sodskimkat1021e A Welsh to
English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar
fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.
04-08-2021 13.00
● kimkat0001 Yr Hafan / Home Page www.kimkat.org
● ● kimkat2001k Y Fynedfa Gymraeg /
Welsh-language Gateway www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_gwefan/gwefan_arweinlen_2001k.htm
● ● ● kimkat1798k Geiriaduron a Geirfaon / Dictionaries and
Vocabularies www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriaduron_yn_ol_y_seiliaith_1798k.htm
● ● ● ● kimkat1818e Cyfeirddalen y geiriadur hwn /
Index to the online dictionary http://www.kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_mynegai_1818e.htm
● ● ● ● ● kimkat1021e
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Gweler GOSOD
G, g <èg> feminine noun
1) seventh letter of the twenty-six
letter Roman alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 d 5 e,
2) tenth letter of the twenty-nine letter Welsh alphabet
...1 a, 2 b, 3 c, 4 ch, 5 d, 6 dd
7 e,
:_______________________________.
g-
1 soft mutation of the consonant c
ci = dog, dau gi = two dogs
:_______________________________.
g
A final g [g] in Welsh names is often represented in English as [k], spelt ck,
k, sometimes c
-------
Brecknock Englished name of a former Welsh gwlad (“country”),
and later a county (“Brecknock” or “Brecknockshire”) < Brycheiniog
-------
Craddock English surname
< Welsh Cradog (= C’radog) < Caradog
-------
Chirk English name of Y
Waun, a town in Wrecsam county. From the river name Ceiriog
-------
Clodock a village in
Herefordshire, from Clydog, a saint’s name. The local church is
dedicated to Clydog (in older Welsh Clydawg)
-------
Crickadarn a village in Powys, from Crucadarn (= crug
cadarn, fortified hillock).
-------
Devynnock Anglicised form of Defynnog (a village in
Powys)
-------
Llanbadoc in the county of Mynwy, over the river Wysg from
Brynbuga / Usk,
(Llanbadog Fawr in Welsh) ST3799
-------
Llangattock Anglicised form of Llangatwg (various places
with this name; a southern form of Llangadog – church of Cadog) (e.g. a village
SO2017 in Powys, south-west of Crucywel /
Crickhowell; two places in Mynyw SO4515,
SO3309. Llangatwg is Englished in one example by Castell-nedd as Cadoxton
i.e. “Cadock’s ton”
-------
Llangunnock English spelling
for Llangynog (village in the county of Caerfyrddin)
-------
Llanhennock English form of Llanhenwg, Sir Fynwy
-------
Madock, Maddock English spelling of the forename / patronymic /
surname Madog
-------
Meyrick English spelling
for the patronymic or surname Meurig
Mynydd William Meyrick Cwmclydach (Rhondda Cynon Taf) would be Mynydd
Wiliam Meurig if the personal name were to be written in its Welsh form
-------
Pentre Kenrick for Pentrecynfrig farm in the English county of Shropshire
-------
Trelleck for Tryleg ‹trə-leg› (SO5005) locality in
the county of Mynwy (South-east Wales)
-------
Tredunnock for Tredynog ST3794 (village in the county of
Mynwy)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=174957
:_______________________________.
g <->
1 A final g after n is sometimes lost
1/ Y Trallwng (place name; the swamp)
> (Abertawe) Y Trallwn
2/ hebrwng (= accompany) > eprwn (south-east Wales)
:_______________________________.
g < c
In some borrowings from English an initial c- in the English word has become an
initial g- in Welsh
grofft (= a croft) < English croft
grisial (= crystal) < English crystal
:_______________________________.
g < c in borrowings from English, at the end of a word
clog < English cloak
ffròg < English frock
Cf d < t (poced = pocket, ticed = ticket, etc )
:_______________________________.
g <->
1 In many modern borrowings from English, an initial g is
not mutated
garej (m) garage
...i garej Twm Siôn to Twm Siôn’s garage (not *i arej Twm Siôn)
geid girl guide
gêm (f) game
golff (m) golf
:_______________________________.
g- <->
1 a prosthetic g (= prefixed to
ease pronunciation or regularise apparently irregular forms) occurs in some
words which properly begin with a vowel; some of the forms with this initial g
are now standard, but others are colloquial / dialectal.
In the case of nouns, the reason is probably that these words were confused
with soft-mutated feminine forms – such nouns with an initial “g” in the
radical lose it after the definite article – for example,
yr ardd (= the garden) is from gardd (= garden),
yr afr (= the goat) is from gafr (= goat), etc
(Most of the nouns in the list below are feminine)
1/ ado > gado = to leave (gado is
still used col·loquially, but in standard Welsh this verb has been subsumed by
the unrelated verb gadael. In other words, ado acquired an
initial g-, giving gado, and this
verb then became confused with gadael)
2/ addo (standard Welsh) > gaddo (dialectal)
= to promise
3/ agen (standard Welsh) > gagen (f)
(dialectal) = gap; the form with ‘g’ though could possibly be original.
In that case, dialectally
..a/ the g has been conserved, or
..b/ the g has reappeared gagen > agen > gagen
4/ alai (standard Welsh) > galai (f)
(dialectal) = alley
5/ allt (standard Welsh) > gallt
(f) (dialectal) (North Wales; = hill)
6/ arddwrn (standard Welsh) > garddwrn
(m) (dialectal) (= wrist)
6a/ ar ôl (= after). Ar causes soft mutation, so in some dialects
it has been supposed that the base form of ôl (= track, path) is gôl.
Hence ar ’i ôl, ar ei ôl (= after him), ar ’i gôl, ar ei gôl
(after her). “After her” should properly be ar ei hôl.
7/ ellwng > gellwng (dialectal)
(the standard form is gollwng) (= to release)
8/ erwydd > gerfydd (standard
Welsh) (= by means of, holding onto)
(British ari-wid-; Celtic wid-, weid- = to see)
9/ ewin (standard Welsh) > gewin
(f) (dialectal) (= fingernail, toenail, cat’s claw)
10/ iâr (standard Welsh) > giâr
(f) (dialectal) (South Wales; = hen)
11/ ildio (standard Welsh) > gildio
(dialectal) = to yield, to give in
12/ onest > gonest (adjective) (= honest) (gonest is the standard form)
13/ ordd (standard Welsh) > gordd
(f) (= sledgehammer)
14/ Ordofigion > Gordofigion A
literary society in Liverpool from around the 1840s onwards for Welsh emigrants
(since they were from North Wales, considered to be the territory of the
British tribe called the ‘Ordovices’ by the Romans in the centuries of Roman
occupation until 410 AD, suggesting a native form *ordovik-)
15/ wagen > gwagen (f) (“gwagen”
formerly standard, now archaic) (= waggon)
16/ wal > gwal (f) (“gwal”
formerly standard, now archaic) (= wall)
17/ Wrecsam > Gwrecsam (f)
(“Gwrecsam” was used formerly in literary Welsh, now archaic) (= name of a town
in North-east Wales)
18/ wybren (standard Welsh) > gwybren
(f) (dialectal) (= sky)
19/ wyneb (standard Welsh) > gwyneb
(m) (dialectal) (= face)
:_______________________________.
Gabalfa, Y <ə ga-BAL-va> (feminine noun)
1 district of Caer-dydd on the east side of the river Taf (form of Y
Geubalfa = the ferrying place)
(yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (ceubalfa = ferrying
place; ceubal = (obsolete) ferry
boat; Welsh < British < Latin caupulus (= little boat))
:_______________________________.
gadael <GAA-dail,-del> [ˡgɑˑdaɪl, -dɛl] (verb)
1 to leave = depart from a place
(also: ymadael â)
2 to leave = go away without taking
3 to leave = cause to remain in a certain condition
gadael (rhywun) fel petái’n farw leave somebody for dead (“leave somebody
as if he were dead”)
gadael (ceffyl) wrth y postyn cychwyn to leave (a horse) standing, rush
ahead before the horse has even begun to move off
’Adawa i mohoni yn y fan yna I shall not let it rest at that
(“I will leave nothing of it in that place”)
4 let, allow (see gadu below)
5 ei gadael hi rhwng rhywun a’i gawl
let somebody stew in their own juice = leave somebody to deal unaided with the
unfortunate consequences of their actions (“leave it between someone and his
broth”)
6 gadael ffordd glir leave a passageway, leave room to get by
gadael (rhywun) ar ei faw to leave (somebody) in the lurch (“on his
excrement”)
gadael (rhywun) ar y clwt to leave (somebody) in the lurch (“on the
patch of ground”)
gadael (rhywun) mewn twll to leave (somebody) in the lurch (“in a hole”)
Mae’r llygod yn gadael llong ar suddo Rats desert a sinking ship (“a
ship on the point of sinking”)
7 Gadwch i ni ei chladdu hi
Let’s forget about the matter, Let’s drop it, Let byegones be byegones (“let’s
bury it”)
8 gadael iddi drop a matter
Beth am adael iddi? Why don’t we drop the matter?
Gad iddi Leave it, Drop it, Drop the matter
9 gadael (rhywun) yn y baw leave
(someone) in the lurch, let (somebody) down, leave (someone) to fend for
himself (“leaving someone in the dirt”)
bod wedi’ch gadael yn y baw be left in the lurch (“being after your
leaving in the dirt”)
10 gadael i natur ddilyn ei chwrs
let nature take its course (“follow
its course”)
gadael i natur ddilyn ei hynt let nature take its course (“follow its course”)
gadael llonydd i bethau let things take their course (“leave quiet /
tranquility too things”)
gadael i bethau ddilyn ei hynt let things take their course
gadael i bethau fod let things take their course, leave things as they
are
Stem: gadaw-
(1) Present Indicative: 1 gadawaf, gadáwn; 2 gadewi, gedéwch, 3 gedy
(colloquially gadawiff o gadawith), gadawant Impersonal: gadewir
(2) Future Indicative = Present Indicative:
(3) Imperfect Indicative: 1 gadáwn, gadawem; 2 gadawit, gadéwch;
3 gadawai, gadawent; Impersonal: gadewid
(4) Past Indicative: 1 gadewais, gadawsom; 2 gadewaist, gadawsoch;
3 gadawodd, gadawsant; Impersonal: gadawyd
(5) Pluperfect Indicative: 1 gadawswn, gadawsem; 2 gadawsit,
gadawsech; 3 gadawsai, gadawsent; Impersonal: gadawsid
(6) Present Subjunctive: 1 gadawyf, gadawom; 2 gadewych, gadawoch;
3 gadawo, gadawont; Impersonal: gadawer
(7) The Imperfect Subjunctive is the same as the Imperfect Indicative
(8)Imperative: 1 -, gadáwn; 2 gad, gadéwch; 3 gadawed,
gadawent;
Impersonal: gadawer
:_______________________________.
gadawon <ga-dau-on> [gaˡdauɔn] plural noun
(South-west Wales)
1 leavings, leftovers, remains
gadawon y da hay or corn left in the manger (“leavings of the cattle”)
ETYMOLOGY: (gadaw-, stem of gado = to leave) + (-on =
plural suffix)
:_______________________________.
Y Gadlys <ə gad
–lis> [ə ˡgadlɪs] feminine noun
1 farm south of the village of
Llangynwyd (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr), South-east Wales. Here there is also
Nant y Gadlys (the stream of Y Gadlys farm)
2 farm north-west of the village of Glynogwr (county of Pen-y-bont
ar Ogwr), South-east Wales. Here there is Cwm Gadlys (the valley
of the stream of Y Gadlys farm)
3 place in Aber-dâr (county of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf) (South-east Wales)
SN 9902
Gadlys Uchaf street name in Aber-dâr (uchaf = upper)
Heol y Gadlys street name in Aber-dâr (‘Gadlys Road’)
4 locality in the county of Bro Morgannwg SS 9869, 2km north-east of
Llanilltud Fawr, by Llan-faes
5 farm by Llanwnda, Gwynedd SH4858. According to the link below, it is built on
a medieval motte
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/730590 ffermdy’r gadlys /
the farmhouse
ETYMOLOGY:
“the fort” (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (cadlys =
fort).
The noun cadlys is literally “battle fort” (cad <kaad> = battle) + soft mutation (+ llys
<lhiis> = court).
:_______________________________.
gadu <GAA-di>
[ˡgɑˑdɪ] verb
The basic meaning of gadu is “to leave” (= let, allow).
This verb had an alternative termination –el instead of –u, hence gadel.
This later became gadael -
probably a result of hypercorrection, through assuming that the final e
is a reduction of the diphthong ae, since this is often the case in
colloquial Welsh – such as ware, a south-western form of chwarae
(to play)
An unrelated verb was adaw, which with the reduction of the final
diphthong -aw to the vowel –o which occurred as Middle
Welsh became modern Welsh resulted in ado. The stem remained a adaw-.
The verb adaw / ado means “to leave, to depart from {a
place}; to leave (something) behind”
Compare athro = teacher, formerly athraw, though the –aw form remains in the plural – athrawon (= teachers)
An initial g has been added, which can
be seen in a number of other words in Welsh where it has been supposed that the
initial vowel is the result of soft mutation, and that the radical form has an
initial g.
The verb gadu / gadel (=
allow) has over the centuries influenced the verb gadaw / gado (= depart), and the ‘-o’
ending has been replaced by ‘-el / ael’.
Hence gad|o > gad|el > gad|ael (= depart).
In the standard language, the verb gadael (really gado) (stem gadaw-) (= depart)
has taken the place of gadael (really gadu) (stem gad-) (= allow).
So gadael with the stem gadaw- is now both ‘depart’ and ‘allow’
in standard Welsh
gadawais = I departed (from), I left
behind; I allowed
However, in the colloquial language the gad- stem of gadu / gadael
remains in the sense of ‘to let, allow, permit’.
gadawes = I departed (from), I left
behind
gades = I allowed
1 gadael i (gadu i) =
let, allow (somebody to do something); gad imi siarad! let me speak
Exclamation na ato Duw! God forbid! (“may God not allow!”, na
= no, gato = may allow, Duw = God)
3 na ato Duw! God forbid that...
II Samuel 20:20 A Joab a atebodd ac a ddywedodd, Na ato Duw, na ato Duw, i
mi na difetha na dinistrio
II Samuel 20:20 And Joab answered and said, far be it, far be it from me, that
I should swallow up or destroy
Job 27:5
Na ato Duw i mi eich cyfiawnhau chwi
Job 27:5
God forbid that I should justify you
4 cael eich gadel yn un da am... be considered to be good at, be
reckoned to be a dab hand at... (“get your considering a good one for...”)
5 South Wales gadel suppose, be given to understand
Rw i’n gadel ych bod chi’n mynd fory I take it you’re going tomorrow
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gad- < British. From the same British root: Cornish gasa
= to leave, to abandon
Present Indicative: 1 gadaf, gadwn; 2 gad, gedwch (or gadwch),
3 gad, gadant. Impersonal: gedir
Imperfect Indicative: 1 gadwn, gadem; 2 gadit, gadech; 3
gadai, gadent; Impersonal: gedid
Past Indicative: 1 gadais, gadasom; 2 gedaist, gadasoch; 3 gadodd,
gadasant; Impersonal: gadwyd
Pluperfect Indicative: 1 gadaswn, gadasem; 2 gadasit, gadasech; 3
gadasai, gadasent; Impersonal: gadesid
Present Subjunctive: 1 gadwyf, gadom; 2 gedych, gadoch; 3
gado, gadont; Impersonal: gader
The Imperfect Subjunctive is the same as the Imperfect Indicative
Imperative: 1 -, gadwn; 2 gad, gedwch (or gadwch); 3
gaded, gadent; Impersonal: gader
Formal Welsh has
(1) gadéwch inni fynd, though the spoken language maintains the more
traditional gedwch inni fynd, gadwch inni fynd ‘allow us to go, let’s
go’;
This does not effect the singular form gad which is the same for both gadu
and gadael
(2) Written language gadawn iddi fynd, but more correctly as in colloquial
Welsh gadwn iddi fynd let’s let her go
Also the following imperative forms (not used colloquially)
(3) gadawed instead of gaded may he / she / it allow (for someone
to....)
(4) gadawent instead of gadent may they allow (for someone
to....)
(5) gadawer instead of gader may it be allowed (for someone
to....)
:_______________________________.
gaeaf <gEi-a> [ˡgəiav, gəia] masculine noun
PLURAL gaeafau <gei-aa-ve> [gəiˡɑˑvaɪ, -vɛ]
1 winter = cold season between autumn and
spring, from the winter solstice to the vernal equinox in the northern
hemisphere, from mid-December, through the months of January and February, into
mid-March
gaeaf llym a harsh winter
heulsaf y gaeaf winter solstice
dros y gaeaf during the winter
drwy’r gaeaf during the winter
yn y gaeaf in the winter
2 winter = cold season between autumn and spring, in the southern
hemisphere (and hence in the Welsh settlement in Patagonia) from mid-June,
through the months of July and August, and as far as mid-September
3 ‘Celtic winter’ = six months
between Calan Gaeaf (November 1) and Calan Mai (May 1), the period when cattle
were kept in the lowlands after being brought down from the upland summer
pastures
4 haf oer, gaeaf cynnes (saying)
a cold winter (means) a hot summer
5 winter = the colder half of the
year (in contrast to summer)
6 berfedd gaeaf in the depths
of winter (perfedd = middle, centre) (adverbial phrases have
soft-mutated initial consonant)
gefn gaeaf in the depths of winter (cefn = back) (adverbial
phrases have soft-mutated initial consonant)
ym mhwll y gaeaf in the depths of winter (pwll = pit)
yn nhwll y gaeaf in the depths of winter (twll = hole)
yng nghanol y gaeaf in the middle of winter (canol = middle,
centre)
7 chwaraeon y gaeaf, chwaraeon gaeaf winter sports, sports
practised on snow and ice, such as skating, skiing
8 gwenith y gaeaf winter wheat, wheat sown in the autumn
gwenith gaeaf winter wheat, wheat sown in the autumn
9 lle gwyliau’r gaeaf winter resort (“place (of) holidays (during)
the winter”)
10 gardd aeaf winter garden - either an outside garden with
evergreens, or a conservatory with flowers for winter enjoyment
11 winter = a period like winter - the last years of life, a period
of adversity, etc
yng nghaeaf eich bywyd in the winter of one’s life
12 ffair aeaf winter fair
mynd i’r ffair aeaf to go to the winter fair
Ffair Aeaf Llanelwedd Llanelwedd Winter Fair
Ffair Aeaf Ynys Môn Ynys Môn (Isle of Anglesey) Winter Fair
13 gaeaf glas, mynwent bras (= a mild winter
fills the graveyards; ‘green winter, fat graveyard’)
NOTE: [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
grien winter : a warm winter, without much frost or snow]
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gijam- < Celtic
From the same British root: Cornish: gwav (= winter), Breton gwav
(= winter)
In Irish the cognate word is the first part (geimh-) of the word geimhreadh
(= winter). The second element corresponds to Welsh rhawd (=
period), so the Irish word is more or less “winter season” in origin.
NOTE: The standard pronunciation is with <v>
gaeaf <gei-av>, the colloquial
pronunciation is without: gaea’ <gei-a>
:_______________________________.
Gael <gail > [gaɪl] masculine or
feminine noun
PLURAL Gaeliaid <geil-yed> [ˡgəiljaɪd, -jɛd]
1 Gael, Scot = one of the Scottish Gaels, the Gaelic speakers of
Scotland
Eisteddfod y Gaeliaid the ‘Mod’, the annual national gathering of the
Gaels (“(the) eisteddod (of) the Gaels”)
ETYMOLOGY: From
..a/ English Gael (= Gaelic speaker / Scottish speaker / Irish speaker)
..b/ < Scottish Gaidheal (=Gaelic speaker / Scottish speaker / Irish
speaker)
..c/ < Irish Gaidheal (= Irish speaker)
..d/ < a word in Old Welsh equivalent to modern Welsh Gwyddel (=
Irishman; apparently previously with a plural sense ‘band of savages’)
..e/ < (gwydd = savage, wild) + (-el suffix; cf the suffix in medel
<= reaping party>
< mɛdi <= to
rɛap> ).
:_______________________________.
Gaelaidd <gei-ledh> [ˡgəilaɪð, -lɛð] adjective
1 Scottish = of the Scottish Gaels (apart from the language, in
which case the adjective is Gaeleg)
ETYMOLOGY: (Gael = Scot) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
Gaeliaid <geil-yed> [ˡgəiljaɪd, -jɛd] plural
1 Scots (Scottish-speaking Scots /
Scottish-Gaelic-speaking Scots / Gaelic-speaking Scots);
ETYMOLOGY: plural of Gael. Plural suffix –iaid
:_______________________________.
Gaeleg [ˡgəilɛg] <GEI leg> (feminine noun) (sense soft mutation)
1 Scottish language, Gaelic, “Gallic”
Yr Aeleg the Scottish language
:_______________________________.
Gaeltacht <geil-təkht> masculine noun
1 The Irish-speaking area of Ireland
byw yn y Gaeltacht to live in the Gaeltacht
Also Y Fro Wyddeleg (“the Irish(-language) district”)
ETYMOLOGY: English < Irish Gaeltacht < previous spelling Gaedhealtacht,
(Gaedheal (now Gael) = Irish person, Irish speaker) + (-tacht
suffix)
:_______________________________.
Y Gaer <ə gair
> [ə ˡgaɪr] feminine noun
1 (SN9226) locality (fort) in Crai,
Brycheiniog
2 (ST2986) locality in de Casnewydd
(Gwent)
Note:The local form, typical of south-eastern Welsh, would be Y Gäär <ə GÄÄR> [ə ˡgɛːr] (rhyming with English ‘fair / stare/ where’, etc)
If there are English spellings of this name as ‘gare’ in old documents, or on
old maps, this would confirm the expected pronunciation. Maybe too the local
pronunciation in Casnewydd is ‘gare’. Confirmation sought.
3 (SO2099) in Thornbury, a township
in the parish of Ffordun (English: Forden) in Sir Drefalwyn / Montgomeryshire
ETYMOLOGY: “the fort” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (caer
= fort)
:_______________________________.
Y Gaerwen <geir-wen> feminine noun
1 (SH4871) locality in Ynys Môn
ETYMOLOGY: the white fort
..a/ (y definite article) + soft mutation + (caerwen);
..b/ caerwen is (caer = fort) + soft mutation + (gwen,
feminine form of gwyn)
:_______________________________.
gafael <GAA-vail,
GAA-vel> [ˡgɑˑvaɪl, ˡgɑˑvɛl] feminine noun
PLURAL gafaelion <
ga-veil-yon> [gaˡvəiljɔn]
1 grip, holding
o fewn gafael rhywun within reach of somebody
o fewn eu gafael within their reach, attainable
o fewn ei gafael within her reach, attainable
o fewn ei afael within his reach, attainable
cael gafael yn get hold of
cael mwy o afael yn get a better grip of / hold of
2 (South-east Wales) landholding, plot of land. Occur
gafal o dir a plot of land
Yn gafal ni yw hwnna That plot of land is ours
In Dyffrynrhondda (SS8593) (a locality in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, on
the south side of the river Afan, 5km north-west of Maes-teg, on the road which
goes down from Y Cymer to Cwmafan) there is a street named Heol yr Afael
(“(the) street (of) (the place called) Yr Afael”, i.e. plot of land)
NOTE: Colloquially gafel, gafal. The grapheme ae
in a final syllable is [aɪ] in the standard
language, e [ɛ] in the south west, mid-Wales, and the north-east, and [a] in the south-east and north-west.
:_______________________________.
gafael <GA vel ən> (verb)
1 gafael yn / gafael ar get hold of, pick up
gafael mewn plentyn bach picking up a small child
:_______________________________.
gafar <GAA-var> (f)
Colloquial pronunciation of gafr (= nanny goat)
Corn-gafr SN2722 farm in
Caerfyrddin county. Sometimes spelt as Corngafar, indicating the local
pronunciation. Here is also Allt Corn-gafr.
Corn-gafr The 1881 Census for
Llandrillo yn Rhos also notes a dwelling of theis name, in Llwytgoed, Dinbych.
Apparently (y) corn gafr the goat horn
:_______________________________.
Gafenni <ga-ve-ni> [gaˡvɛnɪ]
1 Glangafenni a street in Y Fenni
(misspelt as “Glan Gavenny”)
“(the) bank (of the) Gafenni (river)”, “Gafenni side”
2 Blaengafenni SO3119 Farm south-west of Llanfihangel Crucornau
(“Llanvihangel Crucorney”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/216219 map
3 Afon Gafenni SO3015 river in
the county of Mynwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/361214
4 Abergafenni SO2914 old name
of Y Fenni, a town at the confluence of the river Gafenni and the
river Wysg. The name used in English preserves the old Welsh name
(though with slightly anglicised spelling “Abergavenny”).
The modern Welsh name Y Fenni is a truncated form of Abergafenni
– probably
..1/ through the loss of the pretonic syllable (*Aber’fenni) and then
..2/ replacement of the first element aber by the definite article y
Most likely in these stages:
Abergafenni > Aber’fenni > Abyr’fenni > Y Byr’fenni > Y Fenni
or
Abergafenni > Abyrgafenni / Abyrgyfenni >
Abyr’fenni > Y Byr’fenni > Y Fenni
Loss of the pretonic syllable; as seen in other place names
..a/ Abergafenni >
Aber’fenni
Pont|rhyd|y|sae|son > Pontysaeson
(loss of the pre-pretonic syllable)
Pont|-y|-ty^|-pridd > Pont-y-pridd (loss
of the pretonic syllable)
Pont|ab|er|du|lais > Pont’erdulais
(loss of the pre-pretonic syllable)
Obscuration of the pretonic vowel
..b/ > Aber’fenni > Abyr’fenni
Obscuration of the initial vowel a-, and its reinterpretation as the definite
article
..c/ Abyr’fenni > Y Byr’fenni
Loss of the pretonic vowel
..d/ > Y Byr’fenni > Y Fenni
The Roman name of the place was Gobannium, a Latinisation of the river
name Gobannion
ETYMOLOGY: British gobann- (*Gobannion), from the name of a smith
deity.
Cf British gob- (= smith), modern Welsh gof (= smith)
:_______________________________.
gaffo <gaa-fo> verb [ˡgɑˑfɔ]
1 form with soft mutation of caffo
= may he / she / it get, may he / she / it receive
:_______________________________.
gaf i <gaa-vi> verb [ˡgaːv viː, ˡgɑˑvɪ]
South Wales
1 may I...? can I...? might I...? (= am I
allowed to, do I have your permission to...?)
2 may I have...? can I have...? (= will you give me, will you lend
me...?)
See (1) ga i and (2) the verbnoun cael
:_______________________________.
gafl (gafal) <ga
–val, gaa-val> [ˡgavəl, ˡgɑˑval] feminine noun
PLURALgaflau, geifl (geifil) <gav
–le, gei-vil> [ˡgavlaɪ -ɛ, ˡgəivɪl]
1 fork (in a tree, etc)
yr afl = the fork
2 yr Eifl (SH3645) “the (two) forks”, “the two dips separating
three peaks”; name of a mountain in Gwynedd
English name: “The Rivals” (the Welsh word having been replaced by a
similar-sounding word in English; in the plural form because there are three
peaks; an explanation was then invented to explain the the supposed “rivalry” -
that this three-peaked mountain “rivalled” Yr Wyddfa (“Snowdon”) in
magnificence
3 lap
4 crotch , hollow of the thigh
5 (animal) space between two back legs
â’ch cynffon yn eich gafl dejected, miserable, unhappy, crestfallen,
with your tail between your legs, cowed (“with your tail in your crotch”)
Also: fel ci â’i gynffon rhwng ei afl (“like a dog with its tail in its
crotch / between its legs”)
6 sefyll â'ch gafl ar led = stand astride, stand with the
legs stretched far apart
lledu’ch gaflau open your your legs; stand placing one’s legs far apart
7 dyn â gafl hir = long-leggèd man
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gabl- < Celtic
From the same British root: Breton gavl, gaol (= crotch, fork of a tree)
From the same Celtic root: Irish gabhal (m) (= crotch, fork of a tree)
Cf the Welsh word gefel (= tongs)
:_______________________________.
gaflio <gavl-yo>
verb
1 sit with one's legs wide apart
2 (North Wales) copulate, fuck
ETYMOLOGY: (gafl = crotch, fork of the legs) + (-io suffix for
forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
gafr, geifr <GAA-var, GEI-vir> (feminine noun)
1 goat
yr afr = the goat
2 mor ddi-les â mes i eifr (saying) (of something
inappropriate) (“as useless as acorns for goats” (i.e. acorns are fine for
feeding pigs, but less than useless for goats)
3 helygen y geifr
(Salix caprea) goat willow
See: helygen grynddail fwyaf
4 craf y geifr (Allium ursinum) ramsons (“garlic of the
goats”)
5 In Margam (county of Castell-nedd
ac Aberafan) there is “Geifr Road”, which would be Heol y Geifr in Welsh
(“(the) road (of) the goats”, goat road)
6 Coed y Geifr name of a wood in the parish of Rowlston, Herefordshire,
England
(“(the) wood (of) the goats”)
(coed = wood) + (y = the) + (geifr = goats, plural of gafr
= goat)
8 cael gwlân rhywiog ar glun gafr make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear
(“find fine wool on a goat’s thigh”)
ni cheir gwlân rhywiog ar glun gafr you can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear
(“fine wool on a goat’s thigh is not found
/ is not had”)
NOTE: In the south an epenthetic vowel breaks up the
consonant cluster [vr]: gafar plural g’ifir (<geifir) <GAA var, GII-vir>
Corngafr SN2722 farm in
Caerfyrddin county. Sometimes spelt as Corngafar, indicating the local
pronunciation.
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gabr- < Celtic
From the same British root: Breton gavr (= goat)
From the same Celtic root: Irish gabhair (= goat), Manks goayr (=
goat)
Related to Latin aper (= boar), and Greek kapros (= goat)
:_______________________________.
gafr wanwyn ‹GAA-var WAN-win› [ˡgɑˑvar ˡwanwɪn]
PLURAL: geifr
wanwyn ‹GEI-vir GWAN-win›
[ˡgəɪvɪr ˡgwanwɪn]
1
nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus)”
(delwedd 7082)
bod fel gafar wanwyn (South Wales)
be a constant moaner, be a real moaner “like a nightjar” (a bird noted for its
discordant cry)
ETYMOLOGY: “goat (of) spring”) (gafr
= goat) + soft mutation + (gwanwyn =
spring)
SPELLING: Gafr ‹gaa-var›
is also written informally gafar, and geifr is geifir
:_______________________________.
ga i <gai> verb
1 may I...? can I...? might I...? (= am I
allowed to, do I have your permission to...?)
2 may I have...? can I have...? (= will you give me, will you lend
me...?)
ETYMOLOGY: colloquial form of a gaf fi
(a = interrogative particle) + soft mutation + (caf = I can) + (fi
= I)
NOTE: followed by soft mutation (as with all conjugated verbs)
gweld (= to see), ga i weld? (= may I see?)
ga i is more typical of the north; in the south gaf i (with the
retention of the <v>)
See the verbnoun cael
:_______________________________.
Y Gaiman <GAI man>
1 village in Patagonia
:_______________________________.
gair, geiriau [gaɪr, ˡgəɪrjaɪ / ˡgəɪrjɛ] <GAIR, GEIR yai, GEIR ye> (masculine noun)
1 word
2 ni + dweud gair o’ch pen not say a word, not open one’s mouth once
ni wedodd air o’i ben yn ystod daith He didn’t say one word during the
trip (“He didn’t say one word from his mouth on the journey’)
3 ar air neu ar weithred in
word or deed, by word or by deed
Colosiaid 3:17 A pha beth bynnag a wneloch, ar air neu ar weithred, gwnewch
bob peth yn enw'r Arglwydd Iesu, gan ddiolch i Dduw a'r Tad trwyddo ef.
Colossians 3:17 And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of
the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.
4 mewn byr eiriau in short (“in
short words”)
5 Mae ei air yn ddeddf His
word is law, His word is Holy Writ
6 Ni thorrir asgwrn gan air caled
Hard words break no bones (“a bone is not broken by a hard word”)
7 edrych gair mewn geiriadur look
up a word in a dictionary
8 Mae un gair cystal â chant imi
I can take a hint (“one word is as good as a hundred to me”)
9 word = talk, rumour
Fe gerdodd y gair bod... The rumour went around that...
Mae'r gair ar led fod.. Word is going round that..., Word has it that...
10 gair o eglurhâd (ar rywbeth) a word of explanation (of something), a clarification
(of something),
Cymerodd Robert Gruffydd y Beibl, a dechreuodd ddarllen y Salm. Weithiau, ceid ef yn taflu gair o eglurhad ar ambell i
adnod
Plant y Gorthrwm / 1908 / Gwyneth Vaughan (= Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910) t69
Robert Gruffydd took the Bible, and began to read the Psalm. At times, he was
to be seen (“found”) throwing in (“throwing”) a word of explanation of an
occasional verse
11 rhifair number = numeral
written as a word
ail: rhifair trefnol y rhifol dau “ail” (second) - the ordinal number of
the number “dau” (two)
ETYMOLOGY: (rhif = number) + soft mutation + (gair = word)
12 rhoi gair da i’w gilydd speak
well of one another / of each other
roeddynt yn rhoi gair da i’w gilydd tra y buont byw they spoke well of
one another throughout their lives
:_______________________________.
Gâl <gaal > [gaal]
1 Gaul
yn yr hen Âl in ancient Gaul
ETYMOLOGY: Latin Gallia (= Gaul)
:_______________________________.
gâl <gaal > [gaal]
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gal- < Celtic < Indo-European *gal
/ *ghal (= passion, strength)
1 (obsolete) strength
2 (obsolete) boldness
3 (obsolete) hatred
4 This element occurs as an element in a number of compound words
..1/ anial (= desert, desolate place) < British (*ande-gal-)
..2/ arial (= passion, courage) < British
(ar = in front of) + (gâl = strength) > ar-ghal > arial
..3/ dial (= verb: to get revenge; noun: revenge),
..4/ galanas (= hatred; massacre; destruction)
..5/ gelyn (= enemy)
..6/ Gwrial (obsolete forename) (“manly strength”)
(gŵr = man) + soft
mutation + (gâl = strength) > gwr-ghal > gwrial
Equivalent to the Irish name Feargal (Irish fear = man)
..7/ Morial (obsolete forename) (“great boldness / strength”)
(mawr,
mor- = great) + soft mutation + (gâl
= strength) > mor-ghal >
morial
:_______________________________.
Y Galedryd <əga-LED-rid> (feminine noun)
1 name of a farm SN9366 west of Rhaeadr-gwy (misspelt on the map as
“Galedrhyd”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9366
ETYMOLOGY: (“the hard ford”, either a ford with a firm bottom, or a ford with
fast-flowing water)
(y = definite article the ) + soft mutation + (caledryd)
caledryd is (caled = hard) + soft mutation + (rhyd = ford)
:_______________________________.
Galeg <GA
leg> (feminine noun)
1 Gaulish
Yr Aleg the Gaulish language
ETYMOLOGY: (Gâl = Gaul) + (-eg suffix to denote a language)
:_______________________________.
Galiseg (ga LI
seg) <ga ̍̍lisɛg> (feminine noun) (language)
1 Galician
Yr Aliseg the Galician language
(Galis- stem of Galisia = Galicia) + (-eg suffix to denote
a language)
:_______________________________.
gall <GALH> (verb)
< gallu
1 it can be
2 maybe
Gall nad yw’n wir Maybe it’s not true
(Synonyms of gall: efallai / hwyrach / dichon)
:_______________________________.
gallaf <ga-lhav>
verb
1 I can, I am able
Also gallaf fi; colloquially galla i, fe alla i, mi alla i, ’lla i
2 (reply) yes, I can. Colloquially galla
-Allwch chi fy helpu os gwelwch yn dda?
-Galla, siwr o fod
-Can you help me?
-Yes, certainly
ETYMOLOGY: colloquial form (that is, with the loss of the final <v>) of gallaf (= I can)
:_______________________________.
gallo <GA-lho>
verb
1 it may be able to (third-person singular present subjunctive)
Drws Yr Eglwys Weledig Wedi Ei Agor Yn Lled y Pen, Fel y Gallo
Credinwyr a Phlant Bychain Ddyfod I Mewn (1799) by Thomas Jones (1752-1845)
The door of the visible church opened wide so that
believers and little children can come in
(delwedd 7610)
:_______________________________.
gallt, gelltydd <GALHT, GELH tidh> (feminine noun)
1 (North Wales) hill
yr allt = the hill
2 (South Wales) wood
Common in place names. See allt
ETYMOLOGY: (allt = hill) which has acquired a
prsothetic g-, perhaps because the base form allt was misunderstood to
be a soft-mutated form of a base form gallt
A clear example of this is the adjective gonest,
from English onest (i.e. honest)
:_______________________________.
gallu <GA lhi> (verb)
1 to be able
Beth all e fod? What can it be?
2 ni + gallu llai na “not be
able (to do) less than”
Ni allai lai na methu He was doomed to failure, He was bound to fail, It
was inevitable that he’d fail
3 Ni ellid mo’i well things
couldn’t be better
ni ellid ddim o ei well
not + was not able [to be done] + anything + of + its
+ better
4 cymaint ag y gall e wneud fydd
(gwneud rhywbeth) he’ll find it hard to, he’ll find it an effort to, he’ll
find it a job to, he’ll have his work cut out to... , it’ll be one helluva job
for him to... (“it’ll be as much as he can do to...”)
5 hyd ’galla i gofio as far as
I recall
6 (masculine noun) ability rhoi
prawf ar allu rhywun put somebody through his paces gwneud popeth o fewn
fy ngallu do everything within my ability, do everything I’m capable of
:_______________________________.
galluog <ga-lhii-og> adj
1 capable
un gwir alluog fel pregethwr oedd he was truly capable as a preacher
hollalluog almighty, omnipotent
2 galluogi enable
ETYMOLOGY: (gallu = ability, capability) + (-og suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
galluogi < ga-lhi-oo-gi> verb
1 (verb amb objecte) enable
ETIMOLOGIA: (galluog = capable) + (-i suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
galpôn <gal POON> (masculine noun)
1 (Patagonian Welsh) shed
:_______________________________.
galw <GA lu> (verb)
1 to call; calling
galw ar call to (= shout to)
Clywodd rhywun yn galw arno He heard somebody calling him
2 galw rhywbeth wrth ei enw
call a spade a spade (“call something by its name”)
3 Galwa i ’ngweld i Come and
see me, Call by to see me
4 to give a name to somebody
galw (rhywbeth) ar (rywun) to call somebody something
y tecil yn galw tinddu ar y
crochan the pot calling the kettle black
(“the kettle calling black-arse on the cooking pot”, the kettle saying that the
cooking pot has got a black bottom)
It is used to point out that
someone who is criticising another person for having certain faults is hardly
qualified to do so since he himself / she herself has these same faults
4 to address somebody
see galw ti ar
5 galw am = demand for, call for
6 o fewn galw within hailing
distance (“within calling”)
:_______________________________.
galw < ga:
lu> m
1 demand
bod llawer o alw ar be in great demand, be much sought after
Yr oedd yn bregethwr da, a llawer o alw arno Saboth ac wythnos He was a
good preacher, in great demand on Sundays and the rest of the week (“Sabbath
and week”)
bod galw am be a demand for
bod galw mawr am be great demand for, be much sought-after
mae galw mawr am.... many people want to buy....
does dim llawer o alw am lyfrau Cymráeg yn y dre 'ma
there's not much demand for Welsh-language books in this town
casét y mae galw mawr amdano yw hwn this is a cassette very much in
demand “a cassette there is a big demand for it is this “
ETYMOLOGY: < verbnoun galw (= to call)
:_______________________________.
galwad, PLURAL
galwadau <GAL wad, gal WAA de> (feminine noun)
1 call
yr alwad = the call
Gwahoddiad a galwad ar i ddynolryw ddilyn yr Iesu y mae’r Dyrchafael a'r
Pentecost fel ei gilydd
Both the Ascension and Pentecost are an invitation and a call to mankind to
follow Jesus
2 at eich galwad at your
service
3 yr alwad the final call, the
summons to go to heaven
Fuasai yn sicr o fod wedi trefnu ei dŷ pan mewn iechyd ar gyfer yr alwad, pa bryd bynnag y
deuai He was sure to
have arranged his affairs when in health for the final call, whenever that
would happen
ETYMOLOGY: (galw = call) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
galw ti ar <ga-lu tii ar> -
1 address (someone) with the familiar form ‘ti’ = thou, address as
thou
Wil! Paid galw ti ar dy dad! Wil! Don’t use ‘ti’ with your father! Don’t
address your father as ‘thou’ (i.e. use the more formal ‘chi’ form)
ETYMOLOGY: “call ‘ti’ on” (galw = call) + (ti = thou) + (ar
= on)
:_______________________________.
galwedigaeth <gal-we-dii-geth>
feminine noun
PLURAL galwedigaethau <gal-we-di-gei-the>
1 calling, occupation
yr alwedigaeth = the occupation
Saer oedd wrth ei alwedigaeth He was a carpenter by trade (“(it was) (a)
carpenter (that) he was by his trade”)
ETYMOLOGY: (galwedig = adjective, origiannly a past participle, =
called) + (-aeth suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
galwr <ga-lur> masculine noun
PLURAL galwyr <gal-wir>
1 caller = person making a phone call
ETYMOLOGY: (galw = to call) + (-wr agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
galwyn, galwyni <GAL win, gal WI ni> (feminine or masculine noun)
1 (4, 5 llitres) gallon
yr alwyn / y galwyn = the gallon
:_______________________________.
Y Gamallt <KAM-alht> [ˡkamaɬt]
1 A hill SN9372 in Glyn Gwy / the Wye
valley near Sant Harmon
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=243399 map
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = crookèd) + (allt = hill)
ETYMOLOGY: “the crookèd hill” (y definite
article) + soft mutation + (camallt = crookèd hill)
:_______________________________.
gamblo <GAM blo> (verb)
1 to gamble
:_______________________________.
Y Gamer <ə ga-mer> feminine noun
1 street name in Glynceiriog (county of Dinbych)
ETYMOLOGY: Possibly (that is, without having studied the history of this name)
a reduced form of Y Gamerw “the crookèd acre, the crookèd field (of an
acre in area)”
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (camerw = crookèd acre);
(cam = crookèd) + (erw = acre)
In field names, where erw is a final element in a compound word, the
final -w is often lost pumer < pum erw (five acres), wyther
< wyth erw (eight acres), etc
:_______________________________.
gamocs <ga-moks> plural noun
North Wales
1 pranks, tricks
ETYMOLOGY: English dialect gammocks (= pranks, tricks)
NOTE: colloquially this is giamocs, with palatalization of the g <gya-moks>. This palataization is characteristic
of North-western Welsh.
:_______________________________.
gamog <ga-mog> feminine noun
1 form with soft mutation of camog (= felloe)
2 Llys y Gamog street name in the town of Dinbych (“court of
the felloe”)
:_______________________________.
Y Gamp Lawn <ə gamp LAUN> (feminine noun)
1 The Grand Slam (the feat of beating all four opponents in the Five
Nations Rugby Cup games – Wales versus England, Scotland, France, Ireland). Now
six opponents with the incorporation of Italy. (“the full feat”)
:_______________________________.
gam yn nes <gam ən nees> adverb
1 a step nearer
bod gam yn nes at to be a step nearer to...
ETYMOLOGY: (cam = step) + (yn nes = nearer). There is soft
mutation of the initial consonant of the phrase c > g to
indicate an adverbial phrase
:_______________________________.
gan <GAN> (prep)
1 with
Cefais lythyr gan y ferch I received a letter from the girl (“I received
a letter with the girl”)
Mae llyfr gan y dyn the man has a book (“a book is with the man”)
2 (receiving) from
Prynwyd y llyfr gan y dyn the book was bought by the man
cael gan rywun wneud rhywbeth get somebody to do something
3 (knowledge of a language)
Doedd ganddi ddim Saesneg she couldn’t speak English (“there was with
her no English”, “she had no English”)
4 quality which a person possesses
..1/ pity, compassion = feeling for sb's suffering
Does dim trugaredd i’w gael ganddo She shows no mercy (“there’s no mercy
for its having with her”)
bod yn biti gennych dros... feel sorry for
bod yn biti o galon gennych dros... feel really sorry for / feel
extremely sorry for
bod yn drueni gennych dros... feel sorry for
bod yn ddrwg gennych dros... feel sorry for
Mae’n biti gen i dros y plentyn I feel sorry for the child
5 fawr gan (quantity; length
of time)
Does ganddo fawr i fyw He hasn’t got long to live
6 Mae pob bys yn fawd ganddo He’s
clumsy with his fingers (“every finger is a thumb with him”)
7 in expressions indicating aim,
intention, goal
bod yn fwriad gennych (wneud rhywbeth) intend (to do something) (“to be
an intention with you doing something”)
bod yn nod gennych (wneud rhywbeth) have as one’s aim (to do something)
Roedd yn nod ganddo lwyddo His aim was to succeed
8 gan + i
gwenwyn = jealousy
(North) bod wenwyn i be jealous of
Mae o wenwyn imi He’s jealous of me
9 in forming linking adverbials
gan ystyried all things considered, considering the circumstances, in
view of the situation
10 to have
dwylo blewog (“hairy hands”)
Mae ganddo ddwylo blewog He’s a thief (“he has hairy hands”)
11 Doedd gennyf ond mynd I had no option but to go (“there
wasn’t with me but to go”)
12 bod arnoch gywilydd o be
ashamed of / about, feel ashamed of / about
(less idiomatic) bod gennych gywilydd o be ashamed of / about, feel
ashamed of / about
13 (North)
..a/ sginti < 's gin ti < nid oes gennyt ti you don’t have
..b/ sginti...? < 's gin ti...? < a oes gennyt ti...? do you
have...?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many
words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. a oes gennyt ti? has
become sgínti”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
14 gofid gan...
Mae’n ofid gennym glywed bod... I’m grieved to learn that, It grieves me to
hear that...
15 (simultaneous action),at the same
time, while doing this
“Mae’r ci wedi neidio ar y bwrdd eto,” meddai Huw gan chwerthin The
dog’s jumped onto the table agian, said Huw laughing
Safodd y ci’n stond. 'Dere was,' ebe Huw gan aros iddo. The dog stood
stock still. “Come on, boy,” said Huw, waiting for him
16 subsequent action
daeth yr hen frawd o Aberpennar ato, gan wasgu ei law a dyweyd...”
The man from Aberpennar came up to him and shook his hand, saying...
:_______________________________.
gan hynny <gan HƏ ni> (adverb)
1 so, as a result
Methodd y rhai a
ddaeth i'r orsaf i gyfarfod â’r Parchedig Llynfi Benjamin weld neb tebyg i
bregethwr yn disgyn o'r tren pump. Dychwelasant, gan hyny, hebddo, gan ei adael
dan y glaw ar y platfform oer a thywyll. The people who had come to the station to meet the
Reverend Llynfi Benjamin failed to see anybody like a preacher getting off the
five o’ clock train. So they had gone off without him, leaving him in the rain
on the cold dark platform.
:_______________________________.
gan mwyaf <gan mui-a> adverb
1 for the most part, in the main
ETYMOLOGY: “gan y mwyaf” = with the biggest / greatest
:_______________________________.
gant y cant <gant ə kant> adverb
1 a hundred per cent, completely, to the limit
Tra fo’r brotest yn aros yn heddychlon fe ddylid cefnogi’r bobl ifanc yma
gant y cant
So long as the protest remains peaceful these young people should be supported
one hundred per cent
ETYMOLOGY: “(a) hundred (of) the hundred” (cant = hundred) + (y cant
= the hundred); cant y cant > gant y cant (the soft mutation
of the initial consonant of the first word in the phrase indicates that this is
an adverbial)
:_______________________________.
ganwyd ef <GA nuid ev> (phrase)
1 he / she / it was born
2 Nid ddoe y ganwyd fi I wasn’t
born yesterday
:_______________________________.
gapo <GA-po> (v)
1 (South Wales)
yawn
(::a)ETYMOLOGY: (gap- = aEnglsh to
gape) + (-o suffix for forming a verb)
< Middle English < Scandinavian. Cf Norwegian gap (= mouth);
German gaffen (= stare)
Over time, of course, words from the same origin may
undergo some semantic shifting, so that they no longer share identical
meanings. Such is the case with the Yorkshire gawp (= to stare, open-mouthed).
This shares an Old Norse ancestry in gapa (= to open wide the mouth)
with the Norman gaupailler, there this now means "to eat
gluttonously". The 'open mouth' connotation, however, remains evident.
http://www.viking.no/e/heritage/nor_yor.htm The Normandy-Yorkshire Linguistic
Connection
NOTE: [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
gape : to yawn]
:_______________________________.
gar <gar> masculine noun
PLURAL garrau <ga-re>
1 leg
garrau ceimion bandy legs
2 eistedd ar eich garrau to
sit squatting down (“to sit on one’s haunches”)
3 (South-west Wales) bod ar eich
garrau to defecate, to squat down to take a shit (“to be on one’s
haunches”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gar (= ‘garr’) < British *gan-r
From the same British root: Cornish garr (= leg, stalk, stem), Breton garr
(= leg, stalk, stem)
NOTE: Standard and northern Welsh – a masculine noun (y gar = the leg);
in the south it is feminine, hence yr ar
:_______________________________.
-gar suffix
1 follows a final ‘t’ which is final ‘d’ in the base word: (-d + -car)
> (-d-gar) > (-t-gar)
athrotgar slanderous (athrod = slander)
brawtgar (= fraternal) (also brawdgar, hence brawdgarol =
fraternal)
caniatgar fond of singing (caniad = singing)
difrotgar destructive (difrod = destruction, damage)
diotgar fond of alcohol (diod = drink)
gwaetgar bloodthirsty (gwaed = blood)
gwlatgar (= patriotic) (gwlad = country)
gwybotgar curious (= keen to know) (gwybod = to know)
lladratgar thieving (lladrad = theft)
ETYMOLOGY: -GAR soft mutation of-CAR <
British *AAK-ARO.
Its use may possibly have been influenced through its likeness to car-,
the root of caru (= to love)
:_______________________________.
garan <gaa-ran>
masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL garanod <ga-raa-nod>
1 (Grus grus) crane = large wading bird
y garan / yr aran = the crane
Eseia 38:14 Megis garan
neu wennol, felly trydar a wneuthum; griddfenais megis colomen; fy llygaid a
ddyrchafwyd i fyny; O Arglwydd, gorthrymwyd fi; esmwythâ arnaf
Isaiah 38:14 Like a crane or a swallow, so did I chatter: I did mourn as a
dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed; undertake for
me.
2 pig yr aran crane’s bill
(flower)
3 (South Wales) yr hen garan =
(expression of commiseration, used in expressing pity for someone) the poor old
thing (“the old crane”)
4 Astronomy
Y Garan = the constellation Grus, betweeen Piscis Austrinus and Indus
south of the equator
(delwedd 7014)
5 (Place names)
.....(1) Afon Garan “river (of the) crane”, Gwent-in-England. This is in
Herefordshire west of the river Gwy / Wye.
Here is situated Llanaran, 9km north of Trefynwy (= Monmouth).
(llan = church) + soft mutation + (Garan river name).
The form on English-language maps is ‘Llangarron’.
The pattern (llan + river name) is not common, but an example of this is
Llan-daf (Afon Taf).
….(2) Nant Garenig SN6611 by Glanaman (county of Caerfyrddin)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=190328
(garenig is ‘little crane’ – caran + diminutive suffix –ig)
..... (3) Nant y Garan “stream of the crane”, Henllan (county of
Ceredigion);
..... (4) Weungranod (= local form of ‘gwaun y garanod’ “moorfield of
the cranes”), Llanegwad (county of Caerfyrddin)
..... (5) Gwaun y Garan field name, Llangrallo (“moorfield of the
crane”) (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr) (year 1839),
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *garan- (probably onomatopoeic in origin)
From the same British root: Cornish garan (= crane), place name Rezgaran
(= ford of the crane), Anglicised form ‘Rosegarden’; Breton garan (=
crane)
Indo-European imitative base *gere-2, 'to utter a hoarse cry'.
See http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE149.html Indo-European
roots, *gere-2
Cf Greek géranos (= crane)
Cf Germanic languages: English crane, German der Kranich (=
crane)
NOTE: garanod (= cranes) – there is also a form with loss of the first
syllable > g’ranod, granod
:_______________________________.
Garawys <ga-rau-is>
masculine noun
1 Lent, Lententide. See Grawys
:_______________________________.
gard <GARD> (masculine
noun)
1 guard
:_______________________________.
gardd <gardh> feminine noun
PLURAL gerddi, garddau <ger-dhi, gar-dhe>
1 garden = place for growing food plants; such a place at the back
or front of a house (American: garden, yard) (Englandic: garden)
yr ardd = the garden
gardd lysiau vegetable garden (“garden (of) vegetables”)
gardd gegin kitchen garden, vegetable garden (“garden (of) kitchen”)
gardd goch North-west Wales = vegetable garden (“red garden”)
gardd gefn = back garden (“garden (of) back”) - the ground behind a
house where food plants are usually grown, the front garden being used usually
for decorative plants
ym mhen draw’r ardd at the far end of the garden, at the bottom of the
garden
ar waelod yr ardd at the bottom of the garden
2 piece of ground with ornamental
plants (lawn, flowers, trees); such a place at the back or front of a house
(USA: garden, yard) (Englandic: garden)
gardd ben to - roof garden, the flat roof of a building with plants
(flowers and bushes) in troughs and pots (pen to = (the) top (of) (the)
roof)
gardd dirlun = landscape garden, ground contoured to resemble natural
landscape features, perhaps with an artificial pond or lake, and trees
gardd ffrynt (gardd y ffrynt) front garden (“garden (of) front”) - the
ground in front a house usually with a lawn and decorative plants; food plants
are usually grown in the back garden behind the house
gardd flodau = flower garden
gardd goffa = memorial garden
Gardd Goffa Aber-fan Aber-fan Memorial Garden (commemorating the tragic
deaths in this village on 21 October 1967 of 116 children and 28 adults when a
coal waste tip slid into the valley and engulfed Pant-glas school)
gardd gwrw beer garden (gardd) + soft mutation + (cwrw =
beer)
gardd rosod rose garden (gardd) + soft mutation + (rhosod = roses,
plural of rhosyn = rose)
3 clawdd yr ardd the garden
wall; hedgebank around a garden
wal yr ardd the garden wall
4 garden = place with plants for
public recreation
Gerddi Soffeia name of a park in the centre of Caer-dydd, Sophia
Gardens. (Soffeia, Welsh spelling of Sophia, from the English pronunciation [səfaiə], a preserved nineteenth-century pronunciaiotn of this
name
5 gerddi in street names; in
imitation of or translating English names with ‘Gardens’, used in suburban
developments of the 1930s in England and sometimes in Wales, and imitated in
municipal housing estates after the Second World War
Gerddi Llwynfedw street name in Llwynfedw, Caer-dydd (officially
“Llwynfedw Gardens”)
Gerddi Pen-y-maes street name in Treffynnon, county of Y Fflint
(officially “Pen y Maes Gardens”)
6 North-west Wales rickyard
(usually in the form gar);
in the peninsula of Llyn gardd yd = rickyard
7 fertile region: Gardd Cymru
(“(the) Garden (of) Wales”), an epithet for Bro Morgannwg, the coastal lowland
west of Caer-dydd
8 South-east Wales calf fold,
field near farmhouse where calves were placed; gardda (local form of garddau)
these calf folds used for shoeing oxen
9 (formerly, c1800-1900;) in titles
of poetry books:
Gardd, also Gerddi = anthology (“(a) garden (of poems)”)
10 (formerly) in titles of
collections of prize-winning literary pieces submitted to an eisteddfod:
Gardd Aber-dâr (“(the) garden (of the) (eisteddfod) (of) Aber-dâr”)
11 Gardd Eden <gardh ee-den> the Garden of Eden
= place where Adam and Eve lived after the Creation and before they commited
the first sin
12 craf y gerddi alls (“garlic
of the gardens”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < Old Norse garddr; cf Breton garzh = hedge
:_______________________________.
gardd-bentref <gardh-ben-tre> masculine noun
PLURAL gardd-bentrefi <gardh-ben-tree-vi>
1 garden village, garden city = housing estate, usually with
municipally-owned housing, with gardens and streets with trees
Gardd-bentref Gorseinon translation of Gorseinion Garden Village (in
Gorseinon, county of Abertawe)
Gardd-bentref y Gilfach translation of Gilfach Garden Village
(Gilfach-goch, county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
Y Gardd-bentref translation of
(1) Garden City (in Rhymni, county of Rhondda Cynon Taf),
(2) Garden City (in Pen-bryn, Merthyrtudful, county of Merthyrtudful)
ETYMOLOGY: translation of English garden village;
(gardd = garden) + soft mutation + (pentref = village)
:_______________________________.
gardd-ddinas <gardh-dhii-nas> feminine noun
PLURAL gardd-ddinasoedd <gardh-dhi-na-sodh>
1 garden city = planned town with houses with large gardens, broad
tree-lined avenues, and public parks
yr ardd-ddinas = the garden city
ETYMOLOGY: translation of English garden city
(gardd = garden) + soft mutation + (dinas = city)
:_______________________________.
gardd do
1 roof garden
yr ardd do = the roof garden <GAR-dho> <GARDD /
garden) + soft mutation + (TO / roof)
:_______________________________.
gardd fagu < gardh vaa-gi> feminine noun
PLURAL gerddi magu < ger-dhi maa-gi>
1 nursery garden
yr ardd fagu = the nursery garden
ETYMOLOGY: (gardd = garden) + soft mutation + ( magu = nurture,
cultivate)
:_______________________________.
Y Gardden <ə gar-dhen> [ə ˡgarðɛn]
1 Found as a place name in South Wales
and North-east Wales
(delwedd 7433)
..1/ LLANERFYL SJ0308
Name of an earthwork south of Llanerfyl
Tyddyn y Gardden (lost?) name of a farm (“the smallholding at Y
Gardden”)
(Appears on Archives Network Wales website as a property in the parish of Llanerfyl owned by Rees
Thomas (fl. 1723-1748) and his descendants)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=277591 map
..2/ RHIWABON SJ2944
earthwork north-west of Rhiwabon
In English called tautologically “Gardden Fort”
Penygardden Farm in Rhiwabon (“summit of Y Gardden”)
In street names in the area:
..a/ Y Gardden, Rhiwabon (county of Wrecsam) (on
maps as simply “Gardden”)
..b/ There is a ”Gardden View”, Rhiwabon (county of
Wrecsam) which would be Tremygardden / Golwgygardden in Welsh
..c/ There is a ”Gardden Road”, Rhosllannerchrugog (county of
Wrecsam) which would be Ffordd y Gardden in Welsh
..d/ Tremygardden (“the) view (of) Y
Gardden”) is a street name in Pen-y-cae (county of Wrecsam)
(spelt as “Trem Y Gardden”, though the rule in Welsh is to spell settlement
names and street names resembling settlement names as a single word)
..e/ “Gardden Woods” may be a translation of an
original Coed y Gardden
..f/ “Gardden Lodge” was the home Edward Rowland, High Sheriff of Denbighshire, in
the early 1800s
..g/ Ystâd Ddiwydiannol y Gardden (“Gardden
Industrial Estate”)
There is a house called Coedygardden (“Coed y Gardden”) in Trefeglwys
(Powýs)
(“the wood at Y Gardden”)
ETYMOLOGY: “the fortress” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (cardden = fort)
:_______________________________.
gardd farchnad <gardh
VARKH-nad> (feminine noun)
PLURAL: gerddi marchnad
1 market garden
yr ardd farchnad = the market garden
:_______________________________.
gardd ffrwythau <gardh FRUI-the> (feminine noun) <GARDD / garden) + soft mutation + (FFRWYTHAU, plural of
FFRWYTH / fruit>
1 fruit garden
yr ardd ffrwythau = the fruit garden
:_______________________________.
gardd flodau <gardh VLO-de> (feminine noun)
1 flower garden
yr ardd flodau = the flower garden
GARDD / garden + soft mutation + BLODAU / flowers,
plural de BLODYN / flower
:_______________________________.
gardd goch <gardh GOOKH> (feminine noun) <GARDD / garden + soft mutation + COCH / red>
1 vegetable garden
yr ardd goch = the vegetable garden
:_______________________________.
gardd goffa <gardh GO-fa> (feminine noun) <GARDD / garden + soft mutation + COFFA / commemorate>
1 memorial garden
yr ardd goffa = the memorial garden
:_______________________________.
garddio <GARDH yo> (verb) (vi) (masculine noun)
1 to garden
:_______________________________.
gardd lin <gardh LIIN> (feminine noun)
1 flax garden
yr ardd lin the flax garden
2 Place name in Powys - Yr
Ardd-lin <GARDD
/ garden + soft mutation + LLIN / flax>
:_______________________________.
gardd lysiau <gardh LƏS-ye> (feminine noun) <GARDD /
garden + soft mutation + LLYSIAU, plural of LLYSIEUYN / vegetable>
1 vegetable garden
:_______________________________.
garddwest <GARDH-west> (feminine noun) <GARDD / garden + soft mutation + GWEST />
1 garden party
yr arddwest = the garden party
:_______________________________.
garddwr <GAR dhur> (masculine noun) <GARDH wir> <GARDD / garden +-WR
/ man>
1 gardener
:_______________________________.
garddwr marchnad <GAR dhur MARKH nad> (masculine noun) <GARDD / garden +-WR / man>
1 market gardener
:_______________________________.
garddwriaeth <gar-DHUR-yeth (feminine noun) <GARDDWR / gardener +-IAETH
/ suffix>
1 gardening, horticulture
:_______________________________.
garddwriaethol <gar-dhur-yei-thol> adjective
1 horticultural
Cafodd ei hyfforddi yng Ngholeg Garddwriaethol Cymru yn Llaneurgain
He was trained at the Horticultural College of Wales in Llaneurgain
ETYMOLOGY: (garddwriaeth = horticulture) + (-ol = suffix)
:_______________________________.
(1) gardio <GARD-yo>
(verb) (·colloquial·) (vt)
1 to guard <GARD +-IO>
:_______________________________.
(2) gardio <GARD-yo>
(verb)
1 to card (wool) <GARD / comb <
English CARD / card; +-IO>
:_______________________________.
gardner <GARD-ner>
(masculine noun) (colloquial; Englishism)
1 gardener
:_______________________________.
gardno <GARD-no>
verb
1 to garden
:_______________________________.
gard olwyn <gard ol-win> masculine noun
PLURAL gardiau olwynion <gard-ye ol-win-yon>
1 (American: fender) (Englandic: mudguard) part suspended over the
top of a bicycle wheel to stop water and mud from being thrown up by the wheel
ETYMOLOGY: “guard (of) wheel”, wheel guard, (gard = guard) + (olwyn =
wheel)
:_______________________________.
gard tân
(masculine noun)
1 fireguard
:_______________________________.
garej <GA rej> (masculine or feminine noun) <ga RE jis>
1 garage <English GARAGE < French
GARAGE < GARER / shelter < Germanic>
:_______________________________.
Gareth <GA reth> (masculine noun)
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
garetshen <ga-RE-chen> feminine noun
PLURAL garetsh <GA-rech>
1 carrot
ETYMOLOGY: (garetsh = carrots) + (-en singulative suffix)
garetsh < English
dialect garrits (= carrots) or a variant of this
The standard form is moronen, pl. moron,
also ultimately of English origin. Colloquially,
variations of English “carrot” are in common use.
Ceredigion: caretshyn (nm) plural caretsh
South Wales: garetshen, (nf) plural garetsh
Other colloquial forms: cretshen, (nf) plural cerytsh;
carainj¸
caraitsh
(Sir Gaerfyrddin / Carmarthenshire) carotsen,
carots
The initial g- is not the result of soft mutation in
Welsh, but is from an English dialect form.
(delwedd F9852)
The
English Dialect Dictionary, Being The Complete Vocabulary Of All Dialect Words
Still In Use, Or Known To Have Been In Use During The Last Two Hundred Years.
olume 2. D-G. Joseph Wright. 1900. Page 564. GARRIT, sb. [substantive]- Shr.
[Shropshire]. Carrot. Hence Garrity, adj. [adjective]. carroty. I knowed well
enough it wuz one of the Burguins by ‘is garrity yar. (= I knew well enough it
was one of the Burguin family by his carrot-coloured hair.)
(delwedd F9853)
:_______________________________.
Garisim
1 Deuteronomium 11:29 Bydded gan hynny, pan ddygo
yr Arglwydd dy Dduw di i'r tir yr ydwyt yn myned iddo i'w feddiannu, roddi
ohonot y fendith ar fynydd Garisim,
a'r felltith ar fynydd Ebal
Deuteronomy
11:29 When the Lord your God has brought you into the land you
are entering to possess, you are to proclaim on Mount Gerizim the blessings,
and on Mount Ebal the curses.
2 Garizim (SH6975) Locality
north-east of Llanfair Fechan, towards Penmaenan
( Probably the name of a chapel (no information to hand at present) It seems to
be the name in the Welsh Bible with <z>
instead of <s> . )
:_______________________________.
Garmon <gar-mon> masculine noun
1 man’s name (rare in the modern period; usually revived from place
names which contain this element to indicate a connection with this place)
2 See the following place-names
...(1) Betwsgarmon (“(the) church (of) Garmon”),
...(2) Capelgarmon (“(the) church (of) Garmon”),
...(3) Llanarmon (“(the) church (of) Garmon”),
...(4) Maes Garmon (“(the) (battle)field (of) Garmon”)
3 saint’s name; Welsh form of Latin “Germanus” c378-448, bishop of
Auxerre in 418 (at the age of 39-40). He visited the island of Britain in 429
(aged 50-51) with
Lupus (Welsh name - Bleiddian = little wolf) to fight the influence of
Pelaganism (a doctrinal variant of Christianity condemned by Rome in 418) which
held that the grace of God provided people with the possibilty of living
without sinning, and so contradicted the Augustine doctrine of irresistible
grace (Everyone is a sinner. God chooses who he wishes to save). In 430 (aged
51-52), at the head of an army of Christianised Britons he won a battle against
pagans, at a place which came to be known as Maes Garmon (“(the)
(battle) field (of) Garmon”). In 447 (aged 68-69) he returned to the island.
In 480, some thirty-two years after his death, a written account of the life of
Germanus appeared in Latin
ETYMOLOGY: Unlikely to be Welsh < British < Latin Germânus (= person
of the same blood). If it were the resulting form would have been *Gerfon
< *Gerfawn < Germânus. It is more likely to be a name from British
*garmm- (= a shout) with a suffix -onos. As the “m” is double, it becomes “m”
in modern Welsh, instead of “f” [v], which would have been the case with an
original single “m”.
:_______________________________.
garn <garn> feminine
noun
1 soft mutated form of carn (= cairn, pile of stones, tomb)
It is used as a radical form in many place names (Garnfadrun, Garn-swllt,
Garnyrerw, etc. In such names “Carnfadrun”, “Carn-swllt”, “Carnyrerw”,
would be expected). See carn
:_______________________________.
Y Garn <garn>
feminine noun
1 short form for many place names with carn as the first element
..a/ Garn Fadrun
Pan fydd y Garn yn gwisgo'i chap,
Fydd fawr o hap ar dywydd
Llafar Gwlad, Gwanwyn 1985, Rhif 8
When Y Garn (Garn Fadrun) is wearing her cap / there won’t be much prospect of
good weather (Weather rhyme)
:_______________________________.
Garnfadrun <garn-VA-drin>
1 (SH2735) locality in the district of Dwyfor (county of Gwynedd)
west of Pwllheli
On the Ordnance Survey map the village is simply Garn (more correctly,
this would be Y Garn)
ETYMOLOGY:
..a/ Carn Fadrun is the name of the hill (
..b/ the meaning is “(the hill with) Carn Fadrun (on the summit)”
..c/ the settlement name is Garnfadrun (with anomolous initial soft
mutation) < Carnfadrun (settlement names are spelt as a single word)
< Carn Fadrun
..d/ (carn = cairn, pile of stones marking a grave) + soft mutation + (Madrun
female personal name from Latin Matrôna)
NOTE: An older misspelt form is Garn Fadryn (though Madryn
represents the same pronunciation as Madrun). There was possibly
confusion with madryn, a by now obsolete name for a fox, a variant of madyn
(= fox)
:_______________________________.
Garreg-lwyd <ga-reg-luid>
1 street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port (county of Caerfyrddin /
Carmarthen)
(spelt as “Garreglwyd”)
ETYMOLOGY: y garreg lwyd “the grey stone” (y definite article) +
soft mutation + (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (llwyd =
grey)
:_______________________________.
Garreg-lwyd <ga-reg-luid>
1 SJ2075 farm near Treffynnon, county of Y Fflint (spelt as “Garreg
Lydan”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=337874 map
ETYMOLOGY: y garreg lwyd “the grey stone” (y definite article) + soft
mutation + (carreg = stone) + soft mutation + (llydan =
wide)
:_______________________________.
garri <KA-ri> feminine noun
1 (South-east Wales) Soft mutated form of carri
See carrai (= strip, thong, shoelace)
This word occurs in place names with the meaning of ‘strip’, i.e. a long narrow
piece of land (y Garri Wen, etc)
:_______________________________.
garsiwn <GAR-shun> masculine noun (also
feminine)
PLURAL garsiynau <gar-shə-ne>
1 garrison = detachment of soldiers
stationed in a place to guard a fortress
2 garrison = place where soldiers are
stationed
3 Place names: Y
Garsiwn, district of Machynlleth (county of Powys)
Compare the town name An Gearasdan (= the garrison), or its longer
form Gearasdan Inbhir Lòchaidh (= the garrison at Inbhir Lòchaidh)
(English name: Fort William) in Scotland
(The Scottish word gearasdan is, like the Welsh word, a loan from
English ‘garrison’).
4 rabble, riff-raff;
also with disrespective hen = old;
yr hen garsiwn the rabble, the riff-raff;
Gosodasant ben Llywelyn ein Llyw Ola ar y polyn acw i fod yn destun gwawd i
garsiwn Llunden ’ma
They put the head of Llywelyn our Last Leader on that stake over there to
be an object of mockery for the riff-raff here in London
ETYMOLOGY: English garrison (= fort) < Middle English garisoun
< Old French garison (= defence) < garir (= to defend) <
Germanic warjan (= to defend)
Cf modern German wehren (= to defend), Bundeswehr (= the federal
German army)
NOTE: Part of a group of recent loans from English with an initial g-
which resists soft mutation. Thus we could expect hen garsiwn / heb
garsiwn rather than *hen arsiwn / *heb arsiwn
:_______________________________.
1 garth <garth>
masculine noun
PLURAL garthau <gar-the>
1 enclosure
2 it occurs as an element in these
compound words:
buarth = farmyard
lluarth (obsolete) = vegetable garden
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gart-;
Cornish garth (= garden), Breton garzh (= enclosure);
Irish: gort (= field, orchard)
Also from the same Indoeuropean root:
..1/ Latin hortus (Catalan hort, horta = vegetable garden,
orchard), and from this Latin word the English words (1) horticulture,
(2) orchard (= hortus + Old English equivalent of ‘yard’);
..2/ Greek khórtos;
..3/ Germanic languages: English yard < Old English geard; cf
German Garten (= garden);
Cf also Old Slavonic (from Germanic) grad (= town)
This Old Slavonic word has been employed in recent place names in Russia: Leningrad
(name of Saint Petersburg during the Soviet era). In modern Russian ‘town’ is gorod.
:_______________________________.
2 garth <GARTH> [garθ] masculine noun
PLURAL garthau <GAR-thai, -e> [ˡgarθaɪ, -ɛ]
1 mountain, upland
2 woodland
3 Examples of place names
a) as a single element Y Garth (see separate entry below)
b) Garth + personal name
Garthbryngi “upland of Bryngi”, near Aberhonddu (county of Powys)
Garthgynfor “upland of Cynfor”, Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd)
c) as a second element
Broniarth, Cenarth, Ceniarth, Llwydiarth, Llwydarth, Penarth, Peniarth,
Rhos-y-garth, Talgarth, Tre-garth
4 sometimes garth is a feminine
noun: Garth-goch (= red) (Llanfor), Garth-lwyd (= grey)
(Llandderfel)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gart-; probably the same as garth
= enclosure; Cornish garth
:_______________________________.
Y Garth <ə GARTH> [ə ˡgarθ]
1 name of various hills (= the hill)
..a/ Y Garth, a hill north of Caer-dydd whose name has given rise to the
names of the villages of
(a) Gwaelod-y-garth (“bottom of the Garth”) (county of Caer-dydd), and
(b) Gartholwg (“Garth view”) (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (called by
the English “Church Village”)
..b/ Y Garth SS8788, north of Pont-rhyd-y-cyff. On English-language maps
marked as the tautological “Garth Hill”
..c/ Y Garth SO2872, west of Trefýclo / Knighton, Powys. On
English-language maps marked as the tautological “Garth Hill”
..d/ Y Garth SS8790, hill east of Y Garth village SS8690, Maes-teg,
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr. On English-language maps marked as the tautological “Garth
Hill”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8690 map
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8789 map
2 name of various villages / hamlets
(= the hill)
Y Garth SJ2542, east of
Llangollen, Sir Ddinbych,
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2542 map
Y Garth ST2687 village east of Rhiwderin Casnewydd / Newport
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/ST2687
Y Garth, district of Trefýclo / Knighton, Powys,
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO2772
Y Garth, Llangamarch, Powys
Y Garth SJ1381, hamlet by Pen-y-ffordd, county of Y Fflint
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1381 map
Y Garth SH5873, Bangor
Pier y Garth Bangor Pier
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5873 map
Y Garth SN6584 locality on the eastern side of Penrhyn-coch, Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/924610 llun / photo
Y Garth SS8690, district of Maes-teg, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS8690
3 Y Garth: formerly,
one of the two hamlets into which the parish of Llanfabon, near the town of
Caerffili, was divided (the other being Glynrhymni),
:_______________________________.
Gartholwg <garth-OO-lug> [garθˡoˑlʊg] feminine noun
1 village by the Garth, a hill in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf.
English name: Church Village.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/413426
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to
collect geographically representative photographs and information for every
square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
2 street in Pen-tyrch (county of Caer-dydd) (though
misspelt as if two words “Garth Olwg”)
In other villages by Y Garth, there are streets called ‘Garth View’. Gartholwg
would be a possible translation (among other translations)
(a) in Gartholwg itself,
(b) Nantgarw,
(c) Llantrisant)
ETYMOLOGY: (= Garth view, place with a view of the Garth mountain)
(garth < Y Garth = hill name, “the hill, the mountain”,
< garth = hill, mountain) + soft mutation + (golwg = view) .
:_______________________________.
gartre <GAR-tre> [ˡgartrɛ] (adverb)
1 (colloquial form) at home
:_______________________________.
gartref <GAR-trev> [ˡgartrɛv] (adverb)
1 (literary form) at home
(in colloquial Welsh, the final <v> [v] is dropped)
:_______________________________.
garw <GAA-ru> [ˡgɑˑrʊ] (adjective)
1 rough
dweud rhywbeth mewn llais garw say something in a rough voice, say
something roughly
2 Nant Garw A stream name noted
by John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911)
”NANT-GARW (rough brook.) A brook of this name divides the parishes of Leckwith
and Caerau.”
:_______________________________.
gaseg <GA-seg> [ˡgasɛg] feminine noun
1 Soft mutated form of caseg (=
mare)
y caseg the mare
:_______________________________.
gasetîr <ga-se-TIIR> [gasɛˡtɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL gasetirau <ga-se-TII-rai, -e> [gasɛˡtiˑraɪ, -ɛ]
1 gazetteer = a geographical dictionary,
list of geographical names such as at the back of an atlas
Roedd yn arfer gan y Rhufeiniaid lunio rhestrau o ffyrdd yr Ymerodraeth, rhyw
fath o gasetîr cynnar yn enwi trefi a chaerau ac yn nodi faint o filltiroedd
oedd rhyngddyn nhw. Un o’r gasetirau hyn ydi Itinerarium Antonini, neu
Deithiadur Antonine, a luniwyd rywdro rhwng
It was a practice of the Romans to draw up lists of roads in the Empire, a sort
of early gazeteer naming towns and forts and noting how many miles thre were
between them. One of the gazeteers if the Itinerarium Antonini, apparently
drawn up sometime between 200 and 300 AD.
ETYMOLOGY: English gazetteer < French gazetier (=
person who writes for a newspaper; the gazetteer was originally for such
writers) < gazette (= news-sheet) < Italian gazzetta
< Venetian gazeta (= news-sheet costing one gazet - a small
copper coin), possibly from gaza (= magpie) < Latin gaius (=
jay)
:_______________________________.
gasseg <GA-seg> [ˡgasɛg] feminine noun
1 an incorrect spelling of gaseg found
in place-names on English-language maps or in English-language texts.
Soft mutated form of caseg (= mare)
Gwayn y Gasseg, misspelling of Gwaun
y Gaseg (field name in Llanbadog (county of Mynwy, south-east Wales) in English-language
will of Sarah Hughes, Brynbuga / Usk, 1808
freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~monfamilies/wills-docs/e-h/Hughes,%20Sarah%201808.doc
Name of a former colliery company - Gwern y Gasseg
Colliery Company in Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam). Misspelling of Gwern
y Gaseg (“(the) alder-marsh (of) the mare”)
Maen y Gasseg, misspelling of Maen
y Gaseg (“(the) stone (of) the mare”)
Pant-y-Gasseg, misspelling of Pantygaseg
(“(the) hollow (of) the mare”) Locality and former coal mine by Pont-y-pŵl (county of Torfaen, south-east Wales)
Rhyd Gasseg, ford near Rhuthun
(county of Dinbych), SJ112566. Misspelling of Rhyd Gaseg, from rhyd y
gaseg (“(the) ford (of) the mare”)
Ton y Gasseg, misspelling of Ton
y Gaseg (“(the) pasture (of) the mare”) Field name in Herefordshire, 1839
map)
:_______________________________.
gast <GAST> [gast] feminine noun
PLURAL geist <GEIST> [gəɪst]
1 bitch
yr ast = the bitch
Note: Colloquially the soft-mutated form ast is often used as the
radical form
Croesais hwnnw efo ast las dywyll... a honno yn ferch i Meg ast Ty-llwyd
I crossed it with a dark grey bitch, which was a daughter of Meg’s, the bitch
from Ty-llwyd farm
(instead of: Croesais hwnnw efo gast las dywyll... a honno yn ferch i Meg
gast Ty-llwyd)
2 bitch = disrespectful term for a
woman, used by both women and men
yr hen ast iti!
you bitch!
3 gast gynháig / gast yn
cynhéica bitch in heat
4 South Wales
gast boeth bitch in heat (“hot bitch”)
gast dwym bitch in heat (“hot bitch”)
gast yn hela cwn bitch in heat (“bitch (which is) hunting dogs”)
gast yn cwna bitch in heat (“bitch looking for a dog / dogs”)
gast yn cyna bitch in heat (“bitch looking for a dog / dogs”)
5
bleiddast and bleiddiast she-wolf
corgast corgi bitch
dyfrast female otter
miliast greyhound bitch
6 gwenwyngast jealous woman
(“poison + bitch”)
7 clapgast or clapiast
gossip (woman)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish gast (= bitch), Breton gast
(= bitch, whore)
NOTE: North Wales gâst (in the North, in monosyllables with -st,
a long vowel is normal)
:_______________________________.
gast <GAST> [gast]
1 soft-mutated form of cast (=
cast)
yr unig un o
gast gwreiddiol y ffilm sydd yn dal yn fyw
the only one of the original cast of the film who is still alive
:_______________________________.
gau <GAI> [gaɪ] (adjective)
1 false
2 (noun) y gau what is false
nithio’r gwir o’r gau sort the truth from lies (“winnow the truth from
the false”)
:_______________________________.
GAULISH:
Some words from Gaulish were taken into the spoken Latin which replaced Gaulish
after the subjugation of Gaul by the Romans.
The Latin of northern Gaul eventually evolved into
various dialects of which Francien, the basis of modern French, became
dominant.
Some modern French words (and their cognates in other dialects
and languages in the French state) show an affinity with modern Welsh words.
Welsh baw (= dirt), French boue (= mud)
Welsh maidd (= whey), French màgue (= whey)
:_______________________________.
gawr <GAUR> [gaʊr] adjective
1 Soft mutated form (c > g) of cawr (= giant)
2 Ynys Fach Llyffan Gawr (SN0141)
promontory north of Brynhenllan. Dinas (the county of Penfro) south-west Wales
English name: Dinas Island
“the ‘Ynys Fach’ of Mighty Llyffan / Llyffan the Giant” (Llyffan = man’s
name) + soft mutation + (cawr = giant).
Ynys Fach = ‘little island’ (ynys = island) + soft mutation + (bach
= little)
:_______________________________.
gefail (1) <GEE-vail, GEE-vel> [ˡgeˑvaɪl, ˡgeˑvɛl] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau <ge-VEIL-yai, -e> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ]
1 smithy
yr efail the smithy
(colloquially, generally, ai in a final syllable becomes e, hence
gefel, yr efel. In south-east Wales, gefil, yr efil)
2 occurs in place names
..a/ Brynrefail
SH5662 locality in the county of Gwynedd
(brynyrefail < bryn ’refail < bryn yr efail “(the) hill (of) the
smithy”)
..b/ Tonyrefail
(the) meadow (of) the smithy
..c/ Yr Efail
the smithy
Yr Efail is sometimes found as Refail / Refel (with the loss of the
vowel of the first syllable, and the ‘r’ taken as the initial of the following
syllable)
Name of a housing estate - “Refail Farm Estate” in Caergybi (county of Môn)
(the name would be Stad Refail in Welsh)
..d/ Yr Efail-wen
the white smithy
3 yr efail arian (“silver tongues”) an interpretation of the plant name falerian in folk etymology
THE TREATMENT OF ENGLISH BORROWED WORDS IN COLLOQUIAL WELSH / THOMAS POWEL / Y Cymmrodor VOL. VI 1883. / p135
The following paper is an attempt to give a general
account of the use and treatment of English words in the colloquial Welsh of
the present day. Most of the statements here made are applicable to the whole
of Welsh-speaking Wales; but the paper treats more particularly of the dialect
spoken, with slight variations, in the Counties of Brecon, Caermarthen, and the
greater part of Cardigan. In using many English words, the etymology of which
is unknown to the speakers, fancy often exerts itself to fìnd an origin for
them. I can here only notice two or three by way of example. The popular
etymology is sought sometimes in Enghsh, sometimes in Welsh. Thus, an
"hostler" having to do with horses, the word is very commonly
supposed to have been derived from the name of the animal, and pronounced
accordingly, horsler. Again, among gatherers of "simples" I
have often heard the plant-name "horehound" transformed into yr O
rownd (the round O); and I have known the same ingenious fancy more
poetically resolve the herb "valerian" into yr efail arian (the silver tongs).
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
Cf gof (= smith)
From the same British root: Breton govel (= smithy, forge), Cornish govel
(= smithy, forge)
The expected from in Welsh would be *gofail rather than gefail,
with an “o”, as in Cornish and Breton; and the same vowel as in gof (=
smith), but it appears that the first vowel changed in imitation of the word gefel
(= tongs).
This is of course a tool associated with a smithy; however, in spite of
the similarity of gefel (= tongs) to
*gofail (= smithy) the former is not related to gof (= smith). It has a different origin, being related to Welsh gafl
(= crotch, fork of the legs, place where the legs join the trunk of the body)
:_______________________________.
gefail (2) <GEE-vel> [ˡgeˑvɛl] feminine noun
1 Hypercorrect form of gefel (= tongs) through supposing that
the final e is a colloquial reduction of final ai and not an
original e (the reduction of the diphthong ai in a final syllable
to e is usual along a south-west-north-east axis in spoken Welsh), thus
making it the same as gefail (= smithy), which colloquially is pronounced
gefel.
However, gefail (= smithy) is related to gof (= smith), whereas gefel
(= tongs) is related to gafl (= crotch, fork of the legs)
:_______________________________.
gefeiliau <ge-VEIL-yai, -e> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ]
1 plural of gefail (= smithy)
2 usual plural form of gefel
(= tongs, pincers)
:_______________________________.
gefel <gee-vel>
feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau, gefeilau, gefelau, gefelydd,
gefeilion <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, ge-VEI-lai,
-e, ge-VEE-lai, -e, ge-VEE-lidh, ge-VEIL-yon> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, gɛˡvəɪlaɪ, -ɛ, gɛˡveˑlaɪ, -ɛ, gɛˡveˑlɪð, gɛˡvəɪljɔn]
1 tongs, pair of tongs
yr efel the tongues, the pair of tongs
A hypercorrect form is gefail (qv)
2 gefel fain forceps
3 gefel siwgr sugar tongs, for
picking up sugar cubes
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish (gevel =tongs), Breton gevel
(= tongs)
The word gefel is related to Welsh gafl (= fork; crotch)
:_______________________________.
gefel bedoli <GEE-vel be-DOO-li> [ˡgeˑvɛl bɛˡdoˑlɪ] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau pedoli <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, pe-DOO-li> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, pɛˡdoˑlɪ]
1 pincers, tongs used in making
horseshoes, cmith’s tongs
gafael ym mraich rhywun fel gefel bedoli grip someone’s arm tight (“like
a smith’s tongs”)
ETYMOLOGY: (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (pedoli = to shoe (a
horse))
:_______________________________.
gefel dân <GEE-vel DAAN> [ˡgeˑvɛl ˡdɑːn] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau tân <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, TAAN> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, ˡtɑːn]
1 fire tongs
ETYMOLOGY: (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (tân = fire)
:_______________________________.
gefel eni <GEE-vel EE-ni> [ˡgeˑvɛl ˡeˑnɪ] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau geni <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, GEE-ni> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, ˡgeˑnɪ]
1 ( Obstetrics) forceps
ETYMOLOGY: (“pincers (of) teeth”) (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (geni
= be born)
:_______________________________.
gefel fach <GEE-vel VAAKH> [ˡgeˑvɛl ˡvɑːx] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau bach <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, BAAKH> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, ˡbɑːx]
1 nippers = small pincers
ETYMOLOGY: (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (bach = small)
:_______________________________.
gefel fain <GEE-vel VAIN> [ˡgeˑvɛl ˡvaɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau main / gefeiliau meinion <ge-VEIL-yai, -ye, MAIN, MEIN-yon> [gɛˡvəɪljaɪ, -ɛ, ˡmaɪn, ˡməɪnjɔn]
1 ( Surgery) forceps
ETYMOLOGY: (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (main = slender)
:_______________________________.
gefel gnau <GEE-vel GNAI> [ˡgeˑvɛl ˡgnaɪ] feminine noun
PLURAL gefeiliau cnau <ge-veil –ye knai>
1 nutcrackers = device, type of lever, for cracking the shells of
nuts
yr efel gnau the nutcracker
Cyfres yr Efel Gnau The Nutcracker Suite
ETYMOLOGY: (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (cnau = nuts, plural
of cneuen = nut)
:_______________________________.
gefell, gefelliaid <GE-velh, ge-VELH-yaid, -yed> [ˡgɛvɛɬ, gɛˡvɛɬjaɪd, -ɛd] (masculine noun)
1 twin (twin brother)
2 gefeilliaid (plural form) twins;
(the plural form is often “yr efelliaid”, with soft mutation of the initial
‘g’, as well as the expected form “y gefeilliaid”
The soft mutation was formerly used in dual plurals – that is, to indicate that
a plural form was referring to ‘two only; no more than two’ y gefeilliaid
> yr efeilliaid
gefeilliaid
sy’n cael eu gwahanu o’r crud twins who are parted at birth (“parted
from the cradle”)
3 Cymdeithas Gefelliaid
ac Aml-Enedigaethau TAMBA - Twins and Multiple Birth Association
4 On a slate gravestone in Llandre, Ceredigion:
Er coffadwriaeth / am / DAVID a JOHN /
gefeilliaid plant Thomas a / Sarah Jones
Gwarcwnbach plwyf / Llancynfelin DAVID a fu
farw / Mehefin y 9ed 1858 yn un flwydd / ac
wyth mis oed. JOHN a fu / farw Ebrill y 4ydd 1860 yn / ddwy flwydd a / naw mis
oed
In memory of DAVID and JOHN, twins, the children of Thomas and Sarah Jones
Gwar-cwn-bach (in the) parish (of)
Llancynfelin. DAVID who died June the 9th 1858 aged one year and
eight months, and JOHN who died April the 4th 1860 aged two years
and nine months
http://www.llandre.org.uk/uploads/old_churchyard_census_area_b.pdf Gwefan Llandre / Llandre Website
5 The word occurs in the 1620 Bible when
it referes to Rebekah, who becomes mother of twins Jacob and Esau
Genesis 25:24 A phan gyflawnwyd ei dyddiau hi i esgor, wele,
gefeilliaid oedd yn ei chroth hi.
Genesis 25:24 And when her days to be
delivered were fulfilled, behold, there were twins in her womb
6 gefeilliaid
Siamaidd Siamese twins
:_______________________________.
gefeilles, gefeillesau <ge-VEI-lhes, ge-ve-LHEI-sai, -e> [gɛˡvəɪɬɛs, gɛvɛˡɬəɪsaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 twin (twin sister)
yr efelles = the twin sistery
:_______________________________.
gefn dydd golau <GEVN / GEE-ven diidh GOO-lai,
-e> [ˡgɛvn / ˡgeˑvɛn diːð ˡgoˑlaɪ, -ɛ] adverb
1 in broad daylight
Bu yn eglwys Cerrigydrudion ysbryd aflan, ac ofnai'r bobl gerdded heibio i'r
lle gefn dydd golau hyd yn oed
There was an evil spirit in Cerrigydrudion church, and people were afraid of
walking past the place even in broad daylight
ETYMOLOGY: cefn dydd golau (“(the) back of a day of light”, back + day +
light). There is soft mutation of the initial consonant of the first word in an
adverbial phrase, thus cefn > gefn
:_______________________________.
gefyn <GEE-vin> [ˡgeˑvɪn]
masculine noun
PLURAL gefynnau <ge-VƏ-nai, -e> [gɛˡvənaɪ, -ɛ]
1 shackle
2 gefynnau handcuffs; also gefynnau
llaw handcuffs
Fe’i hebryngwyd ef i mewn â’i arddyrnau mewn gefynnau He was led in
handcuffed / with his wrists in handcuffs
3 rhoi gefynnau ar ddwylo (rhywun) emmanillar (algú), engrillonar
(algú) handcuff (someone), (“put handcuffs on [the] hands [of someone]”)
rhoi (rhywun) mewn gefynnau handcuff (someone), put (someone) in
handcuffs (“put [someone] in handcuffs”)
ETYMOLOGY: Celtic *gem- (= get hold of)
The equivalent word in Irish is géibhinn (= bond, fetter; bondage,
captivity; difficulty; distress, need)
:_______________________________.
gefynnu <ge-VƏ-ni> [gɛˡvənɪ] verb
(verb with an object)
1 shackle
2 handcuff
ETYMOLOGY: (gefynn- (y = <ə> [ə]) stem of gefyn
(y = <i> [ɪ]) = handcuff, fetter, shackle) + (-u suffix for
forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
gei <GEI> [gəɪ] verb
1 soft-mutated form of cei (= you shall
have), from cael (= to have)
Occurs after the preverbal particle fe (especially southern,
specifically south-western) or mi (especially northern) (these are used
in affirmative sentences) and the perverbal interrogative particle a
cadw-mi-gei (cadw = (imperative) keep) + (mi gei you shall
have (at a future time)’) – northern Welsh expression for a piggy bank, money
box
:_______________________________.
geifr <GEIVR, GEI-vir> [gəɪvr]
1 goats; plural form of gafr. The plural colloquially is as if ‘geifir’
or ‘gîfir’, with an epenthetic vowel, and pronounced <GEI-vir, GII-vir> [ˡgəɪvɪr, ˡgiˑvɪr]]
2 In Margam (county of Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan) there is “Geifr Road”, which would be Heol y Geifr in Welsh
(“(the) road (of) the goats”, goat road)
3 Coed y Geifr name of a wood in the parish of Rowlstone / Rowlestone,
Herefordshire, England
(“(the) wood (of) the goats”)
(delwedd F9854)
ETYMOLOGY: (coed = wood) + (y = the) + (geifr =
goats, plural of gafr = goat)
:_______________________________.
geilwad <GEIL-wad > [gəɪvr, ˡgəɪlwad]
PLURAL geilwaid <GEIL-waid, -wed> [ˡ gəɪlwaɪd, ˡ gəɪlwɛd] (m)
1 caller
‘Geilwad’ yw ystyr y gair ceiliog yn y bôn
‘Caller’ is the basic meaning of the word ‘ceiliog’ (=
cock, rooster)
:_______________________________.
geingo <GEI-ngo> [ˡgəɪŋɔ] (verb)
1 (sex) to fuck (literally: to wedge)
:_______________________________.
geirfa, geirféydd <GEIR-va, geir-VEIDH> [ˡgəɪrva, gəɪrˡvəɪð] (feminine noun)
1 vocabulary
2 yr eirfa = the vocabulary
:_______________________________.
geiriadur <geir-YAA-dir> [gəɪrˡjɑˑdɪr] masculine noun
PLURAL geiriaduron <geir-ya-DII-ron> [gəɪrjaˡdiˑrɔn]
1 dictionary = book with words of a language
in alphabetical order, with explanations and meanings given, or equivalents in
another language
edrych gair mewn geiriadur look up a word in a dictionary
geiriadur Cymraeg a Welsh dictionary
ETYMOLOGY: (geir-, pretonic form of gair = word) + (-i-adur
noun-forming suffix, indicating a book)
:_______________________________.
geiriau <GEIR-yai, -e> [ˡgəɪrjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1 words; see gair
:_______________________________.
Y Geirnos <ə GEIR-nos> [ə ˡgəɪrnɔs] plural
1 small heaps, small mounds, little
mounds; tumuli, burial mounds
Occurs in place names.
A form of Y Gurnos
See curnos and curn
:_______________________________.
geirw <GEI-ru> [ˡgəɪrʊ] (f)
1 rippling water; rushing water, rapids; waterfall
yr eirw the rushing water; the waterfall
Two local farms incorporate the name – (Yr) Eirw Isa (lower Eirw) and (Yr)
Eirw Ucha (upper Eirw)
Heol yr Eirw ST0390 street by
the Rhondda river in Y Porth (“Eirw Road”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/414359 Heol yr Eirw
Also Bryneirw (spelt as “Bryn Eirw”)
(delwedd 9855)
TO SINKERS AND OTHERS. TO be LET by Contract, the
SINKING- of Two PITS to the No. 3 Seam of Coal, on Eirw Isaf Land, Cwm and
Rhondda, near Pontypridd. Plans and Specifications to be seen at Coedcae
office. All Tenders to be sent in on or before the 18th inst. The lowest Tender
not necessarily accepted. Tenders to be directed to Mr. WILLIAM JONES, Coedcae
and Eirw Collieries, Eirw Rhondda. Ponty-pridd. Coedcae Office, April 10th,
1861.
Eirw Mountain. (?Mynydd Eirw)
(delwedd 9856)
The Weekly Mail. 7 Awst 1886. THE PRISONERS BEFORE THE MAGISTRATES. At
Pontypridd Police-court on Wednesday (before Mr. Ignatius Williams, Mr. Ed,
Thomas, and Mr. William Morgan) Evan Evans, William Henry Holman, and Griffith
Evans were charged with the manslaughter of John Jenkin James on Eirw Mountain
on Sunday morning, the lst inst. Owing to the absence of Thomas Williams, the
other accused, who has absconded, only formal evidence was taken, and the case
was adjourned until that day week.
(delwedd 9856)
The Weekly Mail. 7
Awst 1886.
On Monday afternoon
Mr. E. B. Reece, coroner. held an inquest at the Britannia Inn, Eirw, Rhondda
Valley, Joseph Holman, collier, No. 16, Clifton, said the deceased was a
haulier. He was about 22 years of age. Was with him on Saturday night last at
the New York Inn, America Fach. Evan Evans (prisoner) and Thomas Williams were
there, as was also Griffith Evans, who afterwards acted as a second. William
Henry Holman also acted as a second. A quarrel took place there between
Benjamin Jones and Jenkin Thomas, Evan Evans took the part of Jones. The
deceased and the prisoner had had a quarrel a long time before and they got
“pick on one another that night,” but not in the public-house. Jones and Thomas
fought and Evans took the part of one of them. James went out to the back and
Benjamin Jones followed him, and when they afterwards returned they quarrelled
and fought in the passage. Benjamin Jones had some blows with Evans at this
inn. Witness parted James and B. Jones, and then they left.
ETYMOLOGY: plural of the adjective garw (= rough, violent, (water)
rushing)
:_______________________________.
geirwir <GEIR-wir> [ˡgəɪrwɪr] adjective
1 (person) truthful, who tells the truth
Mor belled ag y gwyddent, ’roedd James Rees yn ddyn cywir a geirwir.
As far as they knew, James Rees was an honourable and truthful man
Un gonest a geirwir yw e
He’s an honest and truthful man
2 (explanation, account) truthful
ETYMOLOGY: ‘true in word’ (geir-, penult form of gair = word) +
soft mutation + (gwir = true)
:_______________________________.
geirwiredd <gei-WII-redh> [gəɪˡwiˑrɛð] masculine noun
1 truthfulness, veracity
Cafwyd un prawf arall o eirwiredd James Rees
Another proof of James Rees’s truthfulness was had
ETYMOLOGY: (geirwir = truthful) + (-edd suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
gele PLURAL gelod, geleod, gelenod, gelnod <GEE-le, GEE-lod, ge-LEE-od, ge-LEE-nod,
GEL-nod> [ˡgeˑlɛ, ˡgeˑlɔd, gɛˡleˑɔd, gɛˡleˑnɔd, ˡgɛlnɔd] (feminine noun)
(after the definite article ‘y’ there is not the expected soft mutation, hence ‘y
gele’ and not ‘*yr ele’)
1 leech
2 (expressions of clinging, holding
on to)
glynu fel gele wrth hang onto something like grim death (“stick like a
leech to...)
dal eich gafael ynddo fel gele keep a tight hold of (“keep your hold in
it like a leech”)
bod yn sownd ynddo fel gele be holding tight to it (“be tight in it like
a leech”)
See also gelen (gele + -en), geloden (plural
form gelod + -en)
:_______________________________.
Gele <GEE-le> [ˡgeˑlɛ]
1 river name (county of Conwy)
Abergele town (from Aber Gele, the place where the Gele enters the sea)
Morfa Gele SH9577 “Gele sea-fen”, an area that once was a sea marsh but
was converted into pasture land after the building of the railway in the 1800s
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/966903
:_______________________________.
gelen, gelenod / gelod <GEE-len, ge-LEE-nod, GEE-lod> [ˡgeˑlɛn, gɛˡleˑnɔd, ˡgeˑlɔd] (feminine noun)
1 leech
See gele
:_______________________________.
gellwch <GE-lhukh> [ˡgɛɬʊx] verb
1 you can (< gallu to be able)
Gellwch fod yn hollol sicr y ... You may rest assured that...
Ar ei golwg hi gellwch weld You can tell by the way she looks, from the
look of her, from her look
:_______________________________.
geloden, gelenod / gelod
<ge-LOO-den, ge-LEE-nod,
GEE-lod> [gɛˡloˑdɛn, gɛˡleˑnɔd, ˡgeˑlɔd,] (feminine noun)
(South-west)
1 leech
See gele
:_______________________________.
Y Gelli <ə GE-lhi > [ə ˡgɛɬɪ] feminine noun
1 farm name, house name, village name
2 Town in Powys. Short form of Y Gellligandryll (qv). English name: Hay on
Wye, or simply Hay.
ETYMOLOGY: (y gelli = the wood)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (celli = wood)
NOTE: “The word " gelli " is a common name in Merioneth for a farm or field situated in a sheltered nook.” Y
Cymmrodor. Vol. XXXVIII. 1927. Merioneth Notes.
By T. P. ELLIS, I.C.S. (retired), M.A.,
F.R.Hist.S., Author of "Welsh Tribal Law and Custom"
:_______________________________.
Y Gelliaraul <GE-lhi AA-rail> [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡɑˑraɪl] feminine noun
1 farm in Llan-gan, south of the village
(county of Bro Morgannwg)
2 Heol Gelliaraul (on maps as
‘Gelli Arael Road”) road between Gilfach-goch and Hendreforgan (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: (y gelli araul = the sunny wood)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (celli = wood) + (araul
= sunny, sunlit)
:_______________________________.
gellid <GE-lhid> [ˡgɛɬɪd] (verb)
1 it could be
Ni ellid dychmygu harddach merch
A more beautiful girl could not be imagined
:_______________________________.
Y Gelli-deg <ə GE-lhi DEEG> [ə ˡgɛɬɪ ˡdeːg] settlement name
1 SO 0207 locality in Merthyrtudful
2 street names
(1) Bryn-coch (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Gelli Deg”)
(2) Rhiwbina (county of Caer-dydd) (“Gelli Deg”)
(3) Penyrheol, (county of Caerffili) (“Gelli Deg”)
(4) in the district of Gelli-deg, Merthyrtudful (“Gelli-deg”)
(5) Tretomas, Tonyrefail (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (“Gelli-Deg”)
(6) Pontardawe (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) (“Gellideg”)
NOTE: because of the various ways in which it is spelt officially – Gelli-deg
(correct), Gelli Deg (debatable if a habitative name and not
referring to a wood directly), Gelli-Deg (incorrect), and Gellideg
(incorrect), in an English street atlas index they are to be found listed in
three different sections (Gelli Deg; Gelli-deg + Gelli-Deg; Gellideg) separated
from each other by other names!
ETYMOLOGY: “the fair wood, the beautiful wood” (y) + soft
mutation + (celli = wood) + soft mutation + (teg =
beautiful, fair)
:_______________________________.
Y Gellifelen <ə GE-lhi VEE-len> [ə ˡgɛɬɪ ˡveˑlɛn] settlement name
1 SO 2111 locality in the district
of Brycheiniog in the county of Powys
ETYMOLOGY: i gelli felen - the yellow wood; (y) + soft mutation
+ (celli = wood) + soft mutation + (melen, feminine form of melyn
= yellow)
:_______________________________.
Gelli-gaer <GE-lhi-GAIR> [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡgaɪr] settlement name
1 ST 1396 village in the county of Caerffili
Comin Gelli-gaer Gelli-gaer Common
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/534292
2 a parish at this place
3 Gelli-gaer Fawr (= great
‘Gelli-gaer’), Gelli-gaer Fach (= little ‘Gelli-gaer’) – two farms south
of Cimla (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan) on the road to Cwmafan.
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r gaer (gelli form with soft mutation used as a
radical form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (caer = fort). There was a Roman fort here. The expected form
would be Celli’r-gaer / Celli-gaer, and it is found as such in earlier
forms.
The change c < g may be in imitation of names with celli
where the soft mutated form is legitimate - after the definite article - Y
Gelli-las, Y Gelli-deg, Y Gelliaraul, etc)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: gelli’r
gaer > gelli gaer
NOTE: the local form of the place in Caerffili county is Gelli-gäär (rhyming
with English “hare, dare, wear”).
:_______________________________.
Y Gelligandryll <ə GE-lhi GAN-drilh> [ə ˡgɛɬɪ ˡgandrɪɬ]
1 SO 2242 town in the county of
Powys
Short name: y Gelli;
English name: “Hay”, or “Hay on Wye”
French name: “La Haie Taillée”
2 a parish at this place
(1961) population: 1280; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 3%,
(1971) population: 1180; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 3%,
3 seat on Cyngor Sir Powys (the county council)
ETYMOLOGY: “the shattered wood” (y) + soft mutation + (celli =
wood) + soft mutation + (candryll = shattered; literally ‘one hundred
pieces’ can + dryll)
:_______________________________.
Gelli-groes <GE-lhi GROIS> [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡgrɔɪs]
1 Locality south of Coed-duon, in the
county of Blaenau Gwent
ETYMOLOGY: (“cross wood”, “(the) wood (of) the cross”)
gelli’r groes
(gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli =
wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (croes =
cross).
The expected form would be Celli’r-groes / Celli-groes
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: celli’r
groes > celli groes
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/45062 y felin / the mill
:_______________________________.
Y Gelli-las <ə GE-lhi LAAS> [ə ˡgɛɬɪ ˡlɑːs]
1 Place in Llantarnam (Torfaen)
(Mentioned in
Llantarnam Burials 1813-74)
Fanny Kidner, Gellylas, Llantarnam (died)
12 Oct 1848 (aged) 50
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~monfamilies/llantarnbur1813-74.htm
:_______________________________.
gellir <GE-lhir> [ˡgɛɬɪr] verb
1 it is possible; passive form
(present-future tense) of gallu = to be able
a ellir... is it possible to, can (somebody) be (trusted, blamed, etc)
A ellir ymddiried yn y Rwsiaid? Can the Russians be trusted? Are the
Russians to be trusted?
2 gellir tybio you’d think, you
might think, it may be thought, one might think, it might be supposed
Gellir tybio y byddai’r ocsiwnêr wedi disodli’r porthmon yn llwyr, ond mae
e’n para’n rhan hanfodol o fasnach cefn gwlad
You might think that the auctioneer had completely ousted the cattle-dealer,
but he continues to be an essential part of rural business
3 gellir cael (it / they) may be obtained, (it / they) can be
obtained;
Gellir cael copïau oddi wrth Y Deon, Cyfadran Addysg Coleg Prifysgol Cymru,
Heol Cambrian, Aberystwyth
Copies may be obtained from The Dean, Faculty of Education of the University of
Wales College, Heol (= street) Cambrian, Aberystwyth
4 y gellir ei that can be… (“which it-is-able its…”)
Y mae camdrin plant yn rhywbeth y gellir ei rwystro
The mistreatment of children is something that can be avoided / prevented
lle y gellir ei ddenyfddio a usable place, a place which can be used (“(a) place
which it-is-able its using”)
ETYMOLOGY: (gall-, stem of gallu = to be able) + (-ir,
passive suffix, present-future tense); a > e is the affection
of the vowel under the influence of the final ‘i’
:_______________________________.
Gelli-haf <GE-lhi HAAV> [ˡgɛɬɪ ˡhɑːv]
1 ST1695 Locality in the county of
Caerffili (“summer wood”)
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r haf (gelli form with soft mutation used as a
radical form, < celli = wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft
mutation + (haf = summer).
The expected form would be Celli’r-haf / Celli-haf
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: gelli’r
haf > gelli haf
:_______________________________.
Gelli’r-fid <GE-lhir-VIID> [ˡgɛɬɪr ˡviːd]
1 Farm by Llandyfodog, in the current
county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr
ETYMOLOGY: gelli’r fid (“quickset-hedge wood”, “(the) wood (of) the
quickset hedge)
(gelli form with soft mutation used as a radical form, < celli =
wood) + (yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (bid = quickset
hedge).
The expected form would be Celli’r-fid / Celli-fid
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: gelli’r
fid > gelli fid
:_______________________________.
gelyn (1) <GEE-lin> [ˡgeˑlɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL gelynion <ge-LƏN-yon> [gɛˡlənjɔn]
1 enemy = not a friend, hostile person
bod yn elyn i be an enemy of
cwympo i ddwylo’r gelyn fall into enemy hands
gelyn calon a bitter enemy
gelynion yr iaith Gymráeg the enemies of the Welsh language
lladd ysbryd y gelyn lower an enemy’s morale
mynd â’r rhyfel at y gelyn carry the war into the enemy’s camp
mynd at ochr y gelyn go over to the enemy, defect
gelyn pennaf y wlad public enemy number one
syrthio i ddwylo’r gelyn fall into enemy hands
2 ei las elyn his worst enemy (“his blue / grey enemy”)
eich gelyn pennaf eich hun one’s own worst enemy
ef ei hun yw ei elyn pennaf he’s his own worst enemy
3 enemy = armed opponent
4 enemy = something harmful
Yr oedd hen elyn ieuenctid Cymru, y dicai, wedi gafael yn rhy dynn ynddo, a
bu farw cyn pen blwyddyn
The old enemy of the young people of Wales, tubercolosis, had too strong a hold
on him and he died within a year
5 enemy = rival, unwelcome contender
Er y gall adar fod yn elynion i’r garddwr ar rai adegau y maent yn ffrindiau
hefyd
Although birds can be enemies of the gardener, sometimes they are also friends
6 (sport) yr Hen Elyn (the old enemy, i.e. the longstanding
enemy rather than the former enemy) = England
Collodd Cymru unwaith eto ar Barc yr Arfau yn erbyn yr Hen Elyn
Wales lost yet again at the Arms Park against the Old Enemy
7 Gelyn-y-clêr (street name in Y
Barri, Bro Morgannwg)
(delwedd 7906)
“(the) enemy (of) the flies”
(gelyn = enemy) + (y = the) + (clêr =
flies)
“Evolutionary biology of metal resistance in Silene
vulgaris” / Ernst, W. H. O.; Schat, H.; Verkleij, J. A. C. / Evolutionary
Trends in Plants 1990 Vol. 4 No. 1 pp. 45-51 / Abstract: Using S. vulgaris as
a specific example, possible mechanisms of heavy metal (Cu, Cd, Zn) resistance
in higher plants are discussed, especially with reference to the adaptive
significance and the mutual relations of resistance-dependent changes at the
level of the cell, the whole plant and the population. The high concentration
of metals in the leaves and stems of plants growing on metalliferous sites
protects them from insects and other herbivores, except for seed predators, as
the seeds are excluded from metal accumulation....
ETYMOLOGY: Made up of elements corresponding to these in modern Welsh: (gâl =
hate, valour) + (suffix -yn)
:_______________________________.
gelyn (2) <GEE-lin> [ˡgeˑlɪn]
1 soft-mutated form of celyn (=
holly bushes)
Y Fidgelyn farm on the road
between Cilfynydd and Llanfabon (county of Caerffili)
y fid gelyn = “the hedge (of) holly”, “holly hedge”;
(yr = definite article) + soft mutation + (bid <BIID> [biːd] = hedge) + soft
mutation + (celyn = (adjective) holly)
Cf. the common place name Llwyncelyn ‘holly bush’
:_______________________________.
gelyniaethus <ge-lən-YEI-this> [gɛlənˡjəɪθɪs] (adjective)
1 hostile
:_______________________________.
gem, gemau <GEM, GE-mai, -e> [gɛm, ˡgɛmaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 gem, jewel
yr em = the jewel
:_______________________________.
gêm, gêmau <GEEM, GE-mai, -e> [ˡgeːm, ˡgɛmaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
(after the definite article ‘y’ there is not the expected soft mutation, hence ‘y
gêm’ and not ‘*yr êm’)
1 game
gêm neidr game of snakes and ladders (“(the) game (of) snakes”)
2 (rugby, football) game; match
Pryd mae’r gêm yn dechrau? What time does the game start?
3 gêm gardiau, gêm o gardiau <geem
GARD-yai, -e, geem o GARD-yai, -e> [geːm ˡgardjaɪ, -ɛ, geːm ɔ ˡgardjaɪ, -ɛ] game of cards, card game
4 gêm gyfartal <geem gə-VAR-tal> [geːm gəˡvartal] drawn match
:_______________________________.
gemdy <GEM-di> [ˡgɛmdɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL <GEM-dai> [ˡgɛmdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 jeweller’s shop or workshop
However gweithdy gemydd (“workshop
(of) jeweller”) would be the more usual expression
ETYMOLOGY: (gem = jewel) + soft mutation + (-ty = house)
:_______________________________.
gên, genau <GEEN, GEE-nai, -e> [geːn, ˡgeˑnaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 jaw
asgwrn yr ên the jaw bone
2 di-ên jawless
pysgodyn di-ên jawless fish
:_______________________________.
Genau’r Glyn <ge ner GLIN> (feminine noun)
1 commote in the kántrev of Penweddig in the old territory of
Ceredigion; ‘the mouth of the valley’
:_______________________________.
GENDER
1 sometimes a compound noun is unexpectedly different in gender
………………………………………….
bod (m) (verbnoun = to be). Verbnouns are masculine. In compounds as
‘abode, dwelling, home’ it is feminine; bod (= abode, dwelling, home), hafod
(= summer place), eisteddfod (= ‘session’), preswylfod (=
dwelling place), trigfod (= dwelling place) gweirglawdd >
gweirglodd (f) (= hay meadow)
………………………………………….
clawdd (m) (= ditch; hedgebank) > gweirglawdd > gweirglodd (f)
(= hay meadow)
………………………………………….
dalen (f) (= manuscript leaf) > tudalen (= page) more
correctly (m) – that is, y tudalen, but also (f) y dudalen through
presuming that the feminine suffix –en determines the gender of this
word
………………………………………….
hafoty (f) (although it can be masculine too) “dwelling at the summer
place” (hafod (f) = summer place) + soft mutation + (ty = house,
dwelling) > hafód-dy > hafoty.
Where a final -d is followed by a d which is
the result of a soft mutation of t, the result is (d+d > t).
Since tŷ is a masculine noun, one would expect the compound to
be masculine too.
Hafoty-boeth SJ0749 A farm near Brynsaithmarchog (County of Dinbych)
(misspelt Hafotty-boeth on the Ordnance Survey map)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/360030 map
………………………………………….
haul (m) was originally feminine, hence heulwen (= sunlight;
literally ‘white sun’) (gwen is the feminine form of the adjective gwyn
= white)
………………………………………….
llys (m) (= court) was originally feminine (hence the place name Llys-wen,
‘whitre court’)
………………………………………….
nant (f) (= stream) was originally masculine (and meant usually ‘valley’
rather than ‘stream’)
………………………………………….
nos (f) (= night) > cyfnos (m) (= dusk)
………………………………………….
rhif (m) (= number) > canrif (f) (= century)
………………………………………….
rhan (f) (= part) > oedran (m) (= age), canran (m) =
percentage
………………………………………….
tref (f) (= house, town) > cartref (m) (= home)
………………………………………….
Some nouns have a different gender in the north to that in the south
........
1 (North Wales) feminine noun, (South
Wales) masculine noun
CINIO: y ginio (north), y cinio (south) (= dinner)
CWPAN: y gwpan (north), y cwpan (south) (= cup)
TAFARN: y dafarn (north), y tafarn (south) (= tavern)
........
2 (North Wales) masculine noun, (South Wales) feminine noun
CYFLOG: y cyflog (north) - y gyflog (south) (= salary)
MUNUD: y munud (north), y funud (south) (= minute)
..
Modern Welsh gender is sometimes different to the historical gender
In modern Welsh haul is a masculine noun, but in older Welsh it was
feminine
In modern Welsh llys is a masculine noun, but in older Welsh it was
feminine
In modern Welsh nant is a feminine noun, meaning “steram, brook”, but in
older Welsh it was masculine (meaning “valley”). The change in gender, once the
emaning ‘stream’ evolved, is perhaps due to the fact that afon (= river)
is a feminine noun
:_______________________________.
genedigaeth, genedigaethau <ge ne DII geth, ge
ne di GEI the> (feminine noun)
1 birth
yr enedigaeth = the birth
2 gwlad eich genedigaeth your country of birth, your country of origin
(“(the) country (of) your birth”)
yng ngwlad fy ngenedigaeth in the land of my birth
:_______________________________.
genedlaethol <ge-ned-lei-thol>
adjective
1 soft-mutated form (c > g) of cenedlaethol = national
Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Llanelli the National Eisteddfod at Llanelli
(eisteddfod is a feminine noun; after a feminine noun a following adjective has
soft mutation of the initial consonant)
:_______________________________.
Genefa <ge-nee-va>
1 Genève, Geneva
Cytundebau Genefa The Geneva Conventions
:_______________________________.
geneth <ge-neth>
feminine noun
PLURAL genethod <ge-nee-thod>
North Wales
1 girl
yr eneth = the girl
geneth fach little girl
geneth o Saesnes English girl
ETYMOLOGY: British *genetta ; cf Gaulish geneta (= girl).
From a root gên- (= procreate), seen in Welsh geni (= to be
born).
Related words are Latin gigno (= procreate), Greek gígnomai (= to
be born)
NOTE: colloquially (1) there is also a clipped plural nethod (loss of
the first syllable), and (2) gnethod with the loss of the first vowel
:_______________________________.
genethaidd <ge-ne-thedh>
adjective
1 girlish
ETYMOLOGY: (geneth = girl) + (-aidd suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
geneuol <ge-nei-ol> adjective
1 oral
brechlyn geneuol oral vaccine
cyfathrach eneuol oral sex
ETYMOLOGY: (geneu- < genau = mouth) (-ol suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
geni <GE ni> (verb)
1 to be born
Ble cest di dy eni? Where were you born?
gwlad eich geni the country where you were bor, your home country
o’ch geni “from your birth”, a born (writer, teacher, musician, etc)
Athrawes o’i geni yw hi She’s a born teacher, she was born to be a
teacher
Nid di-fai neb a aned No-one's perfect (“(it is) not without fault
anyone who was born”)
2 clinig cyn geni ante-natal clinic
3 ganwyd ef <GA nuid e> he was
born
4 (Obstetrics) gefel eni forceps
(“pincers (of) being born”) (gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (geni
= be born)
5 Nid ddoe y ganwyd fi I
wasn’t born yesterday (i.e. I am not ignorant; or, I am not easily fooled)
:_______________________________.
geni <GEE ni> (preposition)
1 poor spelling (but rarely found) for the colloquial gen i (=
with me), < “genny’ i” < “genny’ fi” < gennyf fi
:_______________________________.
gen i <GE ni> (preposition)
1 colloquial form of gennyf fi (= with me)
NOTE: gennyf fi > “genny’ fi” > “genny’ i” > gen
i
Sometimes as gen-i by writers who prefer to join the tag pronoun to
the conjugated preposition
:_______________________________.
genlli <gen-lhi>
1 y genlli deluge, flood, torrent; see cenllif
2 y genlli goch the kestrel; see cenlli
goch
:_______________________________.
gennod <ge-nod>
1 girls
Wyddoch-chi be’, gennod? Do you know what, girls...?
ETYMOLOGY: a clipped form of hogennod (= girls), plural of hogen (=
girl)
NOTE: often with the poor spelling genod
:_______________________________.
gennyt < ge-nit>
1 with you (= gan + ti)
gennyt ti with you
2 (North) sginti < 's
gin ti < nid oes genny ti you don’t have
sginti...? < 's gin ti...? < a oes gennyt ti...? do
you have...?
“Let them see how in their spoken Welsh the accent turns a sentence of many
words into a single word of one or two syllables... e.g. a oes gennyt ti? has
become sgínti”
T Hudson Williams (1873-1961), University College, Bangor / Vox Populi - A Plea
for the Vulgar Tongue
:_______________________________.
genod <gee-nod>
1 girls; a common misspelling of gennod, a clipped form of hogennod
< hogen (= girl, literally ‘little hog’)
:_______________________________.
genol <gee-nol>
1 soft-mutated form of cenol a
south-eastern viariant of standard Welsh canol (= middle, central)
Y Bont Genol (“the middle bridge”) A bridge
name noted by John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911): “The
middle bridge" (y bont genol), across the mill-stream by the Roath mill.
:_______________________________.
Genorwy <ge-no-rui >
1 personal name?
Castellgenorwy is a locality in England (Gwent-yn-Lloegr) (SO5216) 4km
north-east of Trefynwy. English name: Ganarew
ETYMOLOGY: “castle (of) Genorwy” (castell = castle) + (Genorwy =
?)
:_______________________________.
genwair <GEN-wair, GEN-wer> (f)
PLURAL: genweiriau <gen-WEIR-yai, -ye>
1 fishing rod
ETYMOLOGY: (gen- unknown element) + soft mutation + (gwair (obsolete)
= bend, fold; as in the (apparent) Welsh name (Gwair) of the River
Wear in County Durham, supported by the exisiting English river name (Wear) and
the identification of Caer Weir (Caer-wair in modern Welsh) in
the fourteenth-century Llyfr Taliesin with Durham (“Roman camp on the river
Gwair”. The river is notable for its numerous loops as it flows down to the sea
at Wearmouth. and the city is situated ona quasi-island in a hairpin bend of
the river.)
NOTE: Informal spellings to indicate local pronunciations
are genwer, genwar; genweirie, gwenweiria
:_______________________________.
genweirio <gen-WEIR-yo>
1 to fish; to angle, to fish with a rod
gwialen enweirio, gwialenni genweirio / gwiail
genweirio fishing rod
ETYMOLOGY: (genweir-, penult stem and older form of genwair =
fishing rod) + (-i-o verb ending)
:_______________________________.
genweiriwr <gen-WEIR-yur>
PLURAL: genweirwyr <gen-WEIR-wir>
1 angler, rod fisherman
ETYMOLOGY: (genweir-, stem of the verb genweirio = to fish) + (-i-wr
agent suffix, < gw^r = man)
:_______________________________.
ger <ger> preposition
1 near
Ger eglwys Llanarth, Ceredigion, mae carreg â phedwar twll ynddi
Near Llanarth church, in (the county of Ceredigion), there is a stone with four
holes in it
Mae hi’n byw ger yr Wyddgrug
She lives near Yr Wyddgrug
2 in relating the position of a
village to a bigger and more well-known settlement, such as a nearby town
Cafodd plwyfolion Llanfor, ger Y Bala, gryn helynt gyda nhw
The parishoners of Llanfor, near Y Bala, had a lot of trouble with them
Symudodd yn ei blynyddoedd cynnar i Blas Uchaf, Chwitffordd ger Treffynnon
She moved in her childhood to Plas Uchaf, Chwitffordd near Treffynnon
3 Often seen in street names
Gerymynydd “(place) near the upland” Street in Bangor (Gwynedd) (“Ger y
Mynydd”)
ETYMOLOGY:
(1) ger < cer < British;
if not,
(2) (ar = before, in front of) + soft mutation + (llaw = hand)
> árlaw > árllaw > *érllaw > gerlláw,
with subsequent dropping of the element llaw, hence ger
:_______________________________.
gêr <geer> masculine noun
PLURAL geriau, gêrs, geriach <ger-ye,
geers, ger-yakh>
1 gear = tools, equipment
2 piece of equipment
pob gêr every piece of equipment
3 gear = arrangement of toothed
wheels
gêr isaf = first gear
ail gêr = second gear
trydydd gêr = third gear
gêr uchaf = fourth gear
newid gêr = change gear
gêr dwy sbid = two-speed gear
4 gear = harness (for a horse)
5 clothes, outfit
ETYMOLOGY: English gear < Old Norse gervi
:_______________________________.
Geraint <gee-raint>
masculine noun
1 man’s name
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh Geraint < Gereint < Latin Geronti(us)
< Greek gerôn, geront- (= old man, senior)
From the same British root: Cornish Gerens
Related words:
..a/ Germanic: English churl (= peasant farmer, ill-bred person) (Old
English ‘ceorl’), German der Kerl (= man), Scandinavian karl
..b/ Greek gerôn (= old man), and Welsh gerontoleg (=
gerentology) < English < Greek
:_______________________________.
Gerallt <GEE ralht> (masculine noun)
1 Gerald
:_______________________________.
gerbrón <ger BRON> (preposition)
1 before, in the presence of
:_______________________________.
gerddi <ger-dhi>
1 gardens; plural de gardd = garden
:_______________________________.
gerfydd <ger-vidh> preposition
1 (North Wales) by = held by
dod â hi gerfydd ei chlust bring her by her ear
2 cydio yn rhywun gerfydd ei goler
grab someone by the collar
gafael yn rhywun gerfydd y gwar take someone by the scruff of the neck
3 tywys rhywun gerfydd y trwyn
lead someone by the nose (force someone to do what they are unwilling to do”)
ETYMOLOGY: a variant of erwydd / herwydd (= by means of), with a
prosthetic g- common in many Welsh words (gwyneb < wyneb =
face, gallt < allt = hill, wood,
:_______________________________.
gerila <ge-rii-la> masculine noun
PLURAL gerilas <ge-rii-las>
1 guerrilla
rhyfela gerila guerrilla warfare
rhyfel gerila guerrilla war
lluoedd gerila guerrilla forces
ETYMOLOGY: English <gərílə> guerrilla < Castilian guerrilla (= little
war) < guerra (= war) + -illa (diminuitive suffix)
:_______________________________.
gerio <ger-yo> verb
1 harness a horse
2 North Wales fit out, equip
Y mae yr ardd wedi ei gerio ar gyfer plant mewn cadeiriau olwyn
The garden is fitted out for children in wheelchairs
ETYMOLOGY: (gêr = equipment) + (-io)
:_______________________________.
Y Gerlan <ə GER-lan> (f)
1 SH6366 district of Bethesda
Postal address: Y Gerlan, Bethesda, BANGOR, Gwynedd
Population: 1106 (1961); Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 80% (1961)
ETYMOLOGY: “the slope” Y Gerlan < Y Gerddlan (y definite
article) + soft mtuation + (cerddlan = slope, bank)
cerddlan < (cerdd = slope) + soft mtuation + (glan = river bank, slope)
:_______________________________.
Gerlan <ə GER-lan> (f)
1 man's name
ETYMOLOGY: From the place name
:_______________________________.
germ <germ> masculine noun
PLURAL germau <ger-me>
1 germ
ETYMOLOGY: end of 1800s < English germ < French germe <
Latin germen (= bud, seed)
:_______________________________.
GERMAN WORDS IN WELSH
1 spanner
Welsh 1900+; English 1600+ spanner < German < spannen (= to
span)
:_______________________________.
GERMAN WORDS RELATED TO WELSH WORDS
1 These are often loan words from English
..a) Welsh shît (= sheet, leaf of paper; bedsheet) is from English sheet
(= leaf of paper; bedsheet). Related to German der Schoss (= lap, upper
part of the thighs of a seated person)
..b) Welsh cu (= dear, loved), German schön (= beautiful)
:_______________________________.
germladdwr <germ-la-dhur>
masculine noun
PLURAL germladdwyr <germ-ladh-wir>
1 germicide
ETYMOLOGY: (germ = germ) + soft mutation + (lladdwr = killer)
:_______________________________.
gernsi, gernsis <GERN si, GERN siz> (masculine noun)
1 jersey
:_______________________________.
gernos <GER-nos>
1 see gurnos
:_______________________________.
gerontoleg <ge-ron-to-leg> feminine noun
1 gerontology = the study of old age
ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English gerontology;
geront- < Greek gerôn, geront- = old man
-oleg instead of the element in English
-o-logy < Latin -logia < Greek logos = word < legein
= to speak
:_______________________________.
gerontolegol <ge-ron-to-lee-gol>
adjective
1 gerontological = pertaining to the study of old age
ETYMOLOGY: (gerontoleg = gerontology) + (-ol)
:_______________________________.
gerontolegwr <ge-ron-to-lee-gur>
masculine noun
PLURAL gerontolegwyr <ge-ron-to-le-gwir>
1 See gerontolegydd
:_______________________________.
gerontolegydd <ge-ron-to-lee-gidh>
masculine noun
PLURAL gerontolegwyr <ge-ron-to-le-gwir>
1 gerontologist = specialist in gerontology
ETYMOLOGY: (gerontoleg = gerontology) + (-ydd, suffix indicating
an agent)
:_______________________________.
Genorwy <ge-no-rui >
1 Castellgenorwy locality in England (Gwent-yn-Lloegr)
(SO5216) 4km north-east of Trefynwy. English name: Ganarew
ETYMOLOGY: Castellgenorwy “castle (of) Genorwy”
(castell = castle) + (Genorwy = ?)
:_______________________________.
gerwinder <ger WIN der> (masculine noun)
1 severity, harshness
yng ngherwinder gaeaf in the harshness of winter
:_______________________________.
Gerymynydd <ger ə mə-nidh> feminine noun
1 Street in Bangor (Gwynedd) (“Ger y Mynydd”)
ETYMOLOGY: ger y mynydd “(place) near the upland”
(ger preposition = near) + (y = definite article) + (mynydd =
upland)
:_______________________________.
Gesail <ges-el> feminine noun
1 Y Gesail street name in Johnstown (county of Wrecsam)
ETYMOLOGY: “the nook” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (cesail
= nook)
:_______________________________.
gesyd ‹GE-sid›
v
1 (indicative mood, third.-person singular present-future tense) he / she / it
places, puts, sets < gosod
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 20:27 A wise
man shall promote himself to honour with his words: and he that hath
understanding will please great men.
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 22:27 Pwy a esyd
gadwraeth o flaen fy ngenau, a sêl doethineb ar fy ngwefusau, fel na syrthiwyf
yn ddisymwth trwyddynt, ac na'm difetho fy nhafod?
Apocrypha – Ecclesiasticus 22:27 Who shall set a
watch before my mouth, and a seal of wisdom upon my lips, that I fall not
suddenly by them, and that my tongue destroy me not?
:_______________________________.
geto <ge-to> masculine noun
PLURAL getoau, getos <ge-too-e, ge-tos>
1 ghetto = part of a town or city where a minority of the residents
with the same origin, religion or language live together because they are not
accepted by other residents in other areas or because poverty prevents them
from moving into more affluent areas.
Geto’r Duon the Black Ghetto, ghetto where black people live (“ghetto
(of) the blacks”)
iaith y geto the language of the ghetto, the type of non-standard
language characteristic of the ghetto dwellers
2 (History) Jewry = the area of a
town or city where the Jews were obliged to live
3 (History) Jewry = the area of a
town or city where the majority of inhabitants are Jews
:_______________________________.
geudy, geudai <GEI di, GEI dai> (masculine noun)
1 toilet
:_______________________________.
Y Geufron <ə gei-vron>
1 (SJ2142) locality in Sir Ddinbych
ETYMOLOGY: (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (ceufron =
hollowed hillside)
:_______________________________.
geulin y forwyn <gei –lin ə vor-win> masculine noun
1 (Thesium humifusum) bastard toadflax
ETYMOLOGY: (“false flax of the Virgin [Mary]”) (geu-, penult form of gau = fals )
+ soft mutation + (llin = flax)
http://www.ukwildflowers.com/Web_pages/thesium_humifusum_bastard_toadflax.htm
“It is found mostly in a triangle of
southern English counties, the centre of the base of which is Southampton.
There is some in east Anglia but otherwise there are only a few old records for
T. humifusum growing farther north. It is therefore absent from Wales,
Scotland and Ireland as well as most of northern and central England and Cornwall.”
:_______________________________.
geulw <gei-lu>
1 (obsolete) perjury
ETYMOLOGY: (“false oath”) (geu-, penult form of gau = fals ) +
soft mutation + (llw = oath)
:_______________________________.
gewch <geukh
>
1 soft-mutated form of cewch you shall have, you may have,
you may do
mwya gewch chi, mwya fynnwch chi the more you have, the more you want
(base form: mwyaf a gewch chi, mwyaf a fynnwch chi)
:_______________________________.
gh
1
GŴYL
Latin vígilia > víg’lia > British *vigl- > *wyghl > *wyl
< gŵyl (= watch before a religious festival)
:_______________________________.
gh
1 Roman-alphabet spelling for the
voiced velar fricative, in earlier Welsh written as g. (It was not
written as gh when this sound existed, but gh is a useful
grapheme to show the development of words from the early period).
The sound no longer occurs in Welsh, but was present in early Welsh: The
written symbol “g” which also stood for two other sounds, <g> and <ng>,
just as “d” was both <d> and the
fricative <dh>, and “b” was both the
plosive <b> and a bilabial fricative,
which in modern Welsh is the labiodental fricative <v>
).
In the etymologies in this dictionary we use the conventional symbol “gh”.
.....(1) Between
vowels <gh> was lost
AWST –
Latin Augustus > *Awghwst (two syllables) > Aw’wst
(two syllables) > Awst (= August)
BRENIN
British brigant-in- > Welsh *breghenhin- > *bre’enin
> brenin (= king)
GŴYL
Latin vígilia > víg’lia > British *vigl- > *wyghl > *wyl
< gwyl (= watch before a religious festival)
GWYRYF
Latin virgo (= maid) > *gwyrgh > gwyry, with the addition
of a non-
ETYMological final <v> to give modern
Welsh gwyryf (= virgin)
(Some words have acquired a final <v>
because they have been assigned to the class of words with an underlying final <v> although
etymologically there was no final consonant)
(final ‘v’ is generally omitted in spoken Welsh - gwyryf > gwyry)
MAES –
British *mag-es > Welsh *maghes > maes (= field)
PENNARTH –
Welsh Pen + garth (top + hill, hilltop) > *Pengharth > Pennarth.
See also Peniarth
SAETH
Latin sagitta > *sagheth > saeth (= arrow)
TEYRN
British tigirn- > *tyghyrn > teyrn (= ruler)
_______________________________________
.....(2) <gh> was lost after <a> in a syllable after the accent
BRYCHAN
Brokk-agn- > Welsh *Brogh-aghn > Brocha’n > Brychan
(man’s name)
_______________________________________
.....(3) <gh> became the semiconsonant <i>
CRWYS
Latin crux <kruks> (= cross) >
*krughs > crwys (= cross; nowadays regarded as a plural, crosses)
LLARIAIDD
llariaidd (= <weather> mild; <character> mild-mannered, gentle, kindly )
< llarïaidd < llaryaidd (llary = pacific, mild) + (-aidd
suffix for forming adjectives);
llary < *largh- < *llarg- < llatí largus
(= ample, abundant, benevolent). Cf English large < French < Latin
largus
MORIEN
British mor-gen- (sea-born) > *Morghen > Morien (=
man’s name)
PENIARTH
Welsh Pen + garth (top + hill, hilltop) > *Pengharth > Peniarth
(place name)
SEINT
British *Sigontion > *Seghont- > Seint > Saint
(= river, Caernarfon)
Compounds with gâl (= strength)
..1/ arial (= passion, courage) < British
(ar = in front of) + (gâl = strength) > ar-ghal > arial
..2/ Gwrial (obsolete forename) (“manly strength”)
(gŵr = man) + soft
mutation + (gâl = strength) > gwr-ghal > gwrial
Equivalent to the Irish name Feargal (Irish fear = man)
..3/ Morial (obsolete forename) (“great boldness / strength”)
(mawr,
mor- = great) + soft mutation + (gâl
= strength) > mor-ghal >
morial
______________________________________
.....(4)
Before <l, n, r>, a <g> became <gh> and later the semiconsonant <y>, spelt as “e”
..a/ <ag> > <agh>
> <ay> “ae”
DRAEN
*dragn- > *draghn- > drayn > draen (=
thorn)
..b/ <og> > <ogh>
> <oy> “oe”
OEN
*ogn- > *oghn- > oyn > oen (= lamb)
...(5) in
monosyllables after <l,
r>
it became the semiconsonant <y>;
..a/ when in a final position, in the
North this was later lost; in the South on the other hand it became <a>
BERA
British berg- > early Welsh *bergh > bery > bera
(= hayrick) (a southern word)
BOL
British bolg- > early Welsh *bolgh > > boly >
Northern bol, Southern bola (= belly)
CAL
British kalg- > early Welsh *calgh > Northern cal,
Southern cala (= penis)
HEL
British helg- > early Welsh *helgh > Northern hel,
Southern hela (and hala) (= to send)
..b/ where there was w <u> in the first syllable, the final y was altered to echo this
preceding vowel
BWRW
British borg- > early Welsh *bwrgh > bwry > bwrw
(= to throw)
LLWRW
British lorg- > early Welsh *llwrgh > llwrw (= path,
way)
.....(6)
as an initial consonant - soft mutation <g> > <gh> – it was lost
gardd > (soft.mutated form) ghardd > ardd
Hence modern Welsh gardd (= garden), yr ardd (= the garden)
....(7)
loss of final gh after a vowel in monosyllables
Cf the same phenomenon at a later period in English (dough, though, plough,
bough)
BRE
British brig- > Welsh *bregh- > bre (= hill)
BRO
British mrog- > brog- > Welsh *brogh > bro
(= district)
DA
British dag- > Welsh *dagh > da (= good) (Cf Irish deagh
= good)
FFO
ffo (= flight, running away) < *ffogh
MA –
British mag- > Welsh *magh > ma (as in the place
names Machynlleth – plain of Cynllaith, Mathafarn – plain of the tavern; and
the suffix –fa (= place); cf Irish má = plain < magh
LLW
llw (= oath) < *llwgh (Cf the Irish cognate luighe =
oath)
RHI
rhi (= king) < *righ (Cf the Irish cognate rí = king)
Occurs in male forenames from British – Rhodri, Griffri, etc
TŶ
Celtic *teg-os > British *tig-os > Welsh “*tigh” > tŷ (= house)
:_______________________________.
gi <gii > masculine
noun
1 soft-mutated form <k> > <g> of ci (= dog)
Some examples of its occurence with soft mutation:
(a) as an address form (equivalent to English - good dog!)
'Carlo, dere ma, gi, ' ebe Dewi'n gyffrous.
'Carlo, come here, good dog, ' said Dewi
excitedly
(b) as qualified element in compounds, in names of types of dogs, or for
animals or fish considered to be similar to a dog
(1) corgi cattle dog. Literally ‘small dog’ (cor- = (prefix)
small)
(2) dyfrgi otter Lutra vulgaris. Literally ‘water dog’ (dwfr
= water)
(3) gweilgi ocean (but formerly ‘wolf’). Literally ‘wolf dog’ (from *gwael, an obsolete word for wolf)
(4) gwenci weasel Literally ‘greed dog’ (from gweinc-gi < gwanc
= greed)
(5) maelgi Squatina squatina angel-fish. Literally ‘coat-of-mail
dog’ (mael = mail, coat of mail)
(6) morgi dogfish. Literally ‘sea dog’ (môr = sea)
:_______________________________.
gia...
North Wales
1 the palatalisation of the initial consonant in words beginning ga-
is typical of the north-west
giaffar / giaffer < gaffer < English gaffer (= boss, chief,
head, foreman)
giamocs < gamocs (= tricks, pranks) < English gammocks (=
tricks, pranks)
giang < gang (= gang, group of people) < English gang (= group
of people)
giangstar / giangster < gangster < English gangster
gias < gas (= gas) < English gas
giami < gami (= unwell, unsteady) < English gammy (= unwell,
unsteady)
giamstar / giamster (= expert, dab hand) < English gamester (=
gambler)
giaridym < garidym (= rogue)
giât < gât < English gate; nowadays the pronunciation in
English is <geit>, but 500 years ago it
was <gaat>, and the Welsh word preserves
this older English pronunciation
:_______________________________.
gïach, gïachod <GII akh, gi AA khod> (feminine noun)
1 snipe
(after the definite article ‘y’ there is not the expected soft mutation, hence ‘y
gïach’ and not ‘*yr ïach’)
:_______________________________.
gïau < gii-e>
1 tendons, plural of giewyn
(= tendon)
See: gewin
:_______________________________.
Gibea <gi-BEE-a>
1 chapel name
Capel Gibea (Cynulleidfawyr), Brynaman Gibea Chapel
(Congregationalists), Brynaman
:_______________________________.
Giffi <gii-fi>
masculine noun
1 pet form of Gruffudd
Giffi Mulod (Gruffudd (of the) mules)
(Giffy Mulod - yr hen Gruffydd Jones, Ffordd y Copi, perchennog dau ful a
throl oedd yn arfer cario nwyddau o’r stesion i fyny i’r farchnad)
(Giffy Mulod – old Gruffydd Jones, Ffordd y Copi (the Copi road), owner of two
mules and cart who used to carry goods from the station up to the market)
(Llafar Gwlad, number 73, Haf (summer)
ETYMOLOGY: Giffi < Griffi < (Gruff-, first syllable
of Gruffudd) + (-i diminutive suffix)
(1) u > i the change in the vowel caused by the final i
(2) loss of the r (gr- > g-)
:_______________________________.
GIG
1 = Gwasanaeth Iechyd Gwladol
National Health Service (“state health service”), the NHS
Ymddiriedolaeth GIG = NHS Trust (a local NHS administration)
:_______________________________.
gilfach < gil-vakh>
1 soft-mutated form of cilfach (= nook)
:_______________________________.
Gilfach-ddofn <ə gil-vakh dho-von>
1 name of a farm in Llangolman SN1126 (county of Penfro)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) deep nook / recess”)
(y = the) + soft mutation + (cilfach = nook / recess) + soft
mutation + (dofn, feminine form of dwfn = deep)
NOTE: Topographic names which are habitative names (house, farm, village, town)
are written as a single word. If the final syllable is an accented monosyllabic
word it is preceded by a hyphen. (Dwfn / dofn in South Wales has
two syllables <du-vun, do-von>,
but historically, and in standard Welsh and in the spoken Welsh of the north is
a monosyllable <duvn / dovn> )
:_______________________________.
Y Gilfach Goch <ə
gil-vakh gookh>
1 Place on the Ogwr Fach river above the village
of Gilfach-goch, between Mynydd Maes-teg and Mynydd Pwllyrhebog
ETYMOLOGY: “the red nook” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (cilfach
= nook, secluded spot) + soft mutation + (coch = red)
NOTE: Names of natural features are written with the elements apart – (Y)
Gilfach Goch. Names of settelements are written as a single word – thus (Y)
Gilfach-goch
:_______________________________.
Y Gilfach-goch <ə
gil-vakh gookh>
1 SS9889 locality in the county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf, south-east Wales
ETYMOLOGY: See Gilfach Goch
NOTE: Names of natural features are written with the elements apart – (Y)
Gilfach Goch. Names of settelements are written as a single word – thus (Y)
Gilfach-goch
:_______________________________.
Gilfach-y-blawd
1 SN2523 farm by Llanwinio (Caerfyrddin) (“nook of the flour”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN2523
ETYMOLOGY: gilfach y blawd (gilfach form with soft mutation used as
a radical form, < cilfach = nook) + (y = definite article) + (blawd
= flour).
The expected form would be Cilfach-y-blawd
:_______________________________.
gilgant <gil-gant>
1 soft-mutated form of cilgant (qv) (= crescent)
Y Gilgant (name of a street in Corwen, county of Dinbych) The Cresent
:_______________________________.
gilros <gil-gant>
1 secluded moorland
Gilros y gilros “the secluded moorland, back moor” name of a
house in Bangor (Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (cil = back; nook) + soft mutation + (rhos = moorland;
promontory)
:_______________________________.
gilydd <GI lidh> (masculine noun)
1 ‘fellow’ - see cilydd
2 gweddi i’w gilydd suit each
other
gweddi i’w gilydd i’r dim suit each other exactly, be a perfect match
3 ymysg ei gilydd among(st)
themselves
4 sibrwd ymysg ei gilydd
whisper amongst themselves
:_______________________________.
gini, ginis <GI ni, GI nis> (masculine or feminine noun) guinea
(old coin in England)
y gini = the guinea (but even in those areas where it is a feminine
noun, after the definite article ‘y’ there is not the expected soft mutation,
hence ‘y gini’ and not ‘*yr ini’)
:_______________________________.
gitâr, gitarau <gi TAAR, gi
TA re> (masculine noun)
1 guitar
:_______________________________.
g'l-
At the beginning of a word, the result
of a missing element between the g and the l
1 reduction of (g) + (vowel) + (l)
..a/ gleuo / g’leuo < goleuo (= to light, to illuminate)
..b/ Nos Glangaea / Nos G’langaea < Nos Galan Gaeaf Hallowe’en (“eve
(of the) calend (of) winter”)
c) Y Galedryd > G’ledryd, Gledryd place name, “hard
ford”
d) “gelanedd chwerthin” > “gelanadd
chwerthin” > g’lana’ chwerthin laugh heartily (“laugh (until becoming)
corpses”)
2 reduction of (g) + (consonantal w)
+ (l); (glad < gwlad, glyb < gwlyb)
..a/ glad / g’lad < gwlad = country
..b/ Gladys / G’ladys < Gwladys (woman’s
name; probably ‘leader of a country’ or somesuch)
..c/ glyb / g’lyb < gwlyb = wet
3 reduction of (g) + (diphthong) + (l)
..a/ g’l’absant / glabsant < gwylmabsant = parish wake
:_______________________________.
g’l’absant / glabsant <glab-sant> feminine noun
1 colloquial form of gwylmabsant = parish feast, parish
festival, parish wake
Glabsant Trefdraeth the parish festival of Trefdraeth, county of Ynys
Môn
2 gwely glabsant makeshift bed
(“bed (of) (a) parish wake”) < gwely gwylmabsant)
:_______________________________.
glafoerio <gla VOIR yo> (verb)
1 slobber, drivel
:_______________________________.
glafoeriog <gla VOIR yog> (adj)
1 slobbering, drivelling
:_______________________________.
glain <GLAIN> [glaɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL gleiniau <GLEIN-yai, -ye> [ˡgləɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 obsolete gem
2 bead = small spherical piece of
glass or other material through which a hole has been made; with other such
pieces, it may be placed on a string to form a necklace
3 bead, prayer bead = one of 55 or
165 beads forming a rosary
4 bead, globule, droplet = small
globe of a liquid
5 mor iach â’r glain as fit as
a fiddle (“as healthy as the gem / bead”)
cyn iached â’r glain as fit as a fiddle (“as healthy as the gem / bead”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh glain < glein < British *glan-i-
< Celtic < ghel- (= to shine)
:_______________________________.
glain nadroedd <glain NA-droidh, -drodh> [glaɪn ˡnadrɔɪð, -ɔð]
PLURAL gleiniau nadroedd <GLEIN-yai, -ye, NA-droidh,
-drodh> [ˡgləɪnjaɪ, -jɛ, ˡnadrɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 (folk tradition) snake-bead, adder
bead, or adder stone, an amulet or charm said to bring luck and success to the
owner. It is the “ovum anguinum” of the Druids. (According to Chamber’s English
Dictionary, ‘a prehistoric spindle-whorl or bead, popularly attributed to the
agency of adders’. ‘Whorl = a disc on the lower part of a spindle serving as a
flywheel’). In Wales snake-beads were regarded as a cure for cataracts and
styes on the eye. It seems they were also regarded as a cure for a snake bite.
Trysorid y ‘glain nadroedd’, fel y’i gelwir gan rai, gan lawer o’r hen
Gymry. A dweud y gwir, mae rhai pobl yn dal i’w trysori heddiw. Dywedir mai
trwy weithred dwsinau o nadroedd yn ymgordeddu yn ei gilydd ar Nos Wyl Ifan a
bod gan boeri at ei gilydd, y gwneid y gleiniau hynod hyn. Yn ôl rhai, pethau
tebyg i fwclis gwydr ydynt, ond yn ôl eraill, maent yn debycach i wyau bach
disglair. Fodd bynnag, cyfrifir y ‘gleiniau nadroedd’ yn bethau lwcus dros ben
a daw llwyddiant i’ch rhan os ydych yn meddu un. Llafar Gwlad, Haf 1985, Rhif 9
“The ‘snake beads’, as they were called by some, were treasured by many Welsh
people days gone by. To tell the truth, some people continue to treasure them
today. It is said that these remarkable beads were made through the action of
snakes twisting together on Midsummer Eve and spitting at each other. According
to some people, they are like little glass beads, but according to others, they
are more like little shiny eggs. Whatever the case may be, the ‘snake beads’
are extremely lucky things and success will come your way if you have one.
(Source: Llafar Gwlad (“oral tradition”), Haf (“summer”) 1985, Rhif (“number”)
9)
:_______________________________.
glais (m) <GLAIS> [glaɪs] (masculine noun)
1 (in place names) stream
Dulais black stream (du = black) + soft mutation + (glais)
Gwynlais white stream (gwyn(n)-, penult form of gwyn =
white) + soft mutation + (glais)
ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic
Irish has glas (f) (= stream), glaise (f) (= stream)
NOTE: A variant is glas (qv)
:_______________________________.
glan <GLAN> [glan] feminine noun
PLURAL glannau, glennydd <GLA-nai, -ne, GLE-nidh> [ˡglanaɪ, -ɛ, ˡglɛnɪð]
y lan = the bank
1 river, stream side, bank;
glan y dŵr “(the) bank (of) the stream”
As a place name (house, village): Glan-y-dŵr, Glan-dŵr
glan y nant “(the) bank (of)
the stream”, brookside
As a place name (house, village): Glan-y-nant, Glan-nant
glan yr afon “(the) bank (of) the river”, riverside
ar lan yr afon = at the side of the river
As a place name (house, village): Glanyrafon, Glanrafon, Glanafon
glan y rhyd “(the) side (of) the ford”, ford side
As a place name (house, village): Glan-y-rhyd, Glan-rhyd
2 lake, marsh water’s edge
glan y gors “(the) edge (of) the pantà”
As a place name (house, village): Glan-y-gors, Glan-gors
glan y llyn” (the) edge (of) the llac”
ar lan y llyn = at the side of the lake
As a place name (house, village): Glan-y-llyn, Glan-llyn
Ar lan Llyn Erie y mae
Cleveland Cleveland is on the shore of Lake Erie.
glan y morfa “(the) edge (of)
the sea fen”
as a place name (house, village): Glanymorfa, Glanmorfa
3 gwennol y glennydd Riparia riparia = sand martin
(“swallow of the riverbanks”)
4 torlan river bank (undercut bank = eroded bank on the
outside bend through the action of the river current) (torr-, stem of torri
= to break)
glas y dorlan Alcedo atthis = kingfisher (“(the) blue (bird) (of)
the (eroded) bank
5 sea side, edge; water’s
edge: sea’s edge, seashore
glan y môr “(the) edge (of) the sea”, seashore
ar lan y môr = at the seaside
glan y don “(the) edge (of) the sea”, seashore
glan yr aber “(the) bank / edge (of) the estuary”
as a place name (house, village): Glan-y-môr, Glan-môr; Glan-y-don,
Glan-don; Glanyraber, Glanaber
6 morlan seaside, sea’s edge
7 side of a grave
glan y bedd “(the) side (of) the grave”, graveside
8 sea land, shore (as seen from
the water); dry land, terra firma
dod i’r lan (sailors, passengers in a boat) come ashore
mynd i’r lan (sailors, passengers in a boat) go ashore
mynd yn sownd ar y lan be grounded on the shore, run ashore
bod ar y lan be ashore
rhoi ar y lan set ashore, put on shore
dodi ar y lan (South Wales) set ashore, put on shore
mynd am y lan (boat) make for the shore, sail shoreward
ger y lan (boat) by the coast
9 y glannau = the coast;
gwyliwr y glannau = coastguard
ar y glannau o Fflint i’r Bermo on the coast from Fflint to Bermo
mynd gyda’r glannau follow the coast
pysgota’r glannau inshore fishing
10 glannau district on either
side of a major river (equivalent to English “–side”)
Glannau Dyfrdwy = Deeside
Glannau Merswy = Merseyside (= Liverpool / Birkenhead) England
Glannau Clud = Clydeside (= Glasgow area, Scotland)
Glannau Tafwys = Thameside, England
Glannau Hafren = Severnside (English and Welsh sides of the Hafren
estuary)
11 rising ground, hillside, slope
Dan-y-lan street name in Abercynffig
Heol Dan-y-lan street name in Pont-ty-pridd
Pen-y-lan district of Caer-dydd (“(the) top (of) the hill”)
12 obsolete cerddlan
rising ground (cerdd-, stem of cerdded = walk, go);
in the north-west Y Gerlan in field names; also a village with this name
(Y Gerlan < Y Gerddlan, with the loss of ‘dd’)
13 South Wales i lan up
(colloquially often simply lan)
mynd i lan, mynd lan = go up
14 in a number of place names in the South-east, an original glan
has been replaced by llan (= church)
(1) both glan and llan have the soft mutated form lan (gl >
l, ll > l).
It seems in the first place that the reason for the change glan (=
riverbank) > lan is a result of the frequent use of place names after
certain prepositions, above all i (= to) and o (= from), both of
which cause the soft mutation of the first consonant. Some Glan- names
became more familiar in their soft-mutated form Lan-.
Subsequently the wrong radical form was used in
conjunctionwith the soft-mutated form – that is, llan (= church).
In many, but not all, of these names lan- was later taken to be Llan,
and on maps (if not colloquially at first) this ‘corrected’ form was used
|
Original glan form |
soft-mutated form |
present form |
|
|
Glanbradach |
Lanbradach |
Llanbradach |
(county of Caerffili) ST1490 |
|
Glancaeach |
Lancaeach |
Llancaeach |
(county of Caerffili) ST1196 (spelt on maps as Llancaiach, ‘ai’ possibly
representing a local pronunciation in Welsh) |
|
Glan-y-dw^r, Glan-dw^r |
Lan-dw^r |
- |
(In Welsh as Glan-dw^r, in English as Landore) |
|
Glanelái |
Lanelái |
Lanelái |
In English, as ‘Lanelay’. ST0382 mansion and locality in County of
Rhondda-Cynon-Taf, south-east Wales. |
|
Glanmorlais |
Lanmorlais |
Llanmorlais |
(county of Abertawe) SS5394 |
|
Glanrhymni |
Lanrhymni |
Llanrhymni |
(county of Caer-dydd) ST2280 |
|
Glan-wysg |
Lan-wysg |
Llan-wysg |
ST3799 south of Brynbuga / Usk (county of Mynwy) (as Llanusk Fm [Farm]
on the Ordnance Survey map) |
|
Glanyrafon |
Lanyrafon |
Llanyrafon |
(Torfaen county) (as if “church by the river”, instead of “riverside”)
ST3094 |
|
|
|
|
|
delwedd 7792
Llan followed by a river name is unusual, but not
unknown. In fact, two such names are generally known because they are the names
of two of the four Welsh dioceses – Lla-daf (“church by the river Taf”) and Llanelwy
(“church by the river Elwy”). Since most of these glan > lan > llan names
are in the diocese of Llan-daf, there may possibly be the influence of this
name.
15 Rhaglan SO4107
locality (town) in the county of Mynwy (“rampart” – with rhag = before, in
front)
16 Rhuddlan SJ0775
locality in the county of Dinbych (‘red bank’, with rhudd = red)
17 Glan-y-don / Glan y Don
“edge (of) the sea”, sea’s edge
house name
Also Glan-don / Glan Don
18 rising ground, hillside
..a/ “Danlan Road”, “Danlan Park” street name in Pen-bre (county of
Caerfyrddin) (in Welsh these would be Heol Dan-lan, Parc Dan-lan
Dan-lan < dan y lan
“below the hill” (dan = below) + (y definite article) + (lan
= hill)
In place names, the linking definite article is often dropped: dan y lan
> dan lan
..b/ Dan-y-lan street name in Abercynffig
..c/ Heol Dan-y-lan street name in Pont-tŷ-pridd
19 Glannau’r Canolfor the Mediterranean (region) (“(the) shores (of) the
Mediterranean Sea”)
..d/ Pen-y-lan district of Caer-dydd (“(the) top (of) the hill”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh glan < glann < British *gland(â)
< Celtic;
Cornish glann (= bank, water’s edge), Breton glann (= bank,
shore)
:_______________________________.
glân <GLAAN> [glɑːn] (adjective)
1 clean
2 Mae eisiau aderyn lân i ganu
Don’t accuse others of faults which you yourself have (“there is need of a
clean bird to sing”)
3 Occurs in forenames (as glen- due to vowel affection), See Glenwyn,
Glenys
4 beautiful
Barnwyr 15:2 A’i thad a lefarodd, gan ddywedyd, Tybiaswn i ti ei chasau hi;
am hynny y rhoddais hi i’th gyfaill di: onid yw ei chwaer ieuangaf yn lanach na hi? bydded honno i
ti, atolwg, yn ei lle hi.
Judges 15:2 And her father said, I verily thought that thou hadst utterly hated
her; therefore I gave her to thy companion: is not her younger sister fairer
than she? take her, I pray thee, instead of her.
Diarhebion
Proverbs
:_______________________________.
Glanaber <glan AA-BER> [glan ˡɑˑbɛr]
1 street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port
(county of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen)
(spelt as “Glan Aber”)
ETYMOLOGY: glan yr aber “bank / edge / side of the estuary”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (yr definite article) + (aber =
estuary)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: glan yr
aber > glan aber
:_______________________________.
glana chwerthin <gla-na KHWER-thin> [glana ˡxwɛrθɪn] verb
1 North Wales bod yn glana
chwerthin be doubled up with laughter, roar with laughter, die laughing, be
in fits
Roedd pawb yn glana chwerthin am ben campau gwirion yr hogia
Everybody was in fits at the mad antics of the lads
ETYMOLOGY: Although at first sight an adjective used as a quasi prefix
before a verb, as in forms such as bod yn graddol ddistewi (= to
gradually quieten down) (no soft mutation after the linking particle yn since
it is as if a compound verb follows: “graddol-ddistewi”)), it is in fact the
phrase bod yn gelanedd o chwerthin (to be corpses from laughing);
glana, soft mutated form after the linking particle yn of clana
< c’lana < celana < celane < celanedd (= corpses, plural
of celain = corpse);
(1) loss of final dd (other examples of this are to be found in Welsh -
see dd)
(2) final e becomes a in the north-west
(3) the loss of the vowel in a syllable beginning with <k> [k] before a tonic
syllable beginning with <l> [l] , resulting in the cluster <kl> [kl] , is common in colloquial Welsh
calandrio > clandro (= calculate),
Caletwr > Cletwr (stream name; = strong stream);
calonnau > clonna (hearts - North-west Wales),
ceiliagwydd > clacwydd (= gander),
celwyddgi > clwddgi (= liar),
Celynnog > Clynnog (place names, = holly grove),
cylymau > clyme (= knots)
NOTE: also spelt: g’lana’ chwerthin
:___________ ____________________.
Glanafon <glan AA-VON> [glan ˡɑˑvɔn]
1 house name, street name
ETYMOLOGY: glan yr afon “bank / edge / side (of the) river”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (yr definite article) + (afon =
river)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted
See also Glanyrafon
:_______________________________.
Glan Alun <glan AA-lin> [glan ˡɑˑlɪn]
1 The bardic name of poet, writer,
Methodist preacher, and supporter of Radicalism Thomas Jones (
2 There is a country park in Wrecsam with the monstrous name of “Alyn Waters
Country Park” SJ3254. Apparently it was thought sufficient to give it an
English name only. What “waters” are referred to is unclear – it seems to be
used as a twee equivalent of “river”, rather than denoting the existence of
various streams in the area.
The Welsh name for such a park situated on both sides of Afon Alun would be Parc
Cefn Gwlad Glan Alun, and this name has the advantage too of commemorating
at the same time the above poet.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=318962 map
ETYMOLOGY: glan Alun “bank / edge / side (of the river) Alun”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (Alun river name)
:_______________________________.
Glanalun <glan AA-lin> [glan ˡɑˑlɪn]
1 street name in Yr Wyddgrug (county of Y
Fflint) (spelt as “Glan Alun”)
ETYMOLOGY: glan Alun “bank / edge / side (of the river) Alun”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (Alun river name)
:_______________________________.
Glanconwy <glan-KOO-nui> [glan ˡkoˑnʊɪ]
1 (SH8076) See: Llansantffráid Glan
Conwy
:_______________________________.
glandeg <GLAN-deg> [ˡglandɛg] (adjective)
1 fair, handsome, pretty
2 Landeg (soft-mutated form) (as an
epithet)
Siarl Landeg Charles the Fair (Charles IV of France (1294–1328), called
the Fair (le Bel) in France
Siarli Landeg Bonnie Prince Charlie
3 Landeg occurs as a surname – e.g. Richard
Landeg / Dick Landeg, born Aber-fan 1901, who was a boxer and booth fighter
in Wales and later in the USA, to which place he emigrated.
ETYMOLOGY: (glân = fair, handsome, pretty) + soft mutation + (teg =
fair, attractive)
:_______________________________.
glandir <GLAN-dir> [ˡglandɪr] (m)
1 (obsolete) upland
ETYMOLOGY: (glan = hillside) + soft mutation + (tir = land)
:_______________________________.
Glanelái <glan e-LAI> [glan ɛˡlaɪ]
1 place name, Caer-dydd / Cardiff
According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911):
“GLAN-ELY (recte Glan Elai) “The bank of the Ely river.” A house and grounds
a little to the west of Ely and Fairwater.”
{Note: Ely is the English name for Tre-lai, and Fairwater is the English
name for Y Tyllgoed}
The house is remembered in the street name Clos Glanelái (or at least,
in its official English form “Glan Ely Close”) on the north side of the river,
in Y Tyllgoed / Fairwater, Caer-dydd
2 ST0382 mansion and locality in County of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf,
south-east Wales. In English, ‘Lanelay’, from a colloquial form Lanelái, that
is, instead of standard Glanelái.
The colloquial form has the soft-mutated form ‘lan’ instead of the radical
form ‘glan’.
This form ‘lan’ is found in a number of names in the south –
...(1) Lanrhymni < Glanrhymni (Caer-dydd) (now Llanrhymni
from confusing lan with llan = church),
...(2) Lan-dŵr < Glan-dŵr (Abertawe),
...(3) Lanbradach < Glanbradach (Caerffili) (now Llanbradach
– this shows confusion of lan as the soft-mutated form of the radical
form llan = church).
3 Glanelái would be the correct form of a curious street name
in Ynysmaerdy, near Llantrisant (County of Rhondda Cynon Taf). Instead of Glanelái
the name is “Glan yr Ely”.
The local form of Elái [ɛˡlaɪ] is Y Lai [əˡlaɪ] (qv), and so Glan
y Lai [glan əˡlaɪ] would result
colloquially.
Y Lai [əˡlaɪ] seems to be have
been made misunderstood as representing Yr Elái [ər ɛˡlaɪ]
The resulting Glan yr Elái [glan ər ɛˡlaɪ] sounds very unnatural in Welsh (the definite article
cannot be used with river names; however with common nouns it is normal: “glan
yr afon” riverside, “glan y nant” brookside, etc.)
But to cap it all the English form of the name “Ely” has been substituted for
the Welsh name Elái!
ETYMOLOGY: (“the) bank (of the river) Elái”) (glan = riverbank) + (Elái)
:_______________________________.
glanedyddion <glan-e-DƏDH-yon> [glanɛˡdəðjɔn]
See glanhedydd
:_______________________________.
glanfa <GLAN-va> [ˡglanva] feminine noun
PLURAL glanféydd <glan-VEIDH> [glanˡvəɪð]
1 landing place, landing stage, landing;
jetty; wharf
y lanfa = the wharf
Y Lanfa street in Trefechan, Aberystwyth (county of
Ceredigion)
2 Glanfa Arw street name,
Tal-y-cafn, Baecolwyn (county of Conwy)
(“rough landing place”) (though perhaps Y Lanfa Arw would be expected;
as it stands, it suggests “Arw’s landing place”, that of somebody called Arw)
3 (aeronautics) airfield, airstrip
ETYMOLOGY: (glan- stem of glannu = to land) + (-fa
noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)
:_______________________________.
Glanffrwd <glan-FRUUD>
[glanˡfruːd] (masculine
noun)
1 the bardic name of William Thomas (1843-1890)
See Clic y Bont (a group of poets and musicians from Pont-y-pridd)
:_______________________________.
Glanhafan <glan-HAA-van>
[glanˡhɑˑvan]
1 street name in Solfach (Sir Benfro)
ETYMOLOGY: glan yr hafan “(the) side (of) the port”
:_______________________________.
glanháu <glan-HAI>
[glanˡhaɪ] (verb)
(North) llnau or cnau
(South) clau or cnau
1 to clean
2 yr adran lanháu ( local
council) the cleansing department
3 (North-east Wales) cnau afal
peel an apple
ETYMOLOGY: (glân = clean) + (-háu suffix
for forming verbs from adjectives)
:_______________________________.
glanhedydd <glan-HEE-didh>
[glanˡheˑdɪð] masculine noun
PLURAL glanedyddion <glan-e-DƏDH-yon> [glanɛˡdəðjɔn]
1 detergent
ETYMOLOGY: (glanhâd = cleaning) + (-ydd suffix for forming nouns)
> “glanhad-ydd” > glanhedydd (a > e through vowel
affection)
:_______________________________.
glaniad <GLAN-yad>
[ˡglanjad] masculine noun
PLURAL glaniadau <glan-YAA-dai,
-de> [glanˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 landing = reaching land (boat)
2 landing = coming down to earth
(plane, etc)
3 bol-laniad pancake landing
(bol = belly) + soft mutation + (glaniad = landing)
ETYMOLOGY: (glan-, stem of glanio = to land) + (-iad =
suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
Y Glaniad <ə GLAN-yad> [ə ˡglanjad] masculine noun
1 (Patagonian Welsh) landing of the
first Welsh contingent in Patagonia 28 July 1865
2 (Patagonian Welsh) Gwyl y
Glaniad <GUIL ə GLAN-yad> [guil ə ˡglanjad]
celebration marking the anniversary of
the landing of the first Welsh pioneers in Porth Madryn, Patagonia (28 July
1865) (“festival (of) the landing”).
In recent years, it has also been celebrated in Y Bala on this date by the
Patagonian Welsh who are living in Wales.
:_______________________________.
glanio <GLAN-yo> [ˡglanjɔ] (verb)
1 (boat) to land, come to shore;
2 (airplane) to land
llain lanio airstrip
:_______________________________.
Glan-llyn <glan-LHIN> [glanˡɬɪn]
1 place name
ETYMOLOGY: glan y llyn “bank / edge / side of the lake; lake side”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (y definite article) + (llyn =
lake)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: glan y
llyn > glan llyn
NOTE: See also Glan-y-llyn
:_______________________________.
Glannau Mersi <gla-nai, -ne, MER-si> [glanaɪ, -ɛ, ˡmɛrsɪ] (feminine noun)
1 Merseyside, the region of Liverpool
:_______________________________.
Glanrafon <glan-RAA-VON> [glan ˡrɑˑvɔn]
1 house name, street name
..a/ SH4370 a house and a farm by Llangaffo (Ynys Môn)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/852943
ETYMOLOGY: glan ’r afon < glan yr afon “bank / edge / side of
the river”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (yr definite article) + (afon =
river)
See Glanyrafon
:_______________________________.
Glan-rhyd <glan-HRIID> [glan ˡhriːd]
1 house name, street name
2 name of a district of Ystradgynlais SN7808
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/918766 Pont Glan-rhyd /
the bridge at Glan-rhyd
ETYMOLOGY: glan y rhyd “bank / edge / side of the ford, ford side”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (y definite article) + (rhyd =
ford)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted glan y rhyd
> glan rhyd
:_______________________________.
glansarn <GLAN-sarn> [ˡglansarn] (f)
PLURAL: glansarnau <glan-SARN-ai, -e> [glanˡsarnaɪ, -ɛ]
1 wharf
ETYMOLOGY: Nineteenth-century coining, not in current use
“landing causeway”
(glan- stem of the verb glanio = to land) + (sarn =
causeway)
:_______________________________.
Glantwymyn <glan-TUIM-in> [glanˡtʊɪmin]
1 SH8204 A village in Powys. Called
Cemmaes Road by the English, from the name of a former railway station in this
village.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/214840
ETYMOLOGY: glan Twymyn “(the) bank (of) (the) Twymyn (stream)”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (Twymyn)
:_______________________________.
glanwedd <GLAN-wedh> [ˡglanwɛð] adjective
South Wales
1 beautiful
merch lanwedd a beautiful girl
2 pure, clean
ETYMOLOGY: (glân = beautiful; pure; clean) + soft mutation + (gwedd
= aspect)
:_______________________________.
Glan-wern <glan-WERN> [glanˡwɛrn]
1 street name in Porthtywyn / Burry Port
(county of Caerfyrddin / Carmarthen)
(spelt as “Glanwern”)
2 village between Ffynnon-taf and
Nantgarw (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: glan y wern “bank / edge / side of the boggy place / alder
marsh”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (y definite article) + soft mutation +
(gwern = alder marsh)
NOTE: In place names a linking definite article is often omitted: glan y
wern > glan wern
:_______________________________.
Glan-y-don <glan-ə-DON> [glanəˡdɔn]
1 village SJ1679 in the county of Y
Fflint
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1679 map
(delwedd 7441)
ETYMOLOGY: glan y don “shore / edge / side / brink (of) the) sea”; “sea
side”
(glan = shore / edge / side / brink; bank, riverbank) + (y definite
article) + soft mutation + (ton = sea; wave)
:_______________________________.
Glan-y-llyn <glan-ə-LHIN> [glanəˡɬɪn]
1 place name (lake side)
2 village between Ffynnon-taf and
Nantgarw (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: glan y llyn “(the) bank / edge / side (of) the lake”; “lake
side”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (y definite article) + (llyn =
lake)
NOTE: See also Glan-llyn
:_______________________________.
glan y môr <glan ə MOOR> [glanəˡmoːr] (masculine noun)
1 seaside
:_______________________________.
Glan-y-môr <glan-ə-MOOR> [glanəˡmoːr] (feminine noun)
place name (sea side)
Also as Glan-môr <glan-MOOR> [glanˡmoːr] , with the loss of the linking definite article
:_______________________________.
Glanyrafon <glan-ər-AA-VON> [glan ər ˡɑˑvɔn]
1 house name, street name
ETYMOLOGY: glan yr afon “bank / edge / side of the river”
(glan = bank, riverbank) + (yr definite article) + (afon =
river)
NOTE: Also as Glan’rafon / Glanrafon, Glanafon
:_______________________________.
glas <GLAAS> [glɑːs] adjective
PLURAL gleision <GLEI-shon> [ˡgləɪʃɔn]
1 blue = fifth colour in the rainbow
2 blue = colour of the sky; yr
awyr las the blue sky; mor las â’r awyr as blue as the sky;
3 blue = colour of the sea,
greyish-green; mor las â’r môr as blue as the sea
4 (person’s skin) blue, grey = pallid
from fear or cold; blue from bruising
curo rhywun nes ei fod yn las drosto
beat someone black and blue
(“beat someone until he is blue all over”)
5 green = the colour of foliage or
green plants; mor lased â’r cennin (“as green as the leeks”)
Especially place names:
WOODLAND:
Coed Glas / Glasgoed = green wood
HILLS, HOLLOWS, VALLEYS
Bryn Glas “green hill”,
Glasbant “green hollow”,
glasfre green hill in obsolete Maesglasfre, now Maesglasau in
Gwynedd
Glasfryn “green hill”,
glasfynydd “green upland”, name of a forest by Trecastell, Powys (Coedwig
Glasfynydd)
Mynydd-glas (“Mynydd Glas). street name in Garndolbenmaen, Gwynedd
Pant Glas “green hollow”,
Pen Twyn Glas “summit of Twyn Glas”, name of one of the hills (Bannau
Brycheiniog) in Powys. Twyn Glas = green hill
6 (animal) grey, greyish, whitish;
buwch las = grey cow;
ceffyl glas grey horse
crêyr glas, crychydd glas grey heron
7 green = mild, snowfree;
gaeaf glas, mynwent fras = a mild winter fills the graveyards (“green
winter, fat graveyard”)
NOTE: [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
grien winter : a warm winter, without much frost or snow]
8 (dawn) grey, dark, gloomy;
o fore glas tan nos = from dawn to dusk (“from grey morning until
night”)
9 (coinage) silver = made of silver;
made of an alloy but silver in colour, of a greyish-white colour;
arian gleision = silver coins, coins the colour of silver;
chwech las (before 1971) silver sixpence, sixpence the colour of silver
swllt las (before 1971) silver shilling, shilling the colour of silver
10 green = young, inexperienced,
immature; glaslanc youth, adolescent; (“green youth”) (glas) +
soft mutation + (llanc = young man, adolescent). Cf the English
expression “a green youth”
11 (North Wales) intensifier:
denotes extremity in certain expressions: eg extreme lateness, uncontrolled
anger, best effort;
Mae’n hwyr las It’s very late (“it’s blue late”)
ceisio eich gorau glas try one’s very best (“try your blue best”)
mynd o’ch co’ las explode, flip, lose one’s temper completely (“go out
of your blue mind”)
drapit las! bugger it! damn! (swearword + “blue”)
cenau glas out and out scoundrel, complete rogue, incorrigible rogue
12 (county of Gwynedd) fit, tough,
able to face the world
un glas ydi o he’s resilient
13 blue, the colour used by the
English Conservative Party to represent itself (Cf Plaid Cymru - gwyrdd
/ green, English Labour Party coch / red, English Liberal Democrat Party
oren / orange)
Roedd e’n gwisgo tei las y Gymdeithas Geidwadol leol
He was wearing the blue tie of the local Conservative Association
14 (birds) blue titw tomos las
= blue tit (“blue Thomas tit”)
15 (food, drink) fresh
bwyd glas (obsolete) fresh food
glasfedd (obsolete) fresh mead (medd = mead)
16 weak, feeble, faint;
glas gof vague memory, vague recollection,
glas groeso cool reception, unenthusiastic welcome
17 gwyrddlas (qv) green,
greenish;
cae gwyrddlas green field
(gwyrdd = green) + soft mutation + (glas = green)
18 glaschwerthin give a forced
laugh
19 llygatlas blue-eyed
merch lygatlas blue-eyed girl
20 bod yn las gan genfigen be
green with envy
21 place names:
..a/ Dalar-las street name in
….a/ Glanconwy, Baecolwyn (county of Conwy) (“Dalar Las”)
….b/ Llanfachreth, Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd) (“Dalar Las”)
y dalar las (“the green headland
/ cross-ridge [in a ploughed field]”)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (talar = cross-ridge) +
soft mutation + (glas = green)
..b/ Maes-glas house name, street name
“y maes glas” = the green field (y definite article) + (maes =
field) + (glas = green)
..c/ Pant Glas (natural feature) / Pant-glas (settlement name)
“y pant glas” = the green hollow (y definite article) + (pant =
hollow) + (glas = green)
22 corn glas (Ajuga reptans) bugle - a ground
cover plant
(reptans = creeping). The flowers resemble tiny horns or bugles
and are tightly ranged along stalks four inches to six inches tall.
Ajuga is the name given by the Swedish botanist Linnaeus
ans means ‘without a yoke’ because the sepals surrounding the buds of this
plant are not connected.
‘blue horn’ (corn = horn) + (glas = blue)
Corn-glas name of a street in Y Barri (Bro Morgannwg)
(spelt as ‘Corn Glas’)
(delwedd 7013)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *glast- < Celtic
From the same British root: Breton glas, Cornish glas
From the same Celtic root: Irish glas, Scottish glas
All have the same basic meaning of both ‘green’ and ‘blue’
:_______________________________.
glas <GLAAS> [glɑːs] masculine noun
PLURAL: gleision <GLEI-shon> [ˡgləɪʃɔn]
1 blue = the colour blue; something blue
in colour
glas yr awyr sky-blue colour
glas Prwsia Prussian blue
glas ewin top of the fingernail or toenail (“(the) blue (of) (the) nail)
2 (vegetation) green = the colour
green; something green in colour
3 grey = the colour grey; something
grey in colour
glas y wawr the grey of dawn
glas y bore the grey light of dawn
Cyrhaeddasom yno erbyn glâs y bore we reached there at dawn
4 blue bird; glas y dorlan (qv) Alcedo atthis
kingfisher (“(the) blue one (of) the (eroded) bank”)
North Wales glas dwl blue tit Parus caeruleus (“silly blue
one, daft blue one”)
5 plant with a blue flower;
glas yr heli (qv) Glaux maritima Sea-milkwort (“(the) blue one
(of) the brine”)
glas y graean Echium vulgare Viper’s-bugloss (“(the) blue one
(of) the gravel”)
In plant names, also the diminutive form glesyn (qv)
6 glas y llwyn (Hyacinthoides non-scripta)
bluebell
“(the) blue [plant] (of) the wood”
(glas = blue [plant]) + (y = the) + (llwyn
= wood)
There is a street in Y Barri (Bro Morgannwg) called Glas-y-llwyn
(spelt ‘Glas y Llwyn’)
(delwedd 7910)
6 blue = blue uniform
Pan oeddwn yn Sain Tathan fel glaslanc yn gwisgo glas y Llu Awyr
When I was in (the airbase at) Sain Tathan wearing the blue of the Air Force
7 (slang)
(a) singular: policeman; (American: a cop) (Englandic: a copper, a rozzer);
(b) plural: police (American: the cops) (Englandic: the coppers, the rozzers,
the fuzz, the bill)
See: glas y dorlan
8 fresher or freshman, new student at a
university or college;
wythnos y glas freshers’ week, the first week of a university year when
stands of university clubs and associations offer information about themselves
and special social events are organised for ‘freshers’ (new students). Also ffair
y glas (“(the) fair (of) the fresher”)
9 pallor
obsolete Y Glas = Death
10 greenery, green vegetation
11 a green, pastureland
It is found in the name of some streets in Caer-dydd
Glas Efail (= glas yr efail) (“(the) green (of) the smithy”)
Glas Canol (= y glas canol) “((the) middle green”)
Glas Ifor (“(the) green (of) Ifor”, Ifor’s green)
ETYMOLOGY: see glas adjective
:_______________________________.
glas (m) <GLAAS> [glɑːs] (masculine noun)
1 (in place names) stream
Dulas black stream
Also in camlas (qv) canal
ETYMOLOGY: A variant of glais (= stream)
Irish has glas (f) (= stream), glaise (f) (= stream)
:_______________________________.
glàs, glasiau / glasus <GLAS, GLAS ye / GLA
sis> (masculine noun)
1 (colloquial) glass (for water, milk, beer, etc)
:_______________________________.
glasaid, glaseidiau <GLA sed, gla SEID ye> (masculine noun)
1 lassful; glasaid o gwrw = a glass of beer
:_______________________________.
..1 glasbant <GLA spant> (masculine noun)
1 green hollow
2 (place name) Y Glasbant
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = green; young) + soft mutation + (pant =
hollow)
:_______________________________.
..2 glasbant <gla-spant> feminine noun
1 colloquial form of gwylmabsant = parish feast, parish
festival, parish wake
:_______________________________.
glasbren, glasbrennau <GLA spren, gla SPRE ne>
(masculine noun)
1 sapling
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = green; young, immature) + soft mutation + (pren
= tree)
:_______________________________.
Y Glasbridd <GLAS-bridh>
1 The Welsh name for the Blue Earth Welsh Settlement in Minnesota
(This is the name we have used to refer to the settlement in our section about
the settlement in this website, by translating the English name into Welsh.
There is however no evidence that it was so called by the settlers).
The English name is a translation of the Dakota name for a place in the area
where blue clay was gathered. The Dakota name survives in the town name Mankato,
though a ‘n’ has crept into the name – possibly from a misspelling on a map
(Makato would have been expected)
(Find via Google, by typing in kimkat,
Glasbridd, our section based on the book “History of the Welsh in
Minnesota, Foreston and Lime Springs, Iowa, gathered by the Old Settlers”.
Edited by the Reverends Thomas E. Hughes and David Edwards, and Messrs. Hugh G.
Roberts and Thomas Hughes. 1895)
(delwedd 6545)
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = blue ) + soft
mutation + (pridd = earth)
The word occurs as a headword in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru, though no examples
are given, and it is explained simply as a compound of glas and pridd.
:_______________________________.
Y Glasbwll <gla-spulh>
1 (SN7397) locality by Machynllaith / Machynlleth (district of
Maldwyn, county of Powys)
2 Apparently an old name for Plastwrtwn in Caer-dydd
John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911):
..a/ GLASSPOOL, "Glaspole" (probably from Welsh pwll glas, green
pool.) Another name for the little manor of Plas-Turton (1438.)
..b/ PLAS-TURTON (Turton's mansion.) An ancient mansion, afterwards a
farmhouse, which was the capital messuage of an inferior manor bearing that
name, in the hamlet of Canton, on the right or west bank of the river Taff
(1596.) The farmhouse stood on the west side of Cathedral Road, and was
demolished 1895. Plasturton Avenue perpetuates the name. One or two of the
documents of the 16th century call it "Place Tiverton." In 1587 it
was described as the "manor or lordship of Glaspull alias Tiverton, "
and in the following century as "Placestourton otherwise Glasspoole."
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = blue ) + soft mutation + (pwll = pool)
:_______________________________.
Glascoed <glas-goid>
1 incorrect spelling found on English-language maps for (Y) Glasgoed
“the green wood”
(y definite article) + (glas = green) + soft mutation + (coed
= wood)
(The lack of the soft mutation in the spelling is an error; the pronunciation
unaffected by the influence of this poor spelling would undoubtedly have been Glasgoed
in every case where this name occurs.)
:_______________________________.
glasddu <glas-dhi> adjective
1 bluish-black, blue-black
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = blue ) + soft mutation + (du = black)
NOTE: Also glas-ddu <glas-dhii>
:_______________________________.
glasdduo < glas-dhii-o>
(South-west Wales)
1 make dark blue / blue-black
2 go dark blue / blue-black
glasdduo’r gyda’r oerfel go blue with cold
ETYMOLOGY: (glasddu = dark blue / blue-black) + (-o suffix for
forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
glasfryn <GLAS-vrin> [ˡglasvrɪn] (m)
1 green hill
2 Y Glasfryn
a) locality by Corwen (county of Dinbych, formerly in the now extinct county of
Meirionnydd) SH9150
b) locality in the parish of Llangybi, near Pwllheli, Gwynedd
Llyn Glasfryn the lake at Glasfryn
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = green) + soft mutation + (bryn = hill)
:_______________________________.
Y Glasgoed <GLAS-goid> [ˡglasgɔɪd]
1 y glasgoed “the green wood”
..a/ SN3349 farm in Ceredigion, near Rhydlewis
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN3349 map (“Glasgoed”)
..b/ SH0073 village in Sir Ddinbych
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH9973 map (“Glascoed”)
..c/ SJ2754 village in the county of Wrecsam
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2754 map (“Glascoed”)
..d/ SO0888 area in Powys near Mochdre
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0888 map (“Glascoed”)
..e/ SO3301 village in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/280362 map (“Glascoed”)
ETYMOLOGY: y glasgoed (y definite article) + (glas =
green) + soft mutation + (coed = wood)
NOTE: On English-language maps sometimes misspelt “Glascoed”
NOTE: One might expect the local pronunciation Y Glasgo’d <GLAS-god> [ˡglasgɔd] in most if not all of these places. In colloquial
Welsh the diphthong oe in a final syllable is reduced to the simple
vowel o, a characteristic most noticeable in the plural suffix –oedd
/ -o’dd
:_______________________________.
glasied / glasiad <GLAS-yed / GLAS-yad> [ˡglasjɛd / glasjad] (masculine noun)
1 see glasaid
:_______________________________.
glaslancaidd <glas-LANG-kaidh> [glasˡlaŋkaɪð] adjective
1 teenage, adolescent
ETYMOLOGY: (glaslanc = adolescent) + (-aidd suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
glaslyn <GLAS-lin> [ˡglaslɪn] (m)
1 green pool
2 Afon Glaslyn SH5941 river in
Gwynedd
3 Glaslyn SN8294 lake in Powys, near
Dylife
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/56849
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = blue ) + soft mutation + (llyn = pool)
:_______________________________.
glastir <GLAS-tir> [ˡglastɪr] m
PLURAL glastiroedd <glas-TII-roidh, -odh> [glasˡtiˑrɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 green land
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = green) + soft mutation + (-tir = land) > *glasdir
> glastir (s-d > s-t)
:_______________________________.
glastwr <GLAS-tir> [ˡglastʊr] m
1 milk and water; drunk as a thirst-quencher in the summer
Glasdwr - Yn hytrach nag yfed llaeth enwyn fel yr oedd,ychwanegid
dw^r ato. Byddai'n amgenach i dorri syched, medde nhw, ar gynhaeaf gwair poeth.
Rhyw hanner a hanner fyddai o laeth a dw^r. Yr oedd yn llai tebygol i'r yfwr
beidio mynd i deimlo'n llawn a thrymllyd nag wrth yfed llaeth enwyn heb ddw^r
arno. / t6 / Y Bwrdd Bwyd yn Ysbyty Ifan / Llafar Gwlad / Gwanwyn 1990 / Rhif
27
[ Glastwr - rather than drinking buttermilk as it was,
water was added to it. It was better for quenching one’s thirst, it was said,
during a hot hay harvest. It would be around half milk and half water. It was
less likely for the drinker to get to feel full and heavy than with drinking
buttermilk without water on it. ]
glastwr - diod o ddw^r wedi ei lasu â llaeth
glastwr - a drink of water with milk added [‘made blue
with milk’]
glastwr llaeth
glastwr llefrith
ETYMOLOGY: ‘blue water’ glastwr < *glasddwr
(glas = blue) + soft mutation + (dw^r = water) (a::)
NOTE: [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
glaster : a mixture of buttermilk and water ]
NOTE: glasdwr is a misspelling.
:_______________________________.
glastwraidd <glas-TUR-aidh-, -edh> [glasˡtuˑraɪð, -rɛð] (adj)
1 watered down, watery, weak, wishy-washy
Maent yn gweld argymhellion y llywodraeth yn rhy
lastwraidd
They consider the government’s proposals to be too weak
ETYMOLOGY: (glastwr = buttermilk and water) + (-aidd suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
glastwreiddio <GLAS-tir>
[glastʊˡrəɪðjɔ] (v)
1 water down ENG-Z
2 make poorer (a language, through interfernce by another)
A bydd [helcyd plant i'r ysgol i drefi mawrion] yn glastwreiddio'r iaith
Faner 14 12 90
And sending children to school in the large towns will
make their Welsh less robust (‘water down the language’)
glastwreiddio ein diwylliant make our culture less Welsh (‘water down our culture’)
ETYMOLOGY: (glastwraidd, glastwréidd- = weak) + (-i-o suffix for
forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
glastwr llaeth
<GLAS-tir> [glastʊr ˡɬaɪθ] m
1 (Maldwyn, Meirion) buttermilk and water - a drink of
water with buttermilk and oatmeal added
:_______________________________.
glastwr llefrith
<GLAS-tir> [glastʊr ˡɬɛvrɪθ] m
1 (North Wales) buttermilk and water - a drink of water
with buttermilk and oatmeal added
:_______________________________.
glàs <GLAS > [glas]
m
1 mirror, looking glass
ETYMOLOGY: English (looking) glass
:_______________________________.
glàs tywydd <glas Təə widh> [glas ˡtəwɪð] m
1 weatherglass, barometer
ETYMOLOGY: A calque on English weatherglass: (glàs = glass) + (tywydd
= weather)
:_______________________________.
glaswelltyn, glaswellt <glas-WELH-tin,
GLAS-welht> [glasˡwɛɬtɪn, ˡglaswɛɬt] (masculine noun)
1 blade of glass; glaswellt = grass
2 Na cherddwch ar y glaswellt Keep off the grass (“Do not
walk on the grass”) This is a more genuine form than:
Cadwch oddi ar y glaswellt Keep off the grass (“Keep from on the grass”)
(A literal translation of the English sentence)
3 llain laswellt, lleiniau glaswellt grass verge, a strip of grass on the
side of a road between the road surface and a pavement, a ditch, a wall, a
fence, etc (“strip (of) grass”)
y glaswellt ar ymyl y ffordd verge grass, the roadside verge, the grass
verge (“the grass on the side of the road”)
glaswellt ymylon ffyrdd verge grass, roadside verges (“grass (of) sides
(of) roads”)
:_______________________________.
glaswyrdd <GLAS-wirdh> [ˡglasˡwɪrð] adjective
PLURAL glaswyrddion <glas-WƏRDH-yon> [glasˡwərðjɔn]
1 aquamarine = blue tinged with green
ETYMOLOGY: “blue green, green which is bluish” (glas = blue) + soft
mutation + (gwyrdd = green)
:_______________________________.
glas y dorlan <GLAAS ə DOR-lan> [ˡglɑːs ə ˡdɔrlan] masculine noun
PLURAL glasiau’r dorlan <GLAS-jair / GLA-sher DOR-lan> [ˡglasjaɪr / ˡglaʃɛr ˡdɔrlan]
1 Alcedo atthis = kingfisher
(“(the) blue (bird) (of) the (eroded) bank
2 Glas y Dorlan The name of a
comedy series about a policeman on Welsh-language TV in the eighties and
nineties; a pun on glas since in slang it is also “policeman, police”,
and “Y Dorlan” is a common minor place name; thus both “kingfisher” and (“(the)
policeman (of) Y Dorlan”)
:_______________________________.
glasynys <glas-Ə-nis> [glasˡənɪs]
1 green island
2 green meadow
3 Glasynys house name in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion)
(in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of
Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)
4 Y Lasynys (SH5932) locality in the district of Meirionnydd
(county of Gwynedd)
“y lasynys” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (glasynys =
green island; green meadow)
ETYMOLOGY: (glas = green) + (ynys = island; meadow)
:_______________________________.
glaw <GLAU> [glaʊ] (masculine noun)
1 rain
Mae golwg glaw arni It looks like rain (“there is appearance (of) rain
on it”)
2 bwrw glaw <BUU-ru GLAU> [ˡbuˑrʊ ˡglaʊ] (verb) to rain (“to
throw rain”)
3 glaw mân <glau MAAN> [glaʊ ˡmɑːn] drizzle (“fine rain”)
4 eirlaw <EIR-lau> [ˡəɪrlaʊ] (masculine noun)
sleet
5 Fuwch fach gota – glaw neu hindda?
Os daw glaw, cwympa o’m llaw;
Os daw haul, hedfana!
(Weather lore)
Ladybird – rain or fine weather?
If rain will come, fall from my hand
If sun will come, fly!
6 esgidiau glaw botes de goma rubber boots,
wellingtons
7 fel iâr ar y glaw crestfallen, down in the dumps, dejected,
downhearted (“like a hen in the rain”)
rhedeg o’r glaw dan ffrwd y pistyll (“run [out of] the rain [and
go] under [the] shoot [of] the waterfall”) jump out of the frying pan into the
fire
mynd dan y pistyll i ochel y glaw (“go under [the] shoot [of] the
waterfall to avoid the rain”) jump out of the frying pan into the fire
:_______________________________.
glawio <GLAU-yo> [ˡglaʊjɔ] (verb)
1 (North Wales) to rain
:_______________________________.
glawog <GLAU-og> [ˡglaʊɔg] adjective
1 rainy
2 gosod ychydig o’r neilltu ar
gyfer tymor glawog save a little for a rainy day (“put a bit aside for a
rainy season”)
rhoi tipyn heibio at ddiwrnod glawog put something by for a rainy day
(save money for difficult times in the future)
Also: rhoi tipyn o’r neilltu at ddiwrnod glawog
Also: rhoi tipyn o’r naill du at ddiwrnod glawog
ETYMOLOGY: (glaw = rain) + (-og suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
gleien <GLEI-en> [ˡgləɪɛn] feminine noun
1 soft-mutated form (c > g) of cleien (qv) (= clayey soil)
y gleien the clayey soil
Heol Gleien (= heol y gleien, apparently “the street of the
clayey soil”, or “road (of) (the farm called) Y Gleien” (I have no history of the name to hand 2004-07-29, so this
may not be the correct interpretation)
This is the name of a street in Cwm-twrch Isaf (county of Powys)
:_______________________________.
gleindorch <GLEIN-dorkh> [ˡgləɪndɔx] f
PLURAL gleindorchau <glein-DOR-khai, -e> [gləɪnˡdɔrxaɪ, -ɛ]
1 necklace, string of beads
ETYMOLOGY: (glein-, penult syllable form of glain = bead) + soft
mutation + (torch = torque, necklace)
:_______________________________.
gleiniau <GLEIN-yai, -e> [ˡgləɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 plural de glain (= bead)
:_______________________________.
gleinwaith <GLEIN-waith> [ˡgləɪnwaɪθ] (m)
1 beadwork
ETYMOLOGY: (glein-, penult syllable form of glain = bead) + soft
mutation + (gwaith = work)
:_______________________________.
gleisiad <GLEI-shad> [ˡgləɪʃad] masculine noun
PLURAL gleisiadau <glei-SHAA-dai, -e> [gləɪˡʃɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 salmon, young salmon, salmon in its
first year
Nantygleisiad street name in Rhesolfen, (county of Castell-nedd ac
Aberafan)
nant y gleisiad = (“(the) stream (of) the salmon”)
ETYMOLOGY: glas (= blue) + (-iad suffix to indicate a person); a
> ei through the influence of the i in the last syllable
(vowel affection). In its first year a salmon has a bluish back
NOTE: Also a diminutive form: gleisedyn <glei-SHEE-din> [gləɪˡʃeˑdɪn]
:_______________________________.
gleision <GLEI-shon> [ˡgləɪʃɔn]
1 plural form oof the adjective glas (=
blue; also green, gray) or the noun glas or glesyn (= blue one –
in names of flowers, insects, birds, etc)
2 (noun) y Gleision the Blues
= people wearing this colour of clothes (e.g. a football team)
3 (noun) whey = milk serum, watery
liquid remaining in cheese-making after the formation of curd
ETYMOLOGY: glas + plural suffix -ion ; the ‘i’ of the suffix
causes vowel affection a > ei
:_______________________________.
glendid <GLEN-did> [ˡglɛndɪd] (masculine noun)
1 beauty
2 cleanliness
hylendid <hə-GLEN-did> [həˡlɛndɪd] m
(hy- =
intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (glendid
= cleanliness)
3 cleanness
:_______________________________.
Glenwyn <GLEN-win> [ˡglɛnwɪn] masculine noun
1 man's name
ETYMOLOGY: ‘pure, good, honest, sincere’ (glân = pure, good, honest,
sincere) + (-wyn suffix used for forming male names; in fact, the soft-mutated
form of gwyn = white; pure) > *glanwyn > glenwyn
There is vowel affection a > e through the influence of the y in
the final syllable
Cf the adjective berwyn (= white-peaked) < barwyn (bar =
peak) + soft mutation + (gwyn = white)
Example: Glenwyn
William Hughes – occurs 1901-1936 on Australian Electoral Rolls
NOTE: Outside Wales it seems to be a female name, and probably has a different
origin. Possibly a place name or a surname.
In place names:
There is a Glenwyn Drive in Littlestown, Pennsylvania.
There is a place called Glenwyn by
Grahamstown, Cape Province, South Africa.
:_______________________________.
Glenys <GLEE-nis> [ˡgleˑnɪs] feminine noun)
1 woman’s name
ETYMOLOGY: glân (= beautiful) + (-ys suffix used in forming
names)
Vowel change a > e under the influence of final y
(vowel affection)
:_______________________________.
Glès <GLES> [glɛs] (f)
1 short form for the female name Glesni
ETYMOLOGY: First syllable of Glesni. Short forms of names are often made using
the first syllable (Gwenllian > Gwen, etc)
NOTE: As the vowel ‘e’ in a monosyllable ending in s is in a long vowel
environment, an unmarked ‘e’ would suggest that it is long (lles <LHEES> [ɬeːs] = benefit, mes
<MEES> [meːs] = acorns, etc).
Strictly speaking, the vowel would be marked with a grave accent to show that
it is short, hence Glès, though it is more likely to be found written as
Gles, ignoring this spelling rule.
:_______________________________.
glesni <GLES-ni> [ˡglɛsnɪ] masculine noun
1 blueness
2 (vegetation) greenness
glesni’r dail the greenness of the leaves
ETYMOLOGY: glas (= blue, green) + (-ni suffix for forming
abstract nouns). Vowel change a > e under the influence of
final i (vowel affection)
:_______________________________.
Glesni <GLES-ni> [ˡglɛsnɪ] feminine noun
1 woman's name
The short form is Glès (q.v.), though usually written (not entirely
correctly) as Gles, with no accent.
ETYMOLOGY: “greenness, verdure; youthfulness” See preceding entry
:_______________________________.
gleua hi! <GLEI-a hii> [ˡgləɪa hɪ] verb
1 beat it! get lost! Imperative form,
second person singular;
gleua hi (= g’leua hi!) < goleua hi! < ei goleuo
hi = to beat it, to get lost. See goleuo
:_______________________________.
gleuhaden <glei-HAA-den> [gləɪˡhɑˑdɛn] feminine noun
PLURAL gleuad <GLEI-ad> [ˡgləɪad]
1 dried cow dung, dried cow-pat = congealed
dung, round in shape (used formerly as a fuel);
(facetious name in English) meadow cake; English dialect word: sharn (= cow
dung)
y leuhaden the cow-pat
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
In the other British languages: Cornish glozenn (= a cow-pat), Breton glaouedenn
(= a cow-pat)
NOTE: Also: (1) gleuaden (= a cow-pat)
In North Wales gleuad (= cow-pats) > (2) gleuod (= cow-pats)
and (3) gluad (= cow-pats)
:_______________________________.
gleuo <GLEI-o> [ˡgləɪɔ] verb
1 (colloquial Welsh) illuminate,
enlighten, get light, etc
ETYMOLOGY: gleuo (g’leuo) < goleuo (qv).
A vowel in a pretonic syllable in combinations such as cVr, cVl, gVr, gVr is
often
:_______________________________.
glew <GLEU> [glɛʊ] (adjective)
1 brave
2 mor lew â llyffant
(Ceredigion) “as brave as a frog”
3 go lew (amount) appreciable,
sizable
tipyn go lew quite a number, quite a few, a good few (“a fairly bold
fragment of”)
tipyn go lew o (bethau) quite a number of (things), quite a few
(things), a good few (things)
:_______________________________.
Glitach <GLII-takh> [ˡgliˑtax]
1 local name for the village of Clydach
SN6801 in the county of Abertawe
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6801
NOTE: Clydach > Clidach (y in the tonic syllable > i
in the local dialect, a freqüent southern feature) > Clitach (devoicing
of g,b,d, which become c, p, t, at the head of the final syllable in
south-eastern Welsh)
NOTE: p. 445, Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952; the soft mutation
is explained as being the result of the name’s frequent occurrence in speech
after the prepositions i (= to) and o (= from), and the
soft-mutated form came to be regarded as the radical form
Hence Glitach < i Glitach (= to Clydach), o Glitach (=
from Clydach)
:_______________________________.
glo <GLOO> [gloː] (masculine noun)
1 coal
gwerthwr glo coal merchant
In coalfield districts, in some place names
Tai-lefel-lo, Rhymni, Caerffili tai’r lefel lo “(the) houses (of)
the coal level”
2 charcoal
Occurs in some place names
Cwm-y-glo, Gwynedd “(the) valley (of) the charcoal”
3 clap glo lump of coal
clap o lo lump of coal
4 malu glo mân yn glapiau try to do the impossible (“break
small lumps of coal into big lumps”)
5 gogr lo coal screen, frame for sifting coal to separate
large lumps from small lumps
6 Cae-glo form of cae’r glo with the loss of the
linking definite article; (the) field (of) the coal
It occurs as a street name in
..a/ Cefn-mawr (county of Wrecsam) (spelt as “Cae Glo”)
..b/ Wrecsam (spelt as “Cae Glo”)
(street names theoretically, if names of fields, are to be treated as habitation
names and written as a single unit)
7 shife lo a coal riddle (a coarse sieve)
shifo glo to riddle coal (to put into a coarse sieve)
:_______________________________.
glo brig <gloo-BRIIG> [gloː ˡbriːg] (m)
(South Wales)
1 outcrop coal = coal found in a seam
near the surface of the earth; to extract it, the material covering the coal
seam is removed, and the seam is quarried.
gwaith glo brig (Englandic: opencast mine) (USA: strip mine)
gweithio glo brig to strip-mine, to extract outcrop coal
codi glo brig to strip-mine, to extract outcrop coal
gweithiwr glo brig stripminer, opencast mineworker
2 outcrop coal = coal extracted from such a seam
3 an outcrop of coal
ETYMOLOGY: “coal (of) outcrop”, outcrop coal (glo = coal) + (brig
= outcrop)
:_______________________________.
gloddest <GLOO-dhest> [ˡgloˑðɛst] masculine noun
1 revelling
2 feast
3 feast = great quantity
gloddest o liw a feast of colour
Os oes digon o arian i'w sbario gennyt, pryna gymaint o botiau o flodau ag y
gelli di - mae'n bosibl creu gloddest o liw ar amrantiad ar y patio newydd
If you have enough money to spare, buy as many pots of flowers as you can -
it’s possible to create a feast of colour in an instant on the new patio
ETYMOLOGY: gloddest is probably from < *glwddest / *glw’ddest
< *glweddest < *gwleddest (gwledd = feast) + (-est
= suffix).
NOTE: North-west Wales: gloddast. In north-west Wales an <E> [ɛ] in a final syllable becomes <A> [a]
In the district of Arfon, Gwynedd, the form used is gwleddast, which
would seem to confirm the suggested etymology based on gwledd (= feast)
:_______________________________.
gloddesta <glo-DHE-sta> [glɔˡðɛsta] verb
1 carouse
2 gloddesta ar feast on, make
a meal of (i.e. of insects biting someone)
Bu cylion bach yn gloddesta arnaf gydol y nos yn y babell
Some small flies feasted on me all night in the tent
ETYMOLOGY: (gloddest = banquet, feast) + (-a suffix for forming
verbs, especially with the sense of collecting, hunting) :
:_______________________________.
gloddestwr <glo-DHEST-ur> [glɔˡðɛstʊr] masculine noun
PLURAL gloddestwyr <glo-DHEST-wir> [glɔˡðɛstwɪr]
1 reveller
Diarhebion 28:7 Y neb a gadwo y gyfraith, sydd fab deallus: ond y neb a
fyddo gydymaith i ond y loddestwyr, a gywilyddia ei dad.
Proverbs 28:7 Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son: but he that is a companion
of riotous men shameth his father.
2 greedyguts
3 cormorant (Llafar Gwlad 55, Gwanwyn 1997)
ETYMOLOGY: (gloddest-, stem of gloddesta = carouse; eat
voraciously) + (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
gloes PLURAL
gloesau, gloesion <GLOIS,
GLOI-sai, -e, GLOIS-yon> [glɔɪs, ˡglɔɪsaɪ, -ɛ, ˡglɔɪsjɔn] (feminine noun)
1 pain, pang, hurt
2 cael llawer o loes go through hell, really suffer (“have a lot of
hurt”)
NOTE: In south Wales as gloos <GLOOS> [gloːs]
See the entry oe (in the south in
monosyllables oe <OI> [ɔɪ]
is colloquially <OO> [oː] )
:_______________________________.
gloesygiad <glois-ƏG-yad> [glɔɪsˡəgjad] (m)
1 queasiness, nausea
ETYMOLOGY: (gloesyg- , stem of gloesygu = to faint) + (-iad
= suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
Y Glog <ə GLOOG> [ə ˡgloːg]
(1) Y Glog farm above Ynys-y-bŵl ST0593
Above it is Twyn y Glog, “(the) hill (by) (the farm called) Y Glog”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/993432 map, ffoto
Slater’s Commercial Directory 1880 notes the occupier as “Williams Mr. Thos.
Glog, Llanwonno” (= Mr. Thomas Williams, Y Glog, Llanwynno)
(2) Y Glog SN2132 locality in Llanfyrnach in the county of Penfro,
south-west Wales (sometimes given an English spelling “Glogue”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN2132
(3) Y Glog SJ0820 hill in Maldwyn (Powys), west of Llanfyllin
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0820 map
(4) Y Glog SO0985 hill in Maldwyn (Powys), by Dolfor. Height:
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO0985 map, ffoto
(5) Y Glog SN7974 hill above Cwmystwyth (Powys).
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/450251 map, ffoto
(delwedd 7083)
ETYMOLOGY: “the rock; the cliff”
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (clog = rock, precipice)
Welsh clog < British < Common Celtic.
Cf. Cornish klog (= precipice), Irish cloch (= stone)
:_______________________________.
glöwr, glowyr <GLOO-ur,-GLO-wir> [ˡgloˑʊr, ˡglɔwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 coalminer
:_______________________________.
glöyn byw, glöynnod byw <GLOO-in-BIU, glo-Ə-nod BIU> [ˡgloˑɪn ˡbɪʊ, glɔˡənɔd ˡbɪʊ]
(masculine noun)
1 butterfly
:_______________________________.
gloyw <GLOI-u> [glɔɪʊ]
PLURAL: gloywon
<GLOI-won> [ˡglɔɪwɔn]
1 clear
llynnoedd gloywon clear lakes
nant loyw a clear stream
2 bright as silver, silver-bright, sparkling bright
:_______________________________.
gloyw fel arian <GLOI-u vel AR-yan> [ˡglɔɪʊ vɛl ˡarjan]
1 as bright as silver, silver-bright,
sparkling bright
Cododd e bedol oddi ar yr heol, un loyw fel arian
He picked up a horseshoe from the road, one as bright as silver
:_______________________________.
gloyw fel swllt <GLOI-u vel SULHT > [ˡglɔɪʊ vɛl ˡsʊɬt]
1 as shiny as a shilling
Fe rwbiodd ei ’sgidiau â chlwtyn nes roeddynt yn loyw fel swllt
He rubbed his shoes with a cloth till they were as shiny as a shilling
:_______________________________.
glud <GLIID> [gliːd] masculine noun
PLURAL gludau <GLII-dai, -e> [ˡgliˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 glue = sticky, soluble substance used
to bind things together
ffroenwr glud glue sniffer
glud anifeiliaid animal glue, glue made from animal materials
glud llysiau vegetable glue, glue made from plant materials
pot glud glue pot
2 glue, cement = anything which acts as a means of binding together
Mae peth wmbreth o gymdeithasau a chlybiau yn y Gymru Gymraeg. Maent i gyd
yn rhan o’r glud sy’n ein cydio wrth ein gilydd
There’s a wealth of societies and clubs in Welsh-speaking Wales. They are all
part of the cement which binds us together
3 incil glud sticky tape (“tape (of) glue”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin glût- < glûs = glue;
cf Greek gloiós (= glue, sticky substance)
From the same Latin root: English glue < French glu = glue
(modern French also glu) < Latin glût- (as in English gluten,
from Latin)
From the same British root: Cornish glud (= glue), Breton glud (=
glue)
:_______________________________.
Y Gluder Fach <ə GLII-der
VAAKH> [ə ˡgliˑdɛr ˡvɑːx] (feminine noun)
1 mountain name (“the great pile”)
:_______________________________.
Y Gluder Fawr <ə GLII-der
VAUR> [ə ˡgliˑdɛr ˡvaʊr] (feminine noun)
1 mountain name (“the little pile”)
:_______________________________.
gludiogrwydd <glid-YOG-ruidh> [glɪdˡjɔgrʊɪð] masculine noun
1 stickiness
ETYMOLOGY: (gludiog = sticky) + (-rwydd suffix for forming
abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
glwcos <GLU-kos> [ˡglʊkɔs] (masculine noun)
1 glucose
:_______________________________.
glwth <GLUUTH> [gluːθ] adjective
1 ravenous, gluttonous, greedy
Diarhebion
Proverbs 23:20 Be not among winebibbers; among riotous eaters of flesh
'Na lwth am gwrw yw a (Tafarnau-bach) He’s a real beer swiller (“there’s
greedy for beer is he”)
2 (masculine noun) glutton, guzzler, greedy thing
Hael glwth ar dorth un arall A glutton is generous with the loaf of
somebody else, moderation goes out of the window when you eat at other people’s
expense
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin glutto (= glutton, overeater) <
glûtîre (= to swallow) < Indo-European *kel.
A related word was gula (= throat), from which French geule (=
mouth), English gullet.
From Indo-European > Germanic is German die Kehle (= throat)
NOTE: There is a diminutive form glythyn (glwth + yn, with vowel
change <u> [ʊ] > <ə> [ə] caused by the <i> [ɪ] in the suffix -yn)
:_______________________________.
Y Glwyd-goch <ə gluid
GOOKH> [ə glʊɪd ˡgoːx]
1 SN5162 farm south of Pennant, Ceredigion
(“the red gate”) (on the map spelt “Glwydgoch”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5162
ETYMOLOGY: (y definite article) +
soft mutation + (clwyd = gate) +
soft mutation + (coch = red)
:_______________________________.
glwys <GLUIS> [glʊɪs] adjective
PLURAL glwysion <GLUIS-yon> [ˡglʊɪsjɔn]
1 (obsolete) fair, beautiful, pleasant
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
NOTE: the plural adjective is used as a noun: glwysiaid
<GLUIS-yaid, -ed> [ˡglʊɪsjaɪd, -ɛd] (= fair ones; a literary word)
:_______________________________.
glwysen <GLUI-sen> [ˡglʊɪsɛn] feminine noun
1 (obsolete) fair maid
y lwysen the fair maid
ETYMOLOGY: (glwys = fair, pretty) + (-en suffix added to an
adjective to make a noun, usually referring to a woman)
:_______________________________.
glwysgoed <GLUIS-goid> [ˡglʊɪsgɔɪd] masculine noun
1 fair wood, pleasant wood
2 Glwysgoed house name in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion)
(in the list of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of
Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)
ETYMOLOGY: (glwys (obsolete) fair, beautiful, pleasant) + soft
mutation + (coed = wood)
:_______________________________.
g’lychfa <GLƏKH-va> [ˡgləxva]
1 a colloquial form of gwlychfa
= soaking, drenching
:_______________________________.
glyd <GLIID> [gliːd] adjective
1 Soft mutated form (c > g) of clyd
(= cosy, snug, sheltered)
Y Gilfach-glyd (“the cosy nook”) (farm in Ynys-y-bŵl, county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
(soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which follows a feminine
noun)
:_______________________________.
glyn, glynnoedd <GLIN, GLƏ-noidh, -odh> [glɪn, ˡglənɔɪð, -ɔð] (masculine noun)
1 valley
2 Bron-y-glyn house name in
Eastcote, Ruislip, Middlesex (in the list of members in “The Transactions of
the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1) (“Bron y Glyn”)
(“(the) hill (overlooking) the valley”) (bron = hill) + (y =
definite article) + (glyn = valley)
3 Ael-y-glyn house name
(“(the) hillcrest (overlooking) the valley”)
(ael = brow; hillcrest) + (y = definite article) + (glyn =
valley)
:_______________________________.
Y Glyn <ə glin
> masculine noun
1 “the Valley” – a short form of place names with glyn (=
valley)
(1) Y Glyn = Glyncywarch SH6034 locality in the district of
Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
(2) Y Glyn = Glyntarell
(3) Y Glyn = Glyn Cothi Lewys Glyn Cothi (poet, c. 1420 - 1490)
was also known as Lewys y Glyn
2 “the Valley” – for Glyn Cysgod Angau the valley of the shadow of death
rhodio ar hyd glyn
cysgod angau walk through the valley of death
Salmau 23: 4 Ie, pe rhodiwn ar hyd glyn cysgod angau, nid ofnaf niwed: canys yr wyt
ti gyda mi; dy wialen a’th ffon a’m cysurant.
Psalms 23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I
will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Gorweddai ar ei wely angau, ond er hyny ni lwfrhaodd. Gwynebodd y Glyn yn ddedwydd a
digyffro
He lay on his death bed, but in spite of that he didn’t lose heart. He faced
death (“the Valley”) cheerfully and calmly.
:_______________________________.
Glyn <GLIN> (masculine
noun)
1 man’s name (short for Glyndwr)
:_______________________________.
glyn cysgod angau
<glin kə –skod a-nge>
1 the valley of the shadow of death
rhodio ar hyd glyn cysgod
angau walk through the valley of death
Salmau 23: 4 Ie, pe rhodiwn ar hyd glyn cysgod angau, nid ofnaf niwed: canys yr wyt
ti gyda mi; dy wialen a’th ffon a’m cysurant.
Psalms 23:4 Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of
death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they
comfort me.
ETYMOLOGY: (glyn = valley, vale) + (cysgod = shadow) + (angau
= death)
:_______________________________.
Glyncywarch <glin kə-warkh >
1 SH6034 locality in the district of
Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
Short form: Y Glyn
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) valley (of the river) Cywarch’
(glyn = valley, vale) + (Cywarch = river name; the meaning is
‘hemp, cannabis’)
:_______________________________.
Y Glyn-du <ə glin dii
>
1 locality in Dyffryn Camwy (Patagonia)
ETYMOLOGY: “the black valley” (y = the) + (glyn = valley, vale) +
(du = black)
:_______________________________.
Glyn-dŵr <glin-duur> [glɪnˡduːr] masculine noun
Usually: Glyn Dŵr, also Glyndwr and Glyndŵr. Anglicised as Glendower
1 Owain Glyn-dŵr (qv), popular name
of Owain ap Gruffudd (1350-1416), leader of an uprising which lasted fifteen
years (1400-1415) against the English civilian and military occupation of Wales
2 tref Glyn-dŵr (qv) (“(the) town (of) Glyn-dŵr”) = Machynlleth, where Owain Glyn-dŵr established a parliament in the year 1406
3 Heol Glyn-dŵr
..a/ street in Trefynwy / Monmouth
(translation of “Glendower Street”)
..b/ street in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion)
..c/ street in Cwm-brân (county of Torfaen)
..d/ street in Coed-poeth (county of Wrecsam) (“Heol Glyndwr”)
..e/ street in Aber-gwaun (county of Wrecsam) (“Heol Glyndwr”)
..e/ street in Pont-iets (county of Caerfyrddin) (“Heol Glyndwr”)
4 Stryd Glyn-dŵr
..a/ street in Dolgellau (county of
Gwynedd) (“Stryd Glyndwr”)
5 Gwesty Owain Glyn-dŵr hotel in Corwen (county of Dinbych) (“Owain Glyndwr
Hotel”)
6 Llwybr Glyn-dŵr Glyn-dŵr’s Way, a long-distance footpath in Powys
(“Llwybr Glyndwr”)
7 Prifysgol Glyn-dŵr name of a university in Wrecsam (“Prifysgol Glyndwr”)
8 Gwrthryfel
Owain Glyn-dŵr Owain
Glyn-dŵr’s
Rebellion / Revolt
9 Ty^ Glyn-dŵr (“Tŷ Glyndwr”)
..a/ building in Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd) (“Tŷ Glyndwr”)
10 Glyn-dŵr house name
..a/ Llangrallo / Coychurch, Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr / Bridgend (“Glyndwr”)
DAVIES - FRANCIS. Sept 4th, at Hope
Baptist Church, Bridgend, by the Rev. W. H. JONES, B. A., and the Rev. David
LEWIS, D. W. LESLIE, eldest son of Mr. D. J. DAVIES, and the late Mrs. DAVIES,
"Dovery House", Sunnyside, Bridgend, to Megan Myfanwy, only daughter
of Mrs D. H. THOMAS, "Glyndwr",
Coychurch, and the late Mr John FRANCIS, Newport, Mon.
Western Mail
and South Wales News Thursday September 5th, 1935
ETYMOLOGY: Glyn-dŵr [glɪnˡduːr] is a form of the name Glyndyfrdwy [glɪnˡdəvrdʊɪ] (“(the) valley (of the river) Dyfrdwy”), the name of the
manor in the Dyfrdwy valley belonging to Owain ap Gruffudd.
Possibly (though unlikely) it is Glyn-y-dŵr, incorporating a
possible short form of the river name (“Y Dŵr” = the river / the water), first element of the name Dyfrdwy
(colloquially dŵr < dwfwr < dwfr).
In such names, in modern Welsh at least, the linking definite article is
omitted, thus Glyn-y-dŵr > Glyn-dŵr.
More likely it is a local pronunciation of Dyfrdwy
with the loss of the final syllable –dwy. A local pronunciation was (is?) Dowrdwy
<DOUR-dui> , hence
Glyndowrdwy > Glyn-dowr.
A better explanation would be if the vowel w was
here, rather than the diphthong ow
Glyndwrdwy > Glyn-dw^r
Such a change happens indeed in the south (but not in
the north)
dyfrgi (= otter) > dwrgi (South), dyrgi ( North)
dyfrháu (= to water, to irrigate) > dwrháu (South)
Whatever the explanation, dŵr in the epithet is a reduction of the river name Dyfrdwy.
HOW IS IT TO BE SPELT? Glyndwr / Glyndŵr / Glyn-dŵr / Glyn Dŵr?
The spelling Glyndwr seems to have been the usual one in the past in Welsh, but
it does not indicate that the last syllable is stressed [glin DUUR] [glɪnˡduːr]
As a forename, this spelling Glyndwr is correct, since in the forename
the stress has shifted to the first syllable <GLIN
dur> [ˡglɪndʊr]. The short form is Glyn <glin> [glɪn], and this has subsequently developed as a name in its own right.
(Glyn though might also be a forename taken from the surname Glyn (the surname
is spelt as Glynne in English))
Recently the spelling of the name as two words Glyn Dŵr has become popular,
and it has the advantage of suggesting that the second element – with its long
vowel indicated by a circumflex – bears the stress.
But surely the most logical spelling in modern Welsh is Glyn-dŵr? It thus conforms to the general rule for habitative place
names – a monosyllabic final element which bears the stress is indicated by a
hyphen, as in such names as Cae-glas, Glyn-coch, Maes-mawr, Dre-fach, etc.
Although a sub-rule states (unusually) that a hyphen is not necessary if the
monsyllabic element has vowel length indicated by a hyphen – hence Caersŵs instead of Caer-sŵs, in which case Glyndŵr would be the spelling.
ETYMOLOGY OF Dyfrdwy:
Glyndyfrdwy = (“(the) valley
(of the river) Dyfrdwy”) (glyn = valley) + (Dyfrdwy river name,
literally “water (of the) goddess”)
Dyfrdwy = “water / river of the goddess” Dyfrdwy < Dyfrdwyw
(dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + (dwyw = (the)
goddess)
The Roman name for Chester “Dêvâ” preserves the British name for the river.
..1/ In early Welsh case endings were lost
Dêvâ > Dêv-.
..2/ The final “v” <u> became Welsh “w”<u>
Dêv- > Dêw-. (Cf Latin Davidus > Welsh Dewi)
..3/ The vowel ê in early Welsh systematically became the diphthong wy
Dêw- > Dwyw.
..4/ Later, after the vowel “y”, the final <u>
was dropped
Dwyw > Dwy
This same change has happened in the verb ydyw (= is) > ydy
(Used colloquially in the north as ydi / ’di, showing a later
change of y > i)
:_______________________________.
Glyndyfrdwy <glin dəvr-dui>
1 (SJ1542) locality in the county of Dinbych, 6km west of
Llangollen;
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) valley (of the river) Dyfrdwy”)
(glyn = valley) + (Dyfrdwy river name, literally “water (of the)
goddess”)
See Glyn-dŵr
:_______________________________.
Glynebwy <gli NE bui> (feminine noun)
1 town in the south-east. English name: Ebbw Vale.
“valley (of the river) Ebwy”. The Welsh name is in fact a translation of the
English name.
The traditional Welsh name was Pen-cä (Pen-y-cae), still in use in the 1980s by
some Welsh-speakers born around
The English name Ebbw Vale preserves the local pronunciation of the river name Ebw
< Ebwy (the reduction of final wy > w is typical of southern
Welsh. Cf ofnadw (= terrible) < ofnadwy)
The double ‘b’ (Ebbw) is probably an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century
misspelling in Welsh rather than an ‘English’ spelling.
There is an Ebbw Vale Station in Australia – a railway station on the
Ipswich line in Brisbane.
:_______________________________.
glynen <glə-nen> feminine noun
PLURAL glynenni <glə-ne-ni>
(Usually glynyn qv)
1 sticky label, gummed label
y lynen the sticky label
ETYMOLOGY: (glyn- stem of glynu = to stick) + (-en
suffix added to nouns etc to make a noun from an adjective)
:_______________________________.
glynen <glə-nen> feminine noun
See c’lynnen (< celynnen = holly bush)
In the 1881 Census (Tywyn, District 3) David Davies (55) mariner is recorded as
living at Pantyglynnen (spelt as “Pant y Glynen”) (= hollow of the holly
bush)
:_______________________________.
Glyn-hir <glin
HIIR> [glɪn ˡhiːr]
1 name of a mansion, Llandybie
ETYMOLOGY: y glyn hir (“(the) long valley”). (glyn = valley) + (hir
= long)
:_______________________________.
Glyn Ieithon <glin
YEI thon> [glɪn ˡjəɪθɔn]
1 place name; valley of the river Ieithon
:_______________________________.
Glynis <GLƏ nis> [ˡglənɪs] (feminine noun)
1 woman’s name
:_______________________________.
Glyn Ogwr <glin OO gur> [glɪn ˡoˑgʊr]
1 valley in the south-east; ‘valley of
the river Ogwr’
:_______________________________.
Glyn Rhondda <glin HRON dha> (feminine noun)
1 valley in the south-east; ‘valley of the river Rhondda’
:_______________________________.
Glynrhedynnog <glin-hre-də-nog>
1 ST0096 village in the Rhondda Fach
valley. English name: Ferndale
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/696304
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims
to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every
square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: y glyn rhedynnog
(“(the) ferny valley”). (glyn = valley) + (rhedynnog = ferny, fern-covered
< rhedyn = ferns)
:_______________________________.
Glynrhymni <glin-hrəm-ni>
1 formerly, one of the two hamlets into
which the parish of Llanfabon was divided (the other being Garth), near
the town of Caerffili
2 ST1589 a district in
Bedwas, county of Caerffili
The English name is “Glyn Rhymney” (in fact the Welsh name with altered
spelling)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/372496
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims
to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every
square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
ETYMOLOGY: (“(the) valley (of the river) Rhymni”). (glyn = valley) + (Rhymni
river name)
:_______________________________.
Glynsyfi <glin-sə-vi> [glɪn ˡsəvɪ]
1 street name in Cwmsyfïog, Tredegar
Newydd
ETYMOLOGY: glyn y syfi (“(the) valley (of) the strawberries”).
The street name reflects the village name of Cwmsyfïog <kum-sə-VII-og> [kʊmsəˡviˑɔg], which means “strawberry valley”
(cwm = valley) + (s y f ï o g abounding in strawberries)
:_______________________________.
Glyn Taf <glin
taav >
1 valley of the river Taf, south-east Wales
Also: Dyffryn Taf, Cwm Taf
1 In the town of Merthyrtudful there
is a street with the horrendous name of Taff Glen View, bringing a touch of
anglicised Highland Scotland to the valleys of the south-east.
The Welsh name would be Trem Glyn Taf or something similar, although in
such names in Welsh reference is made only to the river and not the valley (and
so we might expect Trem Taf, or Trem ar Daf, or Tafolwg, etc)
:_______________________________.
Glyntirion <glin-tir-yon>
1 street name in Cwm-brân (county of Torfaen) (“Glyntirion”)
ETYMOLOGY: “(y) glyn tirion” : “(the) pleasant valley” (bryn = valley) +
(tirion = pleasant)
:_______________________________.
glynu <GLə ni> [ˡglənɪ]
1 stick, stick together
2 glynu fel gele wrth hang onto
something like grim death (“stick like a leech to...)”)
also: fel geloden... / fel gelen...
3 lodge, get stuck
Glynodd asgwrn yn ei wddf A bone lodged in his throat, A bone got stuck
in his throat,
4 anlynol non-stick
(an = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (glynol = sticking)
padell anlynol, PLURAL padellau / padelli / pedyll anlynol
non-stick pan
:_______________________________.
Glynwen <GLƏN-wen>
1
female forename (rare)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘valley’? ‘Glyn-dŵr’?
(glyn = valley) + (-wen suffix used in creating female
forenames; in origin, the soft-mutated form of gwen, feminine form of gwyn
= white; fair).
Another possiblily is that Glyn is the existing popular forename, which is a
clipped form of Glyn-dŵr (qv), from Owain
Glyn-dŵr, a Welsh fighter
for independence around the year 1400, whose epithet was a reduced form of his
home in Glyndyfrdwy (“valley of the Dyfrdwy river”)
Corresponds to the male forename Glynwyn (qv)
:_______________________________.
Glynwyn <GLƏN-win>
1
male forename (rare)
ETYMOLOGY: ‘valley’? ‘Glyn-dŵr’?
(glyn = valley) + (-wyn suffix used in creating male
forenames; in origin, the soft-mutated form of gwyn = white; fair).
Another possiblily is that Glyn is the existing popular forename, which is a
clipped form of Glyn-dŵr (qv), from Owain
Glyn-dŵr, a Welsh fighter
for independence around the year 1400, whose epithet was a reduced form of his
home in Glyndyfrdwy (“valley of the Dyfrdwy river”)
Corresponds to the female forename Glynwen (qv)
:_______________________________.
Glyn-y-mêl <glin
ə
MEEL>
1 street name in Pen-coed (Pen-y-bont ar
Ogwr)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) valley (of) the honey”, “honey valley”
(glyn = valley) + (y definite article) + (mêl = honey)
:_______________________________.
Glynyswistir <glin
ə SWIS
tir>
1 Welsh translation of the name Swiss
Valley, a district of Llanelli
2 A street in this area (“Glyn y Swistir”)
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) valley (of) Switzerland” (glyn = valley) + (y
definite article) + (Swistir = Switzerland)
Y Swistir is (Swis- from English Swiss or French Suisse) + soft mutation
+ (tir = land) > Swisdir > Swistir (soft mutation annulled)
:_______________________________.
glynyn, glynion <glə nin, glən yon>
1 sticker
glynyn post awyr, PLURAL glynion post awyr air mail sticker
:_______________________________.
glythineb <glə-thii-neb> masculine noun
1 gluttony, voracity, greed
Sbloet o lythineb a gwario direswm yw Nadolig erbyn hyn
Christmas is a jamboree of gluttony and unbridled spending by now
ETYMOLOGY: (glyth- penult form of glwth, adjective = greedy) +(-ineb
suffix for forming abstract nouns)
:_______________________________.
glythion <gləth-yon> adjective
1 plural form of glwth = gluttonous
Diarhebion 23:20 Na fydd ymysg y rhai sydd yn
meddwi ar win; ymysg y rhai glythion ar gig.
Proverbs
:_______________________________.
glythyn <glə-thin> masculine noun
1 glutton; see glwth
ETYMOLOGY: (glyth- penult form of glwth, adjective = greedy) + (-yn
diminutive suffix added to nouns)
:_______________________________.
glywaist ti...? <GLƏ–wais ti / GLƏ–wes ti > verb
1 did you hear?
Glywaist ti beth wedais i? Glywes’ ti beth wedes i? Did you hear what
I said?
:_______________________________.
glywi di...? <glə–wi dii> verb
1 do you hear? can you hear?
-Glywi’r di’r ’deryn ‘na? –Na, chlywa i ddim byd
-Can you hear that bird? –No, I can’t hear a thing
ETYMOLOGY: glywi di < a glywi di (a interrogative
particle) + soft mutation + (clywi = you hear) + (di = you)
:_______________________________.
Glywysing
1 A post-Roman and early medieval kingdom in South-east Wales, founded by Glywys
Merthyr Glywys ‹mer-thir gləu-is› (‘tomb / church of Glywys’) church in the locality of
Y Drenewydd yn Notais SS
SS 8377
:_______________________________.
gna- <gnaa>
1 colloquial form of gwna-
< gwneud (= to do, to make)
gwnaf I shall do / make > gnaf
Colloquially gwnaf fi > gna i (i na i)
:_______________________________.
gnau <gnai
> plural
1 soft-mutated form of cnau (= nuts)
gefel gnau nutcrackers = device, type of lever, for cracking the shells
of nuts
yr efel gnau the nutcracker
(gefel = tongs) + soft mutation + (cnau = nuts, plural of cneuen
= nut)
:_______________________________.
gnethod <gnee-thod>
North Wales
1 a colloquial form of genethod <ge-nee-thod>
(= girls). See geneth
The Northern word gennod (= girls) is unconnected, being an
aphetic form of hogennod (hogen = girl)
:_______________________________.
go- <->
1 words with go- could be
forms with soft mutation c > g
godi < codi = to raise, to build;
galw am godi mwy o dai yn y gogledd (a call
to build more houses in the north)
goes / y goes = the leg < coes
= a leg
:_______________________________.
go prefix, (from
an older form gwo-)
1 literally ‘under’
For more information, see gwo-
:_______________________________.
go <goo> (adverb)
1 fairly
go lew <goo LEU> (North Wales) OK
(in referring to health)
go wan <goo WAN> fairly weak
:_______________________________.
go <goo> masculine noun
1 North Wales form of gof (= smith).
The final <v> is often lost in the north
in one-syllable words;
haf summer > ha’ / ha
cof memory > co’ / co, etc.
There are many examples of go in northern place names:
…………………………
.....(1) Cae-go (cae’r gof “(the) field
(of) the smith”) district west of Rhos-ddu (county of Wrecsam)
…………………………
.....(2) Coed-y-go (coed y gof
“(the) wood (of) the blacksmith”)
A locality in Croesoswallt (Oswestry), in the county of Shropshire, England;
(coed = wood) + (y = the) + (gof = smith, blacksmith).
On English maps with the partially Englished spelling Coed-y-Goe
…………………………
.....(3) Ffos-y-go (ffos y gof
“(the) ditch (of) the smith”) SJ 3054 village 5km north-west of Wrecsam and 1km
north-west of Gwersyllt, and just north of Brynhyfryd / Summerhill. Name of a
former coal pit here, opened c1849, closed 1917.
…………………………
....4/ Gwern-y-go SO2291 locality in Y Sarn, Y Drenewydd, district of
Maldwyn (county of Powys)
Apparently (meaning given here according to modern form, without reference to
earlier forms) (“(the’) alder swamp / meadow (of) the smith”)
(gwern = alder swamp / meadow) + (y = definite article)+ (go,
northern form of gof = smith)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/986457
…………………………
(delwedd 7440)
:_______________________________.
gobaith, gobeithion <GOO beth, go BEITH yon> (masculine noun)
1 hope
2 Does gennych mo’r gobaith lleiaf
You haven’t got a hope in hell (of getting it, etc)
(“there-is-not | with-you | anything-of the | least hope”)
3 Tlawd a balch a byw mewn gobaith (Gwentian: clawd a balch a byw
miwn gopath)
(“poor and pround and living in hope”) Formerly, a reply to the enquiry Sut
ych chi? (Gwentian. Shwd i chi?) (= how are you)
:_______________________________.
gobant <goo-bant>
masculine noun
1 obsolete small hollow; valley; stream
ETYMOLOGY: (go- = diminitive prefix) + soft mutation + (pant =
hollow)
In Cornish: gobans (= hollow)
:_______________________________.
gobeithio <go BEITH yo> (verb)
1 to hope
:_______________________________.
gobeithiol <go BEITH yol> (adjective)
1 hopeful
:_______________________________.
gobell <goo-belh> [ˡgoˑbɛɬ] feminine noun
PLURAL gobellau <go-bee-lhai,
-lhe> [gɔˡbɛɬaɪ, gɔˡbɛɬɛ]
1 (obsolete) saddle
yr obell (= the saddle)
2 (place names) saddle, gap between two peaks
a/ Y Rhobell Fawr <ə
hroo-belh vaur> [ə ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡvaʊr] SH7825 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district
of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd) 734m, 2408ft
(“great / greater Rhobell”)
(Rhobell mountain name) + soft
mutation + (mawr = big)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/910 copa’r mynydd /
mountain summit
b/ Y Rhobell Ganol <ə
hroo-belh GAA nol> [ə ˡhroˑbɛɬ ˡgɑˑnɔl] SH7827 mountain in
the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county of Gwynedd)
(“middle Rhobell”)
(Rhobell mountain name) +
soft mutation + (canol = middle)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478801
c/ Rhobell y Big < hroo-belh ə BIIG
> [ˡhroˑbɛɬ ə ˡbiːg]
SH7827 mountain in the parish of Llanfachreth, district of Meirionnydd (county
of Gwynedd)
“(the) Rhobell (with) the peak”
(Rhobell mountain name) + (y definite
article) + soft mutation + (pig =
peak)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/478103
ETYMOLOGY: gobell is (go- prefix = under) + soft mutation + (an
unknown element *pell)
The mountain name is explained as follows:
..a/ Yr Obell (= the saddle)
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (gobell
= saddle)
..b/ Later there was confusion about the word division Yr Obell >
Y Robell
..c/ and aspiration occurred “r” > “rh” (Robell > Rhobell)
since the aspirate “rh” is far more usual than “r” as an initial consonant
Cf y Rugos > y Rhugos
:_______________________________.
goben <go-ben> masculine noun
PLURAL gobennau <go-be-ne>
1 penultimate syllable
Mae nifer o eiriau lle ceir y sain -i yn y sillaf olaf er ei fod wedi ei
ysgrifennu ag ‘y’, ac yn y sillaf olaf ond un, sef y goben, ceir y, megis
“tebyg” (= tebig), “tebygu”
There are a number of words where the sound –i is found in the final syllable
although it is written with y, and in the last syllable but one, namely the
penult, ‘y’ is found, as with “tebyg” (= tebig), “tebygu”
yn y goben in the penult, in the penultimate syllable
ETYMOLOGY: (go-) + soft mutation + (pen = head, end); word coined
by the lexicographer Wiliam Owen-Puw / William Owen(-)Pughe, c1800
:_______________________________.
goblygedig <go-blə-gee-dig> adjective
1 implicit, implied; not directly expressed, suggested
Erys dylanwad da J.R. Roberts hyd y dydd hwn yn oblygedig yn yr enw
Llan-bryn-mair
The good influence of J. R. Roberts remains to this day implicit in the name
Llan-bryn-mair
ETYMOLOGY: (oblyg- stem of oblygu = implicate) + (-edig
suffix for forming a past participle adjective)
:_______________________________.
Gobio gobio
1 llyfrothen dŵr croyw (f), llyfrothod dŵr croyw gudgeon
:_______________________________.
go brin <goo
BRIN>
1 hardly likely
Go brin bod rhywun yn gorddweud wrth ddweud mai’r teledu yw’r dylanwad mwyaf
un ar feddyliau pobl
It’s no exaggeration when people say that TV is the biggest influence on people’s minds
:_______________________________.
goch <gookh> adjective
1 Soft mutated form (c > g) of coch = red, red-haired
Y Bont Goch the red bridge
Dôl-goch red meadow (name of a village in the county of Gwynedd);
(in these names there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective
which follows a feminine noun)
See also the following entry Goch (epithet)
:_______________________________.
Goch <gookh> adjective
1 epithet = red-haired
Morgan Goch red-haired Morgan
2 surname from the epithet;
Anglicised form <gof> - Gough, Goff
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh goch, soft mutation of coch (red, red-haired).
Formerly (and in certain cases in modern Welsh too) adjectives with this
function had soft mutation of the initial consonant after a masculine noun as
well as after a feminine noun
:_______________________________.
gochel <goo-khel>
verb with an object
(delwedd 7479)
1 avoid, beware, shun
Corinthiaid-1 6:18 Gochelwch odineb
Corinthians-1 6:18 Flee fornification
Philipiaid 3:2 Gochelwch gŵn, gochelwch
ddrwg-weithwyr, gochelwch y cyd-doriad
Philippians 3:2 Beware of dogs, beware of evil workers, beware of the concision
Eseia 47:11 Am hynny y daw arnat ddrygfyd, yr hwn ni chei wybod ei gyfodiad;
a syrth arnat ddinistr nis gellir ei ochelyd
Isaiah 47:11 Therefore shall evil come upon thee; thou shalt not know from
whence it riseth; and mischief shall fall upon thee; thou shalt not be able to
put it off
(See ETYMOLOGY below; gochelyd is an older form of gochel)
gochel enbydrwydd keep out of danger
gocheler efelychiadau beware of imitations
wachla dy ben! South Wales (a form of: gochel dy ben!) mind your
head!
Gochelwch y ci Beware of the dog
Gochelwch y
gwylanod Beware of the seagulls
mynd dan y pistyll i ochel y glaw (“go under [the] shoot [of] the
waterfall to avoid the rain”) jump out of the frying pan into the fire
2 avoid (eating something) gochel
gormod o golestrol to avoid too much cholesterol
verb with a verb-noun
object
3 Y neb sy’n byw mewn tŷ gwydr gocheled luchio cerrig
People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones
(“the individual who lives in a house (of) glass let-(him)-beware (of) throwing
stones”)
4 gochel... / gochelwch (imperative)
mind you don’t..., take care not to..., make sure you don’t...;
a/ Gwachel Foddi “mind you don’t drown”. Colloquial name for an inn in
Pontardawe (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
English name: Pontardawe Inn
b/ Gochel gwmpo! South Wales (a form of: gochel gwympo)
Mind you don’t fall! (gochel! = avoid!, + soft mutation of a verbnoun
following an inflected verb) + (cwympo = to fall)
..c/ Gochel sythu! Mind you don’t freeze (to death). Said to be the name
of the southern side of Mynydd Carn Ingli (County of Penfro)
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=4347
verb without an object
4 gochel rhag... beware of...,
take care not to...
dylech chi ochel rhag... you should beware of...
Job 36:18 Oherwydd bod digofaint, gochel rhag iddo dy gymeryd di ymaith â’i
ddyrnod
Job 36:18 Because there is wrath, beware lest he take you away with his stroke
Mathew 6:1 Gochelwch rhag gwneuthur eich elusen yng ngwydd dynion, er mwyn
cael eich gweled ganddynt
Matthew 6:1 Take heed that you do not your alms before men, to be seen of them
Gochelwch
rhag y demtasiwn o… Beware the temptation of…
Gochel rhag bathu geiriau heb wneud yn sicr yn gyntaf nad oes gair Cymraeg yn
bod yn barod
Beware of coining words without checking first to see that there in not already
an existing Welsh word
5 obsolete gochel ar
heed yourself
Deuternonomium 4:9 Ond gochel arnat, a chadw dy enaid yn ddyfal, rhag
anghofio ohonot y pethau a welodd dy lygaid
Deuternonomy 4:9 Only take heed to thyself, and keep thy soul diligently, lest
thou forget the things which thine eyes have seen
6 Dyffryn Aman: gwachlyd
gan y po’n [po:n] (a form of: gochel gan y poen) wince with pain (“avoid
with the pain”)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gochel < gochelyd < gochlyd
(go, prefix = under) + soft mutation + (cel- = amagar) + (yd
= verb suffix) < British *wo-klit-.
From the same British root: Cornish goheles (= shun, avoid, be shy of)
The verb-noun gochel instead of gochelyd is the result of the
influence of the personal
forms gochelaf (I avoid), gocheli (you avoid), etc, and consequently
taking the stem gochel- as being the verbnoun – some verbnouns in fact
are the same as the stem form (e.g. gorwedd = to lie)
NOTE:
(1) Other forms of the infinitive are (South-west Wales) gwachel, gwachlyd
(2) Variants of imperative forms = beware! avoid!:
Gwachal!, Wachal!; Gwachla!, Wachla!; (variants of the ‘ti’ form gochel
- second person singular)
Traditionally in most verbs the verb stem serves as the second-person singular
imperative (gochel, gwachal wachal), but there is a tendency nowadays to add –a
to all verbs (hence - gochela, gwachla, wachla)
Gwachlwch!, Wachlwch! (variants of the ‘chi’ form gochelwch -
second person plural)
:_______________________________.
god <good > masculine
noun
1 (obsolete) adulterer, fornicater; root of the current word godineb
= adultery
:_______________________________.
go dda (adverb)
1 fairly good
2 Go dda fe! Good for him!
Go dda hi! Good for her!
3 (quantity) fairly substantial, a
good amount of (something)
cael oes go dda live to a ripe old age
Fe gafodd oes go dda
He had a long life, he lived to a ripe old age (“he got a good amount of life /
a fairly good life”)
nifer go dda quite a few
Mae nifer go dda o forloi yn y bae yr adeg hyn o’r flwyddyn
There are quite a few seals in the bay at this time of year
Corff sydd yn gwario ffortiwn go dda o arian cyhoeddus bob blwyddyn
An organisation which spends a tidy sum of public money every year
:_______________________________.
goddef <GOO dhev> (verb)
1 to suffer
:_______________________________.
goddefol <go
DHEE vol> (adjective)
1 passive
gwrthsafiad goddefol passive resistance
:_______________________________.
goddereb <go-dhe-reb> preposition
(South Wales)
1 goddereb for
2 goddereb â opposite
NOTE: Also goddyreb with the vowel reduction e > y
ETYMOLOGY: goddyreb / goddereb < godderbyn < gyferbyn (= opposite)
:_______________________________.
goddyreb <go-dhə-reb > preposition
1 See goddereb
:_______________________________.
godechwydd <go-de-khuidh>
masculine noun
1 obsolete; South-east Wales evening. Probably gwedy
echwydd (“after the morning” or “after the afternoon”). There is a reference
to the use of this word in Llangatwg SO2117 (county of Powys, near
Crucywel) in the year
:_______________________________.
godineb <go-dii-neb> masculine noun
1 adultery = sexual intercourse between a married person and someone
other then the spouse
ETYMOLOGY: (god (obsolete) = adulterer, fornicator) + (suffix -ineb)
:_______________________________.
godinebu <go-di-nee-bi> verb
1 commit adultery
Seithfed gorchymyn y `Gyfraith Iddewig oedd ‘Na odineba’
The seventh commandment of the Jewish Law was ‘Do not commit adultery’
ETYMOLOGY: (godineb = adultery) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
godinebwr <go-di-ne-bur> masculine noun
PLURAL godinebwyr <go-di-neb-wir>
1 adulterer
Malachi 3:5 A mi a nesâf atoch chwi i `farn; a byddaf `dyst cyflym yn erbyn
yr hudolion, ac yn erbyn y godinebwyr, ac yn erbyn yr anudonwyr, ac yn erbyn
camatalwyr cyflog y cyflogedig
Malachi 3:5 And I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift
witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against false
swearers, and against those that oppress the hireling in his wages
ETYMOLOGY: (godineb-, stem of the verb godinebu = commit
adultery) (-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
godinebwraig <go-di-neb-wraig,-reg> feminine noun
PLURAL godinebwragedd <go-di-neb-wraa-gedh
>
1 adulteress
yr odinebwraig the adulteress
ETYMOLOGY: (godineb-, stem of the verb godinebu = commit
adultery) + (-wraig suffix = woman)
:_______________________________.
godir <goo-dir> masculine noun
PLURAL godiroedd <go-dii-rodh>
1 (place names) lowland (cf gorthir
= highland)
2 (South-west Wales) land between a
hedgebank and cliff edge
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh godir < *gwodir (gwo- prefix = under) + soft mutation
+ (tir = land) < British < Celtic
From the same Celtic root: Irish foithear (= wooded hollow, steep slope
towards a precipice)
NOTE: a variant form is found in the name Gwydir, a mansion (“plas”) in
the parish of Llanrhychwyn, Gwynedd (near Llan-rŵst in the valley of the river Conwy). The University
of Wales list of place-name spellings recommends the historical form Gwedir,
though it is seldom used if at all. On English maps the misspelling “Gwydyr” is
often found.
Instead of the development *gwodir > godir (see
etymology below),
in the case of the place name *Gwodir > *Gwadir > Gwedir
> Gwydir
..1/ The change gwo- to gwa occurs in other words in Welsh (gwahardd
= forbid, gwahodd = invite);
..2/ gwa- > gwe- occurred because there was an i in the
following syllable, causing the a to become e. This is a usual
occurrence in Welsh
In a manuscript from the year 1640 it can be seen that the form at that time
was Gwedir.
..3/ The later change e to y is unusual - Gwedir > Gwydir
:_______________________________.
godre <GO dre> (masculine noun) PLURAL: godreon
1 bottom part
Godre Ceredigion Lower Ceredigion, the bottom of the county of
Ceredigion
wrth odre at the bottom of
llecyn cysgodol wrth odre’r graig a sheltered spot at
the foot of the rock
(delwedd 7368)
:_______________________________.
godro <GO dro> (verb)
1 to milk;
da godro milch cows
2 (taboo) masturbate
:_______________________________.
godrwm <go-drum> masculine noun
PLURAL godrymion <go-drəm-yon>
1 not so heavy
paffiwr pwysau godrwm light heavyweight boxer
ETYMOLOGY: (go = under) + soft mutation + (trwm = heavy)
:_______________________________.
godywynnol <go də WƏ nol> (adjective)
1 shining
:_______________________________.
goediog <goid-yog>
1 Soft-mutated form of coediog
= wooded
:_______________________________.
goedog <goi-dog>
1 Soft-mutated form of coedog
= wooded
Heol Goedog Street name in Cefncribwr (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
“wooded road”
(heol = road) + soft mutation + (coedog = wooded, sheltered by
trees)
NOTE: coedog is a southern form of coediog (= woody, sheltered by
trees; stringy) In the south the consonantal i at the beginning of the
final syllable is generally lost, and so the suffix -iog > -og
:_______________________________.
goedwig <goid-wig> feminine noun
1 soft-mutated form of coedwig = wood
a/ Heol y Goedwig “wood road”, name of a street in Porth-cawl (county of
Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
b/ Y Goedwig “the wood”, name of a street in Rhiwbina (county of
Caer-dydd)
:_______________________________.
:_______________________________.
goelia’ i <GOIL-ya
I> phrase
1 I think, I believe
Dyna’r un gorau imi ei weld erioed,
goelia i That’s the best one I’ve ever seen, I think
ETYMOLOGY: goelia’ i < fe goelia’ i < coelia’ i < coeliaf fi;
coelio = believe
coeliaf
fi is the literary form
coeila’
i is the colloquial form (loss of a final ‘f’ ina polysylaabic
word; tag pronoun loses its initial f)
fe goeila’ i use of an (optional)
affirmative particle before
the verb, causing soft mutation.
goeila’
i loss of the affirmative
particle, retention of the soft mutation
:_______________________________.
goer <goir> adj
1 (Gwent) cold
Twyn Ffynhonnau Goerion SO2308 hill west of Blaenafon (Torfaen)
twyn y ffynhonnau goerion “(the) hill (of) the cold springs”
(twyn = hill) + (y definite article) + (ffynhonnau =
springs, plural of ffynnon = spring, well) + (goerion plural form
of goer, a local form of oer = cold)
ETYMOLOGY: oer (= cold), to which a prosthetic g has been added,
probably through assuming that the radical form is goer, and that oer
is a soft-mutated form of this
Other words in Welsh that have acquired an initial g:
(South Wales) allt (= hill) > gallt
(South Wales) iâr (= hen) > giâr
(North Wales) addo (= to promise) > gaddo
:_______________________________.
Y Goetref / Y
Goetre <ə GOI-trev
/ GOI-tre> [ə ˡgɔɪtrɛv / ˡgɔɪtrɛ] (f)
1 Frequent place name. The colloquial
form has no final [v], and this is how it occurs in place names, and is also
written as such (although in general the literary form is favoured, some other
words in a final [v], although pronounced without it colloquially, tend to keep
it in the official form of place names – uchaf (= upper), isaf (=
lower), pellaf (= furthest), etc
..a/ Y Goetre SS5993 Cilá,
Abertawe
(Here there is Heol y Goetre Fawr / Goetre Fawr Road, and Heol y Goetre Bellaf
/ Goetre Bellaf Road)
..a/ Y
Goetre SN3723 (“Goitre”), county of Caerfyrddin
Farm near Y Bwlchnewydd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/853595
..b/ Y Goetre SN4308 (“Goitre”), county of Caerfyrddin
Farm near Mynyddygarreg
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5141
..c/ Y Goetre SN5141 (“Goetre”), county of Caerfyrddin
Farm west of Abergiâr
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN5141
..d/ Y Goetre SS7594 (“Goytre”), county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
Farm south-east of Ynysmaerdy and east of
Llansawel.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SS7594
..e/ Y Goetre SS7889 (“Goytre”), county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
Village north-east of Y Tai-bach
Here are three streets with English names with “Goytre” as an element – Goytre
Crescent, Goytre Road, Goytre Close, which in Welsh would be Cilgant y
Goetre, Heol y Goetre, Clos y Goetre.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/53063
..f/ Y Goetre SN3746 (“Goytre”), county of Ceredigion
Farm north of Bwlch-y-groes
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN3746
..g/ Y Goetre SN4156 (“Goitre”), county of Ceredigion
Farm south-west of Llannarth
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/50533
..h/ Y Goetre SN5769 (“Goytre”), county of Ceredigion
Farm east of Llanrhystud
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/400334
..i/ Y Goetre SN5951 (“Goitre”), county of Ceredigion
Farm south-east of Betwsbledrws
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/412083
..j/ Y Goetre SH5569 (“Goetre”), county of Gwynedd
Farm south of Penrhosgarnedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH5569
..k/ Y Goetre SH7124 (“Goetre”), county of Gwynedd
Farm near Ganllwyd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/122141
..l/ In Y Gurnos in Merthyrtudful there is
(on English maps) “Goitre Lane” which would be Lôn y Goetre in Welsh
..m/ Y
Goetre SO3205 (“Goetre”), county of Mynwy
Village near Penperlleni and Brynbuga, 6km north-east of Pont-y-pŵl.
Nearby,
to the south-west, is “Goytre House” SO3104 (query: ?Plas y Goetre in
Welsh)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SO3205
..n/ Y Goetre By Afon Mynwy, north-west of Y Pandy and Penbidwal, there
is Y Goetre Fawr SO3524 (“Great Goytre”), Y Goetre Fach SO3523(“Little
Goytre), and Y Goetre Uchaf SO3522 (“Upper Goytre”),
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=201059 map
..o/ Y Goetre SJ0109 (“Goetre”), county of Powys
Farm by Llangafdan. Nearby SJ0209 is the farm called Y Goetre Fach (“Goetre
Fach”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/314120
..p/ Y Goetre SJ1413 (“Goetre”), county of Powys
Farm in Y Pentre, north-west of Meifod
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ1413
..q/ Y Goetre SN2040 (“Goitre”), county of Penfro
Farm by the hamlet of Penbedw, north of Boncath
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/427572
..r/ Y Goetre SN9954 (“Goytre”), county of Powys
Farm near Cilmeri
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/884089
..d/ Y Goetre SO1791 (“Goitre”), county of Powys
Farm south-east of Lamyrewig.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=262277
Curiously, across Afon Miwl at SO1891, there is another (but this time
correctly-spelt) Y Goetre (“Goetre”)
..s/ Y Goetre SO2375 (“Goytre”), county of Powys
Farm near Y Llwyni / Lloyney
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/806615
ETYMOLOGY: Y Goetre < Y Goetref “the wood-trêv”, “the trêv in the
wood”, “settlement in the wood”
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (coetref trêv or farmstead
in a wood)
(coed = wood) + soft mutation + (tref = trêv, manor) > coed-dref
> coetref (d-d > t)
This name would correspond to the English place name Wootton / Wooton (“(the)
wood-tûn”, settlement in the wood)
NOTE: The spelling “oy” is either an incorrect modern spelling using the
English digraph “oy” (as in boy, joy), or a survival of the Middle Welsh
spelling (oe was formerly written oe). It is probably though an English
misspelling (as in the use of oi for oe in the forms of some of
the above names which are used by the English)
The misspelling “goitre” is unfortunate as it suggests English “goitre” <góitə(r)> – “an enlarged thyroid gland resulting from iodine
deficiency”
NOTE: The pronunciation in north-west Wales and south-east Wales is Goetra <goi-tra>
– in these regions an ‘e’ in the final syllable is always ‘a’
:_______________________________.
gof <goov> masculine noun
PLURAL gofaint, gofiaid <go-vent, gov-yed>
1 smith
efail y gof the smithy
eurof goldsmith
gof arian silversmith
gof aur goldsmith
gof gwyn tinsmith
tân gof blacksmith’s hearth
2 Place names with gof
..1/ Coed-y-gof - name of a Welsh-language primary school in western
Caer-dydd
"coed y gof" ("(the) wood (of) the blacksmith")
(coed = wood) + (y = the) + (gof = smith, blacksmith).
3 Place names with go (the northern form of gof):
..1/ Cae-go
(“(the) field (of) the smith”) district west of Rhos-ddu (county of Wrecsam)
..2/ Coed-y-go
locality in Croesoswallt (Oswestry), in the county of Shropshire, England;
"coed y gof" ("(the) wood (of) the blacksmith") (coed
= wood) + (y = the) + (gof = smith, blacksmith). On English maps
with the partially Englished spelling Coed-y-Goe
..3/ Ffos-y-go
(“(the) ditch (of) the smith”) SJ 3054 village 5km north-west o Wrecsam and 1km
north-west of Gwersyllt
..4/ Gwern-y-go SO2291
locality in Sarn, Y Drenewydd, district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)
Apparently (without reference to earlier forms) (“(the’) alder swamp / meadow
(of) the smith”)
(gwern = alder swamp / meadow) + (y = definite article)+ (go,
northern form of gof = smith)
4 gefail smithy, is from an
earlier form “gofail”, based on gof.
yr efail the smithy
See gefail.
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *gob- < Celtic *gob-
From the same British root: Cornish gov (= smith) and the surname An
Gov (= the smith) (English: Angove); Breton gov (= smith)
From the same Hibernian root:
1 Irish gabha (= smith),
2 Scottish gobhainn (= smith) and the surname Mac a’ Ghobhainn (=
son of the smith) (in English as ‘MacGowan’ or ‘Smith’)
:_______________________________.
gofal, gofalon <GOO-val, go-VAA-lon> (masculine noun)
1 care; attetnion to somebody’s needs
Eto er pob gofal a thiriondeb bu farw yn ei chartref tua
hanner nos ar 15 Rhagfyr Yet in spite of all attention and tender
care she died at home towards
2 (South Wales) bod dan ei gofal / bod yn ei
gofal be pregnant
:_______________________________.
gofalu <go-VAA-li> (verb)
1 to take care of
Gofelwch chwi amdanoch eich hunan Look after yourself
Gofalwch chi amdano’ chi’ch hunan Look after yourself (colloquial)
2 gofalu rhag beware of
Gofalwch rhag y ci Beware of the dog
Gofalwch rhag trenau Beware of trains
(2008-12-04) Railway warning signs have “Gofal trenau” which as it stands is
“(the) looking after (of) trains”. It would have to read “Gofal. Trenau.”, literally
“Care. Trains”, but equivalent to English “Be careful. Trains”.
Gofalwch rhag gwerthwyr drws-i-ddrws Beware of door-to-door
salesmen
Gofalwch rhag masnachwyr ffug Beware of bogus traders
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/962688 railway warning
sign
gofalwch rhag (+ verbnoun) be careful not to
Gofalwch rhag cael llosg eira Be careful not to get frostbite
Gofalwch rhag llosgi’ch hun Be careful not to burn yourself
Gofalwch rhag defnyddio batri’r car yn ddiangen Be careful not to
use the car battery needlessly
:_______________________________.
gofalus <go-VAA-lis> (adjective)
1 careful
Bydd yn ofalus! Be careful!
Byddwch yn ofalus! Be careful!
:_______________________________.
gofalwr <go-VAA-lur> masculine noun
PLURAL gofalwyr <go-VAL-wir>
1 caretaker = person employed to look afer a building (block of
flats, etc)
2 (school) caretaker, school
caretaker
gofalwraig ysgol school caretaker
3 gofalwr plant (m)
childminder
4 carer, person who cares for the
sick or infirm cf cynhaliwr
5 (museum, art gallery) attendant,
museum attendant, custodian, keeper
ETYMOLOGY: (gofal-, stem of the verb gofalu = take care of, look
after ) (+(-wr suffix = man)
:_______________________________.
gofalwraig <go-va-lwraig, -wreg> feminine noun
PLURAL gofalwragedd <go-val-wraa-gedh>
1 caretaker
yr ofalwraig the caretaker
gofalwraig plant (f) childminder
gofalwraig ysgol school caretaker
ETYMOLOGY: (gofal-, stem of the verb gofalu = take care of, look
after ) + (-wraig suffix = woman)
:_______________________________.
gofer <GOO-ver>
masculine noun
PLURAL goferoedd <go-VEE-roidh,
-rodh>
1 rivulet, stream
Gofer y Marchog (“(the) rivulet (of) the knight”) lost place name by
Pont Lleucu, Y Rhath, Caer-dydd.
John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in ‘Cardiff Records’ (1889-1911), notes “A
piece of land near Pont-Lleici, in the parish of Roath and manor of
Roath-Keynsham (1702)”
2 overflow from a well, outlet for excess water
3 (South Wales) gofer y domen
liquid from a dunghill
4 (South-west Wales) roadside stream
5 (South-west Wales) goferydd
marshy land
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gofer < *gwofer < British *wo-ber- <
Celtic *wo-ber-
< Indo-European *upo-bher- (= underground stream)
From the same British root: Cornish gover (= stream), Breton gouer
(= stream)
From the same Celtic root: Irish fobhar (= well)
NOTE: The Indo-European root bher is found in
(1) Welsh
(a) aber = confluence, estuary
(b) adfer = restore
(c) arfer = practise
(d) cymer = confluence
(e) diabred = withheld, held back, refused
(f) diferu = to drip
(2) English to bear = to carry
(3) Greek pherein = to carry, to bring (as in the English word
“paraphernalia”)
:_______________________________.
goferu <go-vee-ri>
verb
1 (liquid) trickle, ooze, run out
ETYMOLOGY: (gofer = stream) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
gofid <GO vid> (masculine noun)
1 worry, grief, troubles
2 mynd o flaen gofid look for difficulties where there are
none (“go in front of affliction”)
3 gofid gan... to grieve, to be sorry
Mae’n ofid gennym glywed bod... I’m grieved to learn that, It
grieves me to hear that... (“it is grief with us that...”)
:_______________________________.
gofidio <go
VID yo> (verb)
1 worry
2 gofidio dros feel sorry for
3 grieve
Gofidiwn o glywed bod I’m grieved to learn that, It grieves me to hear
that...
ETYMOLOGY: (gofid = worry, grief) + (-i-o suffix for forming
verbs)
:_______________________________.
gofwy <GOO-vui>
(m)
PLURAL gofwyon <go-VUI-on>
1 visit; visitation
Micha 7:4 Y gorau ohonynt sydd fel miaren, yr unionaf yn arwach
na chae drain; dydd dy wylwyr, a'th ofwy, sydd yn dyfod: bellach y bydd eu penbleth hwynt.
Micah 7:4 The best of them is as a brier:
the most upright is sharper than a thorn hedge: the day of thy watchmen and thy
visitation cometh; now shall be their perplexity.
2 Gofwy Mair (July 2) Visitation of
Mary. A Roman Catholic and Anglican feastday.
It commemorates the visitation or visit of Mary with Elizabeth, recorded in
Saint Luke’s Gospel 1:39-56.
Roman Catholics who use a pre-1969 calendar and Anglicans who use the 1662 Book
of Common Prayer celebrate the feast on July
Sant Luc
Saint Luke
1:41 And it came to pass, that, when Elisabeth heard the salutation of
Mary, the babe leaped in her womb; and Elisabeth was filled with the Holy Ghost
…………………………………………………
1:56 A Mair a arhosodd gyda hi ynghylch tri mis, ac a ddychwelodd i’w thŷ ei hun.
3 gofwy esgob episcopal visitation = bishop's visit of inspection
ETYMOLOGY: (go- prefix, < gwo- under) + soft mutation
+ (mwy)
(mwy = go) < British *mei
:_______________________________.
gofwyo <go-VUI-o>
(v)
1 to visit
Sechareia 11.16 Canys wele fi yn codi bugail yn y tir, yr hwn ni ofwya y cuddiedig, ni
chais yr ieuanc, ni feddyginiaetha y briwiedig, a fyddo yn sefyll ni phortha;
ond bwyty gig y bras, ac a dryllia eu hewinedd hwynt.
Zechariah 11:16 For, lo, I will raise up a
shepherd in the land, which shall not visit those that be cut off, neither
shall seek the young one, still: but he shall eat the flesh of the fat, and
tear their claws in pieces.
Genesis 50:25 A thyngodd
Joseff feibion Israel, gan ddywedyd, DUW gan eich gofwyo a’ch gofwya chwi, dygwch chwithau
fy esgyrn i fyny oddi yma.
Genesis 50:25 And Joseph took an oath of
the children of Israel, saying, God will surely visit you, and ye shall carry
up my bones from hence.
:_______________________________.
gofyn <GOO-vin> (verb)
1 to ask
gofyn cwestiwn i (rywun) ask somebody a question
2 (female animal seeking to be
impregnated by a male)
gofyn baedd (sow) be on heat (“seek a boar”)
gofyn march (mare) be on heat (“seek a stallion”)
gofyn stalwyn (mare) be on heat (“seek a stallion”)
gofyn tarw (cow) be on heat (“seek a bull”)
3 ymateb i’r gofynion rise to
the occasion (“react to the requirements”)
bod yn gyfartal â’r gofynion be equal to the occasion (“be equal to the
requirements”)
:_______________________________.
gofynion <go-vən-yon>
1 demands, requirements; plural of gofyn (= requirement)
:_______________________________.
Gòg, Gògs <GOG, GOGZ> (masculine noun)
1 nickname for a Northerner – first syllable of Y Gogledd (=
the North), i.e. Gogledd Cymru (= North Wales)
:_______________________________.
Y Gogarth <GOO-garth> (masculine noun)
1 the tip of Penrhyn Creuddyn, by Llandudno (Conwy) (Called by the English
“Great Orme”)
Pen y Gogarth SH7684 the headland of Y Gogarth (Called by the English
“Great Orme’s Head”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/352788
Ffynnon y Gogarth Name of a well on Y Gogarth
2 Y Gogarth A medieval township on Penrhyn Creuddyn
3 Y Gogarth An English manor consisting of three townships – Y Gogarth,
Cyngreawdr, Yr Wyddfid. After successfully conquest of Wales in 1282 by the
English king Edward 1, and the loss of Welsh independence, the manor was
granted by the king to Anian, Bishop of Bangor, who had colloborated with the
English occupiers and had baptised Edward’s son, born in Caernarfon, whom
Edward had proclaimed as the English Prince of Wales.
At the start of Owain Glyn-dŵr’s war in 1400 the bishop’s palace was burnt down. A part of the
ruin still survives.
4 a hamlet SH7682 on Penrhyn Creuddyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/395425
Trwynygogarth SH7583 house name trwyn y Gogarth “(the) tip (of) Y
Gogarth”
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=345119
5 A cliff SH2183 by Mynydd y Tw^r, Caergybi, Ynys Môn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/23582
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gogerdd (qv) (= slope, bank, ledge)
In the north-west gogerdd > gogardd.
The change gogardd > gogarth may be through the influence
of the unrelated word garth (= hill)
:_______________________________.
gogawn <GOO-gaun> (masculine noun)
1 (obsolete) glory
2 gogonedd (gogawn + -edd) honour
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gogawn < gwogawn < British *wo-kaan
Cf cân (= song)
Cf dichon (= perhaps), digon (= suffiency), gogoniant (= glory),
Cadwgawn (= mans ‘s name), Gwgawn (= mans ‘s name)
:_______________________________.
gogel < goo-gel> v
1 (obsolete) take care, be wary
2 It occurs in diogel (= safe), which is (di) + soft mutation + (gogel)
Cf. Cornish (diogel), Breton diogel (= safe)
ETYMOLOGY: gogel = (go) + soft mutation + (cel- = to hide)
< British < Celtic *wo-kel
:_______________________________.
gogerdd <GOO-gerdh>
masculine noun
PLURAL: gogerddi <go-GER-dhi>
1 slope, ledge
2 Gogerddan (qv) village in Ceredigion
3 Y Gogarth
In the north-west gogerdd > gogardd. The
change gogardd > gogarth may be through the influence of the
unrelated word garth (= hill)
ETYMOLOGY: gogerdd < gwogerdd (gwo- prefix, = under) +
soft mutation + (cerdd = slope)
:_______________________________.
Gogerddan <go-GER-dhan>
1 SN6283 village
in Ceredigion
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/23381
ETYMOLOGY: “little slope” (gogerdd = slope) + (-an diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
goglais 1 <go-gles>
masculine noun
PLURAL: gogleisiau <go-gleis-ye>
1 tickle
2 codi goglais ar (qv) to
tickle (“raise (a) tickle on”).
In Gwynedd goglais > hogles, hoglas, ogles, oglas
ETYMOLOGY: (go- < gwo- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation
+ (clais, probably in the sense of “impression”; in modern Welsh clais
(= bruise, contusion); from a Celtic root *klâd = to beat)
NOTE: sometimes with the informal spelling gogles; in South Wales it has
the form coglish, coclish
:_______________________________.
goglais 2 <go-gles>
verb
1 to tickle
NOTE: usually gogleisio (qv); sometimes with the informal spelling gogles;
in South Wales it has the form coglish, coclish
:_______________________________.
goglawdd <go-glaudh>
masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL: gogloddiau <go-gledh-ye>
1 obsolete small ditch
y goglawdd / yr oglawdd the small ditch
2 North Wales (area of Penllyn,
and the valley of the river Clwyd, north-west Wales) hedgebank
ETYMOLOGY: (go- < gwo- = intensifying prefix); + soft mutation
+ (clawdd = ditch; hedgebank)
:_______________________________.
gogledd <go-gledh>
masculine noun
1 north = a cardinal point, one of the four compass points
2 north = direction in which this cardinal point is located
3 north = magnetic north; also gogledd magnetig
4 y gogledd the north = any area lying to the north;
tua’r gogledd to the north, towards the north; (adjective) northbound
5 y Gogledd the North = (a) North Wales; (b) the people of
North Wales; (c) the northern part of any other country; (d) its people
Roedd yn hoff iawn o weithio yn y Gogledd
He was very fond of working in the north
6 Yr Hen Ogledd the former British territories, until the
medieval period, in the north of the island of Britain, lands now forming the
southern portion of Scotland and the north of England (lit: “the Old North”)
7 north, the northern portion of a stated place; Gogledd Cánada
= Northern Canada abbreviation: G
8 trwy Dde a Gogledd throughout North and South Wales (“South
and North Wales”), in bothethe North and the South
Bu William Davies yn teithio llawer trwy Dde a Gogledd William Davies
travelled a great deal in both North and South Wales
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gogledd < *gwogledd
(go-, gwo- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cledd
= left hand)
The north was on a person’s left when he / she looked east, in the direction of
the rising sun.
From the same British root: Breton gwalez (= north wind, originally
(wind from the) north”).
In the Hibernian languages, equivalents of cledd, from the same Celtic
root, are:
(1) Irish clé = left hand,
(2) Scottish clì = left-handed
:_______________________________.
gogleddbarth <go-gledh-barth>
masculine noun
PLURAL: gogleddbarthau <go-gledh-bar-the>
1 northland, northern region, the northern part of a country
A literary word.
ETYMOLOGY: gogledd barth (gogledd
= north) + soft mutation + (parth = part, region)
:_______________________________.
Gogledd Catalonia <GO gledh ka ta LON ya> (feminine noun) Northern
Catalonia
:_______________________________.
Gogledd Cymru <go-gledh
kəm-ri> -
1 North Wales (in widest sense, in contrast to De Cymru =
South Wales)
Wales north of Aberystwyth, Llangurig, Rhaeadr-gwy, Llanbadarn Fynydd, Trefyclo
2 North Wales (in its strictest sense, in contrast to De Cymru
= South Wales, Canolbarth Cymru = mid-Wales). Wales north of the Dyfi
estuary and the river Dyfrdwy
3 Gòg (plural: Gògs) is a nickname for a person from
North Wales, from the first syllable of ‘Gogledd’
ETYMOLOGY: (gogledd = north) + soft mutation + (-ol, suffix for
forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
gogledd-ddwyrain <go-gledh
dhui-ren> masculine noun
1 yn y gogledd-ddwyrain in the north-east
2 qualifier north-east
Gogledd-ddwyrain Llydaw North-east Brittany
:_______________________________.
Gogledd-ddwyrain Cymru <go-gledd dhui-ren kəm-ri> feminine noun
1 North-east Wales = Wales east of the river Conwy and north of the
river Dyfrdwy;
more or less the present counties of Fflint, Wrecsam and Dinbych
:_______________________________.
gogleddol <go-glee-dhol>
adjective
1 northern, north (adjective), northerly ; situated towards the
north;
yr ochr ogleddol the north side
2 Language; Linguistics northern, belonging to the northern
variety of Welsh, to the kind of Welsh spoken in the north
dyn bach gogleddol ei dafodiaith a little fellow speaking northern
Welsh, with North Wales Welsh (“northern his dialect”)
acen ogleddol northern accent
3 northern = characteristic of the people of the north, in
particular of North Wales
hiwmor gogleddol northern humor (Englandic: humour)
:_______________________________.
gogleddwr <go-glee-dhur>
masculine noun
PLURAL: gogleddwyr <go-gledh-wir>
1 northerner, person from the north
2 Northerner = man from North Wales
(sometimes with a capital letter in Welsh - Gogleddwr)
gogleddwr a deheuwr a northerner and southerner
3 northerner = man from the North of
another country
ETYMOLOGY: (gogledd = nord) + soft mutation + (-wr agent suffix,
man)
:_______________________________.
goglyd <gog-lid>
masculine noun
1 obsolete trust
Diarhebion
Proverbs
ETYMOLOGY: from the obsolete verb-noun goglyd (= to take care; to care
for, to protect)
:_______________________________.
gogof <goo-gov>
feminine noun
PLURAL: gogofau <go-goo-ve>
1 obsolete cave.
yr ogof the cave
The modern radical form is ogof; it is in fact the soft-mutated
form taken as the radical form
gogof (radical form) > ogof (soft-mutated form) > ogof (new
radical form)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Cornish gogo (= cave)
:_______________________________.
Y Gogofau <go-goo-ve> -
1 SN6640 locality by Pumsaint in the county of Caerfyrddin
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN6640 map
ETYMOLOGY: “the caves” (y = definite article) + (gogofau = caves,
plural of gogof = cave; nowadays however “cave” is ogof, ogofau,
without an initial g)
:_______________________________.
gogonedd <go-GOO-nedh> (m)
PLURAL: gogoneddau <go-go-NEE-dhai, -e>
1 glory, honour
ETYMOLOGY: gogonedd < gogawnedd (gogawn = glory) + (-edd
adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.
gogoneddu <go-go-NEE-dhi> –
1 glorify
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 35:8 Gogonedda
Dduw â llygad da, ac na phrinha flaenffrwyth dy ddwylo.
(Apocrypha) Ecclesiasticus 35:8
Give the Lord his honour with a good eye, and diminish not the firstfruits of
thine hands.
ETYMOLOGY: (gogonedd = glory) + (-u verbal suffix)
:_______________________________.
gogoniant <go GON iant> (m)
1 glory
2 pride = the best of a group of people / animals / objects; someone or
something which cause people to feel proud
gogoniant y cymoedd the pride of the valleys
On August 18 2006 as I travelled down towards Penarth (Pennárth) from
Caerdydd (Caer-dydd) I saw a diesel engine leaving the main station in Caerdydd
with the nameplate ‘Balchder y Cymoedd’ on the side - an unfortunate
mistranslation of English “Pride of the Valleys” - balchder is ‘pride’
in an abstract sense (feeling of self-respect; excessive self-esteem); if it is
something instilling pride in people it is gogoniant (literally,
“glory”)
ETYMOLOGY: (gogawn = glory) + (-i-ant suffx)
NOTE: The element gogawn is to be seen in the forename Cadwgan
(cad = battle) + soft mutation + (gwogawn, older form of gogawn)
Possibly *Cadwogawn > *Cadwogon > *Cadwogan >
Cadwgan (though the change of penultimate [wo] > [u] is strange)
..a/ final syllable aw > o is a general feature in Welsh (older Welsh athraw
= teacher, modern Welsh athro; the diphtjhong is preserved as a
penultimate syllable, athrawon = teachers, athrawes = female
teacher)
..b/ final syllable o > a occurs sporadically; ofn = fear becomes
disyllabic in the south > ofon, and has in some places become ofan
:_______________________________.
gogor <go-gor>
masculine noun
1 colloquial form of gogr (= sieve)
:_______________________________.
gogor-droi <GO-gor DROI> (verb)
1 beat about the bush, not get straight to the point
gogor-droi o gwmpas pwnc skate around a subject, avoid getting to the
point
:_______________________________.
gogor <go-gor>
1 colloquial form of gogr = sieve
:_______________________________.
gogr <go-gor>
masculine noun
PLURAL: gograu <go-gre>
1 sieve, strainer
gogr bras riddle, coarse sieve
gogr llaeth milk strainer
gogr rhawn horsehair sieve, sieve made with horsehair
gogr sucan strainer for oatmeal porridge
gollwng fel gogr leak like a sieve
2 gogr lo coal screen, frame for sifting coal to separate
large lumps from small lumps
gwacar i ridlo glo mân a riddle for riddling small coal, to let small
coal pass through
3 Maesgogor name of a street
in Llansannan, county of Dinbych (“Maes Gogor”)
Apparently maes y gogr “(the) field (of) the sieve”
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gogor < gogr < gwogr < British *wo-kro-
< Celtic;
In the south, gwogr > gwagr > gwagar (>
south-west gwacar)
The word developed differently in the north and south; in the north, the
semiconsonant “w” before “o”; was lost; on the other hand, in the south, the
“w” was kept and the vowel was dissimulated o > a
From the same British root: Breton gourner (= riddle for wheat) is
apparently this same word
NOTE: ..1/ gogor > gogr, (South) gwagar < gwagr.
The colloquial form has an epenthetic vowel (the intrusive vowel of the final
syllable is the the vowel in the preceding syllable repeated)
Cf gwobr (= prize) > gwobor,
lledr (= leather) > lleder,
Lloegr (= England) > Lloeger, etc
..2/ diminutive forms:
..a/ gogr > gogryn,
..b/ gwagar > gwegryn
..3/ in the north, it can also be feminine. Thus , y gogor or yr
ogor
..4/ in the south-east, gwagar > gwacar; plural gwacra,
gwecri
:_______________________________.
gogynfardd <go-gən-vardh> masculine noun
PLURAL: gogynfeirdd <go-gən-veirdh>
1 Welsh poet of the twelfth to fourteenth
centuries
ETYMOLOGY: “quite early poet” (i.e. not the earliest poet) (go- prefix,
quite) + soft mutation + (cynfardd = early poet)
:_______________________________.
gohebiaeth, gohebiaethau <go HEB yeth, go heb
YEI the> (feminine noun)
1 correspondence
yr ohebiaeth the correspondence
:_______________________________.
gohebu <go-hee-bi> verb
1 to correspond (write letters)
gohebu â correspond with
rhestr ohebu PLURAL rhestrau gohebu mailing list
ETYMOLOGY: gohebu < *gwohebu- (gwo- prefix = under) + (heb
element = to speak) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
gohebydd, gohebwyr <go-HEE-bidh, go HEB wir> (masculine noun)
1 correspondent
2 gohebydd tramor foreign correspondent
:_______________________________.
gohirio <go HIR yo> (verb)
1 to postpone
:_______________________________.
go iawn
1 genuine, proper, authentic, real
y byd go iawn the real world
tebyg i fywyd go iawn true to life, life-like (“similar to real life”)
2 (food) not processed or
over-processed, simple
cwrw go iawn real ale
cwlffyn o gaws go iawn a lump of real cheese
:_______________________________.
goilan <goi-lan> masculine noun
1 southern form of geulan, soft-mutated form of ceulan
river bank
y geulan goch > Goulan-goch
locality in the county of Caerfyrddin
Marwolaethau: "Awst 20fed, wedi byr gystudd, yn 73 mlwydd oed, Esther
Thomas, Goilangoch, Llandilo (Tyst a'r Dydd 15 6 1882)
Deaths: August 20, after a short illness, at the age of 73, Esther Thomas, of
Geulan-goch / Goilan-goch, Llandeilo
:_______________________________.
gôl, PLURAL gôls
/ golau <GOOL, GOOLS / GO le> (feminine noun)
1 goal
y gôl (after the definite article ‘y’ there is not the expected soft
mutation, hence ‘y gôl’ and not ‘*yr ôl’)
:_______________________________.
golau <GOO-lai, -le> (adjective)
1 light = not dark
bod yn olau drwyddo / drwyddi (room, hall, workshop, etc) to be all lit
up, be full of light
Yr oedd yr Efail yn olau drwyddi the Smithy was all lit up
2 (colour) light, fair (= light in
hue)
cwrw golau pale ale
3 Y gwir a fyn y golau Truth
will out (“the truth demands / will demand the light”)
4 sunny
Ychydig gyda milltir o bentref Llangynan ar un o lechweddau prydferthaf y
plwyf, yng nghysgod y mynyddoedd, y safai hen amaethdy mawr a elwid Hafod Oleu,
ac ni fu un anneddle erioed yn fwy cydweddol a'i enw, Hafod Oleu oedd mewn
gwirionedd. O godiad haul hyd ei fachludiad mwynhai yr Hafod ei wres a'i
belydrau. Wynebai y tŷ tua'r gorllewin, a
throai ei gefn at y dwyrain, ac er gwaethaf yr helaethrwydd o goed ffrwythau yn
y berllan yr ochr ddeheuol i'r Hafod, a'r derw a'r ffawydd cyd-rhyngddo a gwynt
y gogledd, , mynnai yr haul dywynnu ar ryw ran o hono trwy gydol y dydd. tudalennau 12-13 PLANT Y GORTHRWM
About a mile from the village of Llangynan on one of the most beautiful slopes
of the parish, in the shelter of the mountains, stood the old farm called Hafod
Oleu (= Hafodolau, sunny / sunlit summer farm), and there was never a dwelling
which better suited it name, it was indeed a sunlit summer farm. From the
rising of the sun to its setting the summer farm enjoyed its heat and its rays.
The house faced west, and its back was turned towards the east, and in spite of
the abundance of fruit trees in the orchard on the southern side of the Hafod,
and the oaks and the beech trees between it and the north wind, the sun
insistently shone on some part of it throughout the day.
Plant y Gorthrwm (= the children of the oppression) / Gwyneth Vaughan, 1908 (=
Anne Harriet Hughes 1852-1910)
:_______________________________.
golau, goleuadau <GOO le, go lei AA de> (masculine noun)
1 light
2 headlight
gostwng y goleuadau dip the headlights (of a vehicle) (“lower the
lights”)
3 sbotolau (Theatre) spotlight
(sbot = focus) + soft mutation + (golau = light)
Alos: golau sbot
4 chwilolau searchlight
(chwil = stem of chwilio = to search) + soft mutation + (
golau = light)
Also golau chwilio
:_______________________________.
golau chwilio <goo-le khwil-yo> masculine
noun
PLURAL goleuadau sbot <go-lei-aa-de khwil-yo>
1 searchlight
Also golau chwilio
ETYMOLOGY: “light (of) searching” (golau = light) + (chwilio =
seaching; to search)
:_______________________________.
golau dydd <goo-le diiidh > m
1 daylight
mae'n olau dydd it’s daylight
gweld golau dydd gyntaf first see the light of day (= be born)
ETYMOLOGY: “light (of) day” (golau = light) + (dydd = day)
:_______________________________.
golau leuad <go le LEI ad> (adjective)
1 moonlight
ETYMOLOGY: “light (of) moon” (golau = light) + soft mutation + (lleuad
= moon)
The soft mutation is unusual. Maybe it is because lleuad is seen as a
personification and as such a proper name, and so it fits into the pattern of
(masculine noun) + soft mutation + (personal name); the soft mutation indicated
the possession of the former by the latter
Cf Tyddewi (ty^ Ddewi, “(the) (monastic) house (of) Dewi”), place name
(“St. Davids”, according to the English)
:_______________________________.
golau sbot <goo-le spot> masculine noun
PLURAL goleuadau sbot <go-lei-aa-de spot>
1 (Theatre) spotlight
Also: sbot, sbotolau
ETYMOLOGY: (golau = light) + (sbot = focus)
:_______________________________.
golau traffig, goleuadau traffig <go le TRA fig, go
lei A de TRA fig> (masculine noun)
1 traffic light
:_______________________________.
golchfa, golchféydd <GOLKH-va, golkh-VEIDH> (feminine noun)
1 washing place
yr olchfa the washing place
2 golchfa geir, golchfeydd ceir car wash
:_______________________________.
golchi <GOL khi> (verb)
1 to wash
2 golchi traed alarch try to do the impossible (“wash (the)
feet (of) (a) swan”)
:_______________________________.
golchi’ch dwylo <gol-khikh dui-lo>
1 wash your hands of = disclaim all involvement in a matter,
disclaim responsibility
Mathew 27:24 A Peilat a gymerth ddwfr ac a olchodd ei ddwylo gerbron y bobl
gan ddywedyd Dieuog ydwyf fi wrth waed y cyfiawn hwn
Mathew 27:24 He took water and washed his hands before the multitude saying I
am innocent of the blood of this just person
:_______________________________.
gold <gold > masculine
noun
1 gold gwyn Chrysanthemum leucanthemum = ox-eye daisy
(“white goldflower”)
2 gold Mair Chrysanthemum segetum = corn marigold
(“goldflower (of the) (Virgin) Mary”)
3 gold y gors Caltha palustris = marsh marigold
(“goldflower (of the) marsh”)
Gold-y-gors Name of a house in Pencerrig, Llanfair ym Muallt
ETYMOLOGY: English gold (= golden flower)
:_______________________________.
goleddf <go-ledhv> masculine noun
PLURAL: goleddfau <go-ledh-ve>
1 slope, hillside
2 sheep's earmark with a diagonal cut
3 ar oleddf, colloquially ar oledd’
..a/ (adj) slanting, sloping, diagonal,
cornel ar oleddf banked corner
..b/ (adv) slantwise, diagonally
ETYMOLOGY: goleddf < *gwoleddf
(gwo-, prefix = under) + soft mutation + ( lleddf = sloping,
slope)
NOTE: regional forms:
..1/ goledd’ (North Wales)
..2/ oledd’ (South Wales)
:_______________________________.
goleu <goo-le>
adjective
1 An older spelling of golau (= light, illuminated, sunlit)
The form goleu is found in place names on English-language maps, in
English-language official documents, etc though Welsh-language texts in general
use the modern form.
..a/ In Bedwas (county of Caerffili) the street name Bryngolau is
officially “Bryn Goleu”,
..b/ In Pen-y-sarn (county of Môn, North-west Wales) the street name Bryngolau
is officially “Bryn Goleu”.
..c/ In Pengam (county of Caerffili) there is a street name Bryngoleu Street
(which in Welsh would be Heol Bryngolau).
2 In compounds, though, this is the correct spelling (goleudy, goleyfryn,
etc)
:_______________________________.
goleuadau <go lei AA de> (plural noun)
1 lights; plural of golau
:_______________________________.
goleudy, goleudai <go LEI di, go LEI dai> (masculine noun)
1 lighthouse
ETYMOLOGY: (goleu- stem of goleuo = illuminate, enlighten) + soft
mutation (ty^ = house)
:_______________________________.
goleuni <go LEI ni> (masculine noun)
1 light
2 yn wyneb haul llygad goleuni
in broad daylight (“in (the) face (of) (the) sun (which
is) (the) eye (of) light”)
ETYMOLOGY: (goleu- penult form of golau = light) + (-ni suffix
for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
goleuo <go LEI o> (verb)
1 to light, to illuminate
2 (verb without an object) light up,
become lighter
Mae’r awyr yn goleuo The sky is clearing
Goleuodd y gorwel The horizon brightened
3 aroleuo
..a/ highlight = make part of the hair lighter than the rest;
..b/ highlight = make part of a text more visible than the rest by marking it
with a coloured pen or by underlining it
(ar- intensive prefix) + soft mutation + (goleuo = illuminate)
ETYMOLOGY: (goleu- penult form of golau = light) + (-o suffix
for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
goleuol <go-lei-ol> adjective
1 illuminating, enlightening
ETYMOLOGY: (goleu- stem of goleuo = illuminate, enlighten) + (-ol
suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
golfan y mynydd, golfanod... <gol van ə MƏ nidh,
gol VAA nod...> (masculine noun)
1 hedge sparrow
:_______________________________.
golff <GOLF> (masculine
noun)
1 golf
maes golff, PLURAL meysydd golff (m) golf course (“[open] field
(of) golf”)
caeau chwarae golff (colloquial) golf course
(“fields (of) playing golf”)
maes ymarfer golff golf driving range (“field (of) practising
golf”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/551486 Maes Ymarfer Golff Tre-borth, Ynys Môn
golff gwyllt crazy golf
golff bach miniature golf
pêl golff, PLURAL peli golff (f) golf ball
ffon golff, PLURAL ffyn golff (f) golf club (= club for
hitting the ball)
clwb golff, PLURAL clybiau golff (m) golf club (= association
or place)
chwarae golff to play golf
ETYMOLOGY: English golf < Middle English <
Middle Scots < Middle Dutch colf (= stick)
Modern Dutch kolf [kølf] 1 stick, bat; 2 stick
used in the game of the Dutch game kolf; 3 rifle butt; 4 (chemistry) retort; 5
spadix
German has der Kolben 1 piston; 2 rifle butt; 3
plunger; 4 (chemistry) retort; 5 humorous tem for the nose , “conk”
In a 1427 Scottish statute forbidding certain games golf
is mentioned for the first time.
“Fut-bol” is also forbidden..
:_______________________________.
golffio <GOLF-yo> (v)
1
play golf, go golfing
ETYMOLOGY: (golff = golf ) + (-io verb
suffix)
:_______________________________.
golffiwr <GOLF-yur> masculine noun
PLURAL: golffwýr <GOLF-wir>
1 golfer (male)
ETYMOLOGY: (golff = golf ) + (-i-wr noun
suffix)
:_______________________________.
golffwraig <GOLF-uraig, ureg> feminine noun
PLURAL: golffwragedd <golf-URAA-gedh >
1 golfer (female), golfwoman
ETYMOLOGY: (golff = golf ) + sotf mutation + (gwraig
= woman)
:_______________________________.
gollwng <GO lhung> (verb)
1 drop
2 release
gollwng y brâc release the brake
gollwng ci oddi ar dennyn unleash a dog
3 gollwng deigryn dros Gymru see a man about a dog, have a
pee (“shed a tear for Wales”)
4 gollwng angor drop anchor
5 (sound) gollwng ochenaid let out a sigh, to sigh
6 (arrow) loose, let off (from a bow)
gollwng saeth loose an arrow, let off an arrow
7 gollwng cyfrinach let out a secret, reveal a secret. let a
secret slip out, let slip a secret
8 dismiss = terminate a session of
gollwng cynulliad dismiss an assembly
9 gollwng rhywun oddi wrth bechod absolve somebody of their
sins
10 (vt) leak, let (water) escape; (vi) leak
atal pibellau rhag byrstio a gollwng dŵr yn y gaeaf to prevent pipes from bursting and leaking (“leaking
water”) in the winter
gollwng fel gogr leak like a sieve
10 gollwng rhywbeth i syrthio drop something (intentionally)
(“release something to fall”)
Pan ollyngwyd carreg i syrthio o le uchel... When a stone was dropped
from a great height
:_______________________________.
gollwng ymaith <GO-lhung ə-MAITH>
1 let go
Exodus 5:1 Ac wedi hynny, Moses ac Aaron a aethant i mewn, ac a ddywedasant
wrth Pharo, Fel hyn y dywedodd ARGLWyDD DDUW Israel; Gollwng ymaith fy mhobl,
fel y cadwont yl i mi yn yr anialwch.
Exodus 5:1 And afterward Moses and Aaron went in, and told Pharaoh, Thus saith
the LORD God of Israel, Let my people go, that they may hold a feast unto me in
the wilderness.
ETYMOLOGY: (gollwng = to release) + (ymaith = away)
:_______________________________.
golochwyd <go-LOO-khuid>
masculine or feminine noun
1 obsolete prayer, praying
y golochwyd / yr olochwyd the praywr
2 Capel Olochwyd oratory on
Mynydd y Twr, Caergybi
ETYMOLOGY: golochwyd <go-lo-khuid>
< gwolochwyd < gwolychwyd <gwo-lə-khuid>; (gwolych <gwo-likh>
= praise) (+ -wyd, suffix)
From the same British root: Cornish gwologhez <gwo-lo-khes>
= prayer
The element gwolych is also found in the word diolch (= thanks.)
The suffix -wyd is found in iechwyd, older form of iechyd
(= health)
:_______________________________.
golosg <goo-losk>
masculine noun
PLURAL: golosgion <go-losk-yon>
1 charcoal
2 literary coke = a solid fuel
obtained from coal by removal of volatile elements;
also glo golosg (= coke)
ffwrn olosg coke oven, place where coke is produced
3 county of Ceredigion stumps
of burnt gorse
4 golosg byw activated
charcoal
5 adjective charred, scorched,
burnt
ETYMOLOGY: golosg < gwolosg (gwo- = under) + soft
mutation + (llosg = burnt)
cf Cornish goleski (= singe, char); Irish foloisc (= singe, char)
:_______________________________.
golosgedyn <go-los-kee-din>
masculine noun
PLURAL: golosged <go-lo-sked>
1 stump of burnt furze (furze was cleared by burning it in spring, and
the poor of the district would collect the burnt stumps as firewood);
2 golosged burnt furze, stumps
of burnt furze; tinder.
Losged is the name of a common by Cwmcamlais, district of Brycheiniog
(county of Powys) – i.e. “golosged” with the loss of the first syllable
ETYMOLOGY: (golosg = charcoal) + (-ed, suffix for forming nouns)
NOTE: regional forms of golosged
(1) losged - with loss of the first syllable
(2) county of Penfro glosged < g’losged < golosged
(with the loss of the vowel of the first syllable)
:_______________________________.
golosgi <go-lo-ski>
verb
1 char, scorch, singe; burn; carbonise
ETYMOLOGY: (go- / gwo- suffix = under) + soft mutation + (llosgi
= to burn)
:_______________________________.
golosgwr <go-losk-ur>
masculine noun
PLURAL: golosgwyr <go-losk-wir>
1 charcoal burner, person who produces charcoal
ETYMOLOGY: (golosg-, stem of golosgi = produce charcoal) + (-wr,
suffix = ‘home’)
:_______________________________.
golosgyn <go-lo-skin>
masculine noun
1 piece of charcoal
ETYMOLOGY: (golosg = charcoal) + (-yn, diminutive suffix)
:_______________________________.
golud <goo-lid>
masculine noun
PLURAL: goludoedd <go-lii-dodh>
1 wealth, riches, opulence
Diarhebion 13:11 Golud a gasgler trwy oferedd, a leiheir; ond y neb a gasglo
â’i law a chwanega
Proverbs 13:11 Wealth gotten by vanity shall be diminished: but he that
gathereth by labour shall increase.
2 Hwy clod na golud “longer renown [through
praiseworthy actions] than wealth”, a good name will outlive wealth
Motto of Bwrdeistref Rhondda (Borough of Rhondda)
1955-1996
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic
From the same Celtic root: Irish foladh (= property, wealth)
:_______________________________.
goludlawn <go-lid-laun>
adjective
1 affluent
2 y gymdeithas oludlawn the affluent society
ETYMOLOGY: (golud = wealth) + (-lawn, suffix = full)
:_______________________________.
goludlonedd <go-lid-loo-nedh>
masculine noun
1 affluence
ETYMOLOGY: (golud = opulent) + (-edd, suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
goludog <go-lii-dog>
adjective
1 wealthy, rich, affluent
2 griddfan fel y gŵr goludog o seler uffern
groan like the rich man from the depths of hell – refers to the following
verses in the Bible:
Luc 16:22 A bu, i’r cardotyn farw, a’i ddwyn gan yr angylion i fynwes
Abraham. A’r goludog
hefyd a fu farw, ac a gladdwyd (16:23) Ac yn uffern efe a gododd ei olwg,
ac efe mewn poenau, ac a ganfu Abraham o hirbell, a Lasarus yn ei fynwes
(16:24) Ac efe a lefodd, ac a ddywedodd, O dad Abraham, trugurha wrthýf, a
danfon Lasarus, i drochi pen ei fys mewn dwfr, ac i oeri fy nhafod: canys fe
a’m poenir yn y fflam hon
Luke 16:22 And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the
angels into Abraham’s bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried; (16:23)
And in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off,
and Lazarus in his bosom. (16:24) And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have
mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water,
and cool my tongue; for I am tormented in this flame
ETYMOLOGY: (golud = wealth) + (-og, suffix for forming
adjectives)
:_______________________________.
..1 golwg <GO
lug> (feminine noun, sometimes masculine)
1 view, sight, look; = act of looking
yr olwg / y golwg = the view
cadw golwg am look out for something
cael golwg da ar get a good look at
chefais i ddim golwg da arno fe gan ei bod hi yn tywyllu mor gyflym
I didn’t get a proper look at him because it was getting dark so quickly
cael golwg ar have a look at
mynd i gael golwg ar y dre go and have a look round town
cael yr olwg olaf ar see for the last time
Yng ngorsaf y Brithdir ugain mlynedd yn ôl y cefais yr olwg olaf ar fy nhad
In Brithdir station twenty years ago I saw my father for the last time
colli golwg ar (rywbeth / rywun) lose sight of (something / someone); lose
touch with somebody
Mae un olwg yn ddigon Once seen, never forgotten (“one sight is enough”)
2 view = the range of the eye
bod o’r golwg <bood or GO lug> be out
of sight
bod yn y golwg <bood ən ə GO
lug> be in sight
byw o olwg y byd live a sheltered life (“live (away) from (the) sight (of)
the world”)
dod i’r golwg come into view
...Daeth y cyfrinach i’r golwg The secret slipped out, the secret came
out
o fewn golwg within view; not far off = (future event) soon to happen
o fewn golwg y tir within sight of land
dod i olwg rhywbeth come within sight of
Yn y man, daethant i olwg y groesffordd arweinai at y felin Presently
they came within sight of the crossroad which led to the mill
3 view, prospect
In house names and street names
Golwgymynydd “(the) view (of) the mountain” street name in Rhymni
(County of Caerffili)
(golwg = view) + (y = the) + (mynydd = mountain, upland,
upland pasture)
Golwg-deg / Golwg Deg (“fair view”) street in Waun-ceirch, Castell-nedd
(spelt as “Golwg Deg”)
(golwg = view) + soft mutation + (teg = fair)
Bryngolwg Slater’s Commercial Directory 1880 notes this as the home of
Mr. David Rosser Williams in a list of residents of Pont-y-pridd (“Pontypridd”)
and its surrounding parishes
bryn y golwg “(the) hill (of) the view”, hill with a view
3 appearance
Mae golwg ddu ar bethau Things look less than hopeful, Things look
pretty bad (“thre’s a black view on things”)
Mae golwg dda arno <mai GO lug DHAA ar
no> He looks good (“there is a good appearance on him”)
sut olwg “what kind of appearance... / what kind of look...”
(sut = what kind of ) + soft mutation + (golwg = appearance)
Sut olwg sydd arni? What does she look like? (“What kind of look is on
her?”)
rhyfedd yr olwg strange-looking, odd-looking
bod golwg ar rywun fel petái... appear as if...
Mae golwg arno fel petái wedi bod trwy’r felin (said of somebody who
looks very untidy) He looks as though he’s been through the wars (“through the
mill”)
Mae golwg wedi blino arni She looks tired
(weather) Mae golwg glaw arni It looks
like rain (“there is appearance (of) rain on it”)
Dda gen i mo’i golwg I don’t like the way she looks
barnu (rhywun) ar ei olwg judge (somebody) by his appearance (“judge (somebody)
on his appearance”)
barnu (rhywun) ar yr olwg allanol judge (somebody) by his appearance
(“judge (somebody) on the external appearance”)
barnu (rhywun) yn ôl ei olwg judge (somebody) by his appearance (“judge
(somebody) according to his appearance”)
ar ei golwg hi gellwch weld you can tell by the way she looks
Mae golwg dda arni yn y wisg ’na She looks good in that dress (“there is
(a) good appearance / look on her in that dress”)
bod golwg goll ar look lost (“be (a) lost look on”)
4 sign, indication
Nid oedd yr un golwg ei fod eto’n fyw There was no sign that he was
still alive
5 look = expression
golwg gariadus a loving look
6 respect
Does gen i fawr o olwg arno I don’t think much of it (“I don’t have much
sight on it”)
7 gyda golwg ar with reference to, as regards
:_______________________________.
..2 golwg, golygon <GO lug, go LƏ gon> (masculine noun)
1 sight = ability to see
2 dal eich golygon ar stare at (“hold your sights on”)
:_______________________________.
Golwg-fôr <GO lug VOOR>
1 street name in Porthtywyn (Caerfyrddin) (misspelt as “Golwgfor”)
ETYMOLOGY: “view (of) sea”, sea view”, “maritime view” (golwg = view) +
soft mutation + (môr = sea)
:_______________________________.
golygfa, golygféydd <go LƏG va, go
ləg
VEIDH> (feminine noun)
1 scene (= panorama, view)
yr olygfa the scene
:_______________________________.
golygu <go lə gi> (verb)
(verb with an object)
1 to edit
2 to mean
Mae ‘barr’ yn golygu ‘pen’. Mynydd â’i gopa o dan eira yw ystyr ‘Berwyn’
felly - ‘pen gwyn’.
’Barr’ means ‘top’. So the meaning of
‘Berwyn’ is a mountain with its summit covered in snow (“under snow”) - ‘white
top’
3 (initials) mean, stand for, represent
Beth mae SID yn ei olygu? Swyddfa Iechyd Dynolryw
What does SID mean? What do the initials SID stand for? The World Health
Organisation (“office (of) health (of) mankind”)
:_______________________________.
golygydd <go-lə-gidh> masculine noun
PLURAL: golygyddion <go-lə-gədh-yon>
1 (newspaper) editor
golygydd papur newydd newspaper editor
Annwyl Olygydd Dear Editor, Dear Sir, Sir, Madam Editor (in letters
printed in a newspaper)
is-olygydd sub-editor
2 (publisher) editor
golygydd cyswllt associate editor
Fe adawodd y golygydd y proflenni ar y trên
The editor left the proofs on the train
ETYMOLOGY: (golwg- = penult form of golygu = to look, to oversee)
+ (-ydd suffix to indicate an agent, person)
:_______________________________.
golygyddol <go-lə-gə-dhol> adjective
1 editorial
tîm golygyddol y “Cymro” the editorial team of the “Cymro”
ETYMOLOGY: (golygydd- penult form of golygydd = editor) + (-ol
= suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
gonest <GO nest> (adjective)
1 honest
ETYMOLOGY: (onest, with a prsothetic g-) < English honest
The g has resulted from assuming that onest was a
soft-mutated form of a radical form gonest
Another example of tis phenomenon is southern Welsh gallt (= hill;
wooded hill) < allt (= hill)
:_______________________________.
göoerfa < go-oir-va> feminine noun
PLURAL: göoerfaoedd, göoerféydd, göoerfaeon
<go-oir-va-odh, go-oir-veidh ,
go-oir-vai-on>
NOTE: local forms:
..a/ gwerfa <gwer-va>
..b/ gwyrfa <guir-va>
1 shady spot Dewch ’ma i'r wyrfa
(Come into the shade)
2 shady spot (especially for cattle),
sheltered place for cattle from the sun
3 (Place Names) (South Wales)
Y Werfa name of a farm in Aber-dâr (SO0002); nearby a hill is called Twyn
y Werfa (Werfa here probably refers to the farm, “the hill of Werfa farm”)
and a road called Heol y Werfa (Werfa again probably refers to the farm,
“the road to Werfa farm”).
Formerly also there was a coalmine Y Werfa that had been sunk on the
lands of the farm.
ETYMOLOGY: (göoer = cool) + (-fa suffix = place)
:_______________________________.
gopa <go-pa>
1 soft-mutated form of copa (qv) (= peak, hilltop)
:_______________________________.
gor- <gor> prefix
gor- is followed by the soft mutation. It is a productive prefix in the
literary language – that is, it is used freely to create new words.
In older compounds it was followed by the spirant mutation of c p t (see
below)
1 equivalent to the English prefixes
“over-, super-, hyper-, sur-”, meaning “more than usual, excessive”
i) (+ adjective) too
gor-siomedig too disappointed
ii) (+ noun) over = excessive
gor-ddefnydd = overuse
iii) (+ verb) over, too much
gor-ganolbwyntio overconcentrate; gor-ddefnyddio = overuse, use
too much;
2 great (refers to the child of a grandchild) gor-wyr =
great-grandson; gor-or-wyr great-great grandson
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gor < gwor < British *wor < Celtic
*uor < *uer < *uper < Indo-European *uper
The fact that Celtic had *uor instead of *uer may be the result
of the influence of the preposition with which it forms a pair, *uo (=
under), ‘ue’ having become ‘uo’ to match *uo (= under).
From the same British element *wor there has come gwar and ar
in Modern Welsh. Thus apart from the development gwor > gor,
there was also gwor > gwar > war > ar.
Gwar remains as a prefix in certain words in modern Welsh; as a
preposition, it has been whittled down to ar (gwar > war > ar).
Related words in other languages with the meaning “over-, super-, hyper-,
sur-”:
i) From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin super; Greek huper;
German über, English over
ii) Other Celtic languages:
From the same British root: Cornish gor, gwor; Breton gor;
From the same Celtic root: Irish for
Gaulish though had wer-, the expected form from Indoeuropean *uper;
it occurs as the first element in the name “Wer|kingeto|riks” (spelt in Latin
as Vercingetorix)
In old compounds, gwor- (or the variant form gwar-)
is followed by the spirant mutation
i) gwor- + cymyn > gorchymyn (= command) (not *gorgymyn)
ii) gwar- + cadw > *gwarchadw > *gwarchawd
> gwarchod (= conserve, look after, protect) (not *gwargod)
iii) gwor- + pen > *gworphen > *gorffen (=
finish) (not *gorben)
iv) gwor- + cuddio > *gworchuddio > *gorchuddio
(= cover) (not *gorguddio)
In one example there is no mutation -
gwor- + modd > gormodd, gormod (= excess) (not *gorfodd)
There is also an example of gor- (= over) taking the place of go-
(= under)
gollewin > gorllewin = west
SEE:
goddiweddyd (= overtake)
gor-rymus (= too strong, excessively strong)
gor-sénsitif (= oversensitive)
*gwar (= over-, super-)
gor-ddos (= overdose)
:_______________________________.
gôr <goor> masculine noun
1 North-east Wales sleep in the eyes
2 South Wales heat, abscess,
inflammation, pus;
gwasgu gôr o ddolur = squeeze pus from a wound
3 North Wales winor,
hangnail;
apheresis of ewinor <e-wii-nor>
feminine noun,
literally ‘fingernail abscess’
(ewin = fingernail, toenail) + soft mutation + (gôr = abscess)
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Celtic. The old sense was ‘hot’. Related
forms are
...(1) gori = brood, hatch;
...(2) gwâr = civilised;
...(3) gwres = heat.
From the same British root: Breton gor = abscess
In Hibernian, from the same Common Celtic root: Irish gor = pus;
:_______________________________.
..1 gorad <go-rad>
masculine noun
1 hatching
2 festering
ETYMOLOGY: (gôr-, stem of gori = incubate) + (-ad = suffix
for forming nouns)
Also: goriad
:_______________________________.
..2 gorad <go-rad>
feminine noun
corad is the north-western and south-eastern pronunciation of cored (=
weir, fish-trap). This is the soft-mutated form (y gored > y gorad)
:_______________________________.
Y Gorad <ə go-rad> feminine noun
1 locality in Dyffryn, county of Môn (‘the weir’)
ETYMOLOGY: see previous entry
:_______________________________.
goraeddfed <gor-eidh-ved>
adjective
1 (fruit) overripe
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- prefix, = excessive) + (aeddfed = ripe)
:_______________________________.
gorau <GO re> (adjective)
1 best
2 Llawer gwir gorau ei gelu
Many things are best left unsaid; to maintain harmonious relations it is better
sometimes not to criticise things which deserve criticism
(“many a truth best its hiding”)
2 (noun) y gorau (m), yr orau (f) = the best
y gorau o’i fath the best of its kind
yr ail orau second best
bodloni ar yr ail orau settle for second best
4 y gorau o bell ffordd by far the best, the best by far
Hwn yw’r gorau o bell ffordd This one is by far the best
5 rhoi’r troed gorau ymlaenaf put your best foot forward = do
your best, go your fastest
6 In sayings, as the introductory word qualifying a noun or
verbnoun:
Gorau amddiffyn, ymosod The best form of defence is attack (“best
defending, attacking”)
Gorau arf gwirionedd honesty is the best policy (“best weapon truth”)
Gorau enllyn, enllyn llaeth The best companage is milk, the best thing
to have with dry bread is milk
7 gorau un the very best
Sayings:
Gorau un enllyn, halen The very best companage is salt
7 o’r gorau (expression of
agreement, compliance) very well, all right, O.K.
8 ar eich gorau in one’s best
form, to the utmost
bod ar eich goreu yn gweithio be busy at work, be working away busily,
be hard at it working
Pan oedd pawb ar eu gorau yn gweithio, dyma fe’n sleifio i0’r tafarn
When everybdoy was hard at it working he slipped off to the pub
9 bod orau be the best course
of action
Aros yma am hanner awr fydd orau our best bet is to wait here half an
hour
:_______________________________.
gorau i gyd po gynta’ <go re i GIID po GƏN ta> (phrase)
1 the sooner the better
:_______________________________.
gorau po leiaf <goo--te poo lei-a>
1 the less the better
Gorau po leiaf a ddywedir The less said the better; Least said, soonest
mended
Gorau po leiaf a ddywedir amdano The less said about it the better
Gorau po leiaf o sôn amdano The less said the better
Dywed mai gorau po leiaf o wahanol fathau o gynion y bydd yn eu defnyddio
He says that he fewer types of chisels he uses the better
ETYMOLOGY:
..a/ gorau (= best)
..b/ po A form of bo (= it might be), third person present
subjunctive of bod (= to be) – the initial consonant b has become
unvoiced > p
..c/ po causes soft mutation of the initial consonant of the following
adjective
..d/ lleiaf (= the least)
:_______________________________.
gorau po brinnaf < go-re poo bri-na>
1 the least… the better
Gorau po brinnaf cyfeirio at y pethau hyn The least said about these
things the better (“the least the better referring to these things”
:_______________________________.
gorboblogaeth <gor bo BLO geth> (feminine noun)
1 overpopulation
:_______________________________.
gorboethi <gor BOI thi> (verb)
1 overheat
:_______________________________.
gorchest, gorchestion <GOR khest, gor KHEST yon>
(feminine noun)
1 feat
yr orchest the feat
:_______________________________.
gorchfygu <gorkh VƏ gi> (verb)
1 defeat
:_______________________________.
gorchuddio <gor-khidh-yo>
verb with an object
1 cover = put over in order to protect or hide
2 cover = occupy surface of
Rhaid gwarchod yr ychydig sy’n weddill o’r coedwigoedd cynhenid arferai
orchuddio cyfran helaeth o Gymru ar un pryd...
We must preserve the little that is left of the native woodlands that used
to cover an extensive area of Wales at one time
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + spirant mutation + (cuddio
= to cover)
NOTE: the stem is gorchudd-i-. For example, gorchuddiwyd = it was
covered, it has been covered
:_______________________________.
gorchwyl, gorchwylion <GOR khuil, gor KHUIL yon>
(masculine noun)
1 to order, command
2 Afrwydd pob gorchwyl ar y cyntaf
Every task is difficult at the outset (“difficult every task on the first”)
:_______________________________.
gorchymyn, gorchmynion <gor KHƏ min, gorkh MƏN yon> (masculine noun)
1 order, command
2 gorchymyn prynu gorfodol
compulsory purchase order
3 drwy orchymyn pendant by
strict order, according to an order that must be rigorously obeyed
:_______________________________.
gorddiog <gor-dhi-og>
adjective
1 lazy, slothful
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + soft mutation + (diog = lazy)
:_______________________________.
Gorddwr <GOR dhur> (feminine noun)
1 commote, ancient division of the kantrev of Caereinion (north-east
Wales)
:_______________________________.
gore! = o’r gorau <GO re> (phrase)
1 OK, all right, agreed
:_______________________________.
goresgyn <gor
E skin> (verb)
1 overcome, surmount
goresgyn anhawster overcome a difficulty
:_______________________________.
goresgynnol <go-re-skə-nol>
1 invading
2 byddin oresgynnol occupation force, army of occupation
ETYMOLOGY: (goresgynn- the letter y = <ə>, penult form of goresgyn
- here y = <i>, to invade) +
(-ol suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
goreuglod <go-rei-glod>
adjective
1 of greatest renown
ETYMOLOGY: (goreu- penult syllable form of gorau = best) + soft
mutation + (clod = renown; praise)
:_______________________________.
goreugwyr <go-rei-gwir> plural noun
1 y goreugwyr the best people, the foremost people, the
leading lights
Mae’r English causes yn fwy parchus yn ein trefydd na’r hen eglwysi
syml, gwerinol, Cymreig. Mae llawer o oreugwyr y Pulpud Anghydffurfiol wedi
croesi Clawdd Offa, neu wedi mynd at y Saeson neu’r Sais-Gymry yng Nghymru.
(Yn Eisieu - Safon Gymreig. W. Llewelyn Williams. Geninen 1906)
The English causes (NOTE: setting up of Welsh chapels by Welsh-speakers
which use English rather than Welsh, ostensibly to attract English immigrants
to Welsh religious bodies) are more respectable in our towns than the old
simple Welsh folksy churches. Many of the foremost people of the Nonconformist
Pulpit have crossed over Offa’s Dyke (NOTE: have gone over the border into
England), or have gone to the English and the English-Welsh in Wales.
ETYMOLOGY: (goreu, penultimate syllable form of gorau = best) + (gwyr
= people, men).
Normally there is soft mutation of the initial of a noun following an adjective,
but this does not occur if it is a superlative adjective
:_______________________________.
gorfaelu <gor-VEI-li> [gɔrˡvəɪlɪ] verb
1 monopolise, be in sole control of; have
a monopoly over
A phan edrychom ar Brydain Fawr yr ydym yn gweled fod yr iaith Gymraeg ag
oedd unwaith yn gorfaelu hyd a lled y wlad, erbyn heddyw wedi gadael y de a’r
dwyrain a’r gogledd; ac ni chlywir mo’ni yn cael ei siarad ond ar lain deneu o
Gymru — ar lethrau afonydd a nentydd ag sydd yn rhedeg i For y Gorllewin. Y
Geninen (1915) 33 t153
And when we look at Great Britain we see that the Welsh language which at one
time had a monopoly over the length and breadth of the country, by today it has
left the south and the east and the north; and it isn’t to be heard spoken
except in a thin strip of Wales – on the slopes of the rivers and streams whoch
run into the Western Sea.
ETYMOLOGY: (1848) (gor- intensitive prefix) + (maelu / maelio =
trade, make a profit)
:_______________________________.
gorffen <GOR-fen> [ˡgɔrfɛn] verb
1 to finish; finishing
bod wedi ei gwbl orffen be completely finished
Mae gennyf gof amdano ym Mhontsaeson, pan nad oedd y capel wedi ei gwbl
orffen, yn 1842 neu dechrau 1843
I remember seeing him in Pontsaeson, when the chapel hadn’t been completely
finished, in 1842, or the beginning of 1843
2 (m) as a noun: end
hyd orffen byd until the end of time (“until (the) end / finishing (of)
(the) world”)
:_______________________________.
Gorffennaf (Gorffenna’) <gor-FE-nav, -na> [gɔrˡfɛnav,
-na] (masculine noun)
1 July (“end (of) summer”) gorffen + haf
01 Gorffennaf (y cyntaf o Orffennaf)
the first of July
02 Gorffennaf (yr ail o Orffennaf)
the second of July
Gwyl Fair yn yr Haf Visitation of Our Lady
“(the) ‘Gwyl Fair’ (of) the summer”, i.e. “the feastday of the Virgin Mary
which is in the summer”
03 Gorffennaf (y trydydd o Orffennaf)
the third of July
04 Gorffennaf (y pedwerydd o Orffennaf)
the fourth of July
05 Gorffennaf (y pumed o Orffennaf)
the fifth of July
06 Gorffennaf (y chweched o Orffennaf)
the sixth of July
07 Gorffennaf (y seithfed o Orffennaf)
the seventh of July
08 Gorffennaf (yr wythfed o Orffennaf)
the eighth of July
09 Gorffennaf (y nawfed o Orffennaf)
the ninth of July
10 Gorffennaf (y degfed o Orffennaf)
the tenth of July
11 Gorffennaf (yr unfed ar ddeg o Orffennaf)
the eleventh of July
12 Gorffennaf (y deuddegfed o Orffennaf)
the twelfth of July
13 Gorffennaf (y trydydd ar ddeg o Orffennaf)
the thirteenth of July
14 Gorffennaf (y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Orffennaf)
the fourteenth of July
15 Gorffennaf (y pymthegfed o Orffennaf)
the fifteenth of July
16 Gorffennaf (yr unfed ar bymtheg o Orffennaf)
the sixteenth of July
17 Gorffennaf (yr ail ar bymtheg o Orffennaf)
the seventeenth of July
18 Gorffennaf (y deunawfed o Orffennaf)
the eighteenth of July
19 Gorffennaf (y pedwerydd ar bymtheg o Orffennaf)
the nineteenth of July
20 Gorffennaf (yr ugeinfed o Orffennaf)
the twentieth of July
21 Gorffennaf (yr unfed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-first of July
22 Gorffennaf (yr ail ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-second of July
Gwyl Fair Fadlen = Saint Mary Magdalene’s Day
23 Gorffennaf (y trydydd ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-third of July
24 Gorffennaf (y pedwerydd ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-fourth of July
25 Gorffennaf (y pumed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
Gwyl Iago’r Apostol
the twenty-fifth of July
26 Gorffennaf (y chweched ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-sixth of July
27 Gorffennaf (y seithfed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-seventh of July
28 Gorffennaf (yr wythfed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-eighth of July
29 Gorffennaf (y nawfed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the twenty-ninth of July
30 Gorffennaf (y degfed ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the thirtieth of July
31 Gorffennaf (yr unfed ar ddeg ar hugain o Orffennaf)
the thirty-first of July
ym mis Gorffenna’ (adverb) in July
ETYMOLOGY: ‘(the) end (of) summer’ (gorffenn- <
gorffen = end) + (haf = summer)
:_______________________________.
gorffennol <gor-FE-nol> [gɔrˡfɛnɔl] (masculine noun)
1 y gorffennol the past
:_______________________________.
gorffod <GOR-fod> [ˡgɔrfɔd] (verb)
1 to oblige: = gorfod
:_______________________________.
gorffwys <GOR-fuis> [ˡgɔrfʊɪs] masculine noun
1 rest
Mae newid gwaith cystal â gorffwys A change of work is as good as a rest
man gorffwys a place of rest, a resting place
2 capel gorffwys chapelle
ardente, funeral chapel, mortuary chapel
‘chapel (of) rest’ (capel = chapel) + (gorffwys = to rest,
resting)
3 mynd i'ch gorffwys die (“go to
your rest”)
(mynd = to go) + (i’ch = to your) + (gorffwys = rest,
resting)
rhoi (rhywun) i orffwys lay someone to rest, bury someone (“put to
resting”)
ETYMOLOGY: gorffwys (= rest) < gorphowys (gor-
augmentative prefix) + spirant mutation + (powys = rest)
NOTE: Also with the obsolete spelling gorphwys
:_______________________________.
gorffwys <GOR-fuis> [ˡgɔrfʊɪs] verb
1 rest = relax
Ar ol gorffwys diwrnod neu ddau daethom yn awyddus i fyned i bentref
Caledonia
After resting a day or two we became desirous of going to the village of
Caledonia
.
2 dod i orffwys come to be
firmly in place
3 lie in the grave, be at rest, be in
repose
Yn y fynwent gerllaw, ar ael y bryn, lle y gorwedd rhai o'r cyfeillion
anwylaf a welsom erioed
In the cemetery nearby, on the hillcrest, where some of the dearest friends we
ever knew (“saw”) are in repose
4 Gorffwysed mewn hedd May he
/ she rest in peace
5 lie, be positioned
ETYMOLOGY: from the noun gorffwys (= rest)
:_______________________________.
gorffwysfa <gor-FUIS-va> [gɔrˡfʊɪsva]
feminine noun
After the definite article: yr orffwysfa [ər ɔrˡfʊɪsva]
PLURAL gorffwysfaoedd < gor-fuis-va-oidh> [gɔrfʊɪsˡvɑˑɔɪð, gɔrfʊɪsˡvɑˑɔð]
1 resting place, place of repose
2 place of repose for souls, heaven
ETYMOLOGY: (gorffwys-, stem of the verb gorffwys = to rest) + (-fa
noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)
NOTE: Also with the obsolete spelling gorphwysfa
:_______________________________.
Gorffwysfa <gor-FUIS-va> [gɔrˡfʊɪsva]
1 SH6445 locality in Gwynedd
2 house name
..a/ Gorphwysfa house name in Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd) (in the list
of members in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961
/ Part 1)
..b/ (Canada) Gorffwysfa The Prime Minister’s Residence at 24 Sussex
Drive, Ottawa is the official residence of Canada's Prime Minister.
It was built in 1866 by Vermont-born Joseph Merrill Currier, a Member of
Parliament who was a former lumber baron and millowner. The house was a gift
for his third wife Hannah, and was orginally named by him Gorffwysfa.
The government purchased it in 1943, and since it became the official residence
in 1951 it has housed every Prime Minister since then.
3 chapel name
Gorphwysfa chapel in Sgiwen (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
32:18 Eseia A’m pobl a drig mewn preswylfa
heddychlon, ac mewn anheddau diogel, ac mewn gorffwysfaoedd llonydd.
32:18 Isaiah And my people shall
dwell in a peaceable habitation, and in sure dwellings, and in quiet resting
places;
ETYMOLOGY: See the previous entry
:_______________________________.
Gorffwysle <gor-FUIS-le> [gɔrˡfʊɪslɛ]
1 house name
..a/ house name in Bangor (Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (gorffwys-, stem of the verb gorffwys = to rest) +
soft mutation + (lle = place)
:_______________________________.
gorfod <GOR-vod> [ˡgɔrvɔd] (verb)
1 be obliged
2 y baich rw i’n gorfod ’i ddwyn the
cross I have to bear (“the burden I am obliged to carry”) (said of a person or
matter for which a person takes responsibility even though it causes him or her
many problems)
3 overcome, conquer
A ddioddefws a orfu <aa dhi-o-DHEE-vus aa
OR-vi> [aː ðɪɔðeˑvʊs aː ˡɔrvɪ] (verb)
1 to suffer
Motto of the former county of Morganwg
“[it is] | he-who | suffered | who | overcame or conquered”, “he who
suffered conquered”
(a subject pronoun = the person who) + soft mutation + (dioddefws =
he suffered) + (a relative pronoun = who) + soft mutation + (gorfu =
he overcame)
:_______________________________.
gorfodi <gor-VOO-di> [gɔrˡvoˑdɪ] (verb)
1 to force, oblige
2 gorfod (past participle) = forced
priodas orfod PLURAL priodasau gorfod shotgun marriage
:_______________________________.
gorfodol <gor-VOO-dol>
[gɔrˡvoˑdɔl] (adjective)
1 compulsory
Cymraeg gorfodol compulsory Welsh, Welsh as a compulsory subject in
schools
2 gorchymyn prynu gorfodol compulsory purchase order
:_______________________________.
gorhoen <GOR-hoin> [ˡgɔrhɔɪn] masculine or
feminine noun
1 obsolete happiness, joy
y gorhoen / yr orhoen the happiness
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, intensifying prefix) + (hoen = gladness)
:_______________________________.
gorhoenus <gor-HOI-nis> [gɔrˡhɔɪnɪs] adjective
1 (rare) happy, cheerful
Mae llawer o straeon gorhoenus a chellweirus yn “Ysten Sioned”
There are many happy and amusing stories in “Sioned’s Pitcher”.
ETYMOLOGY: (gorhoen = joy, happiness) + (-us)
:_______________________________.
gorifyny <go-ri-VƏƏ-ni> [gɔrɪˡvəˑnɪ] masculine noun
1 ascent, upward slope
mynd ar y gorifyny (road) go up, climb
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = intensive prefix) + (i fyny = upwards)
:_______________________________.
goriwaered <go-ri-WEI-red> [gɔrɪˡwəɪrɛd] masculine noun
1 descent, downward slope; gradient
bu goriwaered o 1 (un) droedfedd mewn 40 (deugain) there was a one in forty gradient
2 mynd ar y goriwaered go downhill (“go on the downward
slope”)
3 bod ar y goriwaered (company, firm) be on a downward slope, be on a downward
spiral, be going downhill
mae’r cwmni ar y goriwaered ers chwe mis the company has been going
downhill for six months
4 Bwlch Goriwared SH7624
A pass by Llanfachreth, Gwynedd
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/500014 Bwlch Goriwaered
bwlch y goriwaered “(the) gap (of) the slope”
ETYMOLOGY: goriwaered < gorwaered (gor- = intensive
prefix) + soft mutation + (gwaered = slope)
The intrusive “i” is due to the influence of gorifyny (= ascent)
NOTE: also goriwared with change of the diphthong <ei> > the vowel <a>.
Cf the alternation in the base word also: gwaered / gwared (=
slope)
:_______________________________.
gorlif <GOR-liv> [ˡgɔrlɪv] masculine noun
PLURAL gorlifoedd <gor-LII-voidh, -odh> [gɔrˡliˑvɔɪð, -ɔð]
1 overflow = excess, amount over the
capacity of a container
2 overflow = (liquid) amount which was too much to be contained and
has run over
sianel orlif overflow channel
peipen orlif overflow pipe
3 spill, leak
Mae gorlif olew wedi effeithio wyth milltir o arfordir ar hyd traethau
gogledd Cymru
An oil spill has affected eight miles of coast along the North Wales beaches
4 flood; gorlif sydyn = flash flood
ETYMOLOGY: (gor prefix = over) + soft mutation + (llif = flow)
:_______________________________.
gorliwgar <gor-liu-gar> [gɔrˡlɪʊgar] adjective
1 (colour) garish
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over-, too) + soft mutation + (lliwgar
= colourful)
:_______________________________.
gorllewin <gor-LHEU-in> [gɔrˡɬɛʊɪn] (masculine noun)
1 west
Gorllewin Ewrop western Europe
:_______________________________.
gormesol <gor-ME-sol> [gɔrˡmɛsɔl] (adjective)
1 oppressive, repressive
2 cyfreithiau gormesol repressive laws
llywodraeth
ormesol a chreulon a cruel
oppressive government
:_______________________________.
gormod, gormodion <GOR-mod, gor-MOD-yon>[ˡgɔrmɔd] [gɔrˡmɔdjɔn] (masculine noun)
South Wales: gormodd <GOR-modh> [ˡgɔrmɔð]
1 excess
2 too much
Mae hwnna fymryn yn ormod That’s a bit too much
3 gormod (o rywbeth) too much (of something)
rhoi gormod o bwyslais ar (rywbeth) attach too much importance to
4 cymryd gormod o cegaid bite off more than you can chew
(“take (an) excess of mouthful”)
5 bod gormod o floneg ar be too flabby (“be too-much of fat
on”)
6 bod yn ormod saith waith o (rywbeth) i (wneud rhywbeth) be
far too much of a (something) to (do something) (“be seven times too much (of
something) to (do something)”)
Mae e’n ormod saith waith o fonheddwr i wneud peth felly He’s far too
much a gentleman to do such a thing
NOTE:
The South Wales form GORMODD is earlier than the standard form GORMOD
:_______________________________.
gormod chwerthin a dynn ddagrau <GOR-mod KHWER-thin aa din DA-grai,
-gre> [ˡgɔrmɔd ˡxwɛrθɪn ɑː dɪn ˡdagraɪ, -grɛ]
1 too much laughter leads to tears;
too much enjoyment can end in misery
Merthyr 1895
ETYMOLOGY: “(it is) too much | laughing | which | draws |tears”
:_______________________________.
gornest, gornestau <GOR-nest, gor-NE-stai, -e> [ˡgɔrnɛst, gɔrˡnɛstaɪ, gɔrˡnɛstɛ] (feminine noun)
1 fight, contest
yr ornest the fight
2 gornest baffio boxing match
gornest focsio boxing match
gornest
jwdo judo contest
:_______________________________.
goroesiad <gor-OIS-yad> [gɔrˡɔɪsjad] masculine noun
PLURAL goroesiadau <gor-ois-YAA-dai, -e> [gɔrɔɪsˡjɑˑdaɪ, gɔrɔɪsˡjɑˑdɛ]
1 survival
2 goroesiad yr addasaf
survival of the fittest (“survival of the most suitable”)
ETYMOLOGY: (goroes- stem of goroesi = to survive) + (-i-ad
noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.
gorof <GOO-rov> [ˡgoˑrɔv] feminine noun
1 Soft mutated form (c > g) of corof = pommel, raised
front part of a saddle; a hill of a similar shape
(There is soft mutation of the first consonant of a feminine noun after the
definite article)
Occurs in place names in Ystradgynlais (Powys):
.....(1) Bryngorof = bryn y gorof, ‘the hill of the precipice’,
street name in Ystradgynlais (“Bryn Gorof”)
.....(2) Heol y Gorof “(the) road (of) Y Gorof”, street name in
Ystradgynlais (“Gorof Road”)
.....(3) Y Gorof place in Ystradgynlais
…..(4) Maesygorof “(the) field (of) Y Gorof”, street name in
Ystradgynlais (“Maes y Gorof”)
See
COROF
:_______________________________.
goron <GOO-ron> [ˡgoˑrɔn]
1 soft-mutated form of coron =
crown
2 Y Goron the Crown = a government representing a
constitutional monarchy
3 Y Goron the Crown = the government of England
See coron
:_______________________________.
goror, gororau <GOO-ror, go-ROO-rai, -e> [ˡgoˑrɔr] [gɔˡroˑraɪ, gɔˡroˑrɛ] (feminine noun)
1 border
yr oror the border
2 gororau marchland, borderland,
frontier zone; land lying along a border, often of disputed ownership;
(obsolete English) mark
Y Gororau the Welsh bodrer
counties
Y mae llawer ardal ar y gororau gododd i groesawu Owen Glyndwr sydd wedi
mynd yn hollol Seisnig dros y cenedlaethau
There are many districts in the borders which rose up to welcome Owain
Glyn-dŵr which have become
totally English over the generations
Oror SJ0847 near Gwyddelwern yr oror “the boundary”
(farm mentioned in 1851 Gwyddelwern Census)
Llyn Oror a lake east of the farm
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/559236 SJ0847 Bryn-du,
north of Oror
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims
to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every
square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)
Gororion SN8773 Place where
the three counties of Maesyfed, Ceredigion, and Maldwyn joined
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/970391 Abergwngu SN8773
(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically
representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great
Britain and Ireland…”)
Nant Gororion, SN8774 (SN87528-74229) a stream here
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British <
Celtic
Equivalent to modern Welsh (gor- prefix = on) + (*or = border, boundary)
From the same Celtic root: Irish forar
(= limit, end), fóir (= border)
(The Irish forms have an extraneous initial f-)
Manks oirr (= edge, brim), Scottish (Gaelic) oir (= edge)
Cf Latin ora (= margin or edge); used in modern English in
anatomy
Also the origin of French orle > English orle.(= border on a shield a short distance from
the edge)
:_______________________________.
gorphwys <GOR-fuis> [ˡgɔrfʊɪs]
1 (m) rest, (v) to rest
Obsolete spelling. See gorffwys
:_______________________________.
gorphwysfa <gor-FUIS-va> [gɔrˡfʊɪsva] feminine noun
1 old spelling of gorffwysfa
Gorphwysfa house name in Dolgellau (county of Gwynedd) (in the list of members
in “The Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion” 1961 / Part 1)
:_______________________________.
gors <GORS> [gɔrs]
1 soft-mutated form of cors = marsh
y gors = the marsh
llyffant y gors or broga’r gors (Rana ridibunda) marsh frog
:_______________________________.
gorsaf, gorsafoedd <GOR-sav, gor-SAA-voidh, -vodh> [ˡgɔrsav, gɔrˡsavɔɪð, -vɔð] (feminine noun)
1 station
yr orsaf the station
gorsaf ámbiwlans <gor-sav AM-biu-lans> [gɔrsav ˡambɪʊlans]
(feminine noun) ambulance station
gorsaf betrol <GOR-sav BE-trol> [ˡgɔrsav ˡbɛtrɔl] petrol station
PLURAL: gorsafoedd petrol <gor-SAA-voidh,
-vodh, BE-trol> [gɔrˡsavɔɪð, -vɔð ˡpɛtrɔl]
gorsaf dân <gor-sav
DAAN> [gɔrsav ˡdɑːn] fire station
PLURAL: gorsafoedd tân <gor-SAA-voidh, -vodh, TAAN> [gɔrˡsavɔɪð, -vɔð ˡtɑːn]
gorsaf drên <gor-sav
DREEN> [gɔrsav ˡdreːn] railway station, train station (USA: also: depot)
PLURAL: gorsafoedd trên <gor-SAA-voidh, -vodh, TREEN> [gɔrˡsavɔɪð, -vɔð ˡtreːn]
Also gorsaf drenau, gorsaf trenau <DREE-nai,
-ne; TREE-nai, -ne; > [ ˡdreˑnaɪ, -nɛ, ˡtreˑnaɪ, -nɛ]
gorsaf fysiau bus station
(gorsaf y bysiau the bus station)
yr orsaf fysiau ganolog the central bus station
gorsaf heddlu <gor sav hedh
li> PLURAL: gorsafoedd heddlu <gor
sa vodh hedh li>
gorsaf reilffordd plural gorsafoedd rheilffordd railway station =
stopping place for passengers on a railway (USA: depot)
gorsaf y frigâd dân <GOR sav ə vri gaad DAAN> fire station
tŷ gorsaf station house, railway house; stationmaster’s house
tŷ’r orsaf the station house
2 place names (houses, streets)
Tŷ’r Orsaf (house name)
Station House
Examples in
..a/ Llandybie (county of Ceredigion)
..b/ Gorsaf Heol Maentwrog, Gellilydan (county of Gwynedd)
Yr Hen Orsaf districte de Llanidloes (county of Powys) (“the old
station”)
Heol yr Orsaf “Station Road” (typically southern; in the north ffordd
is preferred for ‘road’ instead of heol)
Examples in
..a/ Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
..b/ Cydweli
..c/ Pont-y-clun
..d/ Y Drenewydd (county of Powys)
..e/ Ystum-taf, Caer-dydd
Ffordd yr Orsaf “Station Road”
Examples in
..a/ *Aberafan (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
..b/ *Cas-gwent
..c/ Llan-rug
..d/ *Nantgaredig (county of Caerfyrddin)
..e/ Rhuddlan
..f/ Prestatyn
..g/ Trawsfynydd (county of Gwynedd)
..h/ Y Drenewydd (county of Powys)
*(often seen in translations in South Wales for “Station Road” where Heol yr
Orsaf would be a more apt form. In southern towns the two translations are
often seen in addresses referring to the same road)
Maes yr Orsaf name of a square in Pwllheli (county of Gwynedd)
3 gorsafoedd y groes stations of the cross
:_______________________________.
gorsedd <GOR-sedh> [ˡgɔrsɛð] (feminine noun)
PLURAL gorseddau <gor-SEE-dhai, -dhe> [gɔrˡseˑðaɪ, -ðɛ]
1 seat, throne
2 throne as a symbol of regal authority; power of a king
3 Gorsedd y Cwmwl mountain south of Trevelin in the
Argentinian Andes
“(the) throne (of) the cloud” (gorsedd = throne) + (y the, definite
article) + (cwmwl = cloud)
4 throne of God
Salmau 45:6 Dy orsedd di, O DDUW, sydd byth ac yn dragywydd: teyrnwialen
uniondeb yw teyrnwialen dy frenhiniaeth di.
Salms 45:6 Thy throne, O God, is for ever and ever: the sceptre of thy kingdom
is a right sceptre.
Also gorseddfa
Salmau 11:4 Yr ARGLWyDD sydd yn nheml ei sancteiddrwydd; gorseddfa yr
ARGLWyDD sydd yn y nefoedd: y mae ei lygaid ef yn gweled, ei amrantau yn profi
meibion dynion.
Salms 11:4 The LORD is in his holy temple, the LORD’S throne is in heaven: his
eyes behold, his eyelids try, the children of men.
Also gorseddfainc
Datguddiad 1:4 Ioan at y saith eglwys sydd yn Asia: Gras fyddo i
chwi, a thangnefedd, oddi wrth yr hwn sydd, a’r hwn a fu, a’r hwn sydd ar
ddyfod; ac oddi wrth y saith Ysbryd sydd gerbron ei orseddfainc ef;
Revalations 1:4 John to the seven churches which are in Asia: Grace be unto
you, and peace, from him which is, and which was, and which is to come; and
from the seven Spirits which are before his throne;
5 (humor / humour) throne = toilet bowl
y tu ôl i’r orsedd yn y tŷ bach behind the toilet bowl in the privy
6 (obsolete) (place names) tumulus, earth mound; burial mound;
..a/ Yr Orsedd (qv) (anciently Yr Orsedd-goch) (county of
Wrecsam);
..b/ Gorsedd (qv) locality 4km west of Treffynnon (county of Y Fflint)
7 (obsolete) assembly, gathering
8 (obsolete) court of law, tribunal (place)
9 (obsolete) court of law, tribunal (session), judicial assembly
10 Gorsedd y Beirdd (qv) congress of bards; development of
the sense gorsedd = court of law, tribunal
11 (obsolete) gorsedd y Tylwyth Teg fairy mound
12 (obsolete) stage; theatre
ETYMOLOGY: equivalent to modern Welsh (gor- = super) + (sedd =
seat) çgorsedd < gworsedd < British *wor-essed- <
Indo-European *uper-en-sed-; (sed- = to sit)
Other Celtic languages:
..a/ British branch: Breton gorzez (= slowness, delay)
..b/ Hibernian branch: Irish foradh (= tumulus; fort, dwelling)
Cf Latin sedere (= to sit), whence Catalan seure (= to sit)
:_______________________________.
Gorsedd y Beirdd <GOR-sedh ə BEIRDH> [ˡgɔrsɛð ə ˡbəɪrð] (feminine noun) assembly of bards (mystic order invented
at the beginning of the 1800s, supposedly the continuation of the druidic
order); nowadays a group of people decorated for their contribution to Welsh
language and culture
:_______________________________.
Gorsedd y Cwmwl <GOR-sedh ə-KU mul> [ˡgɔrsɛð ə ˡkʊmʊl]
1 mountain south of Trevelin in the
Argentinian Andes (the Welsh name is the official name; it has no Castilian
equivalent)
2 title of a painting of this mountain by the Welsh artist Syr
Kyffin Williams
ETYMOLOGY: “(the) throne (of) the cloud” (gorsedd = throne) + (y
= the, definite article) + (cwmwl = cloud)
:_______________________________.
gorthrwm <GORTH-rwm> [ˡgɔrθrwm] masculine noun
1 oppression
2 bod dan orthrwm be oppressed
3 bod yn orthrwm ar be oppressive to, to oppress
4 symud y gorthrwm oddi ar remove the yoke of oppression from
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = intensifying prefix) + spirant mutation + (trwm
= heavy, weighty)
:_______________________________.
gorthrymder <gorth-rəm-der> adjective
1 oppression, tyranny
2 Diarhebion 27:10 Nac ymado â’th gydymaith dy hun, a chydymaith dy
dad; ac na ddos i dy dy frawd yn amser dy orthrymder; canys gwell yw cymydog yn
agos na brawd ymhell
Proverbs 27:10 Thine own friend, and thy father’s friend, forsake not; neither
go into thy brother’s house in the day of thy calamity; for better is a neighbour
that is near than a brother far off
ETYMOLOGY: (gorthrym- < gorthrwm = oppression) + (-der,
suffix for forming nouns)
:_______________________________.
gorthrymedig <gorth-rə-me-dig> adjective
1 oppressed
ETYMOLOGY: (gorthrym- < gorthrym-u = to oppress) + (-edig)
:_______________________________.
gorthrymu <gorth-rə-mi> verb
1 oppress
2 bother, vex, afflict
ETYMOLOGY: (gorthrym-, penult stem of gorthrwm = oppression) + (-u)
:_______________________________.
gorthrymus <gorth-rə-mis> adjective
1 (rule, law; spirit, nature) oppressive
2 repressive
cyfreithiau gorthrymus repressive laws
ETYMOLOGY: (gorthrym-, penult stem of gorthrwm = oppression) + (-us)
:_______________________________.
gorthrymwr <gorth-rə-mur> masculine noun
PLURAL gorthrymwyr <gorth-rəm-wir>
1 oppressor
ETYMOLOGY: (gorthrym-, penult stem of gorthrwm = oppression) + (-wr
= agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
goruch- <go-rikh> prefix
1 over-, super-; to a greater extent. This prefix is no longer
productive, and in fact the only current word in which it appears is goruchwylio
(= to supervise). Other words with this prefix are obsolete:
(1) goruchfddylanwad = predominance
(dylanwad = influence)
(2) goruchfalchder = arrogance
(balcher = pride)
(3) goruchfawredd = supremacy
(mawredd = greatness)
(4) goruchfraint = prerogative
(braint = privilege)
(5) goruchgynyddu = promote
(cynyddu = increase)
(6) goruchlwyddo = overload
(llwyddo = to load)
(7) goruchwynebu = to veneer
(wynebu = to face)
ETYMOLOGY: (gor = super-, over-) + (uch = higher, < uchel
= high). In modern Welsh uch has become uwch, and in words formed
more recently the prefix is goruwch
:_______________________________.
goruchaf <gor-II-khav> adjective
1 supreme
arweinydd goruchaf supreme leader
2 masculine noun Y Goruchaf
= the Supreme Being
Daniel
Daniel
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = prefix) + (uchaf = highest)
See: Goruchaf Lys
:_______________________________.
goruchafiaeth <go-rikh-av-yeth> feminine noun
1 supremacy
yr oruchafiaeth the supremacy
2 ennill goruchafiaeth dros gain supremacy over
3 cael goruchafiaeth ar gain supremacy over
4 yr Oruchafiaeth Brotestannaidd Protestant Ascendency, the
Protestant ruling class in Ireland, descendants of foreign settlers (mainly
Scottish and English) given land confiscated from the native Irish by the
English invaders
ETYMOLOGY: (goruchaf = supreme) + (-i-aeth = suffix)
:_______________________________.
goruchafiaethol <go-rikh-av-yei-thol> adjective
1 supremacist
ETYMOLOGY: (gorachufiaeth = supremcy) + (-ol= suffix)
:_______________________________.
goruchafiaethwr <go-rikh-av-yei-thur> masculine noun
PLURAL goruchafiaethwyr <go-rikh-av-yeith-wir>
1 supremacist
ETYMOLOGY: (gorachufiaeth = supremacy) + (-wr = suffix for
forming agent nouns)
:_______________________________.
Y Goruchaf Lys <gor-ii-khav liis> masculine
noun
1 Supreme Court
ETYMOLOGY: (goruchaf = supreme) + soft mutation + (llys = court)
:_______________________________.
goruchwyliaeth <gor-ikh-wil-yeth> feminine noun
1 supervision
yr oruchwyliaeth the supervision
o dan oruchwyliaeth (rhywun) under the supervision (of someone)
2 régime
yr hen oruchwyliaeth the ancien régime
3 process
4 exam - invigilation
ETYMOLOGY: (goruchwyli-, stem of the verb goruchwylio = supervise)
+ (-aeth = suffix)
:_______________________________.
goruchwylio <gor-ikh-wil-yo> verb
1 supervise, watch over
2 invigilate in an exam
ETYMOLOGY: (goruch-, prefix = super-, over-) + soft mutation + (gwylio
= to watch over)
:_______________________________.
goruchwyliwr <gor-ikh-wil-yur> masculine noun
PLURAL goruchwylwyr <gor-ikh-wil-wir>
Also goruchwylydd <gor-ikh-ui-lidh> (-ydd = non-sex-specific suffix for forming
agent nouns). See headword below
1 supervisor, overseer
2 quarry overseer, person who manages the day-to-day operations of a
quarry
3 invigilator (in an exam)
4 goruchwylydd coetir woodland supervisor, person who
maintains a wooded area
ETYMOLOGY: (goruchwyli-, stem of the verb goruchwylio = supervise)
+ (-wr = suffix for forming agent nouns)
:_______________________________.
goruchwylydd <gor-ukh-wi-lidh> masculine noun
PLURAL goruchwylyddion <gor-ukh-ui-lədh-yon>
1 See: goruchwyliwr
:_______________________________.
gorun <go-rin> masculine noun
1 obsolete noise, din, tumult
2 place names (with modified spelling - gorun > goryn)
(1) Rhyd y Goryn (“(the) ford (of) the tumult”) (Llanynys, 5km north of
Rhuthun, county of Dinbych, North-east Wales),
(2) and treated as a feminine noun in Craig yr Oryn (“(the) rock (of)
the tumult”), (Pontfadog, 6km west of Y Waun, county of Wrecsam, North-east
Wales)
ETYMOLOGY: Unknown. Cf Breton kurun, kurunad (= thunderclap)
:_______________________________.
góruwch- <gor-iukh>
prefix
1 over-, super-, hyper-; to a greater extent; also in an older form goruch-
ETYMOLOGY: preposition and prefix (gor = super-, over-) + (uwch = higher,
from uchel = high)
:_______________________________.
gorúwch <gor-iukh>
preposition
1 above
ETYMOLOGY: The preposition is góruwch with a change of accent (the
accent on the first syllable displaced to the second syllable). See preceding
entry góruwch..
:_______________________________.
goruwchddynol <go-riukh-dhə-nol> adjective
1 superhuman
ETYMOLOGY: (goruwch = super-) + soft mutation + (dynol = human)
:_______________________________.
goruwchnaturiol <go-riukh-na-tir-yol> adjective
1 supernatural
ETYMOLOGY: (goruwch = super-) + (naturiol = natural)
:_______________________________.
goruwchreoli <go-riukh-re-o-li> verb
1 overrule = dominate, rule over, be in supreme control
2 Religion (God) have supreme power
ETYMOLOGY: (goruwch = super-) + soft mutation + (rheoli = to
rule)
:_______________________________.
goruwchreolwr <go-riukh-re-o-lur> masculine noun
PLURAL goruwchreolwyr <go-riukh-re-ol-wir>
1 overseer
2 Religion (God) overruler, the one with supreme power
ETYMOLOGY: (goruwchreol-, stem of goruwchreoli = overrule) + (-i-wr
= agent suffix)
:_______________________________.
goruwchystafell <gor-iukh-ə-sta-velh> feminine noun
PLURAL goruwchystafelloedd <gor-iukh-ə-sta-ve-lhodh>
1 (literary) upper room
yr oruwchystafelloedd the upper room
ETYMOLOGY: (goruwch = upper) + (ystafell = room)
:_______________________________.
gorwadd <gor-wadh>
north-west, south-east. See “gorwedd”
:_______________________________.
gorwahannod <gor-wa-ha-nod> masculine noun
PLURAL gorwahanodau <gor-wa-ha-no-de>
1 colon (punctuation)
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + soft mutation + (gwahan-, stem
of gwahanu = to separate) + (nod = mark)
:_______________________________.
gorwario <gor-war-yo> verb
1 overspend
Bydd toriadau llym yn yr Adran Gwasanaethau Cymdeithasol wedi iddi orwario
£150,000
There will be drastic cutbacks in the Social Services Department after it
overspent by £150,000
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = over, excess) + soft mutation + (gwario = to
spend)
:_______________________________.
gorwe’ <gor-we>
County of Penfro. See gorwedd
:_______________________________.
gorwedd <gor-wedh> verb without an object
1 be lying down
2 lie down = assume a lying position
3 lie = be in a stated place, or condition
4 rhoi ar eich gorwedd make (somebody) lie down, lay
(somebody) down, place (somebody) in a lying postion
syrthio ar eich gorwedd fall flat on your back
cwympo ar eich gorwedd fall flat on your back
5 gorwedd ar (rywun) copulate with, have sex with (“lie on
(on top of) someone”)
6 gorwedd â (rhywun) lie with (someone) = copulate with, have sex
with someone.
Lefiticus 20:13 A’r gŵr a orweddo gyda gŵr, fel gorwedd gyda gwraig, ffieidd-dra a wnaethsant
ill dau; lladder hwynt yn feirw, eu gwaed fydd arnynt ei hunain
Leviticus 20:13 If a man also lie with
mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination:
they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.
7 gorwedd wrth angor (ship)
lie at anchor
8 rhoi (rhywun) i orwedd lay (somebody) down, place (somebody) in
a lying postion
Rhoddodd hi i orwedd ar ei gwely She laid her down on her bed
9 lie = be buried
mae llawer o’i dylwyth yn gorwedd yn mynwent Llan-daf many members of his
family are buried in Llan-daf cemetery
10 cyd-orwedd â to lie together with, to lie alongside
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British
From the same British root: Breton gourvez = lie down
NOTE: Colloquially
(1) also gorfedd (with <v> instead
of <w>);
(2) in the ‘final a’ zones of Wales, gorwadd
(3) in the county of Penfro, gorwe’
:_______________________________.
gorwedd ar eich gwely dangos <gor-wedd ar əch gwe-li da-ngos>
1 lie in state (“lie on your show bed”) -
(corpse) be on view for mourners before the burial
:_______________________________.
gorwedd ar eich hyd <gor-wedd ar əch hiid>
1 lie on one’s front, lie face downwards,
lie flat
:_______________________________.
gorwedd fel marw <gor-wedd vel maa-ru>
1 feign death, lie as if dead, play dead (“lie like a dead person”)
:_______________________________.
gorweddle <gor-wedh-le> masculine noun
PLURAL gorweddleoedd <gor-wedh-le-odh>
1 resting place, position, place where something is installed
ETYMOLOGY: (gorwedd = to lie down) + soft mutation + (lle =
place)
:_______________________________.
gorweiddiog <gor-weidh-yog> adjective
1 bedridden, unable to leave the bed through illness or disability
ETYMOLOGY: (gorwedd = lie down) + (-iog)
:_______________________________.
gorweithio <gor-weith-yo>
verb without an object
1 to overwork
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + soft mutation + (gweithio = to
work)
:_______________________________.
gorwel <gor-wel> masculine noun
PLURAL gorwelion <gor-wel-yon>
1 horizon = place, resembling a line, where the earth meets the sky
smotyn ar y gorwel a speck on the horizon
Goleuodd y gorwel The horizon brightened
2 horizon = limit of one’s range of knowledge or experience; cul
eich gorwelion having narrow views (“narrow (in) your horizons”)
3 Gorwelion house name (“horizons”)
4 horizon
= limit of one's range of knowledge or experience; cul eich gorwelion
having narrow views ("narrow (in) your horizons")
ehangu’ch gorwelion broaden your horizons
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = over) + soft mutation + (gwel-, stem of gweld
= to see)
:_______________________________.
Gorwel <gor-wel> masculine noun
1 man’s name
:_______________________________.
gorwych <gor-wikh> adjective
1 splendid, magnificent, superb
2 (colour) garish
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + soft mutation + (gwych =
magnificent)
:_______________________________.
gorwydd <gor-widh> masculine noun
1 forest; also forest edge, wooded slope. Obsolete. Found in some
place names -
(a) y gorwydd = the wood, appears as
Gorwydd in Llangamarch, south Wales.
(b) cefn y gorwydd (“(the) ridge (of) (the) wood”), as
(1) Cefngorwydd in Llangamarch, south Wales, and
(2) Cefn Gorwydd in Casllwchwr, south Wales
(the Casllwchwr name is colloquially Cefen Gorwedd, from the influence
of gorwedd = to lie down; cefen is the southern colloquial form
of cefn)
ETYMOLOGY: (gor-, prefix = over) + soft mutation+ (gwydd = trees)
:_______________________________.
gorymdaith <gor-əm-deth> feminine noun
PLURAL gorymdeithiau <gor-əm-deith-ye>
1 procession
yr orymdaith the procession
ar flaen yr orymdaith at the head of the procession
gorymdaith angladdol funeral procession
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = intensifying prefix) + (ymdaith = march)
:_______________________________.
gorynys <go-rə-nis> feminine noun
PLURAL gorynysoedd <go-rə-nə-sodh>
1 peninsula
yr orynys the peninsula
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (ynys =
island)
:_______________________________.
goryrru <gor-ə-ri> verb
1 to speed, to drive too fast
ETYMOLOGY: (gor- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gyrru
= to drive)
:_______________________________.
'gosa <go-sa>
adjective
1 = agosaf nearest, superlative form of agos near.
Colloquially, a final <v> in a
polysyllabic word is lost; and in many words the first syllable when it is
pretonic is also lost
ffordd ’gosa improvised, makeshift, impromptu (“(the) nearest way”)
pryd ffordd ’gosa an improvised meal
:_______________________________.
gosail <go-sel>
feminine noun
PLURAL goseiliau <go-seil-ye>
1 runner of a sledge
yr osail the runner
2 foundation, base
3 piece of leather to patch a worn sole
ETYMOLOGY: (go- prefix = under) + (sail = base)
NOTE:
..1/ (Maldwyn - district in the county of Powys) cosol, cosolion
..2/ (Meirion - district in the county of Gwynedd) osel, oseli
..3/ (South-east Wales) gosil
:_______________________________.
gosber < go-sper> masculine noun
PLURAL gosberau <
go-spee-re>
1 (Church) vesper, vespers; evensong
Eglwys Sant Eleth (Amlwch) 8am Cymun Bendigaid (Saesneg)...
6pm Gosber a Phregeth (Yr Herald 06 08 94)
Church of Saint Eleth (Amlwch) (8am Holy Communion (English). 6pm Vespers and
Sermon
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gosber < *gwosber < *gwesber <
British < Latin vesper|um (= evening) < Greek hesperos (=
western; evening)
From the same British root: Breton gousperoù (= vespers)
Cf English Hesperus (= the evening star, Venus) < Greek Hesperos
(= the evening star, Venus) < hesperos (= western)
:_______________________________.
gosod <GO sod> (verb) <go
sod>
1 (equipment, device) install, put
2 to let (house)
Cf English dialect “to set a house” = “to let a house”
(delwedd J6371)
3 gosod ychydig o’r neilltu ar gyfer
tymor glawog save a little for a rainy day (“put a bit aside for a rainy
season”)
4 place (a bomb)
magl ffŵl booby trap (“trap (of) fool”, fool’s trap)
(1) explosive trap (2) trap which is a practical joke
gosod magl ffŵl set a booby trap, to booby-trap (“set (a) trap (of)
(a) fool”)
5 gosod y bwrdd <go sod ə BURDD> lay the table
6 eich gosod eich hun put on airs, give oneself airs (“to put
yourself”)
7 gosod y garreg sylfaen place the foundation stone
8 gosod gwynt o dan adenydd (rhywun) give an impulse to
somebody (in some enterprise) (“put wind under the wings of (someone)”)
9 gosod y goron ar ben (rhywun) crown (someone), place the
crown on the head (of someone)
10 gosod pris i rywun am rywbeth
quote a price for something
11 gosod y cyflymdra to set the pace
12 gosod y fwyall ar wraidd y drwg strike at the
root of the evil (“place the axe on the root of the evil”)
gosod y cyflymder to set the pace
ETYMOLOGY: < gwosod, (prefix gwo- = under) + (unknown element sod)
:_______________________________.
gosteg <go-steg>
feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL gostegion <go-steg-yon>
1 silence
yr osteg / y gosteg the silence
Gosteg yn y llys! Silence in court!
2 gostegion priodas marriage
bans / banns, announcement of a proposed marriage in the weeks before a
marriage to allow whoever opposes it to express his / her opposition
cyhoeddi’r gostegion publish the banns
Ma’r ’stegon mâs ys llawer dydd The banns have been out for ages
3 calm, period o calm
y gosteg cyn y storm the calm before the storm
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gosteg < *gwosteg < British < Celtic *wo-eks-tek,
< *tak = be silent
Cf Welsh tagu (= to throttle), and Latin taceo (= be silent);
and the English adjective tacit < French tacite < Latin tacitus
(= silent, done without words)
NOTE: Also masculine
gostegion > gostegon in the South (with the usual loss of the
semi vowel “i” at the beginning of the final syllable) .
There is also a colloquial form with the loss of the first syllable gostegion
> ’stegion, ’stegon
:_______________________________.
gostwng <GO-stung> (verb)
1 (verb with an object) lower, put down
gostwng eich pen lower your head, bob down your head, duck down
gostwng y goleuadau dip the headlights (“lower the lights”)
:_______________________________.
gostyngedig <go stə NGEE
dig> (adjective)
1 humble
:_______________________________.
gostyngedigrwydd <go stə NGEIDH
ruidh> (masculine noun)
1 humility
:_______________________________.
Gothig <GOO-thig>
(adjective)
1 Gothic
ffug-Othig pseudo-Gothic
:_______________________________.
Y Goufron <ə goi-vron> feminine noun
1 farm north of the village of Llanfihangel Brynpabuan, county of
Powys (on English maps as “Goyfron”)
ETYMOLOGY: Southern form of Y Geufron (the hollowed hillside)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (ceufron = hollowed
hillside)
In South Wales, the older ou which
in the rest of the country and in literary Welsh is now eu in a tonic syllable has been preserved in the spoken language.
In place names, often spelt “oi” or “oy”.
:_______________________________.
goulan <goi-lan> masculine noun
1 southern form of geulan, soft-mutated form of ceulan
river bank
Goulan-goch locality in the county of Caerfyrddin = y geulan goch.
In South Wales, the older ou which in
the rest of the country and in literary Welsh is now eu in a tonic syllable has been preserved in the spoken language
In place names, often spelt “oi” or “oy”.
Marwolaethau: "Awst 20fed, wedi byr gystudd, yn 73 mlwydd oed, Esther
Thomas, Goilangoch, Llandilo (Tyst a'r Dydd 15 6 1882)
Deaths: August 20, after a short illness, at the age of 73, Esther Thomas, of
Geulan-goch / Goilan-goch, Llandeilo
:_______________________________.
gown, gownau / gynau <GOUN, GOU ne / GƏ ne> (masculine noun)
1 gown
:_______________________________.
gowrd <gourd> masculine noun
PLURAL gowrdiau <gourd-ye>
1 calabash; gourd plant especially Lagenaria Siceraria (bottle
gourd). The dried shell of the fruit is used as a container
2 gourd = fruit of the gourd plant
3 gourd, kind of bottle made from the
fruit of the gourd plant
ETYMOLOGY: English gourd < French < Latin cucurbita (=
gourd)
In modern French it is (la) gourde (= gourd)
:_______________________________.
gr- / g’r-
1 in an initial syllable, sometimes from (G + vowel + R) with the
loss of the intervening vowel
granod (colloquial) < g’ranod < garanod (= cranes)
Grawys (standard) (= Lent, Lententide) < G’rawys < Garawys
Llangrannog (standard) (village name, Ceredigion) < Llang’rannog
< Llangarannog (= church of Carannog)
:_______________________________.
graan < graan >
1 southern form of graen (=
grain <of wood>; appearance)
Usually spelt grân / gra’n
See aa
:_______________________________.
grään < grään >
1 south-eastern form of graen
(= grain <of wood>; appearance)
Usually spelt grên / græn
See aa / graan
:_______________________________.
graban <GRAA-ban>
1 Chrysanthemum segetum = corn
marigold
bod fel blodau’r graban (South) said of a numerous family, ‘they’re all
over the place’, ‘you find them everywhere’, ‘the area / town / village is full
of them’
2 Place names:
Garthgraban, a farm east of Coedelái ST0185 (near Tonyrefail, county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf)
3 Alltgraban / Alltygraban ‘wood /
hill of the corn marigolds’
name of a house in Y Traean / Y Trään, Llantrisant
According to John Hobson Mathews (Mab Cernyw) in 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911),
“ALLT-GRABAN (the woody hill of the corn marigold) A house in the hamlet of
"Trane" and parish of Llantrisant (1799.)”
ETYMOLOGY: Unknown. Seems to be a
loanwoard. First noted in 1606.
:_______________________________.
1 gradd, graddau <GRAADH, GRAA dhe> (feminine noun)
1 degree
y radd the degree
2 o’r radd flaenaf top-notch,
top-quality
:_______________________________.
2 gradd <graadh
>
1 “graduated”, stem of the verb graddio = to graduate, used
as a past participle
merch radd (female) graduate (“graduated woman”), plural merched
gradd
gŵr gradd (male) graduate (“graduated man”), plural gwŷr gradd
:_______________________________.
graddfa, graddféydd <GRADH va, gradh VEIDH> (feminine noun)
1 degree, scale
y raddfa the scale
2 ar raddfa fechan on a small
scale, in miniature
:_______________________________.
graddio <GRADH yo> (verb)
1 to get a university degree, to graduate
:_______________________________.
graddnod <gradh
nod> masculine noun
PLURAL graddnodau <gradh-noo-de>
1 graduation, degree mark = mark to measure level on a thermometer,
bottle, etc
ETYMOLOGY: (gradd = grade, degree, calibration) + (nod = mark)
:_______________________________.
GRADUS
1 Latin gradus > British *grados >
Welsh: gradd (= degree <measurement>;
degree <university qualification> )
2 Latin gradus > French gré; plural grés (= steps) >
English grece (= flight of steps; step) > Welsh gris (= step)
:_______________________________.
graen, graenau <GRAIN, GREI-ne> (masculine noun)
1 grain (of wood)
2 appearance
3 diraen in poor condition
In South-east Wales diran <di-ran>,
in county of Ceredigion: dyran <də-ran> = (look) angry, cross; also (clothes) dowdy
:_______________________________.
graenus <GREI nis> (adjective)
1 of good appearance
:_______________________________.
Y Graig <ə GRAIG> (feminine noun)
1 place name; “the rock, the crag”
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Arw <ə graig aa-ru>
1 crag west of Ynys-wen (county of
Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig arw (= the rough rock);
(y = the) + soft mutation + (craig = rock) + soft mutation + (garw
= wild)
:_______________________________.
Graig Berth-lwyd <graig berth-luid> non-settlement
name
1 written “Graig Berthlwyd” in the 1800s. See Craig Berth-lwyd
(hill and district in Merthyrtudful county, south of Treharris) ST 0996
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Ddu <graig dhii>
1 SH2327 crag in Aberdaron (county of Gwynedd)
2 SH3544 crag in Pistyll (county of Gwynedd)
3 SH7010 crag in Tal-y-llyn SH7109 (county of Gwynedd)
4 crag in Glyncorrwg SS8799 (county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
ETYMOLOGY: “y graig ddu” = the black rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (du = black)
NOTE: See also the form without the definite article Craig Ddu
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-ddu <graig dhii>
1 street name in Maerdy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: Habitative names are written as a single word – Graig-ddu.
See the previous entry Graig Ddu
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Fach <graig
vaakh>
1 crag above Cwm-parc (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig ddu = the black rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (bach = little, small)
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-fach <graig
vaakh>
1 street name in Glyn-taf, Pont-ty-pridd (county of Rhondda Cynon
Taf)
NOTE: Habitative names are written as a single word – Graig-fach. See
the previous entry Graig Fach
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Fawr <ə graig VAUR> [ə graɪg ˡvaʊr]
1 SN6106 mountain (
2 SS7986 mounatin in Aberafan (county
of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan)
3 SS9296 crag above Cwm-parc (county
of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig fawr = the big rock;
(y = the) + soft mutation + (craig = rock)
+ soft mutation + (mawr = big)
:_______________________________.
Y Graigfechan <ə graig VEE-khan> [ə graɪg ˡveˑxan]
1 SJ1454 locality in the county of
Dinbych, 10km SE of Rhuthin
ETYMOLOGY: y graig fechan = the little rock; (y = the) + soft mutation +
(craig = rock) + soft mutation + (bechan, feminine form of bychan
= little)
NOTE: Habitative names are written as a single word – graig fechan > Graigfechan
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Goch < ə graig GOOKH> [ ə graɪg ˡgoːx]
1 SH7008 rock in Tal-y-llyn (county of
Gwynedd)
2 place in Dyffryn Camwy (Patagonia)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig goch = the red rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (coch = red)
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-hir < ə graig HIIR> [ ə graɪg ˡhiːr]
1 street name in Radur (Caer-dydd)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig hir = the long rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + (hir = long)
NOTE: Habitative names are written as a single word – Graig-hir.
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Las < ə graig LAAS> [ ə graɪg ˡlɑːs]
1 SH6713 rock in Brithdir SH7618 (county
of Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig las = the blue rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (glas = blue / green)
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-las < ə graig LAAS> [ ə graɪg ˡlɑːs]
1 street name in Llanfeinor SS9187
(county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)
ETYMOLOGY: Habitative names are written as a single word – Graig-las.
See the previous entry Graig Las
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Lwyd < ə graig LUID> [ ə graɪg ˡlʊɪd]
1 SM9932 crag in Llanychâr (county of
Penfro)
2 SH7175 mountain in Dwygyfylchi (county of Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: y graig lwyd = the grey rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (llwyd = grey)
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-lwyd < ə graig LUID> [ ə graɪg ˡlʊɪd]
1 street name in Cwm-dâr SN9803 (county
of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
2street name in Radur (Caer-dydd)
ETYMOLOGY: Habitative names are written as a single word– Graig-lwyd.
See the previous entry Graig Lwyd
:_______________________________.
Y Graig Wen < ə graig WEN> [ ə graɪg ˡwɛn]
1 SH7339 mountain in Gwynedd (
ETYMOLOGY: y graig arw = the rough rock; (y = the) + soft mutation + (craig
= rock) + soft mutation + (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white)
:_______________________________.
Y Graig-wen < ə graig WEN> [ ə graɪg ˡwɛn]
(1) street name in Radur, Caer-dydd
(2) street name in Maerdy (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)
NOTE: Habitative names are written as a single word – Graig-wen. See the
previous entry Graig Wen
:_______________________________.
gramadeg, gramadegau <gra-MAA-deg, gra-ma-DEE-gai, -ge> [graˡmɑˑdɛg, gramaˡdeːgaɪ, -gɛ] (masculine noun)
1 grammar
:_______________________________.
gra’n <GRAAN> [grɑːn]
1 southern form of graen (=
grain <of wood>; appearance)
Usually spelt (less correctly) grân
See aa / graan
:_______________________________.
graner <GRAA-ner> [ˡgrɑˑnɛr] masculine noun
1 granary, place to keep corn (often
above a cowhouse)
ETYMOLOGY: dialect English graner (= granery) < Latin grânârium
(= granery) < grânum (= grain)
North-west Wales: granar (the vowel “e” in a final syllable is generally
becomes “a” in the north-west)
:_______________________________.
gras <graas> [grɑːs] (masculine noun)
1 grace
2 Mae eisiau gras! Give me strength! (expression of
exasperation, loss of patience) (“there is need (of) grace”)
3 trwy ras Duw by the grace of God
:_______________________________.
grât, gratiau <GRAAT, GRAT-yai, -ye> [grɑːt, ˡgratjaɪ, -jɛ] (masculine noun)
1 grate
:_______________________________.
gratio <GRAT-yo> [ˡgratjɔ] (verb)
1 to grate
:_______________________________.
GRAVE ACCENT
Used in Welsh to indicate a short vowel in a context where there is usually
a long vowel. It applies mainly to monosyllables ending in –b, -d, -g, -s
since historically these are all preceded by a long vowel
mab <MAAB> [mɑːb] son
tad <TAAD> [tɑːd] father
gwag <GWAAG> [gwɑːg] empty
glas <GLAAS> [glɑːs] blue, green
But there is a profusion of borrowings form English with a short vowel, which
is maintained. And so the grave is used to indicate this fact. However, this
practice does not extend beyound dictionaries, or is used in Welsh texts only
sparingly (and generally excludes proper names)
Examples with the grave accent:
bàg bag, sack, etc
Bòb Bob, Robert
glàs barometer, beer glass
grìd grid
lòg log (part of a tre trunk)
Mèg Meg, Margaret
ràg rag (= in univerities in the countries of the English state, a week
which students raise money for charity, with a procession of floats and various
events such as concerts)
:_______________________________.
grawn <GRAUN> [graʊn] (plural noun)
1 grains; see gronyn
:_______________________________.
grawnfwyd, grwanfwydydd <GRAUN-vuid, graun-VUI-didh> [ˡgraʊnvʊɪd, graʊnˡvʊɪdɪð] (masculine noun)
1 cereals (as a food)
ETYMOLOGY: (grawn = grain) + soft mutation + (bwyd
= food)
:_______________________________.
grawnfwyd babanod <GRAUN-vuid-ba-BAA-nod> [ˡgraʊnvʊɪd baˡbɑˑnɔd] (masculine noun)
1 cereals for infants
:_______________________________.
grawnfwyd brecwast <GRAUN-vuid BREK-wast> [ˡgraʊnvʊɪd ˡbrɛkwast] (masculine noun)
1 breakfast cereal
:_______________________________.
grawnwinen, grawnwin <graun-WII-nen, GRAUN-win> [graʊnˡwiːnɛn, ˡgraʊnwɪn]
(feminine noun)
1 (literary) grape
y rawnwinen the grape
:_______________________________.
Grawys <GRAU-is> [ˡgraʊɪs] masculine noun
1 Y Grawys Lent = period of forty days of fasting after Ash
Wednesday, to commemorate Christ’s fast in the wilderness - (Book of Matthew,
Chapter 4)
2 mae cyn sicred â Mawrth yn y Grawys it’s absolutely certain,
it’s a sure as eggs is eggs (“as sure as a Tuesday in Lent”)
3 tymor y Grawys Lent term, Lent = the middle term in a
university year, between Christmas and Easter
4 cadw’r Grawys observe Lent, keep Lent
5 cacen Rawys, plural cacennau Grawys simnel cake, a
fruit cake eaten in Lent or at Easter
6 Pwll Grawys place in the town on Dinbych (English name:
“Lenten Pool”). The name derives from the
practice of taking fish from this pool when meat had been given up for Lent to
feed the English occupiers in the garrison in the castle above the present-day
town
ETYMOLOGY: grawys / g’rawys < garawys < ca’rawys <
*caddráwys < *caddrawês-f- < British *kadragês’ma <
*kadragêsima < Latin quadragêsima
From the same British root: Breton koraiz (= Lent)
NOTE: can also be a feminine noun
:_______________________________.
gre, greon / greoedd <GREE, GREE-on, GREE-oidh, -odh> [greː, ˡgreˑɔn, ˡgreˑɔɪð, -ɔð] (f)
1 herd of horses
y re the herd of horses
2 mangre place
“place (of) horses” (man = place) +
(gre = troop of horses / herd of
horses)
:_______________________________.
grech <GREEKH> [greːx] adjective
1 Soft mutated form (c > g) de crech, feminine form of crych
(= curly, agitated)
ffrwd grech stream with churning water
(there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adjective which follows a
feminine noun)
:_______________________________.
greddf <GREDHV> [grɛðv] feminine noun
PLURAL greddfau <GREDH-vai, -e> [ˡgrɛðvaɪ, -ɛ]
1 instinct, intuition
y reddf the instinct
2 trwy reddf (adv) instinctively
3 wrth reddf (adv) instinctively
un y byddai pobl yn ymddiried ynddo wrth reddf oedd Siemsyn y Felin
Siemsyn y Felin (James from the Mill) was somebody people trusted in instinctively
(adj) natural, having an innate talent, born
ffotograffydd wrth reddf oedd e he was a born photographer
perfformiwr wrth reddf a natural performer
storïwr wrth reddf a natural storyteller
pregethwr wrth reddf a natural preacher
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh greddf < gwreddf < British *wredm-â
From the same Celtic root: Irish fréamh (= root)
:_______________________________.
grefi ‹GREE-vi›
1 gravy
ETYMOLOGY: English gravy
Cf Jersey Norman (Jèrriais) grévîn (= gravy) <
English gravy
:_______________________________.
Y Greigddu <ə GREIG-dhi> [ə ˡgrəɪgðɪ]
1 place name, Cricieth (county of
Gwynedd) (English name: Black Rocks)
Traeth y Greigddu place name, Cricieth (county of Gwynedd) (English
name: Black Rock Sands)
ETYMOLOGY: (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (creigddu =
black rock)
:_______________________________.
grenadwr, grenadwyr <gre-NAA-dur, gre-NAD-wir> [grɛˡnɑˑdʊr,grɛˡnadwɪr] (masculine noun)
1 grenadier
:_______________________________.
grepsen, grêps <GREP-sen, GREEPS> [ˡgrɛpsɛn, greːps] (feminine noun)
1 grape (colloquial)
y grepsen the grape (exceptionally, in the case of this word, there is no
soft mutation after the definite article; these non-mutating words are in
almost all cases borrowings from English)
:_______________________________.
Gresffordd <GRES-fordh> [ˡgrɛsfɔrð]
1 (SJ3554) locality in the county of
Wrecsam
English names: Gresford
2 a parish at this place
ETYMOLOGY: ??
:_______________________________.
grìd <GRID> [grɪd] masculine noun
PLURAL gridiau <GRID-yai, -e> [ˡgrɪdjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 grìd gwartheg cattle grid =
framework of parallel iron bars at the exit to a field or across a road which
cattle are unable to cross
2 grid for supply of utilities (gas, electricity) - system of
transmission lines, pipes
3 grid on a map = vertical and horizontal lines on a map forming
squares
map grìd grid map, a map with grid squares
cyfeirnod grìd grid reference, map reference (usually a reference number
which locates a position in a numbered square by reading from left to right and
then bottom to top)
ETYMOLOGY:
..a/ Latin crâtis (= wickerwork) > Late Latin *crâtîculum
(diminutive form; = small griddle)
..b/ *crâtîculum > Old French gridil
..c/ gridil > English gredile
..d/ gredile > gredire (the influence of the obsolete word ire
(= iron) caused the change to gredire
..e/ gredire > gridiron This final syllable –ire was
later replaced by the modern form iron > gridiron;
..f/ gridiron > grid (retention of the first syllable,
dropping of the rest, resulting in the reduced form grid)
:_______________________________.
griff <GRIIF> [griːf] masculine noun
PLURAL griffiaid <GRIF-yaid, -yed> [ˡgrɪfjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 griffin, gryphon = mythical creature
with the body of a lion and the head of an eagle
2 This word occurs in the forenames Gruffudd
(“griffin-lord”), Griffri (“griffin-king”),
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin grŷphus (= griffin) <
Greek grups
< grupos (= hooked)
From the same Latin root: Irish gríobh (= griffon, fierce warrior)
Latin gryphus is to be seen in the scientific name for the Andean Condor
(Vultur gryphus) (“griffin vulture”) and is used on account of the
vulture’s hooked bill
:_______________________________.
Griffri <GRIF-ri> [ˡgrɪfrɪ] masculine noun
1 forename in earlier Welsh
ETYMOLOGY: “griffin king” (griff = griffin) + soft mutation + (rhi
= king)
A similar name is Gruffudd “griffin lord”
(griff = griffin) + (iudd = lord) > *Griff-iudd > Griff-udd
> Gruffudd (the penult i becomes u through the influence
of the u in the final syllable)
:_______________________________.
grifft <GRIFT> [grɪft] masculine noun
1 frogspawn
grifft llyffant frogspawn
:_______________________________.
grin, grinau / grins <GRIIN, GRI-nai, -ne, GRIINZ> [griːn, ˡgriˑnaɪ, -nɛ, griːnz] (feminine noun)
y grin the green (like many other borrowings from English with intial
g-, there is no soft mutation in a soft-mutation environment – usually the
article before a feminine noun beginning with a mutable consonant causes soft mutation,
but *y rin does not occur)
1 green = patch of common ground for grazing in the centre of a village,
public grassland in a village
It occurs in some place names:
Grin y Bala
Pen-y-grin (Llanidloes)
Yn 1965 ar Grin Biwmares bu Seremoni Gyhoeddi Eisteddfod Môn 1966 (Biwmares a'r
cylch) yng Nghylch yr Orsedd
In 1965 on Biwmaris Green / Beaumaris Green there was the ceremony for the
presentation of the 1966 Môn / Anglesey Eisteddfod (Biwmaris and area) in the
Gorsedd Circle
2 green = patch of turf where certain games can be played;
grin fowlio, grinau / grins bowlio bowling green
grin bytio, grinau / grins pytio putting green
3 green = lawn in front of a house
ETYMOLOGY: 1700+; English green (= grassland)
NOTE: Often spelt grîn to indicate the long vowel, though in fact it
does not need a circumflex since the spelling shows it to be a long vowel (as
in these words, all with a long vowel: min = edge, crin =
withered, din = fortress, ffin = boundary, hin = weather, rhin
= secret, tin = bottom, arse, gwin = wine).
:_______________________________.
grin-groser <GRIIN-gro-ser> [ˡgriːngrɔsɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL grin-groseriaid <griin-gro-SER-yaid,-yed> [griːngrɔˡsɛrjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 (colloquial) greengrocer
ETYMOLOGY: English greengrocer < (green adjectival form of greens
= vegetables) + (grocer)
NOTE: The standard form is gwerthwr llysiau “seller (of) vegetables”
:_______________________________.
gris <GRIIS> [griːs] f
PLURAL grisiau <GRIS-yai, -e> [ˡgrɪsjaɪ, -ɛ]
(North Wales)
1 step
y ris the step
rhediad o risiau flight of stairs
hyd o risiau flight of stairs
rhes o risiau flight of stairs
2 Grisiaucochion (“the) red steps”)
name of a street in Bangor (LL57 4YN)
3 grisiau = staircase; flight of
stairs without a handrail, or with a handrail, or with banisters and a handrail
grisiau tro spiral staircase
grisiau troellog spiral staircase
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English grece (= step) < Old French grés
(= steps), plural of gré (= step) (modern French: gré) < Latin
gradus (= step) < gradî (= to step)
From the same English root: Manks greeish
….
“In the Grecian steps, at Lincoln,
we have a popular
corruption of the common Mi[ddle].
Eng[lish]. and Tudor grece, grese, plural of Old Fr[ench]. gré,
step, from Lat[in]. gradus. Shakespeare spells it grize —
"Let me speak like yourself ; and lay
a sentence,
Which, as a grize, or step, may help
these lovers
Into your favour." (Othello, i. 3)
The Romance of Words / Ernest Weekley, M.A
/ 1912
.....
Gris, step. “In the same town a flight of steps leading towards the Minster yard is called the grecian stairs. These steps were originafiy called the greesen, the early English [double) plural of a grie
or a step. When greesen ceased to be understood. stairs was added by way of
explanation, and the greesen stairs vere by the instinct of popular etymology
changed into grecian stairs. In Acts xxi. 40, instead of ‘Paul stood on the stairs,' Wickliffe has ‘Paul stood on the greesen' [Paul a safodd ar y grisiau]. Shakspeare paraphrases grize (as he writes) by step:
Let me speak like yourself and lay a sentence
Which as a grize or step may help these lovers
Into your favour. (Othello, Act 1. Scene iii.)
Max Müller, Science Of
Language.
Benthyg-eiriau
Cymreig. W. B. Williams M. A.. Y Traethodydd. Rhifyn CCIII. Cyfrol XLIX.
Gorffennaf 1893. Tudalennau 250-251.
NOTE: There is also a diminutive form grisyn
:_______________________________.
gro <GROO> [groː] feminine or masculine noun
PLURAL groydd <GROO-idh> [ˡgroˑɪð]
1 (river) gravel bank
y ro / y gro the gravel bank
Place names:
.....(1) Capel y Gro, Betws-gwerful-goch SJ0346, county of Conwy
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/572487 Betws-gwerful-goch
.....(2) SJ0611 Y Gro farm by Afon Banwy, near Llanerfyl
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=280288 Afon Banwy near
the farm called Y Gro
.....(3) Y Gro SO0351 in River Gwy, Llanfair ym Muallt, county of Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=226291 map
.....(4) Y Gro SN9584, in River Hafren, Llanidloes, county of Powys
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/1010473 map
.....(5) Y Groydd SJ0642 marsh by Aber Alwen by the town of Corwen,
county of Dinbych, according to Edward Lhuyd (circa year 1700)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=308188 map
.....(6) Y Ro SJ0374 common land in Llanelwy, county of Dinbych,
according to Edward Lhuyd (circa year 1700). On the Ordnance Survey map as “The
Roe”!
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=336991 map
.....(7) Y Ro Wen SH9235 name of part of the shore of Llyn Tegid, the
lake by the town of Y Bala, between this town and the bridge at Mwnwgl y Llyn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=301902 map
2 (sea) pebble bank, pebble ridge;
shingly beach
.....(1) Y Ro Fawr beach in Aberystwyth (county of Ceredigion)
.....(2) Y Ro Fawr beach in Abérmaw (county of Gwynedd)
.....(3) Y Ro Wen, name of the shingly beach in Clynnog, county of
Gwynedd
4 in some place names apparently = meadow, as in the name of two
hills in the county of Conwy
.....(1) Y Ro Wen (= white),
.....(2) Y Ro Lwyd (= grey)
5 soil of the grave
o’r byd i grud y gro (expression in an englyn (verse) on a tomb in the
area of Dyffryn Ogwen, county of Gwynedd) - “from the world to the cradle of
gravelly soil”
6 (noun) gro chwipio pebble-dash;
(verb) chwipio â gro = to pebble-dash, chwipio = to
pebble-dash
7 gwneud arian fel y gro make money by the bucketload, make a
mint (“make money like gravel / pebbles”)
8 county of Penfro grof (with the addition of a final <v> [v] ) fine river sand
ETYMOLOGY: Welsh gro < British *grâ(is)
cf Cornish grow (= gravel, grit, coarse sand), Breton gro (=
sandy beach)
NOTE: See gröyn (= piece of gravel, pebble)
:_______________________________.
groca <GRO-ka> [ˡgrɔka] adjective
1 a feminine form with soft mutation;
crwca = curved (masculine form) > croca (feminine form) > groca
(soft mutation of initial ‘c’)
.....(1) ffon groca, plural ffyn crwca = curved stick (for games
such as bando or hockey)
.....(2) pont groca, plural pontydd crwca = humpbacked bridge
:_______________________________.
grodir <GROO-dir> [ˡgroˑdɪr] masculine noun
1 gravelly land
2 y grodir = the grave
ETYMOLOGY: (gro = gravel) + soft mutation + (tir = land);
Cornish growdir (= gravelly subsoil), in the English dialect of Cornwall
as “growder”
:_______________________________.
Groeg <GROIG> [grɔɪg] (feminine noun, adjective)
1 (language) Greek language
Y Roeg the Greek language
:_______________________________.
Groegiaid <GROIG-yeaid, -yed> [ˡgrɔɪgjaɪd, -jɛd] (plural noun)
1 the Greeks
:_______________________________.
Y Groes <ə GROIS> [ə ˡgrɔɪs] (feminine noun)
1 place name; the Cross
2 Place in Powys (Crossgates in English)
:_______________________________.
Y Groes-faen < ə grois VAIN> [ə grɔɪs ˡvaɪn]
1 ST0681 name of a hamlet by Llantrisant
(Rhondda Cynon Taf)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/388351 Capel y Babell, Y Groes-faen
The name in the local dialect was (Y) Gro’s-fään < ə groøs VææN> [ə groːs ˡvæːn], and an older English form
for the name of the hamlet - Crossvane - approximates the local dialect form.
If the local name was in fact Cro’s-fään (without the definite article and soft
mutation) it may have been reformed to match names such as CroesyCeiliog, where
“croes” is followed by a definite noun and so there is no soft mutation of the
initial “c”)
ETYMOLOGY: (y) + soft mutation +
(croes faen = stone cross); croes faen is (croes =
cross) + soft mutation + (maen = stone)
:_______________________________.
Y Groesffordd <ə GROIS-fordh> [ə ˡgrɔɪsfɔrð]
1 (SH7675) locality in the county of
Conwy
2 street name in Bryncrug, Tywyn (county of Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (“the crossroad”)
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (croesffordd =
crossword)
:_______________________________.
Y Groes Gwta <krois GU-ta> [krɔɪs ˡgʊta] feminine noun
1 (place name) “the short cross”
An example is at Y Wig, Bro Morgannwg, on the road to Ewenni; the house where a
road branches off to Sant-y-brid is marked on the maps as “Croes Cwtta” (an
incorrect form), but the bridge by it over the river Alun has the correct form Pont
Groes Gwta (pont y groes gwta – “the bridge of the place called Groes
Gwta”)
ETYMOLOGY: (y) + soft mutation + (croes = cross) + soft mutation
+ (cwta = short)
NOTE: Croes Cwta “Croes Cwtta”, instead of (Y) Groes Gwta, could be due to a
reinterpretation of the name as if it were ‘(the) cross (of the person called)
Cwta”; or the voiced consonant ‘g’ has become unvoiced following the unvoiced
consonant `s`.
:_______________________________.
Y Groes Sanctaidd
<ə grois SANGK-taidh, -tedh> [ə grɔɪs ˡsaŋktaɪð, -tɛð] feminine noun
1 the Holy Cross, the Holy Rood
Eglwys y Groes Sanctaidd Holy Cross Church
(Name of a church in Llanor, Gwynedd)
ETYMOLOGY: (y definite article) + soft mutation + (croes = creu)
+ (sanctaidd = sant, sagrat)
:_______________________________.
grof <GROOV> [groːv]
1 county of Penfro fine river sand
NOTE: grof (gro = gravel, pebbles, with the addition of a final <v>).
Cf the addition of a non-
Etymological final <v> [v] in hy > hyf (= insolent) and in a
number of other words. See f (Section: A final “f ” <v> [v] which is un
Etymological)
:_______________________________.
grofft <GROFT> [grɔft] feminine noun
PLURAL grofftiau <GROFT-yai, -ye> [ˡgrɔftjaɪ, -jɛ]
1 croft
y rofft the crofft
|
2 Mynwent Rofft-wen SH4165 mynwent
y Rofft-wen “the cemetery (by) Y Rofft-wen” name of a cemetery in
Niwbwrch (Ynys Môn)
|
xxxxx
|
3 Y
Rofft |
xxxxx
|
4 Y
Rofft A
locality in Llandudno SH7782 (where there is Rofft Gate (which would be Giât
y Rofft in Welsh); and a street called Rofft Place (which would be simply Y
Rofft in Welsh, or if literally translated Lle’r-rofft; or Clos-y-rofft, etc) |
xxxxx
|
5 In some field names in Shropshire, England, in a
traditionally Welsh-speaking
area on the Welsh border: |
xxxxx
|
6 Y
Rofft (Formerly)
A place in Pennal (Gwynedd) |
field name, near Y Barri, South-east Wales
ST1071
ETYMOLOGY: y grofft < crofft < English croft
The form grofft was then taken to be the base form, and the definite
article before it resulted in the form y rofft
In common with a host of other (mainly monosyllabic) feminine nouns in
place names (gwaun, gwern, glan, etc), the soft-mutated form (especially
g < c) has in some places come to be regarded as the radical form (waun,
wern, lan, etc), hence rofft instead of grofft. Hence names
such as Rofft y Pistyll above, where in such names (main noun + definite
article + qualifying noun) the main noun should be in the radical form
See also crofft
:_______________________________.
grog <groog> [groːg] feminine noun
1 soft mutated form of the word crog (=
cross)
bynsen y Grog hot cross bun (“bun (of) the cross”)
See CROG
:_______________________________.
Y Groglith <ə
GRO-glith> [ə ˡgrɔglɪθ] (feminine noun)
1 (Catholic church) the Good Friday reading
Dydd Gwener y Groglith Good Friday
ETYMOLOGY: (y definite article) + soft mutation
+ (croglith = reading about the crucifixion); (crog = cross,
crucifix) + soft mutation + (llith = reading, lesson (ecclesiastical), lection = lesson read
in a church, < Latin lectio = reading)
See CROGLITH
:_______________________________.
gromlech <GROM-lekh> [ˡgrɔmlɛx]
1 soft mutated form of cromlech (=
cromlech)
y gromlech = the cromlech
2 Cae'r Gromlech street name in Y Ffôr (county of Gwynedd)
(“(the) field (of) the cromlech”)
See CROMLECH
:_______________________________.
gron <GRON> [grɔn] adjective
1 a feminine form with soft mutation;
crwn = round (masculine form) > cron (feminine form) > gron
(soft mutation of initial ‘c’)
(1) am wythnos gron for a whole week (‘for + week + round’, for a round
week)
(2) bord gron, plural bordydd crynion / bordydd crwn = round
table
(3) Waun-gron (place name – for example, a district of Caer-dydd) round
moorland field
Y Berthen-gron street name in Penrhyndeudraeth, Gwynedd (“the round
bush”)
Y Ddôl-gron (formerly?) house in Meifod, Powys (“the round
river-meadow”)
See CRWN
:_______________________________.
gronyn <GRO-nin> [ˡgroˑnɪn] m
PLURAL gronynnau, gronynnos, grawn <gro-NƏ-nai, -e, -gro-NƏ-nos, GRAUN> [grɔˡnənaɪ, -ɛ, grɔˡnənɔs, graʊn]
1 seed; grain of cereal
grawn grain, cereal
gronyn gwenith a grain of wheat
gronyn o wenith a grain of wheat
gronyn o reis grain of rice
reis grawn hir long-grain rice
gronyn coffi coffee bean
2 grain, particle
gronyn o halen grain of salt
gronyn o siwgr grain of sugar
gronyn pomgranad pomegranate seed, pomegranate grain
gronyn grawnafal gra de magrana
3 cronfaen cornstone
4 grain of sand or dust, etc
gronynnau o dywod grains of sand
5 grain – used in expressons to indicate the least amount
heb yr un gronyn o without a grain of... (“without the one grain of...”)
(grawn, collective noun = grain) + (-yn singulative suffix) >
“grawn-yn” > gronyn (reduction of the diphthong aw > o)
:_______________________________.
gronynnog <gro-NƏ-og> [grɔˡnəɔg] adj
1 granulated
2 grainy
ETYMOLOGY: (gronyn = grain) + (-og suffix for forming adjectives)
:_______________________________.
gronynnu <gro-NƏ-ni> [grɔˡnənɪ] verb
1 to granulate (something)
2 to become granulated
ETYMOLOGY: (gronyn = grain) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
groser <GRO-ser> [ˡgrɔsɛr] masculine noun
PLURAL groseriaid <gro-SER-yaid, -yed> [grɔˡsɛrjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 grocer
grin-groser greengrocer
ETYMOLOGY: English grocer < French grossier (= wholesaler)
< Medieval Latin grossarius (= “person who deals with large
quantities”) < grossus (= large)
:_______________________________.
grot / grôt <GROT, GROOT> [grɔt, groːt] (masculine noun)
1 (obsolete) groat
South: grot (short vowel)
North: grôt (long vowel)
ETYMOLOGY: From English groat
Cf the Welsh word for “coat”, also taken from English, which in the south has a
short vowel cot and in the north a long vowel côt
:_______________________________.
groydd <GROO-idh> [ˡgroˑɪð]
1 plural de gro = gravel bank, shingle
bank, shingle beach
:_______________________________.
grudd, gruddiau <GRIIDH, GRIDH-yai, -e> [griːð, ˡgrɪðjaɪ, -ɛ] (feminine noun)
1 cheek
y rudd the cheek
2 rudd wrth rudd cheek by
jowl, close together
:_______________________________.
Gruffudd <GRII-fidh> [ˡgriˑfɪð] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; anglicised as Griffith
2 Ruffudd
<RII-fidh> [ˡriˑfɪð] Soft mutated form (rh > r) of Gruffudd
Bodruffudd / Bod Ruffudd Gruffudd’s house
(Llanllyfni) Dyma’r siopau a oedd yno yn yr 1890au:….. Siop Gruffudd Jones y
Cigydd (cododd dy ar Lôn Coecia yn ddiweddarach ac fe’i galwodd yn Bod Ruffudd)
(Llanllyfni) These are the shops that were there in 1890’s:….. The shop of
Gruffudd Jones the Butcher (he built a house on Lôn Coecia later and he named
it Bod Ruffudd)
(Pantrefi Dyffryn Nantlle / http://www.nantlle.com/llanllyfni-cymraeg.htm ) (Dyfyniad a godwyd / quote retrieved 2008-10-18)
ETYMOLOGY: (“griffin lord”) (griff = griffin) + (iudd = lord)
> *Griff-iudd > Griff-udd > Gruffudd (the penult i
becomes u through the influence of the u in the final syllable)
A similar name is Griffri “griffin king” (griff = griffin) + soft
mutation + (rhi = king)
:_______________________________.
grug, grugoedd <GRIIG, GRI-goidh, -odh> [griːg, ˡgrɪgɔɪð, -ɔð] (masculine noun)
1 heather (Calluna vulgaris)
grugos (qv) small heather clumps
llwyn grug a clump of heather
Llwyn-grug <lhuin-GRIIG> [ˌɬuinˡgriːg]
..a/ street name in Caer-dydd / Cardiff
(spelt “Llwyn Grug”)
..b/ house name in Gwalchmai (Ynys Môn) (spelt “Llwyn Grug”)
..c/ farm name, Llangadfan (Powys) ) (“Llwyngrug”)
..d/ house name, Mynyddsylen, Llan-non, Llanelli (Caerfyrddin) (“Llwyngrug”)
Bryn-grug <brin-GRIIG> [ˌbrɪn ˡgriːg] house name bryn y grug “(the) hill (of) the
heather”
gruglwyn <GRIG-luin> [ˡgrɪgluin] a clump of heather
Gruglwyn SN90298-55770 hill south of Nant y Gweision and north of
the village of Beulah (Powys)
grugyn heather twig
grugen heather twig; heather place, place overgrown with heather
conion grug stumps of heather clumps
(delwedd 7005)
NOTE: South Wales retains the older pronunciation of gwrug <GwRIIG> [gwriːg]
Dywediad gwerth ei gofio yw hwn, drwy law Mrs Roberts, Carreglleon, Capel
Garmon: aur dan y rhedyn, Aur dan y rhedyn, arian dan yr eithin, newyn dan y
grug
Llafar Gwlad, Haf 1985, Rhif 9
This nis a saying worth remembering, from Mrs. Roberts, Carreg-llan,
Capelgarmon – “gold under bracken, silver under gorse, hunger under heather”
Jeremeia 17:6 Canys efe a fydd fel y grug yn y diffeithwch, ac ni wêl pan ddêl daioni;
eithr efe a gyfanhedda boethfannau yn yr anialwch, mewn tir hallt ac
anghyfanheddol
Jeremiah 17:6 For he shall be like the heath in the desert, and shall not
see when good cometh; but shall inhabit the parched places in the wilderness,
in a salt land and not inhabited.
ETYMOLOGY: grug < gwrug < British < Celtic WROIK-O
From the same Celtic root: Irish fraoch (= heather)
French has bruyère (= heather) < Latin brugeria < Gaulish bruk-
NOTE: [ Olde Cheshire Dialecte. http://www.cheshirelittlefolk.co.uk/Old_dialect.htm
grig : heather, from the Welsh grug]
:_______________________________.
grugiar, grugieir <GRIG-yar, GRIG-yeir> [ˡgrɪgjar] [ˡgrɪgjəɪr] (masculine noun)
1 (Lagopus lagopus) grouse (“heather hen”)
:_______________________________.
grugiar ddu, grugieir duon <GRIG-yar DHII, GRIG-yeir
DII-on> [ˌgrɪgjar ˡðiː] [ˌgrɪgjəɪr ˡdiˑɔn] (masculine noun)
1 (Tetrao tetrix). Synonym: Lyrurus
tetrix. Black grouse
(delwedd 7004)
:_______________________________.
gruglwyn <GRIG-luin> [ˡgrɪglʊɪn]
1 a clump of heather
2 Gruglwyn SN9055 hill south of Nant y Gweision and north of the
village of Beulah (Powys)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9055
ETYMOLOGY: (grug = heather) + soft mutation + (llwyn = grove, clump, bush)
:_______________________________.
gruglyd <GRIG-lid>
[ˡgrɪglɪd] adj
1 heathery
ETYMOLOGY: (grug = heather) + (-lyd, suffix for forming
adjectives)
NOTE: In the south as gwriglyd [ˡgwrɪglɪd]
:_______________________________.
grugos <GRII-gos> [ˡgriˑgɔs] plural noun
1 small heather plants (Calluna
vulgaris)
(delwedd 7005)
2 Y Rugos locality in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf (the
official form ‘Y Rhigos’ is erroneous.
..a/ It shows that “u / i” are pronounced the same in South Wales – in
fact, the three formerly distinct vowels “i / u / y” are all i
nowadays in the south, though the north shows an earlier stage of this
realignment of vowels, and still has “i” separate from “u / y”, where
the formerly distinct “u” is nowadays pronounced as “y”)
..b/ In the south-east, rh is generally pronounced unaspirated, and in
this case it has been assumed that the “r” of rugos was a local
pronounciation of “rhugos / rhigos”, though in fact the unaspirated pronunciation
is the correct one, since the ‘r’ is the soft-mutated form of “gr-”
ETYMOLOGY: (grug = heather) + (-os, diminutive suffix added to
plural or collective nouns)
:_______________________________.
grwgnach <GRUG-nakh> [ˡgrʊgnax] v
1 complain
Does gen ti ddim lle i rwgnach You have no reason to complain, You have
no grounds for complaining
:_______________________________.
grwn <GRUN> [grʊn] (m)
PLURAL grynnau <GRƏN-yai,
-ye> [ˡgrənjaɪ, -ɛ]
1 furrow ridge; ridge; ( = raised earth between two furrows). Also called a
stitch (= ridge between two furrows) in English
2 distance between two furrows
3 garden plot, garden bed
grwn o ffa plot of beans
grwn o bys plot of peas
Fe welir ar lethrau mynyddoedd y Dyffryn rynau gwenith y dydd heddiw
Ridges for growing wheat are to be seen on the slopes of the muntains of
the Valley to this day
Y Grwn-oer SJ0218 farm in Llanwddyn (Powys) (“the cold stitch / the cold
furrow ridge”)
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0218
(::a)ETYMOLOGY: gal·lès < britànic
de la mateixa arrel britànica: GRONNççç
(a::)
NOTE:
North Wales PLURAL: grynne, grynie; grynna, grynia <GRƏ-ne, GRƏN-ye, GRƏ-na, GRƏN-ya> [ˡgrənɛ, ˡgrənjɛ , ˡgrəna, ˡgrənja]
South Wales PLURAL: grynne, grwnne;
grynna, grwnna <GRƏ-ne, GRU-ne, GRƏ-na, GRU-na> [ˡgrənɛ, ˡgrʊnɛ , ˡgrəna, ˡgrʊna]
:_______________________________.
grŵp, grwpiau <GRUUP, GRUUP-yai,
-yai, -e> [gruːp] [ˡgrʊpjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1 group
:_______________________________.
grybiad <grəb-yad> [ˡgrəbjad] masculine noun
PLURAL grybiadau <grəb-yaa-dai, -e> [grəbˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 grubbing, action of digging up weeds
and roots
ETYMOLOGY: (gryb-i-, stem of grybio = to grub the land) + (-ad,
suffix for forming nouns denoting an action)
:_______________________________.
grybio <grəb-yo> [ˡgrəbjɔ] verb
1 grub = dig up weeds and roots;
grybio’r tir = to grub the land
ETYMOLOGY: English to grub (= to grub, dig), < Middle English; of
unknown origin
:_______________________________.
grym <GRIM> [grɪm] (masculine noun)
1 strength
2 rhoi’r gyfraith mewn grym apply the law, enforce the law
3 trwy rym arfau by force of arms, using weapons
4 grym corfforol brute force
5 grymoedd y fall the powers of darkness (“(the) powers (of)
the evil”)
6 power
Grym llwyr a lwyr lygra absolute power corrupts absolutely (“(it is)
complete power which completely corrupts”)
:_______________________________.
grymuso <grə-mi-so> [grəˡmɪsɔ] verb
1 strengthen
grymuso injen soup up an engine
ETYMOLOGY: (grymus = powerful) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.
grymyn <GRƏ-min> [ˡgrəmɪn] (masculine noun)
1 (South Wales) the least bit of strength
:_______________________________.
gryn dipyn <grin
di-pin> [ˌgrɪn ˡdɪpɪn] adverb
1 considerably, very much, quite a bit
Mae hi’n gryn dipyn yn dwymach heddiw It’s a lot warmer today
Lleihaodd nifer yr aelodau gryn dipyn The membership dropped quite a bit
ETYMOLOGY: “by a considerable quantity”
(cryn = considerable) + soft mutation + (tipyn = fragment)
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence cryn
> gryn
:_______________________________.
gthg.
1 abbreviation (in a dictionary
entry)
..1/ gwrthgyferbynier (instruction) compare it with..., contrast it with
..2/ gwrthgyferbyniol contrasting, standing in contrast
:_______________________________.
Y Gurn <ə GIRN> [ə ˡgɪrn]
1 peak SN9367 in Llansanffráid Cwmteuddwr,
Powys
y gurn “the tumulus”.
Spelt correctly on the Ordnance Survey map as Y Gurn.
http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN9367 Y Gurn
http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/959444 path towards y Gurn
:_______________________________.
Y Gurn Goch <girn
GOOKH> [gɪrn ˡgoːx]
1 peak in Clynnog parish, Gwynedd.
gurn goch = y gurn goch “the
red tumulus”.
Generally spelt (incorrectly) with a ‘y’ - Gyrn Goch (in modern Welsh, what
were formerly two distinct vowel sounds - spelt u and y - have become the same
vowel, and ‘u’ is now pronounced exactly as y. The spelling generally shows
what the original vowel was; but in some cases, since the pronunciation is the
same, a ‘y’ has taken the place of the letter ‘u’.
:_______________________________.
Y Gurnos <ə GIR-nos> [ə ˡgɪrnɔs] plural
1 In place names in South Wales
In Merthyrtudful, there is a district
marked on the Ordnance Survey map as “Gurnos” (i.e. Y Gurnos); the farm
to the north-west which gave its name to the district is marked “Gyrnos Fm”,
i.e. Y Gyrnos <ə GƏR-nos> [ə ˡg ə rnɔs], which is the local form of Y Gurnos (the
reduction of a pretonic vowel or diphthong to the obscure vowel [ə] is a common feature of Welsh)
ETYMOLOGY: “small mounds”
(definite article y) + soft mutation + (cyrnos, a variant of curnos
= small mounds)
Curnos is (curn = heap, mound)
+ (-os plural diminutive suffix). After the definite article there is
soft mutation of the initial consonant of words pluralised with –os if
the base word is a feminine noun – i.e. it acts as though a feminine singular
noun
curn (= mound), y gurn (= the mound), y gurnos (= the
mounds)
ETYMOLOGY: “the small heaps, the small mounds, the little mounds”
(y definite article) + soft mutation + (curnos = small mounds)
See curnos and curn
:_______________________________.
Guto <GI-to>
[ˡgɪtɔ] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; diminutive of Gruffudd
:_______________________________.
Gutyn <GI-tin> [ˡgɪtɪn] (masculine noun)
1 man’s name; diminutive of Gruffudd
·····
Sumbolau:
a A / æ Æ / e E / ɛ Ɛ / i I / o O
/ u U / w W / y Y /
MACRON: ā Ā / ǣ Ǣ / ē Ē / ɛ̄ Ɛ̄ / ī Ī /
ō Ō / ū Ū / w̄ W̄ / ȳ Ȳ /
MACRON + ACEN DDYRCHAFEDIG: Ā̀ ā̀ , Ḗ ḗ,
Ī́ ī́ , Ṓ ṓ ,
Ū́ ū́, (w), Ȳ́ ȳ́
MACRON + ACEN DDISGYNEDIG: Ǟ ǟ , Ḕ ḕ,
Ī̀ ī̀, Ṑ ṑ, Ū̀ ū̀, (w), Ȳ̀ ȳ̀
MACRON ISOD: A̱ a̱ , E̱ e̱ , I̱ i̱ , O̱ o̱, U̱ u̱, (w), Y̱ y̱
BREF: ă Ă / ĕ Ĕ / ĭ Ĭ / ŏ Ŏ / ŭ Ŭ
/ Ў B5236: 
B5237: 
BREF GWRTHDRO ISOD: i̯, u̯
CROMFACHAU: ⟨ ⟩ deiamwnt
ˡ ɑ ɑˑ aˑ a: / æ æ: /
e eˑe: / ɛ ɛ: / ɪ iˑ i: / ɔ oˑ o: / ʊ uˑ u: / ə / ʌ /
ẅ Ẅ / ẃ Ẃ / ẁ Ẁ / ŵ Ŵ /
ŷ Ŷ / ỳ Ỳ / ý Ý / ɥ
ˡ ð ɬ ŋ ʃ ʧ θ ʒ ʤ / aɪ ɔɪ əɪ uɪ ɪʊ aʊ ɛʊ əʊ / £
ә ʌ ẃ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ẅ ẃ ẁ
Ẁ ŵ ŷ ỳ Ỳ
Hungarumlaut: A̋ a̋
U+1EA0 Ạ U+1EA1 ạ
U+1EB8 Ẹ U+1EB9 ẹ
U+1ECA Ị U+1ECB ị
U+1ECC Ọ U+1EED ọ
U+1EE4 Ụ U+1EE5 ụ
U+1E88 Ẉ U+1E89 ẉ
U+1EF4 Ỵ U+1EF5 ỵ
g
yn 
aith δ δ £
wikipedia, scriptsource. org
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ǣ
---------------------------------------
Y TUDALEN HWN: www.[] kimkat.org/amryw/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_mi_1677e.htm
---------------------------------------
Creuwyd: ?-
Ffynhonnell:
Adolygiad diweddaraf - latest update: 01-03-2017 Dygwyl Ddewi,, 09-08-2012, 2008-10-01,
2005-10-24
Delweddau:
|
Freefind. |
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Adolygiad diweddaraf - latest update: 2012-12-05 :: 2008-10-22 15.02
::2003-10-07 :: 2003-10-28 :: 2003-11-28 :: 2003-12-15 :: 2004-02-17 ::
2004-06-24 :: 2004-08-01 :: 2005-01-17, 2005-10-24, 2006-09-01
http://www.kimkat.org/1_vortaroy/geiriadur_cymraeg_saesneg_BAEDD_g_1021e.htm 05-12-2012
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