interrogative particle + there is + with + me”) 2 shortening of sy gen i... (= that I have, that have I got),
literary Welsh sydd gennyf fi (“that-is with me”) :_______________________________. sgen ti ‹sken-ti›
1 shortening of does gen ti (= you haven’t got, you don’t have),
literary Welsh nid oes gennyt ti (“no + there is + with + you”) Sgen ti ddim syniad you have no idea, you’ve no idea, you haven’t got any idea
2 shortening of oes gen ti...? (= do you have...?, have you got...?),
literary Welsh a oes gennyt ti (“interrogative particle + there is + with + you”) Sgenti bres? (A oes gennyt ti bres?) Have you got any money?
Be di’r ddiod ’na sgenti? (Pa beth ydyw’r ddiod yna sydd gennyt ti?) What’s that drink that you’ve got?
2 shortening of sy gen ti... (= that you have, that have you got),
literary Welsh sydd gennyt ti (“that-is with you”) :_______________________________. sgert / sgyrt, sgertiau, sgyrtiau ‹SKERT / SKƏRT, SKERT ye / SKƏRT ye› (feminine noun)
1 skirt
sgert fer short skirt
sgert hir long skirt
:_______________________________. sgertin ‹sker -tin› mfeminine noun
PLURAL sgertins ‹sker -tins› 1 (American: baseboard, mopboard) (Englandic: skirting board) series of narrow boards at the bottom of a wall covering the joint between the wall and the floor
NOTE: also with palatalisation in the north: sgiertin ETYMOLOGY: English skirting < skirting board; to skirt (verb, = to lie along the edge of) < skirt (noun, = skirt, i.e. a kind of garment) < Old Norse skyrta (= skirt) :_______________________________. sgidiau ‹SKID ye› (plural noun)
1 shoes; see esgid
:_______________________________. sgìl ‹ skil › mf
PLURAL sgiliau ‹ skil -ye› 1 skill = acquired aptitude, special ability acquired through practice
sgiliau rhifol numerical skills
2 trick, ruse ETYMOLOGY: English 1100+ skill < Old Norse skil (= distinction, difference). Cf Dutch geschil (= difference, dispute, argument) :_______________________________. sgilffyn ‹ sgil-fin › m
1 (Sir Benfro) bit, particle, fragment
2 person who is tall and thin
(North) sgilffyn main skinny man 3 term of contempt
Naci rheina, y sgilffyn! Not those, you fool
yr hen sgilffyn the old fool
4 (North) sgilffyn main skinny man
ETYMOLOGY: unknown. Cf cilcyn (= fragment) :_______________________________. sginti ‹ skin -ti›
1 (North) sginti < 's gin ti < nid oes genny ti you don’t have
sginti...? < 's gin ti...? < a oes gennyt ti...? do you have...?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. a oes gennyt ti? has become sgínti” T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue :_______________________________. sgio ‹SKII o› (verb)
1 to ski
:_______________________________. ’sgio ‹SKII o› (verb)
1 see gwisgïo (= to shell a nut; (nut) to become ripe) :_______________________________. sgiw, sgiwiau ‹SKIU, SKIU ye› (feminine noun)
1 skew = bench
:_______________________________. Sgiwen ‹SKI wen› (feminine noun)
1 village in the south-east
:_______________________________. sgiwen lostfain ‹ski-wen lost-vain› feminine noun
PLURAL sgiwod llostfain ‹ski-wod lhost-vain› 1 (bird) Stercorarius longicaudus = long-tailed skua
ETYMOLOGY: (sgiwen = skua) + soft mutation + (llostfain = slender-tailed) :_______________________________. sglefren fôr ‹skle-vren voor› feminine noun
PLURAL sglefrod môr ‹skle-vrod moor› 1 jellyfish
:_______________________________. sglodyn ‹sklo -din› masculine noun
1 chip; See: ysglodyn
:_______________________________. sgolion = ysgolion ‹SKOL yon› (plural noun)
1 schools; clipped form of ysgolion
:_______________________________. sgôr, sgoriau ‹SKOOR, SKOR ye› (feminine noun)
1 score
:_______________________________. sgorio ‹SKOR yo› (verb)
1 to score a goal
:_______________________________. Sgot-Wyddel ‹skot- wi-dhel› masculine noun
PLURAL Sgot-Wyddelod ‹skot-wi-dhê-lod› 1 Scotch-Irishman, Irishman who is a descendent of Scottish colonists
y Sgot-Wyddelod the Scotch-Irish
ETYMOLOGY: (Sgot = Scot) + soft mutation + (Gwyddel = Irishman) :_______________________________. "sgou" ‹sgôi› masculine noun
1 Cwm-sgou, from Cwm-ynys-gou / Cwm-ynys-gau ST 2899,souht-east of Pont-y-pŵl, in the county of Torfaen (cwm = valley, cou / cau = enclosed) ("valley of the enclosed meadow"), with the reduction of the element ynys > s before the accented syllable
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST%202899 map NOTE: On English-language maps as Cwmynyscoy :_______________________________. sgrap ‹ sgrap › masculine noun
1 scrap = discarded material
iard sgrap scrap yard
tomen sgrap scrap heap
metel sgrap scrap metal
ETYMOLOGY: English scrap < Old Norse skrap. Related to English scrape (< Old English “scrapian”), ??German schraffieren (do cross-hatching in a drawing) :_______________________________. sgrech ‹ skreekh › f
PLURAL sgrechiadau, sgrechféydd, sgrechau ‹ skrech-yaa-de, skrekh- veidh., skree-khe › 1 screech, shriek, yell
rhoi sgrech fach give a short scream
rhoi sgrech o lawenydd give a cry of joy
2 screech / shriek of a bird, animal, supernatural being
sgrechféydd annaearol unearthly screams
sgrech hir tylluan the long shriek of an owl
3 screech of a jet plane passing overhead
4 screech of skidding tyres on a road surface
arhosodd gyda sgrech o flaen y goleadau traffig he stopped with a screech in front of the traffic lights
5 sgrechiadau, sgrechféydd (baby), screeching, screaming, crying, bawling
6 mynd yn sgrech ar (a business) fail, go under; come to the crunch, hour of reckoning + come
aeth yn sgrech arnyn nhw yn y diwedd in the end they went under
pan aiff hi’n sgrech when it comes to the crunch, when the hour of reckoning comes
7 trên sgrgech (amusement park attraction) ghost train
8 shriek of laughter, hoot of laughter
dim ond yngan y geiriau pen ôl a blwmers a bra ac ati, fe gewch sgrechiadau o'r gyulleidfa if you just say the words bottom and bra and bloomers you’ll get hoots of laughter from the audience
ETYMOLOGY: English screech ‹ii› 1500+ < scritsh (onomatopaeic) ‹i› :_______________________________. sgrech y coed ‹sgreekh ə koid › feminine noun
PLURAL sgrechod y coed ‹sgree-khod ə koid› 1 (Garrulus glandarius) jay
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) screech (of) the wood”) (sgrech = screech) + (y definite article) + (coed = wood) NOTE: Also simply sgrech, y sgrech :_______________________________. sgreten ‹skre -ten› masculine noun
PLURAL sgretenod ‹skre-te-nod› 1 (Tinea tinea) tench
ETYMOLOGY: ?? :_______________________________. sgrialu ‹skri- â -li› verb
1 skid, slip
Sgrialodd y lori ar y rhew the lorry skidded on the ice
2 slip, scoot, skidaddle (rush off in disorder)
3 sgrialfwrdd skateboard; also bwrdd sgrialu
:_______________________________. sgribl ‹skri -bəl› masculine noun
1 scribble = bad handwriting
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) :_______________________________. sgriblad ‹skri -blad› masculine noun
PLURAL sgribladau ‹skri-blâ-de› 1 scribble (= meaningless marks or lines made with a pen or pencil)
dileu rhywbeth â sgriblad scribble something out, delete by scribbling over
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns) :_______________________________. sgriblan ‹skri -blan› verb
1 scrawl, scribble; see sgriblo
:_______________________________. sgriblo ‹skri -blo› verb
NOTE: Also with the suffix -an > sgriblan. Sometimes in literary Welsh with inital y-: ysgriblo, ysgriblan 1 scrawl, scribble, write carelessly and illegibly
sgriblan ar draws rhywbeth scribble across sth
VEGEU: ysgriblo 2 scribble = write quickly at the expense of neatness, as in an examination
pad sgriblan scribbling pad
papur sgriblan scribbling paper
3 (derogatory) write a letter, books, poetry, etc (suggesting poor quality)
sgriblo llythyr scribble a letter
ETYMOLOGY: English to scribble (= to write) + (-o suffix for forming verbs) The English word is from Medieval Latin scrîbillâre (= to write quickly) < scrîbere :_______________________________. sgriblog ‹skri -blog› adjective
1 scribbly (with careless handwrting, or meaningless marks or lines)
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives) :_______________________________. sgriblwr ‹skri -blur› masculine noun
PLURAL sgriblwyr ‹skribl -wir› 1 scribbler
2 (Derogatory) scribbler = writer, author
ETYMOLOGY: (sgribl- stem of the verb sgriblo = to scribble) + (-wr suffix = man) :_______________________________. sgrifen ‹SKRI ven› (feminine noun)
1 = ysgrifen
:_______________________________. sgrifennu / 'sgrifennu ‹skri VE ni› (verb)
1 to write
:_______________________________. ..1 sgriw, sgriwiau ‹SKRIU, SKRIU ye› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 miser
:_______________________________. ..2 sgriw, sgriwiau ‹SKRIU, SKRIU ye› (feminine noun)
1 screw
:_______________________________. sgriwdreifer, sgriwdreifers ‹SKRIU drei ver, SKRIU drei vers› (masculine noun)
1 screwdriver
:_______________________________. Sgrogennan ‹skro- ge -nan›
1 old name for Llanddoged (SH8063) (county of Conwy) < Is Cregennan
:_______________________________. sgut ‹skit› adjective
North-west Wales
1 bod yn sgut am (rywbeth) be very fond of something;
Byddaf yn sgut am raglenni cwis I'm very fond of quiz programmes
ETYMOLOGY: see esgud :_______________________________. sgwad ‹skwad› feminine noun
PLURAL sgwadiau ‹skwad -ye› 1 (military) squad; small number of soldiers organised for a military manouevre
2 squad = work group, task force; small number of people organised to work together
3 squad = rugby team (from an American usage: squad = athletics team)
ETYMOLOGY: English squad < French escouade (modern French also escouade) < Castilian escuadra < escuadrar (= to form a square, from the square-shaped formations of soldiers); < Latin (ex + quadrâre) < quadra (= square) :_______________________________. sgwadron, sgwadronau ‹SKWA dron, sgwa DRO ne› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 squadron
:_______________________________. sgwâr, sgwarau ‹SKWAAR, SKWA re› (feminine noun)
1 square
2 (North Wales) mynd i’r lle sgwâr go to bed (“go to the square place”)
:_______________________________. sgwatio ‹sgwat -yo› verb
1 (verb without an object) to squat = to occupy a building or land without authorisation
2 sgwatio (rhyw le) (verb with an object) to squat (a place); to occupy (a place) without authorisation
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh sgwat-(io) < Middle English from Old French esquatir (= flatten), from (es- / ex-) + (quatir = press down, crouch), ultimately from Latin coactus (past participle of cogere = compel). Latin cogere is also the source of Modern English cogent NOTE: (South Wales) (sgwatio) > sgwato (the verbal sufix –i-o is generally reduced to –o in the south)
:_______________________________. sgwatiwr ‹sgwat -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL sgwatwyr ‹sgwat -wir› 1 squatter
ETYMOLOGY: (sgwat- stem of sgwatio = to squat) + (-i-wr suffix = man) :_______________________________. sgwd ‹skuud › masculine noun
1 (South Wales) waterfall, cataract, shoot / chute (= waterfall, rapid) (Northern England: also force, from a Scandinavian word) (USA: also sault ‹suu› )
2 Sgwdyrafon “(the) waterfall (in) the river” A street name in Aberdulais, county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan (“Scwd yr Afon”) (“scwd” is a misspelling, showing English influence of English spelling conventions)
3 Sgwd house name, Abergwyngregyn SH 6572 (county of Conwy), mentioned in the 1851 Census
ETYMOLOGY: Seemingly from an earlier form of English shoot ( = steep descent in a stream; rapid) < Old English sceôtan (= to shoot) cf Norwegian skyte (= to shoot) Cf Dorset dialect (south-western England): scud, a sudden or short down-shooting of rain, a shower.
http://home.clara.net/anvil/DORSET.pdf
Kelly’s Directory 1901 refers to what today are called in English the “Cleddon Falls” (which is Welsh would be Rhaeadr Cleddan) in Llaneuddogwy in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth as: “The Llandogo Falls, sometimes called the Cleddon Shoots...”
:_______________________________. sgwrfa ‹SKUR-va› feminine noun
PLURAL sgyrféydd ‹skər-VEIDH› 1 scouring, scrubbing
2 (Mid-Wales) beating
3 (North Wales) complete emptying of the bowels, a good shit
4 cleaning of a ditch, digging out the bottom and putting the earth on the side
5 a scour, or a scouring place; a place where the earth is washed off outcrops of iron ore or coal.
Where ironstone or coal was near the surface on a hillside, a temporary pond was built; the accumulated water was released to rush down the hillside in a torrent and remove the soil, thus exposing the iron ore or coal just below the ground surface. ..a/ Trwyn y Sgwrfa (SO2221) place by Crycywel (county of Powys). Apparently “nose / spur of the scouring place”) (“Trwyn Ysgwrfa” on the map) http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/369369 Trwyn y Sgwrfa
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/820879 Trwyn y Sgwrfa
..b/ There is a street called Heol Sgwrfa (spelt “Heol Scwrfa”) in Gelli-deg, county of Merthyrtudful (the full form would be Heol y Sgwrfa”, (the) street (of ) the scouring-place”). The linking definite article is often dropped in Welsh place names. ..c/ There is an area of Tredegar (county of Blaenau Gwent) called Y Sgwrfa (“Scwrfa”) and there is also a “Scwrfa Road” (which would be Heol y Sgwrfa in Welsh, or Heol Sgwrfa (the linking definite article is often dropped in Welsh place names.) ETYMOLOGY: (sgwr- stem of the verb sgwrio = scrub, hit, purge) + (-fa suffix for forming nouns which indicate an action or a place). See sgwrio below NOTE: A more literary form is ysgwrfa, with an initial “y-” yr ysgwrfa (literary form), (more colloquially) y sgwrfa = the scouring place
:_______________________________. sgwrio ‹skur -yo› verb
1 (ditch) clean out, flush using a rapid flow of water
sgwrio’r clawdd clear out the ditch
2 scour = remove dirt from
3 scour = wear away by erosion
4 scrub
Yr oedd y ford yn lân, wedi ei sgwrio'n ofalus The table was clean, having been carefully scrubbed
5 brwsh sgwrio scrubbing brush
6 (district of Maldwyn = northern part of the county of Powys) (of farm animals) have diarrhoea
Mae'r lloi yn sgwrio The calves have diarrhoea
ETYMOLOGY: sgwrio < English scour ‹skuur› < Middle Low German schüren (cf modern High German scheuern = scrub, scour) < Old French escurer < Latin excûrâre (= to clean) (ex- + cûrâre = cure) NOTE: A more literary form is ysgwrio, with an initial “y-” :_______________________________. sgwrs, sgyrsiau ‹SKURS, SGƏRS ye› (feminine noun)
1 talk, conversation, chat
cael sgwrs â have a chat with
torri’r sgwrs butt into a conversation (“break the conversation”)
Peidiwch â thorri’r sgwrs Don’t butt in
Does ganddo fawr o sgwrs He doesn't have much to say for himself; He's not very talkative
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh sgwrs < disgwrs < English discourse < Late Latin discursus (= conversation) < Latin discursus (= running around) < discurrere (= to run around), (dis- prefix = apart) + (curro, currere, cucurri, cursum = to run). Indo-European root: kers-
NOTE: It would seem to be from a form of the noun accented on the final syllable: discóurse, as in the verb in present-day English :_______________________________. sgwrsio ‹SKURS yo› (verb)
1 to chat, talk
:_______________________________. ’sgwylfa ‹SKUIL-va› (f)
1 clipped form of Disgwylfa
Near Bwlch-y-ffridd, Powys, there is on the Ordnance Survey map “Sgwylfa Wood” SO0794, by a hill which is / was probably known as Disgwylfa (or Y Sgwylfa, if this clipped form is a genuine Welsh form, which seems likely) (Earlier forms of the name would need to be examined) http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=264987 :_______________________________. sgyrsiau ‹SGƏRS ye› (plural noun)
1 chats; see sgwrs :_______________________________. sgyrt, sgyrtiau; sgert, sgertiau ‹SKƏRT, SKƏRT ye; SGERT, SGERT ye› (feminine noun)
1 skirt
:_______________________________. sgythrog / ‘sgythrog ‹skə -throg›
adj 1 (weather) stormy, windy
See ysgithrog :_______________________________. sh 1 (in written dialect speech) represents the colloquial pronunciation of an s- in contact with “i”; thisis especially so in South Wales
S + I (s followed by i)
eisingrug (= chaff pile) > ’shingrug
plisgyn (= shell) > plishgyn
sir (= county) > shir
siglo (= to shake) > shiglo
simpil (= weak) > shimpil
eiswys (= already) > ishws (‘already’ in standard Welsh is eisoes)
eiswys > iswys > isws > ishws (sequence of sound changes; this may not be the actual sequence of changes, but it indicateswhat changes have taken place) ei > i the diphthing ei is reduced to a vowel i in the penult syllable – a typical feature of southern Welsh
wy > w the diphthing wy is reduced to a vowel w in the penult syllable – another typical feature of southern Welsh
s > sh palatalisation of s after an i
I + S + I (s flanked on either side by i)
ceisio (= to try) > cisho
eisiau (= need, want) > ishe
I + S (i followed by s)
llais (= voice) > llaish
mis (= month) > mish
pais (= petticoat) > paish
:_______________________________. sheepshagger ‹SHIIP-sha-gə› [ˡʃiːpʃagə] m
1 An insult in English for a Welshman, arising from a curious fixation with sheep on the part of some English people.
Ges i fy ngalw'n 'sheepshagger' unwaith I was once called a sheepshagger (Comment on a forum 29 04 2008)
Pan udodd fy rheolwr yn y gwaith yn uchel 'Oh, they're speaking sheepshagger again' pan oeddwn yn siarad gyda cyd-weithiwr, fe ddywedais wrtho nad oeddwn yn meddwl y dylai o ddweud y ffasiwn beth. (Comment on a forum 13 08 2004) When my boss at work howled out loud 'Oh, they're speaking sheepshagger again' when I was talking with a fellow-worker, I said to him that I didn’t think he should say such a thing
(Blog, 15 07 2007) ond be’ geso i gin Pablo ond hwnnw’n gweid wrtho fi ‘callate sheepshagger’ – ifi wir yn dyfaru gweid wrtho fe taw dyna beth oedd y Saeson yn ein galw ni’r Cymry but what did I get from Pablo but that he said to me “callate (“shut up” in Castilian) sheepshagger) – I really regret telling him that that is what the English call us Welsh (Comment in English on a forum 31 08 2007) When I lived in (rural) England, I was taunted with the sheepshagger jibe because I was Welsh. When I moved to Cardiff I was taunted with the sheepshagger jibe because I was seen as a country boy ETYMOLOGY: “one who copulates with sheep” (sheep) + (shagger = person who copulates, from Englandic to shag = to copulate) :_______________________________. shei ‹shei › adjective
1 (Englishism) (colloquial) shy
Roedd y gwyddonydd o’r 18 ganrif Henry Cavendish mor shei fel ei fod yn cyfathrebu gyda’u gweision benywaidd trwy nodiadau yn unig (Cymro 2004-01-03)
The eighteenth-century scientist Henry Cavendish was so shy that he only communicated with his female servants with notes Dipyn yn shei yw e amboiti’r peth ’rych chi’n gweld He’s a bit shy about the matter (Doctor Iw-Hw, Eic Davies, 1966)
A’r hen Domos ’nawr yn teimlo’n shei, yn edrych ar y llawr And old Tomos (is) feeling shy now, and looks at the floor (Hwyl a Sbri Bois y Frenni, W R Evans, 1942)
ETYMOLOGY: English shy < Old English < Germanic. Cf German scheu (= shy) NOTE: Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The Dictionary of the University of Wales recommends the spelling siei :_______________________________. shesbin, shesbins / shesbinau ‹SHE sbin, SHE sbins / she SBII -nai, -ne› (masculine noun)
1 shoehorn
:_______________________________. shibolsen ‹ shi-BOL-sen › (f)
PLURAL shibols ‹ SHII-bols› 1 Welsh onion, cibol = a kind of Allium intermediate between an onion and a leek - plant with a long neck and a strong blade, whcih fails to bulb gwely shibols a bed of cibols
ETYMOLOGY: French ciboule < Latin caepola < caepa (= onion) Cf Catalan ceba (= onion) < Latin caepa Modern Fench ciboule (Englandic: spring onion) (American: scallop) NOTE: London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. by James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London. Glossary of words commonly used in the County of Somerset; but which are not accepted as legitimate words of the English language ; or words which, although once used generally, are now become provincial. Gib'bol. s[ubstantive]. [g soft] The sprout of an onion of the second year. :_______________________________. shibwnsyn, shibwns ‹shi BUN sin, SHI bunz › (masculine noun)
1 shallot (type of spring onion)
See shibolsen :_______________________________. shife ‹ shî-ve › masculine noun
PLURAL shifes ‹ shî-ves › (South-east Wales) 1 sieve, riddle
shife lo coal riddle
fel cario dŵr mewn shif (said of an impossible task) like carrying water in a sieve
2 shifo sieve, sift, riddle
shifo glo to riddle coal
shifo llafur sieve corn
ETYMOLOGY: English sieve < Old English sife; cf German das Seib (= sieve) NOTE: In the south-east shifa plural shifas Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary has the spelling sife, sifa ‹shî-ve, shî-va›, :_______________________________. shifft, shifftiau ‹SHIFT, SHIFT ye› (masculine noun)
1 shift (period of work)
:_______________________________. shifi ‹SII -vi›
1 a colloquial form of syfi (= strawberries)
See syfïen :_______________________________. shifo ‹ shî -vo› verb
(South Wales) 1 sieve, sift, riddle
shifo glo to riddle coal
shifo llafur sieve corn
ETYMOLOGY: (shif = sieve, riddle) + (-o suffix for forming verbs; instead of -io in the south) NOTE: Also shifio The standard spelling is in fact sifio, as in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / The University of Wales Dictionary which has sifio / sifo ‹shiv-yo, shî-vo› ________________________________________________________________________ SHIFTED STRESS: See STRESS SHIFT
:_______________________________. shigwdad, shigwdadau ‹shi GUU dad, shi gu DAA de› (masculine noun)
1 shake, shaking (South-west)
:_______________________________. shigwdo ‹shi GUU do› (verb)
1 to shake, to give a shaking to (South-west)
:_______________________________. shilff, shilffoedd ‹SHILF, SHIL fodh› (feminine noun)
1 shelf
:_______________________________. shimdde ‹shim -dhe› feminine noun
PLURAL shimddeiau ‹shim-dhei-e› 1 chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shime ‹shi -me› feminine noun
1 chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shimla ‹shim -la› feminine noun
1 South-east Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shimle ‹shim -le› feminine noun
1 South Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shimnai ‹shim -ne› feminine noun
PLURAL shimneiau ‹shim-nei-e› 1 chimney = passage in a wall for smoke to rise from a fireplace to the roof
brwsh glanháu shimnai chimney brush
congl shimnai chimney corner
cornel shimnai chimney corner
glanháwr shimneiau chimney sweep
twll shimnai chimney flue
2 chimney = column taking smoke or steam from an industrial process
3 chimney = part of such a structure rising above a roof
pot shimnai chimney pot
4 chimney = smokestack of a locomotive, ship
5 chimney = vent of a volcano
6 chimney = flue, metal tube for taking smoke from a stove
ETYMOLOGY: English chimney < French cheminée < Latin camînâta < caminus (= oven) < Greek kaminos (= oven) NOTE: Usually simnai, though the pronunciation nowadays is with ‹shi-› rather than ‹si-›. Here we have preferred to spell it with “sh-“ for clarity. Various regional forms are: (a) town of Caernarfon, north-west Wales: sifdda, sifddeia ‹siv-dha, siv-dhei-a›; (b) South-west Wales: shime, shimeia ‹shi-me, shi-mei-a / shi-mi-e›; (c) county of Caerfyrddin in the south-west of Wales: also jime, shwme ‹ji-me, shu-me›; (d) in the south also shimle, shimleie ‹shim-le, shim-lei-e / shim-li-e›. (e) South-east Wales: shimla, shimleia ‹shim-la, shim-lei-a / shim-li-a›. (f) Also in South-east Wales shwmla ‹shum-la› A Dialogue in the Devonshire Dialect, (in three parts) by a Lady: to which is added a Glossary. James Frederick PALMER, Mary Palmer. 1837: CHIMLEY, s[ubstantive]. chimney :_______________________________. shingrug ‹shin -grig›
1 South Wales form of singrug, < eisingrug (qv) pile of chaff. The loss of the first syllable is common in many words in spoken Welsh. The palatalisation si > shi is typical of the south.
In Ffosygerddinen (county of Caerffili) there is a road called Heol Shingrug ("Shingrig Road") :_______________________________. shir ‹shiir› feminine noun
1 southern pronunciation of sir (= county). The palatalisation of ‹s› before or after ‹i› is characteristic of southern Welsh
Shir Aberteifi / “Shir Byrt’ifi” the county of Aberteifi (until 1974; now Sir Ceredigion) (English: Cardiganshire)
Shir Fynwa (= Sir Fynwy) county of Mynwy (English: Monmouthshire)
Shir Bemro (= Sir Benfro) county of Penfro (English: Pembrokeshire)
2 this pronunciation also occurs in the north
’R oedd ’no ddau foi o Shir Fôn yn yr Hendra... (’R wy’n Cofio / Yr Hen Was / 1963 / t67)
There were two fellows from the county of Môn in Yr Hendre farm :_______________________________. Shir Gâr ‹shiir gaar›
1 southern pronunciation of Sir Gaer, colloquial name for Sir Gaerfyrddin, the county of Caerfyrddin (English name: Carmarthenshire)
hwelps Shir Gâr “the whelps / young dogs of Sir Gaerfyrddin” nickname for the inhabitants of this county
NOTE: shir, southern pronunciation of sir. The palatalisation of ‹s› before or after ‹i› is characteristic of southern Welsh. Gaar / Gâr ‹gaar›, southern pronunciation of gaer. The change in monosyllables ae ‹âi› > â ‹aa› is also characteristic of southern Welsh :_______________________________. shît ‹ shiit › feminine noun
PLURAL shitiau, shîts ‹ shit –ye, shiits› See also shîten 1 sheet (for writng or printing)
shît o bapur a sheet of paper
2 (bed linen) sheet
3 sheet = broad thin piece of metal, wood, etc
shît zinc / shiten zinc a zinc sheet
ETYMOLOGY: English sheet < Old English sciete Related to Norwegian skaut (= kerchief, headcovering of a woman or child), German der Schoss (= lap, upper part of the thighs of a seated person) :_______________________________. shîten ‹ shi -ten› feminine noun
PLURAL shitenni, shitiau, shîts ‹ shi- te-ni, shiy –ye, shiits› 1 sheet (of paper), sheet (= bedsheet)
ETYMOLOGY: (shît = sheet of paper, bedsheet) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns) NOTE: shiten > shiden central and south Ceredigion :_______________________________. Shôn ‹shoon›
1 A variant spelling of Siôn (= John). Since Siôn could conceivably be pronounced as ‹syoon›, the form with sh- was / is used in dialect writing to avoid ambiguity.
:_______________________________. shwblachad ‹ shu- blâ -khad› verb
1 disturb, make a mess of, mess up, disorder, put out of shape (something which is tidy - pile of clothes, row of books, etc)
"Paid â shwblachad y dillad gore 'na." Don’t mess up those best clothes
(Gwefan BBC Lleol i Mi, De-Orllewin; diddyddiad) NOTE: Also shwblach, shwblachu, shamblachu, shwmlachu, shamlachad, shwmlachyd, shamlachan, swmblachan :_______________________________. shwb-shab ‹ shub- shab › adj
South-east Wales
1 scruffy, intidy
bod golwg shwb-shab ar to look scruffy
Ma fa’n gwishgo mor shwb-shab He dresses really scruffily
ETYMOLOGY: ?? :_______________________________. shwd ‹SHUD› (adverb)
1 how (South)
Shwd i ti? (= sut yr wyt ti)
Shwmâi < sut y mae hi ("how is it" sut = how, y mae = is, hi = it)
ETYMOLOGY: Clipped form of the phrase “Pa shwd” (= what suit). Shwd < Middle English siute (shuite has been noted in Early Modern English) < Old French sivre (= to follow) (Modern French: suivre = to follow)
:_______________________________. shwd ych chi ‹shu-di-khii, shu-dii-khi› -
South Wales
1 How are you? (you formal singular, and you plural)
ETYMOLOGY: standard colloquial form of sut yr ydych chi ("how are you") - sut = how, yr ydych = are you, chi = you (plural, or singular of formality) NOTE: The standard colloquial form sut yr ydych chi is in fact never said as such. Cf the Northern forms: su' dach chi? ‹si-da-khii, si-dâ-khi›, su' dech chi? ‹si-de-khii, si-dê-khi›
:_______________________________. Shw mae ‹shu- mâ -i›
See shwmâi :_______________________________. shwmâi ‹shu- MAA -i›
South Wales
1 How's it going?
NOTE: Sometimes written Shw mae, Shw' ma 'i, Shwd ma 'i, Shwt ma 'i. Note that Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru has as a southern colloquial form siẁ ma ’i. ETYMOLOGY: colloquial form of sut y mae hi ("how is it" - sut = how, y mae = is, hi = it) (1) shwt = southern form of sut (= how); in this phrase the t generally is absent > shw ‹shu› (2) maa = colloquial reduction of mae (= is), in monosyllables in southern Welsh the diphthong "ae" ‹âi› becomes a long vowel "aa" ‹aa›. Here maa is emphasised in the phrase, so the long vowel is retained. Usually in a sentence maa is not emphasised, and the vowel is short ma Yn yr ardd y mae Siôn > yn yr ardd ma Siôn (it is in the garden that Siôn is)
(3) i - the initial "h" is lost in hi (= she, it) in South Wales when not stressed (and in the south-east in the traditional dialects in all words beginning with 'h'). Because the resulting coalesced form maa + i gives mâi, and this is pronounced exactly the same as the literary form mae (= is), there is a general tendency to write shw mae; the best spelling, though at present less usual, is shwmâi. This is the spelling used in Geiriadur yr Acádemi (the Welsh Academy Dictionary) (spelling it as two words shw mâi would suggest that the "w" is long, as in such words as llw = oath, when in fact it is short. As one word, according to Welsh spelling rules, it is seen to be a short vowel). The Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru spelling with ẁ indicates that the vowel is short and not long, in conformity with correct Welsh spelling for short vowels in monosyllables. However, this usage is usually ignored in general Welsh writing; and ‘sh’ is preferred to ‘si’ since although it is non-standard it eliminates the ambiguity of initial ‘si-’ (which could be either [si] or [shi], though always [si] in antiquated pronunciations), :_______________________________. shwme ‹shu -me› feminine noun
1 county of Caerfyrddin chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shwmla ‹shum -la› feminine noun
1 South-east Wales chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________. shwt ‹SHUT›
1 southern form of sut (= how; way, manner)
2 Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“John (of) the same way”)
:_______________________________. si ‹ sii › masculine noun
PLURAL sïon, sïau ‹ sî -on, -e› 1 rumour (USA: rumor)
sïon di-sail unfounded rumours
mae si yn y gwynt bod... there’s a rumour in the wind that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae si bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae na ryw si bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae’r si yn cerdded bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae’r si ar led bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
mae rhyw si ar droed bod... there’s a rumour going round that..., it’s rumoured that...
roedd y si yn dew bod... there was rumour going round that..., it was rumoured that...
2 rhoi si ar led bod... spread a rumor that
taenu si bod... spread a rumor that
ETYMOLOGY: imitation of a whispering sound :_______________________________. siac (1) ‹SHAK› (m)
PLURAL siaciau ‹SHAK-yai, -ye› 1 shack
ETYMOLOGY: a twentieth-century borrowing from English shack; from American English, possibly from American Spanish jacal (= small house made of adobe or reeds), from Nahuatl xacalli (= adobe hut) < (xámitl = adobe) + (calli, house, hut)
:_______________________________. Siac (2) ‹SHAK› (m)
1 Jack
Diminutive form: Sieci Also as Jac ETYMOLOGY: From English Jack :_______________________________. siac ‹SHAK› (m)
1 (meaning?)
,,a/ Llwyd-siac SN5256 (in English as Lloyd Jack, and as such on the Ordnance Survey maps). In Enwogion Ceredigion. Caerfyrddin: W. Spurrell 1869, occurs as “Llwydjack”, i.e. Llwyd-jac.
A mansion in Ystradaeron, in the parish of Llanfihangel Ystrad, Ceredigion. The home of David Jenkin Rees (d. 1817), the founder of Unitarianism in Dyffryn Aeron.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/828464 map o Ystradaeron / map of Ystradaeron
..b/ Llety-siac SN7502
Building on Mynydd Marchywel, by Cil-ffriw (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) Possibly “Jack’s Cabin” ..c/ Bryn-siac 1841 Brecknockshire census: "Brynjack, Llandetty, Brecknockshire".
:_______________________________. siag (1) ‹SHAG› (m)
1 shag = rough-cut tobacco
baco siag shag tobacco
2 shag = rough woollen cloth ETYMOLOGY: English shag < Old English sceacga (= matted hair)
:_______________________________. siag (2) ‹SHAG› (m)
1 shag = an act of sexual intercourse
cael siag have a shag
2 (f) shag = female sexual partner, (m) male sexual partner (in phrases with an adjective) Siag dda oedd hi She was a good shag
Siag da oedd e He was a good shag
ETYMOLOGY: English shag (= act of sexual intercourse; sexual partner); probably from a form of the verb shake
:_______________________________. siaced ‹sha -ked› feminine noun
PLURAL siacedi ‹sha-kê-di› 1 jacket
siaced achub lifejacket
siaced coediwr lumber jacket, lumberman’s jacket
siaced ddyfrglos waterproof jacket
siaced fraith coat of many colours (< braith, feminine form of brith)
Genesis 37:3 Ac Israel oedd hoffach ganddo Joseff na'i holl feibion, oblegid efe oedd fab ei henaint ef; ac efe a wnaeth siaced fraith iddo ef Genesis 37:3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age; and he made him a coat of many colours siaced gaeth (“confining jacket”) strait-jacket = tight coat which a criminal or lunatic is made to wear to prevent struggling or aggression or escape; also gwasgod gaeth (gwasgod = waistcoat, caeth = confined, limiting)
siaced ginio dinner jacket siaced ledr leather jacket
ETYMOLOGY: English jacket < French jacquet (= jacket) < jacquet (= Jimmy; peasant); < Jacques (= James; peasant). In modern French the word is spelt jaquette, and means “morning coat” NOTE: South-east Wales shacad ‹sha-kad› :_______________________________. siachmat, siachmatau ‹shakh MAT shakh MA te› (masculine noun)
1 checkmate
:_______________________________. siafinsyn ‹sha-vin-sin › masculine noun
1 shaving = paper-thin slice of wood
2 tân siafins (1) fire of wood shavings, which burns quickly and disappears quickly; blaze followed by nothing; (2) flash in the pan = something which is apparently a success but which turns out to be short-lived; partial success at first, later failure; short-lived pehenomenon, short-lived enthusiasm
Tân siafins fu’r cwbl It was just a flash in the pan
(“(it-is) (a) fire-(of)-(wood)-shavings that-has-been everything”) ETYMOLOGY: (safins < English (wood) shavings) + (-yn diminutive suffix added to nouns to make a singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun) :_______________________________. siafio ‹SHAV yo› (verb)
1 to shave
:_______________________________. sialc ‹shalk› masculine noun
1 chalk - a mineral, calcium carbonate formed by compacted fossil fragments of cretaceous marine animals
2 chalk = piece of chalk used for writing on a blackboard
3 cyn wynned â sialc as white as chalk (= said of somebody's face)
4 ôl sialc chalk mark, stain made by chalk
5 South Wales; Mining sialcyn chalk mark, symbol in chalk to indicate an amount, a person, etc; score, tally
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English chalk (which was prnounced [ʧalk] rather than today’s [ʧoːk] ) < Old English cealc < Latin calx (= limestone) < Greek khalix (= pebble)
:_______________________________. sialens ‹shâ-lens› feminine noun
PLURAL sialensiau ‹sha-lens-ye› 1 challenge
Mae'n sialens fawr i fi
It's a great challenge for me gosod sialens i (rywun) wneud (rhywbeth)
challenge somebody to do something rhoi sialens i (rywun) wneud (rhywbeth)
challenge somebody to do something ETYMOLOGY: English challenge < Old French chalenge < Latin calumnia (= slander) :_______________________________. sialensio ‹sha-lens-yo› verb
1 challenge
ETYMOLOGY: (sialens = challenge) + (-io suffix for forming verbs) :_______________________________. Siâms ‹SHAAMS› (masculine noun)
1 James
:_______________________________. Siân ‹SHAAN› (feminine noun)
1 Jane
:_______________________________. Sianco ‹SHANG ko› (masculine noun)
1 diminutive of Siencyn / Jenkin
:_______________________________. siandi, siandis ‹SHAN di, SHAN dis› (masculine noun)
1 shandy
:_______________________________. sianel, sianeli ‹SHA nel, sha NE li› (feminine noun)
1 channel = passage for carrying liquid
sianel orlif overflow channel
2 channel = TV channel
:_______________________________. Siani ‹shâ -ni› feminine noun
1 diminutive of Siân (= Jane)
2 Mae e'n hen Siani o ddyn He's a real old woman (said of a man who fusses like an old woman supposedly does)
3 names of insects siani fantell (qv), siani flewog (qv); names of birds siani lwyd (qv)
ETYMOLOGY: (Siân = Jane) + (-i = diminutive suffix) :_______________________________. siani flewog ‹shâ-ni vleu-og› feminine noun
PLURAL sianis blewog ‹shâ-nis bleu-og› 1 hairy caterpillar (usually tiger moth caterpillar Arctia Parasemia, Euplagia etc)
ETYMOLOGY: (Siani = Jane) + soft mutation + (blewog = hairy) :_______________________________. siani wrachen ‹shâ-ni wrâ -khen› feminine noun
1 (North Wales) centipede
ETYMOLOGY: (“Jane (the) witch”) (Siani = Jane) + soft mutation + (gwrachen = witch) :_______________________________. siâp, siapiau ‹SHAAP, SHAP ye› (masculine noun)
1 shape
2 Pa fath o siâp sy arno? How is he? What shape is he in? (“what kind of shape is on him”)
3 order, tidiness
Does dim siâp ar bethau gen i (“there is no shape on things with me”) I just can’t get my act together, Everything’s a real mess
:_______________________________. siarad ‹SHAA rad› (verb)
1 speak (siarad â = speak to, speak with)
2 siarad ar draws pen a chlustiau talk till the cows come home, talk and talk and talk (“talk across a head and ears”)
siarad! speak
siarada! speak (colloquial form, with the –a of the second person singular imperative of certain verbs generalised to most other verbs)
Bachan, siarada sens, w. Talk sense, mun! (bachan = man. boy, not translated into English)
:_______________________________. siaradus ‹sha RAA dis› (adjective)
1 talkative
:_______________________________. siarso ‹SHAR-sho› (verb)
1 (verb with an object) tell, instruct, order (someone to do something), direct, command, warn, enjoin
siarsio rhywun i wneud rhywbeth tell somebody to do something
:_______________________________. siart, siartiau ‹SHART, SHART ye› (feminine noun)
1 chart = map with additional information added, such as one for navigators showing coastlines, water depths, prevaiing winds, etc
2 chart = a type of diagram or graph
siart far (f) siartiau bar bar chart
siart dafellog (f) siartiau tafellog pie chart
siart rediad (f) siartiau rhediad flow chart
siart floc (f) siartiau bloc block chart
siart linell (f) siartiau llinell line chart
3 chart = a sheet giving information such as technical, scientific or medical data siart wynt (f) siartiau gwynt wind chart
siart gordiau (f) siartiau cordiau chord chart
4 a list of items sold set out as a ranking siart werthiant (f) siartiau gwerthiant sales chart
siart werthiannau (f) siartiau gwerthiannau sales chart
ETYMOLOGY: Engish chart < Middle French charte < Latin charta (= document, leaf of papyrus) < Greek chartês (= leaf of papyrus). Modern Greek has hartee (= paper), hartes (= map)
:_______________________________. siawns ‹SHAUNS› (feminine noun)
1 chance = circumstance which has no predictable cause
plentyn siawns lovechild (“child (of) chance”)
NOTE: (1) [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
chance-child, chance-chilt : child born out of wedlock ] ar siawns by chance; randomly
ar siawns y cyfarfûm â hwy yn y porthladd by chance I met them in the harbour
dewis chwe rhif ar siawns choose six numbers randomly
Fe ddarganfuwyd y rhan fwyaf o’r darnau arian hyn ar siawns (yn enwedig gan ffermwyr, pobl â synhwyrydd metel, garddwyr, ac adeiladwyr) Many of these coins were discovered by chance (especially by farmers, people with a metal detector, gardeners and builders)
gwneud rhywbeth ar dro siawns do something on the off chance (= do something even though the possiblility of something happening as a result is very remote)
Nid oedd yn sicr beth i’w wneud yn union, ac ysgrifennais
at bennaeth y cwmni ar dro siawns
I wasn’t sure what to do exactly and I wrote to the head of the company
on the off-chance
2 chance =
opportunity
siawns wael sy gen ti (“you have got a bad chance”)
the odds are against you succeeding, you don’t really have much of a chance
:_______________________________.
sibrwd ‹SHI
brud›
(verb)
1 to whisper; whispering
sibrwd ymysg ei gilydd whisper amongst themselves
2 Sibrwd-y-nant (“(the)
whispering (of) the stream”)
House name in
Pont-iets (county of Caerfyrddin)
:_______________________________.
sicr ‹SI kir› (adjective)
1 sure, certain = confident
about the truth of something
Dw i ddim mor sicr o hynny I’m not so sure about that
2 gwybod yn sicr bod... know for a fact that...
Mi wn yn sicr ei bod e wedi siarad â hi I know for a fact
that he spoke to her
3 mor sicr â'r nant i'r afon no doubt about it “as sure as the
stream to the river”
4 mor sicr â bod bara mewn torth as sure as fate (“as sure as there
is bread in a loaf”)
5 cyn sicred â'r farn as sure as fate (“as certain as the final
judgement”)
6 Mae hi agos yn sicr It’s fairly certain
:_______________________________.
sidan ‹sî
-dan› masculine
noun
PLURAL sidanau ‹si-dâ -ne›
1 silk = fine fabric made from
threads produced by the silkworm
hosan sidan silk stocking
sidan gwneud artificial silk
sidan symudliw shot silk (shot = woven with
warp threads of one colour and weft threads of another so that the cloth seems
to change colour when viewed from different angles)
2 silk = fibres made by the
silkworm in spinning its cocoon, used for making a fine thread
chwarren sidan silk gland
gwynfyn sidan silk moth (Bombyx mori)
pryf sidan silkworm (Bombyx mori)
edau sidan silk thread
sidan crai raw silk
3 silk = (England) gown worn by
a King’s Counsel of Queen’s Counsel (a barrister appointed by the Lord
Chancellor and entitled to sit within the bar of the Court)
cael sidan = take silk
gwneud cais am sidan apply for silk
4 (South-east Wales) (with
little children) shitan = darling
ym shitan our i (= fy sidan aur i) my lovely
little darling (“my golden silk”)
ETYMOLOGY: Old
English sîde (= silk); cf German die Seide (= silk)
NOTE: South Wales: shidan (the palatalisation os s before i is typical of southern Welsh), and shitan in the
south-east, with the typical change d
< t in the south-east as the initial consonant of a final syllable
:_______________________________.
sidanaidd ‹si DÂ
nedh›
(adjective)
1 silky
2 helygen sidanaidd
(Salix glaucoserica) silky willow
helygen sidanaidd
y tywyn
(Salix argentea) silky sand willow
See: helygen
ariannaidd
:_______________________________.
sidanen ‹ si- dâ -nen› f
1 fine girl, gentle girl
2 Sidanen
pet name for the English queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603);
also, mockingly, for
Elizabeth II
3 Caesidanen
farm name, Trefeglwys (Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: (silk = silk) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
siec, sieciau ‹SHEK,
SHEK ye›
(feminine noun)
1 (American: check) (Englandic:
cheque)
:_______________________________.
sièd, siediau ‹SHED,
SHED ye›
(feminine noun)
1 shed
:_______________________________.
sied ‹sheed› masculine noun
PLURAL sieds ‹sheeds›
1 shade of colour, hue
2 lampshade
3 (adverb) a bit
Dw i sied yn flinedig heddiw (Gwynedd)
(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / University of Wales Dictionary, page 3272)
I’m a bit tired
today
Dw i ’di blino sied heddiw (Gwynedd) (Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
I’m a bit tired
today (“I’ve tired a shade today”)
sied fach yn well (Gwynedd) (Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
a little bit better
4 sieden little bit (sied
+ -en diminutive suffix for feminine
nouns)
ryw sieden (adverb) a little bit
Ma’r cwrw ’ma ryw siedan yn gryfach na’r llall (Gwynedd)
(Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, page 3272)
This beer’s a
little bit stronger than the other
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh
< English shade < Old English sceadu.
Related words:
..a/ Germanic:
German der Schatten (= shadow),
..b/ Celtic: Welsh cysgod (= shadow) < *kom-skât-; Irish scáth (= shade, shadow),
..c/ Greek skottos (= darkness)
NOTE: South-east
Wales: siad ‹shaad›
:_______________________________.
Sieffre ‹SHE
fre›
(masculine noun)
1 Jeffrey, Geoffrey
:_______________________________.
siei ‹shei › adjective
1 shy;
See shei
:_______________________________.
sielffo ‹SHEL
fo›
(verb)
1 to fuck
:_______________________________.
sielio ‹SHE lo› (verb)
1 to shell
Shelliwyd [=
sieliwyd] y gwrthryfelwyr gan wnfadau yr Undeb
Gwladgarwr 24 05
1862
The rebels were
shelled by the Union gunboats
ETYMOLOGY: English
TO SHELL
:_______________________________.
Siemsyn ‹SHEM
sin›
(masculine noun)
1 Jimmy
:_______________________________.
Siencyn ‹SHEN
kin›
(masculine noun)
1 Jenkin
:_______________________________.
siersi ‹SHER
si›
(feminine noun)
1 jersey
:_______________________________.
sifdda ‹siv -dha›
feminine noun
1 town of Caernarfon chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
sifi ‹SII -vi›
1 a colloquial form of syfi
(= strawberries)
See syfïen
:________
:_______________________________.
sifio ‹SIV-yo›
1 See shifio
_______________________.
sigarét, sigaréts ‹si GA
ret, si GA rets› (feminine noun)
1 cigarette
Gymerwch chi sigarét? Do you want a cigarette?
blaen sigarét end / tip of a cigarette
(containing tobacco and which is lit)
:_______________________________.
siglad, sigladau ‹SI
glad, si GLA de› (masculine noun)
1 shake;
2 rhoi siglad i = give (something) a shake
:_______________________________.
sigledig ‹si GLE
dig›
(adjective)
1 shaky, wobbly
:_______________________________.
..1 siglen ‹si -glen› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod ‹si -glod›
1 (bird) wagtail
siglen benddu (Motacilla flava feldegg) black-headed wagtail
2 Maesysiglen (= maes y siglen (“(the) field (of) the
wagtail”)
A street name in Trecenydd (county of Caerffili) – surrounding streets
also have Welsh names referring to types of bird
ETYMOLOGY: “one which wags” (feminine)
sigl (= oscillation, swinging to and fro, shaking) + (-en suffix added
to an adjective to make a noun, usually referring to a female)
:_______________________________.
..2 siglen, siglenni ‹SI
glen, si GLE ni› (feminine noun)
1 children's swing
:_______________________________.
siglen fraith ‹sig-len vraith› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod brith /
siglod brithion ‹sig-lod briith / brith-yon›
1 (bird) Motacilla alba yarrellii
pied wagtail
(delwedd 7258)
ETYMOLOGY: (siglen = wagtail) + soft mutation + (braith, feminine form of brith = pied, with black and white
patches; speckled)
:_______________________________.
siglen lwyd ‹sig-len luid› feminine noun
PLURAL siglod llwyd /
siglod llwydion ‹sig-lod luid / luid-yon›
1 (bird) Motacilla cinerea = grey wagtail
(delwedd 7259)
ETYMOLOGY: (siglen = wagtail) + soft mutation + (llwyd = grey)
:_______________________________.
signalwr ‹ sig- nal -ur› masculine noun
PLURAL signalwyr
‹ sig- nal
-wir›
1 signalman
ETYMOLOGY: (signal = signal) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
sigo ‹SI go› (verb)
1 to strain, to crush
:_______________________________.
siglo ‹SI glo› (verb)
1 to shake
South Wales: shiglo
:_______________________________.
sill ‹silh › feminine noun
PLURAL sillau ‹si -lhe›
1 syllable
sill am sill syllable for syllable
nodi sill am sill
lefaru’r hen ardalwyr to note syllable for
syllable the speech of the old inhabitants of the district
2 unsill monosyllable
3 the least mention, the least sound
dim siw na sill (am
rywbeth) not a word about, not the slightest mention
of
Nid oedd air na
sill am... There wasn’t the slightest mention of
ETYMOLOGY: (circa 1600) clipped form of sillaf
(= syllable)
:_______________________________.
sillaf, sillafau ‹si
lhav, si LHA ve› (feminine noun)
1 syllable
:_______________________________.
simnai ‹shim -ne›
feminine noun
1 chimney; See: shimnai
:_______________________________.
simpl
North: simpil (SIM-pil); South: shimpil (SHIM-pil)
1 simple-minded
2 unwell, weak (cf
the English dialect of Sir Faesyfed / Radnorshire; simple = unwell)
3 embaressed
4 embarassing
5 of poor quality
6 (Morgannwg) cachu shimpil o beth bad turn (to do
somebody), stupid thing
:_______________________________.
simsanrwydd ‹sim-san-ruidh› masculine noun
1 precariousness
ETYMOLOGY: (simsan = unsteady, precarious) + (-rwydd suffix for forming substantives)
:_______________________________.
sinc, sinciau ‹SINGK,
SINGK ye› (masculine noun)
1 sink (wash basin)
yn y sinc in the sink
dan y sinc under the sink
ETYMOLOGY: English sink
(noun) < to sink (verb) < Old English sincan (= to sink)
:_______________________________.
sincio ‹ sincio › v
(Englishism)
1 sink
bwced oedd wedi hanner shinco yn y llaca a bucket half submerged
in the mud
fe sincodd y llong the ship sank
2 sink (a pit, well)
shinco pwll to sink a pit (south-east Wales)
shinco winsh to sink a well (south-east Wales)
3 (district of Maldwyn, central Wales) sincio yn arw yn ei raen get to look
very ill (“sink terribly / roughly in his [good] appearance”)
4 (North Wales) to swear
rhegi a sincio to curse and swear
damio a sincio to curse and swear
ETYMOLOGY: (sinc- English to sink ) (-io suffix
for forming verbs)
NOTE: in South Wales sincio > sinco > shinco
:_______________________________.
sinema, sinemâu ‹SI ne ma, si ne MAI› (masculine noun)
1 cinema
:_______________________________.
siobet ‹shô-bet› feminine noun
PLURAL siobetau ‹sho-be-te›
1 (South Wales) vagina, cunt
ETYMOLOGY: ?? (b:)
:_______________________________.
sioc ‹SHOK› (masculine noun)
1 shock
2 sioc drydanol electric shock
rhoi sioc drydanol
i... give an electric shock to...
:_______________________________.
siocled <SHO-kled>
[ˡʃɔklɛd] (masculine noun)
1 chocolate
bar siocled a bar of chocolate
blwch siocled chocolate box (literary)
bocs siocled chocolate box (colloquial)
lliw siocled chocolate-coloured
...pot lliw siocled a chocolate-coloured (flower)pot
...lledr lliw siocled chocolate-coloured leather
...sgert liw siocled chocolate-coloured
skirt
siocled du dark chocolate
siocled plaen plain chocolate
siocled llaeth milk chocolate
siocled yfed drinking chocolate (“chocolate (of) drinking”)
siocledyn a chocolate
teisen siocled chocolate cake
tshoclët / tshoclëts (m) (colloquial) chocolate (here
we have used the letter ë (e-diaerasis) indicates that though it may be
pronounced as an e (open e), usually the obscure vowel of the English
pronunciation is used). (This ë is not used in Welsh spelling)
bar o tshoclët a bar of chocolate
bar o joclët a bar of chocolate (some
northern dialects have soft mutation j
for radical tsh)
The open e is replaced by a in north-western Welsh (and in the traditional south-eastern
dialect of Welsh, which is now moribund)
sioclat
:_______________________________.
sioe, sioeau <SHOI,
SHOI-ai, -e> [ʃɔɪ, ˡʃɔɪaɪ,
-ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 show
2 types of show:
sioe amaethyddol, PLURAL sioeau amaethyddol agricultural show
sioe anifeiliaid anwes, sioeau anifeiliaid anwes pet show
sioe dalentau, sioeau talentau talent show
sioe flodau, sioeau blodau flower show
sioe ffrwythau a llysiau a fruit and vegetable show
sioe gathod, sioeau cathod cat show
sioe geffylau, sioeau ceffylau horse show
sioe geir, sioeau ceir motor show
sioe grefftau, sioeau crefftau craft show,
handicraft show
sioe gŵn, sioeau cŵn dog show
sioe gychod, sioeau cychod boat show
sioe
wartheg, sioeau gwartheg cattle show
3 agricultural show (= sioe amaethyddol)
Sioe Môn Anglesey (Agricultural) Show
Y Sioe Fawr a popular name for Sioe Amaethyddol Cymru (Welsh
Agricultural Show) held in Llanelwedd, county of Powys, just one week before
the national eisteddfod, at end of July.
Cf the facetious
name for this event Steddfod y Buarth
“the eisteddfod of the farmyard”.
4 (in a competition) gwneud sioe dda ohoni put up a good
show, perform well, give a creditable performance (“make a good show of it”)
5 cae sioe, caeau sioeau showground
safle sioe, safleoedd sioeau showground
:_______________________________.
sioe gerdd <shoi GERDH>
[ʃɔɪ ˡgɛrð] feminine noun
PLURAL sioeau cerdd <SHOI-ai, -e, KERDH> [ˡʃɔɪaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡkɛrð]
1 musical = theatrical show
with a simple story having dialogue interspersed with songs and dancing
ETYMOLOGY:
"show (of) music" (sioe =
show) + soft mutation + (cerdd =
music)
:_______________________________.
siol <SHOL> [ʃɔl] masculine noun
PLURAL siolau, siols
<SHO-lai, -le, SHOLS> [ˡʃɔl aɪ, -ɛ, ʃɔls]
1 head
Mae’n wag yn ’i siol He’s got nothing in his head
(“he’s empty in his head”)
Does dim llawer yn ’i siol hi She’s a bit thick
(“there isn’t much in her head”)
cymryd yn ’i siol (i wneud rhywbeth) take it into one’s
head (to do something)
2 gwacsiol empty-headed < gwág-siol
(gwag = empty) + (siol = head)
ETYMOLOGY: Middle
English cholle [shol] (= head)
:_______________________________.
siolen <SHOO-len> [ˡʃoˑlɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL
siolennau <sho-LE-nai, -e>
[ʃɔˡlɛnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (South Wales) cunt
ETYMOLOGY: “shawl”, “little shawl” (siôl =
shawl) + (-en diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
siom <SHOM> [ʃɔm] (feminine noun)
1 disappointment, (informal) let-down, swiz
cael siom be let down, suffer a disappointment
ETYMOLOGY: An English word; apparently shom, a variant of sham [SHAM], short-vowel alternatiove of shame [SHAAM], in modern English [SHEIM]
In Midland dialects of English a > o in some words,
Welsh ponc < English bonk (= bank),
Welsh -mon from English –mon (= man),
Welsh stomp < English stomp (= stamp), etc
:_______________________________.
siomedig <sho-MEE-dig>
[ʃɔˡmeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1 disappointed
ETYMOLOGY: (siom- stem of siomi = to disappoint) + (-edig past participle ending)
:_______________________________.
siomi <SHO-mi>
[ˡʃɔmɪ] (verb)
1 disappoint
2 cael eich siomi ar yr ochr orau be pleasantly surprised, be
agreeably surprised ("get one’s disappointing on the better side")
3 siomi’r disgwyliadau fall short of expectations (“disappoint the
expectations”)
:_______________________________.
siomiant <SHOM-yant>
[ˡʃɔmjant] masculine noun
1 disappointment
Y mae colli'r sedd yn siomiant pellach i'r blaid
The loss of the
seat is a further disappointment to the party
ETYMOLOGY: (siom = disappointment) + (-iant suffix)
:_______________________________.
Siôn <SHOON>
[ʃoːn] (masculine noun)
1 John
2 used in denoting different
types of person:
..1/ Siôn lygad
y geiniog (also Siôn llygad y geiniog) a miser, an old Scrooge
(“John (of the) eye
(of) the penny”)
..2/ Siôn plesio pawb <SHOON
PLE-sho PAUB>
[ˡʃoːn ˡplɛʃɔ ˡpaʊb] a man who tries to please everybody
(“John (of) pleasing everybody”)
(Siôn = John) + (plesio = to please, pleasing) + (pawb
= everybody)
..3/ Siôn ’run shwt somebody predictable (“John (of) the same
way”)
See also: Sioni naill ochr, Sioni Winwns
3 In personifications:
..1/ Siôn Barrug <shoon BA-rig> [ʃoːn ˡbarɪg] (masculine noun)
Jack Frost
:_______________________________.
Sioned <SHOO-ned>
[ˡʃoˑnɛd] (feminine noun)
1 Janet
:_______________________________.
Siôn Heidden <shoon HEI-dhin> [ʃoːn
ˡhəɪðɪn]
1 John Barleycorn,
personification of malt spirits or of alcohol in general
ETYMOLOGY:
translation of English John Barleycorn,
(Siôn = John) + (heidden = barleycorn, grain of barley);
(haidd = barley) + (-en suffix added to nouns to make a singular form out of a
collective noun or plural noun)
:_______________________________.
Sioni <SHOO-ni>
[ˡʃoˑnɪ] (masculine noun)
1 Johnnie
:_______________________________.
Sioni naill ochr <SHOO-ni NAILH OO-khor>
[ˡʃoˑnɪ ˡnaɪɬ ˡoˑxɔr]
1 (plural: Sionis naill ochr) hypocrite, two-faced person, person who will not
commit herself
2 (plural: Sionod-naill-ochr) shrimp (the standard word is berdysen)
ETYMOLOGY: “Johnny
of either side” (Sioni Johnnie < Siôn = John) + (naill = one; either) + (ochr
= side)
:_______________________________.
Sioni Winwns <SHOO-ni-WII-nuns>
[ˡʃoˑnɪ ˡwiˑnʊns] (masculine noun)
1 'Johnnie of the Onions' -
nickname given to Breton onion sellers who went from door to door selling
onions in Wales until about 1970
:_______________________________.
siop, siopau <SHOP,
SHO-pai, -e> [ʃɔp, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 shop, workshop
2 bwrglwr siop shopbreaker
3 siop rad cheap shop, dime store
4 siop lyfrau plural siopau llyfrau bookshop (“shop (of)
books”) (siop = shop) + soft mutation + (llyfrau books, plural of
llyfr = book)
Names of Welsh-language bookshops often have “siop” and a name with
local, literary or historical connections
..1/ Siop y Pethe (Aberystwyth). “Y Pethe” (general colloquial
pronunciation of “Y Pethau”, literally “the things”) is an expression meaning
‘Welsh culture’.
..2/ Siop y Siswrn (the) shop (of) the scissors. Name of a
Welsh-language bookshop in the town of Yr Wyddgrug, in the county of Fflint.
The name is an allusion to the town’s famed novelist Daniel Owen (1836-1895),
who had been apprenticed to a tailor at the age of twelve, an occupation he
resumed after abandoning his studies at Coleg y Bala where he was training to
be a Calvanistic Methodist minister
..3/ Siop y Smotyn Du (“shop (of) the black stain”) name of a
bookshop in the town of Llanbedr Pont Steffan, county of Ceredigion
Y Smotyn Du (literary form: Yr Ysmotyn Du) "the black stain" - name
given by opponents of the Unitarian Church to the central and southern area of
Ceredigion where this church had a strong following (the concentration of
adherents of this church was a smotyn du ar Sir deg Ceredigion - a black
stain on the fair county of Ceredigion)
5 siop gaws cheese shop, cheesemonger’s (shop)
6 siop faco tobacconist’s
Also: siop dybaco
:_______________________________.
siopa <SHO-pa>
[ˡʃɔpa] (verb)
1 to shop
:_______________________________.
siop adrannol <shop
a-DRA-nol> [ʃɔp aˡdranɔl] (feminine noun)
1 department store
ETYMOLOGY: (“departmental shop”)
(siop = shop) + (adrannol = departmental)
:_______________________________.
siop cigydd <shop
KII-gidh> [ʃɔp ˡkiˑgɪð] (feminine noun)
1 butcher's shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (belonging to) (a) butcher”)
(siop = shop) + (cigydd = butcher)
:_______________________________.
siop ddillad, siopau dillad <shop
DHI-lhad, SHO-pai, -pe, DI-lhad> [ʃɔp ˡðɪɬad,
ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ, ˡdɪɬad] (feminine noun)
1 clothes shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) clothes”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (dillad = clothes)
:_______________________________.
siop ddodrefn, siopau dodrefn <shop
DHO-drevn, sho-pai, -pe, DO-drevn> [ʃɔp
ˡðɔdrɛvn, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡdɔdrɛvn] (feminine noun)
1 furniture shop
:_______________________________.
siop deganau, siopau teganau <shop
de-GAA-nai, -ne, sho-pai, -pe, te-GAA-nai, -ne> [ʃɔp
dɛˡgɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ, ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, tɛˡgɑˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 toy shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) toys”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (teganau = toys, plural of tegan = toy)
:_______________________________.
siop esgidiau <shop
e-SKID-yai, -e> [ʃɔp ɛˡskɪdjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 shoeshop
:_______________________________.
siop felysion, siopau melysion <shop
ve-LƏS-yon, sho-pai, -e, me-LƏS-yon> [ʃɔp
vɛˡləsjɔn, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
mɛˡləsjɔn] (feminine noun)
1 sweetshop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) sweets”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (melysion = sweets)
:_______________________________.
siop fferyllydd <shop
fe-RƏ-lhidh> [ʃɔp fɛˡrəɬɪð] (feminine noun)
1 (USA: pharmacy) (Englandic:
chemist's, chemist's shop, pharmacy)
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (belonging to) (a) pharmacist”)
(siop = shop) + (fferyllydd = pharmacist)
:_______________________________.
siop ffrwythau <shop
FRUI-thai, -e> [ʃɔp ˡfrʊɪθaɪ,
-ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 fruit shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) fruits”)
(siop = shop) + (ffrwythau = fruits, plural of ffrwyth = fruit)
:_______________________________.
siop flodau, siopau blodau <shop
VLOO-dai, -de, SHO-pai, -pe, BLOO-dai, -de> [ʃɔp
ˡvloˑdaɪ, --ɛ, ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
ˡbloˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 flower shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) flowers”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (blodau = flowers)
:_______________________________.
siop gadwyn, siopau cadwyn <shop
GAD-win, SHO-pai, -pe, KAD-win> [ʃɔp ˡgadwɪn,
ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkadwɪn] (feminine noun)
1 chain store
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) chain”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (cadwyn = chain)
:_______________________________.
siop gelfi, siopau celfi <shop
GEL-vi, SHO-pai, -pe, KEL-vi> [ʃɔp ˡgɛlvɪ,
ˡʃɔpaɪ -ɛ, ˡkɛlvɪ] (feminine noun)
1 furniture shop (South Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) furniture”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (celfi = furniture; tools,
implements)
:_______________________________.
siop gerdd <shop GERDH> [ʃɔp
ˡgɛrð] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau cerdd
<SHO-pai, -pe KERDH> [ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ, ˡkɛrð]
1 music shop, shop selling
musical instruments and music books
ETYMOLOGY: (siop = shop) + soft mutation + (cerdd = music)
:_______________________________.
siop groser <shop
GRO-ser> [ʃɔp ˡgrɔsɛr] (feminine noun)
1 grocer's shop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (belonging to) (a) grocer”)
(siop = shop) + (groser = grocer)
:_______________________________.
siop gydweithredol, siopau cydweithredol <shop
gid-wei-THREE-dol, SHO-pai, -pe, kid-wei-THREE-dol> [ʃɔp
gɪdwəɪˡθreˑdɔl, ˡʃɔpaɪ,
-ɛ, kɪdwəɪˡθreˑdɔl] (feminine noun)
1 cooperative shop
:_______________________________.
siop
lyfrau <shop
LƏV-rai, -re> [ʃɔp
ˡləvraɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau llyfrau <SHO-pai, -pe, LHƏV-rai, -e> [ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ, ˡɬəvraɪ,
-ɛ]
1 bookshop
ETYMOLOGY: (“shop (of) books”)
(siop = shop) + soft mutation + (llyfrau books, plural of llyfr
= book)
:_______________________________.
siop recordiau <shop re-KORD-yai, -e>
[ʃɔp rɛˡkɔrdjaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL siopau recordiau
<SHO-pai, -pe, re-KORD-yai, -e> [ˡʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ,
rɛˡkɔrdjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 record shop
Mae'r crynoddisg newydd ar gael ym mhob siop recordiau
The new CD is
available in all record shops ("in every record shop")
:_______________________________.
siop siafins <shop
SHAA-vins> [ʃɔp ˡʃɑˑvɪns] (feminine noun)
1 complete shambles (“workshop
(full of) woodshavings”)
:_______________________________.
siop sych-lanháu <shop
SIIKH-lan-HAI> [ʃɔp ˡsiːx lanˡhaɪ] (feminine noun)
1 dry-cleaner's
:_______________________________.
siopwr, siopwyr <SHO-pur,
SHOP-wir> [ˡʃɔpʊr,
ˡʃɔpwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 shopkeeper
:_______________________________.
siop wystlo, siopau gwystlo <shop
UIST-lo, SHO-pai, -pe, GUIST-lo> [ʃɔp
ˡʊɪstlɔ, ʃɔpaɪ, -ɛ
ˡgʊɪstlɔ] (feminine noun)
1 pawnshop
:_______________________________.
siop y cigydd <shop
ə KII-gidh> [ʃɔp ə ˡkiˑgɪð] (feminine noun)
1 the butcher's shop
:_______________________________.
siop y fferyllydd <shop
ə fe-RƏ-lhidh> [ʃɔp ə
fɛˡrəɬɪð] (feminine noun)
1 the pharmacy (Englandic:
chemist's shop)
:_______________________________.
siop y gof <shop
ə GOOV> [ʃɔp ə ˡgoːv] (feminine noun)
1 the blacksmith's shop
:_______________________________.
siop y groser <shop
ə GRO-ser> [ʃɔp ə ˡgrɔsɛr] (feminine noun)
1 the grocer's shop
:_______________________________.
Siôr <SHOOR>
[ʃoːr] (masculine noun)
1 George
2 Llan-sain-siôr SH9775 locality in Conwy, near Abergele
(“(the) church (of)
Saint George”)
(llan = church) + (sain = saint) + (Siôr =
George)
English name: Saint
George
:_______________________________.
Siorys <SHOO-ris>
[ˡʃoˑrɪs] masculine noun
1 George
Sain Siorys (ST0976) village in the county
of Bro Morgannwg
English name: Saint
George-super-Ely
ETYMOLOGY: from
English George
NOTE: (normally
‘George’ is Siôr)
:_______________________________.
sir <SIIR> [siːr] feminine noun
PLURAL siroedd ‹sî -rodh›
1 county = the main
administrative division of England; a system of counties was later implanted by
the English administration in the territories conquered from the Celtic peoples
(Cornwall, Ireland, Scotland, Wales)
In general, English
counties are referred to as swydd (Swydd Rydychen Oxfordshire),
though in the past sir was general.
Sir Northampton – Northamptonshire
(old-fashioned)
Swydd Northampton – Northamptonshire
(modern usage)
(delwedd 7610)
2 county = (USA) the political
unit below a state
Cymry Sir Clay, Iowa The Welsh of Clay County,
Iowa
3 county = the inhabitants of a
county
yr holl sir all the county (= all the
people in the county)
barn yr holl sir the opinion of / the views of
all the county
4 y sir (= cyngor sir) the
county council
y cyngor sir the county council
5 neuadd y sir the county hall, the building with the administrative
staff of the county
6 county = county team (a team
representing a county in a sports contest)
cefnogwyr y sir the county supporters
7 Before 1974 there were 13
counties in Wales.
After the word sir in these historic names from the
Middle Ages there was soft mutation, marked here in green
Sir Aberteifi the county of Aberteifi,
Cardiganshire
Sir Benfro the county of Penfro,
Pembrokeshire
Sir Ddinbych the county of Dinbych,
Denbighshire
Sir Drefaldwyn the county of Trefaldwyn,
Montgomeryshire
Sir Faesyfed the county of Maesyfed,
Radnorshire
Sir Feirionnydd the county of Meirionydd,
Merionethshire
Sir Fflint the county of Fflint,
Flintshire
Sir Fôn the county of Môn, Anglesey
Sir Forgannwg the county of Morgannwg,
Glamorganshire
Sir Frycheiniog the county of Brycheiniog,
Breconshire (also Brecknockshire)
Sir Fynwy the county of Mynwy, Monmouthshire
Sir Gaerfyrddin the county of Caerfyrddin,
Carmarthenshire
Sir Gaernarfon the county of Caernarfon,
Carnarvonshire
8 from 1974-1996 there were
only 8 counties
After the word sir in these modern names there is no
soft mutation
Sir Clwyd the county of Clwyd
Sir De Morgannwg the county of De Morgannwg
Sir Dyfed the county of Dyfed
Sir Gorllewin Morgannwg the county of Gorllewin
Morgannwg
Sir Gwent the county of Gwent
Sir Gwynedd the county of Gwynedd
Sir Morgannwg Ganol the county of Morgannwg Ganol
Sir Powys the county of Powys
9 In 1996 the counties were
again reorganised, with some of the older counties reappearing. These (marked
with an asterisk) retain the soft-mutation after sir.
New names do not
have it.
..1/ Sir Abertawe ‹siir
a ber tau e› the county of Abertawe / Swansea
..2/ *Sir Benfro ‹siir
ben vro› the county of Penfro / Pembrokeshire
..3/ Sir Blaenau Gwent ‹siir blei be gwent›. A county borough
created from a district of the former county of Gwent.
..4/ Sir Bro Morgannwg ‹siir broo mor ga nug› the county of Bro Morgannwg
/ Vale of Glamorgan
..5/ Sir Caerdydd ‹siir
kaer diidh› the county of Caerdydd / Cardiff
..6/ Sir Caerffili ‹siir
kaer fi li› the county of Caerffili / Caerphilly
..7/ *Sir Gaerfyrddin ‹siir gaer fər dhin› the county of Caerfyrddin
/ Carmarthen
..8/ Sir Casnewydd ‹siir
kas neu idh›. A county created in 1996 from a district of Gwent.
English name: Newport.
..9/ Sir Castell-nedd ac Aberafan ‹siir kas telh needh ag a ber a van›.
English name: Neath Port Talbot
..10/ Sir Ceredigion ‹siir
ke re dig yon› the county of Ceredigion. A district created in
1974 from the old Sir Aberteifi / Cardiganshire, and made a county in the 1996
county reorganisation.
..11/ Sir Conwy ‹siir
kon ui› the county of Conwy. A county created in 1996 which
incorporates the western fringe of the former county of Clwyd and the eastern
part of the former Gwynedd.
..12/ *Sir Ddinbych ‹siir
dhin bikh› the county of Dinbych / Denbighshire. A county created
in 1996, with very different boundaries to the Sir Ddinbych / Denbighshire
which had been abolished in 1974.
..13/ *Sir Fynwy ‹siir
vən ui› the county of Mynwy / Monmouthshire. The pre-1974
Sir Fynwy became the county of Gwent; Mynwy was a district of the five
districts of Gwent. The new Sir Fynwy is the district of Mynwy with county
status, and is a lot smaller than the original county with this name, being the
eastern agricultural zone on the border with England without its former western
industrialised fringe.
..14/ Sir Gwynedd ‹siir
gwi nedh› the new reduced county of Gwynedd created in 1996 with
the removal of Ynys Môn, which became a separate county, and the eastern fringe
which became part of Conwy. Also known as Gwynedd
Bach (little Gwynedd) to differentiate it from the pre-1996 county
.
..15/ Sir Merthyr Tudful ‹siir mer thir tid vil› the county of Merthyr
Tudful,
..16/ Sir Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr ‹siir pen ə bont ar o gur› the
county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
..17/ Sir Powys ‹siir
po wïs›. the county of
Powys
..18/ Sir Rhondda Cynon Taf ‹siir hron dha kə non taav›.. A county
borough created in 1996. The name of the county is made up of three important
river valleys within its boundaries
..19/ Sir Torfaen ‹siir
tor vain›. A county borough created from a district of the former
county of Gwent.
..20/ Sir Wrecsam ‹siir
wrek sam› the county of Wrecsam
..21/ Sir y Fflint ‹siir
ə flint› “(the)
county (of) Y Fflint. With the dismemberment of the county of Clwyd in 1996,
the county of Y Fflint was re-established, and is more or less equivalent to
the one abolished in 1974.
..22/ Sir Ynys Môn ‹siir
ə nis moon› “(the) county (of) Ynys Môn (Isle of Anglesey)”.
Known until 1974 as Sir Fôn, when it became part of the newly-created county of
Gwynedd, this county was re-established in 1996.
ETYMOLOGY: English shire (before the changes to the
pronunciation of long vowels i the 1400s formerly ‹shiir›,
a long “i”, as indicated by the fossilised spelling; now of course ‹sháiə›. The Welsh word has maintained the older
English pronunciation) < Old English scîr
‹shiir› (= office). the = shiir = (now shai·r)
SHIRE <
NOTE: In the south
generally it is colloquially “shir” ‹shiir›
In general the
practice nowadays is to use sir for
counties in Wales and swydd for
counties in England, though the border counties especially tend to be sir
Sir Gaerhirfryn / Swydd Gaerhirfryn Lancashire
Sir Gaer / Swydd
Gaer Cheshire
Sir Amwythig / Swydd Amwythig Shropshire
Sir Gaerlöyw / Swydd Gaerlöyw Gloucestershire
Sir Henffordd / Swydd Henffordd Herefordshire
The English word shire comes from Old English scîr (= duty, position, office (in the
sense of responsibility))
Welsh swydd is from Latin sêdês (= seat; position)
It seems to have
been considered an equivalent of Old English scîr - but whereas the meaning “duty, position, office” has been
lost in English, swydd still means “job” in modern Welsh, as well as
“(English) county”
NOTE: sir generally > shir ‹shiit› in the south
:_______________________________.
sir ‹ siir › feminine or masculine noun
1 (obsolete) cheer, joy,
delight; welcome, hospitality; feast, food
2 in modern Welsh, it occurs in
the derivative adjective siriol =
cheerful, merry, pleasant
ETYMOLOGY:
Either Welsh <
Old French < Latin < Greek
or Welsh <
Middle English < Old French < Latin < Greek
sir < Old French chière,
chi’re
(if not directly
from Old French, then through English cheer)
< Latin cara (= face) < Greek kara (= head, face).
Old French chière was originally “face”, but also
with the connotation “smiling face and welcoming attitude”, which has become
modern French chère (= food, fare).
Hence the modern
French expression
faire bonne chère (= eat well; originally “have
a smiling face of welcome [and offer food]”)
:_______________________________.
Sir Aberteifi ‹shiir a
ber TEI vi› (feminine noun)
1 a former county in the
south-west of Wales (until 1974) (now Ceredigion)
:_______________________________.
Sir
Benfro ‹siir ben-vro
› (feminine
noun)
1 the county of Penfro; county in the south-west of Wales (until 1974);
recreated in 1996
In 1974 the county was abolished, and together with the neighbouring
counties of Sir Gaerfyrddin and Sir Aberteifi it formed part of a new
‘supercounty’ called Dyfed. In 1996 the supercounty was in its turn abolished,
and the county of Penfro made a reappearance.
Sir Benfro Saesneg (“(the) English-speaking (part of) (the) county (of) Penfro”) the south
of the county of Penfro, popularly known in English as “Little England Beyond Wales”
. Here around the year 1108 the native Welsh were displaced by Flemings, who
later adopted the English language.
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = shire, county) + soft
mutation + (Penfro name of a castle / town / region). In centuries-old
names with sir there is soft mutation of the initial consonant of the
following name
NOTE: Locally also Shir Bemro, Shir Bembro ‹shiir bem-bro, shiir bem-ro›
:_______________________________.
Sir Conwy ‹siir ko-nui› feminine noun
1 the county of Conwy, in
north-east Wales; created in 1996
Llanfairfechan, Sir Conwy (the village of)
Llanfairfechan (in) Sir Conwy
NOTE: There is no
soft mutation after the word sir in
new formations. Thus Sir Ddinbych (an
old name, with soft mutation of Dinbych),
but Sir Conwy (created in the year
1996), and not *Sir Gonwy
:_______________________________.
Sir Ddinbych ‹shiir
DHIN bikh› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-east of
Wales (until 1974); recreated, with different boundaries, in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Drefaldwyn ‹shiir
dre VALD win› (feminine noun)
1 county in the east of Wales
abolished in 1974
2 Abbreviation Trefn. = county of
Trefaldwyn
From Trefaldwyn,
equivalent to Sir Drefaldwyn county of Trefaldwyn / Montgomeryshire
:_______________________________.
Sir Faesyfed ‹shiir
vai SƏ ved› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of
Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Feironydd ‹shiir
vei ri O nidh› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of
Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Fôn ‹shiir
VOON›
(feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of
Wales (until 1974); recreated in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Forgannwg ‹shiir
vor GA nug› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of
Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Frycheiniog ‹shiir
vrə KHEIN yog› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-east of
Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
Sir Fynwy ‹siir və -nui›
1 Monmouthshire, the county of
Monmouth, a county in South Wales
The county was
abolished in 1974, and became the county of Gwent; in 1996, Gwent was split
into various parts. Sir Fynwy
reemerged but with a reduced area.
Local name Shir Fynwa ‹siir
vən -wa›
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = county) + soft mutation + (Mynwy = river name). There is soft
mutation in names of counties formed in a previous stage in the language
:_______________________________.
Sir Gaerfyrddin ‹shiir
gair VƏR dhin› (feminine noun)
1 county in the south-west of
Wales (until 1974); recreated in 1996
:_______________________________.
Sir Gaernarfon ‹shiir
gai NAR von› (feminine noun)
1 county in the north-west of
Wales (until 1974);
:_______________________________.
siriol ‹ sir -yol› adjective
1 cheerful, glad, merry
2 cheerful, pleasant, causing
good cheer, causing a feeling of cheerfulness
..a/ Brynsiriol house name / street name
“pleasant hill / merry hill” (“Brynsiriol / Bryn Siriol”)
..b/ Caesiriol street name in Ynys-hir
(comarca de Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Cae Siriol”) “pleasant field / merry field”
..c/ Taisiriol street name in Ffosygerddinen
(Caerffili) (“Tai Siriol”)
3 comparisons:
mor siriol â hirddydd haf "as pleasant as a long
day of summer / a long summer’s day"
4 Siriol (f) woman’s name
(“happy, cheerful”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = cheer, merriness) + (-iol, suffix for forming adjectives)
sir < Old French chière,
chi’re (ch was <ch> [ʧ] ) (if not directly
from French, then through English cheer)
< Latin cara (= face) < Greek kara (= head, face)
Other examples of
French / English <ch> [ʧ] ) > <sh> [ʃ] ):
siawns (chance), siec (cheque);
siocled (English: chocolate), sialc (English: chalk), siêp /
siep (cheap)
Old French chière was originally “face”, but also
with the connotation “smiling face and welcoming attitude”, which has become
modern French chère (= food, fare).
Hence the modern
French expression
faire bonne chère (= eat well; originally “have
a smiling face of welcome [and offer food]”)
Cf also
1/ Friulian ciere (= expression, look, appearance).
2/ Catalan has cara (= face), as does Castilian
:_______________________________.
sirioldeb ‹ sir- yol -deb› masculine noun
1 cheerfulness
ETYMOLOGY: (siriol = cheerful) + (-deb suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
sirioli ‹sir- yô -li› verb
1 (verb with an object) cheer
(someone) up
2 (verb without an object)
cheer up = become cheerful
ETYMOLOGY: (siriol = cheerful) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
siryf ‹si -riv› masculine noun
PLURAL siryfion
‹si- riv
-yon›
1 siryf and also uchel siryf
“high sheriff”
(1) (history) sheriff / high sheriff = king
or queen's representative in a shire with judicial powers
(2) (modern meaning) sheriff / high sheriff =
chief official with mainly ceremonial duties such as presiding over elections
2 is-siryf under-sheriff = assistant of a high sheriff
3 (Scotland) sheriff = main
judge of a county
4 USA sheriff = county officer (usually elected) who enforces the law
(in Welsh, colloquially sheriff)
ETYMOLOGY: from an
earlier English form equivalent to modern English sheriff < Old English ”shiir-yəréev”
(scîrgerêf);
(scîr [shiir] = shire, county) + (gerêf [yəréev] = magistrate, offical)
NOTE: Sometimes
found in the form sirydd, as if (sir = county) + (-ydd, agent suffix).
If not a conscious
atempt to make the word meaningful in Welsh, it could be a development of final
“f” > “dd”, as in the place name Caer-dyf > Caer-dydd (English:
Cardiff)
:_______________________________.
siryfiaeth ‹si-rəv-yeth› feminine noun
1 sheriffdom = the post of
sheriff
2 sheriffdom = the term of
office of a sheriff
3 sheriffdom = the territory of
a sheriff
ETYMOLOGY: (siryf = sheriff) + (-i-aeth suffix)
NOTE: also siryddiaeth (sirydd + -i-aeth)
:_______________________________.
Sir y
Fflint ‹shiir
ə flint› feminine noun
1 the county of Y Fflint
English name: Flintshire
An old county which was abolished in 1974, when it was divided into two
‘districts’ (Rhuddlan, Delyn) which were included in the new ‘super-county’ of
Clwyd. In 1996, there was another reorganisation of the county system. Sir y
Fflint was revived, but with slighty different boundaries and a reduced area
compared to the original county
Sir Fflint colloquial form – there is no linking definite article – perhaps
imitating place names where the linking “y” is dropped – Pen-y-cae > Pen-cae,
etc.
ETYMOLOGY: (sir = shire, county) + (Y
Fflint = town name)
:_______________________________.
sisial ‹SI-shal› v
1 whisper
sisial gair yng nghlust rhywun whispet a word in sb’s ear
:_______________________________.
Sistersiad ‹si- sters -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL Sistersiaid
‹si- sters
-yed›
1 Cistercian = one of an order
of monks and nuns founded in 1098 at Cîteaux (near Dijon, in Burgundy) under
the rule of Saint Benedict. The order aimed to return to the original austerity
of the Benedictine rule.
ETYMOLOGY: (Sistersi-) + (-ad suffix for forming a noun)
Latin Cisterci-ân-us < Cisterci-um = Latin name of the mother
house of the Cistercian order at Cîteaux,
France (earlier Cisteaux < Cisteaus < Cistels),
in present-day Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, south of Dijon.
The abbey was
founded in 1098 by Robert, Abbot of Molesme, in a deserted and uninhabited
area. Here there was a marsh with rushes (?flag iris) called in Old French cistels.
(Cf another
instance of final –el /-els becoming –eau / eaux: Old French chastel, chastels, Modern French château, plural chateaux)
:_______________________________.
siswrn ‹si -surn› masculine noun
PLURAL sisyrnau
‹si- sər
-ne›
1 scissors = cutting instrument
with two blades on a pivot
2 Siop y Siswrn (“(the) shop (of) the scissors”). Name of a
Welsh-language bookshop in the town of Yr Wyddgrug, in the county of Fflint.
The name is an allusion to the town's famed novelist Daniel Owen (1836-1895),
who had been apprenticed to a tailor at the age of twelve, an occupation he
resumed after abandoning his studies at Coleg y Bala where he was training to
be a Calvanistic Methodist minister
3 fel siswrn (intelligence) sharp
Mae hi fel siswrn She’s as sharp as a knife
(“like (a pair of) scissors”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh siswrn = (siswr) + (-n).
Another example of
a word with n 'n' added to a final 'r' is adarn,
a dialectal variant of adar (=
birds).
siswr < English scissor < Old French cisoires
< Late Latin cîsôrium (=
instrument for cutting) < caedêre,
caesum (= to cut).
English scissor was probably pronounced ‹si-zur› which then underwent a shift of accent to the first
syllable, the usual treatment of French words in English since it was more in
keeping with most native English words. Hence ‹si-zur›, and this was the form
when the word was first used in Welsh, (with ‘s’ replacing the sound ‘z’ which
at the time did not exist in Welsh)
From the same
English root: Manx shisseryn (=
scissors)
NOTE: South Wales shishwrn (an ‹s› before or after
the vowel ‹i› in the South becomes palatalised,
hence ‹sis-› became ‹shish-›)
Also sishwn.
The Treatment of
English Borrowed Words in Colloquial Welsh / Thomas Powel / Y Cymmrodor Vol. VI
1883. / p130
The following paper
is an attempt to give a general account
of the use and
treatment of English words in the colloquial
Welsh of the
present day. Most of the statements here made
are applicable to
the whole of Welsh-speaking Wales; but
the paper treats
more particularly of the dialect spoken, with
slight variations,
in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen,
and the greater
part of Cardigan.
3. R before n
final disappears in pinshwn, sishwn, trinshwn
the more nsually
heard forms of pinshwrn, etc. (in which the
final n is
an accretion), fr. “pincer-s", “scissor-s", "trencher".
:_______________________________.
Síterdwn ‹si-ter-dun› feminine noun
1 ST0666 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales),
near Saint-y-brid.
English name:
Southerndown.
This Welsh form is
taken from “A Glossary of the Welsh of Glamorgan” / Eisteddfod Abertawe 1907 /
Cadrawd (Timothy Christopher Evans) / (manuscript, National Library of Wales),
where it appears as Siterdwn
ETYMOLOGY: ?
(English name)
:_______________________________.
Siw ‹SYUU› (feminine noun)
1 Sue
:_______________________________.
siw
1 misspelling of syw (= elegant, neat, splendid)
:_______________________________.
Siwan ‹SI wan› (feminine noun)
1 Joan
:_______________________________.
siwed ‹SI wed› (masculine noun)
1 suet
:_______________________________.
siwgr, siwgrau ‹SHU
gur, SHU gre› (masculine noun)
1 sugar
2 clap siwgr sugar lump
3 ceiriosen siwgwr PLURAL ceirios
siwgwr glacé cherry
ffrwythau siwgwr crystallized fruit
4 gefel siwgr sugar tongs, for picking up sugar cubes
5 siwgwr india-corn corn sugar, dextrose
:_______________________________.
siwmper, siwmperi ‹SHUM per, shum PE ri› (feminine noun)
1 jumper
:_______________________________.
siŵr ‹SHUUR,
SIUR›
(adjective)
1 sure
2 Nid wyf yn siŵr iawn... I’m not really sure... (literary form)
Dw i ddim yn siŵr iawn... I’m not really
sure... (colloquial form)
Dw i ddim yn rhyw siŵr iawn... I’m not really
very sure... (colloquial form)
:_______________________________.
siwrnai, siwrneiau ‹SHUR ne, shur NEI e› (feminine noun)
1 journey, trip
cynllunio siwrnai to plan a journey / a trip
siwrnai car car journey
Gest ti siwrnai dda? Did you have a good trip?
2 Mae cryn siwrnai o’n blaenau We have a long way to go (“there is
a considerable journey ahead of us”)
3 (adverb) once
siwrnai eto (shwrne ’to)
once again, once more
:_______________________________.
siwt ‹siut› feminine noun
PLURAL siwtiau ‹siut -ye›
1 suit
siwt swyddfa business suit ("suit
(of) office")
(South-east Wales) shiwt barch = smart suit (“suit of respect”)
(South-east Wales) shiwt ora (local pronunciation of “siwt orau”) = best suit
(South-east Wales) shiwt dwetydd = afternoon / evening suit
2 siwt o doriad da a well-cut suit
ETYMOLOGY: From
English suit
The Welsh word
preserves the older English pronunciation "syuut". Although this
“sy-“ form is still to be heard in English, nowadays “suit” is mostly
proonounced "suut", without the “y”)
From French sieute (= a set of things) < sivre = (to follow) (modern French suivre) < Latin sequî (= to follow)
NOTE: South-east Wales s > sh before i, thus shiwt (= suit)
:_______________________________.
siwtces ‹siut -kes› masculine noun
PLURAL siwtcesys
‹siut-ke-sis›
1 suitcase
also: ces dillad (case (of) clothes)
ETYMOLOGY: English suitcase (suit) + (case)
:_______________________________.
siyntio ‹SHƏNT
yo›
(verb)
1 to shunt
:_______________________________.
slac ‹ slak › masculine noun
1 slack = part of a rope that
is hanging loosely
dal y slac yn dynn have a cushy job (“hold the
slack tight”)
:_______________________________.
slafaidd ‹sla -vedh› adjective
1 slavish = following
servilely; yn slafaidd = slavishly
:_______________________________.
slafdod ‹slav -dod› masculine noun
1 hard work, drudgery
ETYMOLOGY: (slaf = slave) + (-dod)
:_______________________________.
slapen ‹slaps› feminine noun
PLURAL slaps ‹slaps›
South Wales
1 slaps slippers; shoes of poor quality
Mae yna air yn Ne Cymru am esgidiau gwael, sef 'slaps'
There's a word in
South Wales for poor shoes which is 'slaps'
ETYMOLOGY: ??
probably a word of English origin
:_______________________________.
slaps ‹slaps›
South Wales See: slapen
:_______________________________.
slater ‹SLA-ter›
PLURAL slaters ‹SLA-ters›
1 slater, roofer;
one who makes roofs with slates
In the north-west (in the zone where final e > a) it
is slatar, slatars
2 caru slater (Penllyn i.e. the
district by Y Bala) to be showing one’s slip or underskirt, have one’s
underskirt protruding below one’s skirt (literally “ to be courting a slater,
going out with a slater, to have a boyfriend who’s a slater)
3 slater occurs in place
names in Gwynedd:
Bwlch y Slatars (the) pass (of) the
roofers
Tŷ Slatars (the) house (of)
the roofers
Tyddyn Slatars (the) farm (of)
the roofers
ETYMOLOGY: English slater.
First occurs in Welsh in the 1600s.
The Welsh word
preserves an older English pronunciation with a short ‘a’, also preserved in
the English surname Slatter (= slater, one who slates roofs)
NOTE: Literary equivalents are llechwr, töwr, and (the somewhat antiquated-sounding or
contrived) maendöwr
:_______________________________.
..1 sleifio ‹SLEIV yo› (verb)
1 sleifio i ffwrdd sneak away
2 sleifio at (rywun) yn ddiarwybod iddo sneak up on somenbody (“slink
to (somebody) without him knowing”)
:_______________________________.
sleisen, sleisiau / sleisus ‹SLEI sen, SLEIS ye / SLEI sis› (feminine noun)
1 slice
A more genuinely
Welsh word is tafell (= slice)
ETYMOLOGY: (sleis
= English slice) + (-en diminutive suffix).
:_______________________________.
sleisen ddatys, sleisiau datys ‹slei sen DHA tis, sleis ye DA tis› (feminine noun)
1 date slice (type of cake)
:_______________________________.
sleisio ‹SLEIS
yo›
(verb)
1 to slice
:_______________________________.
slej ‹ slej
› m
PLURAL slejus ‹ sle -jis›
1 sledgehammer
twp fel slej (said of somebody considered to be stupid) as thick as a baord, as
thick as shit (“daft like a sledgehammer”)
2 stupid person (i.e. person with a thick head like
a sledgehammer)
Paid â bod shwd slej (South Wales) Don’t be stupid
(“don’t be such a sledgehammer”)
ETYMOLOGY: English sledge < Old English slegc (= a large hammer), now usually sledgehammer in modern English
:_______________________________.
slej ‹ slej
› mf
PLURAL slejus ‹ sle -jis›
1 sledge, sled
English sledge < Dutch sleedse
ETYMOLOGY: English sledge < Middle Dutch sleedse (Modern Dutch sleeën, slede, slee)
:_______________________________.
slejan ‹ sle -jan› verb
1 hit with a sledgehammer
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledgehammer) + (-an suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: also slejo
:_______________________________.
slejo ‹ sle
-jo› verb
1 to sledge = ride a sledge
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledge) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
slejo ‹ sle
-jo› verb
1 hit with a sledgehammer
ETYMOLOGY: (slej = sledgehammer) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: also slejan
:_______________________________.
slempen ‹ slem -pen› f
1 (North Wales) perfunctory cleaning
cael slempen cath give yourself a catlick, have a quick wash (“get (the)
quick-cleaining (of) (a) cat”)
ETYMOLOGY: (slemp = cleaning - probably an English
dialect word) + (-en diminutive
suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
..1 slip, slipiau ‹SLIP,
SLIP ye› (masculine noun)
1 slip = piece of paper
slip papur a slip of papur
:_______________________________.
..2 slip, slipiau ‹SLIP,
SLIP ye› (adjective)
1 sloping
tinslip dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen, with its tail between its
legs, cowed (“with a sloping arse”) (tin = arse) + (slip =
sloping)
talcen slip receding forehead
:_______________________________.
slochian ‹SLOKH
yan›
(verb)
1 gulp down, drink in gulps
:_______________________________.
Slofaceg ‹slo VA
keg›
(feminine noun)
1 Slovak (language)
:_______________________________.
slofi ‹SLOO
vi›
(verb)
1 to slow down
:_______________________________.
slogan, sloganau ‹SLO
gan, slo GA ne› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 slogan
:_______________________________.
slorwm ‹ slo -rum› feminine noun
PLURAL slorymod
‹slo-rə-mod›
(South Wales)
1 slowworm, blindworm (Anguis
fragilis) – brownish-grey legless lizard, resembling a snake, with tiny eyes
and popularly supposed to be blind
ETYMOLOGY: slorwm, metathesised form of *slowrm < English slowworm
NOTE: The North
Wales name is neidr ddafad “sheep
snake” (“snake (of) (a) sheep”)
:_______________________________.
slot, slotiau ‹SLOT,
SLOT ye›
(feminine noun)
1 slot
peiriant slot slot machine
:_______________________________.
slwmran cysgu ‹slum
ran KƏ ski› (verb)
1 to doze
:_______________________________.
slwtshlyd ‹sluch -lid› adjective
1 sludgy
ETYMOLOGY: (slwtsh = sludge ) + (-lyd, suffix = ‘full’, often with a
hint of disdain)
:_______________________________.
smâi? ‹smai›
North Wales
1 how's it going?
Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent
turns a sentence of many words into a single word of one or two syllables...
e.g. pa sut y mae hi? has become smái?
T Hudson Williams
(1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar
Tongue
ETYMOLOGY:
colloquial form of sut y mae hi
("how is it" - sut = how, y mae = is, hi = it)
NOTE: Sometimes
written smai, s'mai. Also su' mâi ‹si-mai›
:_______________________________.
smai?
1 See smâi
:_______________________________.
smái?
1 See smâi
:_______________________________.
sment ‹sment› masculine noun
1 cement = a powder from a
mixture of limestone or clay; it forms mortar when mixed with water and sand,
and concrete when mixed with water, sand and aggregate
2 cement = adhesive, glue,
substance for sticking objects together
3 corddwr sment cement mixer
4 gwaith sment cement works
ETYMOLOGY: English cement < Old French ciment < Latin caementum (= stone cut in a quarry) < caedere (= to cut)
:_______________________________.
smentiad ‹sment -yad› verb
1 cementation
ETYMOLOGY: (sment-, stem of smentio = to cement) + (-i-ad,
suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
smentio ‹sment -yo› verb
1 cement = cover with cement
2 cement = join with cement
3 masculine noun cementation
ETYMOLOGY: (sment = cement) + (-io, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: In South
Wales smento
:_______________________________.
smocio ‹SMOK
yo›
(verb)
1 (colloquial) to
smoke
NOTE 1: In South
Wales smento
NOTE 2: The
literary form is ysmygu
:_______________________________.
smona ‹smô -na› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smonach ‹smô -nakh› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smonaeth ‹smô-neth, smô-nath› feminine noun
North Wales
1 mess
gwneud smonaeth o make a mess of
2 (hair) gwneud smonaeth o'ch gwallt (USA: muss up your hair) (Englandic:
mess up your hair)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh smonaeth, clipped form of hwsmonaeth (= husbandry, managing a
house) (hwsmon < English husmon / houseman) + (-aeth)
NOTE: Also smona, smonach, smonech
:_______________________________.
smonech ‹smô -nekh› feminine noun
North Wales
1 See: smonaeth
:_______________________________.
smot, smotiau ‹SMOT,
SMOT ye›
(feminine noun)
1 spot
2 spot on a dog's coat
Smot name for a dog
:_______________________________.
smotyn ‹smo -tin› masculine noun
PLURAL smotiau ‹smot -ye›
1 spot, stain, round mark or
patch on a surface different in color (Englandic: colour) from this surface
2 spot, skin blemish such as a
pimple
3 one of such spots or
blemishes which are symptoms of a disease
4 South Wales smotyn haf,
plural smotiau haf = freckle
("spot (of) summer")
5 spot on a dog's coat
6 spot (as part of a design)
ffrog goch â smotiau gwyn a red frock with white spots
7 Y Smotyn Du (literary form: Yr Ysmotyn Du).
"The black stain" was a name given by opponents of the Unitarian
Church to the central and southern area of Ceredigion where this church had a
strong following (the concentration of adherents of this church was said to be
a “smotyn du ar sir deg Ceredigion” - a black stain on the fair county of Ceredigion)
Siop y Smotyn Du (“shop (of) the black stain”) name of a bookshop in the town of Llanbedr
Pont Steffan, county of Ceredigion
8 smotyn ar y orwel a speck on the horizon
ETYMOLOGY: (smot = spot) + (-yn diminutive suffix);
Welsh smot < English smot (now obsolete), a variant of spot
NOTE: In the south smotiau > smote ‹SMO-te› (South-west), smota ‹SMO-ta›
(South-east)
:_______________________________.
smygler ‹smə-gler› masculine noun
PLURAL smygleriaid
‹smə-gler-yed›
1 smuggler
ETYMOLOGY: English smuggler
:_______________________________.
smyglo ‹smə-glo› verb
1 smuggle
Yr oedd lot o smyglo yr amser hwnnw
There was a lot of
smuggling at that time
ETYMOLOGY: (smygl- = English to smuggle) + (-o,
suffix for forming verbs); smuggle
is most likely to be from a Dutch or Low German word
:_______________________________.
smygu ‹SMƏ
gi›
(verb)
1 to smoke
clipped form of ysmygu
:_______________________________.
snam /
’snam / s’na’m / s’nam ‹snam ›
1 (colloquial) there isn’t any...
S’na’m llonydd i’
ga’l There’s no peace to be had, I don’t get a moment’s
peace
NOTE: (1) The literary form is nid oes (llonydd). Colloquially
(1) yna is common nowadays (= there), probably in imitation of the English
phrase, shortened to ’na
thus “there is not” nid oes becomes nid oes yna > nid oes ’na...
and
(2) a second negator dim is added, which is soft mutated (ddim)
after ’na so that we have
nid oes ’na ddim... rather than nid oes dim…
(3) nid oes becomes a single syllable, through the loss of the
first syllable in the phrase
does ’na ddim...
(4) the phrase in rapid colloquial speech is reduced to s’na’m / snam
(loss of the first syllable doe-, and loss of the meddial dd, and
thr resulting ‘im reduced to m
does ’na ddim... > ’s ’na ddim... > ‘s ’na ’im... > ‘s ’na ’m /
snam
:_______________________________.
snâm ‹snaam › masculine
noun
1 (North Wales) surname
ETYMOLOGY: snâm < syrNÂM <
English surname
NOTE: Also snêm in the district of Arfon
:_______________________________.
Y Snawdra ‹ə snau-dra› feminine noun
1 local form of Ynysawdre, a locality in the county of
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
NOTE:
..a/ transposition
of the n so that it occurs after the
s;
..b/ the a instead of e in a final syllable is a normal feature of South-eastern Welsh
ynys yr hafdref
> ynys hafdref
> ynys hafdre
> ynys hawdre
> ynys awdre
> ynys awdra
> yn’s awdra
> y snawdra
:_______________________________.
sneb /
’sneb ‹SNEEB›
1 (colloquial) there isn’t anybody.
'Sneb moyn ti yma Nobody wants you
here
(= Nid oes neb yn
dy ymofyn di yma)
ETYMOLOGY: nid
oes neb > does neb > ’s neb
(nid oes = there is not) + (neb
= nobody)
(ni =
negative particle, nid before a vowel) + (oes = there is, in
interrogatives and negatives; corresponds to y mae in affirmative
sentences)
:_______________________________.
snèch ‹snekh ›
1 least bit
Bu’r tywydd yn braf yr haf diwethaf a dioddefodd
llawer o’r herwydd, ond clywais un yn sôn am y sychdwr, sef nad oedd dim snèch
o ddŵr yn y ffynnon
(Cyfoeth o Sir Gâr
= “wealth from the county of Caerfyrddin” / H. Meurig Evans / Llafar Gwlad 55,
Gwanwyn 1997)
The weather was
good last summer and many people suffered a a result, but I heard somebody talk
about the drought, that there wasn’t the least bit (“snèch”) of water in the
well
:_______________________________.
sobr ‹SO bor› (adjective)
1 sober
:_______________________________.
soced, socedi ‹SO ked,
so KE di› (feminine noun)
1 socket
:_______________________________.
Soch ‹sookh› feminine noun
1 SH2927 Afon Soch river in the county of Gwynedd
2 Aber-soch village at the mouth of the river Soch ("river-mouth
(of) Soch")
:_______________________________.
socsen ‹sok-sen› feminine noun
PLURAL socs ‹soks›
1 sock
ETYMOLOGY: (socs = socks) + (-en = singulative suffix);
Socs < English socks;
the singular sock is from Old
English socc (= light shoe) <
Latin soccus (= shoe worn by actors)
< Greek sukkhos
:_______________________________.
soeg ‹SOIG› [sɔɪg] (m)
1 draff, brewers' grains
fel ci yn bwyta soeg trwm said of a child picking at his
or her food (“like a dog eating heavy draff”)
Llafar Gwlad, Haf
1985, Rhif 9
cyn sured â soeg “as bitter as draff”
Cwt-y-soeg place name, Ynys
Môn, 1813 (“?pigsty (of) the draff”)
(cwt =
pigsty) + (y definite article) + (soeg draff) (see in list of
subscribers below)
(delwedd 7104)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh
< British < Celtic
NOTE: South Wales soeg
> so’g <SOOG> [soːg]
:_______________________________.
soffa, soffas ‹SOO fa,
SOO fas›
(feminine noun)
1 sofa
gorwedd ar y soffa to lie on the sofa
:_______________________________.
soflyn, sofl ‹SOV
lin, SOO vol› (masculine noun)
1 stubble
sofl ceirch oat stubble
“The name Sofl-ceirch
attached to a small farmstead towards the eastern side of the area is derived
from the elements sofl (‘stubble’) and ceirch (‘oats’)
suggests a traditional association with cereal cultivation”
Faerdre,
Trefeglwys, Powys - http://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/clywed/1193.htm
sofl gwenith wheat stubble
sofl haidd barley stubble
hen sofl haidd stale news, empty talk
2 atsofl ‹AT-sovl› masculine noun
1 fallow; land with
stubble (ad- prefix) + (sofl = stubble)
Common in field
names in Ceredigion in the form asol : atsofl > atso’l > a’so’l
Ffostrasol (= Ffos Tir Atsofl)
Llannarth: Pantrasol
(pant yr asol = hollow of the stubble field)
Through false
division: yr asol > y rasol
Y Rasol (= Yr Asol)
(the stubble)
Car Rasol (= Cae’r
Asol) (the stubble field)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh
< British < Latin *stubla < stupla < stupula < stipula (= straw)
Cf English stubble
< Middle English stuble < Old French estuble < Latin stupla < stupula < stipula
NOTE: sofl is
a collective noun; soflyn = a piece of stubble
:_______________________________.
SOFT
MUTATION
Some words have a
permanent soft mutation
1 Prepositions
(though the radical form survives in their use as prefixes)
can
gan (preposition = with), can- prefix
gwrth
wrth (preposition = near), gwrth- prefix (“contra”)
gwedi
wedi (preposition = after),
Some soft-mutated
forms are used as if they are radical forms (this is seen in certain place-name
elements)
gefail / efail smithy
gwaun / waun upland meadow
SOFT MUTATION OF
FIRST ELEMENT IN PLACE NAMES WITH A LINKING DEFINITE ARTICLE
There are numerous
examples of this phenomenon It may be that the first element is so familiar in
speech in contexts where it has soft mutation that the mutated form comes to be
regarded as the base form.
An example is wern
(= wet, boggy field), instead of gwern, probably from its frequent
use after the definite article, where it is y wern – the wet field –
because it is a feminine noun.
Earlier forms of Gorseinon,
for example, show that it was Corseinon “cors Einon / Einion” “(the) bog (of)
Einon / Einion”, but the frequency in speech of y gors may have caused
people to suppose that gors was in fact the radical form, and it
replaced cors in the name.
It may be that the
place was referred to by its first element – ac common enough phenomenon in
Welsh – where villages with names beginning with the element Llan (Llantrisant,
etc) are called locally “Y Llan”.
Maybe for example
Gelli-gaer was locally “Y Gelli”, and the short form with soft mutation after
the definite article came to intrude on the longer form.
The place name
Werntarw is technically impossible – in full it would be wern y tarw (“(the)
wet field (of) the bull”), and Gwernytarw / Gwerntarw would be expected.
Another explanation
is that such names are frequently used after the preposition i (= to) or
o (= from), both causing soft mutation – i Wernytarw (to
Wernytarw), but this does not seem an adequate explanation, as in general this
soft mutation affects only certain names, those with elements whose radical
forms are confused in the spoken language, and generally of feminine gender (gwern
/ wern; gwaun / waun = heathland, heathfield; ban / fan =
peak)
LIST OF SUCH
ELEMENTS:
berth < perth (= hedge)
bont < pont (=
bridge)
borth < porth (= ferry)
efail < gefail (= smithy)
fan < ban (= peak)
fawnog < mawnog (= peat bog)
fedw < bedw (= birch grove)
feidr < beidr (= farm lane;
Penfro county)
felin < melin (= peak)
fign < mign (= bog)
foel < moel (= bare peak)
fron < bron (= hill; woman’s
breast)
gelli < celli (= grove)
garn < carn (= pile of stones,
cairn)
gilfach <
cilfach (= nook)
gors < cors (= bog)
graig < craig (= rock)
gurn < curn (= mounds)
lan < glan (= riverbank;
upland)
waun < gwaun (= moorland;
moorland field)
weirglodd <
gweirglodd
wern < gwern (= boggy land;
alder swamp)
wig < gwig (= wood)
______________________
BERTH:
Berth y Bŵl ‹BERTH ə BUUL› [ ] Sir y Fflint
______________________
BONT:
Bont y Gwyddel ‹BONT ə
GWƏ dhel › [ ] SH9572 Sir Conwy, south of
Abergele (pont y Gwyddel the bridge of the Irishman; though there is also a word gwyddel =
thicket)
______________________
BORTH:
Borth-y-gêst ‹BORTH ə
GEEST› [ ]
______________________
EFAIL:
Efail-blaen-iâl SJ1246 county of
Dinbych (“the smithy at Blaen-Iâl”)
______________________
FAWNOG:
Fawnog y Bont,
Pant-mawr, Powys (“the peat bog by Y Bont, or the peat bog by the bridge”)
SN8483
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=255110
______________________
FEDW:
Fedw’r-gog SJ0043 Near
Glanyrafon, Conwy (“the birch grove of the cuckoo”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=309094
______________________
FEIDR:
Feidr Castell ‹VEI-dir
CA-stelh› [ ] Aber-gwaun / Fishguard, Sir
Benfro
feidr y castell =
beidr y castell “(the) lane (of) the castle”
Feidr Fraich ‹VEI-dir
VRAIKH› [ ] Aber-gwaun / Fishguard, Sir
Benfro
feidr y fraich =
beidr y Fraich: apparently “(the) lane (of) Y Fraich farm”; braich = arm; ridge
______________________
FELIN:
Felinydinas ‹VEE-lin-ə-DII-nas-dre› [ ] Llaniestyn, Llyn (Gwynedd)
______________________
FOEL:
Foel y Graig SH8330, west of
Llanuwchllyn (470 metre) “(the) bare hill (with the) rocky outcrop”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/477885
Foel Dyffryn foel y dyffryn SS8494 west of Y
Caerau, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr “(the) bare hill (above) the valley”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8594
Foel Offrwm ‹voil O-frum› feminine noun
1 SH7420 mountain in the district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
"hill (of the)
offering"
foel offrwm
< foel yr offrwm < moel yr
offrwm (moel = bare hill) + (yr
definite article) + (offrwm =
offering)
______________________
FRON:
Froncysyllte ‹vron
kə-SƏLH-te› [ ] near
Llangollen (Powys)
Fron Eithin ‹vron EI-thin› [ ] near Y Trallwng (Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/501152
Fronhendre ‹vron hen -dre› [ ] house in Lôn y Cytir, Bangor (“Vron Hendre”) fron
hendre < fron yr hendre “(the) hill (of) the winter dwelling /
the main farmstead” (The linking definite article is often omitted in place
names)
(fron = hill) + (yr = definite article) + (hendre
= winter dwelling / main farmstead)
with anomolous use
of the soft-mutated form fron as the radical form instead of bron.
______________________
FIGN:
Figyn Blaenbrefi SN7154, east above Llanddewi Brefi, Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN7154
Fign Aberbiga, near Dolydd, Powys SN8790
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8790
______________________
GARN:
Garnyrerw SO2309, Torfaen. The expected form
would be Carnyrerw “(the) cairn (of) the field / the acre”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO2309
______________________
GELLI:
Gelli-gaer ‹ge-lhi-gâir› [ ]
ST 1396 village in the
county of Caerffili (“fortress wood”)
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r
gaer (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli
= wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (caer =
fort). There was a Roman fort here. The expected form would be Celli’r-gaer
/ Celli-gaer
Gelli-groes ‹ge-lhi-grois› [ ] (“cross wood”)
Locality south of
Coed-duon, in the county of Blaenau Gwent
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r
groes (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli
= wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (croes =
cross). The expected form would be Celli’r-groes / Celli-groes
Gelli-haf ‹ge-lhi-haav› [ ]
Locality in the
county of Caerffili (“summer wood”)
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r
haf (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli
= wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (haf =
summer).
The expected form
would be Celli’r-haf / Celli-haf
Y Gellioedd SH9344 near
Cerrigydrudion (“the groves”) instead of “(Y) Cellioedd”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/157764
Gelli’r-fid ‹ge-lhi-viid› [ ] (“quickset hedge
wood”)
Farm by
Llandyfodog, in the current county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r
fid (gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli
= wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (bid =
quickset hedge). The expected form would be Celli’r-fid / Celli-fid
______________________
GILFACH:
Gilfach-y-blawd SN2523 farm by
Llanwinio (Caerfyrddin) (“nook of the flour”)
Gilfachcynon The owner of
Grawerth Colliery, Merthyrtudful is noted in the
List of Mines, 1908
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cmhrc/lom08glam2.htm
as John Wilkins of
Gilfach Cynon, Merthyr,
______________________
GORS:
Gorseinon county of Abertawe /
Swansea
______________________
GRAIG:
Graig Llanisien (Caer-dydd)
Graigyrwylan (“Graig yr Wylan”)
Street in Caerffili “(the) rock / crag (of) the seagull”, “seagull crag”
…………………………………….
Graig y Saeson ST2785 “(the) rock
(of) the Englishmen”
Farm south of
Basaleg, county of Casnewydd / Newport
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1086661
GYRN:
Gyrn y Moelfre ‹GIRN
ə MOIL-vre› [ ] Llangadwaladr, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/234271
______________________
LAN:
Lan-dŵr <lan-DUUR> [lanˡduːr]
1 village in the
county of Abertawe SS6595
English
name: Landore
glan y
dŵr waterside, stream’s edge
In some
cases glan > lan has later become llan, as if the name
referred to a church or Christian site rather than a riverbank
Llanrhymni <
Lamrhymni < Glanrhymni “bank (of) (the) Rhymni (river)”
See more
examples under llan on page L
______________________
WAUN:
Waunarlwydd county of
Abertawe / Swansea
Waunllefenni SH7612 (Gwynedd)
moorland of the Afon Llefenni
______________________
WEIRGLODD:
Werglodd
y Maes (1776) a messuage and lands called Werglodd y mais in
the Parish of Kerry the co. of Montgomery
Calendar of Deeds and Documents Volume 1, The
Coleman Deeds, Francis Green, 1921, p. 202
______________________
WERN:
Werntarw ‹wern-taa-ru› [ ] (“bull wet-field”)
wern y tarw (wern form
with soft mutation used as a radical form, < gwern = wet field) + (yr
= definite article) + soft mutation + (tarw bull). The expected form
would be Gwernytarw / Gwerntarw
______________________
WIG:
Wicwer < Wigfer < Wígfair < Wig-fáir (SJ0271) (locality by Dinbych, North Wales)
The expected form
would be Gwig-fair
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0271 map (where spelt
Wigfair)
______________________
Possibly too
Foel Offrwm SH7420 mountain in the
district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) "hill (of the) offering" Moel
yr Offrwm / Moel Offrwm would be expected
Fawnog Figyn SJ0718 in Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa, Powys instead of Mawnog Figyn
.......................................
SOFT MUTATION OF
FORENAMES
In certain place
names a forename is soft-mutated after a noun of feminine gender
This is especially
evident with Llan names from the early period
Also with later
names, and names of recent origin imitiating this construction:
Fadog < Madog
Cefn Carn Fadog
Leision < Lleison
…..(1) Coed Leison (“(the) wood (of)
Lleision”) name of a wood west of Pendeulwyn (Bro Morgannwg)
…..(2) Gwaunleision (“(the) moor (of)
Lleision”) name of a village by Gwauncaegurwen (county of Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan). Also a street in this place: Waunleision
(Waunleision would be the
local form, with gwaun (= meadow) regarded as a radical form; Gwaunleision is the standard form with the correct radical form gwaun)
Ruffudd < Gruffudd
Bodruffudd /
Bodruffudd
Wilym < Gwilym
Pontwilym
Dôlwilym
.........................
NO SOFT MUTATION
WHERE IT MIGHT BE EXPECTED
..a/ after the
particles ni, na
In literary Welsh,
these is no mutation with b- forms of bod after ni, na
ni bu… here has not been
(ni fu would be expected)
..b/ after an
inflected verb
y ddraig goch ddyry
cychwyn rather than ddyry gychwyn (“It-is) the dragon (that) gives ”)
melys; moes mwy rather than melys;
moes fwy “(It-is) sweet; give more (to me)”
..c/ In place
names, with personal names after tre, a missing soft mutation indicates
a name of recent origin (1800s)
Tre-biwt A Welsh translation
of Butetown, Caer-dydd / Cardiff (instead of *Tre-fiwt)
Trecennydd (“Trecenydd”), in
Caerffili (“Cennydd’s town”) (instead of *Tregennydd)
Trecynon (Rhondda Cynon
Taf). This was called Heolyfelin originally, and the name Trecynon came
about in the mid-1800s, the result of an eisteddfod competition to devise a
name for the village which had grown up here (instead of *Tregynon)
Tre-gŵyr ‹tre
GUIR› (instead of *Tre-ŵyr)The Welsh name for Gowerton. Although
the Welsh name is a direct translation of the English name, which came first,
the English name suggests “the village of the Gower peninsula” – it in fact
replaced the railway station name Gower Road (“road leading to the Gower
Peninsula”) - whereas the Welsh name suggests “the village / town in the old
kúmmud of Gŵyr”.
Trellywelyn an administrative
and electoral ward in Y Rhyl (Conwy) (spelt as “Trellewellyn). Also a road here
“Trellewelyn Road” (spelt correctly, with one ‘l’, unlike the name of the
ward), which in Welsh would be Ffordd Trellewelyn, and “Trellewelyn
Close”, which in Welsh would be Clōs Trellewelyn (instead of *Trelywelyn).
Tremadog (Gwynedd)
Originally Tremadoc, a small planned town built by William Alexander Madocks
after he had purchased the land here in 1798. He had been brought up in London
but was from a Sir Ddinbych / Denbighshire family.
Tremadoc “(the) town (of)
Madoc” (tre = town) + (Madoc).
The spelling was
altered (?in the 1970s) to bring it into line with modern Welsh spelling
practice.
Madoc is for ap Madoc
(= ap Madog), the Welsh patronymic which was the basis of the
English-language surname Maddocks. The use of Madoc rather than Madog may have
been to Cymricise the surname while maintaining a similarity to the English
form with c [k].
In medieval Welsh,
the final c of Madoc actually represented [g].
(Instead of *Trefadog)
Tretaliesin / Tre
Taliesin (Ceredigion) Nineteenth century coing to replace the name Comins y
Dafarn-fach (“common land by Y Dafarn-fach”) y dafarn fach = the
little tavern.
(Instead of *Tredaliesin)
The original name
with a reference to a tavern was probably not respectable in an area with a
strong religious character at the time
Tretomos (Caerffili) The
name was generally spelt Trethomas. Named after William James Thomas, a co-owner of the
Bedwas Navigation Colliery. It was developed
between 1900 and the First World War (1914). (Instead of *Tredomos).
..d/ In place names
(especially farm names / house names), where one might expect the definite
article
Carreg-wen (= white house)
instead of *Y Garreg-wen
Cegidfa (= hemlock place)
Guilsfield, Powys
:_______________________________.
soi ‹SOI› (conjunction)
1 reduced form of (hyd) nes
y bo hi until it is
o wech soi’n
ddiddeg from six until twelve o’ clock
(Cadair ap Mwydyn, Y
Geninen, 1900)
= o chwech (hyd)
nes y bo hi yn ddeuddeg
(hyd nes =
until, nes = until) + (y particle introducing the verb) + (bo =
it may be, third-person present subjunctive of bod = to be) + (hi
pronoun = her, it)
:_______________________________.
soia ‹SOI a› (masculine noun)
1 soya
llaeth soia soya milk
:_______________________________.
solet ‹SOO
let›
(adjective)
1 solid
wal solet solid wall
:_______________________________.
solid ‹SOO
lid›
(adjective)
1 solid
tanwydd solid solid fuel
:_______________________________.
1 sôn ‹SOON› (verb)
1 to mention
Ond wrth ’mod i’n son am
bethau fel hyn, mae’n dod i ’nghof fod...
And while I’m mentioning these things, I recall that... (“and while I am
mentioning things like these it come to my memoery that...”)
2 tell someone, tell people
Paid â sôn fy mod i... Don’t let on that I.., Don’t
tell anyone that I...
:_______________________________.
2 sôn ‹SOON› (masculine noun)
1 mention
2 mygu pob sôn am rywbeth hush something up (“stifle all mention
about something”)
3 Mae e’n well na’r sôn amdano He’s not as black as he’s painted,
He’s not as bad as people make him out to be (“he’s better than the talking
about him”)
4 story, tale, rumour
fe gerdodd y sôn bod... the rumour went around
that...
:_______________________________.
sond ‹SOND› (masculine noun)
1 sand; a variant of swnd (qv)
:_______________________________.
soned, sonedau ‹SOO
ned, so NEE de› (feminine noun)
1 sonnet
:_______________________________.
sonedwr, sonedwyr ‹so NEE dur, so NED wir› (masculine noun)
1 writer of sonnets
:_______________________________.
soniarus ‹son-YAA-ris› adj
1 melodious,
sweet-sounding, euphonious, harmonious, tuneful, mellifluous ENG-Z
Yr oedd ganddo lais
soniarus a chryf He had a strong, melodious voice
canu’n soniarus sing melodiously
canu'n eithriadol o
soniarus sing with an exceptionally sweet voice
mewn llais soniarus
in
a meldious voice
2 ansoniarus dissonant
:_______________________________.
sori ‹SO-ri› adj
1 poor spelling for
the Englishism sorri (= sorry) (q.v.)
:_______________________________.
sorri ‹SO-ri› adj
1 (Englishism)
sorry
Sorri ’mod i wedi
torri ar ych traws chi Sorry I interrupted (while you were speaking)
(“Sorry that I have
broken across you”)
More authentically:
Mae’n flin ’da fi am dorri ar ych traws chi
Wi’n sorri I’m sorry
More authentically:
Mae’n flin ’da fi
gweud sorri to say sorry
More authentically:
gweud ei bod yn flin ’da chi; ymddiheuro
:_______________________________.
sosban ‹so -span› feminine noun
PLURAL sosbenni, sosbyn ‹so- spe -ni, so -spin›
1 saucepan
2 (term of contempt for a
person considered to be stupid or useless)
-Ma fe mor dwp â bat. –Pwy? -Y sosban ’na sy’n
mynd maas gyda Haf
-He’s as daft as a
brush. –Who? –That idiot who is going out with Haf
3 Tre'r Sosban nickname for Llanelli ('the town of the saucepan' in
allusion to the song 'Sosban Fach' – little saucepan) (qv)
Dathlu Hanner Canrif yn Nhre'r Sosban. Mae Ysgol
Gymraeg Dewi Sant Llanelli yn dathlu ei hanner cant oed eleni
(newspaper item,
1997) Celebrating half a century in the Town of the Saucepan. Saint David’s
Welsh(-language) School is celebrating its fiftieth anniversary this year
ETYMOLOGY: English ‹sospən›
“saucepan”; in present-day English
the first element is pronounced according to the independent word “sauce” ‹sóospən› (or in the USA ‹saaspan›) – cf other examples of this dissection and reanalysis
of old compounds in English
..a/ housewife <
‹húsif›,
..b/ forehead < ‹fóred›,
..c/ hedgehog < ‹héjog›
Cf Jersey Norman
(Jèrriais) sâsse-paine (= saucepan) < English saucepan
:_______________________________.
sosban frys ‹sos–pan vriis› feminine noun
PLURAL sosbenni brys ‹so-spe-ni briis›
1 pressure cooker
ETYMOLOGY: (sosban = saucepan) + soft mutation + (brys = speedy)
:_______________________________.
soser, soseri ‹SO ser,
so SEE ri› (feminine noun)
1 saucer
soser hedegog (f) soseri
hedegog flying saucer
:_______________________________.
sosialaeth ‹so SHAA
leth›
(feminine noun)
1 socialism
ETYMOLOGY: (sosial- < English social- < socialism ) + (-aeth suffix for forming abstract
nouns, here equivalent to English -ism)
:_______________________________.
sosialaidd ‹so SHAA
ledh›
(adjective)
1 socialist
ETYMOLOGY: (sosial- < English social- < socialist ) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives,
here equivalent to English -ist)
:_______________________________.
sosialydd, sosialwyr ‹so SHAA lidh, so SHAL wir› (masculine noun)
1 socialist
(sosial- < English social- < socialist ) + (-ydd noun suffix, indicating an agent,
here equivalent to English -ist)
:_______________________________.
sothach ‹SOO-thakh› masculine noun
1 (American: garbage)
(Englandic: rubbish)
sothach o bapur trashy newspaper
ETYMOLOGY: (soth- unknown element) + (-ach suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
sothachlyd ‹so-thakh-lid› adjective
1 trashy, rubbishy
ETYMOLOGY: (sothach = rubbish) + (-lyd adjectival suffix, often
indicating disapproval)
:_______________________________.
sownd ‹SOUND› (adjective)
1 sound = solidly fixed
ETYMOLOGY: English sound
:_______________________________.
sownd ‹SOUND› (masculine noun)
1 sand; a variant of swnd (qv)
:_______________________________.
sowth ‹SOUTH› (masculine noun)
1 south
ETYMOLOGY: English south
:_______________________________.
Sowthen, Sowthiaid ‹SOU then, SOUTH yed› (feminine noun)
1 woman from the South
ETYMOLOGY: (sowth
= south) + (-en suffix to indicate a female)
:_______________________________.
Sowthyn, Sowthiaid ‹SOU thin, SOUTH yed› (masculine noun)
1 man from the South
ETYMOLOGY: (sowth
= south) + (-yn suffix to indicate a male)
:_______________________________.
’spedain
See ’sbedain
:_______________________________.
srinj, srinjus ‹SRINJ,
SRIN jis› (feminine noun)
1 syringe
ETYMOLOGY: Informal
English s’ringe < standard English syringe
:_______________________________.
s-t-
The soft mutation in Welsh
of t > d after an –s is deactivated
glas + tir >
*glasdir > glastir (= green land)
maes + tref (field + town) >
*maesdref > maestref (= suburb)
Swis + tir >
*Swisdir > Swistir (= Switzerland)
:_______________________________.
stabl (stabal), stablau ‹STA bal, STA ble› (feminine noun)
1 stable = building where
horses are kept
stabal y capal (North) = stabl
y capel the chapel stable
mynd â'r ceffyl
neu'r gaseg i mewn i'r stabal take the horse or the mare into the stable
gwas stabl stable boy, stable
lad
llofft stabal stable loft
2 stable =
newspaper publisher who owns a number of newspaper titles
Mae’r hen
"Carmarthen Citizen" erbyn hyn yng nghrombil y "Carmarthen
Journal" sy o'r un stabal â'r "Daily Mail"
The old "Carmarthen
Citizen" is by now subsumed in the "Carmarthen Journal" which
belongs to (“which is of”) the same stable as the "Daily Mail"
3 trampled ground
gwneud stabal = trample (crops)
NOTE: Alternative
literary form: ystabl, ystablau
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh
< French estable
(or indirectly
Welsh < English stable < French estable)
< Latin stabulum (= stall; place to stay, lodgings; brothel;)
< sta- (stô, stâre, steti, statum) (= to stand), + (-bul-um, suffix indicating an instrument / device, or place)
(-bul-um, -bu-la occur too in Latin words which have given English mandible (= jaw), fibula (clasp), vestibule, fable, table, verterba, Libra)
NOTE: Y Cymmrodor. Vol.
XXXVIII. 1927. Merioneth Notes.
By T. P. ELLIS,
I.C.S. (retired), M.A., F.R.Hist.S., Author of "Welsh Tribal Law and
Custom"
“Adjoining the
Llanelltyd bridge is a small field known as Cae Llong.…. On each side of the
river, close to the bridge, are meadows called Cae Stabal ; the word "
stabal " probably being a derivative of “staple” and not of
"stable", indicating thereby the site of the warehouses where, of
old, the bales of wool were collected for shipment.”
:_______________________________.
stad, stadau ‹STAAD,
STAA de›
(feminine noun)
1 estate
:_______________________________.
’Stade (STAA-de) [̍̍ˡstaˑdɛ]
1 a clipped form of the name Gwastadau (“flat lands”) used locally
for a smallholding of this name in Llandderfel, Gwynedd)
NOTE:
..a/ In this zone “-au” in a final syllable is colloquially ‹e›: Gwastadau > Gwastade
..b/ The first syllable gwa- is lost: Gwastade > ’Stade
(This dropping of a pretonic syllable is of very frequent occurrence in Welsh)
:_______________________________.
staen, staeniau ‹STAIN,
STEIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 stain
ETYMOLOGY: Informal
English stain
:_______________________________.
'stafell, 'stafelloedd ‹STA velh, sta VE lhodh› (feminine noun)
1 room (from: ystafell)
:_______________________________.
stàff ‹STAFF› (masculine noun)
stàff darlithio ‹staf dar lith
yo› (m)
1 lecturing staff = the body of
lecturers in a place of further education
NOTE: The vowel a
is properly marked with a grave accent > à to show that although it is in a long-vowel
environment it is pronounced short. Such conflicts usually occur with words borrowed
from English which retain their English pronunciation.
Native Welsh monosyllabic words with this
pattern have a long vowel (unmarked, as the final –ff indicate that the
preceding vowel must be long): praff ‹PRAAF› (adj)
(= stout), cloff
‹KLOOF›
(adj) (= lame)
But in written Welsh this rule (à) is rarely observed.
ETYMOLOGY: English staff
:_______________________________.
'Stalfera ‹ stal- vê -ra›
1 colloquial form of Ystalyfera (SN7608) locality in the
county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
ETYMOLOGY: stal-fera < ys-tal-fera < ys-tal-y-fera
(< ynys-tâl-y-fera) (“the meadow
at Tâl y Fera”) Tâl y Fera is possibly “the place facing the barrow /
facing the tumulus”
(tâl =
forehead, brow; place opposite some specified feature) + (y definite
article) + soft mutation + (bera = tumulus).
:_______________________________.
staliwn, stalwyni ‹STAL
yun, stal WI ni› (masculine noun)
1 stallion
:_______________________________.
stamina (*stámina) ‹sta -mi-na›
masculine noun
1 stamina
Gwahoddir ceisiadau am: Ymchwilydd Dan Hyfforddiant.
Anghenion: Diddordebau eang, brwdfrydedd heintus a stámina!
Applications are
invited for a Trainee Researcher. Requirements: Wide interests, infectious
enthusiasm and stamina
ETYMOLOGY: English stamina, plural of Latin stâmen (= thread), < stâre (= to stand).
The stamina were the threads which the
Fates spun out (the three goddesses of fate, Clothos, Lachesis and Atropos, who
decided the birth, life and death of mortals).
From this came the
sense of energy or vitality (these threads were the destinies of men, which
they would measure and cut)
:_______________________________.
stamp, stampiau <STAMP,
STAMP-yai, -e> [stamp, ˡstampjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 stamp
ETYMOLOGY: English stamp
:_______________________________.
stampio <STAMP-yo>
[ˡstampjɔ] (verb)
1 to stamp
:_______________________________.
stamp rwber <stamp
RUU-ber> [stamp ˡruˑbɛr] (masculine noun)
1 rubber stamp
:_______________________________.
stand, standiau <STAND,
STAND-yai, -e> [stand, ˡstandjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine or
feminine noun)
1 stand;
2 (sports) grandstand
ETYMOLOGY: English stand
:_______________________________.
stand dillad <stand
DI-lhad> [stand ˡdɪɬad] (masculine noun)
1 clothes stand
:_______________________________.
staplen, staplau / staplenni <STA-plen, STA-plai,
-ple, sta-PLE-ni> [ˡstaplɛn, ˡstaplaɪ, -ɛ,
staˡplɛnɪ] (feminine noun)
1 staple
:_______________________________.
staplwr, staplwyr <STA-plur,
STAPL-wir> [ˡstaplʊr, ˡstaplwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 stapler
:_______________________________.
stario <STAR-yo>
[ˡstarjɔ] verb
1 stare
staran ar (rywbeth) stare at (something)
ETYMOLOGY: English to stare < Old English starian.
In other Germanic
languages: German starren (= to
stare), Norwegian stare (= to
stare).
Cf the related
words
..a/ Latin consternâre (= to confuse)
..b/ Greek stereos (= stiff)
NOTE: South Wales staro (South-east Wales staran)
:_______________________________.
statud <STA-tid>
[ˡstatɪd] feminine noun
PLURAL statudau
<sta-TII-dai, -e> [staˡtiˑdaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 statute = a law passed by a
legislative assembly which has been set out in a formal document
Statudau'r Brifysgol The University Statutes
ETYMOLOGY: First
known example 1546.
From English statute < French estatut < Late Latin statûtum <
Latin statuere (= to make
‹something› stand, to establish ‹something›, to decree ‹something› < stàre (= to stand)
NOTE: also ystatud (= statute) , yr ystatud (= the statute)
:_______________________________.
statudol <sta-TII-dol>
[staˡtiˑdɔl] adj
1 statutory
rhybudd statudol statutory warning
rhyw gorff statudol statutory body
fframwaith statudol statutory framework
ETYMOLOGY: (statud = statute) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
stedda ‹ste dha›
1 (apheretic form of eistedda, colloquial form of eistedd) sit!, sit down!
Stedda'n llonydd yn y gader
na, machgen i - sit down in that
chair and relax, son
:_______________________________.
Steffan ‹STEE
fan›
(masculine noun)
1 Stephen, Steven
:_______________________________.
stem, stemiau ‹STEM,
STEM ye›
(feminine noun)
1 (work) shift
:_______________________________.
stent ‹stent › masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL stentiau, stentau
‹stent-ye, sten-te›
1 extent = an assessment of
land and property and a calcuation of their value in order to levy taxes upon
them
2 a document with this
valuation
3 income from an estate
4 estate = landed property
5 (North-east Wales) estate
owner, in the expression yr hen stentiau
“aelodau o hen deuluoedd o'r ardal, parchus a dibynadwy,
union eu buchedd, ac o dras - tipyn o 'bedigree' yn perthyn iddynt” (Papur Fama,
Gorffennaf 1991)
members of old
families in the area, who are respectable, reliable and honest, who have a bit
of ‘pedigree’ to them
6
Llain-stent
Street name in
Niwbwrch, county of Môn
Apparently llain y stent (“(the) land (of) the
estate”)
(llain = strip of land) + (y definite article) + (stent = estate)
ETYMOLOGY: Middle
Welsh < Middle English stent / extent
< French of England estente
It may in fact be a
direct loan, not through the intermediary of Middle English:
Middle Welsh < French of England estente;
< Old French extente < Latin extensus (= extensive) < extendere
(= stretch out),
ex- (= from) + tendere
(= to stretch)
NOTE: also formerly
ystént
:_______________________________.
stereo, stereos ‹STE re
o, STE re os› (feminine noun)
1 stereo
ETYMOLOGY: English stereo
:_______________________________.
sterics ‹ste -riks› plural
1 hysterics
cael sterics have a fit of hysterics
mynd i sterics have a fit of hysterics
mynd i sterics o chwerthin am rywbeth become hysterical
from laughing about something
ETYMOLOGY: English sterics, a clipped form of hysterics < Latin hystericus (adj; = of the womb) <
Greek husyterikos (adj; = of the
womb) < hustera (= womb), from
the belief that hysteria was a female condition, caused by disturbances in the
womb
:_______________________________.
sti ‹ sti
›
(North Wales)
1 gwyddost
ti you know, y’ know > wyddost ti
> wsti, > sti
Dwi o ddifri 'sti I’m serious, y’ know
2 a wyddost
ti do you know?
a wyddost ti beth? do you know what? (question
to highlight information in the following sentence), in speech often reduced to
sti be?
NOTE: Sometimes
written sdi, though sti is more correct
:_______________________________.
sticer ‹sti -ker› masculine noun
PLURAL sticeri ‹sti-kê-ri›
1 sticker
Mae ganddo sticer CYM ar ben ôl ei gar
He has a CYM
sticker (= Cymru, Wales) on the back of his car
ETYMOLOGY: English sticker; see the verb sticio (= to stick)
:_______________________________.
sticil ‹STI-kil› feminine noun
PLURAL sticlau ‹STI-klai, -le›
NOTE: variants are sticill
(with ll instead of l), and ysticil, ysticill (with a prefixed y-,
as in ystafell (= room), plurals sticillau, ysticlau, ysticillau
1 stile
2 Ysticlau ‹ə-STI-klai,
-kle› Farm near Nant-y-caws, Caerfyrddin SN4716
yr ysticlau “the stiles” (yr definite article) + (ysticlau,
plural form of ysticil = stile).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4716 map
3 Pontsticill ‹pont-STI-kilh›
village SO0611in Merthyrtudful
pont yr ysticill“(the) bridge (with) the stile
(pont =
bridge) + (y definite article) + (sticill = stile).
ETYMOLOGY: Middle
English stikel (= stile)
Related to German steigen
(= to climb)
:_______________________________.
sticill ‹STI-kilh› feminine noun
PLURAL sticillau ‹sti-KI-lhai, -lhe›
1 stile. See sticil
:_______________________________.
stiff ‹STIF› (adjective)
..1/ stiff fel procer (eg the back after
lifting heavy oblects) (as) stiff as a poker (“stiff like (a) poker”)
..2/ stiff fel bwcram (“stiff like buckram”)
(buckram = a stiff fabric made from cotton)
..3/ stiff fel pren (“stiff like wood”)
:_______________________________.
stìl ‹STIL› (adverb)
(Sir Gaerfyrddin /
Carmarthenshire)
..1/ always, continually
ETYMOLOGY: English
STILL. The sense of ‘always’ is found in the English Dialect Dictionary (1898-1905) by Joseph Wright. It occurs in the Lowlandic language of Scotland
and in the English of Cumberland (Cumberland: “I have still used
this since I was a boy, N[otes] & Q[ueries] (1880) 6th S. i. 115.” i.e.
I’ve always used it... An example from Ireland is “At the end of a letter,
‘Still your obedient servant’.”
English Dialect
Dictionary Online http://eddonline-proj.uibk.ac.at/edd/index.jsp
NOTE: The correct
spelling is stìl, as in GPC (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / Dictionary of the
University of Wales), with a grave accent over the ‘i’ to show that the vowel
is short. native monosyllabic words with ‘–il’ are always long – mil [MIIL] (=
one thousand), mil [MIIL] (= animal), cil [KIIL] (= nook), hil [HIIL] (= stock,
lineage), Dil [DIIL] (= honeycomb).
:_______________________________.
stitsh ‹ stich › mfeminine noun
PLURAL sitshys ‹ sti -chis›
1 stitch = link made with
needle and thread, especially with cloth
2 stitch = link made with needle
and thread to close broken skin or cut flesh
3 stitch = pain in the side
4 noethlymun stitsh stark naked
ETYMOLOGY: English stitch < Old English stice (= sting);
Equivalent German
word: das Stech (= stinging,
pricking).
:_______________________________.
stitsho ‹ sti -cho› verb
1 to stitch = sew with stitches
ETYMOLOGY: (stitsh = stitch) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
stiwdio, stiwdios / stiwdioau ‹STYUUD yo, STYUUD yos / styuud YO e› (feminine noun)
1 studio
:_______________________________.
stôl, stolion / stoliau ‹STOOL, STOL yon / STOL ye› (feminine noun)
1 stool
:_______________________________.
stôn ‹stoon› feminine noun
PLURAL stonau ‹stô-ne›
1 stone = English unit of
weight equivalent to 14 pounds (6.148 kg)
Mae hi wedi colli pum stôn o bwysau
She's lost five
stone in weight
Roeddwn yn ddeg stôn a dau bwys
I was ten stone two
(ten stone and two pounds) (USA: 142 pounds)
ETYMOLOGY: English stone (= stone in weight, fragment of
rock) < Old English.
Cf German der Stein (= stone), Greek stion (= pebble)
:_______________________________.
stondin, stondinau ‹STON din, ston DI ne› (feminine noun)
1 stand (in a market, etc)
- stondin farchnad, stondinau marchnad ‹STON din VARKH nad, ston DI ne MARKH nad› (feminine
noun)
1 market stand
:_______________________________.
stondin ffair ‹ston-din fair› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau ffair
‹ston-dî-ne
fair›
1 fairgound booth, fairground
stand
reiffl stondin ffair gallery rifle, fairground
rifle
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (ffair = fair)
:_______________________________.
stondin lyfrau ‹ston-din lə-vre› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau llyfrau
‹ston-dî-ne
lhə-vre›
1 bookstall
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + soft mutation + (llyfrau = books, plural of llyfr = book)
:_______________________________.
stondin saethu ‹ston-din sei-thi› feminine noun
PLURAL stondinau saethu
‹ston-dî-ne
sei-thi›
1 (fair) rifle range
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (saethu = to shoot)
:_______________________________.
stondinwr ‹ston-dî-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL stondinwyr
‹ston-din-wir›
1 stallholder
ETYMOLOGY: (stondin = stand) + (-wr = 'man')
:_______________________________.
stopio ‹STOP
yo›
(verb)
1 to stop
2 gwneud arwydd stopio ar (rywun) signal to someone to stop (“make
(a) sign (of) stopping on (somebody)”
:_______________________________.
stori, storïau / straeon ‹STO ri, sto RI e / STREI on› (feminine noun)
1 story
2
stori fer, storïau byrion ‹sto ri VER, sto ri e
BƏR yon› short story
3
stori iasoer ‹sto ri IA soir› horror story
4 llyncu stori’n gyrn, croen a charnau swallow a story hook, line
and sinker, accept something improbable without questioning it
(yn gyrn, croen a charnau = hook, line and sinker “horns, skin /
hide and hooves”)
5 subject of a conversation
troi’r stori draw change
the subject (“turn the story yonder”)
Ni allodd wadu fy
mod yn iawn, ond ceisiodd droi’r stori draw trwy ddyweyd, “Glywsoch chi fod
rhywun wedi dwyn tractor Sioni Pen-pwll?”
He couldn’t deny
that I was right, but he tried to change the subject by saying, “Did you hear
that somebidy has stolen Sioni Pen-pwll’s tractor?”
:_______________________________.
storio (v) ‹STOR yo›
1 to store
Maent
yn storio afalau a gellyg a gynaeafwyd yn gynnar trwy eu
rhewi
They store apples and
pears which have been harvested early by freezing them
tanc storio storage tank
lladrad tanwydd o
gerbydau a thanciau storio fuel theft from vehicles and storage tanks
:_______________________________.
storm ‹storm › feminine noun
PLURAL stormydd
‹stor
-midh›
1 storm = strong winds with
rain, snow
Fe fydd yn storm arnon ni we’re in for a storm (“it
will be a storm on us”)
Dyna storm fu n’ithwr ynta fa? (south-east) What
a storm there was last night, eh?
(“there’s a storm
that-has-been last-night, isnn’t-it?”)
rhybudd storm / rhybudd o storm storm warning
storm fawr / storom fawr a great storm, a big storm
storm o eira / storm eira / storom eira snowstorm (“storm
of snow / storm (of) snow”)
storm o law rainstorm (“storm of rain”)
storm o daranau thunderstorm (“storm of
thunderclaps”)
storm o fellt a tharanau thunderstorm (“storm of
lightning flashes and thunderclaps”)
storm o law taranau thunderstorm (“storm of rain
(of) thunderclaps”)
(South) storm o luched a thyrfau thunderstorm
(“storm of lightning flashes and thunderclaps”)
(South) storm o law tyrfau thunderstorm (“storm
of rain (of) thunderclaps”)
storm o wynt windstorm (“storm of wind”)
storm dywod sandstorm (“storm (of) sand”)
2 daw tawelwch ar ôl storm there comes a calm after a storm
3 dod trwy storm ride out a storm
4 Mae hi am storm There’s a storm brewing (“it is for (a) storm. it
is wanting (a) storm”)
Mae hi’n magu storm There’s a storm brewing
(“it’s nurturing a storm”)
(North) Mae hi’n hel am storm There’s a storm
brewing (“it’s gathering for a storm”)
(North) Mae hi’n cau am storm There’s a storm
brewing (“it’s closing for a storm”)
5 diogel rhàg stormydd storm-proof (“safe from storms”)
6 storm mewn cwpan te / storm mewn cwpan de storm in a teacup (USA:
tempest in a teapot)
ETYMOLOGY: the
Welsh word is from English storm
The corresponding
word in German is der Sturm (=
storm)
In English, related
words to storm are
..a/ to stir
< Old English styrian, and
..b/ sturgeon < French < Germanic.
German has der Stör (= sturgeon)
NOTE: In the
south-west there is a colloquial form storom
:_______________________________.
stormus ‹STOR
mis›
(adjective)
1 stormy
ETYMOLOGY: (storm = storm) + (-us adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
strach ‹straakh › masculine or feminine noun
1 mess, disorder
mewn strach in a mess
Mae pawb yn cofio'r strach yn 1974 pan newidiwyd ein
siroedd
Everybody remembers
the mess in 1974 when our counties were changed
2 trouble, predicament,
difficulty,
mewn strach in a predicament, in
difficulty
3 fuss, bother, rush, hurry
Sôn am strach i orffen y traethawd mewn pryd
What a bother (“talk
about a bother”) (it was) to finish the essay on time
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
straeon ‹STREI
on›
(plural noun)
1 stories; see stori
:_______________________________.
strap ‹STRAP› (masculine or
feminine noun)
1 strap; = strapen
:_______________________________.
strapen, strapiau ‹STRAP, STRAP ye›
(feminine noun)
1 strap
:_______________________________.
strátosffer ‹STRA
tos fer›
(masculine noun)
1 stratosphere
:_______________________________.
streic, streiciau ‹STREIK, STREIK ye› (feminine noun)
1 strike
streic araf
go-slow (“slow strike”)
________________________________________________________________________
STRESS SHIFT
In place names with
a stressed final accent, sometimes the stress shifts to the preceding syllable.
Examples:
(a) ABÉRFFRAW
Aber-ffraw > Abérffraw (and since the -aw is now an unstressed final accent, and this is
reduced to o colloquially in such words in Welsh, the form Y Berffro
has resulted) (The first vowel, a, has lost its quality and has been
reduced to a neutral vowel, which has been mistaken for the definite article)
(b) CRÚGMOR
crug-máwr (great
stack) > crúg-mawr > Crugmor (SN2047 farm in Llangoedmor)
(c) DÓLFOR
y ddôl fawr “the great meadow”
> dôl-fáwr > (stress shift) dólfawr > dólfor / Dolfor
(d) Y GÁERWEN
In Ynys Môn there is Y Gaerwen ‹geir-wen› SH4871, rather than the expected Y Gaer-wen
(e) LLÁNBEDR
Although there is an example of the name Llan-bedr (the church of Peter) this
name is generally Llanbedr
(f) LLÁNFAIR
Although there are a couple of villages called Llan-fair (the church of Mary) this name is generally Llanfair
(g) NÁNTMEL
Nant-mêl in Powys has become Nantmel
(h) PÉNNANT
SN5162 village in
Ceredigion
pen y nant “(the) head (of) the
valley” > pen-nánt > (stress shift) pén-nant / Pennant
(i) PENÝBERTH
Pen-y-berth in north-west Wales (Llyn
peninsula) has become Penyberth
(j) TRÉFNANT
Tref-y-nant > Tref-nánt >
Trefnant,
SJ1803 in Powys
(k) TRÉFOR
y dref fawr “the great trêv /
farmstead” > tre-fáwr > (stress shift) > tréfawr > tréfor
/ Trefor
(l) TREFÝCLO
Tref-y-clawdd > Tref-y-claw’ >
Trefyclo, a
village in the east of Wales, in Powys on the border with England. A final dd is lost sometimes in certain
words (in the county of Penfro in the west of Wales this is a characteristic
feature of the Welsh of this area). The aw is reduced to o, as in
Y Berffro above.
(m) TRÉWyN
Tre-wyn > Tréwyn (SO3222
village in the county of Mynwy; English name: Wynston)
The name of a mansion from the family surname ‘Wyn / Wynne’, originally
an epithet Wyn (= white-haired), < gwyn (= white,
white-haired).
(n) YNÝSFOR
yr ynys fawr “the great island”
> ynys-fáwr > (stress shift) ynýsfawr > ynýsfor / Ynysfor
:_______________________________.
stric, striciau ‹STRIK,
STRIK ye› (masculine noun)
1 tool for sharpening a blade
(scythe, etc)
:_______________________________.
strimyn, strimynnau ‹STRI min, stri MƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 strip
strimyn atal tân firebreak (“strip (of) stopping fire”)
:_______________________________.
strôc, strociau ‹STROOK,
STROK ye› (feminine noun)
1 stroke = swimming style
strôc adeiniog butterfly stroke (“winged stroke”)
:_______________________________.
stryd, strydoedd ‹STRIID,
STRƏ dodh› (feminine noun)
1 street
2 mynd ar y strydoedd go on the streets, become a prostitute
3 offer stryd street furniture (seats, lampposts, etc) (“equipment
(of) street”)
:_______________________________.
strŷt ‹striit › feminine noun
PLURAL strŷts
‹striits ›
1 street
2 (district of Penllyn, county
of Gwynedd) farm road (especially a narrow lane with a hedge on either side),
one leading from a main road to a farm
3 street names and place names
..1/ Strŷtcaerhedyn (SJ2660) settlement
name
Locality in the
county of Y Fflint, 4km south-east of Yr Wyddgrug (strŷt y Caerhedyn;
possibly ‘the lane to Caerhedyn farm’) (details of the location and history of
the name needed)
..2/ Y Strŷt Fain street name
“narrow street”. Listed
in the 1851 census for Trawsfynydd (county of Gwynedd)
(written in the
census as “Street Fain”)
..3/ Y Strŷt Fawr street name
“High Street”
(literally “big street”)
....a/ name of the
high street in Y Bala (county of Gwynedd)
..4/ Y Strŷt-fawr SJ1162 farm west of Y
Rhos, county of Dinbych (“Stryt Fawr”)
(“the big street”,
unless Fawr refers to the greater of two farms called Y Strŷt, in which case it is “(the) greater Strŷt”)
..5/ Y Strŷt Isa street name
(“lower street”,
literally “lowest street”)
....a/ Yr Hob, near
Wrecsam (spelt as “Stryt Isa”)
....b/ Pen-y-cae,
near Wrecsam (spelt as “Stryt Isa”)
....c/ as a
settlement name in Strŷtisa
(SJ2845) Locality 2km north-west of Rhiwabon, county of Dinbych
..6/ Y Strŷt Las (“green street”)
Rhosllannerchrugog, near Wrecsam
..7/ Strŷt Maelor Bwlch-gwyn, near
Wrecsam
..8/ Strŷt-yr-hwch (SJ3346) Locality
4km south of Wrecsam (“(the) street (of) the sow”)
..8/ Pen-y-strŷt SJ1951 Locality 10km
south-east of Rhuthun, neighbouring Llandegla (county of Dinbych) on the south
(“(the) end (of) the street”)
ETYMOLOGY: Old
English straet (long vowel) <
Latin via strâta (= paved way), (via = way) + (strâtus = stretched out, < sternere).
NOTE: Strŷt occurs colloquially, and
especially in the place names of the north-east
In street names strŷt is usually misspelt without
a circumflex - stryt. (It is incorrect because the vowel of
a monosyllable in Welsh ending in –t is short unless indicated otherwise e.g. het
= a hat, plât = a plat).
The standard form
is stryd ‹striid›
(qv). Here there is no circumflex to show that the vowel is long, since
according to Welsh spelling conventions a vowel in a monosyllable follwed by –d
is by default long. (A grave accent shows a short vowel if it occurs in this
position)
:_______________________________.
stumog, stumogau ‹STI
mog, sti MOO ge› (feminine noun)
1 stomach
2 codi stumog work up an appetite, stimulate one’s appetite
3 troi stumog rhywun turn someone’s stomach
gwneud i’ch stumog
droi make your stomach turn (“make to your stomach
turning”)
:_______________________________.
stwff ‹stuf› masculine noun
1 stuff = material
ETYMOLOGY: English stuff (= material); nowadays the
standard pronunciation is ‹stu·f› (u· used here
represents the inverted v in the International Phonetic Alphabet); formerly the
pronunciation was ‹stuf›, and the Welsh form is
from this;
stuff < Old French estoffe (in modern French this is étoffe = stuff) < estoffer
(= to provide) < Germanic; a related word in German is stopfen (= to cram, fill)
:_______________________________.
stwffio ‹stuf -yo› verb
1 to stuff = push or force into
a restricted space
stwffio bwyd i lawr eich gorn gwddf stuff yourself
with food (‘stuff food down your neck pipe / your gullet’)
stwffiodd y llythyr i’w phoced he stuffed the
letter into his pocket
2 stuff = fill an animal skin
with a material such as sawdust in order to give it the shape of the live
animal
Roedd yn stwffio anifeiliaid fel hobi
He stuffed animals
as a hobby
3 stwffio’ch pen ar gyfer arholiad cram (“cram your
head”) for an examination
ETYMOLOGY: (stwff = stuff) + (-io, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: in the south stwffo ‹stu-fo› (suffix -o instead of -io)
:_______________________________.
stwffiwr ‹stuf -yo› masculine noun
PLURAL stwffwyr
‹stuf -wir›
1 person who stuffs
2 taxidermist
In the magazine
Llafar Gwlad, number 73, Haf (summer) 2001 an article by Bobi Owen on nicknames
in Dinbych (‘Denbigh’ in English) mentions Huw
Stwffiwr (yn enwog yn y ganrif ddiwethaf am stwffio adar ac anifeiliaid...) (famous
in the last century for stuffing animals and birds)
ETYMOLOGY: (stwff-, stem of stwffio = to stuff) + (-i-wr,
suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
stwmog ‹stu -mog› feminine noun
1 stomach. See stumog
:_______________________________.
stwmp ‹stump› masculine noun
1 (mid-Wales) mashed potatoes
In the English
dialect of Llanidloes:
STUMP, (1) mashed
potatoes, which are mashed with a wooden stumper... (Parochial Account of
Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 307 Collections
Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders /
1877)
:_______________________________.
stwmp pys ‹stump piis› masculine noun
1 mid-Wales potatoes and split
peas boiled together and mashed
ETYMOLOGY: “mash
(of) peas” (stwmp = mash, something
mashed) + (pys = peas)
:_______________________________.
stŵr ‹stuur› masculine noun
1 noise, rumpus
2 mawr eich stŵr noisy
Ar noson mor braf
ag ydoedd hon, nid rhyfedd bod plant y pentref yn fawr eu stŵr yn chwareu
â'u gilydd.
On such a fine night as this, it is no surprise that
the village children were playing noisily together
3 row, noisy debate, argument
cryn stŵr a lot of argument
Mae 'na gryn stwr wedi codi o bryd i'w gilydd
ynglŷn â merched yn y lluoedd arfog
There has been a lot
of argument from time to time about women in the armed forces
4 noise = crying
Nawr stopa di'r stŵr 'na, a gwêd wrtho i beth sy'n
bod. O's rhywun wedi rhoi coten iti?
Now stop that
noise, and tell me what’s wrong. Has somebody been hitting you?
5 codi stŵr ynghylch rhywbeth make a noise about something
6 gwneud stŵr make a noise
7 telling off, reprimand
(American: chewing out)
Ceso stŵr dag e He told me off (“I got a
telling off with him”)
ETYMOLOGY: obsolete
English stour (= conflict). The word
exists in Northern English dialect and in the Lowlandic language of Scotland ‹stuur›, spɛlt
ɛithɛr as stoor or stour (= conflict) < French estour (= armed combat) < Germanic;
cf German sturm (= storm), English storm; Breton (from French) stourm (= combat)
:_______________________________.
stwrllyd ‹STUR
lhid›
(adjective)
1 noisy
ETYMOLOGY: (stw^r
= noise) + (-llyd adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
stydi, stydis ‹STƏ
di, STƏ diz› (feminine noun)
1 study (room)
:_______________________________.
styfnig ‹STƏV
nig›
(adjective)
1 stubborn < ystyfnig
:_______________________________.
sudd, suddion ‹SIIDH,
SIDH yon› (masculine noun)
1 juice
sudd oren orange juice
:_______________________________.
suddo ‹SII
dho›
(verb)
1 to sink
2 Mae’r llygod yn gadael llong ar suddo Rats desert a sinking ship
3 suddo fel plwm sink like a stone (“sink like lead / like a lead
weight”)
:_______________________________.
su’ dach chi ‹si-da-khii› -
North-west Wales
1 How are you? (chi = “you” as a formal address to an
individual, or “you” used plurally, both formal and informal). See sut dach chi?
:_______________________________.
su’ dech chi ‹si-de-khii› -
North-east Wales
1 How are you? (chi = “you” as a formal address to an
individual, or “you” used plurally, both formal and informal). See sut dech chi?
:_______________________________.
sugno ‹SIG no› (v)
1 to suck
:_______________________________.
sugnydd, sugnyddion ‹SIG nidh, sig NƏDH yon› (m)
1 (insect) proboscis (tubular
tongue used for sucking liquids in the manner of a drinking straw)
sugnydd mosgito a mosquito’s proboscis
:_______________________________.
Sul ‹SIIL (diidh SIIL)› (masculine noun)
1 Sunday
Also dydd Sul
:_______________________________.
Sulgwyn ‹sil-gwin› masculine noun
1 Y Sulgwyn Pentecost, Whit Sunday, commemorating the descent of the
Holy Spirit; the
seventh Sunday after Easter
..1/ dydd Llun y Sulgwyn Whit Monday – the
Monday following the Whit Sunday
(also y Llungwyn)
..2/ dydd Mawrth y Sulgwyn Whit Tuesday –
the Tuesday following the Whitsun
..3/ gwyl y Sulgwyn Whitsuntide (Whit Sunday
and Whit Monday)
..4/ penwythnos y Sulgwyn Whit weekend (the
Saturday before Whit Sunday, and Whit Sunday)
..5/ wythnos y Sulgwyn Whit week (the week
in which Whit Sunday and Whit Monday occur)
ETYMOLOGY: (Sul = Sunday) + (gwyn = white) “white Sunday” – from the white baptismal robes worn
by the clerics on the day of Pentecost. (There has been a shoft of accent – Sulgwýn > Súlgwyn)
:_______________________________.
Sulwen ‹SIL
wen›
(feminine noun)
1 woman's name
:_______________________________.
Sulwyn ‹SIL
wen›
(masculine noun)
1 man's name
:_______________________________.
Sul y Blodau ‹siil
ə blô -de›
1 Palm Sunday = Sunday before
Easter commemorating Jesus’s entry into Jerusalem
ETYMOLOGY: (“Sunday
(of) the flowers”)
(Sul = Sunday) + (y = the) + (blodau =
flowers, plural of blodyn = flower)
:_______________________________.
su' mâ'i? ‹si mâ -i› -
1 (or written su mai) how is it going? how are you?;
Northern form of sut mae hi?
:_______________________________.
sur ‹SIIR› (adjective)
1 sour
afal sur (PLURAL: afalau
surion, afalau sur) a sour apple
afal sur (PLURAL: afalau
surion) (Malus sylvestris) crab apple
afal sur bach (PLURAL: afalau
surion bach) (Malus sylvestris) crab apple
Afal-sur (‘crab apple’)
street name in Y Barri (Bro Morgannwg) (spelt as ‘Afal Sur’)
(delwedd 7918)
2 helygen sur
(Salix alba ssp. vitellina) golden willow
Vegeu: helygen
euraidd
:_______________________________.
suran ‹SII-ran› (m)
suran y gog common wood sorrel
(“sorrel (of) the
cuckoo”)
(suran =
sorrel, ‘little sour (thing)’) + (y = the) + soft mutatio + (cog =
cuckoo)
Suran-y-gog street name in Y
Barri (Bro Morgannwg) (spelt ‘Suran-y-Gog’)
(delwedd 7908)
:_______________________________.
surop, suropau ‹SI rop, si RO pe› (masculine noun)
1 syrup
:_______________________________.
sustem, sustemau ‹SI
stem, si STE me› (masculine noun)
1 system
sustem sain public address system
:_______________________________.
sut ‹SIT› (adverb)
1 how
2 gweld sut y mae pethau see how things are / see how things stand,
see how the land lies
:_______________________________.
sut beth ‹sit
BEETH›
1 what kind of
thing
Y mae'r Cymry
Cymraeg yn gallu dirnad sut beth yw bod yn
Sais ond ni all Sais ddirnad sut beth yw bod yn Gymro Cymraeg.
The Welsh-speaking
Welsh can understand what it is like to be an Englishman but an Englishman
cannot comprehen what it is like to be a Welsh-speaking Welshman
:_______________________________.
Sut dach chi? ‹si-da- khii› -
North-west Wales
1 How are you? (you formal
singular, and you plural)
ETYMOLOGY: sut dach chi < sut dech chi (this latter form is used in the north-east). The use
of a instead of e in a final syllable is typical of north-west Wales. See the
following entry.
:_______________________________.
Sut dech chi? ‹si-de- khii› -
North-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY:
(1) The standard
colloquial form is sut yr ydych chi
though in fact nobody actually says it like this.
(2) "how are
you" (sut = how) + (yr ydych = you are) + (chi = you - plural, or singular of
formality)
(3) sut dech chi < sut dych chi, reduced form of sut
yr ydych chi. The use of e
instead of y also occurs in the
colloquial form of the north-eastern town of Dinbych, which becomes "Dimbech",
and in the verb edrych (= to look)
> edrech. There are also a number
of words in standard Welsh which now have e
but historically had y (Mercher = Mercury, Wednesday; Tawe (river name), etc). See the entry e.
:_______________________________.
Sut hwyl? ‹sit
HUIL›
(phrase)
1 how's it going? (North)
:_______________________________.
Sut mae hi? ‹sit mâi hii› -
1 how's it going?
In fact, in the
spoken language it is
(a) Smâi? ‹smâ-i› in the north and
(b) Shwmâi ‹shu-mâ-i› in the south (often
written shwmae, shwd mae, shw' ma 'i,
shwd ma 'i)
ETYMOLOGY: sut mae hi is the standard colloquial
form of literary Welsh sut y mae hi
"how is it" - (sut = how),
(y mae = it is), (hi = she, it). However, sut mae hi is generally never used as
such - either the northern or southern colloquial form is used, just as in
English "God be with ye" would not be used for "goodbye",
although this is the basis of the expression
:_______________________________.
Sut mâi? ‹sit mâ -i› -
1 how is it going? how are you?
Also as S’ mai
ETYMOLOGY: Northern
form of sut mae hi?
(sut = how) + (mae = is) + (hi = she,
it)
Also su' mâi (with the loss of the t), or further compressed to smâi)
:_______________________________.
sut olwg ‹sit ô -lug›
1 Sut olwg sydd arni? What does she look like? (“What kind of look is
on her?”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sut = what kind of ) + soft mutation +
(golwg = appearance)
:_______________________________.
sut rai?
1 what kind of people?
2 what kind of things, what
kinds of thing?
Sut rai fynnwch chi? What type do you want?
3 Nid pa faint, ond sut rai Quality not quantity (is what matters)
(“not how many, but what kind of ones”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sut = what sort / type / kind) + soft
mutation + (rhai = some things, some
people)
:_______________________________.
sut yr ydych chi? ‹sit ə- rə
dikh khii› -
1 How are you? This is the
standard colloquial form, but it is never said as such;
In the North it is
(1) (north-east) sut dech chi? (or rather su dech chi) ‹si-de-khii, si-de-khi›,
(2) (north-west) sut dach chi? (or rather su dach chi) ‹si-da-khii, si-da-khi›,
(3) and in the
south shwd ych chi? ‹shu-di-khii,
shu-dii-khi›
ETYMOLOGY: standard
colloquial form of sut yr ydych chi?
"how are you" (sut = how)
+ (yr ydych = you are), (chi = you - plural, or singular of
formality)
:_______________________________.
swch <SUUKH>
[suːx] (masculine
noun)
1 ploughshare
:_______________________________.
Swedeg <SWEE-deg>
[ˡsweˑdɛg] (feminine noun)
1 Swedish (language)
:_______________________________.
Sweden <SWEE-den>
[ˡsweˑdɛn] (feminine noun)
1 Sweden
:_______________________________.
swedsen, swêds <SWED-sen,
SWEEDS> [ˡswɛdsɛn, ˡsweːds] (feminine noun)
1 swede (= root crop)
:_______________________________.
swejen, swêj <SWE-jen,
SWEEJ> [ˡswɛjɛn, sweː j] (feminine noun)
1 swede (= root crop)
:_______________________________.
swigen <SWII-gen>
[ˡswiˑgɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL swigog <SWII-god>
[ˡswiˑgɔd]
1 (North Wales) bubble
swigen sebon soap bubble
rhoi pìn yn eich swigen take you down a peg or two
(“put a pin in your bubble”)
ETYMOLOGY: swigen < *wsigen < chwysigen (= bubble)
:_______________________________.
swìl <SWIL> [swɪl] adjective
1 shy, timid, diffident
bod yn swil o siarad o flaen y cyhoedd be shy about
speaking in public
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
swildod <SWIL-dod>
[ˡswɪldɔd] (adjective)
1 shyness
:_______________________________.
swing <SWING> [swɪŋ] masculine noun?
1 swing
Dyma'r wydd yn chwythu arno. Dyma swing ar y gryman a
thorri pen yr wydd i ffwrdd
The goose hissed at
him ("you see here the goose hissing at him"). He swung his sickle
and he cut off its head ("you see here a swing on the sickle and he cut
off the goose's head) ("(the) cutting (of) (the) head (of) the goose
away").
ETYMOLOGY: English swing < Old English swing-;
From the same
Germanic root: German schwingen (=
to swing)
:_______________________________.
Swisiaid <SWIS-yaid,
-yed> [ˡswɪsjaɪd, -ɛd] (masculine noun)
1 the Swiss people
:_______________________________.
Y Swistir <SWI-stir>
[ˡswɪstɪr] (plural noun)
1 Switzerland
2 helygen y Swistir
(Salix Helvetica) Swiss willow
3 Glynyswistir Swiss Valley, Llanelli
Glynyswistir a street name here (“Glyn y Swistir”) (also with the misspelling “Swisdir”)
:_______________________________.
swîp <SWIIP> [swiːp] masculine noun
PLURAL swîps <SWIIPS> [swiːps]
1 chimney sweep
swîp simnai chimney sweep (colloquially: swîp shimne) (or swîp + other variants of the word simnai: shimdde, shimle, etc)
Standard Welsh is glanhäwr simneiau (m) ‘cleaner (of) chimneys’ (PLURAL: glanhawyr simneiau), or dyn
glanhau simnai (m) ‘man (of) cleaning
(of) chimney’ (PLURAL: dynion glanhau
simnai)
2 (used as an
epithet)
Twm Swîp Tom the Chimney Sweep
“Twm Sweep, was
another of the old characters, but was of a religious turn of mind, and was a
great man of prayer... He is gone, and no stone marks his resting place; but
the parish lost a good sweep, and the country a familiar figure.” History of
Caio, Carmarthenshire. Fred S. Price.
1904.
ETYMOLOGY: English sweep
:_______________________________.
..1 swît <SWIIT> [swiːt] adjective
1 (South-east Wales) in terms
of endearment for a place
Swît y Mownt! Good old Mountain
Ash! (= Aberpennar)
ETYMOLOGY: English sweet;
cf German süss (= sweet).
Related to Latin suâdus
(= persuasive), French suave (< Latin suâvis = sweet), Greek hêdus
(= sweet)
Cf. In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
SWEET, a word of encouragement used during a fight, or
some athletic contest. “Sweet, Jack.” (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward
Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 307 Collections Historical and
Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)
:_______________________________.
..2 swît <SWIIT> [swiːt] feminine noun
PLURAL swîts, switiau
<SWIITS,
SWIT-yai, -ye> [swiːts,
ˡswɪtjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 suite (of rooms); also cyfres
o ystafelloedd
2 suite (of furniture); also set
swît dridarn three-piece suite
ETYMOLOGY: English suite
< French
:_______________________________.
swllt, sylltau ‹SULHT,
SƏLH te› (feminine noun)
1 shilling
2 gwario swllt er ennill ceiniog penny wise and pound foolish
(“spending a shilling to gain a penny”) careless with large amounts of money
and excessively concerned with small amounts
3 fel swllt newydd (“like a new shilling”) as fresh as paint
:_______________________________.
swm, symiau ‹SUM,
SƏM ye› (masculine noun)
1 sum
:_______________________________.
sŵn, synau ‹SUUN,
SƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 sound
2 house and street names
…..
Sŵn-y-gwynt (“(the) sound (of) the wind”)
street name
..a/ Y Fflint (“Swn
y Gwynt”)
..b/ Rhostrehwfa,
Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Swn y Gwynt”)
…..
Sŵn-y-don (“(the) sound (of) the sea”)
street name
..a/ Baecolwyn
(county of Conwy) (“Swn y Don”)
..b/ Benllech, Tyn-y-gongl
(county of Môn) (“Swn y Don”)
…..
Sŵn-y-dail (“(the) sound (of) the
leaves”), leaves rustling in the trees
street name
..a/ Bodelwyddan
(county of Dinbych) (“Swn y Dail”)
…..
Sŵn-y-môr (“(the) sound (of) the sea”)
street name
..a/ Y Barri
(county of Bro Morgannwg) (“Swn y Mor”)
..b/ Aberafan
(county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn y Mor”)
…..
Sŵn-y-nant (“(the) sound (of) the
stream”)
street name
..a/ Pen-coed
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn y Nant”)
..b/ Gartholwg
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn y Nant”)
..c/ Penpedairheol
(county of Caerffili) (“Swn y Nant”)
..d/ Creunant
(county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn y Nant”)
..e/ Trimsaran
(county of Trimsaran) (“Swn y Nant”)
..f/ Cwm-twrch Isaf
(county of Powys, district of Brycheiniog) (“Swn-y-Nant”)
..g/ Bryn-coch
Uchaf, Yr Wyddgrug (county of Y Fflint) (“Swn y Nant”)
…..
Sŵnyradar (“(the) sound (of) the
birds”)
street name
..a/ Pen-y-fai
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Adar”)
…..
Sŵnyraderyn (“(the) sound (of) the bird”)
street name
..a/ Mynyddcynffig
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Aderyn”)
…..
Sŵnyrafon (“(the) sound (of) the
river”)
street name
..a/ Llangefni
(county of Môn) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..b/ Mynyddcyffig
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..c/ Y Gelli, Pentre
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn yr Afon”)
..d/ Treorci
(county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Swn-yr-Afon”)
..d/ Aberdulais
(county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Swn-y-Nant”)
..d/ Llanfechain
(county of Powys)
…..
Sŵnyrengan (“(the) sound (of) the anvil”)
street name
..a/ Y Gaerwen
(county of Môn) (“Swn yr Engan”)
…..
Sŵnyreos (“(the) sound (of) the
nightingale”)
street name
..a/ Ystradgynlais
(county of Powys, district of Brycheiniog) (“Swn yr Eos”)
…..
..4/ Sŵnyllethi / Sŵn y Llethi
street name in
Llanarth, county of Ceredigion (“Swn-y-Llethi”)
(though strictly
speaking Sŵnllethi – river
names ought not to be preceded by the definite article in Welsh.
It seems that this
is an imitation of English idiom – The Thames, The Severn, etc (from The Thames
River, The Severn River)).
:_______________________________.
swnd ‹sund› masculine noun
NOTE: Variants are sond
and (Morgannwg / Glamorgan) sownd
1 sand
(tywod is
the standard word)
……………………….
Y Pwll Swnd “the sand pit” east
of Y Foel Fraith SN7618, north of Cwmllynfell (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
Ogof Pwll Swnd a cave here
ogof y pwll swnd “(the) cave (of) Y
Pwll Swnd”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/523748 Ogof Pwll Swnd
……………………….
Y Morfa Swnd (“the sand marsh”)
a place in Aberystwyth
The town is built
on a gentle eminence declining towards the river on one side, and towards the
shore of Cardigan bay on the side opposite ; upon the land side again declining
towards a plain called Morfa Swnd, or the Sand Marsh, which entirely detaches
it from the surrounding heights : the western extremity is elevated into a hill
terminating abruptly over the sea, whereon stand the picturesque remains of its
ancient castle
New Guide to
Aberystwith and its Environs; Third edition, 1858. Thomas Owen Morgan, Esq.
……………………….
Llawn yw'r môr o
swnd a chregyn
Llawn yw'r ŵy
o wyn a melyn
Llawn yw'r coed o
ddail a blode
Llawn o gariad
merch wyf inne.
(a verse from Ar
Lan y Môr - “on the sea shore” - folk song)
(It-is) full
that-is the sea of sand and shells
(It-is) full
that-is the egg of egg-white and yolk
(It-is) full
that-is the wood of leaves and flowers
(It-is) full of
(the) love (of) (a) girl that I-am I-myself
……………………….
Pen-pwll-sond SO3129 Farm in
Llanfeuno / Llanveynoe, Herefordshire
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=206463 map
pen y pwll sond
“(the) end (of) the sand pit”
……………………….
Twyn Swnd by Esgair Ddu,
Llanddeusant, Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire
SN 77753 20504
y twyn swnd = the
sandhill
……………………….
Y Clawdd Swnd (the sand dyke), built in 1809 as a protection against the sea in Tywyn at
Aber Dysynni
ETYMOLOGY: swnd <
sond < English sond, a variant of sand
Cf other English
variants where there is a > o before n:
man / mon
bank / bonk
:_______________________________.
swn i ‹SUN i› (v)
1 swn
i = fe fuaswn i
I would be
2 swn
i = pe taswn i
If I were
:_______________________________.
swnllyd ‹SUN
lhid›
(masculine noun)
1 noisy
:_______________________________.
swnt ‹sunt› masculine noun
1 sound = arm of the sea
2 Swnt Enlli (“(the) sound (of) Enlli”)
English name
‘Bardsey Sound’
The strait between
the Welsh mainland and Ynys Enlli (English name: ‘Bardsey Island’)
3 Y Swnt (“(the) sound”) SH5186 between Moelfre (Ynys Môn) and Ynys
Moelfre - an island close to the coast.
English name
‘Moelfre Sound’
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/754287
4 Swnt Dewi (“(the) strait (of) David”), the strait between the
Welsh mainland and the island of Ynys Dewi (SM7023) (“(the) island (of)
David”) (English name: Ramsey Island) (an island 3km southwest of Penmaen Dewi,
near Tyddewi)
English name: Ramsey Sound
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh swnt < Old English sund (= sea, arm of the sea), a word
related to swim.
Related Germanic
word: Norwegian sund (= sound, place
where one can swim over)
:_______________________________.
swp <SUP> [sʊp] (m)
PLURAL sypiau <SƏP-yai, -ye> [ˡsəpjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 pile, bundle,
clump, bunch
hel hen grawcwellt
at ei gilydd a'i adael yn sypiau
gather old moor
grass together and leave it in piles
swp o bapurau a
pile of papers
swp o deiers a pile of tyres
2 bod yn swp ar
lawr (of someone who has fallen to the ground) be in a collapsed heap
eistedd yn swp sit listlessly
taflu (rhywun) yn
swp ar lawr bowl someone over
3 mae o'n swp o
ddlêd he is in debt up to his eyeballs
4 swp o nerfau a
bundle of nerves (of sb very nervous)
Yr oedd hi’n swp o
nerfau wrth wneud y prawf gyrru
She was a bundle of
nerves as shee did her driving test
swp sâl (North Wales) as
sick as a dog
:_______________________________.
swper, swperau ‹SU per, su PE re› (verb)
1 supper
ETYMOLOGY: English supper
:_______________________________.
swrn, syrnau [sʊrn, ˡsərnaɪ, -ɛ] ‹SURN, SƏR ne› (masculine noun)
1 (South-east Wales) ankle
(delwedd 7398)
NOTE: Local pronunciations in italics; thus swrn,
syrnau > swrn, swrna [sʊrn, ˡsʊrna]
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh
< British
:_______________________________.
sẁs, swsys / swsus ‹SUS, SU-sis› [sʊs,
ˡsʊsɪs] (f)
1 (North Wales) (child
language, or lovers’ language) a kiss
rhoi sẁs i rywun to give somebody a kiss
rhoi sẁs fawr i rywun to give somebody a big kiss
rhoi sẁs ben-blwydd i rywun to give somebody a
birthday kiss
dod â sẁs i mi to come over here to
kiss me
rho sẁs i mi! give me a kiss!
rho sẁs iddo do! give him a kiss!
sẁs wlyb, swsys gwlyb (colloquially as sẁs lyb , swsys g’lyb) a sloppy kiss
(“wet kiss”)
sẁs glec, swsys clec a smacker, a smacker
of a kiss, a smackeroo of a kiss, a smacking kiss, a noisy kiss (“kiss
(of) (a) clicking sound”)
Sgen ti sẁs i mi? Are you going to
give me a kiss? (e.g. adult asking a young child for a kiss) (“is there with
you / do you have a kiss for me?)
methu cael sẁs gan neb to not get a kiss from
anybody, fail to get a kiss from anybody
(more correctly, methu
â chael...)
rhoi lot o swsus i
chdi give you a lot of kisses
2 In fond letter
endings, and wishes
Cariad a sẁs
fawr gan y teulu i gyd “love and a big kiss from all the family” a big kiss and
lots of love from ll the family
Sẁs
fawr gan bawb “a big kiss from everybody”
Sẁs fawr i ti “a big kiss to
you”
x x x x x x x
Llawer o swsys x x x x x x x Lots of kisses
Pen-blwydd Hapus
iawn a llawer o swsus gan Nain
a Taid
Happy birthday and
lots of kisses from Grandma and Grandad
Hwyl a swsus gan Huw, Eleri, Bethan,
Gwion a Mair
Have fun, and
kisses from Huw, Eleri, Bethan, Gwion a Mair
ETYMOLOGY: an
imitation of the sound of kissing
NOTE: Generally
spelt sws, but strictly speaking the vowel should be marked as short by
means of a grave accent, as a monosyllable ending in –s is in a long-vowel
environment
drws <DRUUS> [druːs]
(= door)
Caer-sws <kair-SUUS> [kaɪrˡsuːs] village in Powys,
mid-Wales.
The entry in Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru has sẁs (with the grave accent) as the headword
NOTE: The Welsh Academy
Dictionary (English-Welsh) gives the plural as swsus, and Geiriadur
Prifysgol Cymru has swsys (though in both cases the pronunciation is the
same). Also sometimes seen written a swsis
NOTE: diminutive
form swsen
(swsen ‹SU-sen› [ˡsʊsen] in the north-east, swsan
‹SU-san› [ˡsʊsan] in the north–west)
:_______________________________.
swsian ‹SUS-yan› [ˡsʊsjan] (v)
1 (North Wales) (child
language, or lovers’ language) to kiss
2 swsian efo to
snog
swsian efo rhyw
hogan yr oedd o he was snogging some girl
ETYMOLOGY: (sẁs = kiss) + (-i-an
suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
’swybod
‹SUI-bod›
1 nid oes wybod > ’does
wybod > ’swybod
(nid oes = there is not) + soft mutation
+ (gwybod = to know)
’swybod ar y ddaear there’s absolutely no
knowing, you just can’t tell (“there’s no knowing on the earth”)
(Sefyllfa: Mae’r
gof ar fin dychwelyd i’w efail) "Well
‘i mi roi'r troed gora mlaen'" ebe Huw, 'swybod ar y ddaear na fydd o wedi
gweld i wyn ar rwbath os bydd o acw o mlaen i. Mae o'n meddwl fod pawb yn
lladron, a lleidar weiddith lleidar gynta wyddoch
Plant y Gorthrwm /
1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
(Situation: The
smith is about to go back to his smithy) “I’d better put my best foot forward,”
said Huw. There’s no knowing whether he’ll take a fancy to something if he’s
down there before me. He thinks that everybody is a thief, but a thief is
always the first to accuse others of thieving (“a thief shouts thief first”)
:_______________________________.
swydd, swyddi <SUIDH,
SUI-dhi> [sʊɪð, ˡsʊɪðɪ] (masculine noun)
1 job
2 county (Usually counties
outside Wales; in Wales, this is "sir"). There is soft mutation of
the following name.
Caer-grawnt Cambridge, Swydd Gaer-grawnt the county of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire
Dyfnaint Devon, Swydd
Ddyfnaint the county of Devon
:_______________________________.
Swydd Amwythig <suidh a-MUI-thig> [sʊɪð
aˡmʊɪθɪg] feminine noun
1 Shropshire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY: "the
county of Shrewsbury"
(swydd = county) + (Amwythig Welsh name for Shrewsbury)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Ddyfnaint <suidh DHƏV-naint>
[sʊɪð ˡðəvnaɪnt] feminine
noun
1 Devonshire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Devon" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Dyfnaint
Welsh name for Devon)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Efrog <suidh E-vrog> [sʊɪð
ˡɛvrɔg] feminine noun
1 Yorkshire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of York" (swydd
= county) + (Efrog Welsh name for
York)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa <SUIDH-va>
[ˡsʊɪðva] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd
<suidh-VEIDH>
[sʊɪðˡvəɪð]
1 office
2 siwt swyddfa business suit ("suit (of) office")
3 bloc swyddféydd office block ("block (of) offices")
4 anghenion swyddfa office supplies ("requisites (of)
office")
5 bod â’ch prif swyddfa yn... be based in
6 swyddfa gyflogi employment agency; employment office
7 bureau = office or agency Swyddfa Iechyd Dynolryw The World Health Organisation (“office (of) health (of) mankind”)
ETYMOLOGY: (swydd = seat; work) + (-fa = place)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa
bost <SUIDH-va BOST>
[ˡsʊɪðva ˡbɔst] feminine noun
PLURAL: swyddfeydd post <suidh-VEIDH POST> [sʊɪðˡvəɪð ˡpɔst]
1 post office = office where post is received and sorted
2 is-swyddfa bost sub-post office, branch post office
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft
mutation + (post = office)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa dacsis, swyddféydd tacsis <suidh-va DAK-sis, suidh-VEIDH TAK-sis>
[ˡsʊɪðva ˡdaksɪs, sʊɪðˡvəɪð
ˡtaksɪs] (feminine noun)
1 taxi office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa docynnau, swyddféydd tocynnau <SUIDH-va
do-KƏ-nai, -e, suidh-VEIDH to-KƏ-nai, -e>
[ˡsʊɪðva dɔˡkənaɪ, -ɛ,
sʊɪðˡvəɪð tɔˡkənaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 ticket office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa
dramor <SUIDH-va DRA-mor> [ˡsʊɪðva ˡdrɑmɔr] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd tramor <suidh-VEIDH TRA-mor>
[sʊɪðˡvəɪð ˡtrɑmɔr]
1 y Swyddfa Dramor Foreign Office; (= USA: State Department);
Ministery of the Exterior
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) +
soft mutation + (tramor = (adjective) foreign)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa ganolog, swyddféydd canolog <SUIDH-va ga-NOO-log, suidh-VEIDH ka-NOO-log>
[ˡsʊɪðva gaˡnoˑlɔg,
sʊɪðˡvəɪð kaˡnoˑlɔg] (feminine noun)
1 central office
:_______________________________.
swyddfa goetshus <SUIDH-va GOI-chis> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡgɔɪʧɪs] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd coetshus
<suidh-VEIDH KOI-chis>
[sʊɪðˡvəɪð ˡkɔɪʧɪs]
1 coach office, place to book a
ticket for travel by long-distance bus or coach
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation + (coetshus = coaches < coetsh = coach)
:_______________________________.
swyddfa heddlu <SUIDH-va
HEDH-li> [ˡsʊɪðva ˡhɛðlɪ] (feminine noun)
1 police station
:_______________________________.
swyddfa longau <SUIDH-va LO-ngai, -e> [ˡsʊɪðva
ˡlɔŋaɪ, -ɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL swyddféydd llongau
<suidh-VEIDH LHO-ngai, -e>
[sʊɪðˡvəɪð ˡɬɔŋaɪ, -ɛ]
1 shipping office
ETYMOLOGY: (swyddfa = office) + soft mutation + (llongau = ships)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaer-grawnt <suidh
gair-GRAUNT> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡgraʊnt] feminine noun
1 Cambridgeshire = name of a
county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Cambridge" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Caer-grawnt
Welsh name for Cambridge)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerhirfryn ‹suidh gair-HIR-vrin›
[sʊɪð gaɪrˡhɪrvrɪn] feminine noun
1 Lancashire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Lancaster" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Caerhirfryn
Welsh name for Lancaster)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerllion <suidh
gair-LHII-on>
[sʊɪð gaɪrˡɬiˑɔn] feminine noun
1 Cheshire = name of a county
in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Chester" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Caerllion
Welsh name for Chester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerloyw <suidh
gair-LOI-u> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡlɔɪʊ] feminine noun
1 Gloucestershire = name of a
county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Gloucester" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Caerloyw
Welsh name for Gloucester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaer-lyr <suidh
gair-LIIR> [sʊɪð
gaɪrˡliːr] feminine noun
1 Leicestershire = name of a
county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Leicester" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Caer-lyr
Welsh name for Leicester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaerwrangon ‹gair ura-ngon› [sʊɪð gaɪr ˡwraŋɔn] feminine noun
1 Worcestershire = name of a county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Worcester” (swydd =
county) + soft mutation + (Caerwrangon,
Welsh name for Worcester)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Gaint <suidh GAINT> [sʊɪð
ˡgaɪnt] feminine noun
1 Kent = name of a county in
England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Kent" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Dyfnaint
Welsh name for Devon)
:_______________________________.
Swydd Henffordd ‹suidh HEN-fordh› [sʊɪð
ˡhɛnfɔrð] feminine noun
1 Herefordshire = name of a
county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Hereford” (swydd
= county) + (Henffordd Welsh name
for Hereford)
:_______________________________.
swyddog, swyddogion <SUI-dhog,
sui-DHOG-yon> [ˡsʊɪðɔg,
sʊɪˡðɔgjɔn] (masculine noun)
1 official, officer
:_______________________________.
swyddogaeth <sui-DHOO-gaith,
-eth> [sʊɪˡðoˑgaɪθ, -ɛθ] (feminine noun)
1 function
2 Y Swyddogaeth
Sanctaidd (Roman Catholicism) The Holy Office, final court of appeal for
Christians accused of heresy, established in 1542
:_______________________________.
Swydd Rydychen <suidh
hrid-Ə-khen>
[sʊɪð hrɪdˡəxɛn] feminine noun
1 Oxfordshire = name of a
county in England
ETYMOLOGY:
"the county of Oxford" (swydd
= county) + soft mutation + (Rhydychen,
Welsh name for Oxford)
:_______________________________.
swyn, swynau <SUIN,
SUI-nai, -e> [sʊɪn, ˡsʊɪnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 enchantment
:_______________________________.
swyno <SUI-no>
[ˡsʊɪnɔ] (verb)
1 to enchant, to charm
:_______________________________.
swynwr, swynwyr <SUIN-ur,
SUIN-wir> [ˡsʊɪnʊr,
ˡsʊɪnwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 enchanter, charmer
2 swynwr nadroedd snake charmer
:_______________________________.
sy <SII> [siː] (verb)
1 which is (= sydd)
:_______________________________.
sycamorwydden ‹si-ka-mor-WƏ-dhen› [ˌsɪkamɔrˡwəðɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL sycamorwydd ‹si-ka-MOR-widh› [ˌsɪkaˡmɔrwɪð]
1 (Acer pseudoplatanus) = sycamore, great maple (Scotland: plane)
2
sycamore = (historically, and in the Welsh translation of the Bible) fig tree
(Ficus sycamorus)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/209736 Heol y Sycamorwydden, Castellnewydd Emlyn
(“The Geograph
British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs
and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: (sycamor- < English sycamore
) + soft mutation + (gwydden = tree);
English sycomore < Old French < Latin sȳcomorus
< Greek sȳkómoros < (sȳko/n = fig) + (mor/on
= mulberry) + (-os
suffix), but this appears folk etymymology, to be a reinterpretation of a
Semitic word taken into Greek. Hebrew has shiqmāh (= sycamore)
:_______________________________.
sych <SIIKH> [siːx] (adjective)
1 dry
sych fel asgwrn dry as a bone
2 dry = not yielding milk
da sychion (North Wales) dry cattle
3 crinsych dry, dessicated, parched
(crin = dry, withered) + (sych = dry)
4 dripsych drip-dry
(drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sych
= dry). A calque on English drip-dry
:_______________________________.
sych-lanháu <siikh-lan-HAI>
[siːxlanˡhaɪ] (verb)
1 to dry-clean
:_______________________________.
sych-lanháwr <siikh-lan-HAA-ur>
[siːxlanˡhaʊr] (masculine noun)
1 dry-cleaner
:_______________________________.
sychbant ‹SƏKH-bant› [ˡsəxbant] (masculine noun)
1 dry hollow, dry valley
Pant Sychbant
SN9809 A valley north-west of Cefncoedycymer
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=188496
Cefn Sychbant SN9810
A hill above Pant Sychbant
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=189396
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + soft mutation + (-pant = hollow, valley)
:_______________________________.
syched <SƏ-khed>
[ˡsəxɛd] (masculine noun)
1 thirst
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + (-ed noun suffix)
:_______________________________.
sychedig <sə-KHEE-dig>
[səˡxeˑdɪg] (adjective)
1 thirsty, parched
ETYMOLOGY: (sych-, root of the verb
sychu = to dry (something), to
become dry) + (-edig past participle suffix)
:_______________________________.
Sychryd ‹SƏKH
rid› [ˡsəxrɪd]
1 Afon Sychryd stream in
Pontneddfechan, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9207 map, Afon Sychryd
ETYMOLOGY: (sych- < sych = dry) + soft mutation+ (rhyd = ford)
:_______________________________.
sychu <SƏ-khi>
[ˡsəxɪ] (phrase)
1 to dry
2 sychu’r
chwys wipe away the sweat
3 sycha dy drwyn! Blow your nose! Wipe your nose!
4 (verb with an object)
drip-dry = hang up a piece of clothing so that it dries because the water drips
from it; (verb without an object) (piece of clothing) drip-dry = become dry
through the water dripping out of it
(drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sychu
= to dry). A calque on English to
drip-dry
:_______________________________.
sydd ‹SIIDH› [siːð] (verb)
1 which is
mwy nag sydd ei eisiau more than enough, more than
sufficient (“more | than | which is | its | need”)
faint sydd ei eisiau? how much is needed? (“(it is)
| what quantity | which is | its | need”)
2 reduced to <s> [s] colloquially in
some contexts
..a/ (Caernarfon,
North-west Wales) bsantísho = pa beth sydd arnat ti ei eisiau what do
you need / require / want?
“Let them see how
in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many words into a single
word of one or two syllables... e.g. pa beth sydd arnat ti ei eisieu? has
become bsantísho”
T Hudson Williams
(1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar
Tongue
..b/ (North) Besnachi isho? = pa beth sydd arnoch chi ei eisiau? (“(it-is) what thing which-is on
you its need?”)
This becomes Bedachi isho?
Analogy in syntax. bedachi isho for besnachi isho (what do you want?)
T Hudson Williams
(1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea for the Vulgar
Tongue
:_______________________________.
sydd ohoni <siidh o-HOO-ni> [siːð
ɔˡhoˑnɪ]
1 present-day, existing
y byd sydd ohoni today’s world
yn y byd sydd ohoni in this day and age
hynt y byd sydd ohoni current affairs (“(the) way
(of) the current world”)
yn yr oes sydd ohoni at the present day
ETYMOLOGY: (sydd = which there is) + (ohoni = of it)
:_______________________________.
sydyn <SƏ-din>
[ˡsədɪn] (adjective)
1 sudden
2 gwneud arian sydyn get rich quick
tro sydyn a tight bend, a tight curve
cerbydau blaenaf a cherbydau olaf y trên the
front carriages and the end carriages of the train
:_______________________________.
syfi <SƏ-vi>
[ˡsəvɪ] plural
1 strawberries; see syfïen
:_______________________________.
syfïen <sə-VII-en>
[səˡviˑɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL syfi <SƏ-vi>
[ˡsəvɪ]
South Wales
1 wild strawberry (Fragaria
vesca)
syfi wild strawberries
Variants are sifi,
shifi; syfis; syfins / sifins.
syfi gwylltion /
syfi gwyllt (Fragaria vesca) wild strawberries
syfi coch (Fragaria vesca)
wild strawberries (“red strawberries”)
Variants are syfi
goch / syfi gochon / syfi gochion, syfi cochon / syfi cochion;
There is a double
plural syfïod
A diminutive form
is syfatan (is this < syfaden < syfoden < syfïoden? Cf
llygoden = mouse, pïoden = magpie)
bod yn goch o syfi (patch of ground)
be all red with strawberries, be red from the abundance of strawberries growing
there
2 strawberry
syfi gardd cultivated
strawberries (“strawberries (of) garden”)
syfi pêr cultivated
strawberries (“sweet strawberries”)
3 Glynsyfi street name in Cwmsyfïog,
Tredegar Newydd
This is glyn y
syfi (“(the) valley (of) the strawberries”), with the omission of the
linking definite article which is a common feature in place names
This reflects the
village name – Cwmsyfïog is (cwm = valley) + (syfïog having strawberries, characterised by strawberries)
4 Heol Brynsifi
(Abertawe) (“Brynsifi Way”)
bryn y sifi / syfi “(the) hill (of)
the strawberries”, “strawberry hill”
5 fel syfïen ym
mola hwch (said of something insubstantial, person with no importance)
(“like a wild strawberry in the belly of a sow / pig”)
Also: fel syfïen
ym mola mochyn (“like a wild strawberry in the belly of a pig”)
bod fel syfïen ym
mola hwch i rywun to find something very wanting, quite insufficient
(“be like a wild
strawberry in the belly of a sow / pig to someone”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh (*swf
+ -i) < British (*sub- + i)
From the same
British root: Cornish sevienn (= strawberry),
Breton sivienn (= strawberry)
Irish sú (=
red berry), sú talún (“berry (of) earth”, strawberry). older Irish subh
[suuv]
NOTE: Northern
Welsh and standard Welsh have mefusen
(= strawberry)
In the English
dialect of Llanidloes:
“SUWIES, wild
strawberries. From the Welsh syfi.” (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward
Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 307 Collections Historical and
Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)
:_______________________________.
syflyd <SƏV-lid> [ˡsəvlɪd] (v)
1 move, shift, budge
y botwm syflyd the shift key (“the
button (of) shifting”)
syflir it is moves, it is
shifted
Salmau 125:1 Caniad y graddau. Y rhai a ymddiriedant yn
yr Arglwydd, fyddant fel mynydd Seion, yr hwn ni syflir, ond a bery yn dragwydd
Psalm 125:1 A Song
of degrees. They that trust in the LORD shall be as mount Zion, which cannot be
removed, but abideth for ever.
:_______________________________.
syfrdanu <səvr-DAA-ni>
[səvrˡdɑˑnɪ] (verb)
1 to surprise, to astound
2 bod wedi syfrdanu be astounded, be flabbergasted, be stunned
:_______________________________.
syjestiỳn <sə-JEST-yən>
[səˡjɛstjən] (m)
PLURAL syjestiỳns
<sə-JEST-yənz>
[səˡjɛstjənz]
1 suggestion
ETYMOLOGY: English suggestion. The first example of the
use of this word in Welsh is found in 1670.
NOTE: (Usually
written as ‘syjestiyn’. Here we have used a ‘y’ with a grave accent to indicate
that it represents an obscure vowel. A ‘y’ in a final syllable is always <i> [ɪ], but in modern
Welsh the introduction of English loan words with <ə> [ə] in the final
syllable has subverted this rule)
:_______________________________.
sylfaen, sylfeini <SƏL-vain, səl-VEI-ni>
[ˡsəlvaɪn, səlˡvəɪnɪ] (femenine noun)
1 foundation
2 foundation of a structure (wall, building)
cloddio sylfeini
(rhywbeth) dig the foundations of (something)
carreg sylfaen foundation stone
gosod y garreg
sylfaen lay the foundation stone
3 disylfaen groundless, without any basis in fact, false
(di- privative suffix, “without”) + (sylfaen = foundation, basis)
:_______________________________.
sylfaenu <səl-VEI-ni>
[səlˡvəɪnɪ] (adjective)
1 to found
:_______________________________.
syllu <SƏ-lhi>
[ˡsəɬɪ] (verb)
1 to stare, to gaze
syllu ar to stare at, to gaze at
2 gwersyll
camp, originally ‘lookout place’
Welsh gwersyll (camp < lookout place) <
gwarsyll (gwar < gwor = on) + (syll-, stem syllu = to look). The y
of the final syllable has caused the vowel change in the preceding syllable a > e, which happened regularly in Welsh
:_______________________________.
sylw, sylwadau <SII-lu,
səl-WAA-dai, -e> [ˡsiˑlʊ,
səlˡwɑˑdaɪ, -dɛ] (masculine noun)
1 attention
tynnu sylw rhywun attract somebody’s attention
gwneud rhywbeth fel
ag i dynnu sylw pawb do something (so as) to
draw everyone’s attention
tynnu sylw (rhywun) at (rywbeth) draw someone’s
attention to (something)
y maent yn deilwng
o sulw yr haneswr (Hanes Crefydd yn (sic) Nghymru = history of religion
in Wales; David Peter; 1816 )
they are worthy of
the attention of the historian
2 remark, observation
Mae pob sylw yn
werth ei gael All publicity is good publicity (“every
observation is worth its getting”)
(delwedd 7364)
:_______________________________.
sylwebydd chwaraeon <səl-WEE-bidh
khwa-REI-on> [səlˡweˑbɪð
xwaˡrəɪɔn] (m)
1 sports commentator
:_______________________________.
sylweddoli <səl-we-DHOO-li>
[səlwɛˡðoˑlɪ] (masculine noun)
1 to realise
:_______________________________.
sylwi <SƏL-wi>
[ˡsəlwɪ] (verb)
1 to notice
sylwi ar rhywbeth to notice something
:_______________________________.
syml (“sumul”) <SI-mil>
[ˡsɪmɪl] (adj)
1 simple
2 disyml unaffected, simple, plain, honest, innocent
(di- = intensifying prefix) + (syml = simple)
Genesis 25:27 A’r
llanciau a gynyddasant: ac Esau oedd ŵr yn medru hela, a gŵr o’r
maes, a Jacob oedd ŵr disyml, yn cyfanheddu mewn pebyll.
Genesis And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning hunter, a
man of the field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in tents.
3 symlach simpler, easier
proses symlach streamlined process
4 simple = basic, not elaborate
cael cinio syml have a simple dinner
:_______________________________.
symol ‹SƏ
mol› [ˡsəmɔl] (adjective)
1 (health) so-so (from rhesymol = reasonable)
:_______________________________.
symud <SƏ-mid>
[ˡsəmɪd] (v)
1 to move
symud i fyw i ‹sə-mid i viu i› [ˡsəmɪd ɪ
ˡvɪʊ ɪ] move into (an area)
Problem y Saeson cyfoethog sy'n symud i fyw i'r Fro
Gymraeg
The problem of the
rich English people who are moving into Welsh-speaking Wales
:_______________________________.
sy'n <SIIN, SIN> [siːn, sɪn] verb
1 contraction of sydd yn; this is sydd = a relative form of the verb bod to be, with the sense of 'which is, which are'; yn is the linkword between bod and a noun (with soft mutation), an
adjective (with soft mutation) or a verb (without any mutation)
+ noun:
fe aethon ni i unig dy'r ynys, sy'n gartref i'r warden
ac yn lle aros i'r ymwelwyr prin
we went to the only
house on the island which is a home to the warden and a place to stay for the
infrequent visitors
+ adjective:
yr hyn sy'n drist am newid o'r fath yw... the thing which is
sad about a change of this sort is that ....
+ verbnoun:
digon hawdd priodi, byw sy'n anodd (saying) (it's)
easy enough getting married, (it is) living (a married life) which-is hard
:_______________________________.
syndod, syndodau <SƏN-dod,
sən-DOO-dai, -e> [ˡsəndɔd,
sənˡdoˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 surprise
Dyw’n syndod yn y byd It’s not the least bit surprising, It’s hardly surprising
er fy syndod gwrthododd
gymeryd tâl to my surprise he
refused to accept any payment [“to take a payment]”
:_______________________________.
synhwyrol <sə-NHUI-rol>
[səˡnhʊɪrɔl] (verb)
1 sensible
:_______________________________.
synhwyrydd <sə-NHUI-ridh>
[səˡnhʊɪrɪð] masculine
noun
PLURAL synwyryddion
<sə-nui-RƏDH-yon>
[sənʊɪˡrəðjɔn]
1 sensor
2 detector
synhwyrydd metal metal detector
synhwyrydd mwg smoke detector
ETYMOLOGY: (synhwyr-, penult form of synhwyro = sense, detect) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a
device or an agent)
:_______________________________.
synwyryddion <sə-nui-RƏDH-yon>
[sənʊɪˡrəðjɔn] masculine noun
1 plural of synhwyrydd = sensor, detector
:_______________________________.
syniad, syniadau <SƏN-yad,
sən-YAA-dai, -e> [ˡsənjad,
sənˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 idea
syniad am an idea about
heol nad oedd gen i
syniad am ei henw a street whose name I had no idea of, (“a street that
was not with me an idea about its name”)
2 syniad gwych splendid idea, brainwave (USA: brainstorm)
3 trafod syniadau discuss ideas, brainstorm
:_______________________________.
synnu <SƏ-ni> [ˡsənɪ] verb
1 (verb with an object)
surprise
2 (verb without an object) be
surprised, be stunned
3 synnu at be surprised
at
Rwy'n synnu atoch
chi'n cwympo mâs fel dau blentyn
I'm surprised at
you falling out like two kids
ETYMOLOGY:
Apparently a variant of synio (= to think, believe, know) < Latin sent-
/ sentîre (= to feel)
:_______________________________.
synnwyr <SƏ-nuir>
[ˡsənʊɪr] (masculine noun)
1 sense
:_______________________________.
synnwyr cyffredin <sə-nuir
-kə-FREE-din> [sənʊɪr kəˡfreˑdɪn] (masculine noun)
1 common sense
:_______________________________.
syr <SƏR> [sər] (masculine noun)
1 sir = title of
man who has a knighthood
Cae Syr Dafydd
CAE-SYR-DAFYDD (Sir
David's close.) A field in the southern suburbs of Llandaff, now a public
garden. Formerly a portion of the hereditary estate of Sir David MATHEW of
Llandaff, who flourished in the 15th century.
(John Hobson
Matthews (Mab Cernyw) / Cardiff Records)
cael eich gwneud yn
syr
be made into a sir, be knighted, receive a knighthood, be given the title of
sir
2 a schoolmaster
John Williams
(1745/6 – 1818), a minister and schoolmaster in Ystradmeurig, Ceredigion, was
know as ‘Yr Hen Syr’ (‘the old sir / the old schoolmaster).
3 a lord, member of
the landed gentry, an estate owner
Roedd yr hen syr
wedi genud llyn ar ei dir the old sir had made a lake on his land
4 a conceited,
arrogant, pompous person
mynd yn eitha syr become quite
pompous
5 an domineering
person
bod yn hen syr be a domineering
person
6 formerly a title
for a clergyman
:_______________________________.
syrcas <SƏR-kas> [ˡsərkas] feminine noun
PLURAL syrcasau ‹sər-KA-sai, -e› [sərˡkasaɪ, -ɛ]
1 circus = travelling company of performers and animals
2 circus = arena with tiers of seats (often within a large tent)
3 circus = performance given by circus artists and animals
4 circus = children's game, imitating a circus:
chwarae syrcas play at circuses
5 to-do, fuss, uproar
6 circus = overelaborate display, something too elaborate and exaggerated
Roedd hi’n fwy o syrcas
nac o angladd
It was more like a circus than a funeral
ETYMOLOGY: English circus < Latin circus
(= circle) < Greek kirkos (= ring)
:_______________________________.
syrnau <SƏR-nai, -e> [ˡsərnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 ankles - plural of swrn (a south-eastern word)
:_______________________________.
syrth <SIRTH> [sɪrθ] masculine noun
PLURAL syrthion
<SƏRTH-yon>
[ˡsərθjɔn]
1 offal, lights; waste parts of
a carcase; edible waste parts (such as the liver, lungs, kidneys, heart,
tongue, intestines); giblets
ETYMOLOGY: stem of
the verb syrthio (= to fall)
:_______________________________.
syrthio <SƏRTH-yo>
[ˡsərθjɔ] (v)
1 fall
syrthio i ddwylo’r gelyn fall into enemy hands
In South Wales cwympo (spoken
form: “cwmpo”) is a synonym in widespread use
:_______________________________.
syrthni <SƏRTH-ni>
[ˡsərθnɪ] masculine noun
1 indolence, lethargy, inertia,
sluggishness
2 Mae cwrw yn ennyn syrthni Beer causes sluggishness
ar ôl cysgu'n hwyr ddwywaith oherwydd syrthni'r cwrw
after getting up
late because of the sluggishness (caused by) the beer
ymysgwyd o’ch syrthni arouse oneself from
torpidity, stir from ones’s sluggishness
ETYMOLOGY: (syrth-
= penult form of swrth =
indolent) + (-ni = suffix for
forming an abstract noun)
:_______________________________.
syth <SIITH>
[siːθ] (adjective)
1 straight
2 comparisons:
cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an arrow, as
straight as a ramrod (“as straight as an arrow”)
yn syth fel saeth as straight as an arrow, as
straight as a ramrod (“as straight as an arrow”)
mor syth â ffon as straight as a ramrod (“as
straight as a stick”)
mor syth â’r pìn straight as an arrow (“as
straight as the pin”)
3 yr darn syth olaf the home stretch, the home straight = the final
stretch on a racetrack, from the last bend to the winning post
:_______________________________.
sythder <SƏTH-der>
[ˡsəθdɛr] masculine noun
1 straightness
2 rigidity
caletsythder rigidity
ETYMOLOGY: (syth- <səth>
[səθ] = penultimate form of syth <siith> [siːθ] = recte) + (-der suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
sythed <SƏ-thed>
[ˡsəθɛd] adjective
1 (as) straight; equative
degree of syth = straight
cyn sythed â saeth as straight as an arrow, as
straight as a ramrod
:_______________________________.
sythu <SƏ-thi>
[ˡsəθɪ] (verb)
1 straighten
2 ymsythu straighten up, move into an upright position
after stooping
(ym- = reflexive prefix ) + soft
mutation + (sythu = straighten)
:_______________________________.
syw <SIU> [sɪʊ] adjective
1 fair, smart, elegant, neat,
splendid
Rwy’n myned heno, Duw a'm helpo, i ganu ffarwel i'r
seren syw
I’m going tonight,
God help me, to sing farewell to the pretty girl (“the fair star”)
Line from the
folksong “Rwy'n caru merch o Blwy’ Penderyn” (I love a girl from the parish of
Penderyn)
2 Probably in the following
place names
(Ar Draws Gwlad 2 –
Ysgrifau ar Enwau Lleoedd / Gwynedd O. Pierce, Tomos Roberts, 1999)
(1) Pigyn Siw (“fair summit”) by
Cerrigceinwen, county of Môn
(2) Glyn-syw in Llan-llwch, county of
Caerfyrddin (“fair valley”, but probably an alteration of Clun-syw “fair
meadow”)
3 confident
ETYMOLOGY: Probably
from an Irish word < Common Celtic < Indoeuropean.
A word made up of
two elements corresponding to modern Welsh hy-
(intensifying prefix) + (gwydd- =
knowing)
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