kimkat1023e A Welsh to
English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar
fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
08-08-2021
19.00
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:_______________________________.
P, p ‹pii› feminine noun
1) sixteenth letter of the twenty-six letter Roman
alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e,
2) twentieth letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh
alphabet
...1 a,
2 b,
3 c,
4 ch,
5 d,
6 dd
7 e,
:_______________________________.
p
1 Intial Celtic p is lost
in the modern Celtic languages; it corresponds to p in Latin languages
and in Greek
..1/ adain (= wing)
British < Celtic *patanî. The element at- in Celtic and
British becomes ad- in Welsh,
and occurs also in aderyn / adar (= bird / birds), and as ed- in ehedeg (= to fly), edn (= bird);
cf Latin penna (= feather), peto (= go towards, demand), as in
English petition
..2/ eiddew (= ivy)
British < *edenn- < Celtic *pedenn- < Indo-European *ped-
(= to tie, to bind)
..3/ eira (= snow)
British < Celtic *argy- < Indo-European *pargy-
..3/ er (preposition = during; for)
British < Celtic *er-; Cf Latin per, Greek peri
..5/ ir (= fresh, green) < Celtic;
Irish úr (= fresh, new), Scottish ùr (= new)
This corresponds to Latin pûrus (= pure, unstained)
..6/
wyr = grandson;
Cf Irish ó < ua (= grandson; originally descendent);
Latin puer (= child; son),
Greek pais, paidós (= child)
Words derived from Common
Celtic with an initial “kw” have initial p-
in the British languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton); this sometimes corresponds
to an initial c- ‹k› in the Hibernian languages (Irish,
Scottish, Manx)
|
Welsh |
Irish |
|
pedwar (= four) |
ceathair (= four) |
|
pen (= head) |
ceann (= head) |
|
peth (= thing; piece) |
cuid (= piece) |
|
pridd (= soil, earth) |
cré (= soil, earth) |
|
pryd (= appearance) |
cruth (= appearance) |
|
pryf (= animal, insect) |
cruimh (= grub, maggot) |
|
pump (= five) |
cóig (= five) |
|
pwy (= who) |
cé (= who) |
|
pwyll (= reason; sense) |
ciall (= sense, meaning) |
2 Welsh ‹p› (from Celtic kw) corresponds to some words in Latin with ‹kw-› “qu”
..a/ pedwar four, Latin quattor four
..b/ perth hedge, Latin quercus oak tree
..c/ pump five, Latin quinque five
..d/ pwy who?, Latin quis who?
The original ‹p› has become ‹b› when not in an initial position
Words in intial p- also from an Indo-European root with kw- but without
cognates in Latin or Irish
peri (= to shape, make; cause) IE kwer-
eb-
in ebol (= foal), cyfeb (= pregnant with a foal), Epynt < eb-hynt (horse path, name of a mountain area in mid-Wales).
From British *ep- < Celtic *ekw-. Cf Latin ekw- in equus (= horse)
heb- element with the meaning of ‘speak’ in
certain compound words
ateb to answer
dihareb proverb
ebr (eb, ebe) she says, he says
gohebu â to correspond with, to
write to
gwrtheb contradiction
hebu obsolete speak, say
From British *-sep < Celtic *sekw-. Cf Latin kw- in inquam
(= I say)
pob-,
root of pobi (= to cook).
From British *pop- < Celtic *kwekw- < IndoEuropean *pekw-. Cf Latin kokw- in coquere (=
to cook)
3 In words derived from Common Celtic with intial “kw” an initial p in the
British languages (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) sometimes corresponds to an intial c
‹k› in Latin
..a/ pridd
(= earth), Latin crêta (= clay)
..b/ pob-,
root of pobi
(= to cook).
From British *pop- < Celtic *kwekw- < IndoEuropean *pekw-.
Cf Latin kokw- in coquere (= to
cook)
:_______________________________.
p
Initial p replaces b in
some words taken from English
These are words which are feminine in gender; the b has been taken to be
the soft mutation of p, and so a radical form with initial p has
developed
powlen < bowlen (= a bowl)
potel < botel (= bottle)
ponc < bonc (= bonk, variant of bank in the West Midlands of
England)
:_______________________________.
pab ‹paab› masculine noun
PLURAL pabau
‹PAA-be›
1 pope = the bishop of
Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church
2
colloquial Catholic priest
3 North Wales capel Pab humorous name for a Roman
Catholic church (“chapel (of) (the) Pope”, “a Pope Chapel”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin papa
< Greek pappas (= pope)
From the same British root: Cornish pab
(= pope), Breton pab (= pope)
From the same Latin root: Manx paab
(= pope)
:_______________________________.
pabell ‹pâ-belh› feminine
noun
PLURAL pebyll
‹pê-bilh›
1 tent
y babell the tent
maes pebyll campsite (“field (of)
tents”)
2 tent, marquee, pavilion
3 pavilion / tent / marquee on an eisteddfod field
Y Babell Lên = the Literature
Pavilion, place where lectures and talks on literary themes are given in the
annual national Eisteddfod
4 tabernacle;
pabell y cyfarfod (Exodus 29:42),
the tabernacle of the congregation prepared by Moses for the people to meet God
..a/ Exodus 29:42 Yn
boethoffrwm gwastadol trwy eich oesoedd, wrth ddrws pabell y cyfarfod, gerbron
yr ARGLWYDD; lle y cyfarfyddaf â chwi, i lefaru wrthyt yno.
Exodus 29:42 This shall be a continual burnt offering
throughout your generations at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation
before the LORD: where I will meet you, to speak there unto thee.
..b/ Salmau 27:3 Pe gwersyllai llu i’m
herbyn, nid ofna fy nghalon: pe cyfodai cad i’m herbyn, yn hyn mi a fyddaf
hyderus.
(27:4) Un peth a ddeisyfais i gan yr
ARGLWYDD, hynny a geisiaf; sef caffael trigo yn nhŷ yr ARGLWYDD holl
ddyddiau fy mywyd, i edrych ar brydferthwch yr ARGLWYDD, ac i ymofyn yn ei
deml.
(27:5) Canys yn y dydd blin y’m cuddia o
fewn ei babell: yn nirgelfa ei babell y’m cuddia; ar graig y’m cyfyd i.
Psalms 27:3 Though an host should encamp against me, my heart shall not fear:
though war should rise against me, in this will I be confident.
(27:4) One thing have I desired of the LORD, that will I seek after; that I may
dwell in the house of the LORD all the days of my life, to behold the beauty of
the LORD, and to inquire in his temple.
(27:5) For in the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion: in the
secret of his tabernacle shall he hide me; he shall set me up upon a rock.
5
(SJ1573) Y Babell (= "the
tabernacle") a village in the county of Fflint 4km south-west of
Treffynnon; from the name of the Nonconformist chapel;
6
Y Babell name of certain
nonconformist chapels (= "the tabernacle")
Street names
..a/ “Babell Road”, Gorsedd (SJ1576), Treffynnon (county of Y Fflint)
(this would be Ffordd y Babell in
Welsh)
..b/ “Babell Road”, Pen-sarn (county of Caerfyrddin)
(this would be Heol y Babell in
Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY:
..1/ pebyll (= tent) < British
< Latin *papili-o < pâpili-ô (= butterfly, tent)
..2/ The original form was pebyll (singular,
= a tent),
with the plural pebyllau ‹pe-bə-lhe› (= tents) (addition of the suffix –au).
..3/ The sequence of vowels e - y
is more characteristic of plural nouns in Welsh with singular forms with a – e
bachgen (= a boy), bechgyn (=
boys)
Other loans from Latin showing this same assimilation:
castell (= castle), cestyll (= castles)
maneg (= glove), menyg (= gloves)
..4/ The singular form pabell
emerged, and pebyll became the
plural form
pabell (= tent), pebyll (= tents)
..5/ A similar case of assimilation to the e-y
pattern is the loanword macrell (=
mackerel), a word of French origin taken from English or directly from French.
Besides the plural with the addition of the suffix -od (common in animal / bird / fish names) (macrellod ‹ma-kre-lhod›) there is the plural form mecryll
:_______________________________.
pabi, pabis ‹PÂ bi,
PÂ bis› (masculine noun)
1 poppy
2
types of poppy:
..1/ pabi coch (Papaver rhoeas) corn
poppy, field poppy (“red poppy”)
..2/ pabi corniog dulas (Roemeria
hybrida) violet horned poppy (“violet horned poppy”)
..3/ pabi corniog melyn (Glaucum
flavum) round prickly-headed poppy (“yellow horned poppy”)
..4/ pabi Cymréig (Meconopsis
cambrica) Welsh poppy (pale-yellow in colour)
..5/ pabi gwyn (“white poppy”)
(Papaver somniferum)
pabi opiwm (Papaver somniferum) opium poppy
Also: cysglys or cwsglys
(Papaver somniferum) opium poppy (“sleep plant”) (cwsg- root of cysgu = to sleep) + soft mutation + (llys = plant)
:_______________________________.
Pabydd ‹pâ-bidh› masculine
noun
PLURAL Pabyddion
‹pa-bədh-yon›
1 Roman Catholic; Papist
gwrth-Babydd (adjective)
anti-Catholic
ETYMOLOGY: (pab = pope) + (-ydd = suffix)
:_______________________________.
pa bynnag ‹paa BƏ-nag› (determiner)
1 whatever
2
pa gyn lleied bynnag however little
3 pa mor amyneddgar bynnag y
bo hi no matter how patient she is (“what so patient so-ever that
she-may-be she”)
:_______________________________.
pac popeth ‹pak po
-peth› masculine noun
PLURAL paciau
popeth ‹pak-ye
po -peth›
1 holdall = a capacious
bag
ETYMOLOGY: “bag (for) everything” (pac
= pack, bag) + (popeth = everything)
:_______________________________.
paentiad ‹peint
-yad›
PLURAL paentiadau
‹peint- yâ
-de›
1 painting = picture
expressed through paint
Gwerthodd un o’i baentiadau He sold
one of his paintings
ETYMOLOGY: (paent-, stem of the verb
paentio = to paint) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
paentiwr ‹peint -yur› masculine
noun
PLURAL paentwyr
‹peint -wir›
1 person who covers a
surface in paint as a protection or as decoration; house-painter
paentiwr a phapurwr decorator, painter
and decorator = person who paints and wallpapers rooms
2 sometimes instead of arlunydd
= painter (artist, person who uses paint to create pictures)
ETYMOLOGY: (paent-i-, stem of paentio = to paint) + (-wr 'man')
NOTE: Sometimes spelt “peintiwr”
:_______________________________.
pa fath ‹paa vaath›
1 Pa fath o bobl? What
sort of people?
Also: Pa fath bobl? What sort of
people?
2
Pa fath o siâp sy arno? How is he,
What shape is he in (“what kind of shape is on him”)
ETYMOLOGY: “what type / sort / kind” (pa
= which / what) + soft mutation + (math
= type / sort / kind)
:_______________________________.
pàff ‹ paf› feminine noun
PLURAL paffiau
‹ paf -ye›
1
thump, blow
ETYMOLOGY: (onomatopaeic)
:_______________________________.
paffio ‹paf -yo› verb
1
(verb with or without an object) to box
gornest baffio boxing match
ring baffio boxing ring
maneg baffio boxing glove
ETYMOLOGY: (pàff = a blow) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
pagan ‹pa -gan› masculine noun
PLURAL paganiaid
‹pa-gan-yed›
1 pagan = person who
worshipped the Roman or Greek gods
2 pagan = one who is not a member of a religious congregation,
non-chapel-goer, non-church-goer
Hen bagan yw e
He’s a pagan (“he’s an old pagan”) – i.e. he doesn't belong to any church or
chapel, he doesn’t believe in God, he doesn’t practise the Christian faith
ETYMOLOGY: pagan < English pagan < Church Latin pâgânus (= civilian, a person who is
not a soldier of Christ) < (country dweller, villager) < pâgus (= village)
:_______________________________.
paganaidd ‹pa- gâ
-nedh› adjective
1 pagan = of worshippers of the Roman or Greek gods
2 pagan
Rydym heddiw yn byw mewn gwlad baganaidd
Today we are living in a pagan country
ETYMOLOGY: (pagan = pagan) + (-aidd suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
Pagellus
centrodontus
1 merfog môr (m), merfogiaid môr sea bream
:_______________________________.
pair ‹ pair› masculine noun
PLURAL peiriau
‹ peir -ye›
1
cauldron, cooking pot
2 dod
o'r pair come out of the hat, come up, be mentioned, emerge
Fe ofynnwyd iddo argymell enw awdur
Cymraeg o hanesydd ar gyfer llunio'r gyfrol o’r fath. Daeth enw John Davies o'r
pair yn ddiffwdan iawn
He was asked to suggest the name of a Welsh historian and author to write such
a book. The name John Davies quickly came out of the hat
3
peiran small cauldron; cirque,
semicircular basin in a mountain
(peir- < pair = cauldron) + (an-
= diminutive suffix)
4
y pair yn gweiddi parddu ar y pentan
(“the cauldron shouting soot at the fireplace”) the pot calling the kettle
black - said of someone who criticises another for something which the critic
is equally guilty of
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *paryo-
< Celtic kwaryo-
The two other British languages:
Cornish: per (= pot, crock), Breton per (= cauldron);
The Hibernian languages:
Irish coire (= cauldron), Scottish coire (= cauldron)
:_______________________________.
pais ‹ pais› feminine noun
PLURAL peisiau
‹ peis -ye›
1
woman’s petticoat
2
(obsolete) surcoat
Daniel 3:27 A'r tywysogion, dugiaid, a
phendefigion, a chynghoriaid y brenin, a ymgasglasant ynghyd, ac a welsant y gwŷr
hyn, y rhai ni finiasai y tân ar eu cyrff, ac ni ddeifiasai flewyn o'u pen, ni
newidiasai eu peisiau chwaith, ac nid aethai sawr y tân arnynt.
Daniel 3:27 And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's
counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire
had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither were their coats changed,
nor the smell of fire had passed on them.
3
(eighteenth century, early nineteenth century) child's smock
W i'n 'i gofio fe'n gwisgo paish I
remember him in a smock, I remember him as a very small child
4
pais fach Scottish kilt (or at least
in the expression,
gŵyr y peisha bäch (= gŵyr
y peisiau bach),
South-east Wales name for the Highland Regiment from Scotland, used in
intervening in industrial pursuits
in the nineteenth century)
5
arfbais (a) coat of arms = a
heraldic device representing a family, corporation or state; (b) coat of arms =
surtout, surcoat with armorial bearings to identify the wearer; a garment of
silk or linen placed over a suit of armour to keep it clean, or prevent it
getting hot in the sun
(arf = arm ) + soft mutation + (pais = overgarment)
Also pais arfau
6
codi pais cyn piso first things
first (“lift a petticoat before pissing”)
codi pais ar ôl piso ("lift a
petticoat after pissing") do something too late; try to undo what has been
done
thâl hi ddim codi pais ar ôl piso
there’s no point closing the stable
door after the horse has bolted
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh pais < peis < *pekhs < British *peks-
< Latin pexa < tunica pexa (= woollen tunic ) < pexus (= woolly, still retaining the
nap)
NOTE: (South Wales) paish (a final s after an i usually becomes sh)
:_______________________________.
pais arfau ‹ pais ar
-ve› feminine noun
PLURAL peisiau
arfau ‹ peis
-ye ar -ve›
1
coat of arms = surcoat decorated with family emblems
2
Arfau Caer-dydd name of a public
house in Caer-dydd (“the Cardiff Arms”)
Parc yr Arfau the Arms Park in
Caer-dydd., “Cardiff Arms Park” - a rugby ground by the pub
ETYMOLOGY: (pais = surcoat) + (arfau = arms)
:_______________________________.
pais ddur ‹ pais dhiir› feminine noun
PLURAL peisiau
arfau ‹ peis
-ye diir›
1
coat of mail = medieval battledress made of linked metal rings
or overlapping metal plates
gya
ETYMOLOGY: (pais = surcoat) + soft
mutation + (dur = steel)
:_______________________________.
..1 pâl ‹paal› feminine
noun
PLURAL palau
‹pa -le›
1 spade
y bâl the spade
2 dyn y bâl the
gravedigger (“(the) man (of) the spade”, “the spademan”)
3 galw pâl yn bâl call a
spade a spade, speak plainly
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh pâl < British
from the same British root: Breton pal;
Cornish pal
cf palét < English < Old
French palette (= little shovel,
pale, spade) < Late Latin pala (=
spade)
:_______________________________.
..2 pâl ‹paal› masculine
noun
PLURAL palau
‹PAA -le›
1 pale = wooden post or strip
of wood used in building a fence
district of Maldwyn, in the county of
Powys: pâls = paling
2 obsolete stockade,
“pale” = area inside a fence made of pales
History Y Pâl The Pale = the English district of Ireland, around Baile Átha
Cliath
3 obsolete enclosed area -
a field, a park
4
Y Palau (“the stakes”) (colloquially
Y Pale ‹pâ-le›)
Name of a mansion in Llandderfel, Gwynedd
ETYMOLOGY: English pale, now {peil},
was in the 1400s {paal} < 1300+ Old French pal < Latin palus (=
stick)
:_______________________________.
palalwyfen ‹pa-la-lui-ven› feminine
noun
PLURAL palalwyf
‹pa-la-luif›
1 lime tree, linden
y balalwyfen the lime tree
There is a street in Pont-y-clun (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) called “Palalwyf
Avenue”, which would be Coedlan y
Palalwyf in Welsh (Postcode: CF72 9EG)
ETYMOLOGY: (1) (palalwyf = lime
trees) + (-en suffix added to nouns
to make a singular form out of a collective noun or plural noun)
(2) palalwyf < (pala, element of unknown origin) + soft
mutation + (llwyf = elm trees)
:_______________________________.
palasty ‹pa- la -sti› masculine
noun
PLURAL palastai
‹pa- la -stai›
1 mansion; a form used
erroniously instead of ‘plasty’ in literature in the 1800s
Yn agos i’r “Capel Bach” ar fron y cae
rhwng yr heol o’r Cymmer a’r heol i Donyrefail saif hen balasdy a elwir y Capel
Mawr (Hanes Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl. Thomas Morgan.
1899, Caerdydd. Tudalen 28)
Near the Capel Bach (“The little chapel”) on the brow of the field beteen the
road from Y Cymer to Tonyrefail stands the old mansion called Y Capel-mawr
(“the big chapel”)
ETYMOLOGY: (1) Mansion is plas (from
English ‹plaas› ‘place’ = place, but also mansion; modern-day English ‹pleis› ‘place’ = position, residence).
(2) There is also a compound form (plas =
mansion) + soft mutation + (ty =
house) > plasdy > plasty (= mansion) (the soft mutation is lost through
the influence of the ‘s’)
(3) Why palasty? It was wrongly
thought that
ETYMogically plasty should be p’lasty < palasty, that is, with palas
= ‘palace’ as the first element.
The contraction of (p + vowel + l) sometimes occurs in colloquial Welsh;
examples are
(a) paladur > pladur (= scythe)
(b) pa le (= what place?) > ple / ble
:_______________________________.
palfalu ‹pal-VAA-li› verb
1 grope (in the dark)
2 palfalu'ch ffordd grope
one's way, feel one's way
Palfalodd ei ffordd i mewn i'r ystafell
He groped his way into the room
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently pal|fa|lu < pal|fa|fa|lu < pal|fa|fae|lu (palf
= palm of hand) + soft mutation + (gafaelu
= get hold of)
:_______________________________.
pálindrom ‹pa-lin-drom› masculine
noun
PLURAL palindromau
‹pa-lin-dro-me›
1 palindrome - a word or
expression which has the same sequence of letters read left to right and right
to left (such as in English “Madam I'm Adam”). Examples in Welsh are “lladd
dafad ddall” (slaughtering a blind sheep) and “gwr drwg” (bad man; (the) devil)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English < Greek palindromos
running back again
:_______________________________.
pall ‹palh› (masculine noun)
1 stopping
pall ar stopping + on
Does dim pall arno He never stops
(“there’s no stopping on him”)
pall trydan power cut, blackout, power failure (USA: also power
outage, power loss)
ETYMOLOGY: from the verb pallu (= fail, cease, refuse)
:_______________________________.
pallan ‹PA-lhan› v
1 (Powys - county of Trefaldwyn) fall out
Ma’ nhw wedi pallan â’i gilydd
They fallen out with each other
ETYMOLOGY: probably from cwympo allan (= fall out)
:_______________________________.
pallu ‹PA-lhi› v
1 fail
Rydw i’n sicr fod yno bedair carreg pan oeddwn yn fachgen, ond hwyrach fod y
cof sy'n pallu
I’m sure there were four stones there when I was a boy, but maybe my memory
isn’t what it was (“it is the memory which is failing”)
dw i’n mynd yn hen rwan, a'r cof yn pallu I’m getting old now, and my memory’s failing
2 weaken
Yr oedd ei nerth yn dechrau pallu
His strength was beginning to fail
Gyda'r dydd, pallodd ei nerth bach, a bu farw'r baban yn dawel
At daybreak, his strength (“his little strength”) failed him, and the baby
died quietly
3 (sight) fail, become dim
Apocrypha: Ecclesiasticus 18:18 Un ffôl a ddannod yn daeogaidd; a rhodd y
cenfigennus a wna i'r llygaid ballu.
Apocrypha:
Ecclesiasticus 18:18 A fool
will upbraid churlishly, and a gift of the envious consumeth the eyes.
Dirywio'n raddol a wnaeth iechyd Thomas Morgan yn ystod blynyddoedd
olaf ei oes. Pallodd ei olygon, ac er iddo fod dan lawdriniaeth
yn Abertawe yn 1921, collodd ei olwg yn gyfan gwbl yn niwedd ei oes. Casglwr
53 Awst 1994
Thomas Morgan’s health gradually went downhill during the last years of his
life. His sight failed, and although he underwent surgery in Abertawe / Swansea
in 1921, he lost his sight completely at the end of his life.
4 be lacking
palled let there be lacking (sth), let there be a lack of (sth)
na phalled let there not be lacking (sth), let there be no lack of (sth)
Lefiticus 2:13 Dy holl
fwyd-offrwm hefyd a hellti di â halen; ac na phalled halen cyfamod dy DDUW o
fod ar dy fwyd-offrwm: offryma halen ar bob offrwm i ti.
Leviticus 2:13 And every oblation of thy meat offering shalt thou season with salt;
neither shalt thou suffer the salt of the covenant of thy God to be lacking
from thy meat offering: with all thine offerings thou shalt offer salt.
5 (South Wales) refuse (to do
something); fail (to do something)
pallu â dod refuse to come
pallu dod refuse to come
Mae
e'n pallu
gwneud dim byd rw i'n ei ddweud wrtho
He refuses to do anything I tell him
Mae gŵr y tŷ yn pallu rhoi hen
gownt
The tavern keeper won’t give credit
Mae’r Llywodraeth
yn pallu
rhoi digon o arian i gynnal tai cyngor
The government fails to give enough money to maintain council houses
5 (enthusiasm, interest, etc) wane
6 cease
Oherwydd bod disgyblaeth a hyfforddiant mewn llu mawr o eglwysi wedi pallu, mae
anwybodaeth am gynnwys yn rhemp
Because discipline and instruction in a great number of churches has
ceased, ignorance of the contents of the Bible is widespread
Mae’r cloc uwchben Neuadd y Dref yn pallu gweithio o bryd i’w gilydd
The clock above the Town Hall stops working every now and then
y cariad hwnnw nad yw’n pallu
that love which never dies
ETYMOLOGY: unknown origin
:_______________________________.
palmant ‹pal
-mant› masculine noun
PLURAL palmentydd
‹pal-men-tidh›
1 sidewalk (Englandic:
pavement, footway)
Roedd y dorf yn llanw’r palmentydd
The crowd filled the pavements
Dim palmant am 600 (chwe chan) llath No footway for 600 (six hundred) yds (yards)
2
(obsolete) (place names) paved way
ETYMOLOGY: palmant < palment < *pawment < English pavment
(pavement)
(delwedd 0034)
Dim palmant am chwe chan llath -
Pwllheli, Llun Awst 18 2003.
The walkers on the left are members of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg (The Welsh
Language Society) taking part in Taith y Cymunedau (the march for the
communities) August 16-August 30 2003 to draw attention to the problems facing
local communities with the continuing influx of rich incomers (mainly from
England).
These are the inability of local people to buy houses in their own communities
at affordable prices, the lack of rented accommodation at prices which local
people can pay, and the needless development of housing estates to attract rich
outsiders. The net effect is the loss of young people from the area, and an
ageing population, compounded by the immigration, much of which is made up of
English retirees.
:_______________________________.
palmantu ‹ palmant› verb
1 (verb amb objecte) to pave
ETYMOLOGY: (palmant = pavement) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
palmwyddog ‹palm- wy
-dhog› adjective
1 palmate = (leaf) with leaflets radiating from a central point
2 palmate (foot of aquatic birds) with three toes connected by a
thin web of skin
madfall balmwyddog (Triturus
helveticus) palmate lizard
ETYMOLOGY: palmwydd (= palm trees) + (-og suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
pam ‹PAM› (adverb)
1 why?
2 Rw i eto heb wybod pam
I still don’t know why (“I am still without knowing why”)
:_______________________________.
pa mor ‹pa
mor›
1 In the construction
equivalent to English how + adjective (how
big is it, how new are they,
etc).
Welsh has pa mor + adjective.
There is soft mutation of P C T G B D M; but not LL RH.
pa mor llydan...? how wide..? (“how
so wide is it?”)
Pa mor fawr yw e? What size is it? (“how
so big is it?”)
2 waeth pa mor... < ni waeth pa mor... no matter how...
Waeth pa mor gyflym y rhedwch, ’ddaliwch chi mohono No matter how fast
you run, you won’t catch him
3 pa mor amyneddgar bynnag y
bo hi no matter how patient she is (“what so patient so.ever that she
may-be”)
ETYMOLOGY: (pa = how) + (mor = so)
:_______________________________.
pan ‹PAN› (conjunction)
1 when
2 Sometimes with the subjunctive, especially in
the case of more or less fixed expressions:
Pan fwyf hen a pharchus When I am
old and respectable
3
pan yw when + is
ffidlan pan yw Rhufain yn llosgi (“fiddle when Rome is burning”)
4 pan fo eisiau (pan fo ishe) when there is need of,
when.... is needed, when.... is required
Mae tipyn o ddiogi arno pan fo ishe gweithio’n galed
He’s a bit lazy (“there’s a bit of laziness on him) when hard
work is needed
:_______________________________.
..2 pan ‹pan› adjective
1 fulled
2
(person) hanner pan not all there – not
fully sane or sensible (“half-fulled / half completed”)
Mae e’n hanner pan He’s not all
there, there’s something missing on top, he’s missing a screw
3
masculine noun fulling = process of
preparing cloth by beating and shrinking; in the expression
melin ban fulling mill (“mill (for)
fulling”) (melin = mill) + soft mutation + (pan = fulling
process)
ETYMOLOGY: pan (= fulled) past
participle form < pann-, stem of the verb pannu (= full cloth)
:_______________________________.
..3 pan- ‹pan› prefix
1 pan- = all
Pan-Geltaidd Pan-Celtic
Yr W^yl Ban-Geltaidd the Pan-Celtic Festival
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English pan- < Greek
:_______________________________.
panad ‹PA
nad› (masculine – South, or
feminine noun - North)
1 clipped form of cwpanaid
(= cup (in the sense of cupful)) (qv)
:_______________________________.
panasen, panas ‹pa NA
sen, PA nas› (feminine noun)
1 parsnip
y banasen the parsnip
ETYMOLOGY: English < French?
Modern French has panais (= parsnip)
:_______________________________.
pandy ‹pan
-di› masculine noun
PLURAL pandai ‹pan-dai›
1 fulling mill, fuller’s
place (Scotland: waulk-mill)
2
gwneud melin a phandy (o rywbeth) go on and on (about something),
make a great song and dance (about something) (“make a mill and a fulling
house”)
3 Examples in place names:
(a) Tonypandy (pasture of the
fulling mill), village in the Rhondda valley (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf);
(b) Y Pandy see the entry below
ETYMOLOGY: (pan, stem of pannu = to full cloth) + soft mutation
+ (ty = house, building)
:_______________________________.
Y Pandy ‹ə pan
-di› masculine noun
1 Y Pandy SO3322 locality in the county of Mynwy,
9km north of Y Fenni
2
Y Pandy SH6203 locality in the county of Gwynedd, 5km north-east of Tywyn
3
Y Pandy SH8729 locality in the county of Gwynedd, south-east part of
Llanuwchllyn
4
Y Pandy SH9004 locality in the district of Maldwyn, county of Powys, 1km
north of Llan-bryn-mair
5
Y Pandy SJ1936 locality in the county of Dinbych, 7km south of Llangollen
6
Y Pandy SJ1542 Nant y Pandy,
stream on north side of Glyndyfrdwy which flows into the river Dyfrdwy
7
Y Pandy SO0407 place in
the town of Merthyrtudful
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=186690
Cloc y Pandy The Pandy Clock
ETYMOLOGY: “the fulling mill”; see the entry pandy above
:_______________________________.
paned, paneidiau
‹PA ned, pa NEID ye› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 clipped form of cwpanaid
(= cup (in the sense of cupful)).
Especially North Wales.
2 often means cwpanaid o de /
paned o de (= cup of tea); cf
English ‘cuppa’ where ‘tea’ (cuppa / cup of (tea)’) is understood.
y baned = the cupful; the cup of tea
See cwpanaid
:_______________________________.
pannu ‹PA ni› (verb)
1 full (cloth)
The stem of the verb (pann-) is used as a past participle pan (=
fulled)
hanner pan (= half fulled; of a person, half baked, not all there,
stupid)
pandy fulling mill
melin ban mill (“mill (for) fulling”) (melin = mill) + soft
mutation + (pan = fulling process; < pann-, stem of the verb pannu)
ETYMOLOGY: Probably (pant = hollow) + (-u verb termination)
(panh- + -u)
Less likely is a derivation from Latin pannus
(= cloth).
In the case of this word, cf English pawn
(= security) < 1400 Old French pan
(= security) < Latin pannus (=
cloth). From the practice of leaving cloth as security. This sense development
also accounts for German der Pfand
(= security)
:_______________________________.
pansan ‹pan-san› masculine
noun
PLURAL pansis
‹pan -sis›
1 (North Wales) pansy
(disrespectful expression for a homosexual or effeminate man)
ETYMOLOGY: pansan (North-west) < pansen
pans- = first syllable of pansi < English pansy (= flower; homosexual)
+ -en (suffix for forming feminine nouns)
:_______________________________.
pant ‹PANT› masculine noun
PLURAL pantiau
‹PANT_yai, -e›
1 hollow (Scotland: how)
Sechareia 1:8 Gwelais noswaith; ac wele wr yn marchogaeth ar farch coch, ac yr
oedd yn sefyll rhwng y myrtwydd y rhai oedd yn y pant; ac o'i ôl ef feirch
cochion, brithion, a gwynion
Zechariah 1:8 I saw by night, and behold a man riding upon a red horse, and he
stood among the myrtle trees that [were] in the bottom; and behind him [were
there] red horses, speckled, and white.
2 valley
3 sag, hollow, dip, depression (in the middle of a bed)
4 lacuna = depression in a pitted surface
5 sychbant ‹SƏKH-bant› (m)
dry hollow, dry valley
(sych- < sych = dry) + soft mutation + (pant
= hollow, valley)
Pant Sychbant SN9809 A valley north-west of Cefncoedycymer
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=188496
Cefn Sychbant SN9810 A hill above Pant Sychbant
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=189396
Cwm Sychbant
6 i'r pant y rhed y dŵr Money begets money; money makes money
(“(it-is) to the hollow / valley that runs the water”)
:_______________________________.
Y Pant ‹ə PANT› masculine
noun
……………………….
1 (SJ2722) locality in North Shropshire (Anglaterra)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2722
map
……………………….
2 (SJ2946) locality in Wrecsam
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2946
map
……………………….
3 (SJ3555) locality in Wrecsam
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ3555
map
……………………….
4 Y Pant SJ2052, east of Llandegla (Dinbych)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2052
map
……………………….
5 locality SO0608 in Merthyrtudful
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0608
map
:_______________________________.
Pantdefaid ‹ pant-
dê -ved›
1
See: Pantydefaid
:_______________________________.
Y Pant-glas ‹pant- glaas›
“green hollow”
1 (SH4747) localitat in the county of
Gwynedd, on the road between Caernarfon and Cricieth,
2 (SO4804) locality (farm) in Tryleg
(county of Mynwy)
3 (SJ1813) locality (farm) 3km east
of Meifod (county of Powys)
4 (SJ2732) (farm) in the county of
Shropshire (England) between Selatyn and Croesowallt (Oswestry)
5 In names of streets:
..a/ Caer-dydd (county of Caer-dydd) (“Pant Glas”)
..b/ Felindre, Llandysul (county of Ceredigion) (“Pant Glas”)
..c/ Gorseinon (county of Abertawe) (“Pant Glas”)
..d/ Llanelwy (SJ0374) (county of Dinbych) (“Pant Glas”)
..e/ Pen-coed (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (“Pant Glas”)
..f/ Rhuthun (county of Dinbych) (“Pant Glas”)
..g/ Sychdyn (SJ2466) (county of Y Fflint) (“Pant Glas”)
..h/ Tredegar (county of Blaenau Gwent) (“Pant Glas”)
Also
“Pant Glas Court”, Bassaleg (county of Casnewydd) (This would be “Cwrt
Pant-glas” in Welsh)
“Pant Glas Parc”, Llandeilo (county of Caerfyrddin) (This would be “Parc
Pant-glas” in Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: “y pant glas” = the green hollow (y definite article) + (pant
= hollow) + (glas = green)
:_______________________________.
pantle ‹pant
-le› masculine noun
PLURAL pantloedd
‹pant- lâ
-odh›
1 depression, hollow
Nid oedd y ffordd at y tŷ ond pantle dwfn,
budr a tholciog
The road to the house was nothing more than a deep dirty bumpy hollow
Safai yr hen Wenallt mewn pantle, rhwng y fan y
saif y Wenallt presenol a'r llwyn o goed a elwir Nyrs Fachddeiliog, yn ymyl hen
orsaf ffordd haiarn y Bala.
Adgofion Andronicus (= John William Jones, Y Bala, 1842-1895) Cyhoeddwyd:
Caernarfon 1894 t24
The old Wenallt (farmhouse) stood in a hollow, between the place where the
present Wenallt stands and a wood which was called Fachddeiliog Nursery, next
to the old railway station in Y Bala
ETYMOLOGY: (pant = hollow) + soft
mutation + (lle = place)
Y Pant Mawr ‹pant- MAUR›
1 Place by Ystradfellte SN8914
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1044622
ETYMOLOGY: (y
= definite article) + (pant =
hollow) + (mawr = big)
(As a habitative name: Pant-mawr. See below)
:_______________________________.
Y Pant-mawr ‹pant- MAUR›
1 (SN8482) dispersed village i Powys,
west of Llangurig, on the road to Aberystwyth
(spelt incorrectly Pant Mawr
on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8482
map
Behind the settlement of Pant-mawr is Allt Pant-mawr (= allt y pant
mawr) “hill (at) Pant-mawr”
(spelt correctly as Allt Pant-mawr on the
Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1107278
(delwedd 7467)
2 House in Aberffrwd, Cwm Rheidol, Ceredigion SN6878
(spelt incorrectly Pantmawr on the
Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=250626
3 suburb of Caer-dydd ST1481
(spelt incorrectly Pantmawr on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1481
4 farm by Trawsfynydd, Gwynedd SH7136
(spelt correctly Pant-mawr on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH7136
5 farm by
Meifod (Powys) SJ1611
(spelt correctly Pant-mawr on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/657400
6 farm near Llanfyllin (Powys)
(spelt incorrectly Pant Mawr on the
Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1218
7 Farm by Llansawel (county of Caerfyrddin) SN6239
(spelt incorrectly Pantmawr on the
Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1529092
ETYMOLOGY: (y
= definite article) + (pant =
hollow, valley) + (mawr = big)
(As a non-habitative name: Pant Mawr. See above)
:_______________________________.
Pant y Brad ‹pant ə braad›
1 Pant y Brad (ST0287) place in Tonyrefail (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
See the chapter “Pant y Brad” on page 69 of Hanes Tonyrefail (The History of
Tonyrefail) / Thomas Morgan (Caer-dydd 1899) at kimkat1288e (accessible via
Google)
Pant y Brad. Mae y lle hwn, bychan o ran
rhif y preswylwyr, tua milltir o bentref poblogaidd Tonyrefail, ar y brif heol,
yng nghyfeiriad Llantrisant. Enw mwyaf hynafol y lle yw y Pistyll Du, enw wedi
ei roddi iddo oherwydd lliw y dwfr sy’n llifo oddiar fawn cyfagos
(Hanes Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl. Thomas Morgan. 1899,
Caerdydd. Tudalen 69. Orgraff ddiwygiedig sydd gennym / revised spelling)
Pant y Brad (“Treason Hollow / Betrayal Hollow”) This place, which is small in
the number of inhabitants, is about a mile from the populous village of
Tonyrefail, on the main road in the direction of Llantrisant. The oldest name
in the place is Y Pistyll Du (“the black waterfall”), a name given to it
because of the colour of the water which flows off nearby peat.
2 Pant-y-brad Name of a
house here
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0287
Pant-y-brad
3 Pant-y-brad street name in
Tonyrefail (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(the elements of settlement names are written together as a single word)
(officially misspelt as “Pantybrad”)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hollow (of) the treachery or treason; treachery hollow,
treason hollow”
(pant = hollow) + (y = definite article) + (brad =
treachery, treason)
:_______________________________.
Pant-y-cra <pant-ə-KRAA> [pantəˡkrɑː]
1 SH7517 street name,
Tabor, Dolgellau (“Pant y Cra”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1179670
Capel Tabor
ETYMOLOGY: pant y cra < pant y craf (“(the) hollow (of) the ramsons /
broad-leaved wild garlic”)
(pant = hollow) + (y definite article) + (craf = ramsons / broad-leaved wild
garlic, Allium ursinum)
(delwedd 7009)
NOTE: cra <KRAA> [krɑː] < craf <KRAAV> [krɑːv]
In monosyllables the final <V> [v] is lost in the north.
Cf gof / go (= smith), haf / ha (= summer),
:_______________________________.
Pantydefaid <pant ə DEE-vaid, -ed> [pant ə deˑˡvaɪd, -ɛd]
1
farm by Pren-gwyn, Llandysul (county of Ceredigion) (spelt “Pant-y-defaid” on
OS maps)
Capel Pantydefaid SN4244 Unitarian
Chapel built c1802
This place name also appears without the definite article: Pantdefaid
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/612645
Capel Pantydefaid
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect
geographically representative photographs and information for every square
kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
2
Locality in the Republic of South Africa: Aerial map at
http://www.fallingrain.com/world/SF/3/Pantydefaid.html
Latitude -29.0167,
Longitude 26.1000
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hollow (of) the sheep / sheep hollow”
(pant = hollow) + (y = definite article) + (defaid sheep, plural of dafad = a sheep).
As the name of a hollow it would be written with the elements separated Pant y Defaid; as the name of a settlement
(house, village, etc) such place names are written as a single word: Pantydefaid
:_______________________________.
Pant-y-dŵr ‹ pant o duur›
1
(SN9874) locality in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys), near
Rhaeadr-gwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/409347
Pant-y-dŵr (rhan o’r pentre / part of the village)
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect
geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre
of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
2
street name, Nant-y-bwch, Tredegar (county of Blaenau Gwent)
3
street name, Y Crwys (county of Abertawe)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hollow (of) the water / the stream” (pant = hollow) + (y =
definite article) + (dŵr = water,
stream)
:_______________________________.
Pant-y-fid ‹pant ə viid›
1 In Aberbargod (county of Caerffili) there is a road called
“Pant-y-fid Road” (In Welsh, this would be Heol
Pant-y-fid)
ETYMOLOGY: pant y fid = (the) hollow
(of) the quickset hedge
(pant = hollow) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (bid = hedge)
:_______________________________.
Pantygaseg ‹ pant-ə-ga-seg›
1
place name
..a/ (ST2599) locality in the county of Torfaen, 3km west of the town of
Pont-y-pŵl
..b/ Name of
a short-lived copper mine (1872-1879) near Amlwch, Ynys Môn
ETYMOLOGY: (the) hollow (of) the mare
(pant = hollow) + (y = the) + soft mutation + (caseg = mare)
:_______________________________.
Pant-y-gog ‹ pant-ə-goog›
1 Village south of Pontcymer, Cwm Garw, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
Here there is a street called “Cuckoo Street”, which in Welsh would be Heol
y Gog “(the) street (of) the cuckoo”,“cuckoo street”
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) hollow (of) the cuckoo”, “cuckoo hollow”
(pant = hollow) + (ў
definite article) + soft mutation + (cog
= cuckoo)
:_______________________________.
panwaun ‹PAN-wain› feminine
noun
PLURAL panweunydd
‹pan-WEI-nidh›
1 (obsolete) (occurs in
place names) cotton grass moor, peat moss
2 field enclosed from such land, damp boggy field, wet meadow
gwair panwaun (south-east Wales) moorland hay
3 place names:
..a/ Panwaun Penygoetgae, near Blaen-cwm (Rhondda Cynon Taf)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=180404
................................................................
..b/ Banwen SN8509 (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/229119
................................................................
..c/ Banwen Pyrddin SN8609 (Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/880549
Banwen Pyrddin
ETYMOLOGY: Probably (pân =
cotton grass) + soft mutation + (gwaun = moorland, moorland
field)
Pân is “cotton grass, bog cotton” (noted in Cwmdulais (county of
Abertawe). Usually plu’r gweunydd (“(the) feathers (of) the moorland
fields”),
Less likely is another pân (= ermine, fur; down, fluff), from Old French
panne / pane, either directly into Welsh from French, or via Middle
English < Latin pinna (= wing, feather).
Modern French has panne (= panne, plush). A modern English technical
name panne (from the Old French word) is “a lightweight velvet fabric”.
However, pân (= cotton
grass) could be the same word after all; that is, pân (= ermine etc)
which has been applied to the name of the plant.
Another possible origin of panwaun is (pant = hollow) + soft
mutation + (gwaun = moorland, moorland field) > *pantwaun >
panwaun
:_______________________________.
papur, papurau ‹PA
pir, pa PI re› (masculine
noun)
1 paper
shît o bapur a sheet of paper
2
papur tywod sandpaper
3 fel
pìn mewn papur (“like a pin in paper”)
..1/ (house) as neat as a pin, very neat and tidy
Yr oedd yr hen Miss Jones yn cadw ei thŷ
fel pin mewn papur.
Old Mrs. Jones kept her house spick and span
..2/ (person's appearance) smart, all spruced up, all dolled up, dressed up to
the nines
Fe welodd Siân Shencyn yn troi o'r tŷ
fel pin mewn papur
He saw Siân Shencyn leave the house all dolled up
:_______________________________.
papur bro ‹pa-pur
broo› masculine
noun
PLURAL papurau
bro ‹pa-pî-re
broo›
1
local newspaper (usually produced monthly by volunteers) serving a defined
community and written entirely in Welsh (“paper (of the) district”)
Y Tincer - un o bapurau bro Ceredigion “Y Tincer” (the tinker) - one of the
district newspapers of Ceredigion
:_______________________________.
papur gwag ‹pa pir
GWAAG› (masculine noun)
1 blank sheet
:_______________________________.
papur gwyn ‹pa pir
GWIN› (masculine noun)
1 White Paper – (English parliamentary procedure) – a report with
resukts of an investigation and / or proposing policy.
:_______________________________.
papur llinellog ‹pa pir
lhi NE lhog› (·*·)
1 ruled paper
:_______________________________.
papur newydd,
papurau newydd ‹pa pir NEU idh, pa PI re NEU idh› (masculine noun)
1 newspaper, paper (= newspaper)
:_______________________________.
papuro ‹pa- pî -ro› verb
verb with an object
1 paper = cover with papur
2
wallpaper = put wallpaper on a wall
Rhaid inni bapuro'r llofft fach rywbryd We
must wallpaper the small bedroom sometime
3
masculine noun paperhanging
peintio a phapuro painting and
decorating
defnyddiau peintio a phapuro painting
and decorating materials
ETYMOLOGY: (papur = paper) + (-o, suffix for forming verbs)
NOTE: colloquial form: puro (loss of
the first syllable)
:_______________________________.
papurwr ‹pa- pî -rur› masculine
noun
PLURAL papurwyr
‹pa- pir -wir›
1 (occupation)
paperhanger = person who puts up wallpaper
peintiwr a phapurwr painter and
decorator
ETYMOLOGY: (papur-, stem of the verb
papuro = to paper, to put up
wallpaper) + (-wr = 'man')
:_______________________________.
papur sugno ‹pa pir
SIG no› (masculine noun)
1 blotting paper
:_______________________________.
papur sgwariau ‹pa pir
SKWAR ye›
1 squared paper
:_______________________________.
papuryn, papurau
‹pa PI rin› (masculine noun)
paper
:_______________________________.
pâr, parau ‹PAAR,
PA re› (masculine noun)
1 pair
2 gwisgo hosan o bob pâr
wear odd socks (“wear (a) sock of each pair”)
:_______________________________.
para / parháu ‹PA ra
/ par HAI› (verb)
1 continue
2
last
3
nwyddau para non-perishable goods, durable goods
“goods (of) lasting” (nwyddau =
goods) + (para = to last, lasting)
4
a phara ynddo (piece of clothing)
hard-wearing (“and lasting in it”)
NOTE: third person singular, present-future: (literary) pery, colloquial pariff,
parith will last
:_______________________________.
parablu ‹pa RA
bli› (verb)
1 talk (incessantly)
:_______________________________.
parablus ‹pa RA
blis› (·adj·)
1 talkative
:_______________________________.
parablwr,
parablwyr ‹pa RA blur, pa RABL wir› (masculine noun)
1 talker
:_______________________________.
paradwys ‹pa- ra
-duis› feminine noun
1 Paradwys Paradise, the
place where Adam and Eve lived before they were expelled after committing the
first sin; the Garden of Eden
2
Paradwys Paradise = Heaven
iaith Paradwys the language of
Paradise = Welsh
3
paradise = limbo, the place where Christians who have lived a good life will
accompony Jesus before the Resurrection of Jesus
Sant Luc 23:43 A’r Iesu a ddywedodd
wrtho, Yn wir meddaf i ti, Heddiw y byddi gyda mi ym mharadwys
Saint Luke 23:43 And Jesus said unto him, Verily I say unto thee, To day shalt
thou be with me in paradise
4
paradise = splendid place
Roedd Capel Brynhyfryd yn fy Mharadwys
pan oeddwn yn eneth fach
Brynhyfryd Chapel was my paradise when I was a little girl
y baradwys honno that paradise, that
place which was a paradise
5
pleasant and attractive area with abundant vegetation
Ar ôl myned trwy y baradwys hon deuthum
i peithdir llwm, diderfyn
After going through this paradise we came to an endless barren prairie
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Paradwys < *Paraddwys < British < Latin paradîsus < Greek paradeisos< Persian. Cf the word pairidaêza (= enclosed place) in Avesta
(oldest recorded language of the Iranian branch of Indo-European), made up of (pair- = around) + (daêza = wall)
From British: Cornish paradhis (=
paradise), Breton paradoz (=
paradise)
From the same Latin root in the Hibernian languages: Irish parthas (= paradise) , Manx Pargeys
(= paradise)
:_______________________________.
paraffanalia ‹pa ra
fa NAL ya› (plural noun)
1 paraphenalia
:_______________________________.
páraffin ‹PA ra
fin› (masculine noun)
1 parafin
:_______________________________.
páragraff,
paragraffau ‹PA ra graf, pa ra GRA fe› (masculine noun)
1 paragraph
:_______________________________.
paratói ‹pa ra
TOI› (verb)
1 prepare
:_______________________________.
parc, parciau ‹PARK,
PARK ye› (masculine noun)
1 park
2
ceidwad y parc ‹keid wad ə PARK›
park keeper
3
parc thema theme park
4
“Parc” is used in (very unfortunate) pseudo-Welsh forms given to street names
and estates instead of English “park”.
For example, “Pant Glas Parc”, Llandeilo (county of Caerfyrddin).
However, this is an English word order. In Welsh parc comes at the beginning of the phrase.
It would be “Parc-y-pant-glas / Parc-pant-glas” in Welsh; and properly
in English “Pant-glas Park”, with a “k”)
Other examples:
..a/ ”Crymlyn Parc”, in Y Sgiwen (should be Parc-crymlyn / Parc Crymlyn)
..b/ “Graigwen Parc” in Y Graig-wen (ST0690), Pont-y-pridd (county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf) (should be Parc-y-graig-wen / Parc-graig-wen / Parc y Graig-wen / Parc Graig-wen)
..c/ “Glan y Don Parc”, Amlwch (county of Ynys Môn) (should be Parc-glan-y-don / Parc Glan-don)
..d/ “Llanfaes Parc”, Biwmaris (county of Ynys Môn) (should be Parc-llan-faes / Parc Llan-faes)
..d/ “Moel Parc” in Y Fflint (county of Y Fflint) (should be Parc-y-moel / Parc y Moel)
5 Parc yr Arfau the Arms Park in Caer-dydd., “Cardiff Arms Park” - a
rugby ground
parc cefn gwald country park – a countryside area close to a built-up area to give town-dwellers and
city-dwellers an easily accessible rural environment
:_______________________________.
parca, parcas ‹PAR
ka, PAR kas› (masculine noun)
1 parka
:_______________________________.
Parc Buddug ‹park bî
-dhig› masculine noun
1 public park in Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: translation of the English name “Victoria Park”
:_______________________________.
Parcbuddug ‹park bî
-dhig› feminine noun
1 district in the city of Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: See the previous entry
NOTE: strictly speaking, district names are written as a single word – hence Parcbuddug
:_______________________________.
parc busnes,
parciau busnes ‹park BI snes, park ye BI snes› (masculine noun)
1 business park
:_______________________________.
Parcbychan ‹park-
bə -khan›
1 street name, Glynebwy
(county of Blaenau Gwent)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘little field’ (parc =
field) + (bychan = little)
:_______________________________.
parc ceir,
parciau ceir ‹park KEIR, park ye KEIR› (masculine noun)
1 car park
:_______________________________.
parcdir ‹park-dir› masculine
noun
PLURAL parcdiroedd
‹park-dî-rodh›
1 parkland (grassland
with trees here and there)
ETYMOLOGY: literal translation of the English word parkland (parc = field)
+ soft mutation + (tir = land)
:_______________________________.
parcffordd ‹park-fordh› feminine
noun
PLURAL parcffyrdd
‹park -firdh›››
1 parkway, parkland
avenue; wide road with trees planted alongside
y barcffordd the parkway
ETYMOLOGY: literal translation of the English word parkway (parc = field) +
(ffordd = road, way)
:_______________________________.
parch ‹PARKH› (masculine noun)
1 respect = acceptance, obedience
parch at y gyfraith respect for the
law
2
respect, reverence; an attitude of admiration or esteem
o barch at out of respect for
ennyn parch command respect
gyda phob parch i chi with all due respect
3
parch at... respect for
Does ganddo ddim parch at neb He has
no respect for anybody
o barch at out of respect for
:_______________________________.
parch. =
parchedig ‹par KHE dig› (abbreviation)
1 Written short form for Parchedig; Y Parch Jon Hywel = the Reverend Jon Hywel
:_______________________________.
parchedig ‹par
KHE dig› (adjective)
1 respected
:_______________________________.
parcio ‹PARK
yo› (verb)
1 to park (a car, etc)
2 cloc parcio parking
meter (“clock (of) parking”)
:_______________________________.
Parc-moel-lus ‹park-moil- liis›
1 street name in Penmaen-mawr (county
of Conwy) (“Parc Moel Lus”)
ETYMOLOGY: (”(the) field (at) Moel Lus”) Moel Lus is apparently (I’ve
investigated the history of the name) “(the) hill (of) the whinberries” (moel
= bare rounded hill) + soft mutation + (llus = whinberries)
:_______________________________.
Parcydelyn ‹pak-ə- dê -lin›
1 street name in Caerfyrddin (spelt
“Parcydelyn” - i.e. correctly)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) field (of) the harp”, harp-shaped field, triangular field (parc
= field) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (telyn =
harp)
:_______________________________.
Parc y Faenol ‹park ə vei -nol›
1 locality in the county of Gwynedd
English name: Vaynol Park
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) park (of) Y Faenol”, i.e.the park beloging to the mansion
called Y Faenol
(parc = field) + (Y Faenol name of a mansion)
Y Faenol is (y definite article) + soft mutation + (maenol,
a northern form of maenor = house of the district chief)
:_______________________________.
Parcyfelin ‹park-ə-VEE-lin›
1 locality in the county of Caerffili
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) field (of) the mill” (parc = field) + (y =
definite article) + soft mutation + (melin = mill)
:_______________________________.
parddu ‹PAR
dhi› (masculine noun)
1 soot
y pair yn gweiddi parddu ar y pentan
(“the cauldron shouting soot to the fireplace”) the pot calling the kettle
black - said of someone who criticises another for something which the critic
is equally guilty of
:_______________________________.
pardwn? ‹PAR
dun› (phrase)
1 pardon?
:_______________________________.
pared, parwydydd
‹PAA-red, pa-RUID-idh› (feminine noun)
1 partition wall
y bared the wall
Y gwahanfur rhwng y gegin a'r siamber yw pared... Mur o bolion a gwiail wedi
ei blastero â morter blew, a'i olchi
â dwfr calch. 'Bared wedi ei wyngalchu,' y galwai Paul y rhagrithiwr Ananias t241
Seren Gomer 19 1898
A “pared” is the separating wall between the kitchen and the main room. A
wall of ples and
2 wall inside a house
3 party wall
4 divide, dividing line
Pared tenau iawn sydd rhwng casau iaith
a chasau'r bobl sydd yn ei siarad (Cymro 19 11 1997)
There’s a very fine line between hating a language and hating the people who
speak it
dwl bared "as daft as a wall",
plain daft
(dwl = daft) + soft mutation + (pared = wall)
yn
benwan bared hopping mad
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh pared < paraed, a variant of parwyd < British
< Latin parêt-em < pariêt-em
The form with -wy- is used in the plural form: parwyd-
gweithio i bared
:_______________________________.
parháu ‹par
HAI› (verb)
1 continue
:_______________________________.
parháus ‹par
HAIS› (adjective)
1 continuing
dinas barhaus a continuing city
Hebreaid 13.14 Canys nid oes i ni yma
ddinas barhaus, eithr un i ddyfod yr ym ni yn ei disgwyl.
Hebrews 13:14 For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come.
:_______________________________.
Parïaid ‹pa-RII-aid. -ed›
1 Y Parïaid The Parris, the Parri family, the Parrys; plural of the
surname Parri. According to Welsh
spelling rules, an original double ‘r’ (rr) becomes single (r) when initial in
the penult
:_______________________________.
parlament ‹parl
la--ment› masculine noun
PLURAL parlamentau
‹par-la-men-te›
1 (obsolete) parliament
ETYMOLOGY: < French parlement (=
parliament; discussion) (possibly a direct borrowing; if not, then via English)
< (parler = to talk)
< Medieval Latin parabolâre
< (parabola = speech) < (parabola = comparison) < Greek (parabôle = analogy) < (paraballein = throw next to); (para = near, next to) + (ballein = to throw)
NOTE: A variant is parlament (qv)
:_______________________________.
parlment ‹parl
-ment› masculine noun
1 (obsolete) parliament; variant of parlament
Occurs in a place name Coed y Parlment
(“Parliament Wood”) in Caer-dydd, noted by John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in
'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911)
(“COED-Y-PARLMENT (parliament wood.) On the Pant-bach brook in the parish of
Llanedern, on the northern municipal boundary of Cardiff”)
:_______________________________.
parlwr, parlyrau
‹PAR lur, par LƏ re› (masculine noun)
1 parlour
2 parlwr angladdau
funeral parlour
:_______________________________.
Y Parlwr Du ‹ə PAR-lur DII› (masculine noun)
1 A sandy point in the county of Y Fflint. It is the northernmost
extent of the Welsh landmass (Ynys Môn, the island of Anglesey, extends further
north than Y Parlwr Du).
For 113 years (1883-1996), a colliery operated here, of which no trace remains
today
Glofa'r Parlwr Du The Point of Ayr Colliery
Goleudy’r Parlwr
Du Name of an old lighthouse in use for for 68 years (1776-1844)
(Point of Ayr Lighthouse).
(delwedd 7441)
ETYMOLOGY:
y parlwr du, “the black parlour”
(y = definite article) + (parlwr
= parlour) + (du = black)
:_______________________________.
parlwr tylino ‹ par-lur tə-lî-no› masculine noun
PLURAL parlyrau
tylino ‹ par-lə-ne
tə-lî-no›
1 massage parlour; usually in
fact such a place is a brothel
Plediodd yn euog i gyhuddiad o reoli
puteiniaid mewn parlyrau tylino yn y ddinas
She pleaded guilty to a charge of controlling prostitutes in massage parlours
in the city
ETYMOLOGY:
a calque on English “massage parlour” (parlwr
= parlour) + (tylino = to knead
(dough); to massage)
:_______________________________.
parlyrau ‹par-lə-re›
1 parlours; plural of parlwr
:_______________________________.
parlysu ‹par LƏ
si› (verb)
1
paralyse, petrify, immobilise through fear
bod wedi’ch parlysu gan ofn be
paralysed with fear, be petrified, be frozen with fear,
sefyll fel un wedi delwi freeze with
fear (“stand like someone after petrifying / after becoming petrified”, someone
who has petrified”)
:_______________________________.
parod ‹PA
rod› (adjective)
1 ready
2 bod yn barod i’r seilam be a mental case, be certifiable, be a
lunatic, be a candidate for the lunatic asylum (“be ready for the asylum”)
3 ateb
parod reply made in a flash
4
Dyma fi’n barod bellach I’m ready
now (“you-see-here me ready now”)
5
arian parod (“ready money”)
talu ag arian parod pay cash
6
ffisig parod patent medicine
:_______________________________.
parodd ‹PAA
rodh› (verb)
1 he / she / it caused
Preterite of peri (= to cause)
:_______________________________.
parot, parotiaid
‹PA rot, pa ROT yed› (masculine noun)
1 parrot
:_______________________________.
parsel, parseli
/ parselau ‹PAR sel, par SE li / par SE le› (masculine noun)
1 parcel, package
2 a parcel of land
:_______________________________.
Y Parselcanol ‹par-sel-ka-nol›
1 SN 6381 locality in Ceredigion, south-west Wales
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: “the middle parcel (of land)” (y
= the) + (parsel = parcel) + (canol = middle)
:_______________________________.
parth, parthau ‹PARTH,
PAR the› (masculine noun)
1 part
yn y parthau hyn in this part of the
world, in this area
2 region
y Deheubarth the South
3
(South-east) hearth
iaith y parth the home language, the
language spoken by the family
Y Gymraeg oedd iaith y parth gyda ni We
spoke Welsh in our house
:_______________________________.
parthenw ‹parth-e
–nu› masculine noun
PLURAL parthenwau
‹parth-en
–we›
1 domain name – a name
which locates an organisation on the internet e.g. (www.estelnet.com)
Gallem hefyd brynu parthenwau megis .com
neu .co.uk ar eich rhan a chyfeirio'r URL i'ch safle. (Quoted from “GweFus”
website) We can also buy domain names such as .com or .co.uk in your behalf and
direct the URL to your site
ETYMOLOGY: (parth = region, domain)
+ (enw = name)
:_______________________________.
parthlen ‹parth
–len› masculine noun
PLURAL parthlenni
‹parth- le
-ni›
1 map (nineteenth-century
neologism not used in present-day Welsh; the modern word is map)
ETYMOLOGY: (parth = region) + soft mutation
+ (llen = sheet of paper)
:_______________________________.
parti, partïon ‹PAR
ti, par TI on› (masculine
noun)
1 party
:_______________________________.
partïon ‹par TI
on› (plural noun)
1 plural of parti
:_______________________________.
parwydwydd ‹pa RUI
duidh› (plural noun)
1 plural of pared
:_______________________________.
pasa ‹pa
-sa› verb
1 Meirionnydd, district in the
county of Gwynedd aphetic form of pwrpasa
= to intend
Dwi'n pasa rhoi'r gore iddi leni achos
mae'n ormod o waith
I intend to give it up this year because it's too much work
NOTE: also pasu, < pwrpasu, a form equivalent to pwrpasa
:_______________________________.
Y Pasg ‹PASK› (masculine noun)
1 Easter
2
ysgol Basg Easter school, Easter
conference
:_______________________________.
pasg- ‹pask› verb
1
stem of the verb pesgi = to fatten
(first person present-future = pasgaf)
:_______________________________.
Y Pasg Bychan ‹pask bə-khan› masculine noun
1
Low Sunday = Sunday after Easter Sunday
2
Low Week = the week after Easter Week
Llun y Pasg Bychan Hock Monday =
Monday after Easter Monday
ETYMOLOGY: “the little Easter”
(y = the) + (Pasg = Easter) + (Bychan =
little )
:_______________________________.
pasgedig ‹pa- skê
-dig› (adjective)
1
(Bible) fattened
y llo pasgedig = the fattened calf
Eseia 25:6 Ac Arglwydd y lluoedd a wna
i’r holl bobloedd yn y mynydd hwn wledd o besgedigion, gwledd o loyw-win; o
basgedigion breision, a gloyw-win puredig
Isaiah 25:6 And in this mountain shall the lord of hosts make unto all people a
feast of fat things, a feast of wine on the lees, of fat things full of marrow,
of wine on the lees well refined
2
(person) fat, well-fed
dynion pasgedig, boliog fat big-bellied
men
3
(m) pasgedig plural pasgedigion fatling, animal fattened
for slaughter
ETYMOLOGY: (pasg- stem of the verb pesgi - first person present-future = pasgaf) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
pasio ‹PAS
yo› (verb)
1 pass
2 pasio arian ffug pass
forged money
:_______________________________.
pasport,
pasportiau ‹PA sport, pa SPORT ye› (masculine noun)
1 passport
:_______________________________.
past ‹past› masculine noun
PLURAL pastau
‹pa -ste›
1 paste = soft plastic
mass
2
past dannedd toothpaste
3
past blawd paste = glue made of
flour and water
4
paste = glass used in making imitation jewels
5
paste = food product in the form of a paste for spreading on bread;
past samwn salmon paste
ETYMOLOGY: English paste < Old
French paste (= paste)
< Late Latin pasta
< Greek pasta (= barley porridge
), neuter plural of pastos (=
sprinkled, salted)
< passein (= sprinkle).
In modern French pâte < paste
NOTE: In North Wales, as in other monosyllables with –st, it has a long vowel pâst
- past caws ‹past KAUS› (masculine noun)
cheese paste
- past cig ‹past
KIIG› (masculine noun)
meat paste
- past dannedd ‹past
DA nedh› (masculine noun)
toothpaste
- past pys daear ‹past
piis DEI ar› (masculine noun)
peanut butter
- past pysgod ‹past PƏ
skod› (masculine noun)
fish paste
:_______________________________.
pastai, pasteiod
‹PA ste, pa STEI od› (feminine noun)
1 tart
y bastai the tart
2 in Arfon, a slighting term for a person
(Geiriaidur Prifysgol Cymru) hen basta diog a lazy bugger
3 (south-east) pasti a beating, a
thrashing
4 (south-east) pasti trouble,
difficulty, problem
cael pasti i wneud rhywbeth have a bit of a problem to do something
5 (south-east) a feast held on the
opening of a public house, and held every year afterwards
6 (south-east) a wedding-feast held to
raise money for a young couple
Apparently called a ‘pie’ in English. Mentioned by John Hobson Matthews (Mab
Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911) notes for Spring 1826: John
Westmacott, of Fairwater, deposed to certain suspicious circumstances observed
by him when he "went to a Pie" at the house of Anne Evans at Ely,
where he saw the two shepherds who are accused of sheepstealing, "drinking
together with a China Man and other persons."
ETYMOLOGY: pastai < pastei < Middle English pastey < Old
French pasté < paste Late Latin pasta (= dough, paste) <
Greek pástē
(= barley porridge), ultimately from pastós (=
sprinkled), past participle of the verb pássein (= to
sprinkle).
Modern French le pâté (= finely minced meat, fish or vegetables);
paté de foie (= liver pâté), paté en croûte (= meat pie); and la
pâte (= pastry; dough; batter; pasta)
paste < Old French paste (=
paste)
< Late Latin pasta
< Greek pasta (= barley porridge
), neuter plural of pastos (=
sprinkled, salted)
< passein (= sprinkle).
NOTE: colloquially paste, north-west as pasta, south-east as pasti
:_______________________________.
pastai afalau ‹pa ste
a VA le› (feminine noun)
1 apple tart
:_______________________________.
pastai datw ‹pa ste
DA tu› (feminine noun)
1 potato pie
:_______________________________.
pastai fwyar ‹pa ste
VUI ar› (feminine noun)
1 blackberry tart
:_______________________________.
pastai Gernyw ‹pa-ste
ger-niu› feminine
noun
PLURAL pasteiod
Cernyw
1 Cornish pasty
:_______________________________.
pastai gig ‹pa ste
GIIIG› (feminine noun)
1 meat pie
:_______________________________.
pastai gig llo ‹pa ste
giig LHOO› (feminine noun)
1 veal pie
:_______________________________.
pastai stec a
lwlod ‹pa ste STEEK a LU lod› (feminine noun)
1
steak and kidney pie
:_______________________________.
pastwn, pastynau
‹PA stun, pa STƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 stick
:_______________________________.
pasu ‹pa
-si› verb
1 Meirionnydd, district in the
county of Gwynedd aphetic form of pwrpasu
= to intend
NOTE: also pasa < pwrpasa, a form equivalent to pwrpasu, with different verbal suffix
:_______________________________.
Patagonia ‹pa-ta-go
-nia› feminine noun
1 Patagonia
ym Mhatagonia in Patagonia
Gwladfa Patagonia (qv) the Welsh
settlement in Patagonia (founded in 1865)
Normally: Y Wladfa
Cymráeg Patagonia (qv) the Welsh of Patagonia - the variant of the language
spoken by the descendents of the Welsh immigrants who arrived in 1865
ETYMOLOGY: Castilian Patagonia <
(Patagón) + (-ia)
“territory of the people with immense feet”
(pata = foot + g + -ón = augmentive
suffix) + (-ia = suffix denoting
territory)
From exaggerated stories of the large size of the natives of the area
:_______________________________.
patent ‹PA
tent› (masculine noun)
1 patent
y Swyddfa Batent the Patent Office
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/503992
:_______________________________.
pathew, pathewod
‹PA theu, pa THEU od› (masculine noun)
1 dormouse
cysgu fel pathew sleep like a log
(“sleep like a dormouse”)
:_______________________________.
patio, patios ‹PAT
yo, PAT yos› (masculine noun)
1 patio
:_______________________________.
patrolio ‹pa.
trol -yo› verb
1 to patrol
ETYMOLOGY: (patrol- < English to patrol) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
(English to patrol < French patrouiller < patouiller = to flounder in the mud < patte = paw)
:_______________________________.
patroliwr ‹pa.
trol -yur› masculine
noun
PLURAL patrolwyr
‹pa-trol-wir›
1 patrolman = man who
patrols
ETYMOLOGY: (patrol- = stem of the
verb patrolio = to patrol) + (-i-wr suffix for indicating a device or
an agent; literally = man)
:_______________________________.
patrwm, patrymau
‹PA trum, pa TRƏ me› (masculine noun)
1 pattern
:_______________________________.
patsh ‹pach›
1 (North-west Wales) yn batsh at full speed
Also: yn bwcs, yn bwtsh
:_______________________________.
pau, peuoedd ‹PAI,
PEI odh› (feminine noun)
1 (obsolete) country - in the national anthem - fy mhur hoff bau = my dearly loved country
y bau the country
:_______________________________.
paun, peunod ‹PAIN,
PEI nod› (masculine noun)
1 peacock
:_______________________________.
pawb ‹paub› pronoun
1 everybody, everyone,
every person
Pawb nôl fan hyn am dri!
Everybody (must be) back here at three o' clock!
Roedd pawb yn siarad ar draws ei gilydd
Everybody was talking at once (“across his fellow”)
er mwyn lles pawb for everybody's
benefit, for the sake of everybody
Daw ei dro i bawb Every dog has his
day (“will-come his turn to everyone”)
2 pawb o... all (+ referent)
Roedd pawb o blant y pentref yn gwybod
hynny
All the village children knew that
3 bawb (vocative, with
soft mutation) everybody, all of you
Helo, bawb Hello, everybody
4 Imperatives; commands addressed to everybody
Pawb drosto'i hun every man for
himself! (in a calamity - don't think of other people, try to save yourself)
Pawb ar y dec All hands on deck
Pawb i’w le! Everybody be seated!
5 fel y gwyr pawb as everybody
knows
6 Rhydd i bawb ei farn
Everyone may voice his opinion freely “(it is) free to everyone his opinion”
7 pawb oll every single
person
8 o bawb of all people
(indicating surprise, referring to an individual who has done something and but
who previously would have been considered the least likely to do such a thing)
Yr oedd fod ysgol yn gallu gwneud Saeson
o fechgyn y Graig (Craig-cefn-parc) o bawb, a hynny mewn lleied o amser, i mi
yn wyrthiol
The fact that a school could make English-speakers out of the lads from Y Graig
of all people (Craig-cefn-parc), in so short a time, was miraculous to me
9 South Wales Dir caton pawb! may God save us all!
God preserve us! < Duw a’n catwo ni
bawb (“may God save us all”)
10 Papur Pawb (“(the)
paper (of) everybody”, everybody’s paper)
title of a 'papur bro' (community newspaper in Welsh) in the village of
Tal-y-bont in the county of Ceredigion
11 the pronoun corresponding to pawb
is either ef = he, or hwy = they
pawb y gwyddom amdano everybody we
know (“everybody we know about him”)
pawb y gwyddom amdanynt everybody we
know (“everybody we know about them”)
12 the possessive determiner corresponding to pawb is either ei, 'i =
his or eu, 'u = their
pawb drosto'i hun every man for
himself!
Gobeithio bod pawb yn g'neud 'u gore
I hope everybody does their best !
13 dalla’ o bawb na fynn weld none so
blind as those who will not see (“(the) blindest of everybody (is)
the-one-who-not wants seeing / who insists on not seeing”)
14 Siôn plesio pawb a man who tries to please everybody
(“John (of) pleasing everybody”)
15 (North Wales) Nid yw pawb yn gwirioni yr un fath More colloquially - Tydi pawb ddim yn gwirioni ’run fath
It takes all sorts to make a world; one man's meat is another man's poison
(“not everybody dotes (on things) in the same way”)
16 dweud wrth bawb a phobun
am (rywbeth) to tell all and sundry about
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh pawb < British pâp-
From the same British root: Breton pep
(= each, every) < peup
The Welsh word pob (= each, every)
is a reduced form of pawb
:_______________________________.
pawen, pawennau ‹PAU
en, pau E ne› (feminine noun)
1 paw
y bawen the paw
:_______________________________.
Pawl ‹paul› masculine noun
1 man's name = Paul
2
Paul = first Christian missionary, born a Jew and originally named Saul; a
persecutor of Christians before his conversion after a vision on the way to
Damascus, circa the year 35, when he changed his name to Paul. Died a martyr
either in circa 64 or circa
3 Gwyl Bawl (25 January)
Conversion of Saint Paul
“festival (of) Paul”
(gwyl = festival) + soft mutation +
(Pawl = Paul)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Pawl < British Paul- < Latin Paulus < paulus (=
small). The name Saul is Hebrew
'asked for'
:_______________________________.
pe ‹PE› (conjunction)
1 if
:_______________________________.
pe baech chi ‹pe BAI
khi› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
pe baech chi
ddim ‹pe BAI khi DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe bae fe ‹pe
BAI› (verb)
1 if he were/was
:_______________________________.
pe bae fo ‹pe BAI
vo› (verb)
1 if he were/was (North Wales)
:_______________________________.
pe bae hi ‹pe BAI
hi› (verb)
1 if she were/was (North Wales)
:_______________________________.
pe baen nhw ‹pe BAI
nu› (verb)
1 if they were
:_______________________________.
pe baen nhw ddim
‹pe BAI nu DHIM› (verb)
1 if they weren't
:_______________________________.
pe baen ni ‹pe BAI
ni› (verb)
1 if we weren't
:_______________________________.
pe baen ni ddim ‹pe BAI
ni DHIM› (verb)
1 if we weren't
:_______________________________.
pe baet ti ‹pe BAI
ti› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
pe baet ti ddim ‹pe BAI
ti DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe bai fe ddim ‹pe BAI
ve DHIM› (verb)
1 if he weren't/wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe bai fo ddim ‹pe BAI
vo DHIM› (verb)
1 if he weren't/wasn't (North Wales)
:_______________________________.
pe bai hi ddim ‹pe BAI
hi DHIM› (verb)
1 if she weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basach chi ‹pe BA
sa khi› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basach chi
ddim ‹pe BA sa khi DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basa fo ‹pe BA
sa vo› (verb)
1 if he were/was
:_______________________________.
pe basa fo ddim ‹pe BA
sa vo DHIM› (verb)
1 if he weren't/wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe basa fo ddim ‹pe BA
sa vo DHIM› (verb)
1 if he weren't/wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe basa hi ‹pe BA
sa hi› (verb)
1 if he were/was
:_______________________________.
pe basa hi ddim ‹pe BA
sa hi DHIM› (verb)
1 if she weren't/wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe basan nhw ‹pe BA
sa nu› (verb)
1 if they were
:_______________________________.
pe basan nhw
ddim ‹pe BA sa nu DHIM› (verb)
1 if they weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basan ni ‹pe BA
sa ni› (verb)
1 if we were
:_______________________________.
pe basan ni ddim
‹pe BA sa ni DHIM› (verb)
1 if we weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basat ti ‹pe BA
sa ti› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
pe basat ti ddim
‹pe BA sa ti DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basech chi ‹pe BA
se khi› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
pe basech chi
ddim ‹pe BA se khi DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe base fe ‹pe BA
se ve› (verb)
1 if he was (South-west)
:_______________________________.
pe base fe ddim ‹pe BA
se ve DHIM› (verb)
1 if he wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe base fo ‹pe BA
se vo› (verb)
1 if he was (North)
:_______________________________.
pe base fo ddim ‹pe BA
se vo DHIM› (verb)
1 if he wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe base hi ‹pe BA
se hi› (verb)
1 if she was
:_______________________________.
pe base hi ddim ‹pe BA
se hi DHIM› (verb)
1 if she wasn't
:_______________________________.
pe basen nhw ‹pe BA
se nu› (verb)
1 if they weren't
:_______________________________.
pe basen nhw
ddim ‹pe BA se nu DHIM› (verb)
1 if they were
:_______________________________.
pe basen ni ‹pe BA
se ni› (verb)
1 if we were
:_______________________________.
pe basen ni ddim
‹pe BA se ni DHIM› (verb)
1 if we weren't
:_______________________________.
pe baset ti ‹pe BA
se ti› (verb)
1 if you were
:_______________________________.
pe baset ti ddim
‹pe BA se ti DHIM› (verb)
1 if you weren't
:_______________________________.
pe baswn i ‹pe BA
su ni› (verb)
1 if I was (if I were)
:_______________________________.
pe baswn i ddim ‹pe BA
su ni DHIM› (verb)
1 if I wasn't (if I weren't)
:_______________________________.
pe bawn i ‹pe BAU
ni› (verb)
1 if I was (if I were)
:_______________________________.
pe bawn i ddim ‹pe bau
ni DHIM› (verb)
1 if I wasn't (if I weren't)
:_______________________________.
Pebidiog ‹pe BID
yog› (feminine noun)
1 'kantrev' of the territory of Dyfed
:_______________________________.
pebyll ‹PE
bilh› (plural noun)
1 plural form (= tents); see “pabell” ‹PA-belh› (= tent)
:_______________________________.
pechadur ‹pe- khâ -dir› masculine noun
PLURAL pechaduriaid ‹pe-kha- dir -yed›
1 sinner
pechadur cadwedig a redeemed sinner,
a sinner who has been saved
2 sinner, offender, transgressor = one who disregards a rule,
standard
ETYMOLOGY: pechadur < British
< Latin peccât-ôr
:_______________________________.
pechadures ‹pe-kha- dî -res› feminine
noun
PLURAL pechaduresau
‹pe-kha-di- re -se›
1 sinner (female)
ETYMOLOGY: (pechadur = pecador) + (-es noun suffix indicating a female)
:_______________________________.
pechod, pechodau
‹PE khod, pe KHO de› (masculine noun)
1 sin
gwneud rhywbeth yn iawn am bechod do something in
atonement for a sin
2 Bechod drosot ti! Hard luck! Hard
cheese! Hard lines! (“a shame for / over you”)
3
y diafol yn gweld bai ar bechod
Satan rebuking sin, the devil denouncing evil (“the devil seeing defect on
sin”), someone doing something completely out of character
4
rhyddháu rhywun oddi wrth bechod
absolve somebody of his / her sins
gollwng rhywun oddi wrth bechod
absolve somebody of his / her sins
maddau pechod i rywun absolve
somebody of his / her sins
pechod bach venial sin
pechod bychan venial sin
màn bechod venial sin
5
edifarháu ei bechodau repent his
sins
6
hyll fel pechod as ugly as sin
mor hyll â phechod as ugly as sin
7
pechod gwreiddiol original sin
8
cyffesu’ch pechodau confess your
sins
:_______________________________.
pechu ‹PE
khi› (verb)
1 to sin
2 pechu yn erbyn rhywun to
cross somebody, offend somebody (“sin against somebody”)
:_______________________________.
pechod, pechodau
‹PE khod, pe KHO de› (masculine noun)
1 sin
:_______________________________.
pecyn, pecynnau ‹PE kin, pe KƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 packet = carton
pecyn dwbl twin pack – package
containing with two identical items, usually slightly cheaper than buying the
items individually; or a pack offered for sale instead of one with a single
item, which is not available, in order to oblige a consumer to buy two items
even though only one is required
Dyn nhw ddim yn eu gwerthu fesul un –
rhaid prynu pecyn dwbl They don’t sell them in ones - you have to buy a
twin pack
cinio pecyn packed lunch (food taken to school or to work in a lunch
box) (bocs bwyd)
:_______________________________.
pedair ‹PE
der› (feminine noun)
1 four (feminine form of “pedwar”
‹PED-war› = four)
y pedair = the four things / the
four females
There is no mutation of
the feminine forms of numerals tair and pedair after the definite article y
Thus y tair (not *y dair), y pedair (not *y bedair)
y pedair elfen the four elements
1 In Parochialia
being a Summary of Answers to Parochial Queries &c, Cambrian
Archaeological Association, 1909-
Pont y Pedair Onnen on Milbrook a small h. a mile above
its fall. (h. = ??)
(= the bridge at Y Pedair Onnen.)
y pedair onnen = the four ash-trees
:_______________________________.
pédestal ‹pe –de-stal› masculine noun
PLURAL pedestalau
‹pe-de-sta-le›
1 pedestal
rhoi rhywun ar bédestal place
somebody on a pedestal
ETYMOLOGY: English pedestal <
French piédestal < Italian piedestallo (piede = foot) + (stallo
= support – word of Germanic origin, same as English stall)
:_______________________________.
pedol ‹pê
-dol› feminine noun
PLURAL pedolau
‹pe- dô -le›
1 (horse, ox) shoe =
U-shaped iron plate to protect a hoof from rough surfaces; horseshoe
y bedol the horseshoe
pedol ceffyl horseshoe
gosod pedol put on a horseshoe
2
name for something horseshoe shaped
u bedol name of the letter ‘u’ in
Welsh. In modern Welsh in south Wales a ‘u’ and an ‘i’ have the same
pronunciation, the ‘u’ having become like the ‘i’ (in the north, the ‘u’ still
retains its original different sound). In the south, therefore, in spelling it
is necessary to describe the letters somehow – ‘i’ becomes i ddot or i dot (the ‹i› with a dot) and u bedol (the ‹i› with the shape of a horseshoe)
bwa pedol = Moorish arch (“horsehoe
arch”)
magned pedol horseshoe magnet
3 pedolau = game in which
horshoes are thrown at a metal peg in the ground
4 Y Bedol pub name
(1) name of a pub in Tal-y-bont (SH7668), county of Conwy
(2) name of a pub in Pen-y-sarn (SH4690), county of Ynys Môn
(3) name of a pub in Bethel (SH5265), county of Gwynedd, built in 1989
5 Y Bedol a
Welsh-language community newspaper (“papur bro”) for Rhuthun and the
surrounding area
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh pedol < pedawl < *peddawl
< British < Latin pedâlis <
pes, pedis (= foot)
From the same Latin root: Catalan peu
(= foot), English pedal
:_______________________________.
pedoli ‹pe DÔ
li› (verb)
1 shoe (a horse)
2 gefel bedoli smith’s
tongs, tongs used in making horshoes
(gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (pedoli = to shoe (a horse))
:_______________________________.
Pedr ‹pe -der› masculine
noun
1 man's name = Peter
2 yr ápostol Pedr = Peter
the Apostle, Simon Peter, a fisherman from Bethsaida who became the leader of
the apostles
3 (Bible) 1 Pedr =
Llythyr Cyntaf Pedr, (First epistle of Peter), 2 Pedr = Ail Lythyr Pedr (Second epistle of Peter)
4 Gwyl Bedr = Saint
Peter’s Day, “(the) feastday (of) Peter”, 29 June
5 Lanbedr = “(the’)
church (of) Peter”. Village name from the name of a parish church.
(1) Peter was common in church dedications by Norman clerics, and in
rededications replacing saints of the Celtic Church,.
(2) The original form Llan-bedr ‹lhan-bedr› has undergone accent shift Llanbedr ‹lhan-bedr›.
(3) In colloquial Welsh, in polysyllables a final ‘r’ after ‘t’ or ‘d’ is
dropped
ffenestr (= window) > ffenest;
rhaeadr (= waterfall) > rhaead.
Hence Llanbed.
(4) And before b there is the change
n > m. Hence Llambed.
(5) In south-east Wales, an e in the
final syllable becomes a, so
villages with this name here are pronounced as Llambad ‹lham-bad›
Llanbedr names in the south-east:
(1) Llanbedr Gwynllŵg ‹gwin-lhuug› ST2680 “Peterstone Wentloog” (on the coast
between Caer-dydd and Casnewydd)
(2) Llanbedr y Fro or Llanbedr ar Elái ST0876 “Peterstone
Super Ely” (on the river Elái betwen Llantrisant and Caer-dydd)
(3) Llanbedr ar Fynydd SS9885
“Peterstone-super-montem” a parish, and remains of a church north of Brynna and
Llanharan. See Llanbad
6
Tre-bedr ‹tre-bedr› Welsh name for the English city of Peterborough
(literal translation)
7 ceiniogau Pedr (Catholicism,
History) “(the) pennies (of) Peter” (history) Peter’s pennies, an annual tax of
a penny levied on every household to meet the expenses of the Holy See
8 Pedr Feudwy Peter the
Hermit (Pedr) + soft mutation + (meudwy
= hermit) (c1050-1115) a French preacher who led a band of peasant crusaders on
a march to the Holy Land; they were defeated and massacred in eastern Europe by
the Turks
9 Pedr Fawr Peter the
Great (1672-1725), csar of Russia (1682-1725)
10 Eglwys Bedr Saint
Peter’s Church
Heol Eglwys Bedr street name (“(the)
street / road (of) (the) church (of) Peter”)
This would be the Welsh name for the following streets:
(1) Penárth, county of Bro Morgannwg (“St. Peter’s Road”)
(2) Caer-dydd, county of Bro Morgannwg (“St. Peter’s Road”)
(3) Y Mwmbwls, county of Abertawe (“St. Peter’s Road”)
11 Eglwys Bedr Saint
Peter’s Church in Rome
12 cenhinen Bedr, PLURAL cennin Pedr daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) (“leek (of
saint) Peter”)
13 Ffynnon Bedr (“well
(of) Peter”) Saint Peter’s Well
(a) a well in Llanbedr Pont Steffan (county of Ceredigion): English name:
Peterwell
(b) SN5747 a well in Llanbedr y Fro (county of Bro Morgannwg)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin Petrus
< Greek Petros (= stone, rock),
translation of Aramaic kepha (=
rock).
The apostle’s original name was Simon, but Jesus gave him the Aramaic name Kepha (= rock) .
From the same British root: Breton Per
(= Peter) < Pezr
From the same Latin root: Manx Peddyr
(= Peter)
:_______________________________.
Pedrog ‹PE
drog› (masculine noun)
1 name of a Welsh saint
:_______________________________.
pedryn, pedrynod
‹PE drin, pe DRI nod› (masculine noun)
1 petrel (sea bird)
:_______________________________.
pedwar ‹PED
war› (masculine noun)
1 four (masculine form); (feminine form = “pedair” ‹PE-der›)
2 gwely pedwar postyn
four-poster bed
:_______________________________.
pedwarawd,
pedwarawdau ‹ped WA raud, ped wa RAU de› (masculine noun)
1 quartet
:_______________________________.
pedwaredd ‹ped WA
redh› (adjective)
1 fourth (feminine form of “pedwerdd” ‹ped-WE-ridh› = fourth)
:_______________________________.
y pedwar mesur ar hugain ‹PED
war ME sir ar HI gen›
(masculine noun)
1 the twenty-four traditional verse forms in Welsh poetry
:_______________________________.
pedwerydd ‹ped WE
ridh› (adjective)
1 fourth (masculine form); (feminine form = “pedwaredd” ‹ped-WA-redh› = fourth)
:_______________________________.
pèg, pegiau ‹PEG,
PEG ye› (masculine noun)
1 peg (on a musical instrument); clothes peg
pèg pabell ‹peg
PAA belh› tent peg
:_______________________________.
Pegan ‹PEE
gan› (feminine noun)
1 woman's name (from Marged
= Margaret)
:_______________________________.
Pegi ‹PEE
gi› (feminine noun)
1 Peggy; diminutive form of Marged
(= Margaret)
:_______________________________.
peglau ‹ peg
-le› plural noun
1
(North Wales) ‹peg-le,
peg-la› variant of heglau = legs, < hegl
= leg
2
(North-west Wales) Styria dy begla
Stir your stumps! ("move your legs, get moving, start walking")
ETYMOLOGY: pegl- < hegl- (unexplained change of the intial
consonant)
See hegl
:_______________________________.
peidio â ‹PEID
yo› (verb)
1 stop (doing)
2
gweithio bob yn ail â pheidio work
by fits and starts (“work alternately with stopping”)
3
neu beidio or not (neu = or) + soft mutation + (peidio to cease; to refrain (from doing
something)
Cymer e neu beidio Take it or leave
it (“take it or refrain”)
4 Wedi neidio rhy hwyr peidio Look before you leap (“after jumping
too late not-doing”)
:_______________________________.
peidiwch â sôn ‹PEID
yukh a SOON› (phrase)
1 that's OK (in reply to 'Diolch' = thanks) (“don't mention {it}”)
:_______________________________.
peilot, peilotiaid
‹PEI lot, pei LOT yed› (masculine noun)
1 pilot
:_______________________________.
peint, peintiau ‹PEINT,
PEINT ye› (masculine noun)
1 pint
:_______________________________.
peintiad,
peintiadau ‹PEINT yad, peint-YA·-de› (masculine noun)
1 painting
peintiad ogof plural peintiada ogofâu cave painting
:_______________________________.
peintiwr,
peintwyr ‹PEINT yur, PEINT wir› (masculine noun)
1 painter; see paentiwr
:_______________________________.
Peir.
1 abbreviation = Peirianneg Engineering
:_______________________________.
peiran ‹ pei-ran› masculine noun
PLURAL peirannau
‹ pei-ra-ne›
1
cirque, semicircular basin in a mountain
ETYMOLOGY: (peir- < pair = cauldron) + (an- = diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
peirianddryll ‹peir-yan-dhrilh› masculine
noun
PLURAL peirianddryllau
‹peir-yan-dhrə-lhe›
1 machine gun
Also: gwn peiriant, dryll peiriant
peirianddryll llaw sub-machine gun
ETYMOLOGY: (peiriann- < peiriannh, penultimate syllable form of peiriant = machine) + soft mutation + (dryll = firearm)
:_______________________________.
peiriannau ‹peir
YA ne› (plural noun)
1 engines; see peiriant
:_______________________________.
peiriannneg ‹peir
YA neg› feminine noun
1 engineering
2 Peiriannneg Engineering (as a subject label in dictionaries, etc)
Abbreviation: Peir.
:_______________________________.
peiriannwr ‹peir
YA nur› (masculine noun)
1 engineer; see peiriannydd
:_______________________________.
peiriannydd,
peirianwyr ‹pei ri A nidh, pei ri AN wir› (masculine noun)
engineer
:_______________________________.
peiriant,
peiriannau ‹PEIR yant, pei ri A ne› (masculine noun)
1 machine
2 peiriant
ceiniogau slot machine, fruit machine,
gambling machine (“machine (of) pennies”)
3 peiriant sandio sander,
sanding machine
4 peiriant
uffernol bomb (“infernal device”). Obsolete. Sometimes found in newspaper
reports in the late nineteenth century.
:_______________________________.
peiriant golchi ‹PEIR
yant GOL khi› (masculine
noun)
1 washing machine
:_______________________________.
peiriant gwerthu ‹peir-yant
gwer-thi› masculine noun
PLURAL peiriannau
gwerthu
‹peir- ya-ne gwer-thi›
1 slot machine, vending
machine = machine which sells small articles such as sweets or cigarettes
operated by coins
ETYMOLOGY: direct translation of English vending
machine:
“machine (of) selling” (peiriant = machine) + (gwerthu = selling)
:_______________________________.
peiriant-saethu ‹peir-yant
sei-thi› verb
1 to machine gun
ETYMOLOGY: “machine-shoot” (peiriant
= machine) + (saethu = to shoot)
:_______________________________.
peiriant torri
bara ‹peir yan to ri BA ra› (masculine noun)
1 machine for cutting bread, bread-cutter
:_______________________________.
peiriant torri
cig ‹peir yan to ri KIIG› (masculine noun)
1 meat slicer
:_______________________________.
peiriau ‹PEIR
ye› (plural noun)
1 cauldrons; plural of pair
:_______________________________.
peisgwellt <PEIS-gwelht> [ˡpəɪsgwɛɬt] mass
noun
1 fescue = a grass of the genus Festuca, found in pastures and lawns
peisgwellt y fagwyr Vulpia myuros rat's tail fescue (“fescue
of the wall”)
peisgwellt y defaid Festuca ovina sheep's fescue (“fescue of
the sheep”)
peisgwellt coch Festuca rubra red fescue
ETYMOLOGY: word from the 1800s; < péisg-wellt
“pod grass”
(paisg = pod) + soft mutation + (gwellt = grass)
The word paisg first appears in
William Owen-Pughe’s Welsh-English dictionary (1793-1803) and is apparently one
of his numerous inventions
:_______________________________.
peisiau <PEIS-yai,
-e> [ˡpəɪsˡjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural
noun)
1 underskirts; plural of pais
:_______________________________.
peithyn <PEI-thin> [ˡpəɪθɪn] (masculine noun)
1 pectin
:_______________________________.
pêl, pelau, peli
<PEEL, PEE-lai, -e, PEE-li> [peːl, ˡpeˑlaɪ, -ɛ, ˡpeˑlɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 ball
y bêl the ball
:_______________________________.
pêl droed <peel
DROID> [peːl ˡdrɔɪd] (feminine
noun)
1 football (the ball itself, not the game)
y bêl droed the football
:_______________________________.
pêl-droed <peel
DROID> [peːl ˡdrɔɪd] (feminine
noun)
1 football (game)
2 C.P.D. Clwb Pêl-droed
football club
(on a player’s shirt, for example) C.P.D.
Cwm-sgwt Cwm Sgwt F.C. (= Football Club)
:_______________________________.
pêl-droediwr <peel-DROID-yur> [peːlˡdrɔɪdjʊr] (feminine noun)
1 footballer
:_______________________________.
pelen, pelenni <PEE-len,
pe-LE-ni> [ˡpeˑlɛn, pɛˡlɛnɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 ball
y belen = the ball
2
pelen canon PLURAL pelenni canon cannonball
pelen fagnel PLURAL pelenni magnel cannonball
3 pelen eira <PEE-len
EI-ra> [ˡpeˑlɛn ˡəɪra] snowball
4 pelen gig <PEE-len GIIG> [ˡpeˑlɛn ˡgiːg] PLURAL
pelenni cig <pe-LE-ni KIIG> [pɛˡlɛnɪ ˡkiːg] meatball
(pelen = ball) + soft mutation + (cig = meat); word calqued on English
‘meatball’
pelen dân fireball, ball of fire = burning mass of an explosion
5 pelen y llygad <PEE-len ə LH-Ə-gad> [ˡpeˑlɛn ə ˡɬəgad] eyeball
:_______________________________.
pêl fasged <peel
VA-sked> [ˡpeːl ˡvaskɛd] (feminine
noun)
1 basketball (the game)
2 basketball (the ball used in the game)
:_______________________________.
pell <PELH
/ PEELH> [pɛɬ / peːɬ]
(adjective)
1 distant, far-off, faraway
2
bod yn bell ar y blaen i be way
ahead of
Mae’r Gwyddelod yn bell ar y blaen i ni
yn hyn o beth The Irish are way ahead of us in this respect, the Irish have
a head start on us in this matter
3 anghysbell <a-NGHƏS-belh> [angˡhəsbɛɬ] remote
:_______________________________.
pellaf (pella) <PE-lhav, PE-lha> [ˡpɛɬav,
ˡpɛɬa] adjective
1 furthest, farthermost (superlative form of pell = far,
distant)
2 fan bellaf at the most
3 cae pellaf outfield, a field at a distance from the
farmhouse (“furthest field”)
4 bellaf (adverb) furthest
Pwy sy’n gallu cyrraedd bellaf? Who can reach the furthest? Who has the
longest reach?
ETYMOLOGY: (pell = far) + (-af superlative ending)
:_______________________________.
pellháu <pelh-HAI> [pɛɬˡhaɪ] (verb)
1 recede into the distance
ymbellháu recede into the distance
:_______________________________.
pellter <PELH-ter> [ˡpɛɬtɛr] (masculine noun)
1 distance
Tua dau gant o filltiroedd yw’r pellter rhwng Buffalo a Cleveland
The distance between Buffalo and Cleveland is about two hundred miles
2
ychydig bellter <ə-KHƏ-dig BELH-ter> [əˡxədɪg ˡbɛɬtɛr] (masculine
noun)
a short distance
3 Mae cryn bellter o’n
blaenau We have a long way to go (“there’s a considerable distance in front
of us”)
:_______________________________.
pêl-rwyd <peel
RUID> [ˡpeːl ˡrʊɪd] (feminine
noun)
1 netball
ETYMOLOGY: (pêl = ball) + soft
mutation + (rhwyd = net)
:_______________________________.
pelten <PEL-ten> [ˡpɛltɛn] (feminine noun)
1 punch with the fist
y belten = the punch
:_______________________________.
pelydr, pelydrau
<PE-lidr, pe-LƏ-drai, -e> [ˡpɛlɪdr, pɛˡlədraɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 ray of light
:_______________________________.
pelydryn <pe-LƏ-drin> [pɛˡlədrɪn] (masculine noun)
PLURAL: pelydrau
<pe-LƏ-drai, -e> [pɛˡlədraɪ, -ɛ]
1 ray of light
ETYMOLOGY: (pelydr = ray) + (-yn diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
..1 pen, pennau <PEN,
PE-nai, -e> [pɛn, ˡpɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 head
â’ch pen yn eich plu (“with your head in your feathers”) dejected,
miserable, unhappy, crestfallen
rhoi’ch pen i’w dorri risk
your neck, stick your neck out, do something risky which might result in
failure, say something which might result in criticism or ridicule (“give your
head for its cutting off”)
taro’r hoelen ar ei phen hit
the nail on its head
2
end
deupen two ends
llosgi'r gannwyll yn ei deupen burn
the candle at both ends, exhaust oneself (“burn the candle in its two ends”)
Also: llosgi'r gannwyll yn y ddeupen (“burn
the candle in the two ends”)
3
top
pen ty roof of a house
llysieuyn pen tai (Semprevivum
tectorum) house leek
(“plant (of) top (of) houses”, hung from the rafter) ( llysieuyn = vegetable / plant) + (pen = top) + (tai =
houses, plural of tŷ = house)
4
the head considered as the intellect, intelligence
Mae mwy yn ei boced nag yn ei ben
He’s got more money than sense (“there’s more in his pocket than in his head”)
5
(South) Mae pen da arno fe He’s
clever (“there’s a good head on him”)
6
pen bys fingertip
Chei di ddim cyffwrdd pen dy fys ynddo
I won’t let you lay a finger on him (“you won’t get (the) touching (of the) tip
(of) your finger in him”)
7 mentro’ch pen risk it
8 pwnio (rhywbeth) i ben
(rhywun) get (something) into somebody's head, din (something) into sb's
head = tell somebody something insistently so that it is remembered and learnt
9 pen pidyn glans (“head
(of) penis”)
10 tin-dros-ben somersault
(“ass / arse over head”)
bwrw tin-dros-ben do a somersault
gwneud tin-dros-ben do a somersault
trosben somersault
trosben dwbl double somersault
11 pwyllgor pennau brains
trust = experts who discuss some issue on the radio, TV (“committeee (of)
heads”)
12
torri pen rhywun run somebody down
(behind his back), say mean things about somebody (in their absence)
13 hir eich pen shrewd
Mae e’n ddigon hir ei ben He’s sharp, He’s on the ball, He wasn’t born
yesterday, He knows a thing or two
14 stwffio’ch pen ar gyfer
arholiad cram (“cram your head”) for an examination
15 (South) pen tost headache
Mae pen tost gyda fi I’ve got a
headache
16 ar ben (adverb) over, finished,
at an end
(ar = on) + soft mutation + (pen
= head)
Mae hi ar ben arno i I’m doomed, I’m
in real trouble
Mae 'ngwaith i ar ben My work is
finished
17
cafflo bola i daclo pen to rob Peter
to bay Paul (“deceive a belly to decorate a head”, deceive the belly to adorn
the head )
18 certain parts of the body
pen-glin knee (“end (of) knee”)
penelin elbow (“end (of) elbow”)
pen y glun thigh (“(the) end (of) the thigh”)
19 headland
Penmon < Pen Môn (“(the) headland (of) Môn”)
Compound words meaning “headland” made up of pen combined with
another element:
penfro headland, promontory (bro = district)
Penfro name of a town in south-west Wales; this was
early Anglicised as “Pembroke”
penmaen headland, promontory (maen = stone)
penrhyn headland, promontory (rhyn = headland)
pentir headland, promontory (tir = land)
ETYMOLOGY: British penn-
British Celtic: Cornish penn (= head), Breton penn (= head)
Hibernian Celtic: Irish ceann (= head), Scottish [Gaelic] ceann (= head)
:_______________________________.
..2 pen, pennau <PEN,
PE-nai, -e> [pɛn, ˡpɛnaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 (colloquial Welsh) pen (for writing). A more literary form is pìn
2 (colloquial Welsh) pen ysgrifennu <pin
ə-skri-VE-ni> [ˡpɪn əskrɪˡvɛnɪ] pen
(for writing). A literary form is ysgrifbin
:_______________________________.
pen a chlustiau <pen aa KHLIST-yai, -e> [ˡpɛn a ˡxlɪstjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 “head and ears”
siarad ar draws pen a chlustiau talk
the hind legs off a donkey (“talk across head and ears”)
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + (a =
and) + aspirate mutation + (chlustiau
= ears)
:_______________________________.
penadur <pe-NAA-dir> [pɛˡnɑˑdɪr] masculine
noun
PLURAL: penaduriaid
<pen-a-DIR-yaid,
-ed> [pɛnaˡdɪrjaɪd, -jɛd]
1 (obsolete) chief, ruler
Numeri 36.1 Pennau-cenedl tylwyth meibion
Gilead, mab Machir, mab Manasse, o dylwyth meibion Joseff, a ddaethant hefyd,
ac a lefarasant gerbron Moses, a cherbron y penaduriaid, sef pennau-cenedl
meibion Israel:
Numbers 36:1 And the chief fathers of the families of the children of Gilead, the
son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of Joseph, came
near, and spake before Moses, and before the princes, the chief fathers of the
children of Israel:
Numeri
Numbers 32:2 The children of Gad and the children of Reuben came and spake unto
Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and unto the princes of the congregation,
saying...
Diarhebion 28.16 Penadur heb ddeall sydd
yn fawr ei drawsedd; ond y neb a gasao gybydd-dra, a estyn ei dyddiau
Proverbs 28:16 The prince that wanteth understanding is also a great oppressor:
but he that hateth covetousness shall prolong his days.
Diarhebion 31.4 Nid gweddaidd i
frenhinoedd, O Lemwel, nid gweddaidd i frenhinoedd yfed gwin; nac i benaduriaid
ddiod gadarn
Proverbs 31:4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, it is not for kings to drink wine;
nor for princes strong drink:
Pregethwyr 10.4 Pan gyfodo ysbryd
penadur yn dy erbyn, nac ymado â’th le: canys ymostwng a ostega bechodau
mawrion
Ecclesiastes 10:4 If the spirit of the ruler rise up against thee, leave not
thy place; for yielding pacifieth great offences.
2
principal of a school or college
yn achos athro nad yw'n bennaeth nac yn benadur... in the case of a teacher who is not
a head teacher or principal
2002 Rhif 2938 (Cy.279)
/ Rheoliadau Addysg (Cymwysterau a Safonau Iechyd Athrawon) (Cymru) (Diwygio)
2002
2002 No. 2938 (W.279) / The Education (Teachers' Qualifications and Health Standards) (Wales)
(Amendment) Regulations 2002
3
(obsolete) sovereign = English gold coin
4 (obsolete) the Lord God, or Jesus
Crist ein Penadur Christ our Lord
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + (-adur = suffix indicating a person)
:_______________________________.
penaethes <pe-NEI-thes> [pɛˡnəɪθɛs] (feminine noun)
1 matron (in a hospital)
y benaethes the matron
:_______________________________.
penaethiaid <pe-NEITH-yaid,
-yed> [pɛˡnəɪθjaɪd,
-jɛd] (plural noun)
1 heads, bosses, plural of pennaeth
:_______________________________.
Pen-allt <pen-ALHT> [pɛnˡaɬt]
1 place name:
ETYMOLOGY: pen allt < pen yr allt, with the loss, common in place names,
of the linking definite article
(the) top (of) (the) hill (pen =
top; end) + (yr = definite article)
+ (allt = hill)
:_______________________________.
Penalltau <pen-ALH-tai,
-e> [pɛnˡaɬtaɪ, -ɛ]
1 place name: (the) top
(of) (the) hills
:_______________________________.
Pen-allt Mawr <pen-ALHT
MAUR> [pɛnˡaɬt ˡmaʊr]
1 farm name: Greater
Pen-allt
:_______________________________.
Pen Aran <pen-AA-ran> [ˡpɛnˡɑˑran]
1 (place name) “(the)
summit (of) Aran
:_______________________________.
Penarth (*Penárth)
<pe-NARTH> [pɛˡnarθ]
1 (ST1871) locality
(town) in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales) adjoining Caer-dydd in
the south-west
See Pennárth
:_______________________________.
penbaladr <pen-BAA-ladr> [pɛnˡbɑˑˡladr] adjective
1 all, the whole, from
end to end
Usually in the expression Cymru
benbaladr all Wales
Glasenwau Gogleisiol o Gymru Benbaladr
Amusing Nicknames from all over Wales (article in Llafar Gwlad (=‘speech (of)
country’, oral tradition,), Gwanwyn (= Spring) 1985
drwy’r wlad benbaladr all over the
country, throughout the country
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = end) + soft
mutation + (paladr = shaft)
:_______________________________.
Penbedw <pen-BEE-du> [pɛnˡbeˑdʊ]
1 Welsh name of
Birkenhead, England
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=350462
(delwedd 7438)
ETYMOLOGY: (the) headland (of) (the) birches (pen = head, headland) + (bedw
= birch trees). A translation of the English name “birch headland”, said to
refer to a headland at Woodside, now the site of the Mersey Ferry terminal.
:_______________________________.
penben <PEN-ben> [ˡpɛnbɛn] (adjective)
1 head-on
gwrthdrawiad penben head-on
collision
mynd yn benben â collide head-on
with, crash head-on into
:_______________________________.
pen blaen ffelt <pin
blain FELT> [pɪn blaɪn ˡfɛlt] (masculine
noun)
1 felt-tip pen
:_______________________________.
pen-blwydd <pen-BLUIDH> [ˡpɛnˡblʊɪð] (masculine noun)
1 birthday
Pen-blwydd Hapus! Happy Birthday!
2
dathlu pen-blwydd (rhywbeth) y drigain
oed celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of
Y llynedd (1999) dathlwyd pen-blwydd
Cymdeithas Hanes a Chofnodion Sir Feirionnydd yn drigain oed
Last year (1999) the sixtieth anniversary of the Merionethshire History and
Records Society was celebrated
3
dydd pen-blwydd <diidh pen-BLUIDH> [diːð pɛnˡblʊɪð] birthday
:_______________________________.
Pen-bre <pen-BREE> [pɛnˡbreː]
1 place name
ETYMOLOGY: pen bre < pen yr bre, with the loss, common in place
names, of the linking definite article
(the) top (of) (the) hill (pen =
top; end) + (y = definite article) +
(bre = hill)
:_______________________________.
penbwl <PEN-bwl> [ˡpɛnbwl] masculine noun
PLURAL: penbyliaid,
penna-bwlaod <pen-BƏL-yaid,
-ed, pe-na-bu-LAA-od> [pɛnˡbəljaɪd, -ɛd, ˡpɛna bʊˡlɑˑɔd]
1 tadpole (USA: polliwog)
2 blockhead
3 (adjective) stupid
ETYMOLOGY: partial translation of English bullhead
(= tadpole) (“head of a bull”). First known example in Welsh 1500-1600.
(pen = head) + (bwl < English bull).
Bullhead still used in the English
of Yorkshire
Yorkshire’s Yammer / Peter Wright / 1994 / Dalesman: bull-‘eeads tadpoles.
T’pond’s full o’ bull-’eeads (= The pond’s full of bullheads)
Warwickshire: bullyhead =
tadpole.
NOTE: penbylied,
informal spelling of penbyliaid
:_______________________________.
penbwygilydd <pen-bui-GII-lidh> [pɛnbʊɪˡgiˑlɪð] adj
1 from one end to the other
yng Nghymru benbwygilydd in all Wales, fom one end of Wales to the other
Yr wyf yn agos yn sicr nad oes yng
Nghymru benbwygilydd adeilad cyn hardded â hwn
I’m fairly certain that there isn’t a building in all Wales as beautiful as
this one
2 headlong
mynd i lawr yn benwbwygilydd fall
headlong, go sprawling
3 benbwygilydd at
loggerheads
mynd benbwygilydd to end up disagreeing
4 all the way, the whole way
Es i da fe pentigili I went with him
all the way
ETYMOLOGY: “head + to its fellow” (pen
= head) + soft mutation + (pwygilydd
= to its fellow)
NOTE: a) pembigilydd <pem-bi-GI-lidh> [pɛnbʊɪˡgiɪlɪð] in the Arfon district (North Wales)
b) pentigili in the Penfro area
(South-west Wales).
Pentigili was the name of the long defunct papur bro
(community newspaper in Welsh produced by volunteers) in Tyddewi and district
:_______________________________.
Pencader <pen-KAA-der> [pɛnˡkɑˑdɛr]
1 place name: (the) hill
(with) (the) chair / seat
:_______________________________.
pencadlys,
pencadlysoedd <pen-KAD-lis, pen-kad-LƏ-soidh,
-odh> [pɛnˡkadlɪs, pɛnkadˡləsɔɪð,
-ɔð] (masculine noun)
1 headquarters
2
bod â’ch pencadlys yn... be based in
Mae’r cwmni â’i bencadlys ym Mhen-y-bont
The company is based in Pen-y-bont
:_______________________________.
pencampwr,
pencampwyr <pen-KAM-pur,-pen-KAMP-wir> [pɛnˡkampʊr, pɛnˡkampwɪr] (masculine
noun)
1 champion
:_______________________________.
pencampwraig,
pencampwragedd <pen-KAMP-wraig, -wreg,
pen-kamp-WRAA-gedh> [pɛnˡkampwraɪg, -wrɛg,
pɛnkampˡwrɑˑgɛð] (f)
1 champion (woman)
:_______________________________.
pencampwriaeth, pencampwriaethau <pen-kam-PUR-yaith,
-yeth, pen-kam-pur-YEI-thai, -e> [pɛnkamˡpʊrjaɪθ,
-jɛθ, pɛnkampʊrˡjəɪθaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine
noun)
1 championship
:_______________________________.
Pencarreg ‹pen KA
reg›
1 place name: (the) top (of) (the) rock
:_______________________________.
penchwiban ‹pen-KHWII-ban› adj
1 feeble-minded, foolish, hare-brained, giddy-brained
2 frivolous, capricious, inconstant
ETYMOLOGY: “head (of) whistling” (pen = head) + (chwiban =
whistling; trilling of a bird; hissing)
:_______________________________.
pen clun ‹pen-KLIIN› masculine
noun
1 hip
2 haunch (of a horse, etc)
NOTE: pen y clun = the hip; pen ei glun = his hip
ETYMOLOGY: “top (of) thigh” (pen =
top) + (clun feminine noun = thigh)
:_______________________________.
Pen-cnwc ‹pen knuk›
1 farm 1km
south-south-east of Llanboudy SN2123 (county of Caerfyrddin)
ETYMOLOGY: pen y cnwc (“(the) top (of) the hill”) (pen = top) + (y =
definite article) + (cnwc = hill).
The loss of the article y between
the main noun and the qualifying noun is a very common phenomenon in Welsh
place names.
:_______________________________.
Pen-coed ‹pen KOID› -
Map Reference: SS 9681
1 village in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr (South-east Wales); site of the national Eisteddfod in 1997
Welsh-speakers:
(1961) 16% in a population of 3700
(1971) 9% in a population of 6000
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: “pen y coed” - “head / end / edge (of) the wood” (pen = head) + (y = the) + (coed =
wood).
In names with the pattern (referent + definite article + qualifying element)
the article is often omitted in place names
NOTE: local name “Pen-cood” ‹pen-kood› - in South Wales, the change ‹oi› > ‹oo› is typical
:_______________________________.
pen dafad ‹pen DAA-vad› masculine
noun
PLURAL: pennau
defaid ‹pe-ne DEE-vaid,
-ed›
1 north-west Wales mutton stew made from a sheep's head, liver,
heart; these are chopped and boiled, then fried with onions and cooked in the
oven.
Served with potatoes and carrots
2
north-west Wales pudding head, idiot;
rêl ben dafad 'di o he's a real
idiot
3
in building a wall, stone shaped like a sheep's head and so irregular in shape
and difficult to use
ETYMOLOGY: “head (of) sheep”, sheep's head; (pen = head) + (dafad =
sheep)
:_______________________________.
Pendalar ‹pen-DAA-lar›
1
street name in Llanfair Fechan (county of Conwy)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) end (of the) cross-ridge (in a ploughed field)”)
pen dalar < pen y dalar (pen =
end) + (y = definite article) + soft
mutation + (talar = headland,
cross-ridge)
:_______________________________.
pendant ‹PEN
dant› (adjective)
1 definite
2 drwy orchymyn pendant
by strict order, according to a order that must be rigorously obeyed
:_______________________________.
penddu ‹pen
-dhi› adjective
1 black-headed
bras penddu (Emberiza melanocephela)
black-headed bunting
gwylan benddu (Larus ridibundus)
black-headed gull
siglen benddu (Motacilla flava
feldegg) black-headed wagtail
2
(sky) overcast;
awyr penddu overcast sky
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (du = black)
:_______________________________.
pendefig ‹pen-DEE-vig› masculine
noun
PLURAL: pendefigion
‹pen-de-VIG-yon›
1 nobleman, aristocrat,
chieftain, prince
Pwyll pendefig Dyfed
Pwyll the prince of Dyfed
2
aristocrat, nobleman
brenhinoedd a phendefigion y ddaear
the kings and noblemen of the earth
ETYMOLOGY: Old Welsh (*pendaf =
highest) < British *penno-tamo- (tamo- = superlative suffix) + (-ig = diminutive suffix); In modern
Welsh *pendaf is pennaf (= main, principal).
Pendefig corresponds to the Breton
adjective pinvidik (= rich), that
is, a metathesised form – now with v-d but originally with d-v (‘pindivik’) as
in the Welsh word
NOTE:
Some Points of Similarity in
the Phonology of Welsh and Breton,
T.H. Parry-Williams, 1913
In W[elsh], however, the interchange of f and dd is quite common, especially
in the dial[ect]s…
One example given of the change f > dd is pendefig (prince,
chief) > pendeddig
:_______________________________.
penderfynu ‹pen
der VƏ ni› (verb)
1 decide
:_______________________________.
Pendeulwyn ‹pen-DEI-luin› [pɛnˡdəɪlʊɪn]
1 village ST0676 in Bro
Morgannwg
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/943277
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) top (of) Deulwyn”
(pen = head, top) + (Deulwyn)
deulwyn ‘two woods, two groves, two bushes’
(deu-, equivalent to dau = two) + soft mutation + llwyn =
wood, grove, bush)
NOTE: See also Pendoulan ‹pen-DOU-lan› [pɛnˡdɔɪlan].
This was the local form of
the name (preserved as the ‘English’ form, and written “Pendoylan”).
Earlier it would have been Pendoulwyn > Pendoulwn [pɛnˡdəɪlʊn] with
the reduction of final wy [ʊɪ] to w [ʊ] typical in southern spoken Welsh
:_______________________________.
pendew ‹pen
-deu› adjective
1 boneheaded, thickheaded
Ges i ffein gan ryw blismon pendew
I was fined by some boneheaded policeman
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (tew = thick, fat)
:_______________________________.
Pen-din ‹pen
DIIN›
1 place name: (the) hill (of) (the) fortress
:_______________________________.
pendoll ‹pen
-dolh› adjective
1 having a head full of holes
See pendwll
:_______________________________.
Pendoulan ‹pen-DOU-lan› [pɛnˡdɔɪlan]
1 local name for the
village of Pendeulwyn ST0676 in Bro Morgannwg
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/943277
“(the) top (of) Deulwyn” (pen = head, top) + (Deulwyn)
deulwyn ‘two woods, two groves, two bushes’ (deu-, equivalent to dau
= two) + soft mutation + llwyn = wood, grove, bush)
..a/ In south Wales, eu in a penult was pronounced ou (in fact,
retaining the original pronunciation, which became eu).
Hence Pendeulwyn ‹pen-DEI-luin› [pɛnˡdəɪlʊɪn] was
called Pendoulwyn ‹pen-DOU-luin› [pɛnˡdɔɪlʊɪn]
..b/ In a final syllable, the
diphthong wy in South Wales regularly becomes the simple vowel w
(as in ofnadwy ‹ov-NAA-dui› [ɔvˡnɑˑdʊɪ] (=
awful), ofnadw / ofnatw ‹ov-NAA-du, ov-NAA-tu› [ɔvˡnɑˑdʊ, ɔvˡnɑˑtʊ]
Thus Pendoulwyn > Pendoulwn
‹pen-DOU-lun› [pɛnˡdɔɪlʊn]
..c/ For some reason, the
final vowel w was replaced by a
Pendoulwn > Pendoulan ‹pen-DOU-lan› [pɛnˡdɔɪlan]
:_______________________________.
pendraphen ‹pen-DRAA-fen› adjective
(North Wales)
1 upside down, in a mess
2 head over heels
ETYMOLOGY: ‘head over head’ (pen =
head) + (dra = over) + spirant
mutation + (pen = head)
:_______________________________.
y pen draw ‹ə pen DRAU› masculine
noun
1 the far end, the other end, the bottom, the top
ym mhen draw’r ardd at the far end
of the garden, at the bottom of the garden
2
yn y pen draw in the long run,
ultimately
:_______________________________.
pen draw'r byd ‹ pen
draur biid› masculine noun
1 the other side of the world
2 Am ben draw byd o le! What a God-forsaken place!
ETYMOLOGY: (pen draw = yonder end) +
(y definite article) + (byd = world)
:_______________________________.
pendro ‹pen
-dro› feminine and
masculine noun
1 giddiness, dizziness
y bendro / y pendro the giddiness
Mae’r bendro arno i I feel dizzy
(“the dizziness is on me”)
2 giddiness affecting sheep
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (tro = turn)
NOTE: (1) Also masculine y pendro
(2) In North Wales, ‘gan’ in
many cases has replaced ‘ar’ in expressions indicating ailments
Mae’r bendro arna i > Mae’r bendro gen i
:_______________________________.
pendwll ‹pen
-dulh› adjective
1 having a head full of holes
2
feminine form: pendoll
llysywen bendoll (b) lamprey
(“eel with a head full of
holes” )
llysywod pendoll lampreys, Petromyzontidae
3
(Petromyzon marinus) llysywen bendoll
y môr (b), llysywod pendoll y môr
sea lamprey
(Lampetra
fluviatilis)llysywen bendoll y afon
(b), llysywod pendoll y afon
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (twll = hole)
:_______________________________.
Pendyrys ‹pen-də-ris›
1 ST0195 locality in
Rhondda Cynon Taf, 8km north-west of Pont-tŷ-pridd in the Rhondda Fach
valley between Pont-y-gwaith and Glynrhedynnog. English name: Tylerstown
Côr Meibion Pendyrys Pendyrys Male
Voice Choir (“choir (of) men (of) Pendyrys”)
ETYMOLOGY: pen dyrys < ??pen y dyrys = “end of the uncultivated land”
(pen = head; end) + (y definite article) + (dyrys = uncultivated land, thicket)
NOTE: Also spelt Pendyrus, with u instead of y, but it is a poor spelling although the pronunciation is the same
:_______________________________.
penefer ‹pe- ne -ver› adjective
South Wales
1
useless
Dyna grwt penefer yw e That lad's
useless (“see-there (a) [useless lad] that-is he”)
2
cheeky
ETYMOLOGY: From a word in the dialect of south-eastern England ever (also in the form every) (= darnel)
This is from French ivraie (= rye
grass) (same in modern French), from the first word in the Latin expression êbriaca herba (= grass which causes
drunkenness) < êbriacus < êbrius (= drunk).
The word penefer (originally =
giddy, dizzy; unruly) (“head (of) darnel”) (pen = head) + (efer) is
explained by the narcotic efect of this plant.
According to the lexicographer Thomas Richards (Antiquae Linguae Britannicae
Thesaurus - Welsh-English Dictionary, 1753) “efer” is “a weed growing among corn, called darnel, tares, ray or cockle; it is
naught for the eyes, and will make the head giddy, if eaten in hot bread”
:_______________________________.
penelin, penelinoedd
‹pen EE lin, pe ne LII nodh› (masculine noun)
1 elbow
ETYMOLOGY: “end (of) elbow” (pen = end) + (elin = elbow)
:_______________________________.
peneliniad ‹pe-ne-lin -yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL: peneliniadau
‹pe-ne-lin-YAA-de›
1 elbowing = knock with
the elbow
ETYMOLOGY: (penelin- stem of penelino = to elbow, to knock with the
elbow) + (-iad suffix for forming
nouns)
:_______________________________.
penelino ‹pe-ne-LII-no› verb
1 elbow = hit with the elbow
2 penelino ar lean on
one’s elbow or elbows on, rest one’s elbow or elbows on
ETYMOLOGY: (penelin = elbow) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
penfain ‹pen-vain› adjective
1 narrow-headed
gwyniaid penfain Thymallinae
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (main = narrow)
:_______________________________.
penfeddw ‹pen- ve -dhu› adjective
1 dizzy, giddy, light-heaed
2 (from the effect of alcohol) tipsy, drunk
3 besotted
ETYMOLOGY: (“drunken head”) (pen =
head) + soft mutation + (meddw =
drunk)
:_______________________________.
penfeddwi ‹pen-vedh-wi› verb
1 get dizzy, giddy, light-heaed
2
(from the effect of alcohol) get tipsy, drunk
Eseia 29:18 Arafwch, a rhyfeddwch;
bloeddiwch, a gwaeddach: meddwasant, ac nid trwy win; penfeddwasant, ac nid
trwy ddiod gadarn
Isaiah 29:9 Stay yourselves, and wonder; cry ye out, and cry: they are
drunken, but not with wine; they stagger, but not with strong drink.
3
become besotted
dyma fi yn penfeddwi ar ei harddwch
I became besotted by her beauty
ETYMOLOGY: (penfeddw = drunk) + (-i verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
Pen-feidr ‹pen- vei-dir› -
1 farm name, Y Ferwig SN1849 (county of Ceredigion)
ETYMOLOGY: “pen y feidr” – top of the lane. (pen = top, head) + (y =
definite article) + soft mutation + (beidr
/ meidr = lane, drive)
:_______________________________.
penfelyn ‹pen-vê-lin› adjective
feminine form: penfelen
1 fair-haired, flaxen-haired
Bachgen bach penfelyn oedd ffrind Ifan
Ifan's friend was a little fair-haired boy
Elen Benfelen Goldilocks
("Yellow-haired Elen")
(Elen = Helen) + soft mutation + (penfelen, feminine form of penfelyn = yellow head, flaxen-haired
2 yellow-headed
aderyn penfelyn (“yellow-headed
bird”), llinos benfelen
(“yellow-headed linnet”) - alternative names for bras melyn = Emberiza
citrinella = yellowhammer
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (melyn = yellow)
:_______________________________.
penfelyn ‹pen-vê-lin› adjective
Feminine form: penfelen, > benfelen after
a feminine singular noun
1 flaxen-haired
2
Elen Benfelen
a'r Tair Arth Goldilocks and the Three Bears (“flaxen-haired Elen”)
:_______________________________.
.
Pen-foel ‹pen-VOIL› adjective
1 farm in Ceredigion near Y Ceinewydd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN3957
ETYMOLOGY: pen y foel “(the) summit (of) the [bare] hill”, “hill top” (pen = head, end) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (moel = [bare] hill)
In this name the linking definite article is dropped, a common feature of Welsh
place names)
As it is a habitative name, the elements form a single written word. The hill
summit itself would be Pen Foel / Pen y Foel
:_______________________________.
Penfro ‹pen
-vro›
1 (SM9801) locality
(town) in the county of Penfro (South-west Wales )
English name: Pembroke (also Pemboke Town)
Population (1971) 14,092
2
division (“cantref”) of the country (“gwlad”) of Dyfed
3 Sir Benfro the county
of Penfro
In 1974 the county was abolished, and together with the neighbouring counties
of Sir Gaerfyrddin i Sir Aberteifi it formed part of a new ‘supercounty’ called
Dyfed. In 1996 the supercounty was in its turn abolished, and the county of
Penfro made a reappearance..
Sir Benfro Saesneg (“(the)
English-speaking (part of) (the) county (of) Penfro”) the south of the county
of Penfro, popularly known in English as “Little England Beyond Wales” . Here
around the year 1108 the native Welsh were displaced by Flemings, who later
adopted the English language.
4 Docpenfro (SM9603)
locality in South-west Wales
“(the) dock (by the town of) Pembroke” - a translation of the English name Pembroke Dock
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) end (of) (the) land”, land’s end (pen = head, end) + soft mutation
+ (bro = land)
NOTE: local forms in the county Pemro,
Pembro
:_______________________________.
pengaead ‹pen-
gei -ad› adjective
1 closed-off, dead-end;
heol bengaead = dead-end street,
cul-de-sac, blind alley
swydd bengaead = dead-end job, job
without a future
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (caead = closed)
:_______________________________.
pengaled ‹pen-GAA-led› adjective
1 obstinate, wilful, headstrong
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 30:8 March heb ei ddofi a â yn bengaled; a mab a
adawer iddo ei hun a â yn anllywodraethus.
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 30:8 An horse not broken becometh headstrong:
and a child left to himself will be wilful.
2
pengaled fel mul as stubborn as a
mule (“stubborn like (a) mule”)
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (caled = hard)
:_______________________________.
pengam ‹PEN-gam› adjective
1 with the head leaning to one side, with the head tilted to one
side, with the head cocked
Y Garreg Bengam SH6145 a rocky outcrop by Croesor, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1033633
2 (stick) with a crook at one end
3 obstinate, stubborn, wilful, headstrong
4 Pengam place name / field name
Cae Pengam (field name) crooked field
“if you talked about Cae Pengam (Crooked field)
everyone knew that it
was the oddly shaped field
on Ty Newydd Farm”
(Fields / Caeau, Colwyn Bay
Civic Society / February 2008)
http://www.colwynbaycivicsociety.co.uk/assets/Feb%2008.pdf
5 Pengam ST1597 village by
Caerfffili
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1597
6 Pengam ST2176 district of Caer-dydd / Cardiff
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST2176
7 Tŷpengam SO3406 House in Llanfair Cilgedin
(Englished as Llanfair “Kilgeddin”), county of Mynwy, four miles north-west of
Brynbuga / Usk and six miles south-east of Y Fenni / Abergafenni
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST2176
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (cam = bent)
:_______________________________.
pen-glin,
pen-gliniau ‹pen GLIIN, pen GLIN ye› (masculine noun)
1 knee
:_______________________________.
penglog ‹pen
-glog› feminine noun
PLURAL: penglogau
‹pen- glô -ge›
1 skull = bony covering
of the head in a mammal
2 skull, death’s head = image of a skull, often used to represent
death or danger of death, as on warning labels on bottles containing poison, or
by high-voltage electrical installations
3 skull = mind
Wn i ddim be sy yn ’i ’en benglog a
(south-eastern) (= ni wn i ddim pa beth sydd yn ei hen benglog ef)
(trying to explain what somebody has said or done)
I don’t know what on earth he’s thinking
4 (in some expressions) fool
hen benglog gwirion numskull (“old
foolish skull”)
hen benglogau ofnadwy real fools,
real idiots (“old terrible skulls”)
5
y benglog a'r esgyrn croes the skull
and cross bones, the design on a pirates’ flag
6 Rhaeadr y Benglog
(“waterfall of the skull”) name of a waterfall on the river Ogwen (North-west
Wales). The English call it “Ogwen Falls”
ETYMOLOGY: “stone (of) head” (pen =
head) + soft mutation + (clog =
stone, rock; cliff, precipice; skull);
Breton klopenn (= skull) has the
elements reversed (klog + penn).
Cornish clog (= cliff);
The two elements also occur in Irish in the reverse order cloigeann (= skull, head) (clog) + ceann = head). The
final –g suggests in may be the Welsh word taken into Irish. Modern Irish clog
is a blister, if it is the same word. There is also another clog =
clock. The usual word for a stone in Irish is cloch, with the expected
final –ch corresponding to a final –g in Welsh
NOTE: Another word used colloquially in Welsh for ‘skull’ is cragen, crogen (= shell), corresponding
to Breton krogenn (= shell, skull),
Cornish krogenn (= shell, skull)
:_______________________________.
penhwyad ‹ pen-
hui -ad› masculine noun
PLURAL: penhwyaid
‹ pen-hui-ed›
1 (Sphyraená sphyraená) = pike
ETYMOLOGY: “head (of) duck”, “duck-head” (pen
= head) + (hwyad = duck)
:_______________________________.
Penheolferthyr ‹pen-HEE-ol-VER-thir› masculine
noun
1 SO0606 Village in Merthyrtudful. The English name is Mountain Hare, from an
Inn so called and which appears on an 1875 map for the first time.
2 Name of a street in this village.
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) top (of) Heol Ferthyr”
Heol Ferthyr is “(the) road (leading to) Merthyr(tudful)” (heol =
road) + soft mutation + (Merthyr, short name for Merthyrtudful)
NOTE: 1841 Census as Penheol Ferthyr, Pen Heol Ferthyr
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/GLA/MerthyrTydfil/1841placenames.html
Parish of Merthyr Tydfil. Place-names in the 1841 Census.Transcribed by Deric
John (Nov 2008)
NOTE: Present spelling:
(as a road name) Penheolferthyr
:_______________________________.
Peniel ‹PEN
yel›
1 chapel name
:_______________________________.
penigámp ‹pe ni
GAMP› (adjective)
1 excellent
:_______________________________.
y pen isaf (y
pen isa) ‹ə pen I-sav, I-sa› (m)
1 the lower end
(in comparing two, the superlative form is used in Welsh and not the
comparative form; hence isaf = lowest, and not is = lower)
It occurs in certain place names:
pen isaf y cyffin > pen isa’r cyffin > Penisacyffin
pen isaf y pentref > pen isa’r pentre > Penishapentre
pen isaf y plwyf > pen isa’r plwyf > Pen-isa’r-plwyf
pen isaf y waun > pen isa’r waun > Pen-isa’r-waun
Spellings where pen isaf is run together, rightly or wrongly, are seen
as either amusing or embarrassing by the English, since such names to English
eyes seem to contain the English word “penis”.
:_______________________________.
Penisacyffin ‹pen-I-sar-KƏ-fin›
1 SJ0513 A farm north-west of Dolanog, Powys
(“Penisacyffin” on the Ordnance Survey map)
ETYMOLOGY: pen isaf
y plwyf “(the) lower
end (of) the boundary” (probably the parish
boundary)
..a/ pen isaf y
cyffin > pen isa’r
cyffin
Colloquially isaf >
isa (the final [v] is lost), and so the following definite article is
contracted –
(isaf + yr) > (isa’r)
..b/ the linking definite article is often dropped in place names
pen isa’r cyffin > pen isa cyffin
:_______________________________.
Pen-isaf-y-plwyf
‹pen-I-sav-ə-PLUIV›
1 See Pen-isa’r-plwyf
:_______________________________.
Pen-isa’r-plwyf ‹pen-I-sar-PLUIV›
1 SO1144 A farm by Llansteffan, Powys (“Penisarplwyf” on the
Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/695279
2 Pen-isha-plwydd SO3423 farm by Y Pandy in the
county of Mynwy (Misspelt as “Penishaplwydd” on the Ordnance Survey map)
One might expect “Pen-isha’r-plwydd”, with the retention of the definite
article, but see below.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=201060
map
(delwedd 7695)
..a/ A final f [v] in polysyllables is lost in spoken Welsh; the
definite article yr is y between consosants, but reverts to yr after a vowel,
and the vowels ‘y’ is lost and the remaining conasonant coalesces with the
preceding word (isa + yr) > (isa’r)
..b/ pen isa’r plwyf > pen isha’r plwyf is South Wales an s preceded
by of followed by an i is palatalaised: s > sh. Hence isa
> isha
..c/ pen isha’r plwyf > pen isha’r plwydd In South Wales, a dialect variant
of plwyf is plwydd. This change of f [v] > dd [ð] occurs
in some other words in Welsh. For example, Caer-dydd (Cardiff),
originally Caer-dyf, and as such when the name was adapted into English.
See the entry f > dd, on page F
..d/ pen isha’r plwyf > pen isha plwydd In place names, the linking
definite article is often dropped.
ETYMOLOGY: pen isaf y plwyf “(the) lower end (of) the
parish”, the bottom of the parish
Colloquially isaf > isa (the final [v] is lost), and so the following
definite article is contracted –
(isaf + yr) > (isa’r)
:_______________________________.
Pen-isa’r-waun ‹pen-I-sar-WAIN›
1 SH8170 A farm in Eglwys-bach (county of Conwy) (“Penisar Waen” on
the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8171
2 Village in Gwynedd (“Penisa’r Waun” on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5563
ETYMOLOGY: pen isaf y waun “(the) lower end (of) the moor field, the
bottom of the moor field”
Colloquially isaf > isa (the final [v] is lost), and so the following
definite article is contracted –
(isaf + yr) > (isa’r)
:_______________________________.
Penishapentre ‹pen-I-sha-pen-tre›
1 A farm just north of Llanfilo SO1133 (Brycheiniog district of
Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: pen isaf y pentref “(the) lower end (of) the village, the
bottom of the village”
(pen = end) + (isaf = lowest) + (y = definite article) + (pentref
= village)
NOTE:
..1/ In spoken Welsh, pentref > pentre, and isaf > isa (a
final f [v] in words of more than one syllable are dropped
..2/ In south Wales, an s [s] in contact with an i (that is, either before or
after) is palatalised to sh [sh]
isa > isha
Other examples are:
mis (= month) > mish
sir (= county) > shir
..3/ The definite article after a vowel is ’r
The definite article is historically yr, but before a consonant the r has been
lost
yr pentref > y pentref
However, after a vowel, this older form yr is restores, though it coalesces
with the previous word. The resulting form would be pen isaf y pentref >
pen isha’r pentre
..4/ In place names, it is a very common phenomenon for this ‘linking definite
article’ to be omitted
Hence pen isha’r pentre > pen isha pentre
..5/ Generally, habitative names are written as a single word
Thus pen isha pentre > Penishapentre
:_______________________________.
pen-lin ‹pen
LIIN› (masculine noun)
1 knee; see pen-glin
:_______________________________.
Pen-llech-nêst ‹pen-lheekh-NEEST›
1 A district of Caergybi. The name was changed to Kingsland as an
obsequious gesture to the English king George IV who was on his way through
Caergybi to cross the Irish Sea to visit Ireland.
:_______________________________.
pen llenwi ‹pin
LHEN wi› (masculine noun)
1 fountain pen
:_______________________________.
Pen Llithrig y
Wrach ‹pen LHI thrig ə WRAAKH›
1 SH7162 place name 'slippery summit of the witch'
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/714554
:_______________________________.
Penmachno ‹pen-
makh -no›
1 (SH7950) locality in the county of Conwy
Ancient name: Llandutglyd
(delwedd 7025)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/377191
Penmachno yn yr eira / Penmachno in the snow
2 (SH7547) Cwm Penmachno the valley
of Penmachno
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/749541
ETYMOLOGY: Penmachno < Pennantmachno pen nant Machno (“(the)
top (of the) valley (of) Machno”
(pen = head, top) + (nant = valley, stream) + (Machno personal name)
Llandutglyd “church (of) Tutglyd” (llan = church) + soft mutation + (Tudglyd)
In the Latin manuscript
De Situ Brecheniauc circa 1200 “Tudglid” is said to be one of Brychan
Brycheiniog’s 24 daughters
:_______________________________.
penmaen ‹pen-main›
PLURAL: penmaenau
‹ pen-MEIN-ai, -e›
1 (in place names) headland,
point, promontory
Penmaen Mawr (“great headland”) promontory in Conwy county
Penmaen-mawr village situated by the promontory
Penmaen Bach (“little headland”) promontory between Penmaen Mawr and
Conwy
Penmaen Dewi (qv) (“(the) headland (of) (saint) David”) a headland in
south-west Wales
Penmaenan “little headland”
Penmaenau = y penmaenau farm by Llanelwedd (Maesyfed, Powys)
(“headlands”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0352
map
.....................................
Y Penmaen SH3338 farm north-east of Boduan, Gwynedd
Moel y Penmaen A hill by here, behind the farm. Although Y Penmaen is
probably this hill originally, the name Moel y Penmaen suggests rather
“the [bare] hill (of) Y Penmaen (farm)”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/231039
Moel y Penmaen
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/231089
Moel y Penmaen a Phenmaen Uchaf
ETYMOLOGY: (“head[land] (of) stone”) (pen = head) + (maen =
stone) > penmáen > pénmaen
:_______________________________.
Penmaen Mawr ‹pen-main
MAUR›
1 (SH7075) (“great
headland”) promontory in Conwy county
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/486864
ETYMOLOGY: y penmaen mawr “(the) great headland”
(y definite article = the) + (penmaen
= headland, point, promontory) + (mawr
= great, big, large)
NOTE: Penmaen Mawr is spelt
Penmaenmawr on the Ordnance Survey map
:_______________________________.
Penmaen-mawr ‹pen-main
MAUR›
1 (SH7176) the village
below Penmaen Mawr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/150017
ETYMOLOGY: see Penmaen Mawr
NOTE: Penmaen-mawr is spelt
Penmaenmawr on the Ordnance Survey map
:_______________________________.
Penmaen Dewi ‹pen-main
deu -i›
1 (SM7227) headland in
the county of Penfro, south-west Wales, near Tyddewi
English name: Saint David’s Head
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/47808
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) headland (of saint) David”)
(penmaen = headland, point,
promontory) + (Dewi = Saint David)
:_______________________________.
Pen Maen Wern ‹pen
main WERN›
1 SN8662 summit in Powys above the reservoir in Cwm Elan, marked by
a white quartz standing stone
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/911646
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/942576
ETYMOLOGY: pen maen y wern “(the) hill (of) (the) standing stone (of)
the wet ground”
:_______________________________.
pen marcio ‹pin
MARK yo› (masculine noun)
1 marker pen
:_______________________________.
Penmon ‹PEN
mon›
1 place name: (the) end (of) (the) (island) (of) Môn
Pen Môn > Pénmon (shift of accent and
consequent shortening of the final syllable)
:_______________________________.
Pen Morfa ‹pen-
mor -va›
1 (SM8634) point or headland in the county of Penfro, south-west
Wales
ETYMOLOGY: pen y morfa “(the) end / edge / headland (of) the sea marsh”)
(pen = end / head) + (y definite article) + (morfa = sea marsh).
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names: pen y morfa >
pen morfa
As a habitative name, the elements are run together. See Penmorfa below
:_______________________________.
Penmorfa ‹pen-
mor -va›
1 place name
..a/ (SH5440) locality in the county of Gwynedd, near Porthmadog
..b/ locality in Llandudno (English name: West Shore)
2
street name
....a/ Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd ) (written “Pen Morfa)
....b/ Penmorfa (SH5440) locality in
the county of Gwynedd, near Porthmadog; name of one of five electoral wards in
Dolbenmaen
....c/ Penmorfa Tywyn, (county of
Gwynedd ) (written as two words “Pen Morfa”)
....d/ Penmorfa locality in Llandudno
(English name: West Shore)
....e/ Penmorfa, name of a primary
shcool in Llandysul, Ceredigion
ETYMOLOGY: pen y morfa “(the) end / edge (of) the sea marsh”) See the
preceding entry.
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names: “pen y morfa”
> “pen morfa”
Names of villages and houses, and street names with the form of village names,
are written as a single word.
Thus Pen Morfa (geographical
feature) > Penmorfa
:_______________________________.
pennaeth ‹pe
naith› masculine noun
PLURAL: penaethiaid ‹pe neith
yed›
1 head = person in charge
of a department in a secondary school
Pennaeth yr Adran Gymraeg head of the Welsh department
(penn- < pen = head) + (-aeth = suffix)
:_______________________________.
pennaf ‹PE na› (adjective)
1 chief, head, main, principal, top
yn bennaf chiefly, in the main,
above all else
Parthau glofaol yn bennaf yw Brookfield,
Coalcreek, Hubbard, a Crabcreek
Brookfield, Coalcreek, Hubbard, a Crabcreek are in the main coalmining areas
:_______________________________.
Pennant (*Pénnant)
‹pe -nant›
1 SN5162
village in Ceredigion
ETYMOLOGY: pen y nant “(the) head (of) the valley” > pen-nánt
> (stress shift) pén-nant
:_______________________________.
Pennar ‹PEN-ar›
1 Farm name, Tonypistyll, Caerffili county
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/429511
ETYMOLOGY: apparently
(earlier forms of the name would need to be consulted) pennar < penardd
(= headland) (loss of the final –dd)
:_______________________________.
pennardd ‹PEN
ardh› (m)
1 headland, promontory
2 hill
3 (place names)
..a/ Pennardd
Pennardd kúmmud / cwmwd in Uwch Aeron, Ceredigion
Pennardd Name of a township by Dinasdinlle
Pennardd Fawr, Pennardd Fach farms in Llanystumdwy, Gwynedd
VARIANTS ARE:
..b/ Pennar
Pennar-lâg (in English: Hawarden)
..c/ Pennard
..d/ Peniarth
..e/ Peniarth
..f/ Pennárth
ETYMOLOGY: pennardd < (pen = top, peak; hill) + (ardd =
hill)
:_______________________________.
Pennar-lâg ‹pen-ar-LAAG›
1 town (SJ3165) in Alun a Dyfrdwy (Clwyd); BGC spelling: Penarlâg
The English name is Hawarden, pronounced Harden by the English, but the Englsh
name is pronounced Hawárden by the Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: Pennar-lâg < Pennardd
Afalawg (“hill (of) Alafawg”)
Alafawg <alávaug>
> possibly Alafog > ’Lafog
> ’La’og > ’La’ag > ’Lag [LAAG]
Alafawg (personal name = rich)
(alaf = cattle, wealth) + (-awg suffix; modern Welsh -og)
Cf modern Welsh cyfalaf (= capital)
:_______________________________.
pennarth ‹PEN-arth› (m)
1 headland
Pennarth place name
In Conwy there is Benarth Hall SH7876 (?Plas Bennarth)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=338816
and the street name “Tan Benarth” (?Tanbennarth) = tan y Bennarth
(“[place] below Y Bennarth”)
:_______________________________.
Pennarth (*Pennárth) 1 ‹pe-NARTH›
1 The official spelling is Penarth
(recommended by Bwrdd Gwybodau Celtaidd (“board of Celtic knowledge”) (the
unusual accent is not indicated)
(ST1871) locality (town) in the county of Bro Morgannwg (South-east Wales)
adjoining Caer-dydd in the south-west.
Population: 23,005 (1971)
Proportion of Welsh-speaking: 5% (1971)
More correctly there should be a double ‘n’, as in similar names in other parts
of Wales (Pennardd).
A double ‘n’ indicates that the preceding vowel is short; a single ‘n’ would
indicate that the preceding vowel is half-long.
A single ‘n’ occurs in the form Peniarth, where the gh has become semi-vowel i-.
We have placed an accent to indicate the unusual stress on the second syllable Pennárth
ETYMOLOGY: (the) top (of) (the) hill; the promontory.
Penarth (= Pennárth) < Pénnarth
< Pén-gharth < *penno-gart-
Equivalent to modern Welsh (pen =
head) + soft mutation + (garth =
hill).
The change of accent could be because the name was later reanalysed as pen arth (the head of a bear) / pen yr arth (the head of the bear)
The spelling with a single ‘n’ is in fact incorrect, as it suggests that the
‘e’ is half-long (though in the north this half-long vowel would be short, and
Penarth would be a possible spelling to reflect a Northern pronunciation.
The unusual accent is best indicated with an acute accent - pennárth, to
distinguish it from pennarth [PEN-arth] in names where this word occurs
with the original accent.
The spelling with one ‘n’ might have come about partly to indicate the unusual
accentuation. The modern spelling though would be Pen-arth since a final
accented element is indicated by a hyphen.
This rule is relatively new, and in the past the accented syllable would either
be spelt separately (“Pen Coed”), or the name would be spelt as one word
“Pencoed”.
The standard spelling however (recommended by Bwrdd Gwybodau Celtaidd (“board
of Celtic knowledge”) is Penarth (neither the unusual accent nor the etymological
-nn- are indicated).
Penarth = Pennárth < Pénnarth < Pén-gharth (pen = head) + soft mutation
+ (garth = hill).
The change of accent could be because the name was later thought to be pen
arth < pen yr arth (the head of the bear), or because of the profusion
of nearby names with unstressed pen (Pen-y-lan in Caer-dydd, Pen-y-pil in Caer-dydd, Pen-tyrch, now in Caer-dydd, etc, where the strees is on the final syllable)
NOTE: In “Cardiff Records,
Volume I, Chapter II, EXCHEQUER DOCUMENTS. 1571-
:_______________________________.
Pennarth 2 ‹PEN-arth›
1 Pennant, Ceredigion:
“Pennarth Cottage” Census 1861
Pennarth farm in Clynnog Fawr,
Gwynedd
Pennarth farm in Llandysul, Powys
2 Penarth (*Pennárth) town in Bro Morgannwg
See entry above
A Topographical Dictionary of Wales by Samuel
Lewis 1833
"PENNARTH, or PENNARD (PEN-ARTH), a parish in the hundred of SWANSEA,
county of GLAMORGAN, SOUTH WALES, 7 1/2
miles (W. S. W.) from Swansea, containing 357 inhabitants. The name of this
parish, signifying " the bear's head," is supposed to be derived from
the peculiar form which this part of the coast assumes in its projection into
the Bristol channel.
ETYMOLOGY: pennardd (qv) with the
devoicing of the final syllable dd
> th
:_______________________________.
y pen nesaf i ‹ə pen ne-sav ii› (prep)
1 the end nearest to
Yr oedd y stafell wely yn y pen nesaf i'r
heol
The bedroom was in the end nearest the road
:_______________________________.
pen-nionyn ‹pen-nyo-nin› masculine
noun
1 (North Wales) onion head – nickname for a bald man
Tafarn Pen-nionyn SH4756 This is the
name of a public house in Y Groeslon (Gwynedd), from the nickname of an owner
(Owen Rowlands) in the late 1800s. The offical name was “Llanfair Arms” since
it had been built on land belonging to Hugh Griffith, owner of the Plas
Llanfair estate. The local name for the pub became the official name in May
2002 (Report in Y Cymro 01 June 2002)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/240661
ETYMOLOGY: (“head (of) onion”, head like an onion) (pen = head) + (nionyn =
onion)
NOTE: On the tavern sign as Tafarn
Pennionyn
:_______________________________.
pennod, penodau ‹PE
nod, pe NO de› (masculine
noun)
1 chapter (of a book)
:_______________________________.
pennog ‹pe -nog› masculine noun
PLURAL penogiaid, penwaig, penweigion ‹pen-waig, pe-nog–yed, pen-weig-yon›
1 herring (Clupea
harengus)
2 bod fel penwaig mewn halen be packed like sardines in a tin
(of many people in a confined space) (“be like herring in salt”)
(the saying is reported in the article “Cyfoeth o Sir Gâr” = “wealth from the
county of Caerfyrddin” / H. Meurig Evans / Llafar Gwlad 55, Gwanwyn 1997)
Compare the Catalan expression “estar estrets com arengades” “be confined like
herrings”
3 yr Afon Benwaig jocular name
for “the sea” (“(the) river (oof) herrings”, the Herring River)
mynd dros yr Afon Benwaig go over the sea
4 bod newid y penwaig ar (rywbeth) (district of Arfon) (obsolete) be dirt cheap
(“be (the) change of a herring on (something)”, the large amount change received
in paying for something is like the great quantity of herring in the sea
5 gwylan y penwaig (Larus
argentatus) herring gull
“(the) gull (of) the herrings” (gwylan = gull) + (y definite
article) + (penwaig, plural of pennog = herring)
6 gwylan y gwalch (Larus
argentatus) herring gull
(Alca torda) = razorbill
“(the) falcon (of) the herrings” (gwalch = falcon) + (y definite
article) + (penwaig, plural of pennog = herring)
Standard name: llurs
7 Pennog gyda phwn a dyrr asgwrn gefn y ceffyl
“(It’s) a herring
along with a pack that breaks the backbone of a horse”
it’s the straw that broke the camel’s back
ETYMOLOGY:
pennog < penwag “empty head” (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (gwag = empty)
NOTE: Diminutive form: penogyn
:_______________________________.
pennog coch ‹pe-nog
kookh› masculine
noun
PLURAL penwaig
coch ‹pen-waig
kookh›
North Wales
1 smoked herring
ETYMOLOGY: (pennog = herring) + (coch = red)
:_______________________________.
pennu ‹PE-ni› (verb)
1 set, establish
pennu cosb addas i’r trosedd make
the punishment fit the crime (“set an adequate punishment for the crime”)
2 pennu degwm tithe apportionment, process of fixing the sum to be
paid as an annual tithe
3 pennu’r cyflymder to set the
pace
pennu’r cyflymdra to set the pace
ETYMOLOGY: (penn- < pen = head) + (-u verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
penodau ‹pe NOO
de› (plural noun)
1 chapters - plural of pennawd
:_______________________________.
penodi ‹pe NOO
di› (verb)
1 appoint
:_______________________________.
penogyn ‹pe-NOO-gin› masculine
noun
PLURAL: penogiaid
‹pe-
nog -yed›
1 herring
2 young herring
ETYMOLOGY: (pennog = herring) + (-yn diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
pen ôl, pen olau
‹pen OOL, pen Ô le› (masculine noun)
1 bottom, ass, arse, backside, bum
2 hollt y pen-ôl cleavage
of the buttocks (“split (of) the back end”)
:_______________________________.
Pen Pumlumon
Arwystli ‹pen pim LI mon a RUIST li›
1 'summit of the five hills of the territory of Arwystli”
:_______________________________.
pen punt a
chynffon dimai ‹pen pint
aa khən-fon di-me›
1 be expensively dressed when
unable to afford it; said of someone who is very smart except for one detail -
such as shoes full of holes
pen punt a chynffon dimai yw hi
she's all cheap show (Scotland: fur coat an’ nae knickers)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) head (costing one) pound and (the) tail (costing one)
halfpenny’
(pen = head) + (punt = pound) + (a =
and) + spirant mutation + (cynffon =
tail) + (dimai = halfpenny)
:_______________________________.
Pen-rallt ‹pen-ralht›
..1/ place names
locality by Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
..2/ street name
....a/ Llangefni (county of Môn) (“Penrallt”)
....b/ Pentre Broughton (county of Wrecsam) (“Penrallt”)
....c/ Porthaethwy (county of Môn) (“Penrallt”)
....d/ Saron, Caernarfon (county of Gwynedd) (“Penrallt”)
....e/ Stad Penrallt Llanystumdwy
(county of Gwynedd)
....f/ “Penrallt Road”, Tywynycapel, near Caergybi (county of Môn) > Ffordd
Pen-rallt
....g/ “Penrallt Street”, Machynlleth (county of Powys) > Stryd
Pen-rallt
....h/ “Penrallt Terrace”, Casnewydd > Rhestr Pen-rallt
ETYMOLOGY: Pen-rallt < pen yr allt “(the) top (of) the hill” (
pen = head, end, top) + (y definite article) + (allt = hill (North), wood (South))
:_______________________________.
Pen-rhiw ‹pen-
hriu›
1
(SS2440) locality in the county of Penfro, south-west Wales
2
Pen-rhiw house name in Bangor
(county of Gwynedd) (in the list of members in “The Transactions of the
Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1) (“Pen Rhiw”
3
Street name
..1/
….a/ Abergele (county of Conwy) (“Penrhiw”)
….b/ Dyffryn Ardudwy (county of Gwynedd) (“Penrhiw”)
….c/ Brynithel (SO2101), Abertyleri (county of Caerffili) (“Penrhiw”)
….d/ Pen-parc, Aberteifi (county of Ceredigion) (“Penrhiw”)
….e/ Llangeler, Llandysul (county of Ceredigion) (“Penrhiw”)
….f/ Llanddewi Felffre (county of Penfro) (“Penrhiw”)
….g/ Tal-y-bont (district of Meirionnydd, county of Gwynedd) (“Penrhiw”)
..2/ “Penrhiw Avenue”, (ST1898), Y Coed-duon (county of Caerffili)
(This would be Coedlan Pen-rhiw in
Welsh)
..3/ “Penrhiw Road”
(This would be Heol Pen-rhiw in Welsh)
….a/ Rhisga (county of Caerffili)
….b/ Treforus (county of Abertawe)
..4/ “Penrhiw Street”, Bryn, Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
(This would be Heol Pen-rhiw in
Welsh)
..5/ “Penrhiw Terrace”
(This would be Rhes / Rhestai / Teras /
Rhestr Pen-rhiw in Welsh)
….a/ Pren-teg, Porthmadog (county of Gwynedd)
....b/ Aber-carn (ST2194) (county of Caerffili)
….c/ Oakdale (ST1898), Y Coed-duon (county of Caerffili)
..6/ Parc Pen-rhiw , Betws, Rhydaman
(county of Caerfyrddin) (“Parc Penrhiw”)
ETYMOLOGY: Pen-rhiw = Pen-y-rhiw with the linking definit
article omitted
(“(the) top (of) the slope”)
(pen = top) + (y definite article) + (rhiw
= slope)
:_______________________________.
Pen-rhiw-goch ‹pen
rhiu GOOKH›
1 place name - top of the red slope / road
:_______________________________.
Penrhuddfa ‹pen-HRIDH-va›
1 SN8355 part of the road from Tregaron to Abergwesyn; Devil’s
Staircase in English (name from the 1930s given by motorbike riders to this stretch
of road with various hairpin bends)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/290991
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently based on rhudd (= red);
“pen y rhuddfa” (pen = summit) + (y definite article) + (rhuddfa = “red place”)
“summit of the red place” according to its present form, though rhuddfa is
a most unusual word.
:_______________________________.
penrhyn,
penrhynoedd / penrhynau ‹PEN rhin, pen RHƏ nodh / pen RHƏ
ne› (masculine noun)
1 headland, promontory
See also Penthryn
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn Cilgwri ‹PEN-hrin
kil-GUU-ri›
1 A peninsula in England between the estuaries of the Dyfrdwy / Dee
and Mersey
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/287489
SJ3089 Parc Penbedw
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) peninsula (of) Cilgwri”
Cilgwri ?cil Gwri “recess (of) Gwri” (cil = recess) + (Gwri
personal name)
(delwedd 7438)
:_______________________________.
Y Penrhyn-coch ‹pen-hrin kookh›
1 (SN6484) locality in the county of Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6484
ETYMOLOGY: (penrhyn = promontory) +
(coch = red)
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn Cothnais ‹pen-hrin koth-nais,
-nes›
1 John O’ Groats
(Scotland)
O Bentir Cothnais hyd Ben Tir Cernyw
from John O’Groats in Scotland to Penn an Wlaz (Land’s End) in Cornwall
ETYMOLOGY: (penrhyn = península) + (Cothnais = Caithness, district name;
Caithness is from a Scandinavian name based on Gaelic Cataibh (= Sutherland))
(caith- < Cataibh) + (ness = nose, peninsula)
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn
Deudraeth (Penrhyn Deudra’th) ‹pen-hrin DEI-draith, -drath›
1 a headland SH5837 in Gwynedd
The headland is at the
junction of Y Traeth Mawr SH5839 (“the big sandflat, the greater
sandflat”) to the west – the tidal estuary of Afon Glaslyn, the upper section
of which, beyond the embankment (Y Còb) completed in 1811, is now mostly
reclaimed land, and Y Traeth Bach SH5357 (“the little sandflat, the
lesser sandflat”) to the south and east, at the estuary of Afon Dwyryd.
As a result of the conversion of most of Y Traeth Mawr to grazing land, this
“greater sandflat” it is now much smaller than the “lesser sandflat” (Y Traeth
Bach).
Trwyn y Penrhyn SH5837 “(the) nose (of) the headland” the tip of the
headland, the tip of the Deudraeth headland
(delwedd 7410)
ETYMOLOGY: penrhyn
deudraeth “(the) headland (of) Deudraeth”
(penrhyn = headland) + (Deudraeth)
Deudraeth “two sandflats” is (deu- < dau = two) + soft
mutation + (traeth = beach, strand, sandflat) – that is , Y Traeth Mawr
and Y Traeth Bach
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gwylan/2493612128/sizes/o/
Aber Dwyryd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1159427
Y Traeth Mawr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/183606
Y Traeth Mawr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/84815
Y Traeth Bach
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/364696
SH5638 Y Cei Balast
:_______________________________.
Penrhyndeudraeth
(Penrhyndeudra’th) ‹pen-hrin DEI-draith,
-drath›
1 village SH6139 in Gwynedd
Short name: Y Penrhyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/865698
gorsaf y Penrhyn
The village was built in the second half of the nineteenth century by David
Williams of Castelldeudraeth in nearby Minffordd. Y Penrhyn Uchaf
was originally known as Y Cefn-coch (“red hill”) , and the name
is perpetuated in the name of the primary school – Ysgol Cefn Coch.
The lower part of the
village is built on reclaimed marshland, and names of terraces in the village
recall its watery past – Glan-llyn < glan y llyn “(the) edge
(of) the pool”, “pool side”; and Pen-llyn < pen y llyn “(the)
end (of) the pool”, “pool’s end”.
(delwedd 7409)
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn Creuddyn
‹pen-hrin KREI-dhin›
1 “Creuddyn Peninsula” SH7583 Llandudno (Conwy)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=345119
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) peninsula (forming part of) (the kúmmud of) Creuddyn”
Creuddyn was one of the three kúmmuds of the kántrev of Rhos, along with Uwch
Dulas and Is Dulas
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn Gŵyr
‹pen-hrin GUIR›
1 “Gower Peninsula”, Abertawe
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) peninsula (forming part of) (the kúmmud of) Gŵyr”
(penrhyn = peninsula) + (Gŵyr)
Gŵyr was a kúmmud in the kántrev of Eginog
:_______________________________.
Penrhyn-mawr ‹pen
hrin MAUR›
1 place name - the big promontory
:_______________________________.
pensyfrdanu ‹pen-səvr-DAA-ni› (v)
1 (vi) become dizzy, get dizzy; begin to feel dizzy / giddy
2 (vt) pensyfrdanu thrywun make someone dizzy, make someone feel dizzy,
make someone feel giddy
ETYMOLOGY: (pensyfrdan = dizzy, giddy) + (-u verb suffix)
:_______________________________.
penthrhyn ‹PEN
thrin›
1 variant of penrhyn (= promontory) with a n intrusive
consonant –th-
Occurs in place names
........................................
..a/ Y Penthryn SH8170 farm,
Eglwys-bach, county of Dinbych
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8170
map
........................................
..b/ Y Penthryn SJ1400 farm near Manafon, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1400
map
........................................
..c/ Y Penthryn SJ2717 farm by Y Rhos, Powys, on Clawdd Offa / Offa’s
Dyke
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2717
map
Also SJ2416 Y Penthryn Fechan to the west
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/580932
........................................
..d/ Y Penthryn SO0686 farm by Y Pentre, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0686
map
:_______________________________.
pensaer,
penseiri ‹PEN sair, pen SEI ri› (masculine noun)
1 architect
:_______________________________.
pensaerniaeth ‹pen
seir NI eth› (feminine noun)
1 architecture
:_______________________________.
pensafiad ‹pen
SAV yad› (masculine noun)
1 (athletics) headstand
:_______________________________.
penseiri ‹pen
SEI ri› (plural noun)
architects - plural of pensaer
:_______________________________.
pensel, penseli ‹PEN
sel, pen SE li› (feminine or
masculine noun)
1
pencil
y bensel / y pensel = the pencil
2
pensel droi ‹pen sel DROI› propelling pencil
3
pensel farcio ‹pen sel VARK yo› marker pencil
4
pensel graffit ‹pen sel GRA fit› graphite pencil, 'lead' pencil
5
pensel lèd ‹pen sel LED› lead pencil
6
pensel liw ‹pen sel LIU› coloured pencil
:_______________________________.
pensen ‹pen
-sen› feminine noun
1 penny
y bensen the penny
Doos gen i ddim pensen goch I
haven`t got a penny, I’m skint
(“I don’t have a red penny” – that is, the colour of copper)
heb ddim pensen ar eich elw without a
penny to your name
(“without any penny on your profit”)
heb yr un bensen ar eich elw without
a penny to your name
(“without the one penny on your profit”)
bod heb yr un bensen be skint
(“be without the one penny”)
ETYMOLOGY: (pens < English pence = pennies) + (-en feminine singularising suffix,
since the native word ceiniog =
penny is feminine )
pence, plural of penny < Old English penig (= penny)
:_______________________________.
pensiwn,
pensiynau ‹PEN shun, pen SHƏ ne› (masculine noun)
1 pension = old age pension
2 pension = allowance or annuity
3
am bensiwn for all the tea in China,
for anything in the world (“for a pension”)
Wnawn i mohoni am bensiwn I wouldn’t
do it for all the tea in China
ETYMOLOGY: English pension < Old
French pension < Latin pénsiō-n-
(= paying in instalments; weighing out) < pendere (= to weigh
out)
(past participle pend-tus > pensus) + (suffix -iōn-)
:_______________________________.
pensiynau ‹pen SHƏ
ne› (plural noun)
1 pensions: see pensiwn
:_______________________________.
pensiynwr ‹pen-shə-nur› masculine
noun
PLURAL: pensiynwyr
‹pen-shən-wir›
1 pensioner
ETYMOLOGY: (pensiyn- = penult form
of pensiwn = pension) + (-wr = man)
:_______________________________.
pensiynwraig ‹pen-shən-wreg› feminine
noun
PLURAL: pensiynwragedd
‹pen-shən-wrâ-gedh›
1 pensioner (woman)
y bensiynwraig the pensioner
ETYMOLOGY: (pensiyn- = penult form
of pensiwn = pension) + (-wraig = woman)
:_______________________________.
pensynnwr ‹pen-sə-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL: pensynnwr
‹pen-sən-wir›
1 daydreamer
ETYMOLOGY: (pensynn- = penult form
of pensynnu = to daydream) + (-wr = man)
:_______________________________.
pentan ‹PEN
tan› (masculine noun)
1
y pair yn gweiddi parddu ar y pentan
(“the cauldron shouting soot to the fireplace”) the pot calling the kettle
black - said of someone who criticises another for something which the critic
is equally guilty of
:_______________________________.
pen tost ‹pen
TOST› (masculine noun)
1 headache (South Wales) ; in the North, cur yn y pen
2 Mae
pen tost gyda fi ‹pen TOST›
I've got a headache (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
Y Pentra ‹ə pen
-tra›
1 A former name for
Merthyrtudful
in the district round about
2 A former name for Aber-dâr in the district round about
NOTE: ‘the village’. In colloquial Welsh a final ‘f’ is lost > pentre; in the south-east, an ‘e’ in a
final syllable is pronounced ‘a’.
:_______________________________.
Pentraeth ‹PEN
traith, -treth›
1 SH5278 place name (county of Môn) - (the) edge (of) (the) shore
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/212039
y pentre / the village
NOTE: Locally Pentra’th ‹PEN-trath›
:_______________________________.
pentre ‹PEN
tre› (masculine noun)
1 see pentref
:_______________________________.
Pentreberw ‹pen
tre BEE ru›
1 village north-west of Y Gaerwen, Ynys Môn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH4772
:_______________________________.
Pentrecagal ‹pen
tre KAA gal›
1 farm SN2830 by Tre-lech (county of Caerfyrddin)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN2830
2
village SN3340 south of Llandyfrïog (county of Caerfyrddin)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=216461
:_______________________________.
Pentrecaseg ‹pen
tre KA seg›
1 SS7194 village in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan. Called
by the English “Jersey Marine”.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/117747
:_______________________________.
Pentrecátheral ‹pen-tre-
ka –the-ral›
1 SJ2767 locality in Sir y Fflint
English name: Northop Hall
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2767
:_______________________________.
Pentre-dŵr ‹pen-tre- duur›
1 street name in
Rhosllannerchrugog, county of Wrecsam
2 village SJ1946 west of Llangollen, county of Dinbych (misspelt as
“Pentredwr” on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1946
3 village south of Y Trallwng (SS6996) in the county of Abertawe (misspelt
as “Pentre-dwr” – no circumflex - on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS6996
ETYMOLOGY: “pentre’r dŵr” “(the) ‘pentre’ (by the) stream”
(pentre / pentref village; formerly ‘edge of a trêv or
township’) + (’r definite article) +
(dŵr = water; stream)
:_______________________________.
Pentre-elan ‹PEN
tre EE-lan› (masculine noun)
1 SN9365 village in Powys, by Cronlyn Elan / Elan Reservoir
English name: Elan Village
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9365
map
ETYMOLOGY: “(the)
village (of) Elan”, “Elan village” (pentre, colloquial form of pentref
= village) + (Elan name of the reservoir, and a river name )
:_______________________________.
pentref,
pentrefi ‹PEN trev, pen TREE vi› (masculine noun)
1 village
2 (the usual colloquial form is pentre
‹PEN tre›, or in the 'final-a' areas pentra)
Y Pentra fomerly (1800s, 1900s) the local name for
Merthyrtudful town and for Aber-dâr town
pentref “trêv end”, the end of a trêv / the boundary of a
trêv / the edge of a trêv
(pen = end) + (tref = trêv)
> pentréf > péntref
:_______________________________.
Pentrehelygain ‹pen-tre-he-LƏ-gen›
1 SJ2072 Locality in the county of Y Fflint
English name: Pentre Halkyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/627845
Capel Salem, Pentrehelygain
2 Maeslygan
(“(the) field (of) Helygain”) name of a street (“Maes Lygan”) in the village
(The local form of Helygain is Lygan ‹LƏ-gan›, with the loss of the
first syllable, and with final ‹ai› > ‹a›, a peculiarity of the county of Y Fflint and
which is more characteristic of the dialect of the north-west. The county of y
Fflint is in north-east Wales, the majority of which has ‹ai› > ‹e›
To the east is the farm of Lygan-y-wern (“Helygain by the alder
swamp”)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘the “pentre” by Helygain’ (pentre is 1/ in modern Welsh ‘village’,
or 2/ in older Welsh ‘peripheral houses of the bondsmen’, ‘houses on the edge
of the trêv or manor or township’ )
:_______________________________.
Y Pentre-poeth
‹pen-tre-POITH›
1 locality in Caer-dydd ST1281
The local form would be Pentra-po’th
‹pen-tra POOTH›
An alternative (but incorrect name) is Treforgan
(Welsh), a translation of the English name Morganstown
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST1281
map
2
locality in Treforus SS6698 (county of Abertawe)
The local form would be Pentre-po’th
‹pen-tre POOTH›
Here there are streets called “Pentrepoeth School Road” and “Pentrepoeth Road”
(which would be Heol Ysgol Pentre-poeth and Heol Pentre-poeth in Welsh)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS6698
map
3
locality in Llanelli SN5001
(county of Caerfyrddin)
The local form would be Pentre-po’th
‹pen-tre POOTH›
Here there is a street called “Pentrepoeth Road”
(which would be Heol Pentre-poeth in Welsh)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5001
map
4
SN4115 locality in the county of Caerfyrddin, 4km al south of Caerfyrddin
The local form would be Pentre-po’th
‹pen-tre POOTH›
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN4115
map
5
locality in Rhiwderin ST2686 (county of Casnewydd), 4km west of Casnewydd
The local form would be Pentra-po’th
‹pen-tra POOTH›
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST2686
map
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/351980
Pentre-poeth
Here there are streets called “Pentre-Poeth Close” and “Pentre-Poeth Road”
(which would be Clos Pentre-poeth and Heol Pentre-poeth in Welsh)
(delwedd 7483)
ETYMOLOGY: “pentre poeth” - a burnt area
near the boundary of a township (Welsh Medieval Society / T. Jones Pierce /
1972 / p136)
(pentre / pentref formerly ‘edge of
a trêv or township’; nowadays ‘village’) + (poeth - older Welsh = burnt; modern Welsh = hot)
pentref “trêv end”, the end of a trêv / the boundary of a trêv / the
edge of a trêv
(pen = end) + (tref = trêv) > pentréf > péntref
:_______________________________.
pentwr,
pentyrrau ‹PEN tur, pen TƏ re› (masculine noun)
1 pile
2 dan bentwr o covered
with (“under a pile of”)
Roedd y gadair dan bentwr o ddillad
the chair was covered in clothes
3 gwneud pentwr o arian (o...) make a fortune (out of...) (“make a
pile of money”)
4
“pile of money” > money saved, savings
byw ar eich pentwr live off your
savings
mynd i’r pentwr dip into your
savings
:_______________________________.
Pen-twyn ‹pen-tui› (settlement
name)
frequent in south-east Wales
1
a district of Caer-dydd
2 The Welsh name for Cross Hands SN5612 in Cwm Gwendraeth
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5612
map
ETYMOLOGY: pen y twyn “(the) top (of) the hill”
(pen = top) + (y =
definite article) + (twyn = hill)
The linking definite article “y” is
frequently dropped in place names
Pen-y-twyn:
1/ General Remarks on Ragland Castle (In: Monmouthshire:
Historical and descriptive accounts of the ancient and present state of Ragland
Castle. Charles Heath, Momouth. 1806.
The Blorens, The Little Skerrith, The
Sugar-Loaf, - and the Great Skerrith. The farm house in front, is called
Pen-y-park [head of the park.] Beyond it, Pen-y-twyn [head of the tump.]
2/ Carreg Pen y Twyn, Trerhingyll,
Bro Morgannwg (“stone at Pen y Twyn”) (SS9977)
3/ In Tredegar there is a residential
street called “Cwrt Pen-y-twyn” (with an English name below on the street sign:
“Head of the Hill Court”)
:_______________________________.
Pentwyndeintur ‹pen-tuin-dein-tir› (settlement
name)
1 Street name in Craig-berth-lwyd, by Mynwentycrynwyr (county of
Merthyrtudful)
ETYMOLOGY: pen twyn y deintur – (“(the) top (of the) hill (of) the tenter”)
The linking definite
article is often lost in place names.
(pen = end) + (twyn = hill) + (y =
definite article) + (deintur =
tenter frame)
:_______________________________.
Pen-tyrch ‹pen-
tirkh›
1 SN6408 locality in the
county of Caer-dydd, south-east Wales
Population (1971): 2,585, Proportion of Welsh-speakers (1971): 13%
2
a parish at this place
3
Equivalents of Pen-tyrch: the English place names of British origin
..a/ “Pentrich” (Derbyshire, in the English Midlands) and
..b/ “Pentridge” (Dorset, in the south-west of England)
4
Rhwng gwyr Pen-tyrch â'i gilydd
(“(leave it) between the people of Pen-tyrch (each) with his fellow”) (said
when advising somebody not to get involved in other people's disputes); Let
them sort out their differences amongst themselves; Don’t get involved in their
quarrel; It’s best to stay out of it, A plague on both their houses
ETYMOLOGY: “hill of the wild boar” (pen =
hill) + (twrch = wild boar).
The form tyrch is apparently a
vestige of the genitive form of the noun in British. As in Latin the genitive
suffix was -i, but in British this
final -i caused a change in the
preceding vowel: twrch (= wild
boar), and probably tyrch is 'of
(the) wild boar'.
The wild boar has been extinct in the island of Britain for many centuries
(Extinction probably occurred in the 1200’s – Source: wikipedia, “wild boar”).
The Britons used animal skulls on the top of posts as a sign of an assembly.
For this reason, it has been suggested that a possible meaning of the place
name is 'head of the wild boar' (pen
= hilltop, hill, end; head) but this seems very unlikely.
Another example of a British genitive form retained in a place name is Caer-dydd < Caer-dyf “Roman fort by the river Taf”.
:_______________________________.
pentyriad ‹pen-tər-yad› masculine
noun
PLURAL pentyriadau
‹pen-tər- yâ
-de›
1 pile-up = multiple collisions
with vehicles running into the back of each other
ETYMOLOGY: (pentyr- stem of pentyrru = to pile up) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
pentyrrau ‹pen- tə
-re›
1 plural of pentwr (= pile)
:_______________________________.
Pentywyn ‹pen TƏ
win›
1 place name
A farm SN2918 near Meidrim, spelt “Pentowyn” (dialectal variant of the name)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN2918
ETYMOLOGY: pen y tywyn "(the)
end / (the) edge (of) the sand dunes” (pen
= head, end) + (y = definite article) + (tywyn = sand dunes, “burrows”)
:_______________________________.
penwaig ‹PEN
waig› (plural noun)
1 herring
:_______________________________.
penwan ‹pen-wan› adjective
South Wales
1 weak in the head, soft in the head, daft in the head, weakminded
2
(plan, scheme, idea) silly, daft, idiotic, stupid, nonsensical, whacky
3
lightheaded, giddy
4
crazy, mad
hala (rhywun) yn benwan drive
someone crazy, make someone mad
5
angry
yn benwan holics hopping mad
yn benwan walics hopping mad
yn benwan bared hopping mad (pared = wall)
6 benwan (soft-mutated form) (used as an epithet)
Siarl Benwan Charles the Simple
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) +
soft mutation + (gwan = weak)
:_______________________________.
Penweddig ‹pen WE
dhig›
1 a kantrev / cantref in the country (gwlad) of
Ceredigion. It was divided into three kúmmuds, Genau’r Glyn (“(the) mouth (of)
the valley”), Perfedd (“interior”), and Creuddyn (“fortress”).
(delwedd 7351)
2
name of the Welsh-language high school in Aberystwyth – the town is situated in
the old kúmmud of Perfedd, in the kántrev of Penweddig.
:_______________________________.
penwirioni ‹pen-wir-yô-ni› verb
1 penwirioni ar become
obsessed with, be obsessed with
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft
mutation + (gwironi = get obsessed)
:_______________________________.
penwyn ‹pen -win› adj
1 feminine form: penwen; plural form penwynion
2 white-headed
(Mergus cucculatus) hooded merganser (“white-headed duck”)
buwch benwen white-headed cow
Penwen name for a cow
3 (South-east) fair-haired
Dafydd Benwyn (“fair-haired David”) A poet (sometime between 1550 and
1600) from the old county of Morgannwg, probably from Llangeinwyr (SS9187), who
wrote poetry in the strict metres, addressed to the landed families of the
south-east
4 white-haired
hen ŵr penwyn a white-haired old man
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = head) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
Y Penwynion ‹pen-
win -yon›
1 Pennines, long ridge in
the north of England
Llwybr y Penwynion Pennine Way (a
long-distance footpath along this ridge)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) white-topped (hills)”
Plural form of the adjective penwyn
(= white head / peak). It is a name invented in the twentieth century.
The English name “Pennines” has the appearance of a Celtic name (pen = head /
peak), and occurs in an area where there are many surviving British place
names.
However, it is a late invention, from the 18th century, and is
modelled on the name “Apennines”, the mountain range in Italy (1250km)
:_______________________________.
Pen y Begwn ‹pen ə
bê-gun› -
1 SO2436 (677m) mountain
6km south of Y Gelligandryll
English name: Hay Bluff
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/14642
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) summit (of) the beacon”)
(pen = peak, top) + (y = definite article) + (begwn = hill, beacon hill)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-bonc ‹pen ə
bongk›
1 Farm SH2181 south of
Mynydd y Tŵr, Caergybi and south-west of Caergybi
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/903274
map
2 Farm in Amlwch, county of Ynys Môn
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) top / (the) end (of) the bank”)
(pen = top, end) + (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(ponc = bank, rising ground,
hillock)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-bont ‹pe nə
BONT›
1 place name - (house) opposite / by the entrance to the bridge
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr ‹pe nə BONT a RO gur›
1 place name - town in the south-east
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-bont
Rhydybeddau ‹pe nə BONT rhiid ə BE dhe›
1 place name, Ceredigion.
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-cae-mawr ‹pen ə
kai MAUR›
1 place name - end of the big (fenced-in) field
:_______________________________.
Penycaerau <pen-ə-KEI-rai, -e> [pɛnəˡkəɪraɪ,
-ɛ]
1 SH2087 locality in the
district of Dwyfor (county of Gwynedd)
2 name of a chapel in Steuben, New York State
“The numbers of the Calvinistic Methodists who were members of or attended
Capel Ucha, the former Union Church, were continually growing larger as new
settlers arrived. By 1824 several felt themselves strong enough to organize a
church of their own, and aided by Mr. James Owen of Trenton, they incorporated
in February of that year and by August had completed Pen-y-caerau, their first
church in this vicinity. This was located about a mile east of Remsen village on
the hill opposite Capel Ucha, which stood about half a mile west of Remsen in
the town of Steuben. Though their building was completed, they did not leave
Capel Ucha entirely, as they had no pastor. One of their members, Benjamin
Davies, rose to the occasion, began preaching in 1826, and from that date
served as the pastor of the church.” (The Welsh in Oneida County, New York.
Paul Demund Evans. M.A. Thesis, 1914, Cornell University.)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘place at the end of the fort’ (pen
= head) + (y = definite article) + (caerau = fortalesa, plural of caer = fort, wall)
NOTE: The local pronunciation is with final <a> [a] (au in a final syllable is <e> [ɛ] generally; in north-west Wales it is <a> [a])
(delwedd 7423)
:_______________________________.
Penychen <pen-Ə-khen> [pɛnˡəxɛn]
1 place name - summit of
the oxen
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-clawdd <pen-ə-KLAUDH> [pɛnəˡklaʊð]
1 place name - end of the
ditch / dyke
:_______________________________.
Penycwarel <pen-ə-KWAA-rel> [pɛnəˡkwɑˑrɛl]
1
“Pen-y-Cwarel Road” street name in Wyllie (ST1794), part of Y Coed-duon
(ST1797) (county of Caerffili) This would be Heol Penycwarel in Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) end (of) the quarry”, “quarry end” (pen = head, end) + (y
definite article) + (cwarel, which
is a southern form of chwarel =
quarry)
Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club
& Archaeological Society, Volume 9, Part 2 1922
On Place Names In General, And The
Hampshire Place Names In Particular.
George Beardoe Grundy M.A. Oxon., D.Litt.
Oxon. (10 January 1861, Wallasey – 6 December 1948, Oxford)
Quarrel: quarry.
:_______________________________.
penyd, penydiau <PEE-nid,
pe-NƏD-yai, -e> [ˡpeˑnɪd, pɛˡnədjaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 penitence
gwneud penyd do penance
2 prison sentence
gwneud penyd yn y carchar do a
stretch in prison, serve a prison sentence
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-fan <pen-ə-VAN> [pɛnəˡvan]
1 place name - summit of
the hill
:_______________________________.
Pen y Foel ‹pen-ə-VOIL› [pɛnəˡvɔɪl]
1 hill name
1 Pen y Foel (
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH6639
2 Pen y Foel (
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8350
3 Pen y Foel near Llangurig, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8681
4 Pen y Foel (
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS9189
4 Pen y Foel, by Rhydwyn, Ynys Môn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH3089
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) summit (of) the [bare] hill”, “hill top” (pen = head, end) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (moel = [bare] hill)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-foel ‹pen-ə-VOIL› [pɛnəˡvɔɪl]
1 house name or village name
..a/ Pen-y-foel SJ2156 farm by Graeanyrhyd, county of
Dinbych
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2256
..b/ Pen-y-foel SJ2621 Llanymenyech, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2621
..c/ Pen-y-foel farm near Meifod, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1414
..d/ Pen-y-foel farm near Castell Caereinion, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1705
..e/ Pen-foel farm in Ceredigion near Y Ceinewydd (in this name the
linking definite article is dropped, a common feature of Welsh place names)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN3957
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) summit (of) the [bare] hill”, “hill top”
See above. As it is a habitative name, the elements form a single written word.
:_______________________________.
pen y glec <pen-ə-GLEK> [pɛnəˡglɛk] masculine noun
1 South-east Wales (“top (of) the chat”) place (bridge, street
corner, etc) where people come together to chat after work or after a chapel
service
See clec
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-garn ‹pen-ə-GARN› [pɛnəˡgarn]
1 SO2801 district of
Pont-y-pŵl (Torfaen)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO2801
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) summit (of) the cairn”
(pen = head, end, hilltop, summit) +
(y = definite article) + soft mutation
+ (carn = cairn, pile of stones)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-graig <pen-ə-GRAIG> [pɛnəˡgraɪg]
1 SS9991 locality the
county of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf, near Tonypandy <HRON-dha KƏ-non TAAV> [ˡhrɔnða ˡkənɔn ˡtɑˑv]
Population: 7,255 (1971);
proportion of Welsh-speakers: 8% (1971)
2 SH2033 locality in Dwyfor (county of Gwynedd), on west side of
Llangwnnadl
3 SJ2640 locality in the county of Dinbych
4 name of a street
(a) Caernarfon (English name: Pool Lane)
(b) Rhiwbina, Caer-dydd
5 name of a chapel in between Remsen and Boonville, New York State
“The Calvinistic Methodists established the following churches. In
(Other sources give the name as Capel Cerrig ‘(the) chapel ([built] of)
stones’, which seems to be the more likely name; “capel carreg” seems to be an
incorrect literal retranslation from English “stone chapel”)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(place at the) end (of) the crag / rock’ (pen = head, end) + (y =
definite article) + soft mutation + (craig
= crag, rock)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-lan <pen-ə-LAN> [pɛnəˡlan]
1 (ST1978) locality in
Caer-dydd
(1971) population: 22,225; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 8%
The name is mentioned by John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records'
(1889-1911): “PEN-Y-LAN (the end of the
height.) A gentle eminence to the north-east of Cardiff, lying in the parish of
Roath. It is the south-eastern spur of the Cefn-coed. The name is applied
particularly to a house and land, near the summit, belonging to Mr. Fedele
PRIMAVESI.”
ETYMOLOGY: pen y lan “(the) end / edge (of) the slope”)
(pen = end / head / top) + (y definite article) + soft mutation + (glan = shore, bank, slope, hill).
:_______________________________.
Pen y Morfa <pen-ə-MOR-va> [pɛnəˡmɔrva]
1 see the habitative name
Penymorfa
:_______________________________.
Penymorfa <pen-ə-MOR-va> [pɛnəˡmɔrva]
1 street name
..b/ Pen-clawdd (county of Abertawe)
....a/ Penymorfa street name,
Llanelli (county of Caerfyrddin) (written as three words “Pen y Morfa”)
....b/ Penymorfa street name,
Llangynnwr (SN4320) (county of Caerfyrddin) (written “Penymorfa”)
....c/ Penymorfa street name,
Pen-clawdd (county of Abertawe)
Also “Penymorfa Lane”, Caerfyrddin (this would be “Lôn Penymorfa / Heol
Penymorfa” in Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: pen y morfa “(the) end / edge / headland (of) the sea marsh”)
(pen = end / head) + (y definite article) + (morfa = sea marsh).
NOTE: The linking definite article is often omitted in place names: pen y
morfa > pen morfa Pen morfa, Penmorfa
See Pen Morfa, Penmorfa
:_______________________________.
Penymynydd <pen-ə-MƏ-nidh> [pɛnəˡmənɪð]
1 SJ3062 locality north
of Pen-y-ffordd in the county of Y Fflint
2 street name
..a/ Croeserw (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
..b/ Y Betws (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
3
name of a chapel near Remsen, New York State
“While the Calvinistic Methodists were thus multiplying their organization, the
Congregationalists were not idle. Many of the members of Capel Ucha lived on
the hills to the north and west (of Remsen). For their benefit in March 1832
Penymynydd (Top of the Mountain) was organized, and a building erected about
three miles north of Capel Ucha. This church almost to the present time has
been served by the pastor at Capel Ucha. Six years after this two other
Congregational churches were founded in the neighborhood, Peniel and Bethel.
Morris Roberts, the pastor, was turned out of Capel Careg, the C. M. church in
Remsen village, on account of liberal views. A large number of his congregation
went with him and established a Congregational society in the village in
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) end (of) the high ground’ (pen = end) + (y =
definite article) + (mynydd =
mountain, high ground)
:_______________________________.
Pen y Parc <pen-ə-PARK> [pɛnəˡpark]
1 (SJ2169) headland on
the island of Môn, near Gwalchmai; English name: Bodorgan Head
ETYMOLOGY: ‘end (of) the field’ or ‘headland of the field’ (pen = end; headland) + (y = definite article) + (parc = field)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-parc <pen-ə-PARK> [pɛnəˡpark]
1 Place in Llantarnam
(Torfaen)
(Mentioned in Llantarnam Burials 1813-74)
Thos s/o Thos (Thomas
son of Thomas) & Ann Whittaker, Penypark in Lantarnam (died) 27
Oct 1814 (aged) 4 yrs http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~monfamilies/llantarnbur1813-74.htm
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-pil <pen-ə-PIIL> [pɛnəˡpiːl]
1 place name
..a/ ..Pen-y-pil John Hobson
Matthews (Mab Cernyw) notes this name in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911):
“PEN-Y-PIL (the head of the inlet.) A farm in the parish of Rumney.”
..b/ There is a street called “Pen-y-peel Road” (which would be Heol Pen-y-pil in Welsh) in Treganna,
Caer-dydd
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) head (of) the the tidal creek” (pen = head, top) + (y
definite article) + (pil tidal
creek)
:_______________________________.
Pen-yr-allt <pen-ər-ALHT> [pɛnərˡaɬt]
..1/ place name
....a/ Treffynnon (county of Y Fflint)
..2/ street name
....a/ Garnant, Rhydaman (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Penyrallt”)
....b/ Caerffili (“Pen-yr-rallt”)
....c/ “Penyrallt Avenue”, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
ETYMOLOGY: pen yr allt “(the) top
(of) the hill” ( pen = head, end,
top) + (y definite article) + (allt = hill (North), wood (South))
NOTE: See also Pen-rallt
:_______________________________.
Pen-yr-heol <pen-ər-HEE-OL> [pɛnəˡrheˑɔl]
1 place name - end of the
road (house at a crossroad or where a road enters a village)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-rhiw <pen-ə-HRIU> [pɛnəˡhrɪʊ]
1
(SS2440) locality in the county of Penfro, south-west Wales
2
Street name
....a/ Llanwenarth, Y Fenni (county of Conwy) (“Penyrhiw”)
....b/ Ystrad, Pentre (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Pen-y-Rhiw”)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) top (of) the slope”)
(pen = top) + (y = definite article) + (rhiw
= slope)
NOTE: Cf Pen-rhiw = Pen-y-rhiw with the linking definite
article omitted
:_______________________________.
Penyrwrlodd <pen-ər-UR-lodh> [pɛnərˡʊrlɔð]
1
farm name
..1 Llanigon: In
his Topographical Dictionary of Wales, 1849, Samuel Lewis, under Llanigon
(modern-day Brycheiniog district of Powys), states:
Upon a high bank to the south-east of the church is Penyrwrlodd, now a
farmhouse, originally built in 1651, by William Watkins, an active officer in
the army of the parliament during the reign of Charles I., and one of the
principal agents of the propagators of the Gospel in South Wales
..2/ Farm name in Talgarth
(Brycheiniog district of Powys)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) end (of) the hay meadow”)
(pen = top) + (y = definite article) + sioft mutation + (gweirglodd (f) = hay
meadow)
NOTE: gwrglodd is a southern form of gweirglodd (qv)
:_______________________________.
Pen-y-sarn <pen-ə-SARN> [pɛnəˡsarn]
1
place name - end of the causeway
Also: Pen-sarn
:_______________________________.
Pen y Twyn /
Pen-y-twyn <pen-ə-TUIN> [pɛnəˡtʊmpa]
1 (635mm) SO2235 peak in southern Powys, 7km east
of the village of Talgarth.
English name: The Tumpa, or Lord Hereford's Knob
:_______________________________.
Pen y Twmpa <pen-ə-TUM-pa> [pɛnəˡtʊmpa]
1 (635mm) SO2235 peak in southern Powys, 7km east
of the village of Talgarth.
English name: The Tumpa, or Lord Hereford's Knob
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) summit (of) the mounds / hillocks”)??
(pen = peak, top) + (y = definite article) + (twmpe = mounds, hillocks; southern form
of tympiau, plural of twmp (= mound, tumulus, hillock)). If
this is the explanation, it is difficult to account for the final -a. In
South-east Wales a final -e becomes -a (twmpe > twmpa), but this
feature is not found in southern Powys (in the area which is the former county
of Brycheiniog)
:_______________________________.
Penywerlod <pen-ə-WER-lod> [pɛnəˡwɛrlɔd]
1 “pen y werlod” “(the)
end / edge (of) the haymeadow”
“Penywerlod Road”, street name in Markham, Y Coed-duon (county of Caerffili)
The Welsh name would be Heol Penywerlod
ETYMOLOGY: (pen = end) + soft
mutation + (gwerlod, a southern form
of gweirglodd (= hay meadow)
:_______________________________.
pêr ‹PEER› [peːr]
1 helygen bêr (PLURAL: helyg pêr) (Salix pentandra)
bay willow (also laurel-leaved willow)
See: helygen beraroglaidd
:_______________________________.
peraidd ‹PEER-aidh,
-edh› [ˡpeˑraɪð, -ɛð]
1 sweet
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 35:6 Y mae offrwm y duwiol yn
gwneuthur yr allor yn fras, a'i arogl peraidd ef sy gerbron y Goruchaf. (Apocrypha)
Ecclesiasticus 35:6 The offering of the
righteous maketh the altar fat, and the sweet savour thereof is before the most
High.
:_______________________________.
peraroglaidd <per-a-RO-glaidh, -edh> [pɛraˡrɔglaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 perfumed, sweet-scented
helygen beraroglaidd (Salix
pentandra)
bay willow (also laurel-leaved willow, sweet willow)
ETYMOLOGY: (perarogl = perfume) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives )
:_______________________________.
perchennog,
perchnogion <per-KHE-nog, perkh-NOG-yon> [pɛrˡxɛnɔg, pɛrxˡnɔgjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 owner
:_______________________________.
perchyll <PER-khilh> [ˡpɛrxɪɬ] (plural noun)
1 piglets; plural of porchell
:_______________________________.
Peredur <pe-REE-dir> [pɛˡreˑdɪr] (masculine noun)
1 man's name, revived in the 1900s. See Mabinogi
:_______________________________.
peren, pêr <PEE-ren,
PEER> [ˡpeˑrɛn, peːr] (feminine
noun)
1 pear
y beren the pear
:_______________________________.
pererin,
pererinion <pe-REE-rin, pe-re-RIN-yon> [pɛˡreˑrɪn, pɛrɛˡrɪnjɔn] (masculine
noun)
1 pilgrim
:_______________________________.
pererindod,
pererindodau <pe-re-RIN-dod, pe-re-rin-DOO-dai, -de> [pɛrɛˡrɪndɔd, pɛrɛrɪnˡdoˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 pilgrimage
mynd ar bererindod go on a pilgrimage
Pererindod Melangell (“Melangell’s pilgrimage”) [pe-re-RIN-dod
me-LAN-gelh] name of a 15-mile path in mid-Wales from Pont Llogell, through
Coedwig Dyfnant to Llyn Fyrnwy, through Coedwig Hirnant and on to the church
dedicated to the female saint of the Celtic Church Melangell in Pennant
Melangell
:_______________________________.
..1 perfedd,
perfeddion / perfeddau <PER-vedh,
per-VEDH-yon / per-VEE-dhai, e> [ˡpɛrvɛð, pɛrˡvɛðjɔn
/ pɛrˡveˑðaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 centre; intestines
:_______________________________.
..2 Perfedd <PER-vedh> [ˡpɛrvɛð]
1 name of two 'commotes' (division
of a kantrev) in the south-west; = middle country
:_______________________________.
perfeddwlad <per-VEDH-wlad> [pɛˡveˑðwlad] feminine noun
1 interior, heartland,
middle territory, buffer country, midlands, inland region
y berfeddwlad the midlands
2
ym mherfeddwlad Lloegr in deepest
England
3
Perfeddwlad or Y Berfeddwlad medieval territory situated between Powys and
Gwynedd, between the rivers Conwy and Dyfrydwy, comprising the four kantrevs
(cantrefi) of Rhos, Rhufoniog, Dyffryn Clwyd and Tegeingl ; later it became
known as Gwynedd Is Conwy (“Gwynedd below Conwy”, the part of the country of
Gwynedd on the far side of the river Conwy). Frequently attacked by the English
as it lacked natural defensive features, unlike the mountainous region to the
west
(delwedd 7342)
ETYMOLOGY: (perfedd = middle;
intestines) + soft mutation + (gwlad
= country)
:_______________________________.
perffaith <PER-faith,
-eth> [ˡpɛrfaɪθ, -ɛθ] (adjective)
1 perfect
:_______________________________.
perfformiad,
perfformiadau <per-FORM-yad, per-form-YAA-dai, e> [pɛrˡfɔrmjad, ˡpɛrfɔrmˡjɑˑdaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 performance
:_______________________________.
perfformiadol <per-form-YAA-dol> [pɛrfɔrmˡjɑˑdɔl] adjective
1 celfyddydau perfformiadol performing arts
ETYMOLOGY: (perfformiad =
performance) + (-ol prefix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
perfformio <per-FORM-yo> [pɛrˡfɔrmjɔ] (verb)
1 to perform
:_______________________________.
perigl (perig’) <PEE-rigl,
PEE-rig> [ˡpeˑrɪgl, ˡpeˑrɪg] masculine noun
1
danger
See perygl
The standard form is perygl, plural peryglon, but a more correct form is
with i in the singular - perigl, plural peryglon, since in North Wales, where a distinction is made between
“y” and “i” (in the south they are pronounced the same) this word is always
pronounced with “i”
:_______________________________.
Peris <PEE-ris> [ˡpeˑrɪs]
1 river in Ceredigion
2
stream in Gwynedd
:_______________________________.
perl <PERL> [pɛrl] masculine noun
PLURAL perlau <PER-lai, e> [ˡpɛrlaɪ, -ɛ]
1
pearl = white, bluish-grey foreign body found in the shell of a pearl oyster
pysgodfa perlau pearl fishery
pysgota am berlau, pysgota perlau
pearl fishing
2
pearl = this object considered as a gem
cadwyn o berlau string of pearls,
pearl necklace
botwm perl pearl button, button made
of mother-of-pearl
perl gwneud cultivated pearl,
cultured pearl
3
pearl = material of which the gates of Heaven are made in Saint John's vision
of Heaven
Datguddiad 21:21 A'r ddeudeg porth,
deuddeg perl oeddynt; a phob un o'r pyrth oedd o un perl
Revelation 21.21 And the twelve gates were twelve pearls; every several gate
was of one pearl
4
pearl = a valuable thing
5
taflu perlau o flaen moch cast
pearls before swine, offer or give something valuable or helpful or useful to
somebody too ignorant to appreciate or use it
Mathew 7:6 Na roddwch y peth sydd
sanctaidd i'r cwn, ac na theflwch eich gemau o flaen y moch; rhag iddynt eu
sathru dan eu thraed, a throi a'ch rhwygo chwi
Matthew 7:6 Give not that which is holy unto the dogs, neither cast ye your
pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet, and turn again
and rend you
6
perl gwerthfawr a pearl of great
price, something of great value, something that should be regarded as valuable
Mathew 13:45 Cyffelyb yw teyrnas nefoedd
i farchnatwr, yn ceisio perlau teg (13:46) Yr hwn wedi iddo gaffael un perl
gwerthfawr, a aeth, ac a werthodd gymaint oll ag a feddai, a'i prynodd ef
Matthew 13:45 The kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man, seeking goodly
pearls (13:46) Who, when he had found one pearl of great price, went and sold
all that he had, and bought it
7
pearl, jewel; = finest example of its kind
Perl ymysg merched oedd Gwenno, yn ôl ei
sboner
Gwenno was a pearl compared with other girls, according to her fiancé
8
pearl = (jokes, stories, expression) one which is considered extremely amusing
Yn y casgliad o ffraethebion Llyn ac
Eifionydd ceir y perlau hyn...
In the collection of humor from (the districts of) Llyn and Eifionydd there are
the following pearls...
9
pearl = thing similar in shape to a pearl (teardrop, raindrop, drop of water,
etc)
Pan welir perlau glaw yn hir ymaros ar
frigau coed y gaeaf yn ardal Llanuwchllyn, daw eira i'r mynyddoedd (Llafar
Gwlad Chwefror-Mai 1983)
When pearls of rain stay for a long time on (bare) winter branches of trees in
the area of Llanuwchllyn snow will come to the mountains
10
obsolete perl (yn llygad rhywun) cataract
11
dathlu eich priodas berl celebrate
one's pearl wedding anniversary (thirty years of marriage)
ETYMOLOGY: English pearl < Middle
English perle < Middle French
< Italian perla
< Vulgar Latin *pernula,
diminutive form of perna (= sea
mussel; leg, thing shaped like a leg of mutton)
NOTE: diminutive form: perlyn masculine noun, perlen feminine noun
:_______________________________.
perlaidd <PER-laidh, -edh> [ˡpɛrlaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
1 of the colour of pearl
gwyn perlaidd pearl white
ETYMOLOGY: (perl = pearl) + (-aidd suffix to form adjectives)
:_______________________________.
perlesmair <per-LES-mair,
-er> [pɛrˡlɛsmaɪr, -ɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL perlesmeiriau
<per-les-MEIR-yai,
e> [pɛrlɛsˡməɪrjaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 rapture
ETYMOLOGY: (pêr = sweet) + soft
mutation + (llesmair = swoon, faint)
:_______________________________.
perlesmeirio <per-les-MEIR-yo> [pɛrlɛsˡməɪrjɔ]
1 perlesmeirio (dros rywbeth) go into raptures (over something)
ETYMOLOGY: (perlesmair = rapture) +
(-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
perlesmeiriol <per-les-MEIR-yol> [pɛrlɛsˡməɪrjɔl]adjective
1 rapturous, extatic
ETYMOLOGY: (perlesmair = rapture) +
(-iol, suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
perllan,
perllannau <PER-lhan, per-LHA-nai, e> [ˡpɛrɬan, pɛrˡɬanaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine
noun)
1 orchard
y berllan the orchard
2 Brynberllan
<brin-BER-LHAN> [brɪnˡbɛrɬan] A house name in Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd) (spelt as “Bryn Berllan”).
bryn y berllan “(the) hill (of) the orchard,
orchard hill” (bryn = hill) + (y definite article) + soft
mutation + (perllan = orchard) NOTE: In place names a linking definite
article is often omitted: bryn y berllan > bryn berllan
:_______________________________.
perlog <PER-log> [ˡpɛrlɔg] adjective
1 pearly
2 haidd perlog pearl
barley
3 wystrysen berlog pearl
oyster
ETYMOLOGY: (perl = pearl) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
perorasiwn <per-o-RA-shun> [pɛrɔˡraʃʊn] masculine
noun
PLURAL perorasiynau
<per-o-ra-SHƏ-nai, e> [pɛrɔraˡʃənaɪ,
-ɛ]
1 peroration = last part
of a speech, recapitulation and emphasis of the main points
Ar ddiwedd ei berorasiwn gofynnodd:
“Wedi'r cwbl, beth yw'r gwahaniaeth rhwng Rhyddfrydwr a Thori?”
At the end of his peroration he asked, After all, what's the difference
between a Liberal and a Tory?
ETYMOLOGY: English peroration <
Latin perôrâtiô < perôrare (per = completely) + (orâre
= to speak)
:_______________________________.
Persia <PERS-ya> [ˡpɛrsja] feminine noun
1 Persia
Persia’r henfyd Ancient Persia
(“Pèrsia (of) the ancient world”)
:_______________________________.
Persian words
in Welsh
See: caci (= khaki)
:_______________________________.
persli <PER-sli> [ˡpɛrslɪ] masculine noun
1 parsley
saws persli parsley sauce
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English <pérsli> [ˡpérslɪ] persely (influenced by Old French persil) < Old English petersilie – both the English and
French words are from Late Latin petrosilium
< pertroselînum < Greek petroselînon (= rock parsley).
Modern English parsley <PAA-sli> [ˡpɑˑslɪ] shows the change er > ar, which occured after the word was
borowed into Welsh, and the Welsh word maintains the old vowel of the former
English form
In Modern French it is persil, as in
Old French
:_______________________________.
person,
personiaid <PER-son, per-SON-yaid, -ed> [ˡpɛrsɔn, pɛrˡsɔnjaɪd, -ɛd] (masculine
noun)
1 parson
2
trwyn y person (American: pope’s
nose) (Englandic: parson’s nose)
fatty part of tail end of a cooked chicken (“(the) nose (of) the parson”)
3 Caeperson
..a/ Llanrŵst (county of Conwy) (“Cae Person”)
..b/ Llanddarog (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Cae Person”)
‘cae’r person’ “(the) field (of) the parson”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + (person = parson)
The linking definite article is often omitted in place names cae’r… > cae…
4 person, individual
:_______________________________.
persondy <per-SON-di> [pɛrˡsɔndɪ] masculine
noun
PLURAL persondai
<per-SON-dai> [pɛrˡsɔndaɪ]
1 parsonage, rectory = house
of a rector, usually the property of the church; glebehouse
2
house name
Persondy / Y Persondy The Parsonage;
Hen Bersondy / Yr Hen Bersondy The
Old Parsonage = the former parsonage
:_______________________________.
personél <per-so-NEL> [pɛrsɔˡnɛl] masculine noun
1 personnél
swyddfa bersonél personnel office
Uned Hyfforddiant a Phersonél
Training and Personnel Unit
ETYMOLOGY: English personnel (=
staff, workers, employees) < French < Latin personalis (adjective =
personal) < persôna (= mask), possibly
from Etruscan phersu (= mask)
:_______________________________.
Personiaid
Bangor <per-SON-yaid, -ed, BANG-gor> [pɛrˡsɔnjaɪd, -ɛd, ˡbaŋgɔr] (plural noun)
1 name given to white rainclouds in the country west of Bangor -
literally “parsons from Bangor”
:_______________________________.
personol <per-SOO-nol> [pɛrˡsoˑnɔl] (adjective)
1 personal
:_______________________________.
person plwyf
(person plwy) <per-son PLUIV / PLUIV> [ˡpɛrsɔn ˡplʊɪv / ˡplʊɪ] (masculine
noun)
1 parish priest
:_______________________________.
perswadio <per-SWAD-yo> [pɛrˡswadjɔ] (verb)
1 persuade
:_______________________________.
pert <PERT> [pɛrt] (adjective)
1 (South) pretty
:_______________________________.
perth, perthi <PERTH,
PER-thi> [pɛrθ, ˡpɛrθɪ] (feminine
noun)
1 bush
y berth the bush
2 Y Ddwyberth <ə DHUI-berth
> [ə ˡðʊɪbɛrθ] “the two bushes / hedges” name of a street in
Porthtywyn (county of Caerfyrddin)
3
(North) plentyn llwyn a pherth <PLEN-tin
HLUIN a FERTH > [ ˡplɛntɪn ɬʊɪn a fɛrθ] lovechild
(“child (of) bush and thicket”)
:_______________________________.
perthen ‹PER then› (feminine noun)
1 bush (diminutive form); see “perth”
y berthen the bush
Y Berthen-gron Farm SJ2849, by Y
Coed-poeth, Wrecsam
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/208635
Y Berthen-gron
“the round bush” (y = definite article) + soft mutation +
(perthen = bush) + soft mutation + (cron, feminine form of crwn
= round)
ETYMOLOGY: (perth = bush) + (-en diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
perthog ‹PER
thog› (adjective)
1 bush-covered, bushy
:_______________________________.
perthynas,
perthnasau ‹per THƏ nas, perth NA se› (masculine noun)
1 relationship
:_______________________________.
perthyn i ‹PER
thin› (verb)
1 belong to 2 (person) be related to
:_______________________________.
perthynol ‹per THƏ
nol› (adjective)
1 realtive, belonging to
2 cymal perthynol
relative clause
:_______________________________.
perygl, peryglon
‹PE ri gəl, PE rig; pe RƏ glon› (masculine noun)
1 danger
2
perygl bywyd danger to life and limb
a menace, source of danger (“danger (of) life”)
Mae dilyn llwybr cyhoeddus yn un rhan o
Gymru yn beryg bywyd
ar ôl i ffordd osgoi newydd gael ei hagor. Mae pedwar llwybr
cyhoeddus yn croesi ffordd osgoi newydd Y Felinheli yng Ngwynedd
Following a public footpath in one part of Wales is a danger to life and limb
after a new bypass was opened . Four public footpaths cross the new the bypass
in Felinheli in Gwynedd (Cymro 08 Mehefin 1994)
3
perygl i gyfrinachedd security risk
(“danger to secrecy”)
4
mynd i berygl colli risk defeat, run
the risk of losing
5
troi perygl heibio ward off danger
6 bod mewn perygl o gael eu difa be under threat of extinction (“be
in danger of receiving its destroying”)
NOTE: The
standard form is perygl, plural peryglon, but a more correct form is
with i in the singular - perygl, plural peryglon, since in North Wales, where a distinction is made between
“y” and “i” (in the south they are pronounced the same) this word is always
pronounced with “i”
:_______________________________.
peryglu ‹pe RƏ
gli› (verb)
1 endanger, put in danger
2 peryglu`ch bywyd / peryglu’ch
einioes put someone's life in danger
:_______________________________.
peryglus ‹pe RƏ
glis› (adjective)
1 dangerous
2 mentro ar dir peryglus
tread on delicate ground, be in a delicate situation
:_______________________________.
Pesda ‹PE
sta› (feminine noun)
1 colloquial name for Bethesda
:_______________________________.
peswch ‹PE
sukh› (masculine noun)
1 cough
2 Mae peswch arna i I have
a cough (there is a cough on me)
:_______________________________.
pesychu ‹pe SƏ
khi› (verb)
to cough
:_______________________________.
petái ‹pe
TAI› (verb)
if it were
:_______________________________.
petáwn i ‹pe taun ii›
1 if I could
Petáwn i ond yn gallu! If only I
could! (“if I could but be able”)
ETYMOLOGY: petáwn < ped bawn (= if I were)
:_______________________________.
..1 peth, pethau
‹PEETH, PE the› (masculine noun)
1 thing
2 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i bethau
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the
unfortunate consequences of their actions
rhyngddo ef a’i bethau! let him stew in his own juice, let him deal
unaided with the unfortunate consequences of their actions
3
hynny o beth that matter, that
point, that thing
Rw i’n hollol bendant ar hynny o beth
I’m absolutey certain on that point
4 dim o beth (in
referring to childhood) lit: nothing of a thing
Pan oeddwn i'n ddim o beth When I
was tiny, When I was a tiny little thing, When I was very little
ers yn ddim o beth since I was very
young
5
Pethau cyntaf ymláenaf First things
first
6
gwaelbeth shoddy product, shoddy
piece of work, bad thing (gwael =
bad) + soft mutation + ( peth =
thing )
7 y peth hollol groes i the complete opposite of
8 Daw pethau’n well Things will get
better, Things will work out
9
Mae rhyw bethau rhyfedd ynddo He’s
got some odd ways
Mae rhyw bethau òd ynddo He’s got
some odd ways
10
y fath beth such a thing
(y = definite article) + soft
mutation + (math = kind, sort, type)
+ soft mutation + (peth = thing)
Duw a’n gwaredo rhag y fath beth God
save us from such a thing!
11
yr union beth the very thing, the
eaxt same thing
yr union beth y mae ei angen just
what is needed, exactly what is required (“the very thing that there-is its
need”)
Dyma’r union beth yr oedd ei angen
It’s just what we needed, It’s exactly what we had to have
12
many expressions with pethau =
things (of course, this can be replaced with a more specific noun – books,
notes, etc )
rhoi pethau yn eu trefn sort things
out, put things in order (“put things in their order”)
13
Mae golwg ddu ar bethau Things look
less than hopeful, Things look pretty bad (“there’s a black view on things”)
14
Nid yw’n fawr o beth It’s nothing
sensational, It’s nothing grand
15
peth mawr (“great thing”)
tyngu ar eich peth mawr swear by all that is holy
mynd ar eich peth mawr swear by all
that is holy
dweud ar eich peth mawr swear by all
that is holy
addo ar eich peth mawr promise on
you honour
16 gadael
llonydd i bethau let things take their course
gadael i bethau ddilyn ei hynt let things take their course
gadael i bethau fod let things take their course
17 gweld sut y mae pethau see how things are / see how things stand,
see how the land lies
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
< Celtic *kwesd-
Irish cuid (= piece, portion) is probably a cognate
:_______________________________.
..2 peth ‹peeth› determiner
1 some = a certain amount of, a bit of
am beth amser for a bit, for some
time
cael peth llwyddiant meet with a
certain amount of success, be moderately successful
Ni fu erióed fwg heb beth tân
There’s no smoke without fire = however unlikely a rumour may seem, there is
often some basis for a rumour starting (“there never has been smoke without a
bit of fire”)
Nid oes da heb beth drwg ynddo
too much of a good thing is a bad thing (“There is no good without some bad in
it”)
ETYMOLOGY: < peth (= thing)
:_______________________________.
pethma ‹peth -ma› masculine noun
(North Wales)
1 vagina, cunt
ETYMOLOGY: (y) peth ’ma (= this thing)
(y = definite article ) + (peth = thing) + (’ma < yma
= here)
:_______________________________.
petrisen, petris
‹pe TRI sen, PE tris› (feminine noun)
1 partridge
y betrisen the partridge
:_______________________________.
petrol ‹PE
trol› (masculine noun)
1 petrol
:_______________________________.
petruso ‹pe TRI
so› (verb)
1 to hesitate
:_______________________________.
petruster ‹ pe-tri-ster› masculine
noun
1 hesitation
ETYMOLOGY: (petrus- stem of petruso = to hesitate) + (-ter suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
Peuliniog ‹pei
LIN yog›
1 commote name
:_______________________________.
peuoedd ‹PEI
odh› (plural noun)
1 plural of pau, a
literary word for country
:_______________________________.
PH, ph ‹fii› feminine noun
1) twenty-first letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh
alphabet
..1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5
d, 6
dd 7
e,
(1) In the 1800s used in
spellings which now have ff: ‘Gorphenaf’ (Gorffennaf
= July), ‘corph’ (corff = body)
(2) Used in some proper names and words derived from them in modern Welsh: Philip (= Philip), Philistaidd (= Philistine), Phoenicaidd
(= Phoenecian)
(3) ph ‹f› is also the spirant mutation of p
...(a) after a (= and), â (= with), gyda (= with)
...(b) after ei, 'i (= her)
pen (= head), ei phen (= her head)
...(c) after tri (= three), chwe (= six)
...(d) after tra (= extremely,
very)
:_______________________________.
Phallus
impudicus
1 cingroen (f) (qv) stinkhorn, a fungus which gives off an offensive smell
y gingroen the stinkhorn
MEANING: “shred of skin”
(cin = shred, rag, piece) + soft
mutation + (croen = skin).
Maybe because it was used as an exfoliant – it appears that even today the
stinkhorn is used in skincreams in some countries.
2 pidyn drewllyd (qv) stinkhorn, a fungus which gives off an
offensive smell
MEANING: “stinking penis” (pidyn = penis) + (drewllyd = stinking)
(delwedd 7059)
:_______________________________.
Pholis gunnellus
1 llyfrothen (f) llyfrothennod butterfish
:_______________________________.
pia, piaid ‹PI a,
PI aid -ed› (masculine noun)
(delwedd 7060)
1 (South-east Wales)
magpie (Pica pica).
y pia the magpie
Sometimes a a feminine noun – y bia
2
Llwynypia place name – “(the) grove
(of) the magpie”, “magpie grove”
..a/ village in Rhondda Fawr
..b/ farm in Llys-faen, Caer-dydd
3 mor ffraeth â’r pia brith ar y berth as loquacious / talkative as the
black and white magpie on the hedge (the idea of the talkativeness of a magpie
occurs too in the French expression bavarder comme une pie to chatter
like a magpie)
4 Though pia is mainly associateds with south-east Wales, it seems to
have occurred too in the north.
In Llandudno there is Ffordd Brynybia (“Bryn y Bia Road”) (in this case
it seems that pia was a feminine word, hence y bia) and Cwrt
Brynybia (“Bryn y Bia Court”), from the name of a house formerly in this
location called Brynybia (“Bryn y Bia”), said to be “(the) hill (of) the
magpie”.
NOTE: In northern Welsh pioden / piogen
ETYMOLOGY:
This may have been a direct loan from French to Welsh.
pia (= magpie) < French pie (= magpie)
If indirect, then from French into English and then into Welsh
pia (= magpie) < English (pie = magpie) < French pie (=
magpie)
Both in French and in English the pronunciation would have been with [i].
Modern English has pie [ai] from the long vowel shift, where [ii]
subsequently became [ai]
The plural is piaid < pia-aid (pia = magpie) + (-aid =
plural suffix).
(delwedd 7061)
VARIANT: pi
In Llan-bryn-mair Perth-y-bi is noted in 1889:
“PERTHYBI – the magpie’s bush
p. 264 Collections Historical And Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire
and its Borders Volume XXIII 1889
A History of the Parish of Llanbrynmair / Richard Williams FRHS
Chapter XII A Glossary of Local Names”
NOTE: In English mag (= Margaret) has been added before pie (“Margaret
the pie”), a feature of some other bird and animal names (robin redbreast, tom
tit, jenny wren, billy goat)
:_______________________________.
pïaid ‹PI ed› (plural noun)
1 magpies; see pia
:_______________________________.
piano, pianos ‹pi A
no, pi A nos› (masculine
noun)
1 piano
:_______________________________.
piau ‹PI e› (verb)
“who is the owner of”
1 Fi pie hwn - This is mine,
“(it is) I who-is-the-owner (of) this”
2 Fi piau gwneud rhywbeth
It’s up to me to do something
(“(it is) I who-owns (the) doing (of) something”)
3 Y dewr biau’r dydd
(“the brave man has the day”) Faint heart never won fair lady
4
Ara’ deg piau hi Don’t get het up!
Keep calm! (“slow fair has it”)
5
Y “na” piau hi (Parliament) The noes
have it (= the motion has been defeated)
6 Heddiw
piau hi, nid yfory Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today,
Don’t leave until tomorrow what you can do today
:_______________________________.
pib, pibau ‹PIIB,
PI be› (feminine noun)
1 pipe
y bib the pipe
2
(South-east Wales) mycu pib to smoke
a pipe (in the south-east, initial g
in a final consonant regularly devoiced to c)
< mygu pib
3 pib
glai, pibau clai ‹piib GLAI, pi be KLAI› (feminine noun)
clay pipe
4 pib
mate ‹piib MA te› (feminine noun)
mate pipe (Patagonia)
:_______________________________.
pibell, pibelli
/ pibellau ‹pi BELH, pi BE lhi / pi BE lhe› (feminine noun)
1 pibe
y bibell the pipe
:_______________________________.
pibell fwyd,
pibelli bwyd ‹pi belh VUID, pi be lhi BUID› (feminine noun)
1 esophagus (Englandic: oesophagus)
:_______________________________.
pibell wynt,
pibelli gwynt ‹pi belh WINT, pi be lhe GWINT› (feminine noun)
1 trachea, windpipe
:_______________________________.
pibydd,
pibyddion ‹PI bidh, pi BƏDH yon› (masculine noun)
1 piper; (bird) sandpiper
:_______________________________.
pibydd tinwyn ‹pî-bidh
tin-win› masculine
noun
PLURAL pibyddion
tinwyn ‹pi-bədh-yon
tin-win›
1 Calidris fuscicollis = white-rumped sandpiper
ETYMOLOGY: (“white-arsed piper”) (pibydd
= piper) + (tinwyn = white-arsed)
:_______________________________.
pica ‹pi
-ka› adjective
1 sharp, pointed, ending in a sharp point
trwyn pica pointed nose
blaen pica pointed end (of a stick,
bar, etc)
2
(tongue) sharp, harsh
Mae tafod pica iawn ’da hi She’s got
a really sharp tongue
3 curt, abrupt, having a sharp manner
dyn pica abrupt man
4 (situation) acrimonious
mynd yn lled bica rhwng (y ddwy blaid)
get heated, be acrimony developing between (the two parties)
5 found in place names in the south with the sense of ‘pointed’
..1/ Carreg Bica (‘(the) pointed
stone’)
..........(a) a stone on Mynydd Druma, east of Bryn-coch SS7499 (county of
Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) and west of Heol-las SS6998 and Llwynbedw SS7098 (both in the county
of Abertawe)
..........(b) a stone at one time in the castle at Caer-dydd.
According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records'
(1889-1911):
“CAREG-PICA ‹sic› (the peaked stone.) An artificial eminence or
mound in the south-eastern angle of the outer wall of Cardiff Castle, behind the
Glove and Shears inn, at the corner of Duke Street and North Street (1797,
1833.) It was probably thrown up in the Norman period, to afford a post of
observation for the garrison. Its English name was Castle Mount (1845)”
..........(c) 5km west of Crymych (county of Penfro)
..2/ Y Garn Bica (‘the pointed
cairn’) east of Blaenrhondda (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) on Mynydd Tynewydd
..3/ (Y) Maen Pica (‘(the) pointed
stone’) stone in Efail-wen (11km ssw of Crymych) (county of Penfro)
..4/ (Y) Tŷpica (‘(the) pointed
house’) (possibly referring to a steep-sloping roof)
..........(a) A farm north-east of Bryncethin (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) on
Heol Cefncarfan, the road from Brycethin to Heol-y-cyw
..........(b) In Trehopcyn (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) between Pont-ty-pridd
and Y Porth. The name occurs on the map as ‘Typica Cottages’ (?Welsh name would
be ‘Tai Typica / Tai Bach Typica’)
..5/ Cae Pica (‘(the) pointed
field’) A field in Llys-faen (county of Caer-dydd)
According to John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records'
(1889-1911): “CAE-PICA (the peaked close). A field in the parish of Lisvane
(1597).”
..6/ Twyn Pica (‘(the) pointed
hill’) a hill north-east of Castell Nos, above Y Maerdy in the valley of the
Rhondda Fach (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
..7/ Maespica (‘(the) pointed
field’) a farm by the village of Cwm-twrch Isaf (county of Powys)
6
peaked, peaky = looking pale or sickly
Roodd ’i gwynab ’i’n bica iawn Her face was very pale
7 sharp, having a sharp edge
Y geiniog ddrwg ei hoced
Sy’n bica yn y boced
Mae hi’n brathu fel y gweill
Nes tynnu’r lleill ar gerdded
A bad penny / is sharp in the pocket (“‹it is› the penny bad its fraud that is sharp in the
pocket”) / It bites like the knitting needles / until it draws the others to
wander away
8 sharp, clever, not easily fooled
ETYMOLOGY: apparently English pike
(from its pronunciation as a disyllable in Middle English) (= pickaxe, spike,
pilgrim’s staff; in place names, pointed hill, peak) < Old English pîc (= pointed tool)
:_______________________________.
Pica pica
(delwedd 7060)
1 (South-east Wales) pia (qv)
2 pioden (qv)
(North-west Wales) piogen (qv)
(delwedd 7061)
:_______________________________.
picas, picasau ‹PI
kas, pi KA se› (feminine
noun)
1 (North) pickaxe
y bicas the pickaxe
:_______________________________.
pic dannedd,
piciau dannedd ‹pik DA nedh, pik ye DA nedh› (masculine noun)
1 toothpick
:_______________________________.
piced, picedau ‹PI
ked, pi KE de› (masculine
noun)
1 picket
:_______________________________.
picedu ‹pi KE
di› (verb)
1 to picket
:_______________________________.
picedwr,
picedwyr ‹pi KE dur, pi KED wir› (masculine noun)
1 picket (person who pickets)
:_______________________________.
picen, picau ‹PI
ken, PI ke› (feminine noun)
1 cake, “pike”, “pikelet”
y bicen the cake
2
picen ar y maen PLURAL: picau... ‹pi ken
ar ə MAIN / MAAN, PI ke...› (feminine noun)
“Welsh cake” (“pike on the bakestone”). Southern name, Colloquially maen ‹mâin› is generally ‹maan› maan
(usually written ma’n / mân) – hence
pice ar y maan
3 picen de, picau te ‹pi ken
DEE, pi ke TEE› (feminine
noun)
teacake
4
picen fach, picau bach ‹pi ken VAAKH, pi ke BAAKH› (feminine noun)
same as picen ar y maen
:_______________________________.
picfforch ‹PIK-forkh› feminine
noun
PLURAL picffyrch
‹PIK-firkh›
1 pitchfork
ETYMOLOGY: Adaptation of English pickfork (modern English has pitchfork)
London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly
with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces,
exemplifying the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the
Metropolitan Library Institution, London.
Pick. s[ubstantive]. A two-pronged fork, used chiefly for making hay ; a pike
or pitch-fork.
NOTE: See also picwarch
:_______________________________.
picil ‹pi -kil› masculine
noun
1 mewn picil en
dificultats
Dyma ni mewn picil What a mess we’re
in!
:_______________________________.
picnic, picnics ‹PIK
nik, PIK niks› (masculine
noun)
1 picnic
:_______________________________.
pictiwrésg ‹pik-tiur-esk› adj
1
picturesque
ETYMOLOGY: English picturesque <
French pittoresque < Italian pittoresco < pittore (= painter) < Latin pictor
(= painter).
In picturesque the English word picture
has been incorporated
:_______________________________.
pictiwrs ‹pik
-tiurs› masculine noun
1 y pictiwrs (USA:
movies, movie theatre) (Englandic: pictures = cinema)
mynd i'r pictiwrs go to the cinema
(USA: go to the movies) (Englandic: go to the pictures)
yn y pictiwrs (USA: at the movies)
(Englandic: at the pictures, at the cinema)
ETYMOLOGY: English pictures (=
cinema) < moving pictures
:_______________________________.
picwarch ‹PIK-warkh› feminine
noun
PLURAL picwyrch ‹PIK-wirkh›
1 A colloquial form of picfforch (= pitchfork)
ETYMOLOGY: picwarch < *picfarch < English dialect ?pickvark (vark
occurs in the south-west for fork)
(Modern English pitchfork was earlier pickfork)
NOTE: Cf brecwast (< brecfast [BREK-vast] < English
south-western dialect breakvast)
London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects in the West of England particularly
with a glossary of words now in use there ; and poems and other pieces, exemplifying
the dialect. By James Jennings, Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library
Institution, London.
Pick. s[ubstantive]. A two-pronged fork, used chiefly for making hay ; a pike
or pitch-fork.
:_______________________________.
pidlen ‹pid
-len› feminine noun
North Wales
1
penis
y bidlen the penis
ETYMOLOGY: (pid- + -len) apparently the word pidyn (= penis) modified under the
influence of gwialen (= rod, penis)
:_______________________________.
pidyn ‹pî
-din› masculine noun
PLURAL pidynnau ‹pi-də-ne›
1
penis, willie, membrum virile
pidyn â min arno erect penis (“(a)
penis with (a) sharpness on it” )
pen pidyn glans (“head (of) penis”)
2 pidyn drewllyd
stinkhorn Phallus impudicus, a fungus
which gives off an offensive smell (“stinking penis”)
(delwedd 7059)
3 pidyn y gog lords and ladies, cuckoo pint Arum maculatum (“(the) penis (of) the cuckoo”)
(delwedd 7024)
4 pidyn y gog Eidalaidd Italian lords and ladies Arum italicum (= “Italian 'pidyn y gog'”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British. Breton pidenn
= penis (feminine noun) (in Welsh there is also an obsolete form with a
feminine suffix piden = penis)
:_______________________________.
pidynnol ‹pi DƏ
nol› (adjective)
1 of the penis
:_______________________________.
pig, pigau ‹PIIG,
PI ge› (masculine noun)
1 beak of a bird
gwlychu pig / gwlychu’ch pig wet
your whistle, have a drink (“wet your beak”)
pig yr aran crane’s bill (flower)
2
peak of a mountain
3
spout (jug, kettle, etc)
pig tebot the spout of a teapot
pig y tebot the spout of the teapot
4
nose
Chaiff mo’i big i mewn He won’t get
a look in, He’ll be prevented from joining in (“he won’t get his beak in”)
Ma fa â'i big miwn i bobman He's a
real busybody, He’s really nosy (“he’s with his beak / nose in everywhere”)
taro eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth)
stick your nose into something (“hit / strike your nose...”)
gwthio eich pig i mewn (i rywbeth)
stick your nose into something (“push your nose...”)
rhoi’ch pig i mewn (i rywbeth) stick
your nose into something (“give / put your nose...”)
5
llydanbig wide-beaked
(llydan
= wide, broad) + soft mutation + (pig
= beak)
..a/ hwyaden lydanbig (Anas
clypeata) shoveller, spoonbill duck
..b/ llydanbig (eg) plural: llydanbigau 1 spoonbill (in general), 2
(Platalea leucorodia) Eurasian spoonbill
..c/ pibydd llydanbig (eg) plural: pibyddion llydanbig (Limicola
falcinellus) broad-billed sandpiper
:_______________________________.
pigiad <PIG-yad> [ˡpɪgjad] masculine noun
PLURAL pigiadau
<pig-YAA-dai,
-e> [pɪgˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 prick, sting
menyg i wrthsefyll pigiadau planhigion
dreiniog
gloves to withstand the pricks from thorny plants
2 sting, insect bite
pigiad pryfyn insect bite
pigiad chwannen flea bite
3 prick, sensation of an some implement piercing the skin
pigiad cyllell prick (of a knife);
fel pigiad cyllell like a knife
prick – in describing a stinging sensation or stabbing sensation:
Cafodd boen a oedd fel pigiad cyllell yn
ei ochr chwith
He felt a pain like a knife prick in his left side
pigiad pìn pin prick, the prick of a
pin
pigiad nodwydd needle prick, the
prick of a needle
4
injection
rhoi pigiad i give an injection to
cael cwrs o bigiadau gan y meddyg
receive a course of injections from the doctor
ETYMOLOGY: (pig- stem of pigio = to prick, to sting) + (-i-ad suffix)
NOTE: South-east Wales: picad <PI-kad> [ˡpɪkad].
(1) The loss of the i at the
beginning of a final syllable is typical of the Welsh of the south
(2) Typically in this region there is devoicing of b / d / g at the beginning of a final syllable (resulting in p / c/ t)
:_______________________________.
pigo <PII-go> [ˡpiˑgɔ] (verb)
1 to pick
2
pigo’ch bwyd pick at food
pigo bwyta pick at food
3 pigo pocedi <pi-go
po-KEE-di> [ˡpɪgɔ pɔˡkeˑdɪ]
to pick pockets
4 pigo ar rywun to pick on someone (= choose, usually unfairly because
of its frequency so that it is a form of harrassment); tease, make fun of,
pester, annoy, bully
'Sdim byd gwell 'da ti i'w wneud na phigo ar y merched?
Haven’t you got anything better to do instead of picking on the girls?
ETYMOLOGY: A calque on the English expression (pigo = pick) + (ar =
on)
:_______________________________.
pigog <PII-gog> [ˡpiˑgɔg] (adj)
1 prickly
canu 'mhlith yr
eithin pigog singing
in the midst of the prickly gorse (from the traditional song Gwcw Fach / Little
Cuckoo)
:_______________________________.
pigwr <PII-gur> [ˡpiˑgʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL pigwyr
<PIG-wir> [ˡpɪgwɪr]
1 picker, person who
picks
pigwr beiau fault finder, person who
always picks faults
pigwr cloion lockpicker
pigwr pocedi pickpocket
ETYMOLOGY: (pig- stem of pigo = to pick) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
pigwr pocedi <PII-gur po-KEE-di> [ˡpiˑgʊr pɔˡkeˑdɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL pigwyr
pocedi <PIG-wir po-KEE-di> [ˡpɪgwɪr pɔˡkeˑdɪ]
1 pickpocket
:_______________________________.
pigyn, pigau <PII-gin,
PII-gai, -e> [ˡpiˑgɪn, ˡpiˑgaɪ,
-ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 sharp pain, intense pain
Mae arna i ’i angen fel angen pigyn yn y
clust I need it like a hole in the head (i.e. I don’t need it at all, it
would not be pleasant to have it) (“I need it like a pain in the ear”)
2 point, headland
:_______________________________.
pil <PIIL> [piːl] masculine noun
1 tidal creek, tidal
stream; muddy ditch leading into the sea or into a tidal river which fills at high
tide.
“The pills are embanked water-courses which carry the upland streams across the
moors to the sea and, with one exception, also receive water from the reens....
the reens... are the main atificial drainage lines of the Levels, discharging
their water direct to the estuary through the sea-wall, or into the pills.”
p.13 / The Common Fields of the Coastlands of Gwent / Dorothy Silvester / The
Agricultural History Review (published by the British Agricultural History
Society) / Vol. VI, Part I / 1958
ETYMOLOGY: English pill (= tidal
creek)
NOTE: also pìl, with a short vowel
The word pill occurs in the English of south-east Wales: “Go down to the
marsh to play near the pill” (Western Mail 20 06 1983)
:_______________________________.
Y Pil <ə-PIIL> [ə ˡpiːl]
1 SS8282 locality in the
county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, 8km west of the town of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
English name: Pyle
(1971) Population: 7.605 Proportion of Welsh-speakers 9%
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/174578
yr eglwys / the church
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/183719
Heol y Bont
ETYMOLOGY: “the tidal creek”
Cf the following place names:
..a/ In Casnewydd there is a district
called Pìlgwenlli <pil
GWEN-lhi> [pɪl ˡgwɛnɬɪ] on the
left bank of the river Wysg; opposite is “Spytty Pill” (which would be Pìl yr Ysbyty / Pìl y ’Sbyty / Pìl
’Sbyty in Welsh <pil ər ə-SBƏ-ti,
pil ə SBƏ-ti, pil SBƏ-ti > [pɪl ər əˡsbətɪ, pɪl ə ˡsbətɪ,
pɪl ˡsbətɪ]); upriver are “Jack’s Pill Wharf”, Pìl-mawr
<pil MAUR> [pɪl ˡmaʊr] (in “Pillmawr House”, “Pillmawr Farm”, “Pillmawr Road”); and on the left
bank of the river Ebwy there is “Tredegar Pill”
..b/ The Pill (Welsh name = ??)
ST4887 place in the county of Mynwy, 1km south-east of Caldicot
..c/ Black Pill SS6190 (Welsh name =
??) place 4km south-west of the centre of Abertawe
..d/ Pill (Welsh name = ??) SM9105
place in Aberdaugleddau (county of Penfro)
..e/ In Tredelerch, a district in the east of Caer-dydd, to the right of the
point where the river Rhymni flows into Môr Hafren (Severn Estuary) there is
“Pill Melyn” (apparently Pìl Melyn <pil
MEE-lini> [pɪl ˡmeˑlɪn] =
“yellow creek”).
East of Trowbridge Bach is “Pen-pill” (Pen-pìl
< pen y pìl). <pen PIL, pen ə
PIL> [pɛn
ˡpɪl, pɛn ə ˡpɪl]. This
is possibly the same as the Pen-y-pil
in Tredelerch mentioned by John Hobson Matthews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff
Records' (1889-1911): “(the head of the inlet.) A farm in the parish of
Rumney.”
Hobson Matthews also mentions “Pill. A farm in the parish of Rumney, near the
Severn shore.”
On the western side of the city, he notes “Pilgot-fawr. A pill, reen or tidal
inlet on Leckwith Moor.”
..f/ There is a street called “Pen-y-peel Road” (which would be Heol Pen-y-pil in Welsh) in Treganna,
Caer-dydd
Across Môr Hafren / the Severn Estuary there is
..g/ Pill locality in England, east
of Easton in Gordano, between Clevedon and Bristol ST5275
:_______________________________.
piler (m) pileri, pilerau
‹PII-ler, pi-LE-ri, pi-LEE-rai, -e› [ˡpiˑlɛr, pɪˡleˑrɪ,
pɪˡleˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1 pillar
2 piler triongli / pileri triongli triangulation pillar
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/202392
piler triongli ar gopa’r Gwastadros SH8935, ger Y Bala (Gwynedd) /
triangulation pillar on top of Gwastadros SH8935, near Y Bala (Gwynedd)
3 piler y gymdeithas pillar of society
un o bileri'r gymdeithas on of
the pillars of society
mewn dyddiau pan oedd prifathrawon yn bileri yn eu gymdeithas in the
days when headmasters were pillars in their society
:_______________________________.
pilio ‹PIL-yo› [ˡpɪljɔ] (verb)
1 to peel
2
(South-east Wales, and Ceredigion) pilio
wyau (pilo wie / pilo wia) to
beat about the bush, not come straight to the point
heb bilio wyau going straight to the
point, without beating about the bush
:_______________________________.
pilipala <PII-li-PAA-la> [ˡpiˑlɪˡpɑˑla] masculine noun
PLURAL pilipalod,
pilipalau, pilipalas <PII-li-PAA-lod, -lai, -e, laz> [ˡpiˑlɪˡpɑˑlɔd, -laɪ, -ɛ,
-laz] ‹pi -li pa-lod, -le, las›
South Wales
1 butterfly
2
pilipalau Pont-y-pwl - (“the
butterflies of Pont-y-pwl”) former nickname for people from this town in the
modern county of Torfaen
ETYMOLOGY: apparently from a south-eastern word pilai = butterfly, from which came a doubling pilai-palai (with a change of vowel in the second element).
This came possibly from child language - used by adults to infants or among
children.
A final ai in colloquial Welsh
generally becomes e (pilai > pile), but in south-east Wales a final e becomes Wales a, hence
pili-pala
NOTE: also bilibala, as if it
were 'Billy (from) (Y) Bala' (although such an interpretation was probably not
given to this form); and in the valley of the river Tawe it occurs as piliparla
:_______________________________.
pill <PILH> [pɪɬ] masculine noun
PLURAL pillion,
pilliau <PILH-yon,-PI-lhai, e> [ˡpɪɬjɔn,ˡpiɬaɪ, -ɛ]
1 North Wales pill o gân
snatch of song, fragment of a song
2
North Wales fragment of a poem, bit
of poetry, verse
Dyma i chi bill bach o waith Myrddin ap
Dafydd
Here's a fragment from the work of Myrddin ap Dafydd
3
North Wales not one word, not the
least mention
Yn yr adroddiad am addysg a diwylliant
yng Nghymru methodd yr awduron â chynnwys pill am yr iaith Gymraeg
In the report on education and culture in Wales the authors failed to include the
least mention of the Welsh language
4
South-east Wales; spout
pill tebot spout of a teapot
5
South-east Wales; (colloquial) mouth
Cää dy bill! close your mouth! shut
your gob!
6
South-east Wales; wry face showing
dissatisfaction (the lips resembling a spout)
gneud pill pull a face
6
South-east Wales; hen bill > 'en bill non-stop talker,
person who never stops talking (“old spout”)
8
South-east Wales; pill lasyn aiglet of a shoelace (the
metal or plastic tag at the end of a lace to prevent the end from fraying)
9
South-east Wales; pill y lamp wickholder, part of an oil
lamp from which the wick protrudes
ETYMOLOGY: unknown
:_______________________________.
pilyn <PII-lin> [ˡpiˑlɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL pilynnau
<pi-LƏ-nai,
e> [pɪˡlənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 garment, article of
clothing;
taflu hen bilyn throw away an old
garment
2
poeri ar eich pilyn eich hun cut off
your nose to spite your face (“spit on your own piece of clothing”); do
something to cause problems to somebody else because you are angry, though in
fact what is done will make your situation worse
3
pilyn o bapur = scrap of paper
gwneud araith heb bilyn o bapur o'i
flaen make a speech without a piece of paper in front of him
4
stitch of clothing = least amount of clothing
Doedd dim pilyn sych amdano He
didn’t have a stitch of dry clothing on him
Deg o Storïau Amy Parry-Williams 1950 t9(REF:) TES-Z
5
cloth under a horse’s saddle
6
pillion = pad or cushion behind a saddle for a second rider or for bags
ETYMOLOGY: (pil = bark, peel,
membrane, piece of clothing) + (-yn
diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
pimp <PIMP> [pɪmp] masculine noun
PLURAL pimpiaid
<PIMP-yaid,
-ed> [ˡpɪmpjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 pimp = a man who
controls prostitutes and lives from their earnings
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English pimp
(unkown origin)
:_______________________________.
pimpio <PIMP-yo> [ˡpɪmpjɔ] verb
1 to pimp = to control
prostitutes and live from their earnings
ETYMOLOGY: (pimp = pimp) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
pìn <PIN> [pɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL pinnau
<PI-nai,
e> [ˡpɪnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 pin
pìn cau safety pin (“pin (of)
closing”)
mor syth â’r pìn straight as an arrow (“as straight as a pin”)
2
rhoi pìn yn eich swigen take you
down a peg or two (“put a pin in your bubble”)
3 dim ond trwch pìn i
almost, very nearly
4 hand of a clock
5 yn syth bìn straightaway, at once (“straight as a pin”)
6 pìn
broetsh brooch pin
7 fel pìn mewn papur
(“like a pin in paper”)
..1/ (house) as neat as a pin, very neat and tidy
Yr oedd yr hen Miss Jones yn cadw ei thŷ
fel pìn mewn papur.
Old Mrs. Jones kept her house spick and span
..2/ (person's appearance) smart, all spruced up, all dolled up, dressed up to
the nines
Fe welodd Siân Shencyn yn troi o'r tŷ
fel pìn mewn papur
He saw Siân Shencyn leave the house all dolled up
8
Fe glywsech bìn bach yn cwympo (It
was so quiet) you could have heard a pin drop
9 (South Wales) pìn dillad clothes peg
10 pìn bawd drawing pin,
thumb tack
11 (South Wales) clopa pìn
head of a pin, pinhead
ETYMOLOGY: English pìn < Old English pinn < Latin pinna (= pinnacle, feather)
:_______________________________.
pìn <PIIN> [piːn] masculine noun
1
pine trees
pren pinwydd pine tree “tree (of) pinetrees”
pren pin pine tree “tree (of) pinetrees”
Bryn-y-pin SH9874 “(the) hill (of) the pine trees” farm near Rhydlewis,
Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/29891
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British <
Latin pînus (= pine tree)
Breton has pinenn (= pine tree)
NOTE: Often spelt pîn to indicate the long vowel, and distinguish it
from “pin” (= pin), though in fact it does not need a circumflex since the
spelling shows it to be a long vowel (as in these words, all with a long vowel:
min = edge, crin = withered, din = fortress, ffin =
boundary, hin = weather, rhin = secret, tin = bottom,
arse, gwin = wine).
It is the “i” in “pin” which should be marked pìn to indicate that it is
short when a long vowel is expected from the spelling, though this short-vowel
marker is rarely used.
:_______________________________.
pin-afal <piin-AA-val> [piˑnˡɑˑval] masculine
noun
PLURAL pin-afalau
<piin-a-VAA-lai,
e> [piˑnaˡvɑˑlaɪ, -ɛ]
1 pineapple
ETYMOLOGY: (pin = pine) + (afal = apple); pin-afal is a literal translation of English pineapple which originally meant 'pine cone' before it was applied
to the tropical fruit which vaguely resembles a pine cone
:_______________________________.
pinc <PINGK> [pɪŋk] (adj)
1 pink
:_______________________________.
pinc <PINGK> [pɪŋk] (f)
PLURAL pinicod
<PIN-cod> [pɪŋˡkɔd]
1 chaffinch
Also: ji-binc
ETYMOLOGY: Perhaps from English pink (= chaffinch), ?imitative of its
chatter
Breton: pint
NOTE: London, 1825. Observations on some of the dialects
in the West of England particularly with a glossary of words now in use there ;
and poems and other pieces, exemplifying the dialect. by James Jennings,
Honorary Secretary of the Metropolitan Library Institution, London. Glossary of words commonly used in the
County of Somerset; but which are not accepted as legitimate words of the
English language ; or words which, although once used generally, are now become
provincial. Pink. s. A chaffinch.
:_______________________________.
piniwn <PIN-yun> [ˡpɪnjʊn] masculine noun
PLURAL piniynau
<pin-YƏ-nai,
e> [pɪnˡjənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 opinion = a belief not
based on certainty
2
Ym mhob pen mae piniwn Everyone has
their own different view or opinion; so many men, so many minds (“in every head
there's an opinion”)
ETYMOLOGY: piniwn < opiniwn < English opinion < 1300- Old French opinion < Latin opîniô = belief < opînârî
= to opine
:_______________________________.
pinsiaid <PIN-shaid.
-ed> [ˡpɪnʃaid, -ɛd] (masculine
noun)
1 pinch (of salt, etc)
:_______________________________.
pìn tei <pin-TEI> [pɪn ˡtəɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL pinnau
teis <PI-nai,
-e, TEIZ> [ˡpɪnaɪ ˡtəɪz]
1 (USA: stickpin)
(Englandic: tie pin);
ETYMOLOGY: (“pin (of) tie”) translation of English tiepin; (pìn = pin) + (tei = tie)
NOTE: also a colloquial form teipin <TEI-pin> [ˡtəɪpɪn], adaptation of English tiepin
:_______________________________.
pinwydden <pin-WƏ-dhen> [pɪnˡwəðɛn] feminine
noun
PLURAL pinwydd
<PIN-widh> [ˡpɪnwɪð]
1
pine = coniferous tree
y binwydden the pine
2
llwyn pinwydd pine grove
nodwydd pinwydd pine needle
pinwydden anial (Pinus pinea)
stone pine (“pine (of) wilderness”)
pinwydden arfor (Pinus pinaster) maritime pine
pren pinwydd pine tree
ETYMOLOGY: (pinwydd = pines) + (-en singulative suffix);
(pin = pine tree) + soft mutation +
(gwydd = trees)
See pin
:_______________________________.
pïod ‹PI od› (plural noun)
1 magpies; see pia
:_______________________________.
pioden, pïod ‹pi OO den,
PII od› (feminine noun)
1 magpie (Pica pica)
y bioden the magpie
(delwedd 7060)
2 pioden fôr, piod môr ‹pi o
den VOOR, pi od MOOR›
(feminine noun)
oystercatcher (bird) (Haematopus ostralegus)
A popular name for the oystercatcher is twm-pib <tum-PIIB> [tʊm ˡpiːb] “Tom (of) pipe /
whistle”, “Tommy whose call is like a pipe playing” (Twm, familiar form of Tomos
= Thomas) + (pib = pipe; (or in the
North: whistle))
(delwedd 7327)
3 SN1747 Llwynpiod
village in Ceredigion “(the) grove (of) the magpies”, “magpie grove”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/689117
(delwedd 7061)
ETYMOLOGY: pi (= magpie) < French pie (= magpie)
This may have been a direct loan from Fench to Welsh, or from French into
English and then into Welsh
pi (= magpie) < English (pie = magpie) < French pie (=
magpie)
Both in French and in English the pronunciaiotn would have been with [i].
Modern English has pie [ai] from the long vowel shift, where [ii] subsequently
became [ai]
The plural was piod (pi = magpie) + (-od = plural suffix).
From the plural form a new singular form came about by adding the singulative
suffix –en
(piod = magpies) + (-en singulative suffix)
NOTE: In English has mag (= Margaret) has been added before pie
NOTE: North-west Wales: piodan (a in the final syllable instead
of e)
Also as piogen (qv) > piogan (a in the final syllable
instead of e)
:_______________________________.
piogen, pïogod ‹pi OO
gen, pi OO god› (feminine
noun)
(North Wales)
1 magpie (Pica pica)
y biogen / y biogan the magpie
(delwedd 7060)
Pen Bryn Piogod
SH7672 peak of a hill just south-west of Glyn Ucha near Y Ro-wen (Conwy)
“(the) peak (of) Bryn Piogod”
Bryn Piogod bryn y piogod “(the) hill (of) the magpies”
ETYMOLOGY: piogen = a variant of pioden, plural piod; the
plural of piogen is formed by removing the singulative suffix –en and
replacing it with the plural suffix –ed
NOTE: North-west Wales as piogan (a in the final syllable
instead of e)
:_______________________________.
pi-pi ‹pii
-pii› masculine noun
1 (infants) wee-wee, pee
cael pi-pi have a wee-wee
gwneud pi-pi have a wee-wee
2
(verb without an object) to pee, to wee, to wee-wee, to have a wee-wee
Dw i isio pi-pi I want to have a
wee-wee
Mae’r ci wedi pipi ar y llawr The
dog has weed on the floor
ETYMOLOGY: cf English pee-pee, pee, French pipi, Catalan pipí,
German das Pipi
:_______________________________.
pisfa ‹pis-va› femení
PLURAL pisféydd
‹ pis-veidh›
1
urinal = wall-mounted ceramic or metal fitting into which men or boys urinate
y bisfa = the urinal
2
urinal = room or building with such fittings; pissoir
ETYMOLOGY: (pis- = stem of pisio = to piss) (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)
:_______________________________.
pisgwydden ‹pisk wə
-dhen› femení
PLURAL pisgwydd
‹ pisk -widh›
1
(Tilia x vulgaris) lime tree, linden tree
pisgwydden deilen fawr (Tilia
platyphyllos) large-leaved lime
pisgwydden deilen fach (Tilia
cordata) small-leaved lime
Heol Llwyn Pisgwydd street name in
Caerfyrddin (a translation of Limegrove Avenue)
ETYMOLOGY: A lexicographer’s creation. Earliest example is
:_______________________________.
pisho ‹pi-sho›
1 (verb) to piss; (noun)
piss; southern form of piso
:_______________________________.
pishyn, pishiau ‹PI
shin, PISH ye› (masculine
noun)
1 piece
2
coin (colloquial)
3
attractive woman
:_______________________________.
pishyn dwy,
pishiau dwy ‹pi shin DUI, pish ye DUI› (masculine noun)
1 two-pence coin
:_______________________________.
pisio ‹pi
-syo› verb
1 piss; see piso
:_______________________________.
piso ‹pi -so› verb
1 to piss, to urinate
2
Mwya gyd llefi di, lleia gyd bishi di
The more you cry, the less you'll piss (said to a baby that cries all the time)
3
Mae pob tipyn yn help, fel y dywedodd y
dryw wrth biso i'r môr
Every little helps, as the wren said as it pissed into the sea
4
piso gwaed to pass blood, piss blood
5
piso i'r gwynt (“piss into the
wind”) spit into the wind, do something which is unsuccessful or which causes
the person doing it unfavourable consequences
also piso yn erbyn y gwynt (“piss
against the wind”)
6
piso yng nghawl rhywun settle
someone's hash, put an end to someone's pretensions (“piss in someone’s soup”)
Fe bisa i yn ei gawl I'll settle his
hash
7
codi pais ar ôl piso (“lift skirt
after pissing”) do something too late, lock the stable door after the horse has
bolted; try to undo what has been done
8 piso yn eich trywsus
(“piss in your pants”) piss your pants (said of someone who has had a shock or
fright)
9
piso bwrw glaw piss down with rain
(“piss throw-rain”); also piso bwrw
10 codi pais cyn piso first things first (“lift a petticoat before
pissing”)
codi pais ar ôl piso ("lift a
skirt after pissing") do something too late; try to undo what has been
done
masculine noun
11 the act of pissing,
urinating
12 county of Penfro piso'r gwely (“piss in bed”) dandelion (in dialect English there is
a similar name: “piss-abed” (= piss + in-the-bed”), and also in French “piss-en-llit”,
and Catalan “pixallits”
13
piss, urine
piso dryw bach yn y môr a minute quantity (“(the) piss (of a) little
wren in the sea”);
also piso dryw bach or piso dryw
In expressions referring to weak tea (or beer)
piso bobi policeman's piss
piso bronwen weasel's piss
piso cath cat's piss
piso crics crickets' piss
piso cwrcyn tomcat's piss
piso gwidw widow's piss
piso milgi greyhound's piss
14
fel piso ffeirad (said of weak beer)
(“like (the) piss (of a) priest / vicar”)
15
fel piso mochyn yn yr eira zig-zagging; said of crooked furrows in a
ploughed field (“like (the) piss (of a) pig in the snow”)
also fel piso mochyn
ETYMOLOGY: English piss (= to piss)
< French pisser (= to piss); or
possibly a direct loan from French into Welsh
NOTE: Also pisio ‹pis-yo›; in the south pisho ‹pi
-sho›
:_______________________________.
pistol ‹ pi
-stol› masculine noun
PLURAL pistolion
‹ pi- stol
-yon›
1
pistol
colbio â phistol pistol-whip
2
ergyd pistol pistol shot
ETYMOLOGY: English pistol <
francès pistole < txec pisht’ala (= pistola, pipa)
:_______________________________.
pistyll ‹PI-stilh› masculine
noun
PLURAL pistylloedd
‹pi-STƏ-lhoidh,
-lhodh›
(delwedd 7580)
1
waterfall
rhedeg o’r glaw dan ffrwd y pistyll (“run [out
of] the rain [and go] under [the] shoot [of] the waterfall”) jump out of the
frying pan into the fire
mynd dan y pistyll i ochel y glaw (“go under
[the] shoot [of] the waterfall to avoid the rain”) jump out of the frying pan
into the fire
--------
Pistyll y Llyn (SN7694)
waterfall 7km south of Machynlleth (county of Powys), at the head of Cwm
Rhaeadr, above Llyn Penrhaeadr ( the pool at Penrhaeadr; Penrhaeadr = pen y rhaeadr end / edge
of the waterfall) and Rhos y Llyn (moorland of the pool)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/668359
Pistyll y Llyn
--------
Pistyll Rhaeadr (qv) (SJ0729) waterfall
“pistyll (afon) Rhaeadr” (“(the) waterfall (of the river) Rhaeadr”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/143594
Pistyll Rhaeadr
--------
Craig y Pistyll (SN7185) rocks 3km east of Bont-goch (county of Ceredigion)
Llyn Craig y Pistyll (SN7185) a lake
to the east of the rocks
(“‘(the) rock (of) the waterfall”) (craig
= rock, cliff) + (y definite
article) + (pistyll = waterfall)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1710687
Craig y Pistyll
--------
Pistyll (SH3242) farm south-west of Llithfaen, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/228558
Pistyll
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/636112
Pistyll
--------
Pistyll (SO0177) locality north-west of Bwlchysarnau (Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/407714
Pistyll
Waunpistyll (SO0175) farm south of here
--------
3
water pipe
4
waterspout, pipe from which water gushes out
5 disgyn
yn bistylloedd (rain) pour down in torrents
6
(South-east Wales) spring, water source
Tonypistyll (ST1996) (“(the)
grassland (of) the spring / water source”) (locality in the county of
Caerffili)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/128015
--------
Pistyll SN4415 farm by Llangyndeyrn
(Sir Gaerfyrddin)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1245350
--------
Pistyll (SO1538) farm by Afon Gwy (River Wye), east of Bochrwd, Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1454943
Pistyll
--------
Pistyll y Reilwei name of a spring in Rhymni (county of Caerffili)
(mentioned to me by older residents of the town c1981)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=186683
Rhymni SO1107
7
waterspout = tornado formed over water which picks up water and mist and forms
a column from the water surface to the clouds above
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly via British from Latin pistillum
(= pestle), related to pinsâre (= to
crush).
Latin pistillum:
English pestle (instrument for
crushing substances in a mortar) is also from Latin pistillum, as is English and Welsh pistil (= female reproductive part of a plant)
In other British languages: Cornish pistyll
(= waterfall, spout) (Place name in Cornwall: Pistyll Ogo (SW6911) (on maps as “Pistil Ogo”) = pistyll an ogo
“(the) waterfall (by) (the) cave”.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1261855
The Welsh equivalent would be pistyll yr ogof / pistyll ogof ; or
more colloquially, with the loss of the final [v], a usual occurrence in
polysyllables, pistyll yr ogo / pistyll ogo.
Here too is Pistol Meadow (which in Cornish would be Pras an Pistyll / Pras
Pistyll).
A waterfall plunges over the cliff edge here.
:_______________________________.
Y Pistyll Du ‹pi-stilh dii› masculine noun
1 (ST0287) place name, Tonyrefail (“the black spring”)
Pant y Brad. Mae y lle hwn, bychan o ran
rhif y preswylwyr, tua milltir o bentref poblogaidd Tonyrefail, ar y brif heol,
yng nghyfeiriad Llantrisant. Enw mwyaf hynafol y lle yw y Pistyll Du, enw wedi
ei roddi iddo oherwydd lliw y dwfr sy’n llifo oddiar fawn cyfagos
(Hanes Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl. Thomas Morgan. 1899,
Caerdydd. Tudalen 69. Orgraff ddiwygiedig sydd gennym / revised spelling)
Pant y Brad (“Treason Hollow / Betrayal Hollow”) This place, which is small in
the number of inhabitants, is about a mile from the populous village of
Tonyrefail, on the main road in the direction of Llantrisant. The oldest name
in the place is Y Pistyll Du (“the black waterfall”), a name given to it
because of the colour of the water which flows off nearby peat.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST0287
Pant-y-brad (name of a house here)
:_______________________________.
Pistyll Rhaeadr ‹pi –stilh hrei-adr›
1
(SJ0729) waterfall
ETYMOLOGY: “pistyll (afon) Rhaeadr” (“(the) waterfall (of the river) Rhaeadr”)
(the name of the river in fact means “the river of the waterfall” - rhaeadr = waterfall)
:_______________________________.
pisyn ‹PI
shin› (masculine noun)
1 see: pishyn
:_______________________________.
pit, pitiau ‹PIT,
PIT-ye› (masculine noun)
1 pit
2
pit ceiliogod (North) cockpit
Standard form: talwrn
:_______________________________.
pitfal ‹pit -val› feminine
noun
1 pound, pinfold; pen where stray animals are kept; see pitffald
y bitfal the pound
:_______________________________.
pitfel ‹pit -vel› feminine
noun
1 pound, pinfold; pen where stray animals are kept; see pitffald
y bitfel the pound
:_______________________________.
pitffald ‹pit -fald› feminine
noun
PLURAL pitffaldiau
‹pit-fald-ye›
1 pound, pinfold; pen
where stray animals are kept
y bitffald the pound
..a/ Caebitffald street name in
Tre'r-ddôl (SN6692) (county of Ceredigion) (“Cae Bitffald”)
‘cae’r bitffald’ “(the) field (of) the pound”
(cae = field) + (’r definite article) + soft mutation +
(pitffald = pound ‹for
stray animals›)
..b/ Clos y Bitfel (“enclosure /
field of the pinfold”) in Aberriw, county of Powys
..c/ Nant y Bitffald stream in
Llanymawddwy, county of Gwynedd
..d/ bitwal This would seem to be bitwal < pitwal <
pitfal < pitffal < pitffald
It occurs in the hamlet of Penbitwal SO3322, by Y Pandy, Mynwy
pen y bitwal “(the) end / edge (of) the pound”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/168050
ETYMOLOGY: Apparently pitffald is a variation of English pinfold (or an earlier form of this
word) (= enclosure for stray animals) < poundfold < Old English pundfald
(pund = enclosure) + (fald = enclosure).
There is possibly the influence of Welsh pit (= hole), from English pit
(= hole)
NOTE: Variants:
..a/ pitfal ‹pit-val›,
..b/ pitfel ‹pit-vel›,
..c/ pitwel ‹pit-wel›
See also Y Bwmffald (village in Abertawe county)
:_______________________________.
piti ‹pi
-ti› masculine noun
1 pity, compassion
2 pity = an unfortunate event
’Na biti! (Dyna biti!) what a pity
piti mawr great pity, crying shame
3 bod yn biti gennych dros...
feel sorry for (“be pity with you over...”)
bod yn biti o galon gennych dros...
feel really sorry for / feel extremely sorry for (“be pity from heart with you
over...”)
ETYMOLOGY: English pity < Old
French pité (Modern French pitié)
< Latin pietas (= piety) <
pius (= pious)
:_______________________________.
pitsh ññ‹PICH›%&% (m)
pitshiau
ññ‹PICH-yai, -ye›%&%
1 (south-east Wales)
slope, hill
Cf The English dialect of Sir Faesyfed /
Radnorshire: pitch = steep road
ETYMOLOGY: < English pitch
:_______________________________.
pitshin ‹PI-chin› (m)
1 (south-east Wales) cobbled area
mynd yn bitshin ac yn stondin fail, be a failure (“become a cobbled area
and a pig trough”)
NOTE: In the English dialect of
Llanidloes:
CAUSEY, a raised roadway. In
Llanidloes the term is applied to the street pavement, which is also known as
the pitchin. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X /
Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders /
1877)
ETYMOLOGY: English pitchin’ <
pitching (= cobbled area).
:_______________________________.
pitsho ‹PI-cho› (v)
1 (south-east Wales) to cobble, pave with cobbles
2 pitch hay
3 pitch (in music)
4 start singing
5 slope down
6 (ship) pitch
7 pitsho i mewn (1) eat heartily (2) join people already working to help
with a task
:_______________________________.
pitwel ‹pit -wel› feminine
noun
1 pound, pinfold; pen where stray animals are kept; see pitffald
y bitwel the pound
Yn sir Ddinbych arferir y gair
“gwarchae” am “bitwel” neu “bownd”
In the county of Dinbych the word “gwarchae” is used for “pound” (“bitwel” and
“pownd” are equivalents in Welsh)
:_______________________________.
piwr ‹piwr› (adjective)
1 pure
2
(South Wales) (intensifier) = great
cwpwl piwr appreciable amount,
sizable amount
cwpwl piwr o quite a number of
(things), quite a few (things), a good few (things)
---------------------------------------------------
END /
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