kimkat1674e A Welsh to English Dictionary in scroll-down format. Geiriadur Cymraeg a Saesneg ar fformat sgrolio-i-lawr.

16-09-2020

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(delwedd 0003)

 

 

 

 

 

Gwefan Cymru-Catalonia
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·les i Catalunya
The Wales-Catalonia Website

Y Gwe-eiriadur
An Internet dictionary of Welsh for speakers of English

DI

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a-7000_kimkat1356k
Beth sy’n newydd?


 

A close up of text on a white background

Description automatically generated(delwedd 4666)

...

 

 

 A
 

 AR

 B

 BR

 C

 CE

 CI

 

 CR
 

 CY

 D

 DI

 E

 F

bbb7000_kimkat1021e_G G

 

 GW
 

 GWI

 H

 I, J, K

 L

 M

 MI

 

 N
 

 O

 P

 PL, Q

 R

 S

 T

 

 TR
 

 U, V

 W, X

 Y, Z      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


di- 1 dii prefix

1
intensifier (+ soft mutation); complete, extreme

..1/ diben (= objective). This is (di-, intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (pen = head)

..2/ dihenydd (= death, execution ) < dien (= death). This is (di-, intensifying prefix) + (*hen = death), probably from a Celtic element *sen (= to end, to kill)

..3/ dinoethi (= bare, denude, expose, strip bare) < noethi (= make bare)

..4/ dioddef (= suffer), This is (di-, intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (goddef = suffer)

..5/ disyml (= unaffected, simple, plain, honest, innocent) < syml (= simple)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh di < British *dô < Celtic *dî
From the same Indoeuropean root: Latin (preposition = away from), used also as a prefix (= indicating separation), Catalan / Occitan / French / Castilian, etc de (= from)

:_______________________________.

di- 2
dii prefix
1
privative prefix (+ soft mutation), without.

Used in forming adjectives.

Corresponds to English prefixes “dis-, un-, in-, etc” or the suffix “-less”

..1/ diarfog (= unarmed) (arfog = armed, arf = arm, weapon)

..2/ diddoli (= separate, segregate, set apart, isolate). This is from (diddawl) + (-i, verb ending); diddawl is (di- privative prefix) + soft mutation + (a now obsolete element dawl = portion)

..3/ digyfalaf without capital (cyfalaf = capital). This is (di- privative prefix) + soft mutation + (cyfalaf = capital)

NOTE:
a/ monosyllables: older forms have the stress on the prefix di
diflas (= boring)
di-vlas›

Newer compounds have the stress on the second element
di-flas (= having no taste, insipid)
‹di-vlaas

b/ the prefix di can occur before expressions of more than one word:
di-alw-amdano (= uncalled for)

c/ in some cases with initial ‘g’ there is no mutation (words which are late borrowings from English)
di-gès (= clueless)

ETYMOLOGY: the same origin as the intensifying prefix di-, with a change of sense > 'without'

:_______________________________.

’di
di
1
clipped form of the preposition wedi which may occur when wedi is used to form a past tense
Wyt ti ’di gorffen / I ti ‘di gorffen? (= Wyt ti wedi gorffen?) Have you finished?

NOTE: This loss of the accented first syllable in two-syllable word is not unusual in Welsh. Other examples abound; a couple are
(1) yma
ə -ma› (= here) > ’ma
(2) acw
a -ku› (= there) > ’cw

:_______________________________.

diabred
‹di- a -bred› adjective
1
withheld, held back, refused, denied

2 In the north of the county of Powys, between Caer-sŵs and Llandinam, there is land originally called Rhos Ddiabred (literally “moor which has been held back / withheld”, apparently referring to ownership).

Nowadays the name is Rhos Ddiarbed (‘ceaseless moor’, the result of confusion with the word diarbed = ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting)

 

(delw delwedd 7488)

 

 ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + (abred = release)

:_______________________________.

diacon, diaconiaid
‹di-A-kon, di-a-KON-yed› (masculine noun)
1
deacon - lay official of a non-Conformist church

:_______________________________.

diaddurn
‹di-a-dhirn› adjective
1
without ornamentation, unadorned, plain, simple, austere, unostentatious
Capel digon diaddurn yw Soar y Mynydd
Soar y Mynydd is quite a simple chapel

2
ugly
Gwnaethant Gwm Rhondda yn anialwch, a bryniau Ffestiniog yn ddiaddurn
They turned the Rhondda valley into a desert and made the hills of Ffestiniog ugly

3
(language) plain, simple, not ornate

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative suffix) + soft mutation + (addurn = decoration)

:_______________________________.

diadell
‹di-AA-delh› feminine noun
PLURAL diadellau, diadelloedd
‹di-a-DE-lhai, -e, -oidh, -odh›
1
flock
diadell o ºddefaid a flock of sheep

2
Mae llwdn du ym ººmhob diadell
There’s a black sheep in every flock (= in every good family there’s somebody who is unlike the rest, someone who is disreputable)

3
flock = people under the spiritual care of the pastor of a church

ETYMOLOGY: diadell, possibly from *dyadell, which would be
(dyad-, stem of dyadu, dyadael = to let go / release; to drive animals) + (-ell suffix for forming nouns);

dyadu = (dy- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gadu = leave, permit)

:_______________________________.

diadfer
‹di-AD-ver› adjective
1
irrecuperable

Nid gwiw wylo am yr hyn sydd ddiadfer
It’s no use crying over spilt milk
(“It-is-not profitable crying for the thing which-is irrecuperable”, it is useless to cry over what cannot be restored)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix, ‘without’) + (adfer = to recover, to restore)

:_______________________________.

diadlam
‹di- ad -lam› adjective
1
without a rebound

2
(gun) recoilless, not jumping back on being fired
reiffl ddiadlam recoilless rifle

3
(wall) that cannot be crossed over again to return to the other side; a river Rubicon

gwal ddiadlam / wal ddiadlam wall which you cannot climb back over (“a no leaping back wall”, “a rebound-less wall”)
mur diadlam wall which you cannot climb back over; (loosely) insurmountable
cyrraedd mur diadlam come up against a great obstacle which once overcome allows no turning back; come up against an insurmountable obstacle

Daeth o'r diwedd at Nant Gwrtheyrn, yr hwn gwm sydd wedi ei furiaw o gwmpas â wal ddiadlam o greigiau ysgrynyglyd (Cilmin Droettu, Y Brython 1859 tudalen / page 428)
At last he came to Nant Gwrthéyrn, which valley is walled around with a wall of sharp rocks which once crossed over there is no return.

Mae’r “wàl fawr ddiadlam” gylch ogylch Gehenna

Eben Fardd / Yr Adgyfodiad / Y Traethodydd / 1851 tudalen / page 27
The great irremeable (“affording no possibily of return”) wall around Gehenna

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = private prefix, “without”, “-less”) + (adlam = recoil, leap)

:_______________________________.

diafol
‹di-AA-vol› masculine noun
PLURAL diefyl
‹di-EE-vil›
1
devil
2
y diafol yn gweld bai ar bechod Satan rebuking sin, the devil denouncing evil (“the devil seeing defect on sin”), doing something completely out of character

ETYMOLOGY: Diafol is a literary form. Modern spoken Welsh has diawl which is in fact the more genuine form, and the precursor of diafol

Latin DIABOLUS > British *DIAB'L-OS > Welsh DIAFL > DIAWL
The change
‹v› > ‹w› occurs sporadically in Welsh after A / O

standard TAFLU = throw > southern dialect TOWLU,
standard EOFN = bold > southern dialect EWN,
standard YSGAFN = light, weighing little > southern dialect YSGAWN

The plural form is from the Latin plural DIABOLI > British *DIAB'L-I > Welsh DIEFL > DIEFYL

A variant singular foem emerged. The consonant
‹v› , retained in the plural form, then influenced the singular form, and was inserted at the beginning of the final syllable: DIAWL (one syllable) > DIA FWL (two syllables)

This latter form diafwl was altered by the translator of the New Testament (1588) into Welsh, William Salesbury, who replaced the “w” with an “o” (diafol) to Latinise the word and bring it closer to the source word diabolus (= devil)

See the entry diawl

:_______________________________.

diain
‹DYAIN› (mf)
1
altered form of diawl (= devil) used in mild oaths
myn diain i! blimey!

diain i! blimey!


:_______________________________.

dial
‹DII-al› (masculine noun)
1
revenge
dwyn dial (ar rywun) (am rywbeth) take revenge (on somebody) (for something), revenge oneself (on somebody) (for something)

2 torri’ch trwyn i ddial ar eich wyneb
to cut off your nose to spite your face
(“cut off your nose to get-revenge on your face”)
= to seize an opportunity to do something which will harm your rival / adversary / enemy even though it causes yourself a great deal of harm too

:_______________________________.

dialedd
‹di-AA-ledh (m)
PLURAL diaddelion
‹di-a-DDEL-yon›

 

1 vengeance, act of revenge, act of retribution

lladd (rhywun) mewn dialedd

kill (somebody) in revenge, kill (somebody) out of revenge

 

3 (North Wales) enormous amount, immense quantity, huge amount

bod (rhywbeth) yn ddialedd gan... to have an enormous amount of (“to be as an enormous amount with”)

bod peth ddialedd o (rywbeth) gan... to have an enormous amount of, to have loads of (“to be an enormous amount of something with”)
cael daledd o receive an enormous quantity of

Mae nhw'n cael dialedd o bethe gan eu rhieni They get a load of things from their parents

4 (Bible) plague, disease

Jeremeia 19:8 A mi a wnaf y ddinas hon yn anghyfannedd, ac yn ffiaidd, pob un a elo heibio iddi a synna ac a chwibana, oherwydd ei holl ddialeddau hi.
Jeremiah 19:8 And I will make this city desolate, and an hissing; every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished and hiss because of all the plagues thereof.

 

ETYMOLOGY: (dial = revenge, act of revenge) + (-edd noun suffix)
:_______________________________.

diamynedd
‹di-a-MƏ-nedh› (adjective)
1
impatient

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + (amynedd = patience)
:_______________________________.

dianaf (diana’)
‹di-AA-nav, di-AA-na› adjective
1
unhurt, uninjured, intact
iach ddianaf safe and sound
difai dianaf safe and sound


ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + (anaf = injury)

:_______________________________.

dianc
‹DI-angk› (verb)
1
to escape
dianc o Glwyd a boddi ar Gonwy
go from the frying pan into the fire
(“escape from (drowning in) (the river) Clwyd and drown on (= while crossing) (the river) Conwy”)

2
dianc rhag escape from
dianc rhag popeth get away from it all (“escape from everything”)

Nid oes dianc rhag y mewnlifiad Saesneg
There's no escaping the English immigration

Treth Cerbyd. Does dim dianc rhagddi
Vehicle tax. There’s no escaping it.

:_______________________________.

diangen
‹di-a-ngen› adjective
1
unnecessary
codi trethi newydd a diangen ar Gymru gyfan
impose (“raise”) new and unnecessary taxes on the whole of Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + (angen = necessity, need)

:_______________________________.

diangféydd
‹di-ang-VEIDH
1
plural of dihangfa (qv) (= escape)

:_______________________________.

dianghenraid
‹di-a-nghen-raid› adjective
1
unneeded, unnecessary
Yr oedd yr ystafell fel newydd bron, popeth dianghenrhaid wedi cael ei symud
The room was almost like new, everything unnecessary had been removed

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + (anghenraid = necessity, need)

:_______________________________.

dianwadal
‹di-an-WAA-dal› adjective
1
steadfast, firm, unshakeable, unwavering, resolute

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = negative prefix) + (anwadal = unstable).

:_______________________________.

dianwadalwch
‹di-an-wa-DAA-lukh› masculine noun
1
steadfastness, resolution

ETYMOLOGY: (dianwadal = resolute) + (-wch = suffix for forming nouns).

:_______________________________.

diar
‹DII-ar› masculine noun
1
steadfastness, resolution

ETYMOLOGY: (dianwadal = resolute) + (-wch = suffix for forming nouns).

 

:_______________________________.

diar ‹DII-ar›
1 used in interjections; replaces the name Duw (= God)

 

See dier
:_______________________________.

diarbed
‹di- ar -bed› adjective
1
ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting, unstinting
llafurio yn ddiarbed dros (rywbeth) work / toil relentlessly for (something)
rhyfel diarbed total war, all-out war

2
gwario’n ddiarbed spare no expense (“spend ceaselessly”)

3
In the north of the county of Powys, between Caer-sŵs and Llandinam, there is land originally called Rhos Ddiabred (literally “moor which has been held back”, apparently referring to ownership).

 

(delw delwedd 7488)

 

Nowadays the name is Rhos Ddiarbed (the result of confusion with the word diarbed = ceaseless, relentless, unrelenting)

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + (arbed = to save)

:_______________________________.

diarchen
‹di-ar-khen› adjective
1
obsolete barefoot
2
obsolete (horses, cattle) unshod

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + (archen = shoe) < British
From the same British root: Breton diarc’hen (= barefoot)

:_______________________________.

diarchwaeth
‹di-ar-khweth› adjective
1
without appetite
diarchwaeth at fwyd with no desire for food ("without appetite for food")

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + (archwaeth = appetite)

:_______________________________.

..1 diarddel
‹di-ar-dhel› verb
1
repudiate, disown
Yr oedd rhai o’r farn fod y peth gorau i wneud o’r geiriau tafodieithol oedd eu diarddel a mabwysiadu iaith safonol yn eu lle
Some were of the opinion that the best thing with dialect words was to disown them, and adopt a standard language in their place

2 expel = terminate the membership of a member of a political party
Cafodd ei ddiarddel o’r Blaid Lafur
He was expelled from the Labour Party

3 expel = terminate the membership of a member of a non-conformist denomination (Calvanistic Methodists, Wesleyan Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists)

4 disqualify = make inelegible, to deprive of the right (to do something)
(in advertisements for vacant posts, usually for work with a local authority, such as teaching, the phrase bydd canfasio yn diarddel is sometimes seen - canvassing will lead to disqualification - that is, any applicant who solicits the support of individual members of the selection committee will not be considered for the post)

5 (job) dismiss, expel
Fe’i diard
yd o’i swydd fel prifathro

He was expelled from his job as headmaster

6 (school) diarddel to expel = terminally prohibit from attending school for problems of behaviour, etc

diarddel dros dro suspend = to forbid from attending classes temporarily as a punishment


Mae chwech o ddisgyblion Ysgol Uwchradd Dyffryn Teifi yn Llandysul wedi cael eu diarddel dros dro
Six pupils from the Dyffryn Teifi High School in Llandysul have been suspended

ETYMOLOGY: diarddel < diarddelw (di-, negative prefix) + (arddelw (verb) = to recognise, acknowledge, defend).

See the entry “w” for many other cases of the loss of the final -w (ofnadwÿ > ofnadw, etc)

:_______________________________.

..2 diarddel
‹di-ar-dhel› adjective
PLURAL diarddelion
‹di-ar-dhel-yon›
1
unclaimed, without an owner, claimed by nobody

diarddelion unclaimed property

llwdn diarddel unclaimed stray animal

llythyr diarddel dead letter = uncollected letter, letter undelivered because the addressee cannot be found

sêl diarddelion sale of unclaimed property

swyddfa lythyron diarddel dead-letter office

2 tir diarddel escheat
(1) (feudalism) land which reverts to the feudal lord,
(2) land which went to the Crown in the absence of heirs (until a change in English law in 1926)

ETYMOLOGY: diarddel < diarddelw (di-, negative prefix) + (arddelw (noun) = title of ownership)


NOTE: South Wales: diarddelion > diarddelon
‹di-ar-dhe-lon› ; the loss of the consonant ‹i› at the beginning of the final syllable is typical of the speech of the south

:_______________________________.

diarddeliad
‹di-ar-dhel-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL diarddeliadau
‹di-ar-dhel--de›
1
expulsion (from school, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: (diarddel = expel) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

diargyhoedd
‹di-ar-gə-hoidh › adjective
1
blameless, irrepproachable


Luc 1:6 Ac yr oeddynt ill dau yn gyfiawn gerbron Duw, yn rhodio yn holl orchmynion a deddfau’r Arglwydd yn ddiargyhoedd
Luke 1:6 And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord blameless

Corinthiad-1 1:8 Yr hwn hefyd a’ch cadarnha chwi hyd y diwedd, yn ddiargyhoedd, yn nydd ein Harglwydd Iesu Grist
Corinthians-1 1:8 Who shall also confirm you unto the end, that ye may be blameless in the day of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Thesaloniaid-1 2:10 Tystion ydych chwi, a Duw hefyd, mor sanctaidd, ac mor gyfiawn, a diargyhoedd, yr ymddygasom yn eich mysg chwi y rhai ydych yn credu
Thessalonians-1 2:10 Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily and justly and unblameably we behaved ourselves among you that believe
(Also Thessalonians-3:13, Thessalonians-5:23)

Philipiaid 2:15 Fel y byddoch ddiargyhoedd a diniwed, yn blant difeius i Dduw, yng nghanol cenhedlaeth ddrygionus a throfaus, ymhlith y rhai yr ydych yn disgleirio megis goleuadau yn y byd
Philippians 2:15 That ye may be blameless and harmless, the sons of God, without rebuke, in the midst f a crooked and perverse nation, among whom ye shine as lights in the world

Philipiaid 3:6 Yn ôl sêl, yn erlid yr eglwys; yn ôl y cyfiawnder sydd yn y ddeddf, yn ddiargyhoedd
Philippians 3:6 Concerning zeal, persecuting the church; touching the righteousness which is the law, blameless.

Timotheus-1 3:2 Rhaid gan hynny i esgob fod yn ddiargyhoedd, yn ŵr un wraig, yn wyliadwrus, yn sobr, yn weddaidd, yn lletygar, yn athrawaidd
Timothy-1 3:2 A bishop must then be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach.

Timotheus-1 3:10 A phrofer y rhai hynny hefyd yn gyntaf; yna gwasanaethant swydd diaconiaid, os byddant diargyhoedd
Timothy-1 3:10 And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless

Timotheus-1 5:7
A gorchymyn y pethau hyn, fel y byddont ddiargyhoedd
Timothy-1 5:7 And these things give in charge, that they may be blameless

Timotheus-1 6:14 Gadw ohonot y gorchymyn hyn yn ddifeius, yn ddiargyhoedd, hyd ymddangosiad ein Harlwydd Iesu Grist
Timothy-1 6:14 That thou keep this commandment without spot, unrebukeable, until the appearing of our Lord Jesus Christ

Titus 1:6 Os yw neb yn ddiargyhoedd, yn ŵr un wraig, a chanddo blant ffyddlon, heb gael y gair o fod yn afradlon, neu yn anufudd
Titus 1:6 If any be blameless, the husband of one wife, having faithful children not accused of riot or unruly

Titus 1:7 Canys rhaid i esgob fod yn ddiargyhoedd, fel goruchwyliwr Duw; nid yn gyndyn, nid yn ddicllon, nid yn wingar, nid yn drawydd, nid yn budrelwa
Titus 1:7 For a bishop must be blameless, as the steward of God; not selfwilled, not soon angry, not given to wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre

Pedr-2 3:14 Oherwydd paham, anwylyd, gan eich bod yn disgwyl y pethau hyn, gwnewch eich gorau ar eich cael ganddo mewn tangnefedd, yn ddifrycheulyd, ac yn ddiargyhoedd
Peter-2 3:14 Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things; be diligent that ye may be found of him in peace, without spot, and blameless.

ETYMOL
OGY: (di- privative prefix, ‘without’) + (argyhoedd = rebuke, condemnation)

:_______________________________.

diarhebion
‹di-ar-HEB-yon› (plural noun)
1
proverbs; plural of dihareb

:_______________________________.

Diarhebion
‹di-ar- heb -yon›
1 Diarhebion or Llyfr y Diarhebion book of the Old Testament with the wisdom of Israelite sages
Abbreviation in GPC (Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / Dictionary of the University of Wales): Diar.


:_______________________________.

diarth
‹DII-arth› (adjective)
1
strange (North Wales) = dieithr

:_______________________________.

diarwybod
‹di-ar-UI-bod› (adjective)
1
without knowing


2
sleifio at (rywun) yn ddiarwybod iddo sneak up on somebody (“slink to (somebody) without him knowing”)
Also llithro at (rywun) yn ddiarwybod iddo

:_______________________________.

diawl, diawliaid
‹DYAUL, DYAUL-yed› (masculine noun)
(South: diawl is colloquially "jawl"; the plural is diawlaid (without the semi consonant –i) > "jawled")
‹JAUL, JAU-led›
1
devil

2
ar y diawl ‘very’ (literally: “on the devil”)
bod yn falch ar y diawl be as pleased as punch, be as glad as hell

3
ddiawl (after masculine or feminine singular noun, or plural noun) damned, bloody, goddam
yr ast ddiawl the goddam bitch

4
(North-west Wales) fel diawl dan garreg said of a constant complainer “like a devil under a stone”

5
used as a term of abuse for somebody regarded with contempt - bugger, bastard, etc (USA: son of a bitch, s.o.b.)
Mae e’n ddiawl celwyddog He’s a lying bastard

6 mynd i’r diawl to go to Hell (“go to the devil”)
Cer i’r diawl! Go to Hell! (“go to the devil”)
Fe gaiff fynd i’r diawl! He can go to Hell! (“he may go to the devil”)
I’r diawl ag e! To Hell with him! (“to the devil with him”)
I’r diawl â thi! Hang you!

7
o ddiawl! (denial) my foot! not likely!
Ei helpu, o ddiawl! Help him my foot!

 

8 diain altered form of diawl used in mild oaths
myn diain i! blimey!

diain i! blimey!


:_______________________________.

dibarch
DII-barkh› adj
1
disrespectful, lacking in respect
mor ddibarch â'r blaidd “as disrespectful as the wolf”

2
dibarch rhy gyffredin familiarity breeds content (“without respect (a thing) too common”)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix, 'without') + soft mutation + (parch = respect)


:_______________________________.

dibechod
‹di-BEE-khod› adjective
1
sinless, without sin
Ioan 8:7 Yr hwn sydd ddibechod ohonoch, tafled yn gyntaf garreg ati hi
John 8:7 He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix, ‘without’) + soft mutation + (pechod = sin)

:_______________________________.

diben, dibenion
‹DII-ben, di-BEN-yon› (masculine noun)
1
end
2
mae’r diben yn cyfiawnháu’r modd the end justifies the means

:_______________________________.

dibennu
‹di-BE-ni› (verb)
1
to end

ETYMOLOGY: (dibenn- < diben = end) + (-u verb suffix)
:_______________________________.

dibriod ‹di-BRII-od› (adjective)
1
single, unmarried

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix, ‘without’) + soft mutation + (priod = married)
:_______________________________.

dibris
di-bris› adjective
1
(person) rash, reckless, foolhardy

 

2 (person) disrespectful
yn ddibris adverb contemptuously, showing scant respect

 

Aeth dau ddyn ieuanc dibris at y gweinidog a gofynodd iddo pa liw oedd gwallt y diawl

Two disrespectful young men went up to the minister and asked him what colour was the devil’s hair

3 careless
yn ddibris adverb carelessly

Paid â thrafod dy ddillad mor ddiprish
Don’t treat your clothes so carelessly


ETYMOLOGY: (di- = without) + soft mutation + (pris = respect; value)

NOTE: South-east Wales diprish - with the usual differences from the standard form to be expected in this dialect;

..a/ s > sh after i dibris > dibrish

..b/ b > p at the beginning of the final syllable dibrish > diprish

:_______________________________.

dibrisio
‹di-BRI-syo, -sho› (verb)
1
to slander


2 difenwi a dibrisio defame and slander

:_______________________________.

dibrofiad
‹di- brov -yad› adjective
1
inexperienced

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (profiad = experience)

:_______________________________.

dibwys
DII-buis› adjective
1
trivial, unimportant, insignificant
Fe ddaeth chwyldro ar ddysgu Cymraeg ac fe ddaethon ni i sylweddoli mor ddibwys mewn gwirionedd yw astudio llenyddiaeth Gymraeg fel pwnc ysgol o’u cymharu â’r nod o ddysgu i blant siarad Cymraeg.
Teaching Welsh was revolutionised and we came to realise how unimportant really was studying Welsh literature as a school subject compared with the goal of teaching children to speak Welsh

pethau dibwys trivialities, things of no importance

Yr ym ni’n arbennig o dda am gwyno am bethau dibwys yn lle mynd at graidd y broblem
We are extremely good at complaining about trivialities instead of getting to the root ("heart") of the problem

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (pwys = weight, importance)

:_______________________________.

dibyn, dibynnau
‹DII-bin, di-BƏ-ne› (masculine noun)
1
cliff

Perygl. Dibyn Serth. (on a warning sign) Danger. Sheer Drop

:_______________________________.

dibynnu
‹di-BƏ-ni› (verb)
1
depend

:_______________________________.

dibynwlad
‹di-bən-wlad› feminine noun
PLURAL dibynwledydd
‹di-bən- wlê -didh›
1
dependency = country dependent on another
y ddibynwlad = the dependency

ETYMOLOGY: (dibyn- < dibynnu = to depend) + soft mutation + (gwlad = country)

:_______________________________.

dicach
di -kakh› adjective
1
angrier
Dim dicach! No hard feelings!

ETYMOLOGY: dicach < digach (= angrier)
(influenced by the form dicaf = angriest) (dig = angry) + (-ach termination of comparative adjective).

The superlative form dicaf < díg-haf (dig + haf termination of superlative adjective)

:_______________________________.

dichellgar
‹di- khelh -gar› adjective
1
deceptive, wily, treacherous,
gyda bwriad dichellgar with intent to decive

ETYMOLOGY: (dichell = deception) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

dichlyn
dikh -lin› adjective
1
choose, select; pick out, sort out, separate out; find the best ones (of), pick out the best ones (from)
In use in the south-west – dichlyn tato grade potatoes, sort them e.g. into small, medium-size and large.

ETYMOLOGY: from a Celtic root *glenn- (= to choose?) < *do-eks-glenn

:_______________________________.

dichlynaidd
‹di- khlə -nedh› adjective
1
blameless, of irreproachable character; exemplary

Bu'n aelod dichlynaidd gyda'r Trefnyddion Calfinaidd am hanner can mlynedd
She was an exemplary member of the Calvinist Methodists for fifty years

ETYMOLOGY: (dichlyn-, stem of dichlyn = to select, to choose) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

dichon
‹DII-khon› (verb)
1
(obsolete) be able

a ddichon...? can he / she / it....? is he / she / it, able to....?

Datguddiad 6:17 Yna darllenodd ei destyn, sef, “Canys daeth dydd mawr ei ddicter ef, a phwy a ddichon sefyll?

Revelation 6:17  Then he read his text, namely, “For the great day of his wrath is come; and who shall be able to stand?”

Salmau 78:19 Llefarasant hefyd yn erbyn DUW; dywedasant, A ddichon DUW arlwyo bwrdd yn yr anialwch?
Psalms 78:19 Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness?

2 y dichon can

Salmau 129:1 Caniad y graddau. Llawer gwaith y’m cystuddiasant o’m hieuenctid, y dichon Israel ddywedyd yn awr: (129:2) Llawer gwaith y’m cystuddiasant o’m hieuenctid: eto ni’m gorfuant
129:1 A Song of degrees. Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth, may Israel now say: (129:2) Many a time have they afflicted me from my youth: yet they have not prevailed against me.

Sant Mathew 3:9 Ac na feddyliwch ddywedyd ynoch eich hunain, Y mae gennym ni Abraham yn dad i ni: canys yr ydwyf yn dywedyd i chwi, y dichon Duw, ie, o’r meini hyn, gyfodi plant i Abraham.
Saint Matthew 3:9 And think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father: for I say unto you, that God is able of these stones to raise up children unto Abraham.

3 a ddichon which can

...am yr hen gydnabyddion -
“Mae rhai mewn beddau'n huno, a'r lleill ar led y byd,
Nad oes un gloch a ddichon eu galw heddiw ’nghyd.”


As for old acquaintances: Some are sleeping in graves, others are in other parts of the world, there is not a single bell that can call then together today

4
ni ddichon cannot

Datguddiad 3:8
Mi a adwaen dy weithredoedd: wele, rhoddais ger dy fron ddrws agored, ac ni ddichon neb ei gau: canys y mae gennyt ychydig nerth, a thi a gedwaist fy ngair, ac ni wedaist fy enw.

Revelations 3:8 I know thy works: behold, I have set before thee an open door, and no man can shut it: for thou hast a little strength, and hast kept my word, and hast not denied my name.

5 maybe
Dichon nad yw’n wir Maybe it’s not true
(Synonyms of dichon are: efallai / hwyrach / gall)

fe ddichon = maybe
-Marged fach, beth sy'n bod arnat ti?
-Dwn i ddim.
Fe ddichon mod i'n mynd yn sofft yn fy hen dyddiau
-Hen, wir. Dym ni ddim mor hen â hynny

-Marged dear, what’s up with you?

-I don’t know. Maybe I’m going soft in my old age

-Old, indeed! We’re not as old as all that.

(Hen Wlad fy Nhadau; Jack Jones; translation by Kitchner Davies 1938; t59


ETYMOLOGY: dichon < dichawn < British dî-ad-kân (prefix , prefix ad, element kân- found in other Welsh words, for example as con, reduced from an original cawn, > in digon (digawn) (= enough), gogoniant (gogawniant) (= glory)) 



:_______________________________.

dichonoldeb
‹di-khon-OL-deb› feminine noun
1 feasibility

astudiaeth ddichonoldeb, astudiaethau dichonoldeb feasibility study

ETYMOLOGY: ( dichonol = feasible) + ( -deb noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

Dic Siôn Dafydd
‹dik shoon DAA-vidh› masculine noun
PLURAL Dic Siôn Dafyddion
‹dik shoon da-vədh-yon›
1
person who renounces the Welsh language and culture in the belief that anything English is far superior; Welshman who shows contempt for his language and nation, preferring to be considered as an Englishman

ETYMOLOGY: (Dic / Dick, Richard) + (son of) + (Siôn /John) + (son of) + (Dafydd / David); (name of a character in a poem of the same name by Jac Glanygors (John Jones, 1766-1821). Dic moves to London to become a haberdasher, and pretends that he has forgotten his Welsh. On visiting his mother back in Wales he insists on speaking English to her, a language unknown to her)

NOTE: Emrys ap Iwan in “Breuddwyd Pabydd Wrth ei Ewyllys” (c. 1890) (‘a papist’s dream of how he would have things be’) uses Cadi Siân Dafydd (qv) as the female equivalent

:_______________________________.

Dic Siôn Dafyddiaeth
‹dik shoon da-vədh-yeth› feminine noun
1
condition of being a Dic Siôn Dafydd; renunciation of the Welsh language and Welsh identity; the Dic Siôn Dafydd syndrome; anti-Welshness (on the part of a Welsh person)
Oddiar brofiad a chyda gofid y dywedaf am lawer o weindogion yr Efengyl, mai hwy yw y gelynion creulonaf a welodd ein haith erioed. Llawer o honynt ddywedais, cofier - nid yr oll o honynt. Y mae Dic Shon Dafyddiaeth rhai o honynt yn anesboniadwy ac yn ffiaidd i mi. (Tarian Y Gweithiwr 24 12 1908)
From experience and with sorrow I can say about many ministers of the Gospel, that they are the cruelest enemies that our language has ever seen. Many of them, I said – not all of them. The Dic Siôn Dafydd syndrome that some of them have is inexplicable and repugnant to me

ETYMOLOGY: (Dic Siôn Dafydd) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dicter
‹DIK-ter› (masculine noun)
1
anger

ETYMOLOGY: (dig [diig] = angry) + soft mutation + (-ter suffix for forming abstract nouns) > *digder > dicter (g-d > c-t)
:_______________________________.

diddan
DII-dhan› adjective
1
amusing, pleasant
tafarn lle mae ’na bob amser griw diddan ac awyrgylch anffurfiol
a tavern where there is always a group of people having fun and an informal atmosphere

2 plural noun diddanion amusements
prynu diddanion difyrru’r amser i’r plant yn y gwasanaethau
buy amusements to pass the time for the children in the service area (by the motorway)

ETYMOLOGY: diddan, stem of the verb diddanu = to entertain

:_______________________________.

diddanu
‹di-DHAA-ni› verb
1
amuse, entertain

2 South Wales (child) pay attention to, humour, amuse; indulge, spoil

3 comfort, console

Thesaloniaid-1 4:18 Am hynny diddenwch eich gilydd â’r ymadroddion hyn
Thessalonians-1 4:18 Wherefore comfort one another with these words.

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British

From the same British root: Cornish didhana (= amuse, entertain)

:_______________________________.

diddanwch
‹di-DHAA-nukh› masculine noun
1
entertainment = amusements as a pastime

Roedd yn rhaid inni greu ein diddanwch ein hunain pan oedden ni yn blant
We had to create our own amusement when we were children

2 consolation

Corinthiaid-2 1:3 Bendigedig fyddo Duw, a Thad ein Harglwydd ni Iesu Grist, Tad y trugareddau,a Duw pob diddanwch
Corinthians-2 1:3 Blessed
[be] God, even the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort

ETYMOLOGY: (diddan-, stem of diddanu = to entertain) + (-wch, suffix)

:_______________________________.

diddanwr
‹di-DHAA-nur› masculine noun
PLURAL diddanwyr
‹di-dhan-wir›
1
entertainer

ETYMOLOGY: (diddan-, stem of diddanu = to entertain) + (-wr, suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

diddanydd
‹di-DHAA-nidh› masculine noun
PLURAL diddanwyr, diddanyddion
‹di-dhan-wir, di-dha-nədh-yon›
1
comforter

2 y Diddanydd the Comforter, the Holy Spirit

Ioan 14:15 O cherwch fi, cedwch fy ngorchmynion (14:16) A mi a weddïaf ar y Tad, ac efe a rydd i chwi Ddiddanydd arall, fel yr arhoso gyda chwi yn dragwyddol
John 14:15 If ye love me, keep my commandments. (14:16) And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever;

ETYMOLOGY: (diddan-, stem of diddanu = to entertain) + (-ydd, suffix = agent)

:_______________________________.

di-ddawn
‹di-dhAun adjective
1
talentless

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (dawn = talent)

:_______________________________.

diddeall
‹di-DHEE-alh› adj
1
dim-witted, slow on the uptake

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix) + soft mutation + (deall = understanding)

:_______________________________.

diddim ‹DII-dhim

1
destitute, having nothing

2 diddymu to abolish; to deprive

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix) + soft mutation + (dim = anything)

:_______________________________.

di-ddim ‹di-dhim

1
useless, good-for-nothing

Un di-ddim iawn ’di o he’s absolutely useless

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix) + soft mutation + (dim = anything)

(in fact, the same word as diddim above, with the final syllable stressed)

:_______________________________.

diddiwylliant
‹di-dhi-WƏLH-yant› (adjective)
1
uncultured

:_______________________________.

diddordeb
‹di- dhor deb› masculine noun
PLURAL diddordebau
‹di-dhor- -be›

1
interest = curiosity about a person or thing
Does gen i rithyn o ddiddordeb yn y byd bocsio I haven’t got the slightest interest in boxing

Does gen i fawr o ddiddordeb mewn chwaraeon I’m not really interested in sport

Dyw hi ddim o’r diddordeb lleiaf imi It doesn’t interest me in the least / in the slightest

colli diddordeb mewn / yn lose interest in

cymryd diddordeb mewn / yn take an interest in

cymryd diddordeb mawr mewn / yn take a great interest in

Er mewn oedran teg dalia Mr Edwards i gymryd diddordeb mawr yn y cysegr a bu’n hynod ffyddlon ar hyd y daith
Although he has reached a ripe old age Mr. Edwards continues to take a great interest in the chapel and has been very faithful (to it) all his life (“along the journey”)

o ychydig ddiddordeb of minor interest, of little interest

2
interest = stimulation of curiosity in a person

3
interest = a thing which attracts one, which stimulates a person’s curiosity

4
interest = activity to which one dedicates time because it is pleasant and instructive, a hobby
Maa ganddo ddigon o ddiddordebe sy’n ’i dynnu fe maas o’r ty
He has enough interests which get him out of the house

5
diddordeb yn, diddordeb mewn interest in

diddordeb yn... gan... = be interested in

diddordeb byw mewn / yn = a great interest in

Mae ganddo diddordeb byw mewn pêl-droed he has a great interest in football

Mae ganddo ddiddordeb brwd yn y diwylliant Ocsitaneg
He’s really interested in Occitan culture

bod diddordeb mawr yn... gan... = be really interested in

6
interest = reason for wanting something done
diddordebau hunanfanteisiol selfserving interests

ETYMOLOGY: (diddor-, root of the verb diddorri = to interest) + (-deb abstract-noun suffix)

:_______________________________.

diddorol
‹di-DHOO-rol› (adjective)
1
interesting

ETYMOLOGY: (diddor-, root of the verb diddorri = to interest) + (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.

diddwn
‹DII-dhun› (verb)
1
(South-east Wales) to wean

See diddwyn

:_______________________________.

diddwyn
‹DII-dhuin› (verb)
1
to wean

2 diddwyn weaned This is the verb stem (which in this case is identical with the verbnoun) used as a past participle:

porchell diddwyn (“weaned piglet”) weaner, piglet in the period after weaning and up to ten weeks old

NOTE: The verb in standard Welsh is diddyfnu (= to wean), and colloquially in the south-east diddwn (= to wean) is used.

John Walters Dictionary of English and Welsh 1828:
To wean a child (take from the breast, or from the teat) diddyfnu (vulgo diddwyn)…To wean from [withdraw from any habit or desire] diddyfnu (diddwyn) oddiwrth.

ETYMOLOGY: It seems that diddwyn < diddwn.

..a/ At some time the w in then final syllable was misinterpreted as being a reduction of the dhipthong wy, that is, it was supposed that diddwyn was the original form, and from this came diddwyn.

Often, a w in a final syllable is a reduction in the colloquial language of the diphthong wy (ofnadw = awful < ofnadwy, Ebw (river name) < Ebwy).

There are cases of misunderstandings about the real form of a word or name such as is the case with Maelgwyn for the name Maelgwn. In fact Maelgwn is quite correct, and the supposed more correct form Maelgwyn is spurious.

..b/ This form diddwn is either from diddwfn, with the loss of the consonant [v], or else diddwn is actually the original form. The latter case seems more likely, since –dwn is from the (obsolete) verb dynu (= to suck).

There was a variant of dynu, namely dyfnu (with an f) (= to suck), from which the modern standard word diddyfnu (= to wean, to get [an infant] to stop suckling)

The appearance of the f perhaps shows the influence of dwfn (= deep), dyfnach (= deeper).
dynu > dyfnu

 

:_______________________________.

diddyfnu
‹ di- dhəv -ni› verb
1 wean, take (a child, young mammal) off breast feeds

diddyfnu plentyn wean a child
diddyfnu oen wean a lamb

Eseia 11:7 Y fuwch hefyd a'r arth a borant ynghyd; eu llydnod a gydorweddant; y llew, fel yr ych, a bawr wellt. (11:8) A'r plentyn sugno a chwery wrth dwll yr asb; ac ar ffau y wiber yr estyn yr hwn a ddiddyfnwyd ei law

Isaiah 11:7 And the cow and the bear shall feed; their young ones shall lie down together: and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. (11:8) And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice' den.

2 diddyfnu oddiwrth wean off, wean away from = cause to give up certain habits, foods, etc

Ymgais yw'r ymgyrch i diddyfnu pobl oddi wrth bwydydd â gormod o halen neu siwgr ynddynt
The campaign is an attempt to wean people off foods with too much salt or sugar in them

anodd diddyfnu hen “(it-is) hard (the) weaning (of) (an) old (person)” You can’t teach on old dog new tricks

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix) + soft mutation + (dyfnu. a variant of obsolete dynu = to suck)
Breton: dizonañ (= wean)

:_______________________________.

diddyled
‹ di- dhə-led› adjective
1 solvent

ETYMOLOGY: “debtless” (di- = privative prefix) + soft mutation + (dyled = debt)

:_______________________________.

diddym
DII-dhim
1
destitute, void, empty

ETYMOLOGY: variant of diddim (qv)

:_______________________________.

diddymdra
‹ di-dhəm-dra› (m)
1 nothingness; emptiness, void

syllu i ddiddymdra stare into space
profi rhyw ddiddymdra tu mewn i chi feel a kind of emptness inside yourself

2 oblivion

ETYMOLOGY: (diddym- penult form of diddym) + (-dra noun suffix, soft-mutated form of -tra)

:_______________________________.

diddymedig
‹di-dhəm-EE-dig› (adj)
1 suppressed, annulled, abolished, voided

ETYMOLOGY: (diddym- penult form of diddym) + (-edig past participle suffix)


:_______________________________.

diddymiad
‹ di- dhəm -yad› masculine noun
1 abolition, dissolution; destruction

Diddymiad Mynachlogydd Dissolution of the Monasteries (1536-1540 by Henry VIII of England)

2 dissolution = ternination of a period of government
diddymiad y Senedd dissolution of Parliament

ETYMOLOGY: (diddym- penult form of diddym) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

diddymol
‹di-DHƏ-mol› (adj)
1
nullifying, renderning null and void
(diddym- penult form of diddym) + (-ol adjectival suffix)
:_______________________________.

diddymu
‹di-DHƏ-mi› (verb)
1
cancel, abolish, do away with, quash suppress, eradicate, annihilate, abrogate

diddymu dyled cancel a debt, write off a debt

diddymu treth abolish a tax


diddymu archeb cancel an order (commercial); revoke an order (of procedure)

diddymu archeb sefydlog revoke a standing order

Mae'r clwy hwn bron â'i ddiddymu yn y wlad honno

This disease had almost been eradicated in that country

Gwneir pob ymdrech i osgoi diddymu neu gwtogi cyrsiau

Every effort will be mad e to avoid casncelling or cutting back courses

2 Diddymwyd (stamped on a library book) “Withdrawn from stock” (and sold as a second-hand book) (literally “it has been cancelled”)

:_______________________________.

dideimlad
‹di-DEIM-lad › adjective

1 unfeeling, hardhearted

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix) + soft mutation + (teimlad = feeling)

:_______________________________.

didoli
‹di-DOO-li › verb
1 separate, segregate, set apart, isolate

didol y defaid oddi wrth y geifr separate the sheep from the goats

Sant Mathew 13:49 Felly y bydd yn niwedd y byd: yr angylion a ânt allan, ac a ddidolant y rhai drwg o blith y rhai cyfiawn, 

Saint Matthew 13:49 So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just

2 didoli llythyrau to sort letters
swyddfa ddidoli, swyddféydd didoli sorting office

ETYMOLOGY: didoli < diddoli < diddawli (diddawl = portion) + (-i verbal suffix)

The sequence -DD-L has become -D-L
diddawl: (di- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (dawl = portion). Cf Irish dáil (= distribute)

:_______________________________.

didoll
‹DII-dolh› adj
1 free from toll, toll-free

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (toll = toll)
:_______________________________.

didolnod
‹di-DOL-nod › m

PLURAL didolnodau
‹di-dol-NOO-dai -de›
1 diaeresis = two dots placed over one of two vowels
showing they should be pronounced separately and not as a diphthong ENG-Z
a) to separate two vowels: crëwr (= creator)
b) to separate diphthong and vowel: amgaeëdig (= enclosed)
c) to distinguish i vowel from i semi-consonant
cwmnïau (= companies)

ffansïol (= fanciful)

ETYMOLOGY: (didol- stem of didoli = sesparate, isolate) + (nod = mark)
:_______________________________.

didor
-dor› adjective
1 uninterrupted
2 (electric current) direct
cerrynt union = direct current, DC

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (tor = treatment) < torri (= to break)

:_______________________________.

didoraeth
‹di- -reth› adjective
1
poor spelling for didoreth = feckless, shiftless, unreliable

NOTE: In spoken Welsh final ae is reduced to e in most of Wales, and it was supposed that this final e was colloquialism. In fact, it is original, since the words is made up of (di- prefix = without) and (toreth = abundance)

:_______________________________.

didoreth
‹di--reth› adjective
1
lazy, unused to hard work, lacking initiative, shirking responsibility; feckless, slipshod, disorganised

2 wasteful, spendthrift

ETYMOLOGY: (“not-abundant”) (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (toreth = abundance)

NOTE: The word is used in Cambrian English (Western Mail 24 05 1983 “shiftless or lazy or not having shape to do things well”; I am afraid she is a didoreth one)

:_______________________________.

didrafferth
‹di-DRA-ferth› (adjective)
1
without difficulty, without any trouble

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (trafferth = trouble)

:_______________________________.

didraidd
di –draidh› adjective
1
opaque

lliw didraidd opaque colour
gwydr didraidd
opaque glass

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (traidd, root of treiddio = penetrate)

:_______________________________.

di-drais
‹di-DRAIS› (adjective)
1
non-violent
gwrthsafiad di-drais passive resistance

:_______________________________.

didroad
‹di-drô-ad› adjective
1
straight, without bends
milltiroedd o ffyrdd didraffig a didroad
miles of roads with no traffic and no bends

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (troad = bend)

:_______________________________.

didrugaredd
‹di-dri-GÂ-redh› (adjective)
1
merciless
2
cosb ddidrugaredd harsh punishment

:_______________________________.

diduedd
‹di--edh› adjective
1
impartial

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (tuedd = tendency)

:_______________________________.

didwyll
diî-duilh› adjective
1
sincere, true, without guile, guileless, honest, candid, open, truthful

2 Yn ddidwyll (in ending a letter) Yours Sincerely

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + soft mutation + (twyll = deceit)

:_______________________________.

didwylledd
‹di-dui-lhedh› masculine noun
1
sincerity, candour, honesty

ETYMOLOGY: (didwyll = sincere) + (-edd suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

dieflig
‹di-e-vlig› adjective
1
devilish, diabolical, satanic, fiendish
creulonderau dieflig diabolical cruelties

2 dieflig o intensifier
Mae’n ddieflig o dwym It’s devilish hot, It’s unbearably hot

3 cylch dieflig vicious circle = a situation where a cause produces an effect which itself generates the same original cause

Cylch dieflig yw’r sefyllfa - mae anobaith y trigolion yn achosi tlodi, ac mae eu tlodi yn magu anobaith
The situation is a vicious circle - the inhabitants’ hopelessness leads to poverty, and their poverty breeds hopelessness

4 mwy dieflig na Lẃsiffer ei hun more diabolical / evil than Lucifer himself

5 masculine noun; Bible person possessed by demons, possessed by the devil

Mathew 8:28 Ac wedi ei ddyfod ef i’r lan arall, i wlad y Gergesiaid, dau ddieflig a gyfarfuant ag ef, y rhai a ddeuent o’r beddau, yn dra ffyrnig, fel na allai neb fyned y ffordd honno
Matthew 8:28 And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way.

ETYMOLOGY: dieflig (diafl-, old form of diawl = devil) + (-ig, suffix for forming adjectives); the change a > e is due to the influence of i in the final syllable

:_______________________________.

dieiddo
‹di-ei-dho› adjective
1
propertyless

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + (eiddo = property)

:_______________________________.

dieithr
‹di-ei-thir› adjective
1
strange, odd, unusual, extraordinary, different

2 strange = from another place
gwraig ddieithr / ddierth stranger (woman)

dyn dieithr / dierth stranger (man)

gŵr dieithr / dierth stranger (man)

pobl ddieithr / ddierth strangers (also “English people”)

Estroniaid yn siarad Saesneg oedd ystyr ‘pobl ddiarth’ yn ein bro ni
Strangers who spoke English was the meaning of (the expression) ‘pobl ddiarth’ in our area

3 strange = unfamiliar, not known;
Dieithr iawn imi oedd cyn iddo ddechrau ddod i’n cyfarfodydd
He was completely unknown to me until he started coming to our meetings

Mae’n drueni bod yr hen eiriau ac ymadroddion hyn yn gwbl ddiarth i’r to ifanc
It’s a shame that these old words and expression are quite unfamiliar to the younger generation

4 unknown (of people who have never met each other)

Er byw yn yr un heol ers blynyddoedd, roeddynt yn hollol ddiarth i’w gilydd
Although they had lived in the same street for years, they were quite unknown to each other

5 said of one who has not been seen for a while, of one who fails to visit
Dyn mor ddieithr dàch chi y dyddiau hyn
I’ve not seen you for ages (‘(it is) such an unknown man (that) you are these days’)

Rwyt ti wedi bod yn ddierth iawn yn ddiweddar
I’ve not seen you at all lately (‘you have been very unknown lately’)

6 North Wales stray
ci diarth stray dog (in the south, ci strae)

7 unusual = uncommon, not occurring frequently

Nid yw’n beth dieithr, hyd yn oed heddiw, pan fo gogleddwr a deheuwr yn dod
wyneb yn wyneb â’i gilydd, i’w clywed yn bwrw ati i siarad Saesneg
o dan yr esgus nad ydynt yn deall tafodieithoedd ei gilydd
(Cymro 19 07 1989)
It’s not unusual, even today, when a northerner and a southerner come face to face with each other, to hear them begin speaking English with the excuse that they don’t understand each other’s dialect

8 foreign, from another country

iaith ddieithr foreign language

Y mae pobl y mae Saesneg yn iaith gyntaf iddynt yn cymryd agwedd tra ymosodol at ieithoedd eraill. Mae’n dân ar eu croen clywed unrhyw iaith ddieithr (Cymro 19 07 1989)
People who speak English as a first language have a very belligerent attitude towards other languages. It really irks them (‘it is fire on their skin’) to hear any foreign language

9 annieithr inalienable (an = negative prefix + dieithr)

10 comparisons: mor ddierth â winwns i grychydd
as unknown as onions to a heron

11 bwrw dieithr district of Meirionydd (county of Gwynedd) feign ignorance, pretend not to know (‘throw + strange’)

12 county of Gwynedd holi (rhywun) ar ddiarth (ynghylch rhywbeth) ask someone about something in an indirect way

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *dî-ektr-; cf Latin exter, extra
NOTE:
..a/ the colloquial form is dierth
-erth›
..b/ in a-final zones this is diarth
-arth›
..c/ dieithr > *dieirth (metathesis) > dierth (simplification of the diphthong
‹ei› > ‹e› )

:_______________________________.

dieithryn, dieithriaid
‹di-EI-thrin, di-EITHR-yed› (masculine noun)
1
stranger

ETYMOLOGY: (dieithr = strange, foreign) + (-yn masculine noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

d
i-ên ‹di-EEN› (adjective)
1
jawless

pysgodyn di-ên jawless fish

:_______________________________.

dienyddiad
‹di-e-nədh-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL dienyddiadau
‹di-e-nədh--de ›
1
execution = killing of a criminal as a punishment

ETYMOLOGY: (dienydd-i-, stem of the verb dienyddio = to execute) + (-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

dienyddio
‹di-e-nədh-yo› verb
1
execute, put to death

Mae’r plac, ar wal banc yn Llanymddyfri, yn nodi y fan ble cafodd Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ei ddienyddio o flaen Brenin Lloegr, Harri IV, ar Hydref 9 1401
The plaque, on the wall of a bank in Llanymddyfri, indicates the spot where Llywelyn ap Gruffudd was executed in front of the English king, Henry IV, on the fourth of October 1401

ETYMOLOGY: (dienydd-, penult form of dihenydd = 1 obsolete end, fate 2 obsolete execution, death) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs)

See dihenydd below

:_______________________________.

dienyddiwr
‹di-en- ədh -yur› masculine noun
PLURAL dienyddwyr
‹di-en- ədh -wir›
1
executioner

ETYMOLOGY: (dienydd-i-, stem of the verb dienyddio = execute) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

diepiledd
‹di-e- -ledh› masculine noun
1
infertility, sterility. barrenness

Esaia 47:8 Am hynny yn awr gwrando hyn, y foethus, yr hon a drigi yn ddiofal, yr hon a ddywedi yn dy galon, Myfi sydd, ac nid neb ond myfi: nid eisteddaf yn weddw, ac ni chaf wynod beth yw diepiledd.
Isiah 47:8 Therefore hear now this, thou that art given to pleasures, that dwellest carelessly, that sayest in thine heart, I am, and none else beside me; I shall not sit as a widow, neither shall I know the loss of children

ETYMOLOGY: (di-, negative prefix) + (epil = offspring, children) + (-edd = suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dier ‹DII-er›
1 used in interjections; replaces the name Duw (= God)

Dier annwyl! Dear God!
Dier bach! Dear God!
Neno'r dier! Dear God! (= yn enw Duw in God’s name)

Dier y bo! Dear God! (y bo = may it be)

 

Also as diar

 

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
DIARE-Y-BO, an exclamation generally accompanied by a slap of the hand or the fist. It is rathe difficult to express its import, as it sometimes implies surprise, sorrow, and even defiance. Perhaps the nearest English phrase, which, however, is not nearly so expressive, is “Hang it all.” (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)

 

:_______________________________.

dierth
‹DII-erth› (adjective)
1
strange (colloquial for dieithr)

 

:_______________________________.

dietifeddu
‹di-e-ti-VEE_dhi› (v)
1
disinherit

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix) + (etifeddu = inherit)

:_______________________________.

dieuog
‹di-EI-og› (adjective)
1
innocent

ETYMOLOGY: “unguilty” (di- = privative prefix, in-, un-, dis-) + (euog = guilty)


:_______________________________.

difa ‹DII-va› (verb)
1
destroy

2 difa’ch enw da destroy your reputation

3 bod dan fygythiad cael eu difa be under threat of extinction (“be under threat (of) receiving its destroying”)

bod mewn perygl o gael eu difa be under threat of extinction (“be in danger of receiving its destroying”)


:_______________________________.

di-fai
di -vai› adjective
1 blameless

Barnwyr 15:3 A Samson a ddywedodd wrthynt, Difeiach ydwyf y waith hon na’r Philistiaid, er i mi wneuthur niwed iddynt
Judges 15:3 And Samson said concerning them, Now I shall be more blameless than the Philistines, though I do them a displeasure

2 faultless, impecable
di-nam a di-fai unblemished and impeccable
Nid di-fai neb a aned No-one's perfect (“(it is) not without fault anyone who was born”)

3 (North Wales) sufficient, adequate, good enough, all right
-Wna hwn eich tro chi? -Mae o'n ddi-fai am rŵan -Will that do you? It’s enough for now

4 good, fine
Mae’n ddi-fai iddo fo It’s good enough for him. It’ll do him

Mae’n lle di-fai i fochyn neu ddau It’s a good place for one or two pigs

cael pris di-fai get a good price, sell for a good price

yn ddi-fai fine, OK

cantores â llais difai a (woman) singer with a splendid voice

5 complete, perfect
difai dianaf safe and sound

6 (North) di-fai gwaith â in phrases expressing “ to serve somebody right”

Di-fai gwaith â hi! It serves her right

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix) + (bai = fault )

NOTE: also: difai
-vai, -ve›

:_______________________________.

difai
‹DÎ-ve› (adj) also di-fai ‹dî-VAI›
1
intact

:_______________________________.

difeddwl-drwg
‹ di- ve-dhul druug adjective
1 well-meaning, not meaning harm

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix = without) + soft mutation + (meddwl drwg = “think evil”, think ill, intend to do harm)

NOTE: There is a colloquial form difeddwl-ddrwg, with unexpected soft muttion of drwg. This is possibly the influence of the verse in Diarhebion / Proverbs

3:29 Na feddwl ddrwg yn erbyn dy gymydog, ac yntau yn trigo yn ddiofal yn dy ymyl. / 3:29 Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth securely by thee.
Here the soft mutation drwg > ddrwg occurs as it is a direct object after an inflected verb

difenwi
‹di- ven-wi› verb
1
revile, malign, slander, defame; attack the good reputation of
difenwi rhywun yn gas slander someone terribly

2
ni ddylid difenwi’r meirw
you shouldn’t speak ill of the dead

3 difenwi a dibrisio defame and slander

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *dî-manw- < *men (= diminish; slander).
Cf Latin dêminuere (= diminish) < minuere (= reduce). There is possibly the influence of the word enw (= name, reputation)

:_______________________________.

diferyn, diferion
‹di-VE-rin, di-VER-yon› (masculine noun)
1
drop (of water, etc)

2 diferion y bargod eavesdrip, drops of water from the eaves

:_______________________________.

difetha
‹di-VÊ-tha› (verb)
1
destroy; spoil, ruin

difetha’ch archwaeth spoil your appetite
papur pleidleisio a ddifethwyd spoilt ballot paper (“which was spoilt”)


2 difetha ar hwyl rhywun spoil somebody’s fun

:_______________________________.

difethu
‹di- ve -tha› verb
1
destroy
See difetha

:_______________________________.

difethwr
‹di- -thur› masculine noun
PLURAL difethwyr
‹di- veth -wir›
1
destroyer

2 difethwr hwyl killjoy, spoilsport (“destroyer (of) fun”)

ETYMOLOGY: (difeth- stem of difetha = to destroy, spoil) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

di-ffael
‹di- fail adjective
1
sure, certain, unfailing
bod yn ddi-ffael eich ergyd be a sure shot, be a dead shot

2 yn ddi-ffael without fail
Mae cangen Penyrheol y blaid yn cwrdd bob mis yn ddi-ffael The Penyrheol branch of the party meets every month without fail

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix = without) + (ffael = error)

:_______________________________.

diffeithwch
‹di-fei-thukh› masculine noun
1
desert, wilderness

Jeremeia 17:6 Canys efe a fydd fel y grug yn y diffeithwch, ac ni wêl pan ddêl daioni...
Jeremiah 17:6 For he shall be like the heath in the desert, and shall not see when good cometh..

.
2
iâr y diffeithwch Syrrhaptes paradoxus = Pallas’s sandpiper ("hen (of) the wilderness")

ETYMOLOGY: (diffeith-, penult form of diffaith = deserted, desolate) + (-wch, suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

Y Diffeithwch Mawr Tywodlyd
ə-di-fei-thukh maur tə-wod-lid› masculine noun
1
Great Sandy Desert = a desert in north-west Australia (415,000 sq km, 160 000 sq miles), over twenty times the size of Wales (20 768 sq km, 8017 sq miles)

ETYMOLOGY: (diffeithwch = desert) + (mawr = big, great) + (tywodlyd = sandy)

:_______________________________.

diffinio
‹di-FIN-yo› (verb)
1
define

:_______________________________.

diffodd
‹DI-fodh› (verb) ‹DI-fod›
1
to extinguish

:_______________________________.

diffyg, diffygion
‹DI-fig, di-FƏG-yon› (masculine noun)
1
lack

2 yn niffyg dim gwell for want of anything better

3 diffyg amynedd impatience

:_______________________________.

diffygio
‹di- fəg -yo› verb
1
become exhausted, lose strength
ar ddiffygio be on one's last legs, be fit to drop
diffygio dan faich collapse under a burden

ETYMOL
OGY: Welsh diffygio < British < Vulgar Latin dîficio

:_______________________________.

diffyg traul
-fig trâil masculine noun
South Wales
1
indigestion

ETYMOLOGY: "lack (of) digestion"
NOTE: In North Wales the equivalent expression is camdreuliad

:_______________________________.

diflanedig
‹di-vla- -dig› adjective
1
lost, disappeared, vanished
pentref diflanedig = pentre diflan lost village

2 disappearing
inc diflanedig invisible ink

ETYMOLOGY: (diflann-, stem of the verb diflannu = to disappear) + (-edig). The 'n' is not doubled if it precedes a syllable which is not the final one

:_______________________________.

diflannu
‹di-VLA-ni› (verb)
1
to disappear

:_______________________________.

diflas
‹DI-vlas› (adjective)
1
disagreeable

2 boring

-Sut noson gefaist ti?
-Un ddiflas iawn

How was your evening? Very boring

(“what kind of evening did you get? a very boring one”)

:_______________________________.

difodi ‹di-VÔ-di› (verb)
1
exterminate. annihilate, wipe out
difodi (rhywbeth) i gyd completely wipe out

2 gwersyll difodi extermination camp
gwersylloedd difodi’r Natsïaid the Nazi extermination camps

:_______________________________.

diforwyno
‹di-vo- rui -no› verb
1
deflower (a virgin)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( morwyn = virgin, maiden) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

difraw
‹di- vrau adjective
1 unconcerned, heedless, indifferent, apathetic, negligent; = not paying
the attention or taking the care which one is supposed to

2 unconcerned, indifferent, unperturbed; = not interested in the activities of others

3 fearless

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix = without) + soft mutation + (braw = fright)
NOTE: also di-fraw
‹di-vrau

:_______________________________.

difrawder
‹di- vrau-der› masculine noun
1 indifference, lack of concern, unconcern, unperturbèdness, state of being unperturbed
ymysgwyd oddiwrth eich difradwer shake off one’s indifference

2 apathy

ETYMOLOGY: (difraw = fearless; indifferent) (-der suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

difreintiedig
‹di-vrein-ti- ê -dig› adjective
1
(person) deprived = lacking basic needs such as food and shelter

2 deprived = (area) lacking adequate housing, schools, health care, employment opportunities
o un o ardaloedd mwyaf difreintiedig Caer-dydd
one of the most deprived areas of Caer-dydd

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix) + soft mutation + (breintiedig = privileged, favoured)

:_______________________________.

difriad
‹di-vrî-ad› masculine noun
1
abuse = insulting words; harsh words, mouthful of abuse
cael difriad am eu cadw nhw i aros get a mouthful for keeping them waiting

ETYMOLOGY: (difri- stem of difrïo to insult) + (-ad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

difrif
di-vri› masculine noun
1
seriousness

2 mewn difrif in all seriousness (“in + seriousness”)
mewn difrif calon in all seriousness (“in + seriousness + (of) + heart”)

Sut mewn difri baset ti’n disgwyl i ni gario’r busnes ymlaen fel hyn?
How in all seriousness do you expect us to carry on the business like this?

3 o difrif really, honestly (“from + seriousness”)
Dyw hi ddim yn sâl o ddifri She’s not really ill

4 bod o difrif to be serious, to not treat a matter lightly
Rw i o ddifri, I’m being serious, I really mean it, (“I’m of seriousness”)
bod yn hollol o ddifrif be in deadly earnest, be completely serious

Na, o ddifri, rhaid i chi aros dros nos gyda ni,
No, really, you must stay with us tonight

3
rhwng difrif a chwarae half-jokingly, half in jest
gweud rhwng difrif a chwarae bod y diawl yn edrych ar ôl ei blant
say half in jest that the devil looks after his own

ETYMOLOGY: difrif < difri (= dishonor / dishonour);

(di = without) + soft mutation + (bri = honor / honour); the final f is a later addition, most likely under the influence of words with final
‹v› -f which colloquially is lost, but retained in the written language.

Other words with an inorganic f are hunllef (= nightmare) < hunlle,
hyf (= insolent) < hy.

Equivalents of difrif in the other two British languages: Cornish deffri (= indeed), Breton devri (= seriously)

:_______________________________.

difrifol
‹di-VRI-vol› (adjective)
1
serious

:_______________________________.

difrïo
‹di- vrî -o› verb
1
malign, run down, speak badly of
2
abuse = insult

ETYMOLOGY: (difri = dishonor, dishonour) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

Difri < (di- privative prefix; = without) + soft mutation + (bri = honor, honour )

NOTE: (South Wales) difyrio, dyfyrio

:_______________________________.

difrïol
‹di-VRI-ol› (adjective)
1
derogatory

:_______________________________.

difrïwr, difrïwyr
‹di-VRI-ur, di-VRI-wir› (masculine noun) p
1
person who speaks badly of someone else, disparager

:_______________________________.

difrod
di -vrod› masculine noun
PLURAL difrodau, difrodydd
‹di- vrô -de, -didh›
1 (obsolete) neglect of law, contempt of law

2 havoc, damage, destruction
gwneud difrod ar cause damage to, to damage (“make damage on”)

Joel
1:10 Difrodwyd y maes, y ddaear a alara; canys gwnaethpwyd difrod ar yr ŷd: sychodd y gwin newydd, llesgaodd yr olew.
Joel
1:10 The field is wasted, the land mourneth; for the corn is wasted: the new wine is dried up, the oil languisheth.

Roedd difrod y cadno ar wyn yr ardal wedi creu cryn gyffro The depredation of the fox on the lambs of the area caused considerable disquiet

gwneud difrod mawr (ar...) cause great damage (to...), do great damage to, do a great deal of harm to (“make great damage on”)

maint y difrod the extent of the damage

3 difrotgar destructive
difrotgar < difrót-gar (difrod = damage) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, ‘prone to’)

4 difrod ar y daith damage in transit
difrod bwriadol wilful damage
difrod damweiniol accidental damage
difrod maleisus malicious damage
difrod rhyfel war damage

5 spoliation, sacking;
difrod Caerdroea, the sack of Troy

ETYMOLOGY: difrod < difrawd (obsolete) neglect of law, contempt of law

(di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( brawd = judgement, verdict)

:_______________________________.

difrotgar
‹di- vrot -gar› adjective
1 destructive

ETYMOLOGY: difrotgar < difrót-gar < difród-gar

(difrod = damage) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, often meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

(d-c) > d-g > t-g

:_______________________________.

difyr
‹DI-vir› (adjective)
1
funny, amusing

:_______________________________.

difyrio
‹di-VƏR-yo› (verb)
1
(South Wales) Southern form of difrïo

:_______________________________.

difyrion
‹di-VəR-yon

1 pastimes; plural form of difyrrwch


:_______________________________.

difyriwr, difyrwyr
‹di-VƏR-yur, di-VƏR-wir› (masculine noun)
1
(South Wales) Southern form of difrïwr

:_______________________________.

difyrru
‹di- və -ri› verb
1
amuse, entertain

2
difyrru’r amser while away the time (“shorten the time”)

I Ddifyrru’r Amser (= to while away the time), title of a book of ‘ysgrifau’ (anecdotal essays) by Ifor Williams (1881-1965), published in 1959

difyrru’r dydd while away the day (“shorten the day”)

difyrru’r ffordd while away a journey (“shorten the road”)

ETYMOLOGY: (difyrr- = penult form of difyr= short) + (-io = suffix for forming verbs) > difyrr-io > difyrio. Originally difyrru = to shorten; amusing oneself or other people makes time go by quicker, so the sense has developed from ‘to shorten the time’ to ‘to amuse, entertain’
Breton diverra (= shorten; entertain)

:_______________________________.

difyrrwch
‹di- və -rukh› masculine noun

PLURAL difyrion ‹di-VəR-yon

1 fun, amusement, enjoyment
cael llawer iawn o ddifyrrwch (wrth wneud rhywbeth) have lots of fun (doing something)

2
diversion, amusement, delight (= thing which one enjoys doing), game, sport, pastime, entertainment
difyrrwch pennaf chief delight, favourite game

Difyrrwch pennaf y plant yn f’amser oedd chwarae dal
The main amusement of the children in my time was playing ‘tag’

hoff ddifyrrwch favourite pastime

chwarae rygbi oedd ei hoff ddifyrrwch playing rugby was his favourite pastime

3
pleasure

Diarhebion 21:17 Y neb a garo ddifyrrwch, a ddaw i dlodi: a neb a garo win ac olew, ni bydd gyfoethog
Proverbs 21:17 He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.

4
mirth, merriment, humorous tales

Difyrrwch Gwyr Morgannwg collection of humorous stories by Mardy Rees (“(the) funny tales (of the) people (of the county of) Morgannwg / Glamorgan”)     

5
o ran difyrrwch for fun (o ran = from + part) + (difyrrwch = fun, amusment)

6
annifyrrwch unease, disquiet (an = privative suffix) + nasal mutation + (difyrrwch)

ETYMOLOGY: (difyrr-
‹di-vər-› , penult form of difyr ‹dí-vir› = amusing) + (-wch, suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dig
‹DIIG› (adjective)
1
angry

bod yn ddig be angry, be in a huff

dicter anger

dig wrth angry at, angry with

teimlo’n ddig at ei ffoledd ei hun be angry at one’s own stupidity

 

teimlo’n ddig feel angry

bod yn ddig enbyd wrth (rywun) be very angry with (someone)

 

bod yn ddig gyda be angry with (an imitation of the English expression; the correct preposition is wrth)

 

:_______________________________.

digalonni
‹di-ga-LO-ni› (verb)
1
lose heart, become discouraged

:_______________________________.

digamsyniol
‹di-gam- sən-yol› adjective
1
unmistakable, unrefutable, convincing, clear

Nid oes gennym dystiolaeth ddigamsyniol o hyn
We have no clear proof of this

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (camsyniol = mistaken)

:_______________________________.

digartref
‹di-GAR-trev›
PRONUNCIATION: more colloquially «digartre»
‹di-GAR-tre› (final ‹v› not pronounced)
1
(adjective) homeless.

2 (plural noun) y digartref the homeless
(di- = privative prefix, soft mutation, cartref = home)

:_______________________________.

digidol
‹di--dol› adjective
1
digital
teledu digidol digital television

ETYMOLOGY: (digid = digit) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

digio
‹DIG-yo› (verb)
1
get angry

:_______________________________.

digoedwigo
‹di-goid- -go› verb
1
to clear forest, to deforest
2
(noun) forest clearance

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix = de-, un-) + soft mutation + (coedwigo = afforest, plant trees)

:_______________________________.

digoes
-gois› adjective
1
sessile
derwen ddigoes (Quercus petraea) sessile oak

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix = without ) + soft mutation + ( coes = leg; stalk)

:_______________________________.

digofaint
di-GOO-vaint m
1
wrath, anger, indignation

ETYMOLOGY: (dig = anger) + (ofaint suffix)

:_______________________________.

digolledu
‹di-go-LHEE-di› verb
1
compensate, make good a loss, indemnify, recompense

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative suffix) + soft mutation + (colled = loss) + (-u verbal suffix)

:_______________________________.

digon
DII-gon› masculine noun
1
enough
Mae hynny’n llawn digon That’s quite enough
Wyt ti wedi cael digon? Have you had enough?
Mae un olwg yn ddigon Once seen, never forgotten
cael digon at eich treuliau cover your expenses

2 plenty, abundance
Yr oedd digon o Gymry Cymraeg yn y pentre ’ma ugain mlynedd yn ôl
There were plenty of Welsh-speaking Welsh people in this village twenty years ago

mwy na digon more than enough, superfluous

Nid digon heb warged (“(it is) not enough without (a) remainder”) Sufficiency is only achieved when there is something left over

digon a gwared enough and to spare

3 cyrraedd mewn digon o bryd arrive in good time

4 bod yn ddigon am be the end of (“be enough for”)
Mi all hyn fod yn ddigon am fy swydd
This could mean the end of my job, I might lose my job because of this (“This can be enough for my job”)

5 ar ben eich digon (“on top of your sufficiency”) extremely pleased, as pleased as Punch, walking on air
also:
uwchbén eich digon
wrth ben eich digon

6
(adverb) enough; fairly, quite (before an adjective, no soft mutation of initial)
Dyw e ddim yn ddigon da It’s not good enough
digon twym hot enough
Mae e e’n ddigon gwael He’s quite ill
digon cryf i strong enough to...

7 (adverb) (with a verb) = enough, sufficiently
Yr ydw i wedi cymysgu digon efo ffermwyr i wybod nad ydyn nhw ddim yn bobl i’w chroesi
I’ve been in the company of farmers (“mixed with farmers”) enough to know that they are not people to be crossed

8 (adverb) ddigon (after a noun) = enough

Nid oes athrawon ddigon sydd yn gallu ei siarad a’i hysgrifennu’n gain a chywir
There aren’t enough teachers who can speak and write it elegantly and correctly

Pregethwr sychlyd ddigon, meddir, ond ysgolhaig rhagorol.

Rather a dry preacher, it is said, but an excellent scholar.

9 prin ddigon scarcely enough

10 digon at eich byw enough to live on
Does ganddo ddigon at ei fyw He doesn’t have enough to live on
cyflog prin ddigon i fyw arno a wage scarcely enough to live on, a subsistence wage

11 (county of Caerfyrddin) cooked
Odi’r fale’n ddigon? (a ydy’r afalau yn ddigon?) Are the apples cooked?

12
Mae hen ddigon ohoni There’s enough and to spare, There’s more than enough of it (“there’s old sufficiency of it”)

hen ddigon more than enough

cael hen ddigon ar have just about enough of
(“get more than enough on”) (cael = get) + (hen = old; ‘more than’) + soft mutation + (digon = enough) + (ar = on)

13 bod yn ddigon i godi ofn arnoch be quite creepy, be quite scary (“be enough to raise fear on you”)

14 digon da
‹DI-gon-DAA› good enough

ETYMOLOGY: digon < digawn < Modern Welsh elements (di-) + soft mutation + (*cawn), though in fact the formation of the word would have occurred in British (di-) + (*kân).

This element British *kân > Welsh *cawn > -con- is found in

..1/ dichon (= it is possible),

..2/ gogoniant (= glory),

..3/ Conwy (= name of a river)

NOTE: South-east Wales digon > dicon

:_______________________________.

digonedd
‹di-GOO-nedh› (masculine noun)
1
sufficiency

:_______________________________.

digon prin fod...
-gon prin vood›
1
it’s unlikely that...
Digon prin fod yna ardal arall yng Nghymru sy’n cynnal cymaint o weithgareddau yn y Gymraeg
It’s unlikely that there is any other area in Wales which has so many activities in Welsh

:_______________________________.

digr.
1
abbreviation = digrif humorous


:_______________________________.

digrif
‹DI-gri› (adjective)
1
humorous

Abbreviation (for example, in dictionary entries): digr.

:_______________________________.

digroeni
‹di- gRoi -ni› verb
1
skin = strip the skin off
digroeni'r pen scalp = remove the skin of the head and the hair as a trophy

2 fleece (someone) = strip somebody of his possessions or wealth

3 (South-east Wales) peel (apple, potato, etc)

4 (land) strip, pare, remove turf, remove grassy surface

haearn digroeni turfing iron (“iron (of) paring”)

Yr oedd pob modfedd o dir a ellid ei drin wedi ei ddigroeni, ei losgi, a'i weithio allan.
Every inch of land that could be worked had been pared, burnt, and spent


ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (croen = skin) + (-i = verbal suffix)


:_______________________________.

digwydd
‹DII-guidh› (verb)
1
to happen

2 Does dim byth yn digwydd Nothing ever happens

:_______________________________.

digwyddiad, digwyddiadau
‹di-GUIDH-yad, di-guidh-YAA-de› (masculine noun)
1
event, occurrence, happening

:_______________________________.

digwyddiadur
‹di-guidh-YAA-dir› masculine noun
PLURAL digwyddiaduron
‹di-gwidd-ya--ron›
1
events list

ETYMOLOGY: (digwydd = happen) + (-i-adur noun-forming suffix, indicating a book or list)

:_______________________________.

digychwyn
‹di- gəkh -win› adjective
1
(North Wales) lacking in initiative, apathetic, having no go

Un digychwyn ’di o He’s got no go in him

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( cychwyn = to begin )

:_______________________________.

digymod
‹di-gə-mod› adjective
1
uncompromising

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (cymod = compromise)

:_______________________________.

digymrodedd
‹di-gəm--dedh› adjective
1
uncompromising
un digymrodedd hard-liner
rhai digymrodedd hard-liners
safbwynt digymrodedd hard line, uncompromising position

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = negative prefix) + soft mutation + (cymrodedd = compromise);
cymrodedd (= compromise) < *cymrawdedd < *cymfrawdedd
(cym- = together) + soft mutation + (brawd = judgement, verdict) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

digynnig
‹di-gə-nig› adjective
1
(North Wales) lacking in initiative, apathetic, having no go
Un digynnig ’di o He’s got no go in him

:_______________________________.

digynsail
‹di- gon -ail› adjective
1
unprecedented
sefyllfa ddigynsail an unprecedented situation

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (cynsail = rudiment, foundation, precedent

:_______________________________.

digysgod
‹di-gə-skod› adjective
1
exposed, open
llethr digysgod exposed slope

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (cysgod = shelter, shadow)

:_______________________________.

digywilydd
‹ di-gə- -lidh› adjective
1 shameless, impudent, insolent
On’d ydi hi’n ddigywilydd! What a cheek she has! (“Isn’t she shameless”)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( cywilydd = shame)

:_______________________________.

digywilydd-dra
‹ di-gə-wi- lədh -dra› masculine noun
1 impudence, cheek, effrontery
digywilydd-dra noeth sheer impudence, sheer effrontery, sheer cheek

ETYMOLOGY: (digywilydd = insolent) + (-dra suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dihalog
‹di--log› adjective
1
pure, undefiled, immaculate

Hebreaid 7:26 Canys y cyfryw Archoffeiriad sanctaidd, diddrwg, dihalog, didoledig oddi wrth bechaduriaid, ac wedi ei wneuthur yn uwch na’r nefoedd, oedd weddus i ni
Hebrews 7:26 For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens;

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without, not) + (halog = impure, defiled)

:_______________________________.

dihangfa
‹di-HANG-va f
PLURAL diangféydd
‹di-ang-VEIDH
1
escape

cael dihangfa dros dro (rhag rhywbeth)

find a temporary escape (from something) (e.g. one’s companions, one’s problems, etc)

2 escape = place through which an escape is possible

dihangfa dân, diangfeydd tân fire escape

ETYMOLOGY: (dihang- stem of dianc = to escape) + (-fa suffix = place)

:_______________________________.

dihareb, diarhebion
‹di-HA-reb, di-ar-HEB-yon› (feminine noun)
1
proverb

2 bod yn ddihareb am be well-known for
Roedd yn ddihareb am ei anghofrwydd He was well-known for his forgetfulness / for his bad memory


:_______________________________.

dihenydd
‹di--nidh› masculine noun
PLURAL dienyddiau
‹di-e-nədh-ye›
1
obsolete end, fate

2 obsolete execution, death

3 obsolete gwneuthur dihenydd ar execute, put to death (“make execution / death on”)

4
ddihenydd soft mutated form used as a qualifier, in the expression
hen ddihenydd very old, as old as the hills.
Literally: “old (like) death”, “old (like) fate”.

The use of the soft-mutated form to qualify an adjective is seen in examples such as
(1) celain (= corpse), marw gelain as dead as a doornail (“dead + corpse” = corpse dead)
(2) post (= post), byddar bost as deaf as a post (“deaf + post” = post deaf )

Mae honna’n hen ddihenydd That (joke)’s as old as the hills

In the 1588 translation of the Bible (and the subsequent 1620 versoin) the expression appears in noun form - yr Hen ddihenydd “the very old (one)”- as a name for God in Daniel 7:9. The equivalent in the English Bible (1611) is "the Ancient of Days"

Daniel 7:9 Edrychais hyd oni fwriwyd i lawr y gorseddféydd, a’r Hen ddihenydd a eisteddodd: ei wisg oedd cyn wynned â’r eira, a gwallt ei ben fel gwlân pur
Daniel 7:9 I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool

ETYMOLOGY:
(1) (dihen-, the penult form of dien = death) + (-ydd = suffix for forming abstract nouns)

(2) dien is (di-, intensifying prefix) + (*hen = death) < probably Celtic *sen (= to end, to kill)

The element dien occurs also in the word dienyddio qv (= to execute, put to death)

:_______________________________.

dihewyd
‹di- heu -id› masculine or feminine noun
1
burning desire, zeal

2 religious devotion

3 in place names – (query) with the meaning ‘pleasant place’?
..a/ Dihewyd (SN4855) (county of Ceredigion)

..b/ Dôl Dihewyd / Dôl Dihewydd Pennal (SH6900) (district of Meirionnydd, county of Gwynedd) (dôl = meadow)

Y Ddihewyd, Moel Ddihewyd Llanilltud Faerdref (ST0784) (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) (moel = hill)

ETYMOLOGY: (dyheu = yearn) + (-yd suffix for forming verbs)
Proabably the same as dyhead (= yearning) < (dyheu- to yearn) + (suffix -ad)
(dyheu = yearn) + (-yd suffix for forming verbs) > *dyheuyd > diheuyd > dihewyd

The change eu > ew occurs in other words:
brycheuyn (= freckle) > (a dialect form) brychewyn
teneuyn (old form) > tenewyn (modern Welsh form) (= flank)

:_______________________________.

’di hi = ydi hi
‹di-hi› (verb)
1
(she) is (North Wales)

:_______________________________.

dihiwmor
‹di-HIU-mor› (adjective)
1
humorless

:_______________________________.

dihuno
‹di-HI-no› (verb)
1
to wake up (South Wales)

:_______________________________.

di-hwyl
‹di-HUIL› (adjective)
1
dispirited

:_______________________________.

dilead
‹di- -ad› masculine noun
PLURAL dileadau
‹di-le- â -de›
1
erasure

ETYMOLOGY: (dile- stem of diléu = to delete) + (-ad suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dileadwy
‹di-lei-AA-dui› adjective
1
erasable, removable

ETYMOLOGY: (dile- stem of diléu = to delete) + (-adwy adjectival suffix equivalent to English ‘-able’)
:_______________________________.

diléit
‹di-LEIT› masculine noun
1
delight, interest, great interest

diléit mawr chief delight, great interest

 

cael dileit mewn (gwneud rhywbeth) to derive satisfaction from (doing something), to find it fun to (do something), to take delight in, to delight in

 

Cerddoriaeth ska oedd ei diléit yn ei harddegau Ska music was her great interest (when she was) in her teens

Ffermio, eisteddfota a thrwsio hen geir - dyna ei ddiléit mawr erioed Farming, taking part in eisteddfods, and doing up old cars – these has always been his great interest

 

Yr oeddwn â’i fryd ar y weinidogaeth er pan oedd yn fachgen ifanc ond ar ôl ugain mlynedd cefnodd ar ei ffydd, ac wedyn ysgrifennu oedd ei holl ddiléit

He had his mind set on becoming a minister since he was a young boy but after twenty years he abandoned his faith, and after that writing was his consuming interest

 

Yr ieithoedd Celtaidd oedd ei brif ddiléit The Celtic languages we his chief delight

 

Yr oedd yn enwog yn y fro am ei ddiléit mewn casglu hen beiriannau fferm

He was well-known in his area for his delight in collecting old farm machinery

 

Fyddwn innau ddim yn rhedeg deng milltir cyn brecwast bob bore, ond pawb â’i ddiléit ei hun

I for one wouldn’t run ten miles every morning before breakfast, but each to his own

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < English delight

 
:_______________________________.

dileydd
‹di- -idh› masculine noun
PLURAL dileyddon
‹di-le- ə -dhon›
1
eraser

ETYMOLOGY: (dile- stem of diléu = to delete) + (-ydd noun suffix for indicating a device or an agent)

:_______________________________.

di-les
‹di-LEES› (adjective)
1
worthless

mor ddi-les â mes i eifr (saying) (of something inappropriate)
(“as useless as acorns for goats” - i.e. acorns are fine for feeding pigs, but less than useless for goats)

:_______________________________.

diletánt
‹di-le- tAnt masculine noun
PLURAL diletantiaid
‹di-le-tAnt-yed›
1
dilettante

ETYMOLOGY: English dilettante < Italian dilettante < dilettare (= to delight) < Latin dêlectâre (= to delight)

:_______________________________.

diletantaidd
‹di-le- tAn -tedh› adjective
1
dilettantish

ETYMOLOGY: (diletánt = dilettante) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

diléu
‹di-LEI› (verb)
1
to annul

:_______________________________.

dilin
-lin›
1
pure, fine, refined; polished; generally in the expression aur dilin fine gold


Job 28:17 Nid aur a grisial a’i cystadla hi; na llestr o aur dilin fydd gydwerth iddi
Job 28:17 The gold and the crystal cannot equal it: and the exchange of it shall not be for jewels of fine gold.

2 Aur dilin yw distawrwydd Silence is golden
(“(it-is”) fine gold that-is silence”)

ETYMOLOGY: dilin < dilyn < dilyfn (di- = intensifying prefix) soft mutation + (llyfn = llis)

:_______________________________.

dillad
‹DI-lhad› (plural noun)
1
clothes

2 dilledyn garment, piece of clothing

3 dillad isaf
‹DI-lhad-I-sa› (plural noun) underclothes

4 dillad baban baby clothes

5 dillad dyfrglos waterproof clothing, waterproof clothes

:_______________________________.

dilledyn, dillad
‹di-LHE-din, DI-lhad› (masculine noun)
1
garment, piece of clothing

Beth yw'r dilledyn gwaethaf a gawsoch chi erioed?
What’s the worst piece of clothing you’ve ever received?

2 tynnu’ch dillad oddi amdanoch; tynnu’ch dillad
‹TƏ-nikh DI-lhad› take your clothes off, undress

:_______________________________.

dillyn
di -lhin› adjective
1
(obsolete; used in poetry in the 1800s) beautiful, pretty

(wrth gyfarch blodeuyn) Gwyrdd ac ir yw’th goesen ddillyn
(addressing a flower) Your beautiful stem is green and fresh
(Mynydau Hamddenol: Ail Lyfr Nathan Wyn. 1905. Tudalen 9)

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

diloergan
‹di-loiR -gan› adjective
1
moonless, without moonlight, dark
yn y nos ddiloergan on that moonless night

ETYMOLOGY: (an = privative suffix) + soft mutation + (lloergan = moonlight)


:_______________________________.

Dilwen
‹DIL-wen› (feminine noun)
1
woman’s name

ETYMOLOGY: possibly (dil- first syllable of dilys = sincere) + (-wen (qv) suffix for forming female names)

:_______________________________.

dilyn
‹DI-lin› (verb)
1
follow

2 dilyn trywydd ofer (“follow a futile trail”) go down a blind alley, go up the garden path, bark up the wrong tree, follow a false trail, follow a trail to nowhere, go along a path that leads nowhere

3 dilyn y llwybr hawsaf take the line of least resistance (“follow the easiest path”)
dilyn llwybr llygad go the shortest way (“follow (a) path (of) eye”)

dilyn llwybr eich tad follow in your father’s footsteps (“follow the path (of) your father”)

5 gadael i natur ddilyn ei chwrs let nature take its course
gadael i bethau ddilyn ei hynt let things take their course

6 dilyn eich pregeth eich hun practise what you preach (“follow your own sermon”)

7 dilyn cwmni drwg follow bad company, hang around with the wrong crowd

ETYMOLOGY: (di- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (glyn, as in glynu = to stick)

In Middle Welsh the verb-noun was dilid > dilyd, of which the conjugated stem was dilyn- (dilynaf, dilyni, etc), and from this stem came a new form (dilyn) of the verb-noun

:_______________________________.

dilynwr
di-LƏN-ur› masculine noun
PLURAL dilynwyr
‹di-LƏN-wir›
1
follower,
adherent, disciple

2 fan, admirer

dilynwyr y bêl hirgron
rugby fans (“followers of the oval ball”)

3 imitator 

ETYMOLOGY: (dilyn-, stem of dilyn = to follow) + (-wr noun suffix, < gŵr = man)

:_______________________________.

dilys -lis› adjective
1
sincere

2 genuine, authentic
darn arian dilys a genuine coin

3 valid

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh dilys 'which cannot be rejected'
(di- negative prefix) + soft mutation + (*llys = element with the meaning of ‘reject’);
a compound probably already existing in British and Common Celtic, since there is a corresponding form in Irish dílis (= own; genuine)

:_______________________________.

Dilys
-lis› feminine noun
1
woman's name

ETYMOLOGY: (see the preceding entry dilys (adjective))

:_______________________________.

dilyw
-liu› masculine noun
PLURAL dilywiau
‹dî- ləu-ye ›
1
flood, deluge

2
the Great Flood (y Dilyw) = the flood in Noah's time which only Noah and his family and representative animals survived (Genesis chapters 7 and 8)

Genesis 7:10 Ac wedi saith niwrnod y dwfr dilyw a ddaeth ar y ddaear
Genesis 7:10 And it came to pass after seven days, that the waters of the flood were upon the earth.

3
cynddilywaidd antediluvian (cyn- = before) + soft mutation + (dilyw) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin diluuium (= flood) < dîluere (= to wash away) < dis-(= apart) + (-luere < lavâre = to wash).

:_______________________________.

dim
‹DIM› (masculine noun)

1 zero, nothing; anything
esgus cystal â dim
an excuse as good as any

llawer o helynt ynghylch dim
a lot of fuss over nothing
(“a lot of trouble about nothing!)

Does arnoch chi ddim i mi You don’t owe me anything, you don’t owe me a thing (“There is nothing on you to me”)

Nawr neu ddim! Now or never! (“now or nothing”)

pydru’n ddim rot away, diminsh and disappear through a rotting process

2 dim byd
‹dim-BIID› (phrase) nothing at all (from dim yn y byd - "nothing in the world")

3 dim clem
‹dim-KLEM› (phrase) no idea - does dim clem ’da fe - he’s got no idea

4 dim ots
‹dim-OTS› (phrase) it doesn’t matter - does dim ots ’da fi = I don’t mind

5 dim ysmygu
‹dim-ə-SMƏ-gi› (phrase) no smoking

6 un dim arall anything
O’r braidd ’mod i am un dim arall I hardly think of anything else
Nid oedd un dim arall i'w wneud There was nothing else to be done

7 as an object; = at all, a bit
Dw i yn synnu dim I'm not a bit surprised
Dydi o’n gwrando dim He just won’t listen
Paid gofidio dim am hynna Don’t worry about that at all

8 bod yn ddim ond... be nothing but...

Dyw e’n ddim ond baw he’s vermin (“He is nothing but dirt”)

Dyw e’n ddim ond dwy lygad a thrwyn (South) he’s all skin and bone (“He is nothing but two eyes and a nose”)

9 ond y dim almost, very nearly (“but the least thing”)

Yr un peth yw, ond y dim It’s the same, or very nearly

ond y dim imi almost, very nearly (+ verb)

Bu ond y dim iddo achub y shilff rhag syrthio He only just managed to stop the shelf from falling

Bu ond y dim imi fynd yno i fyw rai blynyddoedd yn ôl I almost went to live there years ago

10 ’sdim there isn't, etc ’sdim colloquial contraction of does dim < nid oes dim (= there isn’t)
Sdim newid arno He’s set in his ways (“there’s no changing on him”)

11 chwarae dwbl neu ddim play double or quits, game in which by tossing a coin, etc, it is decided whether a stake is to be doubled or withdrawn

12 ni + arbed dim (ar wrthwynebydd) not pull your punches (with an opponent)
(“not + save anything on an opponent”)

13 dim o...
mewn dim o dro in no time at all, at once

14 dim... ar at all
Dw i'n deall dim arnat ti I don't understand you at all, I just don't understand you
Peidiwch â newid dim arni Don't change it at all, Leave it just as it is
Dyw hynny'n newid dim ar f'agwedd i That doesn't alter my opinion at all
Dyw’n cynhyrfu dim arno i It doesn’t do anything for me, it leaves me cold

15 neb na dim anybody or anything, nobody or nothing
Dyw o’n malio am neb na ddim He doesn’t care for anybody or anything

16 yn niffyg dim gwell for want of anything better

:_______________________________.

dimai
DI-mai, DI-me› [ˡdɪmai / ˡdɪmɛ] feminine noun
PLURAL dimeiau
‹di-mei-e› [dɪˡməiai / dɪˡməiɛ]
1
halfpenny = an old English coin worth half a penny, withdrawn from circulation in 1971
y ddimai = the halfpenny

2 halfpenny, half-p = English coin introduced on decimalisation in 1971 with the value of half a new penny and 2.4 times the value of the previous halfpenny. It was withdrawn from circulation thirteen years later, in 1984.

3 halfpenny = the value or sum represented by half a penny

4 (modifier) worth a halfpenny
cyllell ddimai = a halfpenny knife, a knife which costs a halfpenny

5 bob dimai (= ‘every halfpenny’) not a penny less (in talking of an exhorbitant price)

-Chweugain dalodd hi am y gwningen ‘ny.
-Roddodd hi hynny amdani?
-Bob dime

-She paid ten shillings (= pre 1971 English currency) for that rabbit
-She gave that (much) for it?
-Not a penny less

6 the least amount of money

heb ddimau goch ar eich elw without a penny to your name ("without a red halfpenny on your profit")

bod heb ddimau goch ar eich elw not have a penny to your name

heb dalu dimau goch without paying a penny = not being obliged to pay, avoiding payment ("without paying a red halfpenny")

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh dimai < dimei < dimeidd < British *dis-medi (Celtic *med- = half)
cf Latin dîmîdius (= half)

:_______________________________.

dimai bren
di-me-bren [ˡdɪmai / ˡdɪmɛ ˡbrɛn] feminine noun
South Wales
1
brass farthing = the least amount ("wooden halfpenny")

2 Dyw e ddim yn hidio dimai bren am... He doesn’t care a fig for (“he doesn’t heed a wooden halfpenny for...”)

:_______________________________.

dimai goch
di-me-gookh feminine noun
1
copper halfpenny ("red halfpenny")

2 the least amount of money
heb ddimau goch ar eich elw without a penny to your name ("without a red halfpenny on your profit")

heb dalu dimau goch without paying a penny = not being obliged to pay, avoiding payment ("without paying a red halfpenny")

3 pob dimai goch, every last penny, every single penny = all the available money

Dylai pob dimai goch o’r arian hwnnw gael ei wario ar greu gwibffordd fodern rhwng y de a’r gogledd
Every single penny of that money should be spent on creating a modern expressway between the north and the south

4 bob dimai goch (after a stated amount)
Mae’n werth pymtheg punt bob dimai goch It’s worth every penny of its price of fifteen pounds ("It’s worth fifteen pounds every copper halfpenny")

:_______________________________.

dimai goch y delyn
di-me-gookh-ə--lin›
1
copper halfpenny ("(the) red (copper) halfpenny (with) the harp (on the reverse)")
2
North Walesrun ddimai goch y delyn the least amount of money (“(not) the one red halfpenny (of) the harp”)

:_______________________________.

dim am ddim
<DIM am DHIM> [ˡdɪm am ˡðɪm]
1
something for nothing

does dim am ddim you can’t get something for nothing ("there isn’t anything for nothing"); there’s no such thing as a free lunch (when people treat you to something, it might be that they expect some favour in return)

:_______________________________.

dim am ddim, a dim llawer am ddimau
<DIM am DHIM, a dim LHAU-er am DHI-mai, -e> [ˡdɪm am ˡðɪm, a dɪm ˡɬaʊɛr am ˡðɪmaɪ, -ɛ]
1
"(you can’t get) something for nothing, and not much for a halfpenny"
= you have to pay the proper price for things

:_______________________________.

dim dicach!
<dim DI-kakh> [dɪm ˡdɪkax]
1
no hard feelings!

ETYMOLOGY: (dim = not) + (dicach = angrier)

:_______________________________.

dim o beth
<dim o BEETH> [dɪm ɔ ˡbeːθ]
1
(in referring to childhood) wee young thing, tiny tot, person knee high to a grasshopper (lit: “nothing of a thing”)

pan oeddwn i'n ddim o beth when I was tiny, when I was a tiny little thing, when I was very little

ers yn ddim o beth since I was very young

ETYMOLOGY: (dim = nothing) + (o = of) + soft mutation + (peth = thing)

:_______________________________.

din
<DIIN> [diːn] (masculine noun)
1
(place names) fort (usually a British hillfort). See also dinas



Cf the following words with din as a final element

..a/ Caerfyrddin (town name) < Myrddin (from a British place name = “fort by the sea”)

..b/ creuddyn (place name) (= fort) (
crau = hut) + soft mutation + (din)

..c/ murddun < murddin (= fortification)
(mur = wall) + soft mutation + (din = fort) (examples of
murddun occur 1400+)

..d/ tyddyn (= smallholding) (
= house) + soft mutation + (din)

..e/ treuddyn (= fortified ‘trêv’) <
trefddyn (tref = trêv, farm) + soft mutation + (din)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh > British < Celtic

In Endlicher’s Glossary: dunum, montem. (The Glossary is a Gaulish-Latin wordlist in a manuscript of the 800s, a copy of an earlier work probably from the 500s or 600s. It was compiled by a native of South Gaul, and lists Gaulish words which would have been still in use at the time it was written. The Glossary is preserved in the Austrian National Library.)

:_______________________________.

dinam
<DII-nam> [ˡdiˑnam] (masculine noun)
1
a variant of dinan (qv) (= fort) found in some place names

:_______________________________.

dinan
<DII-nan> [ˡdiˑnan] (masculine noun)
1
(place names) fort

2 dinan > dinam

..1/ Brodinam
street name in Llandrillo (county of Dinbych) (spelt as “Bro Dinam”)

..2/ Llandinam
(SO0288) (the) monastic cell / church (by the) hillfort
locality in the district of Maldwyn (county of Powys)

..3/ Llysdinam (SO0058) (the) court (by the) hillfort
Locality in the district of Brycheiniog (county of Powys), 5km south-west of Llandrindod, on the west bank of the river Gwy, facing Y Bontnewydd ar Wy on the east bank

..4/ SS6894 There is a Heol Dinam / Dinam Road in Pentre-dŵr, Abertawe

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/236171

:_______________________________.

Din Gefron
‹diin GEV-ron ›  [diːn ˡgɛvrɔn]

1 NT9229 A hillfort which was the tribal centre of the Votadini (Welsh: Gododdin) at Yeavering Bell, a twin-peaked hill 361 metres above sea level by the River Glen in Northumberland. 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/78910

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/246375

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/779134



(delw (delwedd 7372)



:_______________________________.

di-nam
<dii-NAM> [diˑˡnam] adjective
1 blameless, faultless; unblemished, pure; honest, true

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = privative prefix) + (nam = imperfection)

:_______________________________.

dinas, dinasoedd
<DII-nas, di-NA-soidh, -odh> [ˡdiˑnas, dɪˡnasɔɪð, -ɔð] (feminine noun)
1
city
y ddinas = the city

2 in place names, hillfort (a masculine noun)
Y Dinas = the Hillfort (see entries below)

3 prifddinas
<priv-DHII-nas> [ prɪvˡðiˑnas] (feminine noun) capital city

4 Y Ddinas Sanctaidd The Holy City, Jerusalem

5 (Bible) dinas barhaus a continuing city, a lasting city, an abiding city

Hebreaid 13.14 Canys nid oes i ni yma ddinas barhaus, eithr un i ddyfod yr ym ni yn ei disgwyl.
Hebrews 13:14 For here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come.
(probably Jerusalem)
:_______________________________.

Y Dinas (1)
DII-nas> [ə ˡdiˑnas] place name
1
short form for place names with dinas (= fort, earthwork) as the main element
Example: y Dinas, from Dinas Mawddwy

:_______________________________.

Y Dinas (2)
DII-nas> [ə ˡdiˑnas] place name
1
SN0318 locality in the county of Penfro, south-west Wales; near Trefdraeth

2 name of the parish here

3 bwchod y Dinas nickname given to the villagers of this place ("he-goats (of) Dinas"). In standard Welsh this is bwch (singular), bychod (plural), but in the south the w is maintained in the tonic syllable in plural forms in such monosyllables with w in the singular

4 SN2730 locality in the county of Caerfyrddin

5 SS0091 locality in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf, South Wales

6 SH2736 locality in the county of Gwynedd, 10 km east of Pwllheli

7 SH4758 locality by Llanwnda, in the county of Gwynedd, south of Caernarfon

Often called Dinas Llanwnda “(the) Dinas (which is next to) Llanwnda”, to differentiate it from nearby Dinas Dinlle (SH4356) on the coast, and also Dinas SH2636 east of Pwllheli

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/721094

Dinas is below Plas Dinas (= “Dinas Mansion”), built in the 1600s and extended in the 1800s, and formerly in the possession of the Armstrong-Jones family, which was built on the remains an Iron Age fort (Dinas Dinoethwy)



(delw (delwedd 7048)
ETYMOLOGY: “the fort” (y = the) + (dinas = fort). In this sense dinas is a masculine noun.
In modern Welsh dinas (= a city) is feminine, hence y ddinas (= the city).

:_______________________________.

Dinas Dinlle
<DII-nas DIN-lhe> [ˡdiˑnas ˡdɪnɬɛ]
1
(SH4356) Iron Age hillfort in Gwynedd, on the coast one kilometre west of Llandwrog

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/250089

2 (SH4356) village by the fort

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/250078



(delw (delwedd 7377)



ETYMOLOGY: “(the) fort (called) Dinlle’ (dinas = fort).
Dinlle is from Dinlleu (= fort
(of the god called) Lleu)

This is the same name as many old Celtic places called Lugu-dun-on, but with the elements reversed (noun + qualifying noun), showing it to be a name formed in Welsh rather than a name from the British period

NOTE: The local form is Dinas Dinlla (as this is a zone where “a in the final syllable” occurs, replacing the vowel “e”, and diphthongs “ae, ai, au”)



(delw (delwedd 7423)
:_______________________________.

dinasgaer
<di-NAS-gair> [dɪˡnasgaɪr] feminine noun
PLURAL dinasgaerau
<di-nas-GEI-rai, -> [dɪnasˡgəɪraɪ, -ɛ]
1
citadel
y ddinasgaer = the citadel

ETYMOLOGY: ‘city-fort’ (dinas = city) + soft mutation + (caer = fort)

:_______________________________.

dinaslun
<di-NAS-lin> [dɪˡnaslɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL dinasluniau
<di-nas-LIN-yai, -e> [dɪnasˡlɪnjaɪ, -ɛ]
1
art cityscape

ETYMOLOGY: (dinas = city) + soft mutation + (llun = picture)

:_______________________________.

Din Baer
‹din BAIR› [dɪˑnˡbaɪr]
1 Welsh name of Dùn Bàrra or Dunbar, Scotland. A tribal centre of the Votadini tribe (Welsh: Gododdin)



(delw (delwedd 7372
:_______________________________.

Dinbych
<DIN-bikh> [ˡdɪnbɪx] (feminine noun)
1
town in the north-east (‘little fort’)
Sir Ddinbych
– the county of Dinbych

2
town in the south-west. See Dinbych y Pysgod

3 A corresponding name is found in Cornish – Dinbygh (English: Denby), near Bosveneghi (English: Bodmin) in eastern Cornwall

(delw (delwedd 7040)
:_______________________________.

Dinbych y Pysgod
<DIN-bikh ə PƏ-skod> [ˡdɪnbɪx ə ˡpəskɔd] (feminine noun)
1
town in the south-west. Short form: Dinbych

English name: Tenby
"the ‘Dinbych’ of the fishes" - so called from the time when it was a fishing port

:_______________________________.

Dindaethwy
<din-DEI-thui> [dɪnˡdəɪθʊɪ] (feminine noun)
1
One of the two kúmmuds of the kántrev of Rhosyr

(delw (delwedd 7379)

ETYMOLOGY: “fortress (of the) Daethwy (tribe)”

(din = fort) + (Daethwy name of a tribe)


Cf Porthaethwy < porth ’aethwy < porth Ddaethwy “(the) ferrying-place (of) (the) Daethwy (people)” 
:_______________________________.

Dindyrn
‹DIN-dirn› [ˡdɪndɪrn]
1
village in the south-east

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/494198

Abaty Dindyrn Tintern Abbey

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/342262 Abaty Dindyrn / Tintern Abbey

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/689162 yr hen orsaf / the old station

The name of the abbey (as Tintern) is very popular in street names in England, possibly from the poem "Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey" by William Wordsworth

:_______________________________.

dinistriol
<di-NISTR-yol> [dɪˡnɪstrjɔl] (adjective)
1
destroyed, devestated, ruined

Eseciel 36:36 Felly y cenhedloedd y rhai a weddillir o’ch amgylch, a gânt wybod mai myfi yr Arglwydd sydd yn adeiladu y lleoedd dinistriol, ac yn plannu eich mannau anrheithiedig...
Ezekiel 36:36 Then the heathen that are left round about you shall know that I the LORD build the ruined places, and plant that that was desolate: I the LORD have spoken it, and I will do it.

:_______________________________.

diniwed
<di-NI-wed> [dɪnɪˡwɛd] (adjective)
1
harmless

:_______________________________.

diniweityn
<di-ni-WEI-tin> [dɪnɪˡwəɪtɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL diniweitiaid
<di-ni-WEIT-yaid, -yed> [dɪnɪˡwəɪtjaɪd, -ɛd]
1 innocent = naïve person, person easily duped

ETYMOLOGY: diniwed (adjective = innocent, naïve) + soft mutation + (dyn = man) > diniweid-ddyn > diniweityn (= innocent man, naïve man)

:_______________________________.

Din Lláen
<din-LHAIN> [dɪnˡɬaɪn]
1
Iron Age fort which is in Penrhyn Llŷn

Porth Dinlláen name of a cove west of Morfanefyn
Trwyn Porth Dinlláen name of a point of land west of Porth Dinlláen and Morfanefyn, and east of Y Borth Wen

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH2741



:_______________________________.

Dinlle Gwrygon
‹DIN-lhe GuRƏ-gon> [ˡdɪnɬɛ ˡgwrəgɔn]
1 The Wrekin, Shropshire

Cf Caerwrygon ‹kair GuRƏ-gon> [kaɪrˡgwrəgɔn] Viroconium Cornoviorum, or Uriconium, Wroxeter

(Called Cair Guricon circa 800 AD)

Dinlle Gwrygon, the Iron Age hillfort on the hill; this may have been the tribal capital of the Cornovii; the Romans built the nearby town to which they gave the same name as the former hillfort.



(delw (delwedd 7413)


ETYMOLOGY: Gwyrygon, from a British (personal?) name *vrikon-.

 

NOTE: Dinlle Gwrygon is the name given for The Wrekin in The Welsh Academy English-Welsh Dictionary.

:_______________________________.

Dinmael
<DIN-mail>   [ˡdɪnmɑɪl]
1
village SJ0044 in Conwy, north-west Wales

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/366187

 

Dinmael was the name of a commote, and its centre was perhaps Cadair Ddinmael in Llangwm (Situated on a mountain lane three miles south of Cerrigydrudion. The name survives in the name of the hamlet.)

 

Local form “Dinmel” <DIN-mel> [ˡdɪnmɛl] (final-syllable [ɑɪ] > [ɛ] is a general feature in north-eastern, central and south-western Welsh)

 

(DIN = fortress) + (MAEL = chieftain).

Some Welsh place-names containing elements which are found in Continental Celtic. Melville Richards.

Études Celtiques. 1972. 13-1. pp. 364-410. Tudlane 375; Dinmael

https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1972_num_13_1_1512

 

According to M. Richards, MAEL may be a forename in this case. Hence “fortress (of) Mael”.

A picture containing text, map

Description automatically generated

(delwedd G3855)
:_______________________________.

Din Paladur
‹diin pa-LAA-dir›  [dɪˑn paˡlɑˑdɪr]
1 NT5975 Welsh name of a tribal centre of the Votadini tribe (Welsh: Gododdin) at Traprain Law, Scotland.

(Wikipedia: This hill was only known as Traprain Law from the late 18th century, taking its name from a local hamlet. Before that, it is found on old maps as Dunpendyrlaw. Locally, and particularly amongst fishermen who use it as a landmark, it is still referred to as Dunpelder.)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/711086


(delw (delwedd 7374)

NOTE: “
Paladore, a traditional name of Shaftesbury, [Dorset], the British Caer Paladr, said… to have been founded by Rhun Paladr-bras, 'Rhun of the stout spear.' ”

http://home.clara.net/anvil/DORSET.pdf

:_______________________________.

dintir
<DIN-tir> [ˡdɪntɪr] masculine noun
1
Variant form of the word deintur = tenter frame for stretching woollen cloth. There is a street in the town of Aberteifi called Cnwcydintir (“(the) hill (of) the tenter frame”)

NOTE: dintir represents the local pronunciation of
<DEIN-tir> [ˡdəɪntɪr]
(1) In South Wales the u and i have the same pronunciation
<i> [ɪ] (in the North the u retains the historical more central pronunciation).

In dialect writing the u is often replaced by i to show that the North Wales pronunciation is not intended.

In some place names spellings an i might be used instead of a u to show a local pronunciation, though generally it is considered incorrect to ‘localise’ a name, though examples abound.

(2) In the South, an
<ei> [əɪ] in the penult is often simplified to the vowel <i> [ɪ] – for example,

gweithio (= to work) is generally gwitho (there is an additional change in this word: a final –io generally becomes –o in the south);

gobeithio (= to hope) is gobithio;

gweiddi (= to shout) is gwiddi.

This apparently is what has happened in the case of dein- > din-

:_______________________________.

di o
<di o> [dɪ ɔ] (verb) (North Wales)
1
shortened form of ydi o (1) he is, (2) is he?

:_______________________________.

diod, diodydd
<DII-od,-di-OO-didh> [ˡdiˑɔd, dɪˡoˑdɪð] (feminine noun)
1
drink
y ddiod = the drink

diod gadarn strong drink, alcohol

2 diotgar fond of drink, given to drink
diotgar < diód-gar (diod = drink, alcoholic drink ) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

dioddef (diodde’)
<di-OO-dhev, di-OO-dhe> [a ðɪɔˡðeˑv, dɪˡoˑðɛ] (verb)
1
to suffer

2 iawndal i gyn-lowyr sy’n dioddef o broblemau anadlu
compensation for miners with (“suffering from”) breathing problems

A ddioddefws a orfu <a di-o-DHEE-vus a OR-vi> [a ðɪɔðeˑvʊs a ˡɔrvɪ] (verb)
1
to suffer

Motto of the former county of Morganwg

“[it is] | he-who | suffered | who | overcame / conquered”, “he who suffered conquered”

 

(a subject pronoun = the person who) + soft mutation + (dioddefws = he suffered) + (a relative pronoun = who) + soft mutation + (gorfu = he overcame)

:_______________________________.

dioddefgar
<di-o-DHEV-gar> [dɪɔˡðɛvgar] (adjective)
1
tolerant
2
annioddefgar intolerant (an- = negative prefix) + aspirate mutation + (dioddefgar = tolerant)
anioddefgar tuag at intolerant of

:_______________________________.

dioddefus
<di-o-DHEE-vis> [dɪɔˡðeˑvɪs] adjective
1
suffering
mwy dioddefus na beius more sinned against than sinning

ETYMOLOGY: (dioddef = to suffer) + (-us suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

diofal
<di-OO-val> [dɪˡoˑval] (adjective)
1
negligent, careless

:_______________________________.

diofalwch
<di-o-VAA-lukh> [dɪɔˡvɑˑlʊx] (masculine noun)
1
negligence

:_______________________________.

diofryd
<di-O-vrid> [dɪˡɔvrɪd] masculine noun
1
a vow, binding oath

cymryd arnoch ddiofryd tlodi take a vow of poverty

2 a vow (not to do something), binding oath (to renounce something)

Roedd diofryd neu rwystr arno i beidio â bwyta cig
He was obliged by a vow or some impediment not to eat meat
(“there was a vow or impediment on him to not eat meat”)

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *dî-wo-britu;
cf the element bryd, -fryd in cymryd (= to take), edfryd (= to restore)

The conjugation now is based on the infinitive diofryd (= to vow) > diofrydaf (= I shall vow); previously it was dioferaf (= I shall vow) < British *dî-wo-ber, with the element ber (= carry), as in cymeraf (= I take), adferaf (= I restore)

NOTE: A variant of diofryd is diowryd

:_______________________________.

diog
<DII-og> [ˡdiˑɔg] (adjective)
1
lazy

:_______________________________.

diogel
<di-OO-gel> [dɪˡoˑgɛl] (adjective)
1
safe

2 diogel rhàg stormydd storm-proof

3 ystafell ddiogel strongroom
:_______________________________.

diogelfa <di-o-GEL-va> [dɪɔˡgɛlva] f

PLURAL diogelféydd <di-o-gel-VEIDH> [dɪɔgɛlˡvəɪð]
1
place of safety, retreat

2 keep (of a castle)

Diogelfa Mynwy – possible translation of Monnow Keep, street name in Trefynwy / Monmouth

NOTE: Daniel Silvan Evans 1894, An English and Welsh Dictionary: “The keep of a castle – gwarch, diogelfa, cadarnfa, cadarnfan, neu gedwidfa castell; y ddaiargell”.

ETYMOLOGY: (diogel = safe) + (-fa suffix = place)

:_______________________________.

diogelu
<di-o-GEE-li> [dɪɔˡgeˑlɪ] (verb)
1
make safe

:_______________________________.

diogelwch
<di-o-GEE-lukh> [dɪɔˡgeˑlʊx] (masculine noun)
1
safety

:_______________________________.

diogi
<di-OO-gi> [dɪˡoˑgɪ] (m)
1
laziness

Mae tipyn o ddiogi arno pan fo ishe gweithio’n galed
He’s a bit lazy (“there’s a bit of laziness on him”) when hard work is needed

:_______________________________.

diogi
<di-OO-gi> [dɪˡoˑgɪ] (verb)
1
be lazy

:_______________________________.

diolch
<DII-olkh> [ˡdiˑɔlx] (verb) to thank
- Diolch yn fawr
<DII-olkh ən VAUR> [ˡdiˑɔlx ən ˡvaʊr] (phrase) Thank you

:_______________________________.

diolch
<DII-olkh> [ˡdiˑɔlx]

PLURAL: diolchiadau <di-olkh-YA-dai, -e> [dɪɔlxˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
thanks

ETYMOLOGY: diolch < di-olwch < di-wolwch;
‘great praise’ (di = intensifying prefix - related to Latin ‘dê’) + soft mutation + gwolwch (= praise)

:_______________________________.

diolch byth
<DII-olkh BITH> [ˡdiˑɔlx ˡbɪθ]
1
thanks be to God / thank the Lord / thank heavens / thank Christ, etc (‘thanks (for) ever’)
VARIANT: with soft mutation of ‘byth’ - diolch fyth

:_______________________________.

diolch am
<DII-olkh am> [ˡdiˑɔlx am] (phrase) thanks for
- diolch i
<DII-olkh am> [ˡdiˑɔlx ɪ] (phrase) thanks to

:_______________________________.

diolchgar
<di-OLKH-gar> [dɪˡɔlxgar] (adjective)
1
thankful

:_______________________________.

diolchgarwch
<di-olkh-GA-rukh> [dɪɔlxˡgɑˑrʊx] (masculine noun)
1
thankfulness, gratitude

:_______________________________.

diolchiadau
<di-olkh-YA-dai, -e> [dɪɔlxˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
thanks = PLURAL of diolch

:_______________________________.

diollwng
‹di-ô-lhung› adjective
1
reluctant to let go, tenacious
2
addictive

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutation + (gollwng = release, let go)

:_______________________________.

dïor
-or› verb
South-west Wales
1
prohibit, disallow, forbid, ban, stop

dïor rhywun i wneud rhywbeth forbid somebody to do something

dïor rhywun rhag wneud rhywbeth forbid somebody to do something

Shwd gallen ni ddïor y ci rhag dwyn llaeth y gath?
How can we stop the dog from stealing the cat’s milk?

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

diotgar
‹ di- ot -gar› adjective
1 fond of drink, fond of drinking, given to drink

ETYMOLOGY: diotgar < diód-gar (diod = drink, alcoholic drink ) + (-gar suffix for forming adjectives, meaning ‘fond of’, cf caru = to love)

:_______________________________.

diotyn
‹di- o -tin› masculine noun
1
drunkard
Hen ddiotyn ofer yw hwnnw He (= the one you are talking about) is a useless drunk

ETYMOLOGY: diotyn < diod-ddyn (diod = drink) + soft mutation + (dyn = man)

:_______________________________.

diplomydd
‹di-plo-midh› masculine noun
PLURAL diplomyddion
‹di-plo-mədh-yon›
1
diplomat = official representing a state in its contacts with another state

ETYMOLOGY: an adaptation of the English word diplomat by means of a native suffix (diplom-) + (-ydd, suffix indicating an agent)

Diplomat < French diplomate (= diplomat) < diplomatique (= diplomatic) < New Latin diplômatic(us) < diplomat-, stem of diplôma (= official document) < Greek diplôma (= folded letter) < dipló(os) (= double, folded )+ (-ma = suffix)

:_______________________________.

diplomyddiaeth
‹di-plo-mədh-yeth› feminine noun
1
diplomacy = conduct of relations between states

2
diplomyddiaeth y pastwn gunboat diplomacy ("diplomacy of the stick")

ETYMOLOGY: (diplomydd = diplomat) + (-i-aeth, suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

diplomyddol
‹di-plo-mə-dhol› adjective
1
diplomatic
breinryddid diplomyddol diplomatic immunity

ETYMOLOGY: (diplomydd = diplomat) + (-ol, suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

dir-
dir
1 (intensifying prefix) - causes soft mutation of the following consonant

..a/ cêl (= hidden), dirgel (= secret)
..b/ crynu (= to quake, to tremble), dirgrynu (= to vibrate)
..c/ mawr (= big), dirfawr (= enormous)

ETYMOLOGY:Welsh dir- (= extreme) < British < Celtic dîr-

From the same Celtic root:
Irish díre (noun) (= indemnity; right, due)
Irish dír (obsolete) (adjective) (= due, pertaining to).

The Celtic word is related to Latin dûrus (= hard)

:_______________________________.

diraen
di -ren› adjective
Also: di-raen
‹di-RAin
1
in poor condition
2
of poor quality
stwff di-raen poor stuff (literature, etc)

3
scowling, cross
Roedd golwg diran arno He looked cross

4
(clothes) worn, dowdy, shabby

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutaiton + (graen = good appearance)

NOTE: South-east Wales diran
di-ran› , county of Ceredigion: dyran də-ran›

:_______________________________.

diragrith
‹di- ra -grith› adjective
1
sincere, without hypocrisy, straight
yn ddiragrith sincerely

Yr oedd yr ymfudwr Cymraeg yn caru gwlad ei dadau yn wresog a diragrith; yr oedd cofio am ei bryniau a’i dyffrynoedd yn felus ganddo
The Welsh emigrant loved the land of his forbears passionately and sincerely; remembering its hills and valleys was sweet to him

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix, “without”) + soft mutation + (rhagrith = hypocrisy)

:_______________________________.

dirdynedig
‹dir-də- -dig› adjective
1
tense

mewn llais dirdynedig in a tense voice

ETYMOLOGY: (dirdyn- stem of dirdynnu = torment) + (-edig suffix for forming a past participle adjective)

:_______________________________.

dirdynnu
‹dir- də -ni› verb
1
torture, torment
2
contort, distort
Roedd ei wyneb wedi ei ddirdynnu gan boen His face was contorted with pain

ETYMOLOGY: (dir- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (tynnu = pull)

:_______________________________.

dirgelfa
‹dir-gel-va› masculine noun
PLURAL dirgelfaoedd, dirgelfâu, dirgelféydd
‹dir-gel--odh, dir-gel-vai, dir-gel-veidh
1
secret place

ETYMOLOGY:(dirgel = (adjective) secret)+ (-fa suffix, = place)

:_______________________________.

dirgelwch
‹dir-GEE-lukh› (m)
1
mystery, secret
2 cadw rhywbeth yn ddirgelwch keep something a secret

:_______________________________.

dirgrynu
‹ dir- grə -ni› verb
1 (verb without an object)
2 (verb with an object) vibrate

ETYMOLOGY: (dir- = instensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (crynu = quake, tremble)

:_______________________________.

dirgrynwr
‹ dir- grə -nur› masculine noun
PLURAL dirgrynwyr
‹ dir-grən-wir›
1 vibrator, device for stimulation of female genitals

ETYMOLOGY: (dirgryn- stem of dirgrynnu = vibrate) + (-wr, suffix to indicate an device)

:_______________________________.

dirgymell
‹dir- gə -melh› verb
1
urge, press, force

2
convince
Aethant adref, ac yr oedd fy nhad wedi ei ddirgymell erbyn hyn mai wedi breuddwydio’r cyfan yr oedd Twmi ac yntau.
’S Lawer Dydd / W. Llewelyn Williams / 1929 / tudalen 43
They went home, and my father was convinced by now that Twmi and he had dreamt all of it

ETYMOLOGY: (dir- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (cymell = to urge)

:_______________________________.

di-rif
‹di-RIIF› (adjective)
1
(colloquial: di-ri’)
‹di-RII› uncountable

:_______________________________.

dirnad
‹DIR-nad› [ˡdɪrnad] (verb)
1
understand, comprehend

Y mae'r Cymry Cymraeg yn gallu dirnad sut beth yw bod yn Sais ond ni all Sais ddirnad sut beth yw bod yn Gymro Cymraeg.
The Welsh-speaking Welsh can understand what it is like to be an Englishman but an Englishman cannot comprehen what it is like to be a Welsh-speaking Welshman

ETYMOLOGY: (dir- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (*gnăd) < British (*gnă-t-) < Celtic
This element (*gnăd) occurs too in ynad (= magistrate)

A related element (*gnawd) < British (*gnā-t-) < Celtic is to be found in adnabod (= to know) < adnawbod (ad + *gnawd + bod)

Related to *gnawd is Latin nôtus (= worthy of attention)

:_______________________________.

dirwest
dir-west› masculine noun
PLURAL dirwestau
‹dir-wes-ste›
1
obsolete abstinence, fasting

2
temperance, teetotalism = abstinence from alcohol, rejection of alcoholic drinks

3
cymanfa ddirwest hymn-singing festival to promote abstinence from alcohol

4
tŷ dirwest, gwesty dirwest hotel where alcoholic drinks are not served, hotel for non-drinkers, members of a temperance organisation, supporters of the temperance movement; colloquial name (Englishism) temprans;
yn y gwesty dirwest / yn y temprans = in the temperance hotel

5
cymryd y llw dirwest take the pledge, promise to abstain from alcoholic drinks ("take the oath (of) temperance")
colloquial form seinio dirwest ("to sign abstemiousness / temperance")

6
cymdeithas ddirwest temperance association = organisation promoting abstinence from alcohol

7
torri’ch dirwest break the pledge, to drink alcohol after pledging not to ("to break your teetotalism")

ETYMOLOGY: dirwest < dyrwest < British < Celtic *do-ro-wes-t;
1 -wes (= to stay); cf gwest (= guest);

2 the syllable dyr- has become dir- from the influence of other words with the more abundant prefix dir-

:_______________________________.

dirwestaeth
‹dir-wes-teth› feminine noun
1
temperance, abstention from alcohol

2 temperance = the movement promoting teetotalism (very active in Wales in the late 1800s and early 1900s)

NOTE: also dirwestiaeth
‹dir-west-yeth›

ETYMOLOGY: (dirwest = temperance, abstention from alcohol) + (-aeth, -i-aeth)

:_______________________________.

dirwestol
‹dir-we-stol› adjective
1
relating to temperance; see dirwest

achos dirwestol = temperance cause, ideals of the movement for abstention from alcohol

cyfarfod dirwestol = temperance meeting; meeting, lecture, talk to promote temperance
See page 0967k (via Google – 0967k kimkat). An account in Welsh of a Cyfarfod Dirwestol (temperance meeting) in 1842 in Bro Morgannwg / the Vale of Glamorgan

cymdeithas ddirwestol = cymdeithas ddirwest = temperance society

gwesty dirwestol = gwesty dirwest = temperance hotel, hotel for non-drinkers, for members of the temperance movement

mudiad dirwestol = mudiad dirwest = temperance movement, teetotal movement, movement for abstention from alcohol

undeb dirwestol = undeb dirwest = temperance union, temperance society

2
(drink) alcohol-free

ETYMOLOGY: (dirwest = temperance, abstention from alcohol) + (-ol)

:_______________________________.

dirwestwr
‹dir-we-stur› masculine noun
PLURAL dirwestwyr
‹dir-west-wir›
1
teetotaller, abstainer (from alcoholic drinks), non-drinker, temperance supporter

ETYMOLOGY: (dirwest = temperance, abstention from alcohol) + (-wr, suffix to indicate an agent, ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

dirwestwraig
‹dir-west-reg› feminine noun
PLURAL dirwestwragedd
‹dir-west--gedh›
1
(woman) teetotaller, abstainer (from alcoholic drinks), non-drinker

ETYMOLOGY: (dirwest = temperance, abstention from alcohol) + (-wraig, suffix to indicate a female agent, ‘woman’)

:_______________________________.

dirwesty
‹dir-we-sti› masculine noun
PLURAL dirwestai
‹dir-we-stai›
1
temperance house, temperance hotel; hotel for non-drinkers, for members of the temperance movement

ETYMOLOGY: (dirwest = temperance, abstention from alcohol) + soft mutation + (ty = house) > dirwest-dy > dirwesty

:_______________________________.

dirwy, dirwyon
‹DI-rui, di-RUI-on› (masculine noun)
1
fine

:_______________________________.

dirwystr
‹di-RUI-stir› (adjective)
1
without obstacles

:_______________________________.

di-sail
‹ dii- sail adjective
1 groundless, without any basis in fact, false
honiad di-sail groundless assertion, groundless accusation

2 sïon di-sail unfounded rumours

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix privatiu, “sense”) + (sail = foundation, basis)

:_______________________________.

disberod
‹di-SPE-rod› (masculine noun)
1
wandering;
ar ddisberod = wandered off

:_______________________________.

disbyddu
‹di-sbə-dhi› verb
1
empty (of water)

2
bail out (water from the bottom of a boat)
disbyddu cwch bail out a boat

3
(pond, pool) drain

4
spend (a large amount of money)
Mae hi wedi cael ad-daliad treth. Gobeithio na fydd hi’n sbydu’r cyfan mewn pnawn yn siopau Caer-dydd neu Gaer
She got a tax rebate. I hope she doesn’t spend the lot in an afternoon in the shops in Caer-dydd or Chester

ETYMOLOGY: (di- intensifying prefix) + (sbyddu = to empty);
sbyddu < hysbydd (hysb = dry) + (-yddu, suffixes ?ydd + -u)
NOTE: North Wales sbyddu, sbydu

:_______________________________.

díscotec, discotecau
<DI-sko-tek, di-sko-TE-kai, -ke> [ˡdɪskɔtɛk, dɪskɔˡtɛkaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
discotheque

:_______________________________.

diseimio
<di-SEIM-yo> [dɪˡsəɪmjɔ] verb
1
defat, remove the fat from

ETYMOLOGY: (di- negative prefix) + (saim = grease) + (-io verbal suffix)

:_______________________________.

diserth
<DI-serth> [ˡdɪsɛrθ]

feminine noun
1
(place names) hermitage, hermit's cell

2
Y Ddiserth the former name of Llansanffráid Glan Conwy (SH8076), locality in the county of Conwy 6km to the south-west of Baecolwyn

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/614300 map

3
Diserth (SJ0579) locality in the county of Dinbych, 4k south of Prestatyn
(1961) Population: 1,716; proportion of Welsh-speakers: 40%
Misspelt on English maps as “Dyserth”


Local form: Disarth (showing the change of e > a in a final syllable. This feature
is regarded as being north-western, though it was also found in the northern fringe of the counties of Dinbych and Y Fflint, along the coast)

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/658201 Diserth, map



4
Diserth (SO0358) locality in district of Maesyfed, county of Powys, 3k south-west of Llandrindod

Misspelt on English maps as “Disserth”. Also occurs as “Disart”

Also called
Y Ddiserth yn Elfael (“the Diserth (which is) in (the district called) Elfael”)
See page #kimkat2174k (via Google search box) for more about this village.

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/91558 Eglwys Diserth



5
Diserth (SJ2105) locality 1km south-west of Y Trallwng / Welshpool (SJ2207) (district of Maldwyn, county of Powys)
Misspelt on English maps as “Dyserth” or “Dysserth”

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ2105 map

 (delw (delwedd 7498)


ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British *disert- < Latin dêsertum < dêserere (= to cut off from)
(de = from) + (serere = to tie together)

The Welsh word is in fact the same word etymologically as English desert (= arid region) < French < Latin

Irish has díseart (= retreat, hermitage) < Latin

In Scotland, north-east of Kirkcaldy, there is Diseart (NT3093) (this is the name in Scottish Gaelic; it is anglicised as Dysart)
:_______________________________.

disg, disgiau
<DISK, DISK-yai, -ye> [ˡdɪsk,ˡdɪskjaɪ, -ɛ] (de joc)
1
disc; counter (in a board game)

:_______________________________.

disglair
<DI-sklair, -er> [ˡdɪsklaɪr, -ɛr] (adjective)
1
shining

:_______________________________.

disgleirdeb
<dis-KLEIR-deb> [dɪsˡkləɪrdɛb] masculine noun
1
brightness, shine

ETYMOLOGY: (disglair = brilliant) + (-deb suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

disgleirio
<di-SKLEIR-yo> [dɪˡskləɪrjɔ] (verb)
1
(sun) to shine

:_______________________________.

disgrifio
<di-SKRIV-yo> [dɪˡskrɪvjɔ] (verb)
1
to describe

:_______________________________.

disgwyl
<DI-skuil> [ˡdɪskʊɪl] (verb)
1
to wait for, expect;

2 in the spoken language of the south it retains its old meaning - to look, pronounced ‘dishgwl’

3 (m) expectation
yn groes i bob disgwyl contrary to expectations (“contrary to every expectation”)
siomi’r disgwyliadau fall short of expectations (“disappoint the expectations”)

NOTE: Page 46 /
A Welsh Grammar - Historical and Comparative / John Morris-Jones (1864-1929) /
1913: The following words may be mentioned as those most commonly mispronounced: wy is the falling diphthong in cern ‘vat’, disgl, ‘look, expect’, Gnedd ‘Venedotia’, Gndid, id., morn ‘maiden’, tern ‘ fervent’; it is the rising diphthong in oherdd ‘because of’, cychn, ‘rise, start’, erchn ‘protector, [bed]-side’, deddd ‘happy’

:_______________________________.

disgwylfa
<di-SKUIL-va> [dɪˡskʊɪlva] feminine noun
PLURAL disgwylféydd
<di-skuil-VEIDH> [dɪskʊɪlˡvəɪð]
1 (obsolete) look-out place, (USA: overlook)

2
Disgwylfa (SN8117) mountain in the district of Brycheiniog (county of Powys)

3 Disgwylfa house name (for example, in Llan-rug, county of Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: (disgwyl, stem of disgwyl = to look) + (-fa noun-forming suffix, indicating a place)

:_______________________________.

disgwyliad
<di-SKUIL-yad> [dɪˡskʊɪljad] masculine noun
PLURAL disgwyliadau
<di-skuil-YAA-de> [dɪskʊɪlˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1 expectation

2 siomi’r disgwyliadau fall short of expectations (“disappoint the expectations”)

3 disgwyliad oes life expectancy

ETYMOLOGY: (disgwyl, stem of disgwyl = to expect) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)
:_______________________________.

disgybl, disgyblion
<DI-skibl, di-SKƏBL-yon> [ˡdɪskɪbl, dɪˡskəbljɔn] (masculine noun)
1
school pupil

:_______________________________.

disgyn
<DI-skin> [ˡdɪskɪn] (verb)
1
go down

:_______________________________.

dishefu
<di-SHEE-vi> [dɪˡʃeˑvɪ] (verb)
1
south-eastern form of deisyfu (= beseech, implore, request)

Especially in the oath Dir dishefon ni or Duw dishefon ni (God help us!)

Explained by Cadrawd in Expressions, Proverbial Sayings, Rhymes, &c., collected in Mid-Glamorganshire. 1906: (See our page kumquat 0497e via the internal search tool or Google)

DUW DISHEFON NI, corruption of ‘Duw deisyfwn di,’ a peculiar kind of oath, which, if properly uttered, would be an appropriate prayer - ‘Lord we beseech Thee.’

:_______________________________.

dishglad
<DISH-klad> [ˡdɪʃklad]

PLURAL: dishgleida / dishgli’da <dish-KLEI-da,-dish-KLII-da> [dɪʃˡkləɪda, dɪʃˡkliˑda]

1 (south-east) local form of dysglaid (= a cupful, literally a saucerful)

dishglad o de (south-east) a cup of tea

ETYMOLOGY: See dishgled and dysglaid

:_______________________________.

dishgled
<DISH-kled> [ˡdɪʃklɛd]

PLURAL: dishgleide / dishgli’de <dish-KLEI-de,-dish-KLII-de> [dɪʃˡkləɪdɛ, dɪʃˡkliˑdɛ]

1 (south-west) local form of dysglaid (= a cupful, literally a saucerful)

dishgled o de a cup of tea

ETYMOLOGY:

1 dysglaid > disglaid In the south, a y
[ə] in the penult may become i [i]

2 In the south, an s before or after an i is generally palatalised s > sh

dishglaid > dishglaid

3 In colloquial Welsh, the diphthong ai in the final syllable is reduced to e

dishglaid > dishgled

4
In the south-east, this e becomes a

dishgled > dishglad

NOTE: See dysglaid
:_______________________________.

distaw
<DI-stau> [ˡdɪstaʊ] (adjective)
1
quiet
cyn ddistawed â’r bedd as silent as the grave
mor ddistaw â'r bedd as silent as the grave

2 yn ddistaw bach
<ən DHI-stau BAAKH> [ən ˡðɪstaʊ ˡbɑːx] (adverb) on the quiet

:_______________________________.

distawrwydd
<di-STAU-ruidh> [dɪˡstaʊrʊɪð] masculine noun
1
silence, absence of noise
torri ar y distawrwydd break the silence, disturb the silence
distawrwydd dwys profound silence

2
silence = state of not speaking or saying anything, pause in a conversation, failure to speak
torri’r distawrwydd break the silence

Fe edrychson nhw yn dwp ar ei gilydd, nes i Jac dorri’r distawrwydd a dweud "Wel, ych chi’n dal ar dir y byw wedi’r cwbl!"
They looked at each other stupidly until Jac broke the silence and said, "Well, you’re still in the land of the living after all!"

distawrwydd huawdl an eloquent silence

3
silence = refusal to answer

4
(imperative) silence! quiet! (= let there be silence!)
Distawrwydd, os gwelwch yn dda! Quiet, please!

5
Aur dilin yw distawrwydd Silence is golden (“(it-is”) fine gold that-is silence”)

ETYMOLOGY: (distaw = silent, quiet) + (-rwydd suffix for froming nouns)
NOTE: in the south, colloquially, also dishtawrwydd

:_______________________________.

distryw
<DIS-triu> [ˡdɪstrɪʊ] (masculine noun)
1
destruction

2
hunanddistryw self destruction, (figuratively) suicide
(hunan = self-, auto-) + soft mutation + (distryw = destruction )
cyflawni hunanddistryw gwleidyddol commit politicial suicide

:_______________________________.

distrywgar
<di-STRIU-gar> [dɪˡstrɪʊgar] (adjective)
1
destructive

:_______________________________.

distrywgarwch
<di-striu-GAA-rukh> [dɪstrɪʊˡgɑˑrʊx] (adjective)
1
destructiveness

:_______________________________.

distrywio
<di-STRIU-yo> [dɪˡstrɪʊjɔ] (verb)
1
to destroy

:_______________________________.

distrywiol
<di-STRIU-yol> [dɪˡstrɪʊjɔl] (adjective)
1
destroyer

:_______________________________.

distyll <DI-stilh> [ˡdɪstɪɬ] masculine noun
PLURAL distyllion
<di-STƏLH-yon> [dɪˡstəɬjɔn]
1
ebb of the tide, low tide, low water

2 distyll y don “(the) ebb (of) the wave / the sea”) (South-east Wales) low tide
Distyll y A folk tune mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). The English name is given as “The Fall of the Wave”.
:_______________________________.

distyllfa
<di-STƏLH-va> [dɪˡstəɬva] (feminine noun)

PLURAL: distyllféydd
<di-təlh-VEIDH> [dɪstəɬˡvəɪð]
1
distillery
y ddistyllfa = the distillery

:_______________________________.

diswyddiad, diswyddiadau
<di-SUIDH-yad,-di-suidh-YAA-dai, -de> [dɪˡsʊɪðjad, dɪsʊɪðˡjɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
dismissal

2 diswyddiad dros dro
<di-SUIDH-yad dros DROO> [dɪˡsʊɪðjad drɔs ˡdroː] temporary redundancy

:_______________________________.

diswyddo
<di-SUI-dho> [dɪˡsʊɪðɔ] (verb)
1
to dismiss (from a job), (USA) to fire (someone); Englandic: to sack (someone)

:_______________________________.

disyfyd
<di-SƏ-vid> [dɪˡsəvɪd] adjective)
1
sudden

:_______________________________.

disylfaen
<di-SƏL-vain> [dɪˡsəlvaɪn] adjective
1 groundless, without any basis in fact, false

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix, “without”) + (sylfaen = foundation, basis)
:_______________________________.

disyml
<DI-siml> [ˡdɪsɪml] adjective
1
unaffected, simple, plain, honest, innocent

Genesis 25:27 A’r llanciau a gynyddasant: ac Esau oedd ŵr yn medru hela, a gŵr o’r maes, a Jacob oedd ŵr disyml, yn cyfanheddu mewn pebyll.
Genesis
And the boys grew: and Esau was a cunning hunter, a man of the field; and Jacob was a plain man, dwelling in tents.

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = intensifying prefix) + (syml = simple)

NOTE: AN old variant was disym
<DI-sim> [ˡdɪsɪm] (loss of the final ‘l’)
:_______________________________.

disymwth
<di-SƏ-muth> [dɪˡsəmʊθ] adjective
Colloquially disymwyth <di-SƏ-muith> [dɪˡsəmʊɪθ]
1
immediate, sudden

daeth arnynt fraw disymwyth a sudden fright took them (“it-came on them a-fright sudden”).

:_______________________________.

dithau
<DII-thai, the> [ˡdiˑθaɪ, -ɛ]
(tag pronoun, follows a noun or verbnoun qualified by dy = your)
1
“belonging to you too”

2 f’un i a d’un dithe mine and yours

:_______________________________.

di-waith
<di-WAITH> [dɪˡwaɪθ]

(adjective)
1
jobless, unemployed

:_______________________________.

diwall
<DI-walh> [ˡdɪˡwaɬ] adjective
1
(obsolete) sufficient, not lacking

Salmau 66:12 Peraist i ddynion farchogaeth ar ein pennau; aethom trwy y tân a’r dwfr: a thi a’n dygaist allan i le diwall.
Psalms 66:12 Thou hast caused men to ride over our heads; we went through fire and through water: but thou broughtest us out into a wealthy place.

ETYMOLOGY: (di- prefix = without) + soft mutaiton + (gwall = lack)

:_______________________________.

diwedd, diweddion
‹DI-wedh› (masculine noun)
1
end

2
hyd y diwedd to the end
hyd y diwedd un to the bitter end
o'r dechrau hyd y diwedd from beginning to end
dal ati hyd y ddiwedd stick it out, stick at it until the very end

3 diwedd ar yr ymladd cessation of hostilites

4
dyna ddiwedd ar hynny
that’s the end of that

5
Ddaw e ddim i ddiwedd da (said of someone whose behaviour is bad)
He’ll come to a bad end (“he won’t come to a good end”)

6 hyd y diwedd to the end
dal ati hyd y diwedd to stick it out, (“keep at it until the end”)

7 gwneud diwedd arnoch eich hun put an end to one's life, commit suicide kill oneself
“make (an) end on yourself”) (gwneud = do, make) + (diwedd = end) + (arnoch = on you) + (eich hun of yourself)

8
gwneud eich diwedd chi put an end to one's life, commit suicide kill oneself
“make your end of you” (gwneud = do, make) + (eich = your) + (diwedd = end) + (vos = of you)

:_______________________________.

diweddar
‹di-WE-dhar› (adjective)
1
late = not on time (South Wales)

2 late = recently died

3 ddeng mlynedd yn diweddarach ten years later, ten years after

:_______________________________.

diweddara
‹di-we-DHA-ra› (adjective) (= diweddaraf)
1
latest

2 y diweddara’ un the very latest

:_______________________________.

diweddi
‹di--dhi› masculine or feminine noun
PLURAL diweddïau, diweddïon
‹di-wedh-î-e, di-wedh-î-on›
1
(feminine noun) fiancée
y ddiweddi the fiancée

A dyma Siân Evans, ei ddiweddi And this is Siân Evans, his fiancée

2
(masculine noun) fiancé

y diweddi the fiancé

ETYMOLOGY: (di- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gweddïo = begging, entreating)

:_______________________________.

diweddïad
‹di-wedh-î-ad› masculine noun
PLURAL diweddïadau
‹di-wedh-i-â-de›
1
engagement (to be married)

ETYMOLOGY: (diweddï-, stem of diweddïo = to get engaged) + (-iad = suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

diweddïo
‹di-wedh-î-o› verb
1
get engaged; (as a noun) engagement
modrwy ddiweddïo engagement ring (plural: modrwyon diweddïo)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gweddïo = beg, entreat; pray)

:_______________________________.

diweddnod
‹di-wedh-nod› masculine noun
PLURAL diweddnodau
‹di-wedh-nô-de›
1
full stop (usually: atalnod llawn “full stop-mark”)

ETYMOLOGY: (diwedd = end) + (nod = mark)

:_______________________________.

diweddu
‹di-we-dhi› verb
1
end, finish, put an end to

pan ganodd y gloch i ddiweddu’r rownd
when the bell rang to end the round

2
diweddu’ch oes mewn tlodi end your life in poverty, spend the last years of your life in poverty

ETYMOLOGY: (diwedd = end) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

diwerth
‹DI-werth› (adjective)
1
useless, valueless

2
(person) worthless, good for nothing, ineffective
Mae hwnnw’n gwbl ddiwerth He’s completely useless (“the one mentioned is completely useless”)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix, ‘without’) + soft mutation + (gwerth = worth, value)

:_______________________________.

diwethaf
‹di-WEE-thav, di-WEE-tha> (adjective)
1
latest

ETYMOLOGY: (diwedd = end) + (-haf superlative-degree suffix < British -sam).

diwedd·haf > diwethaf (dd·h > th; the addition of h to the voiced consonant dd results in a devoiced consonant th)

 

NOTE: Addition of a superlative-degree ending to a noun to form an adjective

:_______________________________.

diwrnod, diwrnodau
‹DIUR-nod, diur-NOO-dai, -de› (masculine noun)
1
day
diwrnod agored
‹DIUR-nod a-GOO-red› open day in a school
diwrnod cau yn gynnar
‹DIUR-nod kau ən GƏ-nar› early-closing day, the day of the week when shops open only in the morning (early closing was formerly - until the 1970s – a common practice in a village or town)

2
bod yn ddiwrnod ar ôl y ffair
be too late, arrive too late (“be a day after the fair”)

3
diwrnod naid leap day, February 29

4 diwrnod is used for “day” when referring to the weather

Nid yn y bore mae canmol diwrnod teg (“it-is-not in the morning that-there-is (the) praising (of) a fair day”), that is, the weather in the morning may be fine and sunny, but the afternoon may bring rain.

A favourable situation may suddenly change, wait and see what happens in the long run.
:_______________________________.

diwydiannol
‹di-wəd-YA-nol› (adjective)
1
industrial

ystâd ddiwydiannol industrial estate

ETYMOLOGY: (diwydiant = industrial) + (-ol adjectival ending); diwydiánt·ol < diwydiannol

 

 

:_______________________________.

diwydiant
‹di-WƏD-yant› (masculine noun)
1
industry

:_______________________________.

diwyd
‹DI-uid› (adjective)
1
hard-working

:_______________________________.

diwydrwydd
‹di- ui -druidh› masculine noun
1
diligence
2
ymdrechu â phob diwydrwydd i strive hard to (do something)

ETYMOLOGY: (diwyd = diligent) + (-rwydd suffix for forming abstract nouns)


:_______________________________.

diwylliant, diwylliannau
‹di-WƏLH-yant, di-wəlh-YA-ne› (masculine noun)
1
culture

:_______________________________.

diymadferth
‹di-ə- mad -verth› adjective
1 helpless
teimlo'n gwbl ddiymadferth feel completely helpless

ETYMOLOGY: (di- privative prefix, ‘without’) + (ymadferth = effort)

:_______________________________.

diymadferthedd
‹di-ə-mad- veR -thedh› masculine noun
1
helplessness

ETYMOLOGY: (diymadferth = helpless) + (-edd suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

diymadferthu
‹ di-ə-mad- ver -thi›
1 render helpless, leave helpless

ETYMOLOGY: (diymadferth = helpless) + (-u suffix for forming verbs)
:_______________________________.

diymgeledd
‹di-əm- -ledh› adjective
1
destitute

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = negative prefix) + (ymgeledd = care, help)

:_______________________________.

diymhongar
‹di-əm-HON-gar› (adjective)
1
unassuming

:_______________________________.

diymwad
‹di- əm -wad› adjective
1
undeniable, irrefutable, indisputable, incontrovertible, conclusive
Mae'n ffaith gwbl ddiymwad It’s an undeniable fact (“It’s a completely undeniable fact”)

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = negative prefix) + (ymwad- stem of ymwadu = deny, refute )

:_______________________________.

diysgog
‹di- ə-skog› adjective
1
firm, steadfast, sound, immovable, rocksteady, unshakable, unshaken

 

gyda'r penderfyniad mwyaf diysgog with the firmest possible determination
ffydd diysgog steady faith
credu yn ddiysgog firmly believe


2 unflinching

ETYMOLOGY: (di- = negative prefix) + (ysgog-, stem of the verb ysgogi = move

 
:_______________________________.

(do)
do
1 (obsolete) preposition and prefix in British.
It no longer exists as such independently in the modern language.

 

It is the basis of the modern preposition i, and the prefix dy-, and it is incorporated into other words from earlier periods which are in use in the current language

..1/ preposition i (= to)
Celtic do > British do > Old Welsh ddy > y > i

..2/ dy intensifying prefix

dychwelyd (= to come back, to return

dyfynnu (= to cite, to quote)

..3/ dam- (prefix) is do-ambi- (damsang = trepitjar)
(ambi- is the basis of modern Welsh am (= around))

Also dym-, a variant of dam- (dymchwel = to demolish, dymuno = to wish)

ETYMOLOGY: Cf Irish do, Breton da, Cornish dhe (all are prepositions with the meaning ‘to’)

:_______________________________.

do
‹DOO› (verb)
1
(reply to a verb in the past tense) yes

(The negative reply is naddo ‹NAA-dho›)

 

Aethost ti i’r banc ddoe? Do, yn y bore.
Did you go to the bank yesterday? Yes, in the morning


:_______________________________.

do
do
1
(obsolete) preposition and prefix in British.
It no longer exists as such independently in the modern language, but it is incorporated into many words from earlier periods in use in the current language

..1/ preposition i (= to)
(Celtic do > British do > Old Welsh ddy > y > i)

..2/ dy intensifying prefix (dychwelyd = to come back, to return , dyfynnu = to cite, to quote)

..3/ dam- (prefix) is do-ambi-

damsang = trample

Ther is also the variant dym-

dymchwel = to demolish,

dymuno = to wish

..4/ British *do-ad-kom-mik (prefix do) + (prefix ad) + (prefix kom) + (mik-) > dychymyg (= imagination)

ETYMOLOGY: Cf Irish do, Breton da, Cornish dhe (all prepositions meaning ‘to’)
:_______________________________.

dobio ‹DOB-yo› (verb)
1
to fuck

:_______________________________.

doc ‹DOK› (masculine noun)
1
dock;
See also: docfa, docio

:_______________________________.

doced
do-ked› masculine noun
PLURAL docedau
‹do-ke-de›
1
docket = a card attached to a container indicating its contents

ETYMOLOGY: English docket; possibly from dock (noun) (= docked tail, part of a tail left after clipping); (verb) (= cut short a tail; shorten);

Dock from Old Norse dokkr (= short tail, stump of a tail)

:_______________________________.

docfa
dok-va› feminine noun
PLURAL docfâu
‹dok-vai
1
berth - space for a ship to moor in a dock

ETYMOLOGY: (doc = dock) + (-fa = place)

:_______________________________.

do’ch-chi ddim
‹doo-khi-dhim verb
South-west Wales
1
nid oeddech chi = you weren’t

:_______________________________.

dociau
dok-yai, -yee›
Plural form of doc = dock

:_______________________________.

docio 1
dok-yo›
verb without an object
1
to dock = enter a dock

2
to dock = enter a port

3
to berth = moor in a dock

4
to dock = (spacecraft) join in space

ETYMOLOGY: English to dock (= to enter a dock, to berth)

:_______________________________.

docio 2
dok-yo› verb
verb with an object
1
dock (a horse’s tail) = cut short
2
shorten; in this sense, the form of the verb is usually tocio (qv)

ETYMOLOGY: English to dock (= cut short a tail; shorten); from Old Norse dokkr (= short tail, stump of a tail)

:_______________________________.

dociwr
dok-yur› masculine noun
PLURAL docwyr
dok-wir›
1
(USA: longshoreman) (Englandic: docker, dockworker)

ETYMOLOGY: (doc = dock) + (-i-wr, suffix = ‘man’)

:_______________________________.

doco
do-ko› adverb
South Wales
1
See: dacw = over there you can see…

:_______________________________.

Docpenfro
‹dok- pen -vro›
1
(SM9603) locality in South-west Wales

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) dock (by the town of) Pembroke”

A translation of the English name Pembroke Dock
The offical Welsh spelling is Doc Penfro, though strictly speaking in a name indicating a settlement the elements are run together wherever possible to form a single word.
:_______________________________.

doc sych
‹dok-siikh masculine noun
PLURAL dociau sych
‹dok-ye-siikh
1
dry dock = a dock from which water can be pumped in order to repair the underside of a ship

:_______________________________.

doctor
dok-tor› masculine noun
PLURAL doctoriaid
‹dok-tor-yed›
1
colloquial doctor (the standard form is meddyg
-dhig›)

2
colloquial form of address to a doctor

3
doctor = the services of a doctor
Pam mae doctor a deintydd ac ysbyty mor ddrud?
Why do we have to pay so much for the doctor, the dentist and the hospital?

4
colloquial doctor = person with a Ph.D. (the standard form is doethur
doi-thir› )

5
llyfr doctor moch pig doctor’s book, book explaining how to treat sick pigs
llyfr doctor at wartheg a lloi book explaining how to treat sick cows and calves

ETYMOLOGY: English doctor < Latin doctor (= teacher) < docêre (= to teach)

:_______________________________.

doctora
‹dok-to-ra›
verb without an object
1
work as a doctor

verb with an object
2
treat people in one’s capacity as a doctor

3
look after, see through an illness, see through a crisis or a bad time

4
doctor = castrate, geld
doctora ci = castrate a dog

5
facetious patch up, repair

ETYMOLOGY: (doctor = doctor) + (-a suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

doctoraidd
‹dok-to-redh› adjective
1
doctoral, pertaining to a doctor
2
doctoral = resembling a doctor
3
pompously wise

ETYMOLOGY: (doctor = doctor) + (-aidd suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

doctor cwac
‹dok-tor-kwak masculine noun
PLURAL doctoriaid cwac
‹dok-tor-yed kwak
1
quack doctor, person who acts as a doctor without medical knowledge

ETYMOLOGY: adaptation of English quack doctor; the descriptive element quack is a shortening of the now obsolete quacksalver < Dutch kwakzalver (= salve-peddler, seller of medicines).

The first element apparently means ‘to quack like a duck’ and the second meaning ‘medicine’, with an agent suffix -er added.

Cf modern Dutch kwaken (= to quack), zalven (= to anoint, to rub with ointment).

The idea was of a seller who boasted about the properties of his salves, with this repetitive praise likened to the quacking of a duck

:_______________________________.

doctoriaeth
‹dok-tor-yeth› feminine noun
1
working as a doctor
Dechreuodd gael blas yn gynnar ar ddoctoriaeth
Early on in his life he began to take an interest in work as a doctor

ETYMOLOGY: (doctor = doctor) + (-i-aeth suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

dod
‹DOOD› (verb)
1
to come
dod â
‹DOOD-aa› (verb) to bring
dod o hyd i
‹DOOD-o-HIID-i› (verb) to find
dod yn
‹DOOD-ən› (verb) to become

2
dod o’ch cragen come out of one’s shell

3 dod i olwg rhywbeth come within sight of
Yn y man, daethant i olwg y groesffordd arweinai at y felin Presently they came within sight of the crossroad which led to the mill

4
dod â rhywbeth bring (“come with”)

dod â rhywbeth yn ôl i bring something back to

der ag e nôl i fi bring it back to me (South)

dod â (rhywbeth) i fwcl
resolve (a matter) (“bring something to a buckle”)
Oni bai am y ddamwain a gefais buaswn wedi dod â'r broses i fwcl ers talwm
If it hadn’t been for the accident that I had I would have resolved this matter a long time ago

5
dod yn un haid come in a large group

6
dod o dan wg (rhywun) incur the disapproval of (someone)

7
dod atoch eich hun come round, regain conscousness

8 Ddaw e byth i sgidiau ei dad He’ll never be anything like his father, He’ll never be of the same stature as his father (“he’ll never come into his father’s shoes”)

9
dod yn ôl come back, return
Ni ddaw i neb ddoe yn ôl You can’t undo the past, What’s done is done (“yesterday won’t come back to anybody”)

10
dod i drefn settle down, get back to normal, (“come to order”)
Mae pethau wedi dod i drefn Things are back to normal, Things have settled down (after a mishap, disruption, war, etc)
Yr oedd pethau heb ddyfod i drefn eto ar ôl y rhyfel
Things hadn’t got back to normal yet after the war

11
(South Wales) dod i’ch cymal get into one’s stride (in some task)

12 dod i ben y dalar, dod i ben talar draw to an end, be nearly completed (“come to the end of (the) headland ‹of a ploughed field› ”)

13 dod + ar In expressions denoting the onset of a sensation, corresponds to the existence of a sensation expressed by bod + ar, or the causing of a sentaion with hala + ar (South, gyrru + ar (North)

bod chwant bwyd ar be hungry

chwant bwyd yn dod ar begin to feel hungry
Daeth arnaf chwant bwyd I began to feel hungry

Daeth ofn a braw arno He became fearful and frightened (“fear and fright came on him”)

gyrru ofn ar frighten
gyrru braw ar frighten
gyrru dychryn ar
frighten

:_______________________________.

dodi
‹DO-di› (verb) (South Wales)
1
to put
2 dodi edau mewn nodwydd thread a needle (“put (a) thread in (a) needle”)

In South-east Wales.
doti (with typical calediad, the devoicing of a voiced consonant at the head of a final syllable) 

:_______________________________.

dod allan
‹dood A-lhan› (verb)
1
to come out

2 dod allan ohoni get out of a difficulty (“get out of it”)
dod allan ohoni’n wael come out of it badly

:_______________________________.

dodi’ch bys ar y dolur
-dich biis ar ə -lir›
1
put your finger on it (on the cause of the trouble)

ETYMOLOGY: (“put your finger on the wound”)

:_______________________________.

dod i dlodi
‹dood ii dlô -di›
1 be reduced to poverty
Diarhebion 21:17 Y neb a garo ddifyrrwch, a ddaw i dlodi: a neb a garo win ac olew, ni bydd gyfoethog
Proverbs 21:17 He that loveth pleasure shall be a poor man: he that loveth wine and oil shall not be rich.

ETYMOLOGY: “come to poverty” (dod = to come) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (tlodi = poverty)

:_______________________________.

dod i drefn
‹dood ii dre-ven›
1
settle down, get back to normal
Mae pethau wedi dod i drefn Things are back to normal, Things have settled down (after a mishap, disruption, war, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: “come to order” (dod = to come) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (trefn = ordre)

:_______________________________.

dod i’r golwg
dood ir -lug› -
1
come into view
Daeth y gyfrinach i’r golwg The secret slipped out, The secret came out

:_______________________________.

dodo
DOO-do -

1 auntie

ETMOLOGY: an infant’s pronunciation of modryb (= aunt)

Probably from
bodo, another form used for ‘auntie’

1 bod- < mod-, first syllable of modryb, with confusion of m and b.

2 -do – repetition of the first syllable, with –o, a diminutive suffix generally in forenames

Compare the diminutive form Bedo of the name Maredudd

3 The form dodo is probably a re-formation of bodo, with the second syllable do replacing bo-

:_______________________________.

dodrefnyn
‹do drev -nin› masculine noun
PLURAL dodrefn
do-drevən›
1
(North Wales) piece of furniture

2 dodrefn = furniture
fan ddodrefn removal van (North)
saer dodrefn joiner, cabinet maker

3 dodrefn ystafell wely bedroom furniture

ETYMOLOGY: dodrefn (= furniture; anciently = room) < dy-o-drefn (do prefix = ‘to’) + soft mutation + (gwo prefix = under) + soft mutation + (trefn = order)

NOTE: also: dodreinyn
‹do-drei-nin›



(delw (delwedd 7367)


:_______________________________.

dodwy
‹DO-dui› (verb)
1
to lay (eggs)

:_______________________________.

dod yn...
dood ən› verb
1
to amount to, add up to give the result of
Mae’n dod yn ganpunt It amounts to a hundred pounds

:_______________________________.

doe
‹DOI› (masculine noun)
1
yesterday
2
Ni ddaw i neb ddoe yn ôl You can’t undo the past, What’s done is done (“yesterday won’t come back to anybody”)

:_______________________________.

doed a ddelo
dôid a dhê-lo› -
1
come what may

ETYMOLOGY: (doed = let it come) + (a = the thing which) + soft mutation + (delo = might come)

:_______________________________.

doedd
roidh verb
1
was, were; third person singular imperfect of del verb bod; usually with the negator ddim (literally ‘nothing, anything’) ‘not’, or others such as erióed ‘never, not ever’

2
with a definite noun = was not; were not
Doedd Siôn ddim yn cysgu = Siôn was not sleeping (“Siôn was not in sleeping”)
Doedd Siôn a Siân ddim yn cysgu = Siôn and Siân were not sleeping (“Siôn and Siân were not in sleeping”)
Doedd y papur ddim ar y llawr The newspaper was not on the floor
Doedd y papurau ddim ar y llawr The newspapers were not on the floor

3
with the pronouns: ef = ell, hi = ella
Doedd hi ddim yn y gwely She was not in bed
Doedd e ddim yn y gwely He was not in bed

4
with the pronoun hi = empty subject, as with English it, German es
Doedd hi ddim yn bwrw glaw It was not raining (“it was not throwing rain”)

5
doedd dim.. with an indefinite noun = there was
Doedd dim dŵr ar y llawr
There was no water on the ground
also in the form doedd yna ddim, or doedd na ddim
(yna is probably an imitation of English ‘there’, although other languages also have the idea of location and indefinition: Catalan hi havia (hi = there), French il y avait (y = there)
Doedd na ddim dŵr ar y llawr There was no water on the ground

ETYMOLOGY: nid oedd > nidóedd > doedd. The loss of an initial pretonic syllable is common in colloquial Welsh
NOTE: colloquially in the south oe
‹oi› > oo ‹oo› . Thus, doedd > doodd (usually spelt do’dd)

:_______________________________.

doeddach chi ddim
‹doi-dha-khi-DHIM› (verb)
1
you weren’t (North-west Wales)

:_______________________________.

doeddan nhw ddim
‹doi-dha-nhu› (verb)
1
they weren’t (North-west Wales)

:_______________________________.

doeddan ni ddim
‹doi-dha-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1
we weren’t (North-west Wales)

:_______________________________.

doeddat ti ddim
‹doi-dha-ti-DHIM› (verb)
1
you weren’t (North-west Wales)

:_______________________________.

doeddech chi ddim
‹doi-dhe-khi-DHIM› (verb)
1
(standardised colloquial Welsh) you weren’t (North-east Wales)

:_______________________________.

doedd e ddim
‹doi-dhe-DHIM› (verb)
1
(ell) (South Wales) he wasn’t (North Wales has doedd o ddim)

:_______________________________.

doedden nhw ddim
‹doi-dhe-nhu-DHIM› (verb)
1
(standardised colloquial Welsh) they weren’t (North and South Wales)

:_______________________________.

doedden ni
‹DOI-dhe-ni› (verb)
1
doedden ni + dim (standardised colloquial Welsh)

we weren’t… at all

(North and South Wales) (North-west - doeddan ni)



:_______________________________.

doedden ni ddim
‹doi-dhe-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1
(standardised colloquial Welsh) we weren’t (North and South Wales)

:_______________________________.

doeddet ti
‹DOI-dhe-ti› (verb)
1
doeddet ti + dim (standardised colloquial Welsh)

you weren’t… at all

(North and South Wales) (North-west - doeddat ti, toeddat ti)

Doeddet ti’n achwyn dim y pryd hwnnw You weren’t complaining at all then, You didn’t complain at all at that time

:_______________________________.

doeddet ti ddim
‹doi-dhe-ti-DHIM› (verb)
1
(standardised colloquial Welsh)

you weren’t (North and South Wales) (North-west - doeddat ti ddim, toeddat ti ddim)

Doeddet ti ddim yn achwyn dim
:_______________________________.

doedd ganddi ddim...
‹doidd gan –dhi dhim› verb
1
she had no....
Colloquial form of nid oedd ganddi (“no + there was + with +her”)
Doedd ganddi ddim Saesneg She couldn’t speak English

:_______________________________.

doedd hi ddim
‹doidh-hi-DHIM› (verb)
1
(she) she wasn’t (North and South Wales)

:_______________________________.

doedd o ddim
‹doi-dho-DHIM› (verb)
1
(ell) (North Wales) he wasn’t (South Wales has doedd e ddim, doedd a ddim)

:_______________________________.

doeddwn i
‹DOI-dhun-i› (verb)
1
doeddwn i + dim (standardised colloquial Welsh)

I wasn’t… at all

(North and South Wales) (North-west – doeddwn i, toeddwn i)

:_______________________________.

doeddwn i ddim
‹doi-dhu-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1

1
(standardised colloquial Welsh) I wasn’t (North and South Wales)

:_______________________________.

does
‹dois› (verb) there isn’t
1
does ond gobeithio
‹dois-ond-go-BEITH-yo› (phrase) hopefully
2
Does yma.. There isn’t here...
Does yma fawr o lun arni We’re not making a very good job of it, We’ve not managed to make a very good job of it (“there-is-not here much of (a) picture on-her”)

:_______________________________.

Does dim...
‹dois dim
1
There isn’t...
Does dim plesio arno He just can’t be pleased, There’s no pleasing him (he’s dissatisfied whatever you do for him, he’ll complain mo matter what you fo for him) (“there’s no pleasing on him”)

ETYMOLOGY: (nid = no) + (oes = three is) + (dim = nothing)

:_______________________________.

Does dim byth yn digwydd
‹dôis dim bith ən gi-guidh›
1
Nothing ever happens

ETYMOLOGY: (does dim = there isn't anything) + (byth = ever) + (yn = preverbal linking particle) + (digwydd = happen)

:_______________________________.

Does dim dau heb dri
‹dôis dim dâi heeb drii -
1
It never rains but it pours

ETYMOLOGY: "there isn’t a two without a three" (does dim = there isn’t) + (dau = two) + (heb = without) + soft mutation + (tri = three)

:_______________________________.

Does dim dau yr un fath
‹dôis dim dâi ər iin vaath
1
No two men are alike

ETYMOLOGY: “there isn't a two the same sort" (does dim = there isn't) + (dau = two) + (yr = the) + (un = one, same) + soft mutation + (math = type)

:_______________________________.

Does fawr o...
‹doos vaur
1
There isn’t a lot of...
Does fawr o Gymráeg rhyngddynt They’re not on speaking terms (“there isn’t much Welsh between them”)

ETYMOLOGY: does fawr < nid oes fawr (nid = negative particle) + (oes there is) + soft mutation + (mawr = big)

:_______________________________.

does gan...
‹dos GAN› (verb)
1
doesn’t have (there isn’t with...)
Does ganddo fawr i fyw
He hasn’t got long to live
Does ganddo fawr o amser eto He hasn’t got long to live

:_______________________________.

Does ganddi hi
‹doos gAn -dhi›
1
she has no....
Colloquial form of nid oes ganddi (“no + there is + with +her”)
For examples, see does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddi mo...
‹dois gan-dhi moo ›
1
she has not got... Vegeu does gennych mo...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddi mo...
‹dois gan-dhi moo ›
1
she has not got... Vegeu does gennych mo...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddo fe
‹doos gAn -dho›
1
He has no....
Colloquial form of nid oes ganddo (“no + there is + with + him”)
For examples, see does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddo mo...
‹dois gan-dho moo ›
1
He has not got... Vegeu does gennych mo...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddyn nhw
‹doos gAn -dhin›
1
They have no....
Colloquial form of nid oes ganddynt (“no + there is + with + them”)
For examples, see does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does ganddyn nhw mo...
‹dois gan –dhin nuu moo ›
1
they have not got... Vegeu does gennych mo...

:_______________________________.

Does gen i
‹doos gen ii›
1
I have no....
Also: sgen i (with the loss of the pretonic syllable, a common characterisitic of spoken Welsh)
Colloquial form of nid oes gennyf fi (“no + there is + with + me”)

:_______________________________.

Does gen i ddim
‹doos gen ii dhim
1
I have no....
Colloquial form of nid oes gennyf fi (“no + there is + with + me”) + ddim (= any, anything of)
A
Does gen i ddim amheuaeth nad hon yw'r dre orau yng Nghymru
There’s no doubt in my mind that this is the best town in Wales
Does gen i ddim mynadd (= amynedd) nac egni i’w wneud I don’t have the patience or energy to do it
Does gen i ddim arian, nag oes yn wir I haven’t got any money, nothing at all
Does gen i ddim asgwrn arbennig i'w grafu gyda nhw I’ve no real bone to pick with them (= there’s nothing abouth them that I disagree strongly with)

B
Does gen i ddim blas ar fwyd I have no appetite, I can’t eat anything, I don’t feel like eating anything
Does gen i ddim bwriad eu cyhoeddi I have no intention of publishing it

C
Does gen i ddim car ond mae gen i feic modur I have no car but I have a motorbike
Does gen i ddim chwant bwyd I've got no appetite
Does gen i ddim cof imi erioed dy weld di â phib yn dy ben I don’t remember ever having seen you with a pipe in your mouth / smoking a pipe
Does gen i ddim llawer o gynnig iddo
I’m not really keen on him / it, I’m not really that fond of him / it

D
Does gen i ddim dirnad ble mae o I’ve no idea where he is, I haven’t the slightest idea where he is

E
F

G
Does gen i ddim golwg arno I've got no respect for him
Yn bersonol, does gen i ddim gwrthwynebiad i hela cadnoaid Personally, I have no objection to hunting foxes

H
Does gen i ddim help = I can't help it

I
J

L
Does gen i ddim llais yn y peth I have no say in the matter, anything I say will not alter things

M
N
O
P
R

S
Does gen i ddim stumog i orffen y swper 'ma I can’t eat any more supper (“I have no stomach to finish this supper”)
Does gen i ddim syniad faint gostiff I’ve no idea how much it will cost

T
Cofiwch, does gen i ddim tystiolaeth fod un yn waeth na’r llall Mind you, I’ve no evidence that one is worse than the other

U
W

Y
-Pa fath o lyfr sy orau gennych? -Does gen i ddim ymlyniad at unrhyw fath arbennig What kind of book do you like best? I have no leaning towards any type in particular

:_______________________________.

Does gen i fawr o...
‹doos gen ii vAuR oo...› verb
1
I don’t have much...
Does gen i fawr o feddwl ohono (“I don’t have much mind of it”)
Does gen i fawr o olwg arno I don’t think much of it (“I don’t have much sight on it”)


:_______________________________.

Does gen i mo...
‹dois gen ii moo ›
1
I have not got... Vegeu Does gennych mo...

:_______________________________.

Does gennych chi
‹doos ge -nikh›
1
you have no....
Also: does gynnoch...
Colloquial form of nid oes gennych (“no + there is + with + you”)
For examples, see Does gen i...


:_______________________________.

Does gennych mo...
‹dois ge –nikh moo›
Does gennyf (gen i) / gennyt (gen ti) / ganddo / ganddi / gennym (gynno’ ni) / gennych (gynno’ chi) ganddynt (ganddy’ nw)
1
Does gennych mo’r gobaith lleiaf You haven’t got a hope in hell (of getting it, etc)
Does gen i mo’r amser I can’t spare the time, I haven’t got the time

:_______________________________.

Does gennyf fi
‹doos ge niv›
1
See: Does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does gennyn ni
‹doos ge -nin›
1
we have no....
For examples, see does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does gennyt ti
‹doos ge nit›
1
See: Does gen ti...

:_______________________________.

Does gen ti
‹doos ge nit›
1
you have no....
Colloquial form of Nid oes gennyt ti (“no + there is + with + you”)
For examples, see Does gen i...

:_______________________________.

Does gynnoch chi
‹doos gə -nokh›
1
= does gennych... you have no....

:_______________________________.

Does gynnon ni
‹doos gə -non›
1
= does gennyn (ni)... we have no....

:_______________________________.

Does odid ddim...
‹dois ô-did dhim
does odid ddim amser ar ôl there’s not much time left

ETYMOLOGY: does odid ddim < nìd oes odid ddim “there is hardly any” (nìd = no) + (oes = there is) + (odid = hardly) + (ddim = any, none)

:_______________________________.

Does ond...
dois ond›
1
there's nothing but…
Does ond ei lun He’s all skin and bone (“there’s nothing but his image / shadow”)

:_______________________________.

Does raid...
‹dois raid
there's no need
Does raid i chi ond gofyn You need only ask

ETYMOLOGY: does raid < nìd oes raid “there is no necessity” (nìd = no) + (oes = there is) + soft mutatio + (rhaid = necessity)

:_______________________________.

Does yr un...
‹dois ər iin
there's nobody...
Does yr un ato There’s no-body who can measure up to him, there’s no one equal to him (“there is nobody to him”)

ETYMOLOGY: (does < nid oes = there isn’t) + (yr un the individual, the person, un = one)

:_______________________________.

doeth
‹DOITH› (adjective)
1
wise

2 sensible, wise = advisable

Meddyliasant mai doeth iddynt fyddai symud i dy newydd
They thought it would be wise for them to move to a new house

3 doeth drannoeth y drin wise after the event (“wise the day after the tribulation”)

4 ddoeth soft-mutated form :
Siarl Ddoeth Charles the Wise

5 bod yn ddoeth drannoeth be wise after the event = knowing something too late (“be wise the following day”)

6 annoeth unwise (an negative prefix) + nasal mutation d > n + (doeth = wise)

:_______________________________.

doethineb
‹doi-THII-neb› (masculine noun)
1
wisdom
2 annoethineb indiscretion, frailty, fault from human weakness, folly
(an- = negative prefix) + nasal mutation + (doethineb = prudence, wisdom)

:_______________________________.

doethion
doith -yon› plural noun
1
wise men
y Doethion o’r Dwyrain the Three Wise Men (“the wise-ones from the east”)

Daniel 2:12 O achos hyn y digiodd y brenin ac y creulonodd yn ddirfawr, ac a orchmynnodd ddifetha holl ddoethion Babilon.
Daniel 2:12 For this cause the king was angry and very furious, and commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon.

ETYMOLOGY: plural form of the adjective doeth = wise

:_______________________________.

doethur, doethuriaid
‹DOI-thir, doi-THIR-yed› (masculine noun)
1
doctor (person with a PhD)

:_______________________________.

dof
‹DOOV› (adjective)
1
tame
2 dofedn (literary) domestic fowl
dodefnod poultry
(dof = tame) + (edn = bird).

:_______________________________.

dofedn
dov -edn› (m)
PLURAL dofednod
‹dov- ed -nod›
1 (literary) domestic fowl
dodefnod poultry

ETYMOLOGY: (dof = tame) + (edn = bird).
First example of the word in the year 1828.

:_______________________________.

Dofr
do -vər› feminine noun
1
Dover
2
Culfor Dofr the Straits of Dover, between Dover in England and Calais in the French state

ETYMOLOGY: from the English name Dover. In fact this is a name of British origin meaning ‘streams’ (in modern Welsh this is dyfroedd, < dŵr, formerly dwfr, = water, stream)

:_______________________________.

dogfen, dogfennau
‹DOG-ven, dog-VE-ne› (feminine noun)
1
document

:_______________________________.

dol, doliau
‹DOL, DOL-ye› (feminine noun)
1
doll

:_______________________________.

..1 dôl, dolau
‹DOOL, DO-le› (feminine noun)
1
river meadow
2
Dôlhelyg (“river meadow of the willows”)
street name, Tal-y-bont, by Bangor (Gwynëdd)

:_______________________________.

..2 dôl
dool masculine noun
1
dole (Ireland, Scotland: broo, buroo) (= unemployment pay)
bod ar y dôl be on the dole
mynd ar y dôl go on the dole
nôl y dôl to pick up one’s dole money

ETYMOLOGY: English dole (= unemployment pay) < Old English dâl (= share), related to modern German der Teil (= part)

:_______________________________.

Dolbadarn
‹dool--darn›
1
mansion in the zone of Arfon in the county of Gwynedd Map Reference: SH5859


2
Ysgol Dolbadarn name of a primary school near here, at Llanberis

ETYMOLOGY: "meadow (by) (Llyn) Padarn"

(dôl = meadow) + soft mutation + (Llyn Padarn "lake (of) Padarn", name of a nearby lake)

Padarn was the name of a saint of the Celtic Church)

:_______________________________.

dolefain
‹do-LEE-vain, -ven › verb
1 wail, cry out loud

2 (seagull) shriek

3 (m) , wail, doleful cry


ETYMOLOGY:

..a/ dolefain < *dwolefain < *dywolefain (dy- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (gwolefain)

..b/ gwolefain (gwo- prefix) + soft mutation + (llefain = to cry)

In modern Welsh golefain (gwo- > go-)

..c/ llefain < (llef= shout) + (-ain verbal suffix)

The compound, here analysed as if formed with modern Welsh elements, possibly already existed in British

:_______________________________.

dolefus
‹do-LEE-vis› adj
1 wailing, plaintive

Roedd tin ddolefus yn ei llais. “Gwyn, wnei di mo f'ateb i?”
There was a plaintive edge to her voice. “Gwyn, won’t you answer me?”
t164 Melin-y-ddôl William a Myfanwy Eames 1948

:_______________________________.

dolen
-len› feminine noun
PLURAL dolennau, dolenni, dolennydd
‹do- le -ne, -ni, -nidh›
1
loop = circle or ellipse which is formed by folding over of a piece of string etc on itself

2 (sewing) loop

Exodus 26.4 A gwna ddolennau o sidan glas ar ymyl un llen, ar y cwr, yn y cydiad...
Exodus 26.4 And though shalt make loops of blue upon the edge of the one curtain from the selvedge in the coupling

3 North Wales (cup) handle

4 North Wales (bag) handle
Dyma un o ddolenau’r bag plastic yn dechrau ymddatod
One of the handles of the plastic bag began to break

5 bach a dolen hook and eye

6 loop (in a rope, cord, string)
dolen redeg (North Wales) noose (“running knot”, rhedeg = to run)

7 (chain) link
dolen gyswllt link (in a chain) (cyswllt = connection)
dolen gydiol link (in a chain) (cydiol = connecting)
dolen ddiffyg = missing link
dolen goll = missing link

8 dolen lastig elastic band

9 loop = contraceptive device

10 bod ddolen yn nolen be linked together

11 (writing) loop = a curve that crosses itself, as in the letters e, g

12 gwneud dolen (“make (a) loop”) loop the loop = make a vertical circle with an aeroplane so that at the highest point the aircraft is upside down

13 dolen gyswllt (person) link, intermediary

Chi yw’r unig ddolen gyswllt sy’ rhyngof fi â hi nawr

You’re my only link between me and her now

14 dolen lawes cuff link (llawes = sleeve)

15
bow (in a ribbon in the hair, round a parcel, etc)

16 bend, meander in a river; meadow in a river bend
Dolennydd (“[small] river bends; small meadows”)

Place name, county of Ceredigion (Cyfrifiad Llangynfelyn / Census of Llangynfelyn 1851)

ETYMOLOGY: (dôl = bend, turning) + (-en diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

doler
-ler› feminine noun
PLURAL doleri
‹do--ri›
1
dollar = monetary unit of the USA, Canada, Australia, etc
arwydd doler dollar sign, the symbol used to represent a dollar ($)
pobl yn aros i newid eu pres yn ddoleri people waiting to change their money into dollars
rhanbarth y ddoler dollar area

2 taler, dollar = a former coin used in the German provinces

3 dollar = the amount of a hundred cents
Rhoddodd ddoler i mi mewn darnau deg He gave me a dollar in dime coins

4 dollar = a bill of the value of one dollar; formerly also a coin issued in the USA for 141 years (silver dollar) (1794-1935)
papur doler
, plural papurau doleri (American: dollar bill) (Englandic: dollar note)

$1 un ddoler one dollar
$2 dwy ddoler two dollars
$3 tair doler three dollars
$4 pedair doler four dollars
$5 pum doler five dollars
$6 chwe doler six dollars
$7 saith doler seven dollars
$8 wyth doler eight dollars
$9 naw doler nine dollars
$10 deg doler ten dollars
$11 un ddoler ar ddeg eleven dollars
$12 deuddeg doler twelve dollars
$13 tair doler ar ddeg thirteen dollars
$14 pedair doler ar ddeg fourteen dollars
$15 pymtheg doler fifteen dollars
$16 un ddoler ar bymtheg sixteen dollars
$17 dwy ddoler ar bymtheg seventeen dollars
$18 deunaw doler eighteen dollars
$19 pedair doler ar bymtheg nineteen dollars
$20 ugain doler twenty dollars
$21 un ddoler ar hugain twenty-one dollars
$40 deugain doler forty dollars / $40 pedwar deg o ddoleri forty dollars
$50 hanner cant o ddoleri fifty dollars / $50 pum deg o ddoleri fifty dollars
$100 can doler a hundred dollars / $100 cant o ddoleri a hundred dollars

$20.50 ugain doler a hanner can sent twenty dollars fifty cents

ETYMOLOGY: 1795; English dollar < Dutch daler < German Taler < Joachimstaler (= coin from Joachimstal, ‘valley of Joachim’), place in Bohemia (in present day Czechia)

:_______________________________.

Doleufan
do-LEI-van
1 house name

ETYMOLOGY: “meadow place”, “place of meadows” (doleu < dolau = meadows) + soft mutation + (-fan suffix = place; the soft-mutated form of man = place)

:_______________________________.

Dolgoed
dol -goid› masculine noun
1 wood by a meadow

y dolgoed

Also Y Ddolgoed, with soft mutation d > dd (see below)

ABERLLEFENI
Dolgoed
place in Aberllefenni

....SH7913 Mynydd Dolgoed Aberllefenni

ABERTAWE / Swansea
Dolgoed farm ar Pengelli (Abertawe)

BETHLEHEM
Dolgoed farm in Bethlehem (Sir Gaerfyrddin)

CYFFORDD LLANDUDNO
Dolgoed name of a street in Cyffordd Llandudno (Conwy) (“Dol Goed”)

CYFFYLLIOG
Dolgoed place in Cyffylliog (Dinbych)

EGLWYS-WEN
Dolgoed house in Pantyglasier, Eglwys-wen
....Melin Wlân y Dolgoed, Pantyglasier Dolgoed woollen mill, Pantyglasier

HENLLAN
Dolgoed place in Henllan (Dinbych)

LLANBERIS
Caedolgoed place in Llanberis (Conwy) (“Cae Dolgoed”)

LLANELWY
Dolgoed place in Llanelwy

LLANFACHRETH
Dolgoed (1881 Census, Llanfachreth)

LLANFAIR CAEREINION
Dolgoed
Llanfair Caereinion (Powys) (“Dolgoed Hall”)

MACHEN
Dolgoed house in Machen

NANTGAREDIG
Dolgoed house in Nantgaredig

PONTARFYNACH
Dolgoed house in Pontarfynach (Ceredigion)

PORTHAETHWY
Dolgoed house name, Porthaethwy

RHUTHUN
Dolgoed house in Maesdolwen, Rhuthun

TREFFYNNON
Dolgoed house in Ffordd Rhosesmor, Treffynnon

YR WYDDGRUG
Ffordd Dolgoed street in Yr Wyddgrug


Y Ddolgoed:

Ddolgoed = y ddolgoed. Soft mutation after the definite article – confusion with Y Ddôl? (the meadow). As the qualified noun here is coed (a masculine noun, or at least a collective noun behaving as a plural noun or a masculine singular noun after the article) the compound form dolgoed would have to be a masculine noun.

CORRIS
Hanes
Methodistiaeth Corris a'r Amgylchoedd gan Griffith Ellis M.A. Bootle (1885):
Merch Mr. a Mrs. Owen, y Ddolgoed, oedd gwraig y clerigwr
the wife of the cleric was the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Owen, Y Ddolgoed

(Y) DRE-FACH

Name of a street in Dre-fach, Llanelli (county of Caerfyrddin),

EGWLWYSWRW
Ddolgoed name of a house in Eglwyswrw (Penfro)

ETYMOLOGY: “wood by a meadow” (dôl = meadow) + soft mutation + (coed = wood)

:_______________________________.

Dôlhelyg
1
street name, Tal-y-bont, by Bangor (Gwynëdd)
(“river meadow of the willows”)

:_______________________________.

doliau
‹DOL-ye› (plural noun)
1
dolls; plural of dol

:_______________________________.

Dolig (Nadolig)
‹DO-lig› (masculine noun)
1
Christmas - a colloquial form of Nadolig

:_______________________________.

dolur, doluriau
‹DO-lir, do-LIR-ye› (masculine noun)
1
pain


2
dodi’ch bys ar y dolur put your finger on it (on the cause of the trouble) (“put your finger on the wound”)
Also rhoi’ch bys...

:_______________________________.

dolurio
‹do- liR -yo›
verb with an object
1
hurt, cause hurt to
dolurio rhywun hurt somebody, hurt somebody’s feelings
dolurio’ch teimladau hurt somebody’s feelings

verb without an object
2 wound = cause injury by inflicting violence
Bu pob math o ddolurio a rhegi yn ystod gêm o fando
There would be all kinds of violence and swearing (“every type of of wounding and swearing”) in a game of bando
3
ache

ETYMOLOGY: (dolour = pain) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)


:_______________________________.

dolurus
‹do-LII-ris› (masculine noun)
1
painful

2 Y Ffordd Ddolurus Via Dolorosa = in Jerusalem, a route about a mile long which was taken by Jesus from Pilate’s Hall of Judgement to the place of crucifixion at Golgotha or Calvary

(y = definite article) + (ffordd = road) + soft mutation + (dolurus = sorrowful, painful)

:_______________________________.

Dolwyddelan
dol-ui-DHEE-lan  [dɔlʊɪˡðeˑlan]
1
SH7352 A village in the county of Conwy

 

A colloquial form is Dol’ddelan dol-DHEE-lan  [dɔlˡðeˑlan]

 

Y noson yma 'roedd o wedi cael peint ne ddau, ac yn cychwynç yn o hwyr o Dol'ddelan

That night he had had a pint or two, and was setting off quite late from Dolwyddelan

t89 / 'R wy'n Cofio / Yr Hen Was / 1963

 

Yng ngwaelod plwyf Dol’ddelan

At the bottom of the parish of Dolwyddelan

c1880, first wrods of a poem by Brysiog Machno

 

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: dôl Wyddelan “(the) meadow (of) Gwyddelan”

(dôl = meadow) + soft mutation + (Gwyddelan)

The personal name Gwyddelan is “little Gael, little Irishman” (Gwyddel = Irishman) + (-an diminutive suffix)

 

See Dolydd Elen below

 

NOTE: “Maingc i’r Dyla’i Clyw” = “bench for the hardest of hearing” (old inscription on a bench in the church of Dolwyddelan, in the county of Conwy). See dwl

:_______________________________.

Dolydd Elen
-lidh ê -len›
1
Erroneous form, through folk etymology, for Dolwyddelan SH7352 (county of Conwy), as if it were “Elen's meadows” (dolydd = meadows) + (Elen = Elen).


In the Welsh of north-west Wales, a final “e” in the standard language becomes “a”, and so it was supposed that “Elan” was a dialect form of “Elen”.

 

(delw (delwedd 7423)

 

To derive this sense, the supposed element dolwydd has been restored as (though in reality transformed into) dolydd, though it is hardly likely that a form such as dolydd could have become dolwydd.


The name is in fact Dôl Wyddelan, “(the) meadow (of) Gwyddelan”.
(dôl = meadow) + soft mutation + (Gwyddelan)


This name Gwyddelan is found as a saint’s name in the place name Llanwyddelan SJ0801 (northern Powys), 6km south-west of Llanfair Caereinion, and some 10km north of Y Drenewydd

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SJ0801 Llanwyddelan. Map


Gwyddelan is formed from Gwyddel (= Irishman) and the diminutive suffix -an

 

..

(delw (delwedd 7430)


This supposed “Elen”, remembered in popular lore over the centuries, is Elen Luyddog (“Elen of the Hosts”, llu = host, army), from a noble family in Segontium (Caernarfon). She married Macsen Wledig (Magnus Maximus), born in the Iberian peninsula, who became commander of the Roman army in Britain and who in AD 383 went to Rome where he deposed Gratian and made himself Emperor, and became a Christian. It is said that Elen returned to Wales after Macsen’s death five years later, in AD 388.

The tale is preserved in “Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig” (“the dream of Magnus (the) leader”) , written down around 1400 and forming part of the collection of twelve medieval Welsh tales known as the “Mabinogion”.

There are other examples of place names with the name “Elen / Helen”. Sarn Helen, (“Helen’s way, Helen’s pavement”) is the name given to several sections of Roman road between Caernarfon and Caerfyrddin.

In the town of Caernarfon there is Coed Helen, literally ‘Helen’s wood’, but originally “Coed Alun”, the ‘wood (of) Alun’ (?a stream name). This more fanciful name is now the official one, but the older more correct form was current until recent times (and possibly still is).

”The Coed Helen Estate at Caernarfon was originally Coed Alun and is still so called in popular speech; the name was changed to bring in the Helen legend” (A Short Introduction to the Study of Comparative Grammar (Indo-European) T. Hudson Williams 1935 t.9).

Elen’s name is also perpetutated in Caernarfon in the street called “Ffordd Santes Helen” (road of Saint Helen).

Crych Elen (“curly-hair (from Dolydd) Elen”) was the pseudonym of poet Thomas Lloyd (1841-1909). Born in Liverpool, his father was English and his mother was from Dolwyddelan, and on the death of his father he went to live with his grandmother at Tyn-y-fron, Dolwyddelan. He was the author of a song popular in the late 1800s, Y Bwthyn Bach To Gwellt (the little thatched cottage). He later emigrated to the USA, and is buried in Fair View Cemetery, Slatington, Pennsylvania.

See the Welsh-language article – Cerddor o Gymro yn Cael ei Gofio ar y We (“A Welsh musician commemorated on the Web”) / Iwan Hughes / Y Faner Newydd 15 / Blwyddyn 2000 / tt32-33

:_______________________________.

Dôl-y-plu
‹dool-ə-PLII› (feminine noun)
1
place name in Patagonia – field / meadow of the feathers

:_______________________________.

domesticus
‹do-ME-sti-køs›
1
In “Latin names” or scientific names of species

Passer domesticus llwydyn y to (“little grey [bird] [of] the [thatched] roof”) (House sparrow)


:_______________________________.

dôm- IE root (= house):

Latin domos,

German das Zimmer (= room; originally timber), English timber;

Welsh tŷ, Irish teach, Scottish Gaelic taigh, Cornish chi, Breton ti

:_______________________________.

dómino, dóminos ‹DO-mi-no, DO-mi-nos› (masculine noun)
1
domino


:_______________________________.

Dôn ‹DOON› (f)
1
A Celtic goddess, in Welsh mythology the sister of Math mab Mathonwy.

 

In Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi four of her children are mentioned: Arianrhod, Gilfaethwy, Gofannon, Gwydion.

 

In the tale Culhwch ac Olwen, Amaethon is mentioned as another of her children.

 

There are many river names of Celtic origin with “Don / Don-” in western Europe, and it is likely that they refer to this Celtic goddess.

 

River Don in Yorkshire (in Welsh, Afon Don, though this is afon + the current English name Don, and not a survival of an Old Welsh name)

The River Don in Scotland however is not the same name. The Welsh name again is Afon Don, though this is, as the name in Yorkshire, afon + the current English name Don, and not a survival of an Old Welsh name. This Don was known in to the Romans as “Devona”.

The original settlement of Aberdeen was sited on the south bank of the river at its confluence with the sea. Aberdeen is in fact “Aber Don”. The name occurs as Aberdoen (1178), and Aberden (1214).

The Scottish Gaelic name for Aberdeen is Obar Dheathain [ɔbərˡjehɪn] , (a variant is Obaireadhain [ɔbərˡen] ) where the original proto-Welsh form aber (= confluence), corresponding to modern Welsh aber, has been Gaelicised.

aber + Don “(the) mouth (of) (the river) Don”,

NOTE ON ABERDEEN:

A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724). Daniel Defoe.

Aberdeen is divided into two towns or cities, and stands in the mouth of two rivers; one on the River Don, the other on the River Dee. The market-place, which is very beautiful and spacious; and the streets adjoining are very handsome and well built, the houses lofty and high.

 

The two rivers, the Don and the Dee flow into the North Sea about two miles apart. In between is central Aberdeen. (In 1750 the Don’s final stretch was channelled, and its confluence with the sea was moved further to the north).

 

The original settlement, referred to historically as Aberdon, lay at the northern end of today's city, on the south bank of the River Don. This was later the burgh of Old Aberdeen. Old Baerdeen is now a part of the City of Aberdeen. The name Aberdon is used locally in Aberdeen in a couple of names for buildings (Aberdon House, Aberdon Court).

 

Aberdon is also the Manx Gaelic name for the city.

 

The River Don was known by the Romans as Devona

 

On the north bank of the River Don is the district of Bridge of Don (Scots: Brig O’ Don) (Gaelic Drochaid Dheadhain) SY9582

 

The original Brig o’ Don is now Brig o’ Balgownie

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=728399 Brig o’ Balgownie

 

An bridge half a mile downstream, built in 1830, is now called Brig o’ Don.

 

In 1136 King David I founded "New Aberdeen" on the north bank of the River Dee (Geilic: Uisge Dè). Properly it should have been called “Aber Dee / Aberdee”.

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/7697 NJ9304 River Dee in Aberdeen



:_______________________________.

doniau ‹DON-ye› (plural noun)
1
plural of dawn = talent

:_______________________________.

doniol
‹DON-yol› (adjective)
1
funny

:_______________________________.

dos
‹DOOS› (verb)
1
(North Wales) come!

:_______________________________.

dosbarth, dosbarthiadau
‹DO-sparth, do-sparth-YA-de› (masculine noun)
1
class = grade in types of transport, accomodation, etc
teithio yn y dosbarth cyntaf travel first class

2
class
= group of students
dosbarth nos
‹do-sparth-NOOS› (masculine noun) night class
dosbarth Cymraeg a Welsh class
ystafell ddosbarth (f), ystafelloedd dosbarth classroom

3 class = period of time in which instruction is given
ar ddechrau’r dosbarth
at the beginning of the class
ar ganol y dosbarth in the middle of the class
ar ddiwedd y dosbarth at the end of the class

4 social stratum
y dosbarth canol the middle class
y dosbarth gweithiol the working class
y dosbarth uchaf the upper class
y gyfundrefn ddosbarth (f) the class system, cyfundrefnau dosbarth

5 grade in a degree
Rhaid cael dosbarth cyntaf neu ail ddosbarth uwch yn eich gradd gyntaf
You need to get a first or a 2.1 (“higher second class”) in your first degree

6 district

dosbarth gwledig rural district

Dosbarth Gwledig Uwchaled Uwchaled Rural District

:_______________________________.

dosbarthu
‹do-SPAR-thi› (verb)
1
to distribute
canolfan ddosbarthu (f), canolfannau dosbarthu distribution centre
ffordd ddosbarthu (f), ffyrdd dosbarthu distributor road

2
to deliver
fan ddosbarthu (f), faniau dosbarthu delivery van
rhestr ddosbarthu (f), rhestrau dosbarthu mailing list

3 allot
dosbarthu tocynnau allot tickets

:_______________________________.

dou
‹doi› (masculine noun)
1
two (Southern form of dau)

dou gi (dau gi) two dogs
y ddou gaa (y ddau gae) the two fields

:_______________________________.

dou sha bump
‹doi-sha-BIMP› (masculine noun)
1
(South Wales) leap frog ("two towards five")

:_______________________________.

DOUBLE PLURALS
1
Some nouns in Welsh have developed double plurals

(1) addition of two plural suffixes instead of one. Examples:
...(a) cân (feminine noun) (= song) > caneuon (-au + -on)

...(b) celain (masculine noun) (corpse, dead body) > celaneddau (-edd + -au)

...(c) neges (feminine noun) (= message) > negeseuon (-au + -on)

(2) addition of a plural suffix to a non-suffix plural form
...(a) cloch (feminine noun) (= bell) > clychau (obsolete plural “clych” + -au)

...(b) plentyn (masculine noun) (= child) > plantos (irregular plural “plant” + -os) ‘little children’ (though technically speaking in this instance the radical is “plant” from which the singular “plentyn” is derived)

...(c) South-west: trade (= “traedau”), a double plural of troed (= foot) (the usual plural is traed)

...(d) ty (masculine noun) (= house) > teiau (irregular plural “tai” + -au) (in use in South Wales)

...(e) ty (masculine noun) (= house) > teios (irregular plural “tai” + -os) ‘little houses’ (in use in South Wales)

:_______________________________.

 

 dowc ‹DOUK› (m)
1
(North Wales) dip in a river, dip in the sea
Rydw i am ddowc yn yr afon I want to go for a dip in the river

ETYMOLOGY: English DOUK < DUCK

 

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
DOUK, or DOWK, to dip or duck. “Give him another douk.” “Douking for apples”, a nos glan gaia” game. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)

 

:_______________________________.


dowcfa ‹DOUK-va› (f)
1
(North Wales) ducking, wetting



:_______________________________.

 

 dowcio ‹DOUK-yo› (v)
1
(North Wales) duck, give a ducking to



NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:
DOUK, or DOWK, to dip or duck. “Give him another douk.” “Douking for apples”, a nos glan gaia” game. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)

 


:_______________________________.

dowd
doud verb
1
(dowd â = daethpwyd â) it has been brought, it was brought

Dowd ag achos Dafi Jones o flaen y seiet
Dafi Jones’s case was brought before the chapel committee

:_______________________________.

Dowlais
dou -lais› feminine noun


1
Map Reference: SO0608 locality in the county of Merthyrtudful;
local name: Dowlish (qv), Dwlish (qv)

2
Population: (1961) 7,100; proportion of Welsh-speakers: (1961) 34%
Population: (1971) 6,060; proportion of Welsh-speakers: (1971) 21%

ETYMOLOGY: “black stream” Dowlais < *Dywlais < *Duwlais < *Dulais
(du = black) + soft mutation + (glais = stream)

u > uw: cf buch > buwch (cow), uch > uwch (= upper)

:_______________________________.

Dowlish
dou-lish› feminine noun
1
a local form of the village name Dowlais (county of Merthyrtudful).
Also Dwlish
du-lish›

ETYMOLOGY:
(1) A final
‹ai› in colloquial Welsh is usually realised as ‹e› (which in turn generally becomes ‹a› in the south-east and the north-west.

(2) But in the south-east in some words
‹ai› > ‹i› . Cf defaid -ved› in most of Wales; defid -vid› the south-east.

(3) In the south, an
‹s› before or after the vowel ‹i› is palatalised - si > shi , is > ish .

Thus, Dowlais > Dowlish

:_______________________________.

dr
1
in polysyllables, a final ‘r’ after ‘d’ is dropped colloquially

..1/ aradr > arad (= plough)
..2/ Cadwaladr > Cadwalad (man’s name) (also ’Dwalad)
..3/ Llangynidr > Llangynid (place name, county of Powys)
..4/ rhaeadr > rhaead (= waterfall) (and the place name Y Rhaeadr > Y Rhaead)
..5/ taradr > tarad (= auger, piercing tool)

2
In monosyllables with the diphtong ei an epenthetic vowel
i “i”is inserted into the cluster dr in colloquial pronunciations. This ei is usually reduced to a single vowel i
lleidr (= thief) > lleidir > llidir
neidr (= snake) > neidir > nidir

3
In monosyllables with the diphtong wy an epenthetic vowel
i “y”is inserted into the cluster dr in colloquial pronunciations.
brwydr (= battle, fight) > brwydyr
gwydr (= glass) > gwydyr

:_______________________________.

draan
draan
1 southern form of draen (= thorns)
Usually spelt blân / bla’n
See aa

:_______________________________.

drään
drään
1 south-eastern form of draen (= thorns)
Usually spelt blên / dræn
See aa / blaan

:_______________________________.

drachefn (“drachéfn”)
‹dra-KHEE-ven› (adv)
1
again

2 later

ym mhen ychydig fisoedd drachefn a few months later, a few months after that

ETYMOLOGY: soft-mutated form of trachefn (tra prefix, = across) + aspirate mutation + (cefn = back)

:_______________________________.

draenen, drain
‹DREI-nen, DRAIN› (feminine noun)
1
thorn
y ddraenen the thorn
blaen draenen point of a thorn

2
hawthorn bush

draenen wen, drain gwynion (qv) Crataegus monogyna, hawthorn, mayflower, may
draenen ddu, drain duon (qv)
‹drei-nen-DHII, drain-DI-on› Prunus spinosa blackthorn bush

3
(Bible 1620) clawdd drain thorn hedge
Diarhebion 15:19 Ffordd y diog sydd fel cae drain; ond ffordd yr uniawn sydd wastad.
Proverbs 15:19 The way of the slothful man is as an hedge of thorns: but the way of the righteous is made plain.
          
4
(Bible 1620) cae drain thorn hedge

Marc 12:1 Ac efe a ddechreuodd ddywedyd wrthynt ar ddamhegion. Gŵr a blannodd winllan, ac a ddododd gae o’i hamgylch, ac a gloddiodd le i’r gwingafn, ac a adeiladodd dŵr, ac a’i gosododd hi allan i lafurwyr, ac a aeth oddi cartref.
Mark 12:1 And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.

:_______________________________.

Draenen Pen y Graig
dRei-nen pen ə gRAig

1 suburb of Caer-dydd / Cardiff (called by the English “Thornhill”)

In 'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911) (John Hobson Matthews, Mab Cern
yw) notes Draenen Pen y Graig (the thorn-tree at the top of, or the end of, the rock or the rocky ridge), and the short form Y Ddraenen (“the hawthorn tree”)

DRAENEN-PEN-Y-GRAIG (the thorn-tree at the end of the rock.)

A place near the northern boundary of Senghenydd and Roath Keynsham (1702.) In 1798 "Y Drainen" was described as "being the known and ancient boundary between the parishes of Eglwysilan and Llanishen." "Thorntree Hill" is an eminence on the Cefn range.

“Thornhill” would seem to be a reduction of “Thorntree Hill”. (However, this is skating on thin ice – more information and other examples of the names are needed)

The English name could be an adaptation of the Welsh name, or it could have come about independently in English for this distinctive boundary marker.

Such a name as Draenen Pen y Graig would suppose that there was another distinctive thorn bush in the area, and it was necessary to describe their location to distinguish between them. Or possibly to distinguish it from hawthorn trees in general – abundant in the area.

The “craig” here is Graig Llanisien

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/441298
Graig Llanisien

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/443135 Graig Llanisien

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/441278 Heol Draenen Pen y Graig / Thornhill Road

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/87768 caeau ger Draenen Pen y Graig / fields near Thornhill

NOTE: See also Bryn-drain, used erroneously for the Welsh name of this part of the city

NOTE: The favoured spelling for the Welsh name seems to be Draenen Pen-y-graig, though this suggests rather “(the) hawthorn tree (by) Pen-y-graig (farm)” – generally a name is run together if it is habitative.

:_______________________________.

draenen ddu
‹drei-nen dhii feminine noun
PLURAL drain duon
‹drain dii-on›
1
Prunus spinosa blackthorn



ETYMOLOGY: (draenen = thorn bush) + soft mutation + (du = black)

:_______________________________.

draenen wen
‹drei-nen wen feminine noun
PLURAL drain gwynion
‹drain gwən-yon›
1
Crataegus monogyna, hawthorn, mayflower, may


ETYMOLOGY: (draenen = thorn bush) + soft mutation + (gwen, feminine form of gwyn = white)

:_______________________________.

draenglwyd
dRein-gluid› feminine noun
PLURAL draenglwydi
‹drein glui-di›

1 thorn harrow (for smoothing down the soil surface after ploughing, in preparation for seeding)

ETYMOLOGY: (draen = thorns) + soft mutation + (clwyd = hurdle)

:_______________________________.

draenog, draenogod
‹DREI-nog, drei-NOO-god› (masculine noun)
1
Erinaceus europaeus hedgehog



ETYMOLOGY: draenog < (anifail) draenog “thorny or spiny (animal)”

(draen = thorns) + (-og adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

draethell
dRei-thelh› (f)

1 soft-mutated form of traethell (= sand bank, sand bar)

 

2 Y Draethell Tidal flat between north-east of Traeth Lafan, between Penmon (Ynys Môn) and Penmaen-mawr (Conwy). English name: Dutchman Bank.

 
 
 
 
 
 
(delwedd 7556) 
 

:_______________________________.

drafft, drafftiau
‹draft, DRAFT-ye› (masculine noun)
1
draft = first copy, rough copy
cynllun drafft draft plan

:_______________________________.

dragwydd
‹dra-guidhn adverb
1
always, eternally

ETYMOLOGY: tragwydd (= eternal).
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence tragwydd > dragwydd

This adverbial form is rarely used. Rather yn dragwydd, with a preceding yn, or more generally yn dragwyddol

:_______________________________.

draig, dreigiau
‹DRAIG› (feminine noun)
1
dragon
y ddraig = the dragon

draig goch a red dragon

y ddraig goch the red dragon

:_______________________________.

drain
‹DRAIN› (plural noun)
1
thorns - see draenen

:_______________________________.

dram, dramiau
‹DRAM, DRAM-iau› (feminine noun)
1
tram (in a mine)

:_______________________________.

drama, dramâu
‹DRA-ma, dra-MAI› (feminine noun)
1
a play
y ddrama = the play
- drama deledu, dramâu teledu
‹DRA-ma-de-LE-di, dra-MAI-te-LE-di› TV play
- drama fer, dramâu byrion
‹dra-ma-VER, dra-MAI-BƏR-yon› playlet
- drama lofruddiaeth, dramâu llofruddiaeth
‹dra-ma-lov-RIDH-yeth, dra-MAI-lhov-RƏDH-yeth› murder play
- drama radio, dramâu radio
‹dra-ma-RAD-yo, dra-MAI-RAD-yo› radio play

:_______________________________.

dramataidd
‹dra-MA-tedh› (adjective)
1
dramatic

:_______________________________.

dramateiddio
‹dra-ma-TEIDH-yo› (verb)
1
dramatise

:_______________________________.

dramatig
‹dra-MA-tig› (adjective)
1
dramatic

:_______________________________.

dramor
dra -mor› adverb
1
abroad, overseas
mynd dramor go abroad
gweithio dramor work abroad

byw dramor live overseas

astudio dramor study abroad

Y Swyddfa Dramor a Chymanwlad The Foreign and Commonwealth Office

ETYMOLOGY: tramor (adjective) = abroad, from another country .

There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases, hence tramor > dramor (t > d)

:_______________________________.

dra’n
draan
1 southern form of draen (= thorns)
Usually spelt (less correctly) blân
See aa / blaan


:_______________________________.

drannoeth
‹DRA-noth› (adverb)
1
the following day
cyrraedd drannoeth
arrive the following day

2
bod yn ddoeth drannoeth be wise after the event = knowing something too late (“be wise the following day”)
bod yn ddoeth drannoeth y drin
be wise after the event (“wise the day after the tribulation”)

3 nos drannoeth the next evening / night, the night after this
Nos drannoeth yr oedd dawns yn cael ei chynnal yn y neuadd
The following night a dance was held in the hall

:_______________________________.

drapia
drap-ya› interjection
North Wales
- with an object
1
drapia fo! = drat him! damn him!

2
go drapia = drat...! damn...!
Dim llythyr heddiw eto - go drapia’r postmyn ’na!
No letter again today - drat those postmen!

- without an object
3
drapia! = drat! damn!
Mae o wedi cyrraedd! Drapia. Finna wedi meddwl tacluso tipyn cyn iddo ddod.
He’s arrived. Drat. I’d meant to tidy up a bit before he came.

ETYMOLOGY: drapia < go drapia < godrapia < English (may) God rot ye!
(Cf. Modern English drat!, drat it! < (may) God rot it)

:_______________________________.

draw
‹DRAU› (adverb) over there
- draw fan ‘na
‹drau-va-NA› (adverb)
1
over there

:_______________________________.

dreigiau
‹DREIG-ye› (plural noun)
1
dragons - plural of draig

:_______________________________.

Y Dreflan
dRev -lan›
1
Dreflan street name in

..a/ Cwmgïedd, Ystradgynlais (district of Brycheiniog, county of Powys)

..b/ Rhosgadfan (county of Gwynedd)

..c/ Yr Wyddgrug (county of Y Fflint) (
Dreflan as a street name here seems to be in commemoration of the novel Y Dreflan written in 1881 by the novelist from this town Daniel Owen (1836-95))

ETYMOLOGY: y dreflan “the village”
(y = definite article) + soft mutation + (treflan = village)

:_______________________________.


Dreforus <Dre-VOO-ris>
1
Local form of the village of Treforus SS6598 in the county of Abertawe. English name: Morriston

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/32251

NOTE: p. 445, Y Treigladau a’u Cystrawen, T. J. Morgan, 1952; the soft mutation is explained as being the result of the name’s frequent occurrence in speech after the prepositions i (= to) and o (= from), and the soft-mutated form came to be regarded as the radical form

Treforus / Treforis > Dreforis, i Dreforis (= to Treforus), o Dreforis (= from Treforus)

(The spelling with i to represent the local pronunciation removes any ambiguity, since althought i and u are both pronounced as i in the south, in the north they are still two separate vowels with different pronunciations)

NOTE: Also spelt Treforys. This is the spelling of the Welsh name of the Ordnance Survey map.



:_______________________________.

Y Dremfa Deg
ə DREM-va DEEG
1 place name

..a/ house name, Llandudoch / Saint Dogmaels, Ceredigion


..b/ place, Clywedog, Powys

..c/ a possible translation for the English house name / street name “Fairview” (e.g. name of a street in Trefynwy / Monmouth)
:_______________________________.

Y Drenewydd yn Notais
ə dree-neu-idh ən no-tes ›
1 SS8377 locality in Porth-cawl, county of Bro Morgannwg
English name: Newton Nottage

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/544517 arwydd yr eglwys / church signboard

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

ETYMOLOGY: “the new town in Notais” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (tre = trêv, settlement, farm; here used to translate English “-ton”) + (newydd = new) + (yn = in) + (Notais adaptation of English Nottage). This is one of the many Cymricised English place names in Bro Morgannwg resulting from the Cymricisation of the lowland of Morgannwg after the expulsion of the Welsh and its settlement by the English after the Norman invasion of Wales.
:_______________________________.

dreng
dreng adjective
1
morose, sullen, peevish, angry, cross

gweld pobl y gynffon ymgecru’n ddreng
seeing the people in the queue arguing crossly

A dyma’r prifathro’n holi’n ddreng pwy oedd y plant oedd yn gyfrifol am dagu’r nant yn ymyl y lôn
The headmaster asked angrily who the children were who had blocked the stream at the roadside

2
unfavourable, adverse, harsh
dyddiau dreng difficult days, an unfavourable period, hard times

ETYMOLOGY: probably Old English dreng (= free tenant) (compare other words in English with the sense development of “countryman” > “rude, impolite, ill-bred”, etc.

(1) churl (= farm labourer) > churlish (= peasant-like, rude, surly),

(2) boor (= countryman) > boorish (= rude)

(3) peasant (= small farmer with little social status) > peasant (= a boorish, rude, coarse, unsophisticated person) “He’s a real peasant”.

:_______________________________.

drennydd
‹DRE-nidh› (adverb)
1
two days later

ETYMOLOGY: trennydd (with soft mutation t > d) > drennydd (the soft mutation indicates its adverbial function)

:_______________________________.

dresel
dre-sel› masculine noun
PLURAL dreseli, dreselydd
‹dre--li, -lidh›
North Wales
1
dresser = piece of kitchen furniture

ETYMOLOGY: dresel < dreser < English < Medieval French dressour (Modern French dressoir = dresser, cupboard) < drecier (= to arrange) (Modern French dresser = raise, put up; prepare) < Latin dîrigere = to direct)

There has been dissimulation in the sequence r-r and it has become r-l as in English corner > Welsh cornel

NOTE: (1) Also dreser, without the dissimulation of the final r
(2) Also tresel, treser (initial “t” instead of “d”).
(3) In the Northwest the e in a final syllable is pronounced a, hence dresal, tresal, dresar, etc

:_______________________________.

drewdod
‹DREU-dod› (masculine noun)
1
stink

:_______________________________.

drewgoed
dreu -goid› masculine noun
1 The name Drewgoed in Cefnddwysarn (SH9638) (county of Gwynedd) in its present form means “Stink-wood” (drew-, stem of drewi = to stink).

The original name though is in fact Derwgoed (= oakwood)
(derw = oak trees) + soft mutation + (coed = trees, wood)

:_______________________________.

drewi
‹DREU-i› (verb)
1
to stink

:_______________________________.

drewllyd
dreu-lhid› adjective
1
stinking, fetid {fétid, fíitid}, foul-smelling
pentwr o bysgod drewllyd a pile of stinking fish

2
unethical, unsavoury, dirty
gwneud dêl ddrewllyd gyda do a dirty deal with

3
in expressions to describe a bad smell:
mor ddrewllyd â’r gingroen as smelly as old socks, (USA: as stinky as a skunk), ("as smelly as the stinkhorn")

4 pidyn drewllyd stinkhorn Phallus impudicus, a fungus which gives off an offensive smell (“stinking penis”)


(delw (delwedd 7059)

ETYMOLOGY: (drew-, stem of the verb drewi = to stink) + (-llyd, suffix for forming adjectives, with the sense of ‘full of’, and with the connotation of ‘disagreeable’)

:_______________________________.

dring
dring masculine noun
PLURAL dringion
dring -yon›
1
climb
Mae’n deipyn o hen ddring It’s a bit of a climb (i.e. the path up the hill is very steep)

ETYMOLOGY: (dring- = stem of dringo = to climb)

:_______________________________.

dringo
‹DRING-go› (verb)
1
to climb

2
dringo dros glawdd y ffos go over the top, climb out of the trench and go over the defensive rampart

:_______________________________.

dripsych
drip -sich› adjective
1 drip-dry

ETYMOLOGY: (drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sych = dry). A calque on English drip-dry

:_______________________________.

dripsychu
drip -sich› adjective
1 (verb with an object) drip-dry = hang up a piece of clothing so that it dries because the water drips from it

2 (verb without an object) (piece of clothing) drip-dry = become dry through the water dripping out of it

ETYMOLOGY: (drip-, stem of dripio = to drip) + (sychu = to dry). A calque on English to drip-dry

:_______________________________.

d’rogan ‹DRO-gən› (verb)
1
= darogan

:_______________________________.

drom drom adjective
1
Soft mutated form (t > d) of drom, feminine form of trwm (= heavy)

Calon Drom “(a) heavy heart” Folk tune name mentioned in “The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repertory” (1830). English name appended: Heavy Heart

:_______________________________.

drôr, droriau ‹DROOR, DROR-ye› (masculine noun)
1
drawer
2 cist ddroriau chest of drawers (USA: bureau)
(“chest (of) drawers”) (cist = coffer) + soft mutation + (droriau = drawers, plural of drôr = drawer)

:_______________________________.

dròs
‹DROS› (preposition)
1 over, across

drosto i (Also droso i)
‹DRO-sto i, DRO-soi› over me
droston ni (Also droson ni)
‹DRO-sto-ni, DRO-so-ni› over us

drostot ti (Also drosot ti)
‹DRO-sto-ti, DRO-so-ti› over you
drostoch chi (Also drosoch chi)
‹DRO-sto-khi, DRO-so-khi› over you

drosto fe / fo
‹DRO-sto-ve, vo› over him
drosti hi
‹DRO-sti-hi› over her
drostyn nhw
‹DRO-sti-nu› over them
(literary Welsh drostynt hwy)
‹DRO-stint-hui›

1
after verbs or phrase verbs:
bod wrth eich bodd dros...
be very pleased for

.....Rw i wrth ’y modd drosoch chi I’m very pleased for you, I’m thrilled for you (“I’m at my satisfaction over you”)

bod yn biti gennych dros...
feel sorry for

bod yn biti o galon gennych dros... feel really sorry for / feel extremely sorry for

bod yn ddrwg gennych dros... feel sorry for

bod yn drueni gennych dros... feel sorry for

.....Mae’n biti gen i dros y plentyn
I feel sorry for the child

curo’ch drwm dròs drum up support for (“beat your drum for”)

cywilyddo dros be ashamed of / about

gofidio dros feel sorry for

mynd i hwyl dros (rywbeth) get all excited about, become enthusiastic about (“go to emotion over (something)”)

talu dros bawb to pay for everybody

2
dròs y Sul
‹dros-ə-SIIL› (adverb) over the weekend

3 tin-dros-ben somersault (“ass / arse over head”)

Tin dros ben tuag yn ôl
backward somersault

din dros ben (adv) (“ass / arse over head”)

troi rhywbeth din dros ben invert (something), turn (something) upside down

Yn y llyfr hwn mae syniadau arferol am ganser yn cael eu troi tin dros ben.
In this book the usual ideas about cancer are turned upside down

4 (be covered in) yn.... + object covering + conjugated form of dros)
Roedd y paced yn labeli drosto The packet was covered in labels

:_______________________________.

dròs ben
‹dros-BEN› (adverb) very
- dròs ben - caredig dros ben
‹ka-RE-dig-dros-BEN› (adverb)
1
very kind

:_______________________________.

drosodd
<DRO-sodh> [ˡdrɔsɔð] (adverb)
1
over = finished

:_______________________________.

druan!
<DRII-an> [ˡdriˑan] (masculine noun)
1
poor little thing!

ETYMOLOGY: soft mutated form of truan (= wretch; wretchèd person).

The soft mutation is an indication of a vocative use, when addressing somebody

ferch! (= girl!) < merch (= girl);

bawb! (= everybody!) < pawb (= everybody)

Here druan is apparently this vocative mutation used as an indirect vocative.

:_______________________________.

drud
<DRIID> [driːd] (adjective)
1
expensive, dear

2 (literary) furious, violent, rough

An englyn from Ynys Môn preserved in oral lore referring to a whirpool in Afon Menai / the Menai Strait separating the island of Môn / Anglesey from mainland Wales uses drud in this sense:

Pwll Ceris, pwll dyrys drud -- pwll yw hwn
Sy'n gofyn cyfarwydd;
Pwll annwfn yw, pwll ynfyd,
Pella o'i go' o'r pylla' i gyd.


Pwll Ceris (“The Whirlpool of Ceris”, possibly a personal name), a confused violent whirlpool – this is a whirlpool

Which demands guidance (cyfarwydd also means knowledgeable person)

It is a shallow whirlpool (perhaps as a pun, because the related word Annwfn is also the Celtic underworld, hell; hence it suggests too “a pool of hell”), a mad pool

(The) furthest out of its mind (i.e. the maddest, the craziest) of all the whirlpools.

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic.

The corresponding word in Irish is drúth (= fool)

:_______________________________.

drudwen, drudwennod / drudwy
<DRID-wen, drid-WE-nod, DRII-dui> [ˡdrɪdwɛn, drɪdˡwɛnɔd, ˡdriˑdʊɪ] (feminine noun)
1
starling (Sturnus vulgaris)



2 drudwen rosliw PLURAL: drudwy rhosliw (Pastor roseus) pastor starling, rose-coloured starling; Asian bird, black with a pink back and abdomen
rhosliw (= rose-coloured); (rhos = roses) + soft mutation + (lliw = colour)
:_______________________________.

drudwy
<DRII-dui> [ˡdriˑdʊɪ] (feminine noun)
1
drudwy, plural drudwyod starling (= drudwen)
2
drudwy starlings (plural of drudwen)
:_______________________________.

drum
<DRIM> [drɪm] (m)

Also trum
1
ridge

 

2 trumwedd peak, hill; appearance, form, outline; peak, hill
(trum = hill, peak, ridge) + soft mutation + (gwedd = appearance)

..a/ In the county of Dinbych, and in the adjacent district of Meirionydd in Gwynedd.

..b/ Also in the north of Ceredigion as trymwydd (loss of quality of the tonic vowel, not unusual in Welsh. Thus u [i] becomes the obscure vowel y; and there is confusion between the final element gwedd = appearance and the element gŵydd = presence)

 

:_______________________________.


Y Drum
<ə DRIM> [ə ˡdrɪm] (m)
1
farm SJ0308 by Llanerfyl, Powys

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=277591 map

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: “the ridge” (y definite article) + (drum = ridge) 

:_______________________________.


Y Drum Ddu
<ə drim DHII> [ə ˡdrɪm ˡðiː] (f)
1
peak SN9744 in Mynydd Epynt, Powys, west of Drovers’ Arms

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=219997

 

2 peak north-west of Y Bontnewydd ar Wy, Powys

 

ETYMOLOGY: “the black ridge” (y definite article) + soft mutation + (trum = ridge) + soft mutation + (du = black)

:_______________________________.

 drwg <DRUUG> [druːg] (adjective)
1
bad
Mae’n ddrwg gennyf

(More colloquially) Mae’n ddrwg gen i I’m sorry ("it’s bad with me")

Mae’n wir ddrwg gen i I’m really sorry, I’m awfully sorry, I’m truly sorry

2 arian drwg bad money = money wasted, imprudently invested, lent out carelessly, money which is irretrievable, etc

taflu arian da i ganlyn arian drwg
throw good money after bad (“throw good money to follow bad money”)

3 taro ar ddyddiau drwg fall on hard times
Tarodd ar ddyddiau drwg he fell on hard times

4 bod hwyl ddrwg ar be in a nasty mood (“be a bad emotion on”)

5 bod yn ddrwg gennych dros... feel sorry for

6 gweld y rhagor rhwng da a drwg
diferenciate between good and bad (“see the difference between good and bad”) 

7 tymer drwg bad temper
bwrw’ch tymer drwg ar (rywun) take it out on (somebody) (“throw your bad temper on”)

8 gwmni drwg bad company
mynd i gwmni drwg fall in with a bad lot “go into bad company” (mynd = to go) + (i = to) + soft mutation + (cwmni = company) + (drwg = bad)

9 (South Wales) gwynt drwg bad smell
Mae gwynt drwg ar ei anadl He’s got bad breath, his breath smells (“there’s a bad smell on his breath”)

10 Ni fu erioed ddrwg na fu’n dda i rywun , Ni fu erioed ddrwg na fu’n ddaioni i rywun (“there was never bad that wasn’t good for someone”) It’s an ill wind that blow nobody any good

:_______________________________.

drwg
<DRUUG> [druːg] (masculine noun)
1
bad, badness, evil

2 bod ar eich drwg be up to no good, be up to your tricks
Mae’r brain ar ’u drwg heddiw eto The crows are up to no good again today

3 gosod y fwyall ar wraidd y drwg strike at the root of the evil (“place the axe on the root of the evil”)

4 Nid oes da heb beth drwg ynddo
Too much of a good thing is a bad thing (“There is no good without some bad in it”)

5 gwneud mwy o drwg nag o les do more harm than good

6 difeddwl-drwg well-meaning, not meaning harm
(di- privative prefix = without) + soft mutation + ( meddwl drwg = “think evil”, think ill, intend to do harm)

The colloquial form is difeddwl-ddrwg, with soft mutation of drwg; this is possibly the influence of Diarhebion / Proverbs

3:29 Na feddwl ddrwg yn erbyn dy gymydog, ac yntau yn trigo yn ddiofal yn dy ymyl. / 3:29 Devise not evil against thy neighbour, seeing he dwelleth securely by thee.

In this sentence drwg > ddrwg because it is the direct object after an inflected verb; the inflected verb triggers soft mutation of the following word in such a sequence

:_______________________________.

drwg-
<DRUUG> [druːg]
1
prefix in loose compunds (cf dryg-)

2 drwgdybio suspect (somebody)
drwgweithredwr offender, culprit, evildoer


:_______________________________.

drwgargoel
<druug-AR-goil> [druˑgˡargɔɪl] feminine noun
PLURAL drwgargoelion
<DRUUG-ar-GOIL-yon> [ˡdruˑgarˡgɔɪljɔn]
1
bad omen

ETYMOLOGY: (drwg = bad) + (argoel = omen)

:_______________________________.

drwgargoelus
<DRUUG ar-GOI-lis> [druˑg arˡgɔɪlɪs] adjective
1
ominous, ill-boding, sinister

Cynheuodd y ffwrn ac aeth i’r tŷ, ond cyn pen hanner awr clywid chwyrniadau drwgargoelus o’r tai allan
He lit the oven and he went into the house, but half an hour later ominous roars were heard from the outbuildings

ETYMOLOGY: (drwgargoel = bad omen) + (-us adjectival suffix)

:_______________________________.

drwgddyled
<druug-DHƏ-led> [druˑgˡðəlɛd] masculine noun
PLURAL drwgddyledion
<druug-dhə-LED-yon> [druˑgðəˡlɛdjɔn]
1
bad debt; also dyled ddrwg plural dyledion drwg

ETYMOLOGY: (drwg = bad) + soft mutation + (dyled = debt)

:_______________________________.

drwgdeimlad
<druug-DEIM-lad> [druˑgˡdəɪmlad] masculine noun
PLURAL drwgdeimladau
<druug-deim-LAA-dai, -e> [druˑgdəɪmˡlɑˑdaɪ, -ɛ]
1
ill-feeling

ETYMOLOGY: (drwg = bad) + soft mutation + (teimlad = feeling)

:_______________________________.

drwgenwog
<druug-EN-wog> [druˑgˡɛnwɔg] adjective
1
(character) disreputable

ETYMOLOGY: (drwg = bad) + (enwog = famous)

:_______________________________.

drwm, drymiau
<DRUM, DRƏM-yai, -ye> [drʊm, ˡdrəmjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
drum
2
curo’ch drwm dròs drum up support for (“beat your drum for”)

:_______________________________.

drws, drysau
<DRUUS,-DRƏ-sai, -se> [druːs,ˡdrəsaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
door
torri (drws) i lawr
break (a door) down

2 drws nesa
‹drus-NE-sa› (adverb) next door

3 cadw drws agored keep open house, be very hospitable, welcome all and sundry “keep (an) open door”

4 cau’r drws yn glap / cau'r drws yn glep bang a door shut, close a door with a bang, slam the door shut

5 cloch drws doorbell; cloch y drws the doorbell

canu cloch y drws ring the doorbell

Cana gloch y drws (imperative) Ring the doorbell

Mae cloch y drws yn canu The doorbell’s ringing

:_______________________________.

drwy (South Wales) / trwy (North Wales)
<DRUI, TRUI> [drʊɪ, trʊɪ] (preposition)
1
through

2 during
drwy y misoedd y bu yn glaf during the months that he was ill

3 through = by (doing something)
Yr wyf yn ymlacio drwy ddarllen nofelau detectif I relax by reading detective novels

4 drwy orchymyn pendant by strict order, according to a order that must be rigorously obeyed

5 mynd yn dynn drwyddoch tense up (“go tense through yourself”)

6 bod yn olau drwyddo / drwyddi (room, hall, workshop, etc) to be all lit up, be full of light
Yr oedd yr Efail yn olau drwyddi the Smithy was all lit up

____________________________________________________________
CONJUGATION OF THE PREPOSITION:
(1) drwyddo i (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dhoi> [ˡdrʊɪðɔɪ] (first person singular) through me
(2) drwyddon ni (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dho-ni> [ˡdrʊɪðɔnɪ] (first person plural) through us
(3) drwyddot ti (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dho-ti> [ˡdrʊɪðɔtɪ] (second person singular) through you
(4) drwyddoch chi (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dho-khi> [ˡdrʊɪðɔxɪ] (second person plural) through you
(5) drwyddo fe (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dho-ve> [ˡdrʊɪðɔvɛ] (third person singular masculine) through him
(6) drwyddi hi
<DRUI-dhi-hi> [ˡdrʊɪðɪhɪ] (third person singular feminine) through her
(7) drwyddyn nhw (southern colloquial form)
<DRUI-dhi-nu> [ˡdrʊɪðɪnʊ] (third person plural) through them

:_______________________________.

drwyddo
<DRUI-dho> [ˡdrʊɪðɔ] (adverb)
1
from beginnng to end
darllen (rhywbeth) drwyddo read (something) in its entirety, read all of (something)

:_______________________________.

drwy Gymru gyfan
<drui GƏM-ri -van> [drʊɪ ˡgəmrɪ ˡgəvan] adverb
1
throughout Wales

ETYMOLOGY: (drwy = through) + soft mutation (after a preposition) + (Cymru = Wales) + soft mutation (after a feminine noun) + (cyfan = whole, total)

:_______________________________.

drych
<DRIIKH> [driːx] m
PLURAL drychau
<DRƏ-khai, -e> [ˡdrəxaɪ, -ɛ]
1 spectacle

2 trwy ddrych mewn dameg through a glass darkly = (see) something imperfectly, not get a clear picture of something (in the English expression “glass” = looking glass, mirror) (from the Apostle Paul’s words in Corinthians-1 / Corinthiaid-1)

NOTE: mewn dameg parabolically, allegorically, darkly <

dameg parable, allusion, enigma, dark saying

13:11 pan oeddwn fachgen, fel bachgen y llefarwn, fel bachgen y deallwn, fel bachgen y meddyliwn: ond pan euthum yn ŵr, mi a rois heibio bethau bachgennaidd. (13:12) canys gweled yr ydym yn awr hon trwy ddrych, mewn dameg; ond yna, wyneb yn wyneb: yn awr yr adwaen o ran; ond yna yr adnabyddaf megis y’m hadwaenir. (13:13) Yr awr hon y mae yn aros ffydd, gobaith, cariad, y tri hyn; a’r mwyaf o’r rhai hyn ywn cariad.
13:11 When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. (13:12) For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known. (13:13) And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.

3 mirror = reflecting surface, usually glass with a metallic backing, or polished metal

4 mirror = such a reflective surface in a frame to hang on a wall, etc
drych maint-llawn full-length mirror
Edrych ar ei wyneb yn y drych He looked at his face in the mirror

5 mirror = driving mirror
drych ôl rear-view mirror
drych ystlys side-view mirror, side mirror, wing mirror
drych car car mirror = side mirror or rear-view mirror

6 mirror = reflecting surface (window, still water, metal, etc)

edrych yn y drych look in the mirror

7 “Mirror” newspaper title (in the sense of a true reflection of what is happening)
Drych yr Amseroedd (“mirror of the times”) Robert Jones, Rhos-lan, 1820. A History of the Methodist revival

Drych Barddonol (“poetic mirror”) volume of literary criticism published in 1839 by Caledfryn (William Williams)

Y Drych newspaper for the Welsh in America, established in 1851 by John Morgan Jones (born in Llanidloes)

Drych Proffwydoliaeth: Neu Wiredd, Dyben, A Deongliad Proffwydoliaethau Yr Ysgrythyrau Sanctaidd (Year of publication: ?) by the Reverend John Hughes, Liverpool (1850-1932). “A mirror of prophecy: or the truth, purpose and interpretation of the miracles of the Holy Scriptures”.

8 gazingstock = person who is or thing which is the object of contempt and scorn

Nahum 3:6 A thaflaf ffiaidd bethau arnat, a gwnaf di yn wael, a gosodaf di yn ddrych.
Nahum 3:6 And I will cast abominable filth upon thee, and make thee vile, and will set thee as a gazingstock.

9 (North-east Wales) terrible sight, a real sight, a spectacle (i.e. said of somebody looking unkempt)

10 (Ceredigion) plight, condition, state

11 mirror, reflection; = something which gives a true picture of something else

Mae’r arddangosfa sydd yn yr Hen Lyfrgell yn ddrych dramatig o'r sefyllfa yng Nghymru heddiw
The exhibition in the Old Library is a dramatic reflection of the situation in Wales today

12 Ddrych bach, ddrych bach ar y mur
Pwy yw'r tlysaf yn y tir?
Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who is the fairest of them all?
Gweneira a’r Saith Corrach / Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

ETYMOLOGY: British *drikk-os < Celtic *derk (= to see)
Cf Irish dreach (= appearance)

The element drych is to be seen also in the words

Ceinddrych (forename, obsolete: fair + aspect, appearance; “fair in appearance”);

cynnyrch (= products);

cynrychioli (= represent),

drychiolaeth (= ghost),

edrych (= to look),

goddrych (= subject),

gwrthrych (= object)

:_______________________________.

drychfeddwl
<drəkh-VEE-dhul> [drəxˡveˑðʊl] masculine noun
PLURAL drychfeddyliau
<drəkh-ve-DHƏL-yai, -ye> [drəxvɛˡðəljaɪ, -ɛ]
1 (obsolete) idea

ETYMOLOGY: (drych-
<drəkh> [drəx] < drych <driikh> [driːx] = mirror) + soft mutation + (meddwl = thought)

:_______________________________.

drycin
<DRƏ-kin> [ˡdrəkɪn] feminine noun
PLURAL drycinoedd
<drə-KII-noidh, -odh> [drəˡkiˑnɔɪð, -ɔð]
1
bad weather

haul a drycin fair weather and foul (“sun and bad weather”)

2 storm = disturbance in the atmosphere, with rain, hail or snow, thunder and lightning, wind

3 boed hindda neu ddrycin fair weather or foul, rain or shine, whatever the weather
Mi ddof boed hindda neu ddrycin I shall come whatever the weather

4
in some bird names:
(1) caseg y ddrycin (“mare of the storm”) Turdus pilaris = fieldfare
Alternative names: socasau llwydion, sogiar, socasau llwydion

(2) aderyn drycin (“storm bird”) Hydrobates pelagicus = stormy petrel, storm petrel

(3) aderyn drycin du (“black storm bird”) Procellaria griseus = sooty shearwater

ETYMOLOGY: (dryg- < drwg = mis-, dis-, badly) + (hin = weather) > dryg-hin > drycin (g + h = c)

:_______________________________.

drygeirio
<drə-GEIR-yo> [drəˡgəɪrjɔ] verb
1 vilify (someone), speak ill (of someone), disparage (someone )

ETYMOLOGY: (drwgair = bad word) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

drygliwio
<drəg-LIU-yo> [drəgˡlɪʊjɔ] verb
1
(transitive) discolour = cause to change colour (in an undesired manner; to fade or stain)
2
(intransitive) discolour = change colour (in an undesired manner; to fade or stain)

ETYMOLOGY: (dryg- < drwg = mis-, dis-, badly) + soft mutation + (lliwio = to colour)

:_______________________________.

drygu
<DRƏ-gi> [ˡdrəgɪ] (verb)
1
harm

:_______________________________.

dryll, dryllau
<DRILH, DRƏ-lhai, -e> [drɪɬ, ˡdrəɬaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
piece

2 (South Wales) firearm, pistol, gun, shotgun (Cf obsolete English piece = firearm)
dryll llifiedig sawn-off shotgun

3 o flaen dryll at gunpoint (“in front (of) (a ) gun”)
yn ffroen dryll at gunpoint (“in nose (of) (a ) gun”)

4 dryll gwrth-derfysg riot gun
dryll rhag terfysg riot gun

:_______________________________.

dryllio
<DRƏLH-yo> [ˡdrəɬjɔ] (verb)
1
shatter = destroy
dryllio’r
au
iconoclasm (“destroying the idols”)

Brenhinoedd-1 15.13 Ac efe a symudodd Maachah ei fam o fod yn frenhines, oherwydd gwneuthur ohoni hi d
mewn llwyn; ac Asa a ddrylliodd ei
hi, ac a'i llosgodd wrth afon Cidron

Kings-1 15:13 And also Maachah his mother, even her he removed from being queen, because she had made an idol in a grove; and Asa destroyed her idol, and burnt it by the brook Kidron.

Exodus 23:24
Nac ymgryma i'w duwiau hwynt, ac na wasanaetha hwynt, ac na wna yn ôl eu gweithredoedd hwynt; ond llwyr ddinistria hwynt, dryllia eu
au hwynt yn gandryll.

Exodus 23:24 Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works: but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images.

Exodus 34:13 Eithr dinistriwch eu hallorau hwynt, drylliwch eu
au hwynt, a thorrwch i lawr eu llwynau hwynt.

Exodus 34:13 But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves.

:_______________________________.

drylliog
<DRƏLH-yog> [ˡdrəɬjɔg] (adjective)
1
shattered

2 mewn Cymraeg drylliog in broken Welsh

:_______________________________.

drymffon
<DRƏM-fon> [ˡdrəmfɔn] feminine noun
PLURAL drymffyn
<DRƏM-fin> drəmfɪn]
1
drumstick
y ddrymffon = the drumstick

ETYMOLOGY: (drym- stem of drymio = to drum) + (ffon = stick)

:_______________________________.

drymiau
<DRƏM-yai, -e> [ˡdrəmjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
drums - see drwm

 

:_______________________________.

 

 drys ‹DRIS› (adj)

The original form of the adjective dyrys
1
tangled

2 (woodland) dense

 

An intrusive obscure vowel is the cause of the bisyllabic form. Compare dlêd > dyled (= debt)

The original monosyllabic form is found as the first element in compound words and derivatives:


drysgoed, dryslwyn, drysïen, drysi, drysïog, drysu, dryswch

:_______________________________.

 


drysgoed
<DRƏS-goid> [ˡdrəsɪd] (plural noun)
1
thicket, dense grove

 

ETYMOLOGY: drysgoes / d’rysgoed < dyrysgoed (dyrys = to drum) + (ffon = stick)

:_______________________________.

 


drysi
<DRƏ-si> [ˡdrəsɪ] (plural noun)
1
brambles

See drysïen


:_______________________________.

drysiau
<DRƏS-yai, -e> [ˡdrəsjaɪ, -ɛ] (plural noun)
1
doors - see drws

 

:_______________________________.

 


drysïen
<drƏ-SII-en> [drəsˡiˑɔg] (f)
PLURAL drysi
<DRƏ-si> [ˡdrəsɪ]
1
bramble bush

 

llwyn drysi bramble bush
Llwyndrisi SN2917 farm by Sanclêr (Caerfyrddin) (spelt as “Llwyndrissi”)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=195765

 

 

ETYMOLOGY: British < Common Celtic *drits
From the same British root: Cornish dreis, Breton drez
From the same Celtic root: Irish dris


:_______________________________.

drysïog
<drƏs--SII-og> [drəsˡiˑɔg] (adjective)
1
brambly, briery

Twyndrysïog
Briery Hill (county of Blaenau Gwent)

2 (in place names) (noun) bramble patch

..a/ In Glynebwy (county of Blaenau Gwent) the street called Briery Court is named after a local farm Drysïog

..b/ Y Ddrysïog – a field in Llantrisant in 1761

'Cardiff Records' (1889-1911) (John Hobson Matthews, Mab Cern
yw): “1761. Inquest on the body of John Hugh, of Llantrissent, miner, found that he was accidentally killed by a fall of earth, when he was working in a pit of "led oar" in a field called Ddrys-Syog in the parish of Llantrissent”

:_______________________________.

 


dryslwyn
<DRƏS-luin> [ˡdrəslʊɪn] (f)
PLURAL drys
lwyni
<drƏs-LUI-ni> [drəsˡlʊɪnɪ]
1
bramble bush, bramble brake, place full of brambles

ETYMOLOGY: (drys- < dyrys- brambles) + soft mutation + (llwyn = bush)

 


_____________________.

drysu
<DRƏ-si> [ˡdrəsɪ] (verb)
1
(vt) mess up, leave (something) in a mess, disarrange
drysu amcanion rhywun (“mess up (the) intentions (of) someone”) put a spoke in somebody’s wheel, stop somebody from doing something by spoiling his / her attempt to do it

 

2 (vt) confuse, perplex

 

3 (vi) be confused

drysu yn eich synhwyrau be deranged, be out of one’s mind (“be confused in your senses”)

:_______________________________.

dryswch
<DRƏ-sukh> [ˡdrəsʊx] masculine noun
1
confusion, mystery, failure to understand

Mae balchder rhai o’r Cymry yng Nghastell Caernarfon yn achos o ddryswch imi, am ei fod yn sumbol o orthrwm y Sais ar y Cymry
The pride of some Welsh people in the castle of Caernarfon is a cause of mystery to me since it is a symbol of English oppression of the Welsh

Mae gormod o ddryswch ynghylch beth yn hollol yw pwerau’r Cynulliad iddo allu wneud ei waith yn iawn
There’s too much confusion about what exactly are the powers of the (Welsh) Assembly for it to be able to work properly

2 tangle (in hair, in wool)

3 dryswch henaint senile dementia (“confusion (of) old age”)
dioddef o ddryswch henaint suffer from senile dementia

ETYMOLOGY: (drys = confused, tangled; the older form of dyrys) + (-wch = suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

dryw, drywod
<DRIU, DRIU-od> [drɪʊ, ˡdrɪʊɔd] (masculine noun)
1
wren

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:

DREW, a wren. From the Welsh Dryw. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)


:_______________________________.

(1) du, duon
<DII, DII-on> [diː, ˡdiˑɔn] (adjective)
1
black
Mae golwg ddu ar bethau
Things look less than hopeful, Things look pretty bad
(“there’s a black view on things”)

2 dudew pitch-black;
(du = black ) + soft mutation + (tew = fat)
tywyllwch dudew pitch darkness
Roedd yr ystafell mewn tywyllwch dudew It was pitch dark in the room

3 cegddu (ceg = mouth) + soft mutation + (du = mouth)
..1/ (adjective) black-mouthed
..2/ (masculine noun) cegddu PLURAL cegdduon (Merluccius merluccius) hake

4 (North Wales) llyffant du (Bufo bufo) European common toad "black frog-or-toad", “black anuran”

(In the North, a frog is llyffant, but when it is necessary to distinguish it from the llyffant du "black frog-or-toad” the frog is called llyffant melyn "yellow frog-or-toad", “yellow anuran”)

5
helygen ddu (helyg duon) (Salix nigra) black willow

6 glasddu bluish-black, blue-black
(glas = blue ) + soft mutation + (du = black)

7
Coed-du <koid-DII> [kɔɪd ˡdiː] street name in Rhyd-y-mwyn (Sir y Fflint) “(y) coed du” “(the) black wood”, (y definite article) + (coed = wood) + (du = black)

Coed-duon
<koid-DII-on> [kɔɪd ˡdiˑɔn] ST1797 village in the county of Caerffili.

English name: Blackwood, “(y) coed duon” “(the) black wood”,

(y definite article) + (coed = wood) + (duon, plural form of du = black)

:_______________________________.

(2) du
<DII> [diː] (masculine noun)
1
district of Arfon, in the county of Gwynedd

Rydd o ddim cymaint â'r du o dan ei ewin i chi
(said of a mean person) literally: “He won't as much as the dirt under his finger nail to you”

(ni rydd ef > colloquially rydd o ddim = he won’t give) + (cymaint â = as much as)
+ (y du = the dirt, ‘the black’) +(o dan = under) + (ei ewin = his fingernail) + (i chi = to you)

:_______________________________.

D.U.
<dee-EG> [deː ˡɛg] feminine noun
1
initials of Y Deyrnas Unedig = the United Kingdom

Equivalent to English “U.K”, the initials of “the United Kingdom” = a short title for the English state
yn y DU = in the UK / United Kingdom
:_______________________________.

duaidd
<DII-aidh, -edh> [ˡdiˑaɪð, -ɛð] adjective
(South Wales)
1 blackish, dark

2 (person), swarthy, dark

ETYMOLOGY: (du = black) + (-aidd suffix for forming nouns indicating the content or capacity of a container )
NOTE: Colloquial spelling duedd

:_______________________________.

dudew
<DII-deu> [ˡdiˑdɛʊ] adjective
1
pitch-black;

tywyllwch dudew pitch darkness

Roedd yr ystafell mewn tywyllwch dudew It was pitch dark in the room

ETYMOLOGY: (du = black ) + soft mutaiton + (tew = fat)

:_______________________________.

dug <DIIG> [diːg] verb
1
(she / he / it brought) (from the verb dwyn)

Barnwyr 5:25 Dwfr a geisiodd efe, llaeth a roddes hithau; mewn ffiol ardderchog y dug hi ymenyn
Judges 5:25 He asked water, and she gave him milk; she brought forth butter in a lordly dish

:_______________________________.

dug, dugiaid
<DIIG, DIG-yaid, -yed> [diːg, ˡdɪgjaɪd, -ɛd] (masculine noun)
1
duke
2
helygen y Dug (Salix fragilis var. russelliana) Bedford willow
(“(the) willow (of) the duke”)

:_______________________________.

dull, dulliau
<DILH, DILH-yai, -ye> [dɪɬ, ˡdɪɬjaɪ, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
way, form

:_______________________________.

Dulais
<DII-lais, -les> [ˡdiˑlaɪs, -ɛs]
1
stream in Castell-nedd ac Aberafan county

Blaendulais (SN8108) “(the) source (of the) Dulais stream” locality in the county of Castell-nedd ac Aberafan
English name: Seven Sisters
Population and proportion of Welsh-speakers:
(1961) 2,042 25%
(1971) 1,720 12%

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SN8208 map

:_______________________________.

dulas
<DII-las> [ˡdiˑlas] adjective
1
blackish blue, dark

bwnsiad o rawnwin dulas
a bunch o dark grapes

2
(face) purple with rage
Yr oedd ei wyneb yn ddulas o ddicter
His face was purple with rage

3
North Wales du-las (qv)
‹di-laas

4
colour of flowers
pabi corniog dulas (Roemeria hybrida) violet horned poppy (“violet horned poppy”)

ETYMOLOGY: dulas (du = black) + soft mutation + (glas = blue)

:_______________________________.

du-las
<dii-LAAS> [diˑˡlɑːs] adjective
North Wales
1
blackish-blue, bluish
Yr oedd ei wyneb yn welw pan ddaeth i mewn, ond yn awr yr oedd yn ddu-las, a’i anadl yn fyr.
His face was pale when he came in, but now it was blue and he was short of breath

2
black and blue, blackish-blue (colour of bruising, from fighting, a fall, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: dulas (du = black) + soft mutation + (glas = blue)

:_______________________________.

Dulyn
<DII-lin> [ˡdiˑlɪn]
1
Baile Átha Cliath, Dublin

yn Nulyn in Dublin

i Ddulyn to Dublin

o Ddulyn from Dublin

gerllaw Dulyn near Dublin
:_______________________________.

Dunawd
<DII-naud> [ˡdiˑnaʊd] (masculine noun)
1
Donatus. Welsh abbot in the 600’s killed along with his monks by invading Anglo-Saxons

Eglwys Sain Dunawd church in Bangor is y Coed
:_______________________________.

d'un di
<diin DII> [diːn ˡdiː] (pronoun)
1
yours
roeddwn yn edrych ar wahanol wefannau a des i ar draws d’un di

I was looking at different websites and I came across yours

2 d’un dithau yours (compared to mine, ours, his, hers, theirs)

ETYMOLOGY: (dy = your) + (un = one) + (di = of you)


:_______________________________.

duon
<DII-on> [ˡdiˑɔn] adj
1
plural form of du = negre. Plural adjectives are no longer in use in spontaneous spoken Welsh, but this word exists in certain fixed phrases, and in place names

mwyar duon = blackberries

(Y) Coed-duon ”(the) black trees, (the) black wood” town in Caerffili county, called by the English “Blackwood”

Capel Taiduon Name of a Calvinist Methodist chapel in Clynnog Fawr (county of Gwynedd)

ETYMOLOGY: (du = black) + (plural suffix -(i)on)

:_______________________________.

dur
<DIIR> [diːr] masculine noun
PLURAL duroedd
<DII-roidh, -odh> [ˡdiˑrɔɪð, -ɔɪð]
1
steel = iron modified by heating it and adding carbon
dur aloi alloy steel
dur gwrthstaen stainless steel
dur gyrru rolled steel
dur meddal mild steel

2
fel y dur as solid as a rock, rock solid

3
(adj) steel = made of steel
gwlân dur steel wool
trawst dur steel girder
bar dur steel bar

4
crys dur hauberk (= tunic of chain mail) (“steel shirt”)

5
pais ddur coat of mail = medieval battledress made of linked metal rings
or overlapping metal plates
(pais = surcoat) + soft mutation + (dur = steel)

6
y diwydiant dur the steel industry

7
gwaith dur steelworks, steel mill

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh < British < Latin dûrus (= hard)
From the same British root: Breton dir (= steel)

:_______________________________.

durblatiog
<dir-BLAT-yog> [dɪrˡblatjɔg] adjective
1
armoured, covered with a steel plate or steel plates
cerbyd durblatiog armoured vehicle

ETYMOLOGY: (dur = acer) + soft mutation + (plât = plate, sheet of metal )

:_______________________________.

durol
<DII-rol> [ˡdiˑrɔl] adjective
1
as hard as steel, steel-hard; hard and resistant; steel = like steel (because it is hard, or of a similar greyish colour, or because it is very strong)
mahógoni durol hard mahogony

2
durable, hard-wearing
plastig sy'n wytnach, yn ysgafnach ac yn fwy durol a plasticwhich is tougher, lighter and more durable
mae amalgam deintyddol yn fwy durol na resin cyfansawdd neu ionomer gwydr dental amalgam is more durable than compound resin or glass ionomer

3
North Wales (bread, butter) not perishable, which keeps
The opposite is darfodedig = perishable, which doesn’t keep

4
chalybeate {kəlíbiit} = containing iron salts
ffynnon ddurol chalybeate spring

5
bod ewyllys ddurol gan (rywun) have an iron will

ETYMOLOGY: (dur = steel) + (-ol = suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

duryn
<DII-rin> [ˡdiˑrɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL durynnau
<di--nai, -ne> [dɪˡrənaɪ, -ɛ]
1
literary (pig) snout. See trwyn, (South-west Wales) swch

2
literary (elephant) trunk. See trwnc

3
literary (insect) proboscis (tubular tongue used for sucking liquids in the manner of a drinking straw) See sugnydd

4
literary (facetious) human nose

5
steel = object made of steel; piece of steel used with a flint to produce a spark

ETYMOLOGY: (dur = steel) + (-yn = diminutive suffix)

:_______________________________.

durwisg
<DIR-wisg> [ˡdɪrwɪsg] feminine noun
PLURAL durwisgoedd
<dir-WISG-oidh, -odh> [dɪrˡwɪsgɔɪð, -ɔð]
1
armour
y ddurwisg = the armour
2
steel cladding

ETYMOLOGY: (dur = steel ) + soft mutation + (gwisg = clothing)

:_______________________________.

DUTCH words in Welsh

..a/ h
owtin (Coregonus oxyrinchus) houting (type of fish)
(Welsh < English houting < Dutch)

..b/ twb, twbyn tub
(Welsh < English < Middle Dutch) (modern Dutch tobbe = tub)

:_______________________________.

duw, duwiau
‹DIU, DIU-ye› (masculine noun)
1
god

2 Duw God
trwy ras Duw by the grace of God
os myn Duw God willing
os Duw a’i myn God willing

3 Mae hi ym mynwes Duw she is with God, she’s gone to heaven (“she is in the bosom of God”)

 


:_______________________________.

duwc
diuk
1
An altered form of Duw (= God) in exclamations

Duwc annwyl! Dear God!

 

NOTE: In the English dialect of Llanidloes:

DUKE ANWYL, an exclamatory phrase, used to express surprise or astonishment. It is a corruption of a Welsh phrase. (Parochial Account of Llanidloes / Edward Hamer / Chapter X / Folk-lore. Page 289 Collections Historical and Archeological Relating to Montgomeryshire and its Borders / 1877)


:_______________________________.

Duw a gâr a’i caro’i hunan
diu a gaar ai roi -nan›
1
God helps him who helps himself, God helps those who help themselves

ETYMOLOGY: ("(it is) God that helps who loves himself") (Duw = God) + (a that, who) + soft mutation + (câr = he / she / it loves, < caru = to love) + (a = that, who) + (ei = his) + (caro = he may love; third-person singular subjunctive of caru = to love) + (ei hunan = himself). ei or i (= his) usually causes soft mutation, but in certain combinations a following mutation does not occur (fe’i + conjugated verb, a’i + conjugated verb)

:_______________________________.

dw = ydw
‹du› (verb)
1
ydw = ydw = yes, I am (reply to "wyt ti?")

:_______________________________.

dwbl, dyblau
‹DU-bul, DƏ-ble› (masculine noun)
1
double

2 chwarae dwbl neu ddim play double or quits, game in which by tossing a coin, etc, it is decided whether a stake is to be doubled or withdrawn

3 enw dwbl double-barreled name (“Jones-Hopkins”, etc)

4 byw bywyd dwbl live a double life

5 ysbïwr dwbl double agent

6 pecyn dwbl twin pack – package containing with two identical items, usually slightly cheaper than buying the items individually; or a pack offered for sale instead of one with a single item, which is not available, in order to oblige a consumer to buy two items even though only one is required
Dyn nhw ddim yn eu gwerthu fesul un – rhaid prynu pecyn dwbl They don’t sell them in ones - you have to buy a twin pack

7 bas dwbl double bass (the Welsh name is a literal translation of the English name. This may be The name "double bass" may be refer to the size of the instrument (it is about twice the size of a cello), or because the it was a double of the cello, being used originally used to play the cello part an octave lower. The Italian name is contrabbasso (contrabass).

:_______________________________.

dweud
‹DWEID› (verb) (unified colloquial Welsh)
1
to say
(North Wales - deud)
(South Wales - gweud)
- dweud anwiredd :·:
‹dweid-an-WI-redh› (phrase) to tell a lie
- dweud celwydd
‹dweid-KE-luidh› (phrase) to tell a lie
- dweud eich dweud
‹dweid-əkh-DWEID› (verb) say what he wants to say, get it off his chest
- dweud y gwir
‹dweid-ə-GWIIR› (phrase) tell the truth

2 gallu dweud yn deg fod... (I, we, etc) can say without fear of contradiction

3 cyd-ddweud say to each other
Hebryngwyd ef at ei dadau i fynwent plwyf Llanbrynmair, gan dyrfa fawr o wŷr bucheddol, mewn teimladau drylliog; a phawb yn cyd-ddyweud fod “tywysog a gŵr mawr wedi cwympo yn Israel." (Cofiant y Tri Brawd / E Pan Jones / 1892 / t11)
He was taken to lie with his forefathers in the cemetery of the parish of Llanbrynmair, by a great crowd of non-chapel people, overcome with emotion; everybody said to each other that a ‘prince and a great man had fallen in Israel’.

4 ddywedwch chi would you say
Pa aderyn ddywedwch chi yw hwnna? What bird would you say that is?


:_______________________________.

dwfn
du -vun› adjective
PLURAL dyfnion
dovn -yon›
1
deep = far down from the surface

llyn dwfn a deep lake

afon ddofn a deep river

dwfn, dwfn / yn ddwfn, ddwfn very deep

Yr oedd yr ystafell ym mhen arall y bwthyn yn ddwfn, ddwfn, yn y ddaear
The room at the other end of the cottage was very deep in the ground

2 mewn dwfn anobaith in the depths of despair (“in deep despair”)
mewn anobaith dwfn in deep despair, plunged in despair

:_______________________________.

dwfn
‹DU-vun› (noun)
1
(in some expressions) depth

2 yn nwfn eich calon deep down, at the bottom of one’s heart (“in (the) depth (of) your heart”)

3 mentro i’r dwfn set out to sea (“venture to the deep”)

:_______________________________.

dwfr
‹DU-vur› (masculine noun)
1
obsolete form of dŵr = water; seen as dyfr- in derivative forms
dyfroedd = waters
dyfrháu = to water

:_______________________________.

dwg
duug verb
1
brings, will bring (third person singular present-future of the verb dwyn = to bring)
bonedd a ddwg gyfrifoldeb noblesse oblige, to be born into the nobility implies the need for high moral principles and just behaviour (“(it-is) nobility which brings responsibility”)

:_______________________________.

dwgid
du -gid› verb
1
(South Wales) steal; nick, pinch, swipe
See: dwgyd

:_______________________________.

dwgyd
du -gid› verb
1
(South Wales) steal; nick, pinch, swipe
dwgyd (rhywbeth) oddi ar (rywun) steal (something) from (somebody), steal (something) off (somebody)
See dwyn

ETYMOLOGY: Reformation of the verbnoun dwyn: (dwg- stem of the verb dwyn = to steal) + (-yd suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

dw i
‹du-i› (verb)
1
I am (unified colloquial Welsh)

Also written as one word dwi

Dwi’n meddwl ei fod e’n iawn
I think he’s right
Dwi yma i gyfarfod â’r ymwelwyr o Iwerddon I’m here to meet the visitors from Ireland

:_______________________________.

dw i isho
‹du-I-sho› [dʊˡiʃɔ] (verb)
1
colloquial northern pronunciation of rydw i eisiau (= I want) > dw i isho

Dw i isho bod yn Sais
I want to be an Englishman
:_______________________________.

dwisho / dw isho
‹du-I-sho› [dʊˡiʃɔ] (verb)
1
colloquial northern pronunciation of rydw i eisiau (= I want) > dw i isho > dwisho

1973 - Huw Jones yn cael llwyddiant mawr efo Dw Isho Bod yn Sais 1973 - Huw Jones has a bit hit (Success) with “I want to be an Englishman’ (a song with sarcastic lyrics)

:_______________________________.

dwl
dul [dʊl] adjective
PLURAL dylion
dəl-yon› [ˡdəlyɔn]
1
daft, stupid, dull-witted

bod yn chwarter call a dwl be a real dunce ("be a quarter wise and dull")

dwl bared "as daft as a wall" (dwl = daft) + soft mutation + (pared = wall)

dwl bost "as daft as a gatepost" (dwl = daft) + soft mutation + (post = gatepost, doorpost)

dwl fel defaid as daft as sheep

mor ddwl â chambren as daft as a butcher’s tree (frame for hanging a pig’s carcass)

mor ddwl â jac y rhaca as daft as a water boatman (aquatic insect)

mor ddwl â hwilber as daft as a wheelbarrow

Paid bod mor ddwl! Don’t be so stupid!

2 Dylaf dwl, dwl hen (proverb) the daftest dolt, an old dolt (South Wales dwl dwla, dwl hen)

3 mad, daft, senseless, irrational
Dyna fyd dwl yw hwn This is a mad old world

4 dwl eich clyw hard of hearing
Maingc i’r Dyla’i Clyw” = “bench for the hardest of hearing” (old inscription on a bench in the church of Dolwyddelan, in the county of Conwy)

(In literary Welsh, with modern spelling: Mainc i’r dylaf eu clyw; less formally, as in the inscription, Mainc i’r dyla’u clyw, with the loss of the final [v] of a polysyllabic word – dyla – which is general in colloquial Welsh, and the contraction of eu > ’u, though both are pronounced [i:] colloquially)

5 dwl o ddeall slow to realise
Yr ydym fel Cymry yn ddwl o ddeall ar brydiau brydferthwch rhyfeddol ein gwlad ein hunain
As Welsh people we are slow sometimes to realise the incredible beauty of our own country

6 bod yn ddwl am be infatuated with, be mad on

7 North Wales (weather) dull, overcast

8 (color) dull, not bright
glas dwl dull blue

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh dwl 1500- < Middle English dul (= blessed) < Old English dol.

The corresponding word in German is toll (= mad). Cf also Greek tholeros (= confused).

:_______________________________.

dwldy
dul -di› [ˡdʊldɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL dwldai
dul -dai› [ˡdʊldai]
1
(South-east Wales, now obsolete) tavern
Daniel Owen o Lanharan, gwehydd, a ddaeth i fyw i Donyrefail.
Pan ymadawodd a Thonyrefail, fe ddywedir iddo wneud englyn, a dyma fo –

“Ni ddof i’r Ton ond hynny,
I geisio gwau na chlymu:
Waith dyna rhai sy’n mynd a’r crop
Yw gwyr y siop a’r dwldy
.

(Hanes Tonyrefail - Atgofion am y Lle a’r Hen Bobl.
Thomas Morgan. 1899, Caerdydd. Tudalen 63)
Daniel Owen from Llanharan, weaver, who came to live in Tonyrefail from Llanharan. When he left Tonyrefail, they say that he composed an englyn, and this is it

I won’t come to Ton (Tonyrefail) except ?at that time
To try to weave and to bind / to tie together
Because the people who take the crop (?who get the money)
Are the people of the shop and the tavern

ETYMOLOGY: ‘stupid house’, probably in the sense of ‘house of people stupified by alcohol’
(dwl = dull, stupid) + soft mutation + (ty = house)

NOTE: the expected form would be *dyldi, since w becomes y in the penult; but in southern colloquial Welsh this change generally does not happen

:_______________________________.

Dwlish
duu-lish› [ˡduˑlɪʃ] feminine noun
1
a local form of the village name Dowlais (county of Merthyrtudful). Also Dowlish
dou-lish›

ETYMOLOGY: Dwlish < Dowlish (qv)

:_______________________________.

dŵr, dyfroedd
‹DUUR, DƏV-roidh, -odh› [duːr, ˡdəvroið, -ɔð] (masculine noun)
1
water
atal y cyflenwad dŵr
cut off the water supply

2 troi fel cwpan mewn dŵr be chopping and changing (“turn like a cup in water”)

3 fluid secreted by the lacrimal gland
tynnu dŵr o’ch llygaid make (your) eyes water (“draw water from your eyes”)
Roedd y mwg yn tynnu dŵr o’n llyged The smoke was making my eyes water
Bu’r yr awel yn brathu nes tynnu dŵr o'm llygaid i The wind was so sharp it made my eyes water (“the wind bit until it drew water from my eyes”)

4 saliva
tynnu dŵr o’ch ddannedd make your mouth water (“draw water from your teeth”)
Roedd arogleuon y madarch yn ffrïo yn tynnu dŵr o ’nannedd
The smell of the mushrooms frying was making my mouth water

5 uwchláw’r dŵr afloat
cadw llong uwchláw’r dŵr keep a ship afloat

6 fel dŵr “like water”
ei wneud e do it = have sex
Mae hi’n ei wneud e fel dŵr She fucks like a bunny rabbit (“she does it like water”)

7 llyffant y dŵr or broga’r dŵr (Rana lessonae) pool frog

8 (Seamanship) dŵr twll sbydu bilge water (“water (of) (the) hole (of) emptying”)

9
dŵr croyw fresh water
pysgodyn dŵr croyw freshwater fish
(Gobio gobio) llyfrothen dŵr croyw (f), llyfrothod dŵr croyw
gudgeon

10 can dŵr watering can

11 place names:
..........a) Pant-y-dŵr “(the) hollow (of) the water / the stream” (pant = hollow) + (y = definite article) + (dŵr = water, stream)

..........b) Pentre-dŵr
..a/ street name in Rhosllannerchrugog, county of Wrecsam
..b/ village west of Llangollen, county of Dinbych
..c/ village south of Y Trallwng (SS6996) in the county of Abertawe
“pentre’r dŵr” “(the) ‘pentre’ (by the) stream”
(pentre / pentref village; formerly ‘edge of a trêv or township’) + (’r definite article) + (dŵr = water; stream).

12 fel cario dŵr mewn shif (said of an impossible task) like carrying water in a sieve



:_______________________________.

dwrgi
dur -gi› [ˡdʊrgɪ] masculine noun
PLURAL dwrgwn dur -gun› [ˡdʊrgʊn]
South Wales
1
form of dyfrgi = otter

:_______________________________.

dwrn, dyrnau
‹DURN, DƏR-ne› [dʊrn, ˡdərnai, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
fist

2 dyrnu to beat, to hit
dyrnu rhywun yn racs knock the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a pulp, give somebody a severe beating (“punch someone into rags”)


:_______________________________.

dwsin, dwsinau
‹DU-sin, du-SI-ne› [ˡdʊsɪn, dʊˡsiˑnai, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
dozen

:_______________________________.

dwster, dwsteri
‹DU-ster, du-STE-ri› [ˡdʊstɛr, dʊˡsteˑrai, -ɛ] (masculine noun)
1
duster

:_______________________________.

..1 dwy
‹dui› (feminine noun)
1
two
y ddwy = the two


2
ar ddwy (= ar ddwywaith) at the second attempt (“on two (times)”)

 

3 Formerly used in dual forms for body parts – survives in

dwylo hands (= dwy law “two hands” < llaw = hand), and

dwyffroen nostrils ( = dwy ffroen “two nostrils” < ffroen = nostril)

 

 

Obsolete forms are

dwyglust (= dwy glust “two ears” < clust = ear)

dwydroed (= dwy droed” < troed = foot),

 

See dau (= two)

:_______________________________.

..2 dwy
dui masculine noun
1
obsolete god, goddess; found as an element in old compound words, especially place names

(1) Dwy – a river in the Llyn peninsula; in fact there are two Dwy rivers which are roughly parallel; the outlet into the sea is just below the place where they fall together as one river

 

The two branches are: Dwyfor (big Dwy, the greater of the two Dwy rivers), Dwyfach (little Dwy, the lesser of the two Dwy rivers).

Mawr (= big) and Bach (= small) are used to differentiate two branches of a river in many river names in Wales (Rhondda Fawr / Rhondda Fach etc); here though the adjectives are part of a compound word


*Dwy Fawr > *Dwyfawr > Dwyfor
*Dwy Fach > Dwyfach


Llanystumdwy SH4738 (village in Gwynedd) – “(the) church (by the) bend (of the) Dwy (river)”; this river is now called the Dwyfor
dui-vor›

(2) Dyfrdwy (water / river) + (goddess). In English, this is known as the river Dee, from the old British name. This was Dêva, which was the name the Romans used for their camp on the eastern bank of the river at what is today Chester, on the Welsh border.

(3) meudwy = hermit ‘servant (of) God’ (meu < mau obsolete Welsh = lad, servant) + (dwy = god / God)

ETYMOLOGY: (1) British dêv(a) > Welsh dwyw > dwy (loss of the final w).
British ê generally becomes the diphthong wy in Welsh; and
‹v› becomes the semi-consonant ‹w›
(2) See duw (= god) < dyw < dwyw

:_______________________________.

dwybunt
dui-bint› feminine noun
1
two pounds (English money)
y ddwybunt the two pounds

ETYMOLOGY: ‘two pounds’; (dwy = two - feminine form) + soft mutation + (punt = pound)

:_______________________________.

dwyffordd
‹DUI-fordh;-to-kin-DUI-fordh› (adjective)
1
round ticket (Englandic: return ticket)

:_______________________________.

*Dwyfon
‹DUI-von› [ˡdʊɪvɔn feminine noun

1 This would be the Welsh name of the River Don in Scotland which flows into the sea at Aberdeen. In the Roman era it was “Devona” in Latin (and presumably the same in British).

Iin modern Welsh it is Afon Don, though this is afon + the current English name Don, and not a survival of an Old Welsh name.

The original settlement of Aberdeen was sited on the south bank of the river at its confluence with the sea. Aberdeen is in fact “Aber Don”. The name occurs as Aberdoen (1178), and Aberden (1214).

The Scottish Gaelic name for Aberdeen is Obar Dheathain [ɔbərˡjehɪn] , (a variant is Obaireadhain [ɔbərˡen] ) where the original proto-Welsh form aber (= confluence), corresponding to modern Welsh aber, has been Gaelicised.

aber + Don “(the) mouth (of) (the river) Don”,

NOTE ON ABERDEEN:

A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724). Daniel Defoe.

Aberdeen is divided into two towns or cities, and stands in the mouth of two rivers; one on the River Don, the other on the River Dee. The market-place, which is very beautiful and spacious; and the streets adjoining are very handsome and well built, the houses lofty and high.

 

The two rivers, the Don and the Dee flow into the North Sea about two miles apart. In between is central Aberdeen. (In 1750 the Don’s final stretch was channelled, and its confluence with the sea was moved further to the north).

 

The original settlement, referred to historically as Aberdon, lay at the northern end of today's city, on the south bank of the River Don. This was later the burgh of Old Aberdeen. Old Baerdeen is now a part of the City of Aberdeen. The name Aberdon is used locally in Aberdeen in a couple of names for buildings (Aberdon House, Aberdon Court).

 

Aberdon is also the Manx Gaelic name for the city.

 

The River Don was known by the Romans as Devona

 

On the north bank of the River Don is the district of Bridge of Don (Scots: Brig O’ Don) (Gaelic Drochaid Dheadhain) SY9582

 

The original Brig o’ Don is now Brig o’ Balgownie

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=728399 Brig o’ Balgownie

 

An bridge half a mile downstream, built in 1830, is now called Brig o’ Don.

 

In 1136 King David I founded "New Aberdeen" on the north bank of the River Dee (Geilic: Uisge Dè). Properly it should have been called “Aber Dee / Aberdee”.

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/7697 NJ9304 River Dee in Aberdeen


ETYMOLOGY: (Dev- < Deva – name of a goddess) + (-on-a suffix found in some names of female deities) > Devona

Deva was the British name for Afon Dyfrdwy / River Dee (qv)

 

:_______________________________.

Dwygyfylchi
‹dui-gə-VəL-xi › [ˌdʊɪgəˡvəlxɪ] feminine noun
1
name of a parish between the headlands of Penmaen Mawr and Penmaen Bach

2 SH7376 village
at the eastern end of the parish, with housing built mainly in the 1930’s.

3 Electoral ward within Penmaen-mawr

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/97983 y pentre oddi uchod / looking down on the village

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/153474 yr eglwys / the church

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)

NOTE: a local name for Dwygyfylchi is “yr hen bentre” (= the old village) (wikipedia entry has “yr hen bentra”, which would seem to be a more correct pronunciation for north-west Wales) according to this author:



(delw (delwedd 7423)

The guide books of the time were thoroughly confused; the “Gossiping Guide to Wales 1899” states: at Dwygyfylchi or Capel Lulo, as the hamlet is more properly called;” yet in the 1916 edition we read: “Dwygyfylchi is an attractive hamlet. The name, originally that of the parish, is now specially applied to the hamlet which was formerly called Capel Lulo, or Ulo.”

But if the guide book compilers were confusing the issue the inhabitants of ‘yr hen bentre’ (the old village) as it was being affectionately called, and still is, were quite clear in their minds as to the correct name. In 1907 it was suggested at a Council Meeting that Capelulo Post Office be changed to Dwygyfylchi Post Office, but Dr. Picton of Caerlyr and twenty eight residents protested against the change and none was made.

Author not stated; from the “Penmaenmawr Historical Society Booklet 1978” on the Penmaenmawr and Dwygyfylchi Website http://www.penmaenmawr.com/historyVillageNames.html


ETYMOLOGY:
There is mention of the place in the 1500s as y ddwy gyfylchi “the two forts”

(y definite article) + soft mutation + (dwy = two) + soft mutation + (cyfylchi = fort)


The word cyfylchi is (cyfylch- < cyfwlch = complete, perfect; circle) + (-i noun suffix)



There are also two locations in Wales called Y Gyfylchi.
Y Gyfylchi is “the fort” (y = definite article) + soft mutation + (cyfylchi = fort)

1
SS8095 In the south-east, by Pont-rhyd-y-fen in Castell-nedd ac Aberafan county:
..a/ Y Gyfylchi (= the fort),

..b/ Bwlch y Gyfylchi (= the pass of Y Gyfylchi),

..c/ Craig y Gyfylchi (= the rock of Y Gyfylchi),

..d/ Capel y Gyfylchi (= the chapel of Y Gyfylchi)
..e/ There was also Twnel y Gyfylchi (“Gyfylchi Tunnel”) on the South Wales Mineral Railway, later called Twnel y Ton-mawr (“Ton-mawr Tunnel”)

2 Y Gyfylchi (Formerly) in the south-east, in the county of Mynwy / Monmouth, between Llaneuddogwy and Tryleg:

Query: Is this today’s “Beacon Hill” SH8076?
http://www.geograph.org.uk/browse.php?p=184843 map

:_______________________________.

dwylath
DUI-lath› [ˡduilaθ] feminine noun
1
two yards, six foot, 182.88 cm
dyn dwylath o daldra a man six foot tall

Mae dan ddwylath o bridd He’s dead and buried, He’s six foot under, He’s pushing up the daisies (“he’s under two yards of earth”)

ETYMOLOGY: (dwy = two, feminine form) + soft mutation + (llath (feminine noun) = yard)

:_______________________________.

dwylo
‹DUI-lo› [ˡduilɔ] (plural noun)
1
hands, plural of llaw

 

NOTE: A colloquial form is d’ylo / dulo

ETYMOLOGY: dwylo “two hands” < dwylaw < dwy law (dwy = two, feminine form) + soft mutation + (llaw = hand)

The diphthing aw in a final syllable in older Welsh generally becomes the simple vowel o
:_______________________________.

dwyn
‹DUIN› [duin] (verb)
1
bring
dwyn gwarth ar bring shame on, be a disgrace to

2 bear, carry
y baich rw i’n gorfod ’i ddwyn the cross I have to bear (“the burden I am obliged to carry”) (said of a person or matter for which a person takes responsibility even though it causes him or her many problems)

3 steal

4 bring = be accompanied by
Bonedd a ddwg gyfrifoldeb Noblesse oblige (= to be born into the nobility implies the need for high moral principles and just behaviour) (“(it-is) nobility which brings responsibility”)

5 dwyn cyrch ar make a sortie against (“carry a raid on”)

6 dwyn dial (ar rywun) (am rywbeth) take revenge (on somebody) (for something), revenge oneself (on somebody) (for something)

7 dwyn achwyniad (yn erbyn rhywun) present / lodge a complaint (against somebody)

8 (South Wales) dwgyd or dwgid steal; nick, pinch, swipe
dwgyd (rhywbeth) oddi ar (rywun) steal (something) from (somebody), steal (something) off (somebody)
Reformation of the verbnoun dwyn: (dwg- stem of the verb dwyn = to steal) + (-yd suffix for forming verbs)

9 tramgwydd yn dwyn cosb o garchar
imprisonable offence

10 dwyn cywilydd ar make (somebody) feel ashamed (“bring shame on”)

11 dwyn yr hen i dalu’r newydd to rob Peter to bay Paul (“steal the old to pay for the new”)

12 dwyn o’r naill law i dalu’r llall to rob Peter to bay Paul (“steal from one hand he to pay the other”)

13 talu’r hen a dwyn y newydd to rob Peter to bay Paul (“pay for the old thing and steal the new thing”)

:_______________________________.

dwyn o flaen eich gwell
‹duin o VLAIN əkh GWELH
1
dwyn (rhywun) o flaen ei well to take (someone) to court, to bring (someone) to justice

ETYMOLOGY: "bring before one’s better, one’s superior" (dwyn = bring) + (o flaen = before) + (eich = your) + (gwell = better)

:_______________________________.

dwyn o flaen llys milwrol
‹duin o VLAIN lhiis mi-LUU-rol›
1
dwyn (rhywun) o flaen llys milwrol to court martial (someone)

ETYMOLOGY: "bring before (a) military court" (dwyn = bring) + (o flaen = before) + (llys = court) + (milwrol = military)

:_______________________________.

Dwynwen
‹DUIN-wen› (feminine noun)
1
woman’s name, saint’s name

:_______________________________.

dwyrain
‹DUI-ren› (masculine noun)
1
east
2
y Doethion o’r Dwyrain
the Three Wise Men (“the wise-ones from the east”)

:_______________________________.

Dwyryd
‹DUI-rid› (f)

1 Afon Dwyryd, a river flowing through Maentwrog, Gwynedd

 

 

:_______________________________.

dwys
‹DUIS› (adverb)
1
intense
2
distawrwydd dwys deep silence

:_______________________________.

dwyso
‹DUI-so› (v)
1
intensify, deepen

ETYMOLOGY: (dwys = intense) + (-o suffix for forming verbs)


 

:_______________________________.

dwyso
‹DUI-so› (v)
1
soft-mutated form of twyso, colloquial for tywyso (= to lead)

 


:_______________________________.

dwyster
duis -ter› masculine noun
1
intensity

ETYMOLOGY: (dwys = intense) + (-ter suffix for forming abstract nouns)

:_______________________________.

dwyt ti ddim
‹du-i ti DHIM› (verb)
1
you’re not

< nid wyt ti ddim < nid wyt

:_______________________________.

dwywaith
‹DUI-waith, -eth› (adverb)
1
twice
2
ar ddwywaith at the second attempt
Fe gododd y sach ar ddwywaith He lifted the sack the second time he tried

3 dwywaith hyd rhywbeth twice as long as, double the length of
bod ddwywaith hyd rhywbeth be twice as long as, be double the length of

4
cymaint ddwywaith twice as big
bod cymaint ddwywaith â be twice as big as
dwywaith gymaint twice as big
bod ddwywaith gymaint â be twice as big as

5 bod ddwywaith yn gynt na be twice as fast as

6 (North Wales) doubt
in the phrase: does dim dwywaith fod... there's no doubt that, no question that, it's certain that
does dim dwywaith nad... there's no doubt that ... not....

:_______________________________.

dy
‹DƏ (determiner)
1
your

Followed by the soft mutation
dy gyfaill your friend

In colloquial Welsh, generally with a final support pronoun
dy gyfaill di your friend (“your friend (of) you”)
:_______________________________.

1 dy-
də prefix
1
prefix (= bad) used before verbs and nouns.
In some cases with soft mutation: (C>G, P>B, T>D; G>zero, B>F, D>DD; M>F, LL>L, RH>R);
in other cases with spirant mutation (C>CH, P>PH, T>TH)

Soft mutation:
(pryd = aspect, appearance) dy + pryd > (dybryd = horrible)
(*gar = sound) dy + *gâr > (dyar = noise) (obsolete word)

Spirant mutation:
(cân-, stem of canu = to sing) dy + cân- > (dychan = satire)

ETYMOLOGY: British (*do = bad) < Celtic *dus
cf British (*so = good) (modern Welsh hy-) : hylaw (= dexterous), hyfryd = pleasant)
Cornish de-, Breton di-
Irish do-
Greek du (= bad) (pepsis = digestion, duspepsia = dyspepsia)

:_______________________________.

2 dy
də prefix
1
intensifying prefix used before verbs and nouns.
In some cases with soft mutation: (C-G, where C is the radical and G is the mutated form; and so P-B, T-D; G-zero, B-F, D-DD; M-F, LL-L, RH-R);
in other cases with spirant mutation (C-CH, P-PH, T-TH)

intensifier with soft mutation
..a/ (bod = be)
dy + bod > (dyfod = to come) (SOFT MUTATION)

..b/ (chwêl < chwyl = turn)
dy + chwêl > (dychwelyd = return, come back)

..c/ (cryn-, crynnu = quake, shiver)
dy + cryn > (dychryn = frighten) (SPIRANT MUTATION)

: ..d/ (llyfu = lick)
dy + llyfu > (dylyfu = to lick, dylyfu gên = to yawn) (SOFT MUTATION)

..e/ (pannu = hit, beat)
dy + pannu > (dybannu = work hard) (SOFT MUTATION)

ETYMOLOGY: British *dô < Celtic *dô
Cornish prefix de- (corresponds to the Cornish preposition dhe),
Breton prefix di- (corresponds to the Breton preposition da)
Irish prefix do- (corresponds to the Irish preposition do)
cf. the English prefix to- (from the preposition to) tomorrow, etc

:_______________________________.

dyblu
‹DƏ-bli› (verb)
1
to double


2
Dyblwch hi! At the double! (“double it”)

:_______________________________.

dych chi
‹di-khi› (verb)
1
(basis of northern colloquial forms) you are
North-west dach chi, north-east dech chi

:_______________________________.

dych chi ddim
‹di-khi-DHIM› (verb)
1
(basis of northern colloquial forms) you are not
North-west dach chi ddim, north-east dech chi ddim

:_______________________________.

dychmgyol
‹dəkh- mə -gol› adjective
1
imaginary = invented, not real


Aem at bobl y farchnad a dweud wrthynt fod
“John Jones, Tŷ-gwyn,” neu ryw berson dychmygol arall, yn ymofyn ei weled yn y fan-ar-fan
We would go up to the people in the market and say to them that John Jones, of Tŷ-gwyn, or some other imaginary person, was asking to see them in such and such a place


ETYMOLOGY: dychmygol < dych’mygol < dychymygol (dychymyg-, stem of dychymygu = imagine) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)


:_______________________________.

dychmygu
‹dəkh-MƏ-gi› (verb)
1
imagine
Ni ellid dychmygu harddach merch A more beautiful girl could not be imagined

2 dychmygu pethau yr ych chi you're just imagining things, it's just a figment of your imagination (“(it’s) imagining things that you are”)

:_______________________________.

dychryn
‹DƏKH-rin› (verb)
1
frighten

2 dychryn am eich hoedl
‹DƏKH-rin-am-i-HOI-dəl› (verb) get the fright of one’s life ("be frightened for one’s life")

3 dychryn drwy eich esgidiau
‹DƏKH-rin-drui-i-SKID-ye› (verb) get the fright of one’s life ("be frightened through one’s boots")

:_______________________________.

dychwelyd
‹dəkh-WE-lid› (verb)
1
return, come back

2
Megys y dychwel y ci at ei chwydfa like the dog that returns to its own vomit, in the same way that a dog returns to its vomit (said of someone who is attracted back to what is unpleasant or harmful, such as an addiction or bad company)

Pedr-2 2:22 Eithr digwyddodd iddynt yn ôl y wir ddihareb, Y ci a ymchwelodd at ei chwydfa ei hun; a’r hwch wedi ei golchi, i’w hymdreiglfa yn y dom
Peter-2 2:22 But it is happened unto them according to the true proverb, The dog is turned to his own vomit again; and the sow that was washed to her wallowing in the mire

3 Onis danfonir, dychweler at yr anfonydd
If undelivered, please return to sender


:_______________________________.

dydach chi ddim
‹də-da-chi-DHIM› (verb)
1
you’re not (North-west)

:_______________________________.

dydan nhw ddim
‹də-da-nhu-/-nu-DHIM› (verb)
1
they’re not (North-west)

:_______________________________.

dydan ni ddim
‹də-da-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1
we’re not (North-west)

:_______________________________.

dydd, dyddiau
‹DIIDH, DƏDH-ye› (masculine noun)
1
day

2
gefn dydd golau in broad daylight

3 ar derfyn dydd at close of day, at the end of the day

4 lliw dydd daylight;
liw dydd (adverb) by day, in daylight, in broad daylight;
(there is soft mutation of the first consonant of an adverbial phrase, in this case ll > l)
breuddwydio liw dydd daydreaming

5 ar y dydd a’r dydd on such and such a day, on a certain day, some day in the week


Fe âi e i’r dre ar y dydd a’r dydd i godi ei bensiwn
He used to go into town on a certain day in the week to collect his pension
“on the day and day” (ar = on) + (y dydd = the day) + (a’r = and the) + (dydd = day)

6 Dyddiau dedwydd oedd y rheini Those were happy days, Those were the days

7 ryw ddydd a ddaw one of these days, someday

8 dyddiau dedwydd happy days

9 ddydd
ar ôl dydd day after day
(dydd = day) + (ar ôl = after) + (dydd = day)
There is soft mutation of an initial consonant in adverbial phrases. hence dydd > ddydd

10
undydd
..a/ (noun) a single day
Nid mewn undydd y codwyd Rhufain Rome was not built in a day


..b/ (adjective) one-day
ysgol undydd one-day conference, one-day learning session (“school (of) one day”)
(un = one) + (dydd = day)

11 mewn hen ddyddiau in one’s old age

ennill digon o arian i fod yn gyfforddus mewn hen ddyddiau

to earn enough money to be comfortable in one’s old age

 

:_______________________________.

-dydd
‹DIIDH›

1 Second element of the place name Caerdydd (in fact, Caer-dydd would be a better spelling).

 

Caerdydd / Caer-dydd (Cardiff) is a divergent local form of the historic name Caer-dyf, which is made up of caer (= Roman fort, Roman settlement) and Taf (= the name of the river).

 

The English form Cardiff is based on the older Welsh form Caer-dyf.

 

In the dialect of the area the final f [v] in the Welsh name was later replaced by dd [dh], that is, (-dyf > -dydd).

 

This change f > dd occurs colloquially in a handful of words in Welsh in some dialects, such as plwyf (= parish) > plwydd, and tyfu (= to grow) > tyddu.

 

Mae popeth yn cymryd amser i dyddu, ishta gwetws yr iâr wrth y cyw.
Everything takes time to grow, as the hen said to the chicken.
(spelling amended) Mwyar Duon / D. James (Defynnog) The Welsh Leader 25 05 1906

(In the story, this is said by the a Welshman who is a native of the vicinity of Pont-y-pridd)

 

Analysing the name as a moden Welsh compound, we have Caer-dydd < Caer-dyf (caer = Roman fort) + soft mutation + (Tyf < British *tam-î, “(of the river) Taf”) 
 

Caer is unusually linked to a river name here – other riverside caer names are qualified in other ways – generally by district names or personal names.

 

:_______________________________.

Dydd Calan
‹diidh-ka-lan› masculine noun
1
New Year’s Day, January the first ("(the) day (of) (the) calend (of January)") (USA: New Years, January first)
rhwng y Nadolig a Dydd Calan between Christmas and New Year’s Day

- dydd da
‹diidh-DAA› (phrase) good day (greeting)
- dydd gweithio
‹diidh GWEITH-yo› (masculine noun) working day
- dydd Gwener
‹diidh GWEE-ner› (masculine noun) Friday
- dydd Iau
‹diidh YAI› (masculine noun) Thursday
- dydd Llun
‹diidh LHIIN› (masculine noun) Monday
- dydd Mawrth
‹diidh MAURTH› (masculine noun) Tuesday
- dydd Mercher
‹diidh MER-kher› (masculine noun) Wednesday
- dydd pen-blwydd
‹diidh pen-BLUIDH› birthday
- dydd Sadwrn
‹diidh SAA-durn› (masculine noun) Saturday
- dydd Sul
‹diidh SIIL› (masculine noun) Sunday

2
dydd yr Arglwydd the Sabbath, the Lord’s Day,
cadw dydd yr Arglwydd keep the Lord’s Day, keep the Sabbath, observe the Lord’s Day

3 bod wedi gweld eich dyddiau gwell to have seen better days (“to have seen one’s better days”)

4 taro ar ddyddiau drwg fall on hard times

5 as a second element in some literary words
gwawrddydd dawn, daybreak (gwawr = dawn) + soft mutation + (dydd = day)
nawnddydd afternoon; evening (nawn = noon) + soft mutation + (dydd = day)

6 rai dyddiau cyn hynny some days before
rai dyddiau ar ôl hyn some days after this

:_______________________________.

dyddfu
dədh -vi›
1
(verb without object) to faint, to flag

Genesis 47:13 Ac nid oedd bara yn yr holl wlad: canys y newyn oedd drwm iawn; fel yr oedd gwlad yr Aifft, a gwlad Canaan, yn dyddfu gan y newyn.
Genesis 47:13 And there was no bread in all the land; for the famine was very sore, so that the land of Egypt and all the land of Canaan fainted by reason of the famine.

2
(verb with object) cause to faint, cause to feel faint, overwhelm
North-west Wales: deddfu

Mae’r gwres ’ma’n ddigon â ’neddfu i

This heat saps the strength out of me (“is enough with overwhelming me”)             

ETYMOLOGY: ??

:_______________________________.

dyddiad, dyddiadau
‹DƏDH-yad, dədh-YAA-de› (masculine noun)
1
date
- (Dydd Iau, y pedwerydd ar ddeg o Orffennaf) Thursday, July 14th
- (Dydd Llun, yr ail o Fai) Monday, May second

:_______________________________.

dyddiadur, dyddiaduron
‹dədh-YAA-dir, dədh-ya-DII-ron› (masculine noun)
1
diary

:_______________________________.

dyddiau
‹DƏDH-ye› (plural noun)
1
days – plural of dydd

:_______________________________.

y dyddiau hynny
ə dədh-ye hə-ni› adverb
1
in those days, at that time in the past

ETYMOLOGY: (y = the) + (dyddiau = days) + (hynny = those)

:_______________________________.

dyddio
dədh-yo› verb
verb with an object
1
date = put a date on a document
Mewn llythyr a ddyddiwyd ar Orffennaf 25 in a letter dated July 25

2
date = ascribe (a work of art, artefact, etc) to a date or a period
verb without an object

3
dyddio o = date from, date back to; have its origin in a specified period or a specified year
Mae’r felin flawd hon yn dyddio o’r bymthegfed ganrif
this flour mill dates back to the fifteenth century

4
to get light, to become daylight, to begin to get light, to dawn,
Rhaid i chi gyrraedd cyn ei bod yn dyddio
You must arrive before it begins to get light

ETYMOLOGY: (dydd = day) + (-io suffix for forming verbs)

:_______________________________.

dydech chi ddim
‹də-de-khi-DHIM› (verb)
1
you’re not (North-east)

:_______________________________.

dyden ni ddim
‹də-de-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1
we’re not (North-east)

:_______________________________.

dydi o ddim
‹də-di-o-DHIM› (verb)
1
he’s not (North-east, -west)

:_______________________________.

dydw i ddim
‹də-du-i-DHIM› (verb)
1
she’s not (North-east, -west)

:_______________________________.

dydych chi ddim
‹də-di-khi-DHIM› (verb)
1
you’re not (unified colloquial Welsh)

:_______________________________.

dydy e ddim
‹də-di-e-DHIM› (verb)
1
he’s not (unified colloquial Welsh)

:_______________________________.

dydy hi ddim
‹də-di-hi-DHIM› (verb)
1
(North Wales) she’s not

:_______________________________.

dydyn nhw ddim
‹də-di-nu-DHIM› (verb)
1
they’re not (unified colloquial Welsh)

:_______________________________.

dydyn ni ddim
‹də-di-ni-DHIM› (verb)
1
we’re not (unified colloquial Welsh)

:_______________________________.

dydy o ddim
‹də-di-o-DHIM› (verb)
1
he’s not (north)

:_______________________________.

dyfal
‹DƏ-val› (adjective)
1
diligent

 

:_______________________________.

dyfal
‹DƏ-val› (adjective)
1
in place names in the south-east, apparently a local form of difael = unprofitable; (di- privative prefix) + soft mutation + (mael = profit, advantage, reward, from Middle English vail, avail < Old French vail- to be worth < Latin valêre to be strong) (Modern French valoir = to be worth, ça vaut le coup – it’s worth the effort; etc)

Y Waun Ddyfal former heathland in Caer-dydd / Cardiff around Heol y Crwys / Crwys Road.

English name: Little Heath.


:_______________________________.

dyfalbarhâd
‹də-val-bar-HAAD› (masculine noun)
1
diligence, perseverance

:_______________________________.

dyfaliad
‹də- vAl -yad› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfaliadau
ə-val- -de›
1
conjecture, guess, speculation
dyfaliad ar antur shot in the dark, wild guess (“guess at random”)

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfal-, stem of dyfalu = to guess) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns )

:_______________________________.

dyfalu
‹də-VA-li› (verb)
1
guess

:_______________________________.

Dyfan
‹DƏ-van› (masculine noun)
1
man’s name

:_______________________________.

dyfarniad, dyfarniadau
‹də-VARN-yad, də-varn-YA-de› (masculine noun)
1
verdict

:_______________________________.

dyfarnu
‹də- var -ni›
1
(verb without an object) judge

2 (verb without an object) arbitrate

3 pronounce
dyfarnu rhywun yn ddoethur award a doctorate to someone

ETYMOLOGY: dyfarnu < difarnu < (di- intensifying prefix or negative prefix) + soft mutation + (barnu = to judge)

:_______________________________.

dyfarnwr
‹də- var -nur› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfarnwyr
‹də- varn -wir›
1
referee

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfarn- stem of the verb dyfarnu = to judge, pass judgement) + (-wr suffix = man)

:_______________________________.

Dyfed
‹DƏ-ved› (feminine noun)
1
Territory in the south-west, and a county 1972-1996

:_______________________________.

Dyfedeg
‹də-VE-deg› (feminine noun)
1
the dialect of Dyfed, the dialect of South-west Wales
y Ddyfedeg = the dialect of Dyfed

:_______________________________.

dyffryn
də-frin› [ˡdəfrɪn] masculine noun
PLURAL dyffrynnoedd
‹də-fri-nodh› [dəˡfrənoið, -ɔð]
1
valley = broad valley; usually a U-shaped valley (glaciated).

argáu dyffryn to dam a valley

2 In names which have been Englished, it is found as ‘valley’ or 'vale' in the English translation

Dyffryn Clwyd (the valley of the river Clwyd) > “The Vale of Clwyd”
Dyffryn Conwy (the valley of the river Conwy) > “The Vale of Conwy / Conway”
Dyffryn Lliw (the valley of the river Lliw) > “Lliw Valley”
Dyffryn Taf (the valley of the river Taf) > “Taff Vale”

3
dyffryn siâp U a U-shaped valley
dyffryn siâp V a V-shaped valley
dyffryn hollt rift valley

4
codi argae ar draws dyffryn to dam a valley

5
lili’r dyffrynnoedd (Convallarta majalis) lily of the valley

6 y dyffryn Bacha hwn this vale of tears
Salmau 84:6 Y rhai yn myned trwy ddyffryn Bacha a’i gwnânt yn ffynnon: a’r glaw a leinw y llynnau.
Salms 84:6 Who passing through the valley of Baca make it a well; the rain also filleth the pools.
The valley of Baca was held to be dry and barren, and is used in the sense of a place or period of adversity.

ETYMOLOGY: Welsh dyffryn < dyffrynt < dyfr-hynt (=water course)
(dyfr-, penult form of dwfr = water) + (hynt = way, path)

:_______________________________.

Y Dyffryn
ə də-frin›
1
short name of places with dyffryn as the first element

2
Official name of certain places, sometimes with the loss of qualifying elements used in an earlier period
(1) Y Dyffryn ST7299 locality in Casnewydd, south-east Wales
(2) Y Dyffryn SS8593 locality in Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr county
(3) Y Dyffryn SO0603 locality in Merthyrtudful

3
Y Dyffryn SH5823 locality in Meirionnydd (Gwynedd);
also Dyffrynardudwy

4
Y Dyffryn SS8593 locality in Bro Morgannwg;
also Dyffryngolych;
Population: 403 (1961)
Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 3% (1961) CAT-Z

5
Y Dyffryn Village in the county of Ynys Môn. This is used to replace Y Fali, in use popularly in Welsh, and taken from the English name of this place “Valley”.

“Valley” apparently dates from the construction of the railway across the island of Môn (opened from Pont y Borth / The Britannia Bridge to Caergybi / Holyhead on 18 March, 1850.)

Rather than being a part translation of Plasdyffryn (plas y dyffryn “manor house of the valley”) in the parish of Llanynghenedl as has been suggested, it seems the “valley” was in fact an excavation on this section of the line for obtaining material to build an embankment.

6
Heol y Dyffryn street name in many places (but on maps and legal documents often in English – Dyffryn Street, Duffryn Street, etc)

For example, it occurs in
(1) Aberpennar (on the river Cynon in the county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)

(2) Pentre-bach (county of Merthyrtudful)

(3) Brynawel, near Rhisga (county of Caerffili)

NOTE: Often Anglicised as “Duffryn”. Because there is no specific letter to represent the obscure vowel or “schwa” in English, the letter “u” is used since in standard English it represents a similar sound in many English words (run, cut, luck) and so more or less resembles the obscure vowel in Welsh.

Other examples of this are

(1) the village of Crymlyn in Caerffili county, spelt as “Crumlin” in English, and

(2) Rhydri in Caerffili county, spelt in English as “Rudry”.

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Aeron
də-frin ei -ron›
1
the valley of the Aeron river, South-west Wales

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Aman
də-frin a -man›
1
the valley of the Aman river, South-west Wales

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Ardudwy
də-frin ar- di-dui›
1
valley in Meirionnydd (a district in the county of Gwynedd)

:_______________________________.

Dyffrynardudwy
də-frin ar- di-dui›
1
locality in Meirionnydd (a district in the county of Gwynedd)

(According to rules of Welsh orthography, place names which are topographical are spelt with the elements apart; settlement names are spelt as a single word)

(The rule though is in many cases not taken to its conclusion, so many habitative names are spelt officially as if they were non-habitative names – hence Dyffryn Ardudwy, the usual form for the village on the A496 road between Harlech and Abérmaw / Barmouth)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Banw
də-frin ba -nw›
1
the valley of the Banw valley, North-east Wales
2
seat on Cyngor Sir Powys

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Camwy
də-frin ka-mui›
1
valley in Patagonia
In Castilian: Valle del Chubut
This valley was settled by Welsh emigrants in 1865

ETYMOLOGY: (dyffryn = valley) + (Camwy = winding river)

See Camwy, gwy

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Ceiriog
də-frin keir -yog›
1
valley in north-east Wales
Llanarmon Dyffryn Ceiriog a village in this valley – “the Llanarmon of the valley of the river Ceiriog”

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Clwyd
də-frin kluid
1
the valley of the river Clwyd in north-east Wales
English translation: Vale of Clwyd

2 division or “kantrev” (cantref) in the medieval territory of Gwynedd Is Conwy
A couple of villages use the kantrev name as a tag to distinguish them from other villages of the same name

Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd (= the place called “Llanbedr” in the kantrev of Dyffryn Clwyd) - “Llanbedr” is “church (dedicated to) Saint Peter”

Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd (= the place called “Llanfair” in the kantrev of Dyffryn Clwyd) – “Llanfair” is “church (dedicated to) (the Virgin) Mary”

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Conwy
də-frin no -nui›
1
the valley of the river Conwy in north-west Wales
English translation: Vale of Conwy / Vale of Conway

:_______________________________.

dyffryndir
‹də- frən -dir› masculine noun
PLURAL dyffryndiroedd
‹də-frən--rodh›
1
low-lying land

ETYMOLOGY: (dyffryn-
də-frən› penultim form of dyffryn = valley) +
soft mutation + (tir = land)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Elwy
də-frin e -lui›
1
valley of the river Elwy (north-east Wales)

Cynhaliwyd Eisteddfod Eisteddfod Dyffryn Elwy yn y Neuadd Goffa yn Llanfair Talhaiarn

The Dyffryn Elwy eisteddfod was held in the memorial hall in Llanfair Talhaiarn

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Llangollen
də-frin lhan-go-lhen›
1
the valley of the town of Llangollen, in the county of Dinbych (north-east Wales).
English name: Vale of Llangollen

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Lliw
də-frin lhiu
1
the valley of the river Lliw in south-east Wales

2 For 22 years (1974-1996) a dosbarth (= district) of the former county of Gorllewin Morgannwg; the administrative centre was in Penlle'r-gaer. The English name was “Lliw Valley”
Proportion of Welsh-speakers: 43.2% (1981)

ETYMOLOGY: “valley of the Lliw river”

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Llugwy
də-frin lhi-gui›
1
locality in Herefordshire, England
English name: Daffaluke

North-west of Glewstone there is a farm called Daffaluke (SO5522), a Daffaluke Lane, and a Daffaluke House (The Brooklands) and Lower Daffaluke (Little Daffaluke)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/976221 porfa yn Daffaluke Isaf / pasture at Lower Daffaluke

Nant Llugwy is called Luke Brook

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/976215 porfa wrth Nant Llugwy / pasture by Luke Brook

Directions from the Watchmakers Cottage website: Follow this road past the Glewstone Court Hotel on your left and up a gentle incline over the brow of the hill. 50 yards beyond pass over a crossroads, and 100 yds further the road forks and you take the right fork up a lane passing the Sunray Dog Training School on your left. 100 yds beyond look for a concealed right turn with a handwritten sign to Daffaluke and Lower Daffaluke.. http://www.watchmakerscottage.com/pages/contact.html

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) (broad) valley (of) (the) Llugwy (stream)”

(dyffryn = broad valley) + (Llugwy stream name)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Maentwrog
də-frin main-TUU-rog›
1
the valley of the village of Maentwrog, in the county of Gwynedd (north-west Wales).
English name: Vale of Ffestiniog

:_______________________________.

Y Dyffryn Mawr
ə də-frin maur
1
Former name of Green Tree, near Valley Forge, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Although earlier documents had the correct Welsh spelling, it was later spelt in English documents as “Duffryn Mawr”.


(delw (delwedd 7424)


(delw (delwedd 7425)

The name was changed to Green Tree by the Pennsylvania Railroad, but “Duffryn Mawr” still occurs as a street name in Green Tree.

The name also survives in English translation as “Great Valley”, which was used at first in the name “Great Valley Mill”, which dated from 1710 or possibly before, and this name is now in general use for the valley and various places named from it (Great Valley House, Great Valley Hotel, etc).

The Great Valley Mill was built by Thomas Jarman, a miller and preacher.

The “dyffryn” element is also to be seen in the township name “Tredyffrin”, from Welsh Tre’r Dyffryn (farmstead or town of the valley, valley farmstead, valley town), spelt in early documents as “tre yr dyffrin”

ETYMOLOGY: y dyffryn mawr = “the great valley” (y = definite article) + (dyffryn = valley) + (mawr = big, great)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Nantlle
də-frin nant -lle›
1
SH5052 Valley in north-west Wales. The stream called Afon Drws-y-coed is in the upper part of the valley, flowing into Llyn Nantlle Uchaf (upper Nantlle lake) and from the lake the river called Afon Llynfi flows down the valley to the sea

The name occurs in the name of the secondary school in this valley -
Ysgol Dyffryn Nantlle

ETYMOLOGY: “(the) (broad) valley (of) (the village of) Nantlle”.

The name of the village of Nantlle SH5153 is in fact the older name for the valley - Nant Lleu “(the) valley (of) Lleu”

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/357640 pentre Nantlle / Nantlle village

:_______________________________.

Y Dyffryn Oer
də-frin oir
1
valley in Patagonia

ETYMOLOGY: y dyffryn oer (= “the cold valley”)

(y = definite article) + (dyffryn = valley) + (oer = cold)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Ogwen
də-frin og -wen›
1
valley of the river Ogwen
The name occurs in the name of the secondary school in this valley at Bethesda -
Ysgol Dyffryn Ogwen

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Rhôn
də-frin hroon
1
valley of the River Roina in Occitania
(French name: Rhône)

:_______________________________.

Dyffrynrhondda
də-frin rhon -dha›
1 (SS8593) locality in the county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr, on the south side of the river Afan, 5km north-west of Maes-teg, on the rod which goes down from Y Cymer to Cwmafan
Also: Y Dyffryn

ETYMOLOGY: (dyffryn =valley) i + (Rhondda name of the river in a valley some kilometres to the east).

The village took the name of the coal company which opened the pit sometime before 1880 – The Dyffryn Rhondda Coal Company.

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Taf
də-frin taav
1
the valley of the river Taf in south-east Wales
Translated into English as “Taff Vale”

Known also as (or parts of it) Cwm Taf, Glyn Taf

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Tanad
də-frin ta-nad›
1
SJ0924 the valley of the Tanad valley, North-east Wales

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Teifi
də-frin tei -vi›
1
valley of the river Teifi
The name occurs in the name of the secondary school in the town of Llandysul in this valley - Ysgol Dyffryn Teifi

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn Tywi
də-frin tə-wi›
1
the valley of the Tywi valley, South-west Wales

2 name of a medieval territory centred on this valley

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn y Merthyron
də-frin ə mer-thə-ron›
1
name of a valley in Welsh Patagonia

ETYMOLOGY: “valley of the martyrs”

(dyffryn = valley) + (y = definite article) + (merthyron, plural of merthyr = martyr)

:_______________________________.

Dyffryn yr Eglwys
də-frin ər e -gluis›
1
valley in Patagonia

ETYMOLOGY: “valley of the church” (dyffryn = valley) + (y = definite article) + (eglwys = church)

:_______________________________.

Dyfnaint
‹DƏV-naint, -ent› (feminine noun)
1
Devon, English county

2 A former British territory conquered by Saxons in the 600s. Greater in extent than the present English county of Devon since it most likely included parts of Dorset and Somerset to the east, and also in the west present-day Cornwall
Latin name: Dumnonia
:_______________________________.

Dyfnallt
‹DƏV-nalht› (masculine noun)
1
man’s name; same as Scottish DÒHMNALL, (Anglicised DONALD), Irish DÓNALL (Anglicised DENNIS)

:_______________________________.

dyfnder, dyfnderoedd
‹DƏVN-der, dəvn-DE-rodh› (masculine noun)
1
depth

:_______________________________.

Dyfnog
‹DƏV-nog› (masculine noun)
1
saint’s name. patron of the church in Llanrhaeadr yng Nghinmeirch (county of Dinbych)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/181775

(“The Geograph British Isles project aims to collect geographically representative photographs and information for every square kilometre of Great Britain and Ireland…”)



:_______________________________.

dyfodiad
‹də-vod-yad› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfodiadau
‹də-vod--de›
1
coming, arrival, advent
dyfodiad y Celtiaid the arrival of the Celts

2
Yr Ailddyfodiad the Second Coming, the Second Advent, the belief that Jesus Christ will return to the world

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfod = to come) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns)

:_______________________________.

dyfodol
‹də-VOO-dol› adjective
1
future = relating to the time to come

2
future = relating to what will happen

3
(grammar) future = relating to a tense expressing action in time to come
amser dyfodol = future tense

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfod = to come) + (-ol suffix for forming adjectives)

:_______________________________.

dyfodol
‹də-VOO-dol› masculine noun
1
future = the time to come
yn y dyfodol in the future

2
future = what will happen

3
future = continued existence (of an organisation, etc)

Mae diffyg cefnogaeth trigolion y fro i eisteddfod y pentref yn taflu cwmwl dros ei dyfodol
The lack of support for the village eisteddfod by the district’s inhabitants casts a shadow over its future

4
future = prospects of success

5
(grammar) future = future tense

ETYMOLOGY: see dyfodol (adjective)

:_______________________________.

Dyfodwg
‹də-VOO-dug› masculine noun
1
soft-mutated form of the saint’s name Tyfodwg

(1) Llysdyfodwg
(“Tyfodwg court”)
(llys = court) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
Street name in Tonysguboriau, by Llantrisant

(2) Llandyfodwg (“(the) church (of) Tyfodwg”)
(llan = church) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
SS9587 church in the village of Glynogwr (county of Pen-y-bont ar Ogwr)

(3)
Ystrad-dyfodwg ə-stra-də-VOO-dug›
(“(the) valley (of) Tyfodwg”) (ystrad = valley) + soft mutation + (Tyfodwg)
ST 0177 village in the county of Rhondda-Cynon-Taf
Also written Ystradyfodwg (which better reflects the pronunciation, but obscures the sense).

(4) There is a “Dyfodwg Street” in Treorci (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf) though the name in English would be more correctly “Tyfodwg Street”, since the soft mutation here is out of place.

The Welsh form would be Heol Tyfodwg. (However Heol Dyfodwg is also a possibility, though unusual in modern Welsh, with the saint’s name soft-mutated to Dyfodwg after a feminine singular noun, as in Llandyfodwg. But such a mutation of a personal name after an element meaning street / road would be unusual) Cf. Heol Ddewi, Bangor; Penhewlforgan;

The name seems
to have occurred through taking Ystrad-dyfodwg to be “ystrad + Dyfodwg”, (the) valley (of) Dyfodwg, without realising that it Dyfodwg is a soft-mutated form and not a radical form, and the elements are “ystrad + Tyfodwg”,.

Soft-mutation after ystrad is unusual (in the neighbouring Rhymni valley there is Ystradmynach, with no soft mutation). But on the western edge of the south-eastern area there are a couple of names with soft mutation - Ystradfellte (< Mellte, a river name), and Ystradgynlais (< Cynlais, a river name).

:_______________________________.

Dyfrdwy
dəvr -dui› feminine noun
1
(SH8227) (North-east Wales) river flowing to Caer (Chester, England) and emptying into Môr Iwerddon (the Irish Sea)

http://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/SH8227


2
Glyndyfrdwy (SJ1542) locality in the county of Dinbych, 6km west of Llangollen;
(“(the) valley (of the river) Dyfrdwy”) (glyn = valley) + (Dyfrdwy)


http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/479090 Glyndyfrdwy

 

3 Aber Dyfrdwy <a-ber DƏVR-dui>  [abɛr ˡdəvrdʊɪ]  
The estuary of the river Dyfrdwy. English name: The Dee Estuary

 

http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/217891 SJ1886 Aber Dyfrdwy

 

(delw (delwedd 7438)


4
Owain Glyn-dŵr (qv), popular name of Owain ap Gruffudd (“Owain son of Gruffudd”) (1350-1416), leader of an uprising which lasted fifteen years (1400-1415) against the English civilian and military occupation of Wales

 

Glyn-dŵr is a short form of the name Glyndyfrdwy; a mansion in the valley of the Dyfrdwy / Dee river, owned by Owain ap Gruffudd.

 

This is a clipped form of some intermediate form:

 

..a/ ? Glyndowrdwy (glyn Dowrdwy) (a local pronunciation, at least in the past),

> *Glyn-dowr, and somewhat inexplicably ow [ou] > w^[uu] Glyn-dw^r

 

..b/ ? Or possibly there was a local form Glyndwfwrdwy or Glyndwrdwy

 

The verb syfrdanu (to be astonished) has colloquial forms swfwrdanu, swrdanu

However, this change occurs only in the south, (basically the w of a radical form does not become y in the penult syllable; or the y in the penult syllable reverts to w – a very widespread feature in the south). It does not occur in the north.

 

? glyn dyfr-dwy > *glyn dwfr-dwy > *glyn dwfwr-dwy > *glyn dwfwr > *glyn dw’wr > glyn dw^r

? glyn dyfr-dwy > *glyn dwfr-dwy > *glyn dw’r-dwy > glyn dw^r

 

Another example in col·loquial Welsh of yfr > wr is dyfrgi (= otter), which in southern Welsh is dwrgi. In the north however the change is yfr > y, resulting in dyrgi


ETYMOLOGY: Dyfrdwy is “(the) water / river (of) Deva”. Deva is a British name meaning ‘goddess, female deity’.

 

Dêvâ

> Dêv- (the case endings of British are lost in the transition to Old Welsh)

 

> Dwyf <DUIV> [dʊɪv]  (British ê regularly gives Welsh wy)

 

> Dwyw the change f >w occurs now and then in Welsh. A final “v” ‹V› [v]  became Welsh “w” ‹U› [ʊ] with, for example, Latin David|us > British David- > Welsh Dewi

 

> Dwy loss of a final w (this change occurs now and then in Welsh – this same change has happened in the verb ydyw (= is) > ydy (colloquially ydi / ’di, showing a later change of y > i), and also heddiw (= today) > southern heddi, etc


Dyfrdwy < Dyfrdwyw (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + (Dwyw = (the) goddess Deva)


The Roman name for Chester “Dêvâ” preserves the British name for the river.

NOTE: In Parochialia being a Summary of Answers to Parochial Queries &c….. (Cambrian Archaeological Association, 1910-11), in which Edward Llwyd’s parish questionnaires were published, in the information dated 1699 referring to Bangor Is-y-coed / Bangor-on-Dee, in the list of the parish’s bridges one is named as being by Lhyn y Vynwent (yn Dowrdwy).

 

Llyn y Fynwent (river-pool by the cemetery). Dowrdwy was a local form of Dyfrdwy.

 

Cf the south-western pronunciation of cyfrwy (a saddle) > cowrw

 



:_______________________________.

dyfrffordd
dəvr-fordh› feminine noun
PLURAL dyfrffyrdd
dəvr-firdh›
1
waterway = a canal, or a river used by boats


y ddyfrffordd = the waterway
Dyfrffyrdd Prydain British Waterways - English government organisation overseeing the waterways of the island of Britain

:_______________________________.

dyfrffos
dəvr-fos› feminine noun
PLURAL dyfrffyrdd
‹dəvr-fo-sidh›
1
watercourse, channel; mill leat = channel dug to take water down to a mill
y ddyfrffos = the watercourse

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + (ffos = ditch, channel)

:_______________________________.

dyfrgi
dəvr -gi› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfrgwn
dəvr -gun›
1
otter Lutra vulgaris (Europe)

2
otter Lutra canadensis (North America)

3
dwrgwn Nyfer "(the) otters (of) Nyfer" nickname for the inhabitants of this village

4
Nant Dyfrgi (= nant y dyfrgi) "(the) brook (of) the otter”
stream name in Ystradowen, county of Bro Morgannwg which flows into the Elái river at Pont-y-clun ST0381 (county of Rhondda Cynon Taf)

ETYMOLOGY: "water dog" (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + soft mutation + (ci = dog) < British;

From the same British root: Cornish dourgi (= otter), Breton: dourgi (= otter)

From the same Hibernian root: Irish: dobharchú (dobhar = water, = dog) (= otter)

NOTE: North Wales dyrgi
dər -gi› , plural dyrgwn dər-gun›
South Wales dwrgi
dur -gi› , plural dwrgwn dur-gun›

:_______________________________.

dyfrgist
dəvr -gist› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfrgistiau
‹dəvr -gist-ye›
1
cistern = water tank on a roof, or in a toilet for flushing a toilet bowl

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + soft mutation + (cist = chest)

:_______________________________.

dyfrglos
dəvr -glos› masculine noun
1 waterproof, watertight
dillad dyfrglos waterproof clothing
siaced dyfrglos waterproof jacket roba impermeable

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + soft mutation + (clos = close, tight, fast) (Calque on English “watertight”)

:_______________________________.

dyfrglwyf
dəvr -gluiv› masculine noun
1
dropsy = the accumulation of fluid in a body cavity or in the tissues

Yr oedd yr hen Gymry yn haeru fod mêl rhosmari yn dda at y dyfrglwyf
Welsh people in past times claimed that honey from rosemary was good for (treating) dropsy

ETYMOLOGY: “water disease” (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + soft mutation + (clwyf = disease)

:_______________________________.

Dyfrig
‹DƏV-rig› (masculine noun)
1
Celtic saint (Latin name: Dubricius)
Heol Dyfrig street in Pontcanna, Caer-dydd (officially “Dyfrig Street”)
Heol Dyfrig street in Y Barri (officially “Dyfrig Street”)

2 revived in 1900s as a male given name

:_______________________________.

dyfrlestr
dəvr –le-ster› feminine noun
PLURAL dyfrlestri
‹dəvr- le -stri›
1
watering can
y ddyfrlestr = the watering can

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + soft mutation + (llestr = vessel)

:_______________________________.

dyfrnod
dəvR -nod› masculine noun
PLURAL dyfrnodau
‹dəvr- -de›
1
watermark = mark impressd on paper during manufacture

ETYMOLOGY: (dyfr-, penultimate form of dwfr = water) + (nod = mark)

:_______________________________.

dyfroedd
‹DƏV-rodh› (plural noun)
1
waters; plural of dŵr

:_______________________________.

dyfyrio
‹də-VƏR-yo› (verb)
1
(South Wales) speak badly of

:_______________________________.

dygyfor
‹də-GƏ-vor› (verb)
1
(sea) get rough

:_______________________________.

dygymod
‹də- gə -mod› verb
1 dygymod â reconcile oneself to, resign oneself to,
come to terms with, accept and be content with, come round to

2 dygymod â put up with, tolerate, cope with

ETYMOLOGY: (dy- intensifying prefix ) + soft mutation + ( cymod-, cymodi = reconcile)

:_______________________________.

dyhuddgloch
‹də- hidh -glokh› feminine noun
1 curfew bell, curfew

Pan ganai y fwyalch ddyhuddgloch...
Telynegion Maes a Mor 1908 Eifion Wyn “Llanhaiarn Bendefig”
When the blackbird sings the curfew...

2 time of the curfew bell

ETYMOLOGY: (dyhudd- stem of dyhuddo = to cover) + soft mutation + ( cloch = bell). First instance recorded: year 1810

:_______________________________.

dyhuddiad
‹də- hudh -yad› masculine noun
1
appeasement = making peace with

ETYMOLOGY: (dyhudd- = stem of dyhuddo = appease, placate) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

dyhuddiant
‹də- hudh -yant› masculine noun
1 reconciliation

ETYMOLOGY: (dyhudd- = stem of dyhuddo = appease, placate) + (-i-ant abstract noun-forming suffix)


:_______________________________.

dylach
də-lakh› adjective
1
duller, stupider; blunter; slower; (comparative form of dwl)

:_______________________________.

dylaf
də-laf› adjective
1
dullest, stupidest; bluntest; slowest; (superlative form of dwl)


:_______________________________.

Dylan
‹DƏ-lan› (masculine noun)
1
man’s name;

Dylan Ail Don was a sea god in the ‘Mabinogi’.
“Dylan son of the sea / wave”.

 

In modern Welsh, ton = wave, but synecdochally (using a part of an object to refer to the object itself – “our daily bread” meaning “our daily food”, “all hands on deck” for “all the ship’s sailors must go onto the deck”) it is also used to mean the sea itself.

 

In Middle Welsh this was Dylan Eil Ton. In a monosyllable Middle Welsh ei <EI> [ əɪ] is regularly ai <AI> [ aɪ] in Modern Welsh.

 

The Modern Welsh form has soft-mutated form Don.

 

The word ail = (adjective) second, and as a noun in older Welsh it meant ‘son, grandson, heir’.

Since as an adjective ail causes the soft mutation (tro = occasion, yr ail dro = the second occasion), it seems that this has influenced Ail Ton which has become Ail Don.

 

Dylan was also known as Dylan Ail Môr “Dylan son of the sea”.

 

ETYMOLOGY: dylan < dylanw (“sea”) (dy- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llanw = tide, sea)

:_______________________________.

dylas-

Dylaswn fod wedi dywedyd fod… (literary Welsh) I should have said that

Cf Dylwn/ Dylswn i fod wed i gweud fod
… (spoken Welsh)

 

:_______________________________.

dyled, dyledion
‹DƏ-led, də-LED-yon› (masculine noun)
In North Wales as dlêd
‹dleed›
1
debt

2 Mae arno ddyledion i bawb He owes everybody money (“there is on him debts to everybody”)

3 diddyled solvent, debt-free



(delw (delwedd 7367)



:_______________________________.

 Mae'n ddyletswydd ar unrhyw Gristion        i helpu.     


dylet ti
də-let-ti› (v)
1
you should

 

Dylet ti aros gartre heddiw You ought to / you should stay home today

 

Ddylet ti ddim you shouldn’t

Ddylet ti ddim fod wedi gweud hynny You shouldn’t have said that

 

NOTE: sometimes written informally as dyle ti, ddyle ti ddim, which in fact better represents the pronunciation (there is only a single t, not a geminated t)

:_______________________________.

 dylion dəl-yon› adjective
1
plural form of dwl = dull, stupid, foolish; dull, blunt; slow

:_______________________________.

dylu
də -li› verb
1
(obsolete) (1) to deserve (2) to owe
A wnêl mad, mad a ddyly (archaic Welsh) One good turn deserves another (“the-person-who may-do good, (it-is) good that-he deserves”)

2
The verb survives in modern Welsh in the imperfect form with the meaning ‘ought’
Colloquial forms:
dylwn i I ought
dylen ni we ought
dylit ti you ought
dylech chi you ought
dyle fe he ought
dyle hi she ought
dylen nhw they ought

Colloquial Welsh also has a form with s – in fact, these forms are from the pluperfect tense of the verb, but are used with the same meaning (I ought, etc)
dylswn i I ought
dylsen ni we ought
dylsit ti you ought
dylsech chi you ought
dylse fe he ought
dylse hi she ought
dylsen nhw they ought

ETYMOLOGY: British < Celtic. In the other Celtic languages:

Cornish tyli (= deserve; owe),

Breton dellezout (= to deserve),

Irish dligh (= be entitled to; to deserve)

From the same origin – Welsh dyled (= debt)

:_______________________________.

dylwn i
‹DƏ-lun› (verb)
1
I ought

:_______________________________.

dylyfiad gên
‹də-ləv-yad geen masculine noun
PLURAL dylyfiadau gên
‹də-ləv--de geen
1
yawn

ETYMOLOGY: (dylyf-, stem of dylyfu = to lick) + (-iad suffix for forming nouns); (gên = jaw)

:_______________________________.

dylyfu gên
‹də-lə-vi geen verb;;)
1
yawn

ETYMOLOGY: (dy- intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (llyfu = to lick); + (gên = jaw)

:_______________________________.

dyma
‹DƏ-ma› (verb)
1
here is

2 indicating a present state
Dyma fi’n barod bellach I’m ready now

3 Dyma i chwi enghraifft arall Here’s another example

:_______________________________.

dymchwel
‹DƏM-khwel› (verb)
1
to knock down
2
dymchwel (wal) knock down, flatten (a wall)

:_______________________________.

dymuniad, dymuniadau
‹də-MIN-yad, də-min-YAA-dai, -e› (masculine noun)
1
wish
Dymuniadau gorau (i chwi) Best wishes (to you)

2 gwneud yn unol â’ch dymuniadau comply with your wishes

:_______________________________.

dymuno
‹də-MI-no› (verb)
1
to wish

2
(in formal phrases) wish
Dymunwn gael pleser eich cwmni We request the pleasure of your company (“we desire (the) getting (the) pleasure (of) your company”)

:_______________________________.

dymunol
‹də-MI-nol› (adjective)
1
agreeable, pleasant

:_______________________________.

dyn, dynion
‹DIIN, DƏN-yon› (masculine noun)
1 man
- dyn eira
‹diin-EI-ra› (masculine noun) snowman
- dyn y glo
‹diin-ə-GLOO› (masculine noun) coalman
- dyn y llaeth
‹diin-ə-LHAITH› (masculine noun) milkman

2 Po hynaf y dyn, gwaethaf ei bwyll > po hyna’r dyn, gwaetha’i bwyll The older a man is, the less sense he has, no fool like an old fool (“the older the man, worse his reason” )

3 -ddyn suffix, soft mutated form of dyn

-d + dyn (= man) -d-ddyn > -tyn

a.. cardotyn (= beggar) < “cardod-ddyn” < (cardod = charity, alms) + (-ddyn)


b.. diniweityn (= a naïve man, an innocent) < “diniwéid-ddyn” < (diniwed = (adj) innocent, naïve) + (-ddyn)

 

c.. diotyn (= a drunk) < “diód-ddyn” (diod = drink) + (-ddyn)

d.. tlotyn (= poor man, pauper) < “tlód-ddyn” < “tláwd-ddyn” (tlawd = (adj) poor) + (-ddyn)

e.. ynfytyn (= madman) < “ynfýd-ddyn” (ynfyd = (adj) mad) + (-ddyn)

4 dyn used to substitute Duw in oaths and exclamations

Dyn gaton pawb God preserve us all

   
:_______________________________.

dỳn
1 hill, fort. See dynn

:_______________________________.

dyna
‹DƏ-na› (verb)
1
there is (etymologically “you see there”)

2
introduces exclamatory phrases what a ...! how...!

Dyna drueni
‹də-na-dri-EE-ni› (phrase) what a pity! (“you-see-there a-pity”)

Dyna fuan yr â’r amser heibio! How time passes / flies! (“you-see-there rapidly that goes the time past”)

Dyna fyd dwl yw hwn This is a mad old world (“you-see-there (a) world (which-is) dull which-is this”)

Dyna fynd y mae’r amser! How time passes / flies! (“you-see-there going that-it-is the time”)

Dyna gelwydd glân golau
‹də-na-GE-luidh-glaan-GOO-le› (phrase) what a lie! (“you-see-there a pure (and) illuminated lie)

Dyna giwed! what a rabble! (“you-see-there (a) rabble”)

Dyna ryddhâd hyfryd! What a blessed relief! It’s a real relief! That’s a relief! (“you-see-there (a) pleasant release”)

Dyna storm fu nithwr, ynta fa? (south-east) What a storm there was last night, eh?
(“you-see-there (a) storm (that) has-been last-night”, + interrogative tag, rather like “isn’t it?”)

3 completion of an action
“Wel,” ebe fe, ar ben yr awr, “dyna ni wedi darfod âg ef fel plentyn. Awn ni yn awr i sôn am ei laslencyndod.”
Well , he said, an hour later (after a speech lasting an hour)
we’ve finished hearing about him as a small child, (“there we are having finished with him as a child”.) Now let’s mention his adolescence.
:_______________________________.

dyneiddiaeth
‹də-NEIDH-yeth› (feminine noun)
1
humanism

:_______________________________.

dyneiddiol ‹də-NEIDH-yol adj
1
humanist

mynwent ddyneiddiol, mynwentydd dyneidiol humanist cemetery

ETYMOLOGY: (dyneidd- < dynaidd = human ) + (-i-ol adjectival suffix)


:_______________________________.

dyneiddiwr, dyneiddwyr
‹də-NEIDH-yur, də-NEIDH-wir› (masculine noun)
1
humanist

:_______________________________.

dyneiddwraig, dyneiddwragedd
‹də-NEIDH-wreg, də-neidh-WRA-gedh› (feminine noun)
1
humanist
y ddyneiddwraig = the humanist

:_______________________________.

dynes
‹DƏ-nes› (feminine noun)
1
woman
y ddynes = the woman

:_______________________________.

dynesiad
‹də- nes -yad› feminine noun
PLURAL dynesiadau
‹do-nes--de›
1 approach, drawing near

ETYMOLOGY: (dynes- stem of the verb dynesu = to come near) + (-i-ad abstract noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

dynesu
‹də-NE-si› (verb)
1
approach

:_______________________________.

Dynfant
‹DƏV-nant› (feminine noun)
1
(South-east) place name

:_______________________________.

dyn nhw (ydynt hwy)
‹di-nu› (verb)
1
they are (North - base form)

:_______________________________.

dyn ni (yr ydym ni)
‹di-ni› (verb)
1
we are (North - base form)

:_______________________________.

dynn
‹din›
1 hill; fort

Does not occur as an independent word in modern Welsh, but it is to be seen as a final element in some place names:

Creuddyn (crau = fort)

Llystyn
(llys = court)

Treuddyn < Trefddyn (tref = trêv, farmstead)

tyddyn
(= smallholding) (= house)

This is not the same word as din (= fort)

Canon Silvan Evans informs us that the commote of this name in Cardiganshire is prononnced Creuddyn, not Creuddin. (Editor)” Welsh P]ace-Names: a Study of some common Name- elements. By J. E. Lloyd, M.A. (with Notes by the Editor) Y Cymmrodor 1890-91

ETYMOLOGY: Either a British cognate of Old Irish dinn, or this Irish word taken into Welsh

The word is obsolete in Irish as an independent word, but is to be seen in
dinnseanachas (= topography; lore of places), Dinnseanachas (= an
onomastic collection written in the 1100s). This is Old Irish (dind / dinn = hill, height; citadel; place of note) + (senchas = history, lore)

:_______________________________.

dynolryw ‹də- nol –riu› feminine noun
1
the human race, mankind (= the human race as a whole)

2
Swyddfa Iechyd Dynolryw The World Health Organisation (“office (of) (the) health (of) mankind”)

ETYMOLOGY: (dynol = human ) + soft mutation + (rhyw = type, kind)
NOTE: Dynolryw is a feminine noun, unlike rhyw

:_______________________________.

dy o? = ydy o? (a ydyw ef?) ‹di-o› (verb)
1
(North Wales) is he?

:_______________________________.

dyrchafael
‹dər-KHA-vel› (masculine noun)
1
ascension

2 dydd Iau’r Dyrchafael
‹diidh-yai’r-dər-KHA-vel› Ascension Day = the fortieth day after Easter, when Christians commemorate the day when Christ left the Earth to go into Heaven

:_______________________________.

dyrchafiad, dyrchafiadau
‹dər-KHAV-yad, dər-khav-YAA-dai -e› (masculine noun)
1
promotion

:_______________________________.

dyrchafu
‹dər-KHAA-vi› (verb)
1
promote

:_______________________________.

dyrgi
dər -gi› masculine noun
PLURAL dyrgwn
dər -gun›
North Wales
1
form of dyfrgi = otter

:_______________________________.

dyrnaid, dyrneidiau
‹DƏR-ned, dər-NEID-yai -ye› (masculine noun)
1
fistful

:_______________________________.

dyrnfedd
dərn -vedh› masculine noun
PLURAL dyrnfeddau
‹dərn- -dhe›
1
hand, handbreadth, palm = measure for determining the height of a horse, about four inches
fel dyrnfedd (“like a handbreadth”) allusion to the short span of human life

Salmau 39:5 Wele, gwnaethost fy nyddiau fel dyrnfedd; a’m heinioes sydd megis diddim yn dy olwg di: diau mai cwbl wagedd yw pob dyn, pan fo ar y gorau. Sela.
Psalms 39:5 Behold, thou hast made my days as an handbreadth; and mine age is as nothing before thee: verily every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Selah.
Roedd y llestr tair dyrnfedd yn ei hyd the vessel / the pot was three handbreadths long

ETYMOLOGY: (dyrn = penult form of dwrn = hand, fist) + soft mutation + (*medd = measure)

:_______________________________.

dyrnod, dyrnodau
‹DƏR-nod, dər-NÔ-de› (masculine noun)
1
a blow with the fist
2
troi heibio ddyrnodau (rhywun)
ward off (somebody’s) blows

:_______________________________.

dyrnu
‹DƏR-ni› (verb)
1
to thresh

2
to beat
dyrnu rhywun yn racs knock the shit out of somebody, beat somebody into a pulp, give somebody a severe beating (“punch someone into rags”)

3
to fuck

:_______________________________.

dyro
də -ro› verb
1
imperative (second person singular) = give, put

Mathew 6:11 Dyro i ni heddiw ein bara beunyddiol
Give us this day our daily bread

Dyro dy law yn fanna Put your hand there

Dyro dy bris Name your price (= say how much money you want to sell an object for, etc)

ETYMOLOGY: imperative of the verb dyrói / dyroddi (=to give); (dy- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (rhoi / rhoddi = to give)

:_______________________________.

dyroddi
‹də- -dhi› verb
1
to give; see dyrói

:_______________________________.

dyroddiad
‹də- rodh -yad› m
PLURAL dyroddiadau
‹də-rodh--de›
1
award = something given following the decision of an arbitrator
dyroddiad cyflog pay award
dyroddiad dros dro interim award

ETYMOLOGY: (dyroddi- stem of dyroddi = to give) + (-i-ad noun-forming suffix)

:_______________________________.

dyrói
‹də- roi verb
1
to give; survives only in the second-person singular imperative form dyro! (= give!), and dyry (= he / she / it gives, will give)

ETYMOLOGY: dyrói < dyroddi (dy- = intensifying prefix) + soft mutation + (rhoi / rhoddi = to give)

:_______________________________.

dyry
‹də- roi verb
1
to give; survives only in the second-person singular imperative form dyro! (= give!), and dyry (= he gives, he will give)
It occurs in the motto y ddraig goch ddyry gychwyn the red dragon gives / will give a leap

(although the motto omits the expected soft mutation after an inflected verb: y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn, since it was seemingly optional in older Welsh.)

 

:_______________________________.

dyrys
‹DƏ-ris (adj)
1
tangle
d

2 (woodland) dense

 

Llwyndyrys place name (“dense grove”)

ETYMOLOGY: dyrys < drys. An intrusive obscure vowel is the cause of the bisyllabic form. Compare dlêd > dyled (= debt)

 

See drys
:_______________________________.

dysgawdwr
‹dəs-gau-dur› masculine noun
PLURAL dysgawdwyr
‹dəs-gaud-wir›
1
teacher, instructor, preceptor

ETYMOLOGY: 1400- (dysg- stem of dysgu = teach) + (awdwr = author)

:_______________________________.

dysgl, dysglau, (South Wales: dishgil, dishgle)
‹DI-skil, DI-skle;-DI-shkil, DI-shkle› (feminine noun)
1
dish
y ddysgl = the dish

:_______________________________.

dysglaid, dysgleidiau
‹DƏ-skled, də-SKLEID-ye› (feminine noun)

(South Wales: dishgled, dishgleide)
‹DISH-kled, dish-KLEI-de›

1
dishful - South Wales

dishgled o de = cup of tea (possibly from the old habit of drinking it from a saucer)
y ddysglaid = the dishful

See dishgled

ETYMOLOGY: (dysgl penult form of dysgl = dish) + (-aid suffix indicating capacity of a container)
:_______________________________.

dysgu
‹DƏ-ski› (verb)
1
to learn
- dysgu ar y cof
‹DƏ-ski-ar-ə-KOOV› (verb) to learn by heart

Angen a ddysg i hen redeg
being in need can make people perform wonders (“(it is) need (that) teaches (an) old (person) to run”)

3 (North Wales) dysgu allan learn off by heart; learn Bible verses off by heart
Addysgid y plant i ddarllen y Beibl Cymraeg a dysgu allan Gatecism yr Eglwys The children were taught to read the Welsh Bible and learn by heart the Church (of England) Catechism

Sticker in a book advertised for sale on ebay, 2005-12-29 (Cyfres Ffynnon Loew / Hau a Medi sef nifer o hanesion dyddorol ac addysgiadol i blant ac eraill. Gan Edward Thomas, Llanrhaiadr. Hughes a'i Fab, Cyhoeddwyr, Gwrecsam, 1908): "Ysgol Sabothol, Milner Road. - Cyflwynedig i Gwladys Owen am ffyddlondeb a dysgu allan. 1913. H. Trevor Williams. Ysg."
Sunday School, Milner Road:
‹this book was› Presented to Gwladys Owen for regular attendance and for learning ‹Bible verses› by heart. 1913. H. Trevor Williams. Secretary."

4 cael eich dysgu’n.. be taught the craft of..., be brought up to follow the trade of...
Cafodd James ei ddysgu yn grydd James was taught the craft of shoemaker
t53 / Y Trydydd Byr-gofiant... / John Evans, Abermeurig (1830-1917) / 1913
:_______________________________.

dysgwr, dysgwyr
‹DƏ-skur, də-SKƏ-wir› (masculine noun)
1
learner

:_______________________________.

 


dyw
‹diu› (verb)
1
is not
A colloquial shortening of nid yw

 

Dyw’n syndod yn y byd It’s not the least bit surprising, It’s hardly surprising

(“it is not (a) surprise in the world”)

 

:_______________________________.

dyw e ddim ‹diu-e-DHIM› (verb)
1
(South Wales) he’s not

:_______________________________.

dyw hi ddim ‹diu-hi-DHIM› (verb)
1
she isn’t

:_______________________________.

dyweddïad, dyweddïadau ‹də-we-dhî-ad, də-we-dhi-YAA-dai, -de› (masculine noun)
1
engagement

:_______________________________.

dyweddi, dyweddïau ‹də-WEE-dhi, də-we-DHI-e› (masculine or feminine noun)
1 fiancé / fiancée

:_______________________________.

dyweddïo ‹də-we-DHII-o› (verb)
1 to get engaged

2 modrwy ddyweddïo PLURAL modrwyau dyweddïo engagement ring
”ring (of) getting engaged” (modrwy = ring) + soft mutation + (dyweddïo to get engaged, getting engaged)


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